title: Michael Savage

text: Savage was hired by MSNBC to do a one-hour show which began in March 2003. Controversy arose four months later over remarks made in response to a caller who insulted Savage's teeth. Savage responded by asking if the caller was a "sodomite", and when the caller replied that he was, Savage said: "Oh, so you're one of those sodomites. You should only get AIDS and die, you pig; how's that? Why don't you see if you can sue me, you pig? You got nothing better to do than to put me down, you piece of garbage? You got nothing to do today? Go eat a sausage, and choke on it. Get trichinosis. Now do we have another nice caller here who's busy because he didn't have a nice night in the bathhouse who's angry at me today? Put another, put another sodomite on ... no more calls? ... I don't care about these bums; they mean nothing to me. They're all sausages."The interchange created a firestorm of protest including calls for his firing by the LGBT group GLAAD. Savage apologized on his radio program and on his website. He explained that he believed that MSNBC had gone to commercial to cover the gaffe of the attempted sabotage by a prank caller and that he was off the air at the time of the offensive comments, despite the fact that clips of the segment show Savage going to commercial after he made the comments. He also said his remarks were meant only to insult the caller, not all people with AIDS. Nevertheless, MSNBC fired him within days of the event.


title: Michael Savage

text: In March 2006, Savage criticised Roman Catholic assistance to illegal immigrants (in response to statements by Cardinal Roger Mahony of Los Angeles calling it "pastoral support"). Bill Donohue of the Catholic League canceled an appearance on the show, saying "what is not fine is Savage's diatribe about the 'greedy pigs' in the Catholic Church and how 'the institution is rotten from the top to the bottom.


title: Michael Savage

text: When "Talkers Magazine" awarded Savage with the publication's annual "Freedom of Speech Award," C-SPAN opted not to broadcast a pre-recorded speech that had been sent by Savage. Although the award ceremony had received coverage in previous years, C-SPAN did not televise it due to its policy of televising such speeches only when delivered in person. Savage told his listeners to express their ire to C-SPAN through calls and e-mails to the organization.


title: Michael Savage

text: In early November 2007, the Council on American–Islamic Relations (CAIR) called on radio listeners to contact companies that advertise on Savage's program to express their concerns about his comments concerning Muslims. Savage was quoted as saying Muslims "need deportation", and that adherents of Islam would do well to "take your religion and shove it up your behind" because "I'm sick of you." On his show and website, Savage answered by accusing CAIR of supporting Hamas.


title: Michael Savage

text: On November 5, 2007, following a campaign by CAIR meant to get Savage off the air by alerting his sponsors to the nature of his comments, Citrix Systems, Inc. pulled its advertisements from his show.


title: Michael Savage

text: Savage sued CAIR for copyright infringement for using excerpts from his show on CAIR's website. The suit alleged that CAIR's repackaging of Savage's comments was "deliberately designed to obscure the specific message conveyed by Michael Savage". The excerpts included Savage's characterization of the Qur'an as "a throwback document" and a "book of hate". CAIR called the suit "bizarre, sloppy and baseless". On July 25, 2008, United States district court Judge Susan Illston dismissed Savage's suit against CAIR, holding that the posting of the audio clip was protected under fair use. The court gave Savage the opportunity to file an amended complaint if he wanted to try to cure the defects in his suit. That amended complaint alleged that CAIR was a RICO conspirator in support of terror, including the 9/11 terror attack on the World Trade Center. Permission was granted to allow that filing but on August 14, 2008, however, Savage's lawyer, Daniel Horowitz, announced that Savage would not file an amended complaint and would drop the case. CAIR then sought attorneys fees against Savage, Judge Illston denied that request.


title: Michael Savage

text: In July 2008, Savage said that the increasing rate of autism diagnoses was the result of "a racket" designed to get disability payments for "poorer families who have found a new way to be parasites on the government." He returned to the subject on his July 16, 2008, show with the following remarks:


title: Michael Savage

text: In July 2008 the progressive pressure group Media Matters for America picketed the studios of WOR in New York, along with parents of autistic children. WOR issued a statement saying, "We regret any consternation that his remarks may have caused to our listeners." Also that day, the insurance company Aflac pulled its advertising, and the Supertalk Mississippi radio network dropped Savage's program, replacing it with "The Dennis Miller Show". Later that evening, Savage devoted his entire three-hour program to the subject, taking calls from parents who took issue with his comments. On that show Savage stated that his remarks had been "ripped out of context" by "far left Stalinists" who want him off of the air. He appeared on "Larry King Live" with Glenn Beck as the substitute host for Larry King, and said that the real issue he was commenting on was the overdiagnosis of children due to pharmaceutical companies' drive to drug children for higher profits. On July 25, 2008, Autism United advocates gathered to announce that several advertisers, including RadioShack, Sears, The Home Depot, and DirectBuy, would discontinue their support for Savage's show.


title: Michael Savage

text: Savage's syndicator, Talk Radio Network, responded by releasing a lengthy statement, along with a selection of 20 audio clips drawn from Savage's discussions of autism, to show that the comments were taken out of context.


title: Michael Savage

text: On May 5, 2009, it was announced by then-Home Secretary Jacqui Smith of the Labour party that Savage was on a list of people banned from entering the United Kingdom as he is "considered to be engaging in unacceptable behaviour by seeking to provoke others to serious criminal acts and fostering hatred which might lead to inter-community violence". During his radio broadcast on that same day, Savage declared that he would sue Smith personally for defamation, calling her a "lunatic".


title: Michael Savage

text: During a subsequent NPR talk show, Savage said that he has never advocated violence and repeatedly invoked the United States Constitution's First Amendment. After host Neal Conan pointed out that the U.S. Constitution does not apply to the United Kingdom, Savage replied, "No. Thank God I'm an American. But for this lunatic ... to link me up with Nazi skinheads who are killing people in Russia ... to put me in league with Hamas murderers who killed Jews on buses, is astonishing". Savage also called on his listeners to support him by canceling travel and business in Britain as well as by boycotting British-made goods, commenting, "If they want to play hardball, we'll play hardball." When a caller challenged Savage about his talk show rhetoric, Savage called him a "foaming lunatic ... someone in pajamas in a mental asylum ... You're nobody and I'm not going to talk to you!" At that point, Neal Conan invited him to leave.


title: Michael Savage

text: "America still has a constitutional protection of free speech, and I have been amazed ... to see how few people in this country are willing to stick up for that elementary principle ... a country once famous for free speech is now hysterically and expensively sensitive to anything that could be taken as a slight." After Johnson became Prime Minister in 2019, Savage's attorney requested the ban be overturned, however no action has been taken by the Conservative government as of 2020. In "The Guardian", Catherine Bennett wrote: "The ban on Savage is so far from being a comprehensible act, so staggeringly capricious and stupid, as to defy evaluation." Sam Leith wrote: "Barring this shock-jock from Britain risks turning a rabid blabbermouth into a beacon for free speech."


title: Michael Savage

text: On October 14, 2014, Savage criticized veteran sufferers of posttraumatic stress disorder, accusing them of "weakness". According to Savage, "Everyone has depression in their life. But if the whole nation is told, 'boo-hoo-hoo, come and get a medication, come and get treatment, talk about mental illness.' You know what you wind up with? You wind up with Obama in the White House and liars in every phase of the government. That's what you wind up with. It's a weak, sick, nation. A weak, sick, broken nation. And you need men like me to save the country. You need men to stand up and say stop crying like a baby over everything ... No wonder we're being laughed at around the world. No wonder ISIS can defeat our military."


title: Michael Savage

text: While in the South Pacific, he became fascinated with the 19th-century sailor Charles Savage, who was believed to have been the first man to bring firearms to Fiji. That fascination led to Weiner's name change to Savage.


title: Michael Savage

text: Savage and his second wife, Janet, have two children, a daughter and a son; his son, Russell Weiner, is the founder of the company that produces the Rockstar energy drink. Russell's mother, Janet, served as CFO of his company until July 2009. In 1974, Savage and his family moved to Fairfax, California, after Savage completed his master's degree at the University of Hawaii. Savage has homes in Larkspur and Tiburon in Marin County, California, an apartment in San Francisco, as well as residences in Beverly Hills, California and West Palm Beach, Florida.


title: Michael Savage

text: During the 1980s, Savage attended Friday night services at a Jewish Synagogue Chabad house in Berkeley. In a 2003 interview on "The O'Reilly Factor", Savage has said that although he believes in God, he attends houses of worship only once or twice a year. In his 2012 book "Trickle Down Tyranny", Savage wrote: "... I'm not religious. Do I believe in God? Sometimes I do, sometimes I don't."


title: Michael Savage

text: In his podcast aired 25 November 2020, Savage stated: "Trust in God. God leads my footsteps. God has determined that I will be on podcast come January. God determines a lot of things in our lives and you have to trust in God and just say its fate at a certain point. Now, I've always believed that we make our own fate. I've not been one of these leaves-in-a-stream type of personalities..."


title: Michael Savage

text: In December 2019, Savage notably suffered a heart attack, but subsequently recovered and returned on air.


title: Michael Savage

text: In total, Savage has written 44 books, twenty under his real name of Michael Weiner, and twenty-four under the pseudonym of Michael Savage. As Michael Savage, his works include two #1 "New York Times" Best Sellers and three additional books which made "The New York Times" Best Seller list. have also been reprinted under his alias of Michael Savage.


title: Michael Savage

text: His earlier books as Michael A. Weiner, Ph.D., draw on his doctoral expertise in the field of nutritional ethnomedicine. In them, he advocates nutritional, herbal, and homeopathic options to approach the prevention and treatment of diseases such as poor diet, aging, arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, cancer, allergies, cocaine addiction, the common cold, and HIV/AIDS. He has also written about tree planting, beer-tasting, and nutritional cooking.


title: Michael Savage

text: His more recent books as Michael Savage are political in nature and published by a variety of different companies. His recent works also include holiday family stories and thrillers.


title: Michael Savage

text: In 1991, Savage self-published "The Death of the White Male", an argument against affirmative action, through Quantum Books. In the book, Savage, calls affirmative action "reverse discrimination", and demonstrates his emerging philosophy. This eventually led to his starting the Paul Revere Society and he continues to sell the book to raise money for this group.


title: Michael Savage

text: In January 2003, Savage published "The Savage Nation: Saving America from the Liberal Assault on Our Borders, Language and Culture", his first major book under the pseudonym Michael Savage. The book directs attacks at "liberal media bias", the "dominating culture of 'she-ocracy'", gay activists, and liberals.


title: Michael Savage

text: In January 2004, Savage published his second political book "The Enemy Within: Saving America from the Liberal Assault on Our Schools, Faith, and Military". His next book, "Liberalism Is a Mental Disorder", was released on April 12, 2005. Unlike "The Savage Nation", both of these books cited sources for some of the more controversial claims made.


title: Michael Savage

text: In April 2006, Savage released "The Political Zoo". The book contains satirical profiles and cartoons of different public figures, most of whom are liberal political figures and celebrities, depicted in caricature as animals in the "Political Zoo", with Savage portrayed as the zoo keeper.


title: Michael Savage

text: In October 2010, Savage released "Trickle Up Poverty: Stopping Obama's Attack on Our Borders, Economy, and Security". Released through the HarperCollins imprint of William Morrow and Company, Savage argues in the book that "Americans are boiling mad over the way Congress and this Marxist/Leninist-oriented President are manipulating the current economic crisis to nationalize businesses."


title: Michael Savage

text: In November 2010, it was confirmed that Savage had signed a deal to write two thrillers for publisher St. Martin's Press. The first political thriller, "Abuse of Power", was released on September 13, 2011. The novel is based on "My fictionalized account of being banned from Britain and hunted by overbearing governments is set in the San Francisco only I know", said Savage. It is set in San Francisco, mainly in North Beach, as well as London, and Tel Aviv. It tells the story of a failed carjacking that reveals a government cover-up. A dark plot involving British officials and a terrorist group known as "the Hand of Allah". The publisher has described the novel by saying, "will make 9/11 look like child's play".


title: Michael Savage

text: In 2014, Savage released "Stop the Coming Civil War: My Savage Truth", in which Savage writes in part, "We are under assault from both inside and out as our government moves to consolidate its domestic power, while at the same time weakening our defenses against the growing power of our enemies."


title: Michael Savage

text: In 2015, Savage released another a book titled "Government Zero: No Borders, No Language, No Culture." In it he writes that the country has been left without the founding principles of his radio show, "borders, language and culture," and describes what he calls the destruction that the Presidency of Barack Obama brought to the country. He offers several solutions to rebuild the nation.


title: Michael Savage

text: In 2016, Savage's book "Scorched Earth: Restoring The Country After Obama". This work was a blueprint for how then candidate Donald Trump could help get the country back on the right track should he win the election.


title: Michael Savage

text: In March 2017, Savage released what he said would be his last political book, "Trump's War: His Battle For America". The book debuted at number one on The New York Times Best Seller List.


title: Michael Savage

text: In November 2017, Savage released a non-political book on his search for spiritual truth, "God, Faith, and Reason".


title: Michael Savage

text: In October 2018, Savage published a book on American psychology, "Stop Mass Hysteria: America's Insanity from the Salem Witch Trials to the Trump Witch Hunt." In it he discusses what he calls the many "loud flashpoints" that he believes have engulfed American thought over the nation's history, and relates those phenomena to what he describes as a current obsession with Trump hatred.


title: Irvin D. Yalom

text: Irvin David Yalom (; born June 13, 1931) is an American existential psychiatrist who is emeritus professor of psychiatry at Stanford University, as well as author of both fiction and nonfiction.


title: Irvin D. Yalom

text: Yalom was born in Washington, D.C. About fifteen years prior to his birth in the United States, Yalom's Jewish parents emigrated from Russia (though their country of origin was Poland or Belarus) and eventually opened a Washington DC grocery store. Yalom spent much of his childhood reading books in the family home above the grocery store and in a local library. After graduating from high school, he attended George Washington University and then Boston University School of Medicine.


title: Irvin D. Yalom

text: After graduating with a BA from George Washington University in 1952 and a Doctor of Medicine from Boston University School of Medicine in 1956 he went on to complete his internship at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York and his residency at the Phipps Clinic of Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore and completed his training in 1960. After two years of Army service at Tripler General Hospital in Honolulu, Yalom began his academic career at Stanford University. He was appointed to the faculty in 1963 and promoted over the following years, being granted tenure in 1968. Soon after this period he made some of his most lasting contributions by teaching about group psychotherapy and developing his model of existential psychotherapy.


title: Irvin D. Yalom

text: His writing on existential psychology centers on what he refers to as the four "givens" of the human condition: isolation, meaninglessness, mortality and freedom, and discusses ways in which the human person can respond to these concerns either in a functional or dysfunctional fashion.


title: Irvin D. Yalom

text: In 1970, Yalom published The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy, speaking about the research literature around group psychotherapy and the social psychology of small group behavior. This work explores how individuals function in a group context, and how members of group therapy gain from his participation group.


title: Irvin D. Yalom

text: In addition to his scholarly, non-fiction writing, Yalom has produced a number of novels and also experimented with writing techniques. In "Every Day Gets a Little Closer" Yalom invited a patient to co-write about the experience of therapy. The book has two distinct voices which are looking at the same experience in alternating sections. Yalom's works have been used as collegiate textbooks and standard reading for psychology students. His new and unique view of the patient/client relationship has been added to curriculum in psychology programs at such schools as John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York City.


title: Irvin D. Yalom

text: Yalom has continued to maintain a part-time private practice and has authored a number of video documentaries on therapeutic techniques. Yalom is also featured in the 2003 documentary "Flight from Death", a film that investigates the relationship of human violence to fear of death, as related to subconscious influences. The Irvin D. Yalom Institute of Psychotherapy, which he co-directs with Professor Ruthellen Josselson, works to advance Yalom's approach to psychotherapy. This unique combination of integrating more philosophy into the psychotherapy can be considered as psychosophy.


title: Irvin D. Yalom

text: He was married to author and historian Marilyn Yalom, who died in November, 2019. Their four children are: Eve, a gynecologist, Reid, a photographer, Victor, a psychologist and entrepreneur and Ben, a theater director.


title: Trypanosoma

text: Trypanosoma is a genus of kinetoplastids (class Trypanosomatidae), a monophyletic group of unicellular parasitic flagellate protozoa. Trypanosoma is part of the phylum Sarcomastigophora. The name is derived from the Greek "trypano-" (borer) and "soma" (body) because of their corkscrew-like motion. Most trypanosomes are heteroxenous (requiring more than one obligatory host to complete life cycle) and most are transmitted via a vector. The majority of species are transmitted by blood-feeding invertebrates, but there are different mechanisms among the varying species. Some, such as "Trypanosoma equiperdum", are spread by direct contact. In an invertebrate host they are generally found in the intestine, but normally occupy the bloodstream or an intracellular environment in the vertebrate host.


title: Trypanosoma

text: Trypanosomes infect a variety of hosts and cause various diseases, including the fatal human diseases sleeping sickness, caused by "Trypanosoma brucei", and Chagas disease, caused by "Trypanosoma cruzi."


title: Trypanosoma

text: The mitochondrial genome of the "Trypanosoma", as well as of other kinetoplastids, known as the kinetoplast, is made up of a highly complex series of catenated circles and minicircles and requires a cohort of proteins for organisation during cell division.


title: Trypanosoma

text: In 1841, Gabriel Valentin found flagellates that today are included in "Trypanoplasma" in the blood of trout.


title: Trypanosoma

text: In 1903, David Bruce identified the protozoan parasite and the tsetse fly vector of African trypanosomiasis.


title: Trypanosoma

text: The monophyly of the genus "Trypanosoma" is not supported by a number of different methods. Rather, the American and African trypanosomes constitute distinct clades, implying that the major human disease agents "T. cruzi" (cause of Chagas’ disease) and "T. brucei" (cause of African sleeping sickness) are not closely related to each other.


title: Trypanosoma

text: Phylogenetic analyses suggest an ancient split into a branch containing all Salivarian trypanosomes and a branch containing all non-Salivarian lineages. The latter branch splits into a clade containing bird, reptilian and Stercorarian trypanosomes infecting mammals and a clade with a branch of fish trypanosomes and a branch of reptilian or amphibian lineages.


title: Trypanosoma

text: Salivarians are trypanosomes of the subgenera of "Duttonella", "Trypanozoon", "Pycnomonas" and "Nannomonas". These trypanosomes are passed to the recipient in the saliva of the tsetse fly ("Glossina spp."). Antigenic variation is a characteristic shared by the Salivaria, which has been particularly well-studied in "T. brucei". The "Trypanozoon" subgenus contains the species "Trypanosoma brucei", "T. rhodesiense" and "T. equiperdum". The sub genus "Duttonella" contains the species "T. vivax". "Nannomonas" contains "T. congolense".


title: Trypanosoma

text: Stercorians are trypanosomes passed to the recipient in the feces of insects from the subfamily "Triatominae" (most importantly "Triatoma infestans"). This group includes "Trypanosoma cruzi", "T. lewisi", "T. melophagium", "T. nabiasi", "T. rangeli", "T. theileri", "T. theodori". The sub genus "Herpetosoma" contains the species "T. lewisi".


title: Trypanosoma

text: The sub genus "Schizotrypanum" contains "T. cruzi" and a number of bat trypanosomes. The bat species include "Trypanosoma cruzi marinkellei", "Trypanosoma dionisii", "Trypanosoma erneyi", "Trypanosoma livingstonei" and "Trypanosoma wauwau". Other related species include "Trypanosoma conorhini" and "Trypanosoma rangeli".


title: Trypanosoma

text: The ancestor of modern trypanosomes absorbed a green alga around one billion years ago and co-opted some of its genetic material. This has resulted in modern trypanosomes sich as "T. brucei" containing essential genes for the breakdown of sugars that are most closely related to plants. This difference may be used as the target of therapies.


title: Trypanosoma

text: The relationships between the species have not been worked out to date. It has been suggested that "T. evansi" arose from a clone of "T. equiperdum" which lost its maxicircles. It has also been proposed that "T. evansi" should be classified as a subspecies of "T. brucei".


title: Trypanosoma

text: It has been shown that "T. equiperdum" has emerged at least once in Eastern Africa and "T. evansi" at two independent occasions in Western Africa.


title: Trypanosoma

text: Two different types of trypanosomes exist, and their life cycles are different, the salivarian species and the stercorarian species.


title: Trypanosoma

text: Stercorarian trypanosomes infect insects, most often the triatomid kissing bug, by developing in the posterior gut followed by release into the feces and subsequent depositing on the skin of the host. The organism then penetrates and can disseminate throughout the body. Insects become infected when taking a blood meal.


title: Trypanosoma

text: Salivarian trypanosomes develop in the anterior gut of insects, most importantly the Tsetse fly, and infective organisms are inoculated into the host by the insect bite before it feeds.


title: Trypanosoma

text: As trypanosomes progress through their life cycle they undergo a series of morphological changes as is typical of trypanosomatids. The life cycle often consists of the trypomastigote form in the vertebrate host and the trypomastigote or promastigote form in the gut of the invertebrate host. Intracellular lifecycle stages are normally found in the amastigote form. The trypomastigote morphology is unique to species in the genus "Trypanosoma".


title: Trypanosoma

text: Evidence has been obtained for meiosis in "T. cruzi", and for genetic exchange. "T. brucei" is able to undergo meiosis within the salivary glands of its tsetse fly host, and meiosis is considered to be an intrinsic part of the "T. brucei" developmental cycle. An adaptive benefit of meiosis for "T. crucei" and "T. brucei" may be the recombinational repair of DNA damages that are acquired in the hostile environment of their respective hosts.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: Daniel Scott Sullivan (born November 13, 1964) is an American politician and attorney serving as the junior United States senator from Alaska since 2015. A member of the Republican Party, Sullivan previously served as the commissioner of the Alaska Department of Natural Resources from 2010 to 2013, and as the Alaska Attorney General from 2009 to 2010.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: Sullivan grew up in a suburb of Cleveland, Ohio. He studied economics at Harvard University, then earned joint foreign service and Juris Doctor degrees from Georgetown University. He was in active duty for the United States Marine Corps from 1993 to 1997, 2004 to 2006, and in 2009 and 2013. Between 1997 and 1999, he clerked for judges on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and the Alaska Supreme Court. After working as an attorney in private practice in Anchorage, Alaska from 2000 to 2002, Sullivan moved to Maryland to work for the Bush administration; he worked with the National Economic Council and the National Security Council and later served as Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: Sullivan ran in the 2014 election for the U.S. Senate seat held by Democratic incumbent Mark Begich. In August 2014, he won the Republican primary, defeating Alaska Lieutenant Governor Mead Treadwell and 2010 Senate nominee Joe Miller. Sullivan defeated Begich in the general election, 47.96% to 45.83%, a margin of 6,014 votes out of 282,400 cast. He was reelected in 2020, defeating independent challenger Al Gross by about 13 percentage points.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: Sullivan was born and raised in Fairview Park, Ohio, the son of Sandra (née Simmons) and Thomas C. Sullivan. Sullivan's father is the president and CEO of RPM International, a publicly traded multinational corporation with over 15,000 employees that was founded by Sullivan's grandfather, Frank C. Sullivan.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: Sullivan graduated from Culver Military Academy in Indiana in 1983. He then studied economics at Harvard University, graduating in 1987 with a Bachelor of Arts degree "magna cum laude". He then went to Georgetown University, where he jointly attended the Walsh School of Foreign Service and the Georgetown University Law Center, receiving joint Juris Doctor and Master of Science in Foreign Service degrees in 1993. Sullivan was a member of the "Georgetown Law Journal" and received his Juris Doctor degree with "cum laude" honors.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: Sullivan joined the United States Marine Corps in 1993 after completing his law and foreign service degrees. He was on active duty from 1993 to 1997, when he transitioned to the U.S. Marine Corps Reserve. Sullivan has spent several years with a reconnaissance battalion based in Anchorage, and has since been recalled to active duty three times: from 2004 to 2006, again in early 2009, and for a six-week tour in Afghanistan in July 2013. Sullivan is currently a colonel in the Marine Corps Reserve. He is a recipient of the Defense Meritorious Service Medal.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: After leaving active duty in the Marines, Sullivan served as a law clerk to judge Andrew Kleinfeld of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit from 1997 to 1998 and to chief justice Warren Matthews of the Alaska Supreme Court from 1998 to 1999. In 2000, Sullivan joined the Anchorage office of the law firm Perkins Coie, where he worked in commercial law and corporate law. He joined the Alaska bar that same year.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: In 2002, Sullivan headed the International Economics Directorate of the National Economic Council and National Security Council staffs at the White House. He advised President George W. Bush and the National Security Advisor and NEC chairman. He left the White House in 2004.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: In 2006, Bush appointed Sullivan United States Assistant Secretary of State for Economic, Energy, and Business Affairs. The United States Senate unanimously confirmed Sullivan in May of that year. He served in this capacity until January 2009. While serving as Assistant Secretary of State he owned a house in Anchorage and continued to vote in Alaska elections by absentee ballot, while claiming Bethesda, Maryland, as his primary residence for tax purposes.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: Alaska Attorney General Talis Colberg resigned in February 2009 over the Alaska Public Safety Commissioner dismissal scandal. Governor Sarah Palin nominated Wayne Anthony Ross for attorney general, but the Alaska Legislature rejected Ross. Palin then nominated Sullivan. He was sworn into office in June 2009, while the Alaska Legislature was out of session. The Alaska Legislature unanimously confirmed Sullivan's appointment on April 9, 2010. Sullivan, who had been retained by Governor Sean Parnell, stepped down as attorney general on December 5, 2010, to be replaced by John J. Burns.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: On November 18, 2010, shortly after being elected, Alaska Governor Sean Parnell appointed Sullivan Commissioner of the Alaska Department of Natural Resources, replacing former Commissioner Thomas E. Irwin. In 2013, during his term in office, Sullivan was deployed to Afghanistan for six weeks, in his role as the executive officer of the 4th Marine Division's Anti-Terrorism Battalion.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: On October 15, 2013, Sullivan announced his candidacy for the U.S. Senate seat held by Democratic incumbent Mark Begich in the 2014 election. He was endorsed by the Club for Growth. Begich had defeated longtime incumbent Ted Stevens in the previous election.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: On June 10, 2014, Sullivan offered Begich the Alaska Agreement. This was a modified version of the People's Pledge. This tactic had previously been used in the Massachusetts 2012 U.S. Senate race between Elizabeth Warren and Scott Brown to drastically limit outside, third-party spending. Begich rejected the agreement. According to Ballotpedia, outside spending in the race hit nearly $40 million.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: Despite former Governor Sarah Palin's late-race endorsement of 2010 party nominee Joe Miller, Sullivan won the August 19 Republican primary with 40% of the vote to and Miller's 32% and Treadwell's 25%.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: On November 12, 2014, the Associated Press and CNN declared that Sullivan had defeated Begich in the general election by about 8,000 votes—48.6% to 45.4%. At the time, there were approximately 31,000 votes left to count and Begich refused to concede. Begich eventually conceded on November 17. Final results showed that Sullivan won by 6,014 votes out of 282,400 cast, 47.96% to 45.83%.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: In the 2020 election, after running unopposed in the Republican primary election, Sullivan faced independent candidate Al Gross, an orthopedic surgeon and former commercial fisherman who had been nominated by the Alaska Democratic Party. The race was considered "unexpectedly close," with some polls indicating that the two candidates were neck-and-neck. Gross touted his "deep roots" in the state and published several campaign videos that received national attention. In addition to the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee's funding of Gross's candidacy, Gross reportedly did "an excellent job fundraising", outraising Sullivan between July 1 and the end of September 2019.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: While the race was considered "too early to call" for several days after the November 3 election, Gross called Sullivan to concede on November 13. Ultimately, Sullivan defeated Gross 54% to 41%, with Alaskan Independence Party nominee John Howe receiving nearly 5% of the vote.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: According to "FiveThirtyEight", Sullivan voted in line with President Donald Trump's position 91.5% of the time. According to the American Conservative Union's Center for Legislative Accountability, Sullivan had a lifetime conservative rating of 79.5. Americans for Democratic Action gave Sullivan a zero on their liberalism score in 2019.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: Sullivan is a self-described "pro-life Catholic" and supported the June 2022 overturning of "Roe v. Wade". He supports improving child care and adoption as alternatives to abortion.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: Sullivan opposed Trump during the 2016 presidential race, releasing a statement that said, "We need national leaders who can lead by example" on issues of sexual assault and violence against women. Sullivan added, "The reprehensible revelations about Donald Trump have shown that he can't. Therefore, I am withdrawing my support for his candidacy."


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: Sullivan voted to acquit Trump at the conclusion of his first impeachment trial. During Sullivan's reelection bid, Trump endorsed him, saying Sullivan supported Trump's agenda.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: By October 6, 2020, Sullivan announced that he would be voting for Trump, saying the choice was "very clear." Sullivan also voted to acquit Trump during his second impeachment trial.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: Sullivan rejects that there is a scientific consensus on climate change. He has argued that "the verdict is still out on the human contribution to climate change"; the scientific consensus is that human activity is a primary contributor to climate change.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: In October 2020, the Environmental Investigation Agency recorded and published conversations between undercover actors, who pretended to be potential investors in Pebble Mine in Alaska, and corporate executives. In these recordings, the corporate executives make clear that they intend to expand the mine far beyond previously stated intentions, and that they believe Sullivan would quietly support this project after the election. In response, Sullivan expressed his opposition to the project. Sullivan has stated that he plans to donate campaign contributions received from Pebble Mine executives to charity.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: Sullivan has lobbied the Trump administration to open up the Tongass National Forest in Alaska to logging and other forms of development. In October 2020, the Trump administration permitted such projects, stripping protections that had been in place for nearly two decades.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: In July 2017, Sullivan co-sponsored the Israel Anti-Boycott Act (s. 720), which made it a federal crime for Americans to encourage or participate in boycotts against Israel and Israeli settlements in the occupied territories if protesting actions by the Israeli government.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: On June 6, 2021, Sullivan and Senators Tammy Duckworth and Christopher Coons visited Taipei in an U.S. Air Force C-17 Globemaster III transport to meet President Tsai Ing-wen and Minister Joseph Wu during the pandemic outbreak of Taiwan to announce President Joe Biden's donation plan of 750,000 COVID-19 vaccines included in the global COVAX program.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: In the 2014 Senate campaign in Alaska, the National Rifle Association (NRA) declined to make an endorsement. The NRA gave Begich an "A−" rating and Sullivan an "A−q" rating, the "q" indicating the rating was qualified because Sullivan had no voting record at the time.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: On November 17, 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Sullivan did not wear a mask while presiding over the Senate. Senator Sherrod Brown asked him to "please wear a mask as he speaks." Sullivan told Brown he was not taking instructions from Brown and later called Brown a "far-left senator." Senator Ted Cruz called Brown an "ass" for making the request and suggested it was virtue signaling. CDC guidelines at the time stated that people should wear face masks while indoors.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: In 2016, Sullivan defended the Republican refusal to hold a hearing for President Barack Obama's Supreme Court nominee, Merrick Garland, on the basis that the nomination was made "in the midst of an important national election." Sullivan said it was not "about the individual, it's about the principle" and "Alaskans deserve to have a voice in that direction through their vote, and we will ensure that they have one." In October 2020, in the last few weeks before the 2020 presidential election, Sullivan defended Trump's decision to nominate a Supreme Court justice—saying he was "well within his constitutional authority"—and voted to confirm the nominee, Amy Coney Barrett.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: In 2017, after North Korean leader Kim Jong-un threatened the United States with an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) strike and conducted an ICBM test in which its missile landed about off the coast of Japan, Sullivan called for improvements to the U.S. missile defense system.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: Sullivan has not made social issues a major part of his platform. He opposes abortion, except in cases of rape, incest, or threat to the life of the mother. He opposes same-sex marriage.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: Sullivan introduced the bipartisan criminal justice reform legislation, the FIRST STEP Act, but opposed the act after incurring amendments by the House of Representatives. The amended bill passed the Senate 87–12 on December 18, 2018. Trump signed the bill into law 3 days later.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: Sullivan has cosponsored the bipartisan STATES Act proposed in the 115th U.S. Congress by Massachusetts Senator Elizabeth Warren and Colorado Senator Cory Gardner that would exempt individuals or corporations in compliance with state cannabis laws from federal enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: In December 2020, during his lame-duck period, Trump vetoed the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021. The veto left new Coast Guard cutters that were scheduled to be homeported in Alaska without port facilities to maintain them. Sullivan questioned the veto, because it put in question whether the cutters could be placed in Alaska.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: On May 28, 2021, Sullivan voted against creating an independent commission to investigate the 2021 United States Capitol attack.


title: Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

text: While at Georgetown, Sullivan met fellow law student Julie Fate, a staffer for U.S. Senator Ted Stevens. Sullivan and Fate married and had three daughters. Fate is the daughter of retired dentist and former Alaska State Representative Hugh "Bud" Fate and Mary Jane Fate, who was once the co-chair of the Alaska Federation of Natives.


title: Epik High

text: Epik High (Hangul: 에픽하이) is a South Korean hip hop trio formed in 2001, composed of Tablo, Mithra Jin, and DJ Tukutz. Primarily based in Seoul, the group signed with Woollim Entertainment and released their first two studio albums, "Map of the Human Soul" (2003) and "High Society" (2004), to minor success. The trio rose to fame with the release of their follow-up studio albums, "Swan Songs" (2005), "Remapping the Human Soul" (2007) and "Pieces, Part One" (2008), spawning the hit singles "Fly", "Paris", "Fan", "Love Love Love", "One" and "Umbrella". Although the majority of these albums were censored by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism due to themes of crimes, war, religion and education, Epik High established themselves as one of the leading hip hop artists in the country, gaining a cult following and critical plaudit.


title: Epik High

text: Following the completion of mandatory military services and their exclusive contract with Woollim Entertainment, Epik High signed with YG Entertainment in 2012. The trio's next studio albums, "99" (2012), " Shoebox" (2014) and "We've Done Something Wonderful" (2017), explored heartbreaks, personal struggles and self-help. Supported by the successful singles "It's Cold", "Up", "Born Hater", "Spoiler", "Happen Ending", "Love Story" and "Home Is Far Away", Epik High garnered international recognition, becoming the first central South Korean act to play at Coachella.


title: Epik High

text: Epik High left YG Entertainment in 2018 and signed with record label Ours Co, under William Morris Endeavor, the following year. They released their second extended play "Sleepless in __________" in 2019, followed by a two-part tenth studio album, "Epik High Is Here" (2021 & 2022).


title: Epik High

text: Epik High was formed in 2001 upon frontman Tablo's return to South Korea after being educated in Vancouver and Stanford. With the addition of Mithra Jin and DJ Tukutz, the group made their beginnings in the underground hip hop scene in Seoul, performing with other Korean hip hop groups such as CB Mass and as part of the "Movement Crew," one of the most prominent hip hop crews of the time in South Korea.


title: Epik High

text: As the genre was unpopular among mainstream audiences, the group was relatively unknown early on in their career, with critics seeing the little market for "lyrically complex music" that did not match the K-pop scene of the time. Their first performance was to a small audience at the amusement park Everland in 2002. They released their debut album, "Map of the Human Soul", under Woollim Entertainment in 2003, and began to gain success with the release of their second album, "High Society" (2004).


title: Epik High

text: "Swan Songs" was intended to be Epik High's final album, following the poor performance of their previous two releases; however, it became a mainstream hit and made them one of the most popular hip hop groups in Korea. The album was a chart success with the title track, "Fly," reaching number one on domestic charts. "Fly" also featured on the soundtracks for "FIFA 07" and " Pump It Up". Another of the album tracks, "Paris" featuring Loveholics' Jisun, was also a hit in Japan and Korea. The album was repackaged the following year as "Black Swan Songs", which included remixes of several tracks.


title: Epik High

text: Originally set for release in October 2006, Epik High's fourth album "Remapping the Human Soul" was released on January 23, 2007. The two upbeat lead singles, "Fan" and "Love Love Love," were hits, while the rest of the album had darker undertones and tackled diverse themes including sex crimes, war, religion, and education. The Ministry of Culture and Tourism reportedly censored the album due to its lyrical and thematic content. Despite this, it was a commercial success in both Korea and Japan. It went on to sell 120,301 copies during the Year, making it the third best-selling album of 2007 in South Korea. During this time, the group spoke of their "no genre, just music" philosophy, expressing frustration with "narrow," "out-dated and isolated" perceptions of the hip hop genre.


title: Epik High

text: Over 50,000 copies of their fifth studio album entitled "Pieces, Part One" were pre-ordered before its release in April 2008. The album's release was followed by music videos for the singles "One," "Breakdown," and "Umbrella." After the album's success, Epik High released the EP "Lovescream" to acclaim in October, with the EP's title track "1 Minute 1 Second" topping online music charts. In early 2009, Epik High parted ways with Woollim Entertainment and founded Map The Soul, an independent record label that consisted of Epik High, , and Dok2. They released their seventh work, a "book album" entitled "魂: Map the Soul," on March 27 and distributed it exclusively on Epik High's website. Tablo stated that "魂: Map the Soul" is not the group's official sixth album but a particular project.


title: Epik High

text: Music videos for the single "Map the Soul" were released on May 19, with worldwide and Korean versions. To commemorate their first release under the independent label, Epik High toured in Japan and performed at Melon Ax in Seoul with Kero One and MYK. That month, they also served in various cities in the US (New York City, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Seattle) along with Dumbfoundead, Kero One, MYK and Far East Movement. On July 22, Epik High and Map the Soul signed with electronic group Planet Shiver and released the remix album "".


title: Epik High

text: Epik High's sixth album, "[e]", was released on September 16 with the title single "Wannabe (따라해)" featuring Mellow, an electronic pop track critiquing K-pop trends. The studio album contained 30 tracks in a 2-CD format. Its release was followed by a South Korean tour, beginning on September 19.


title: Epik High

text: On October 15, 2009, DJ Tukutz enlisted for two years in mandatory military service, two days after his marriage. He was discharged in August 2011.


title: Epik High

text: While DJ Tukutz was conscripted into the army, Epik High's seventh studio album, "Epilogue", was released under Woollim Entertainment on March 9, 2010, to chart success. The music video for its title track, "Run," featured several members of the Woollim-signed boy band Infinite before their debut: L as the video's protagonist, Sunggyu as a guitarist, Woohyun as bassist, and Sungjong as keyboardist. In addition, infinite's Hoya and Dongwoo also served as backup dancers during promotions of the single on various music shows.


title: Epik High

text: Shortly after the album's release, Mithra Jin also entered mandatory military service and served two years between August 3, 2010 – May 14, 2012. He joined the 102 reserves in Chuncheon and served as an infantry rifle soldier, a member of the military band, and a GOP soldier before settling at the Defense Media Agency (DEMA).


title: Epik High

text: During the two-year hiatus that followed, Tablo (who is a Canadian citizen and therefore was not required to carry out military service) signed a four-year contract with YG Entertainment and released a solo album titled "Fever's End" on November 1, 2011. However, he indicated that Epik High had not disbanded.


title: Epik High

text: In July 2012, it was confirmed that Epik High would return as a group under YG Entertainment after a three-year hiatus. On October 9, the group released the single "It's Cold" featuring the newly signed Lee Hi, to chart success. They digitally released the album "99", as well as music videos for the tracks "Up" (featuring Park Bom) and "Don't Hate Me," on October 19. The album was physically released on October 23 with two extra tracks, not on the digital release. During the "SBS Gayo Daejeon" on December 30 they joined Dynamic Duo and Simon D for "Cypher 2012", a remix of popular hip-hop tracks of the Year to much acclaim.


title: Epik High

text: On October 23, 2013, Epik High released the single "420" featuring Double K, Yankie, Dok2, Sean2Slow, Dumbfoundead, TopBob, and MYK to celebrate their tenth anniversary.


title: Epik High

text: On May 18, 2014, they released the single "With You" in collaborating with Chinese Singer Bibi Zhou, as a re-recording of "Fool" (originally featuring Bumkey) from their previous album "Epilogue". On October 18, YG Entertainment released the music video for the pre-release track "Born Hater" featuring a line-up of noted rappers. Epik High's eighth studio album, " Shoebox", was physically released on October 22 and met with critical praise for the emotion and complex lyrical content of lead singles "Happen Ending" and "Spoiler" as well as other tracks including "Burj Khalifa" and "Amor Fati."


title: Epik High

text: In March 2015, Epik High performed at SXSW in Austin, Texas. In April 2016, they became the first ever Korean act to perform at the Coachella music festival, where their performance was well received by audiences. On October 23, 2017, they released "We've Done Something Wonderful", their ninth studio album.


title: Epik High

text: On October 3, 2018, Epik High left YG Entertainment after six years. On February 19, 2019, Epik High signed to William Morris Endeavor. Epik High released their second EP, "Sleepless in __________", on March 11. The EP peaked at number 8 on the Gaon Album Chart and number 6 on the Billboard US World Album Chart. On October 22, 2020, the band posted a new video announcing their tenth album for January 2021. On December 28, 2020, Tablo announced that the group would release part 1 of their tenth album, "Epik High Is Here", on January 18, 2021. The album's first single, "Rosario", featured CL and Zico.


title: Epik High

text: On June 29, 2021, Epik High released the new single "Rain Song," featuring Colde. On October 25, 2021, Epik High released the new single "Face ID," which features Sik-K, Justhis and Giriboy. The single serves as a pre-release for part two of "Epik High Is Here". On January 12, 2022, it was revealed that Epik High would be performing at Coachella 2022, making them the first Korean act to be re-invited to the festival. On February 14, 2022, the group released part 2 of "Epik High Is Here". On March 17, 2022, Epik High announced that it would be holding the 2022 'Epik High Is Here Encore' concert for three days from May 11 to 13.


title: Free State (province)

text: The Free State, known as Orange Free State until the 28th of June 1995 when it's name was changed, is a province of South Africa. Its capital is Bloemfontein, which is also South Africa's judicial capital. Its historical origins lie in the Boer republic called the Orange Free State and later Orange Free State Province.


title: Free State (province)

text: The current borders of the province date from 1994 when the Bantustans were abolished and reincorporated into South Africa. It is also the only one of the four original provinces of South Africa not to undergo border changes, apart from the reincorporation of Bantustans, and its borders date from before the outbreak of the Boer War.


title: Free State (province)

text: The provincial government consists of a premier, an executive council of ten ministers, and a legislature. The provincial assembly and premier are elected for five-year terms, or until the next national election. Political parties are awarded assembly seats based on the percentage of votes each party receives in the province during the national elections. The assembly elects a premier, who then appoints the members of the executive council.


title: Free State (province)

text: The provincial legislature meets at the Vierde Raadsaal in Bloemfontein. The premier of Free State is Sisi Ntombela. She has been serving since her appointment in March 2018.


title: Free State (province)

text: The Free State is situated on a succession of flat grassy plains sprinkled with pastureland, resting on a general elevation of 3,800 feet only broken by the occasional hill or kopje. The rich soil and pleasant climate allow for a thriving agricultural industry. With more than 30,000 farms, which produce over 70% of the country's grain, it is known locally as South Africa's breadbasket.


title: Free State (province)

text: The province is high-lying, with almost all land being 1,000 metres above sea level. The Drakensberg and Maluti Mountains foothills raise the terrain to over 2,000 m in the east. The Free State lies in the heart of the Karoo Sequence of rocks, containing shales, mudstones, sandstones and the Drakensberg Basalt forming the youngest capping rocks. Mineral deposits are plentiful, with gold and diamonds being of particular importance, mostly found in the north and west of the province.


title: Free State (province)

text: The flats in the south of the reserve provide ideal conditions for large herds of plain game such as black wildebeest and springbok. The ridges, koppies and plains typical of the northern section are home to kudu, red hartebeest, southern white rhinoceros and buffalo. The Southern African wildcat, black wildebeest, zebra, eland, white rhinoceros and wild dog can be seen at the Soetdoring Nature Reserve near Bloemfontein. The South African cheetahs were reintroduced in the Free State for the first time in June 2013 after a hundred years of regional extinction, at Laohu Valley Reserve near Philippolis. Following the reintroduction of an adult female South African cheetah in early 2016, three wild cheetah cubs were born for the first time in Laohu Valley Reserve in February 2017, making the three new cubs the first cheetahs born in the wild since their disappearance from the Free State province in over a century.


title: Free State (province)

text: The Free State experiences a continental climate, characterised by warm to hot summers and cool to cold winters. Areas in the east experience frequent snowfalls, especially on the higher ranges, whilst the west can be extremely hot in summer. Almost all precipitation falls in the summer months as brief afternoon thunderstorms, with aridity increasing towards the west. Areas in the east around Harrismith, Bethlehem and Ficksburg are well watered. The capital, Bloemfontein, experiences hot, moist summers and cold, dry winters frequented by severe frost.


title: Free State (province)

text: The Free State borders more districts of Lesotho and more provinces of South Africa than any other province.


title: Free State (province)

text: The Free State Province is divided into one metropolitan municipality and four district municipalities. The district municipalities are in turn divided into 19 local municipalities:


title: Free State (province)

text: The Free State is the only province in South Africa that operates a free 24-hour dedicated rotor-wing aeromedical service from a public hospital. They are able to reach far-flung areas in only 45 minutes and deliver a high level of care on scene. On 31 October 2018, Free State Emergency Medical Service launched an additional 65 road ambulances to augment the fleet.


title: Free State (province)

text: The province is the granary of South Africa, with agriculture central to its economy, while mining on the rich goldfields reef is its largest employer.


title: Free State (province)

text: Agriculture dominates the Free State landscape, with cultivated land covering 32,000 square kilometres, and natural veld and grazing a further 87,000 square kilometres of the province. It is also South Africa's leader in the production of biofuels, or fuel from agricultural crops, with a number of ethanol plants under construction in the grain-producing western region. South Africa is one of the top ten Maize producers in the world (12,365,000 tons ) whereby all of the crops come from the Free State. The Free State is well known for its "Mielielande" (corn-fields; the former term is in Afrikaans).


title: Free State (province)

text: Field crops yield almost two-thirds of the gross agricultural income of the province. Animal products contribute a further 30%, with the balance generated by horticulture. Ninety percent of the country's cherry crop is produced in the Ficksburg district, which is also home to the country's two largest asparagus canning factories. Soya, sorghum, sunflowers and wheat are cultivated in the eastern Free State, where farmers specialise in seed production. About 40% of the country's potato yield comes from the province's high-lying areas.


title: Free State (province)

text: The main vegetable crop is asparagus, both white and green varieties. Although horticulture is expanding and becoming increasingly export-orientated, most produce leaves the province unprocessed.


title: Free State (province)

text: The Free State's advantage in floriculture is the opposing seasons of the southern and northern hemispheres. The province exports about 1.2 million tons of cut flowers a year.


title: Free State (province)

text: The Free State is also rich in mineral wealth, gold representing 20% of the world's total gold production. Mining is the province's major employer. The province has 12 gold mines, producing 30% of South Africa's output and making it the fifth-largest producer of gold in the world. The Harmony Gold Refinery and Rand Refinery are the only two gold refineries in South Africa.


title: Free State (province)

text: Gold mines in the Free State also supply a substantial portion of the total silver produced in the country, while considerable concentrations of uranium occurring in the gold-bearing conglomerates of the goldfields are extracted as a byproduct.


title: Free State (province)

text: Bituminous coal is also mined, and converted to petrochemicals at Sasolburg. The Free State also produces high-quality diamonds from its kimberlite pipes and fissures, and the country's largest deposit of bentonite is found in the Koppies district.


title: Free State (province)

text: Since 1989, the Free State economy has moved from dependence on primary sectors such as mining and agriculture to an economy increasingly oriented towards manufacturing and export.


title: Free State (province)

text: Some 14% of the province's manufacturing is classified as being in high-technology industries – the highest of all provincial economies. The northern Free State's chemicals sector is one of the most important in the southern hemisphere. Petrochemicals company Sasol, based in the town of Sasolburg, is a world leader in the production of fuels, waxes, chemicals and low-cost feedstock from coal.


title: Free State (province)

text: In the northeastern Free State, nestled in the rolling foothills of the Maluti mountains, the Golden Gate Highlands National Park is the province's prime tourist attraction. The park gets its name from the brilliant shades of gold cast by the sun on the spectacular sandstone cliffs, especially the imposing Brandwag or Sentinel Rock, which keeps vigil over the park.


title: Free State (province)

text: The sandstone of this region has been used for the lovely dressed-stone buildings found on the Eastern Highlands, while decoratively painted Sotho houses dot the grasslands. Some of South Africa's most valued San (Bushman) rock art is found in the Free State, particularly in the regions around Clarens, Bethlehem, Ficksburg, Ladybrand and Wepener.


title: Free State (province)

text: Sesotho is the dominant home language in most of the province. Zulu is the major language in the far eastern municipality of Phumelela. Setswana is the main language in Tokologo in the northwest, and in and around the area of Thaba Nchu. The Free State is the only province in South Africa with a Sesotho majority. Afrikaans is widely spoken throughout the province, as a first language for the majority of whites and coloureds and as a second or third language by Sesotho, Setswana and Xhosa speakers. Although there are relatively few native English speakers, English is becoming increasingly important as the language of business and government. This is evidenced by the shift of tertiary institutions such as the University of the Free State from solely using Afrikaans as the medium of instruction to using both Afrikaans and English.


title: Free State (province)

text: The majority of the population are black Africans who speak Sotho as a first language. The vast majority of white people in the Free State are Afrikaans-speaking. In 1880 the white population made up 45.7% of the total population. In 1904 this had fallen to 36.8%. Of the 142,679 people in 1904, only 60% were born in the province. Of the 2,726 European immigrants born in non-British states, 1,025 came from the Russian Empire, mainly Jews. In 1904 whites made up a majority in most settlements, namely Ficksburg (52.3%), Wepener (60.2%), Ladybrand (60.0%), and Kroonstad (51.6%), and made up a substantial minority in Bloemfontein (45.7%) and Winburg (36.3%).


title: It Must Have Been Love

text: "It Must Have Been Love", originally "It Must Have Been Love (Christmas for the Broken Hearted)", is a song written by Per Gessle and performed by the Swedish pop duo Roxette. The power ballad became the duo's third number one hit in the United States, and is one of their best selling releases, being certified gold or platinum in a number of countries.


title: It Must Have Been Love

text: Four different versions of the song have been officially released. The original song was released in 1987, which was followed by the most successful incarnation, a slightly edited version, omitting the Christmas references, created for the soundtrack to the 1990 film "Pretty Woman". During the "Join the Joyride! World Tour" in 1991, the band recorded a country music version in Los Angeles, included on their 1992 album "Tourism". A Spanish-language version of the "Pretty Woman" recording was released on their 1996 compilation "Baladas en Español". Finally, an orchestral live performance from the band's 2009 concert at Night of the Proms was included on their 2012 studio album, "Travelling".


title: It Must Have Been Love

text: The song was first released as "It Must Have Been Love (Christmas for the Broken Hearted)" in December 1987. It was composed after EMI Germany asked the duo to "come up with an intelligent Christmas single". It became a top five hit in Sweden, but was not released internationally. This version of the song was never included on any Roxette studio album until the 1997 re-release of their debut "Pearls of Passion" (1986).


title: It Must Have Been Love

text: A performance from a Swedish TV chart show in 1987 acted as the song's first music video. It features Fredriksson and Gessle sitting on a couch on a stage, lip-syncing to the song.


title: It Must Have Been Love

text: During a run of increasingly successful singles from the duo's 1988 album "Look Sharp!", Touchstone Pictures approached Roxette and their label about contributing a song to the soundtrack of the upcoming romantic comedy release "Pretty Woman", starring Richard Gere and Julia Roberts. The film was released in March 1990 and went on to make more than US$460 million at the worldwide box office. The corresponding soundtrack album was also a commercial success, which was certified triple-platinum in the US. The soundtrack went on to sell more than nine million copies worldwide.


title: It Must Have Been Love

text: Bill Coleman from "Billboard" described the song as a "rhythmic ballad". Dave Sholin from the "Gavin Report" wrote: "Per and Marie are on target again. Per Gessle continues to demonstrate his uncanny ability to compose exceptional pop melodies and Marie Fredriksson makes the words and music jump through the speakers. Though timed to coincide with the release of the Julia Roberts/Richard Gere film "Pretty Woman", this tune from the soundtrack could easily stand on its own. Interest in the movie only gives it that much more of a boost". Dave Simpson from "The Guardian" said the song is a "masterpiece of pain". He added that "Fredriksson's genius is in delivering the title line clean and stoic, rather than with tortured vibrato, to show that she's resigned to her fate. But with the jarringly urgent upward key change in the middle eight, the pain floods in again, and she's back to square one". A reviewer from "Liverpool Echo" wrote: "It's a ballad, it's big in America, but it's not as heavy-handed as the usual US success. Funnily enough, there even seems to be a bit of an ABBA influence in there". Refinery29 included it at number 39 on their list of "The Saddest Breakup Songs of All Time", saying the track "represents the perfect ratio of schlock to sentiment. In someone like Celine Dion's hands, this would have been a complete disaster, but the Swedish duo gaze off to 'where the water flows' and 'where the wind blows' without sounding like '90s Disney characters". Brendon Veevers from "Renowned for Sound" noted the song as a "timeless power ballad that has aged like a fine wine".


title: It Must Have Been Love

text: A re-written and edited version of the track – the lyric "It's a hard Christmas day" was changed to "It's a hard winter's day", twenty seconds were removed from the intro, as well as 24 seconds from the outro – became an international hit during the summer of 1990. It was not the first single released from the "Pretty Woman" soundtrack, but it became the most successful, spending two weeks at the top spot of the "Billboard" Hot 100 in June. The song was certified Gold by the RIAA for sales in excess of 500,000 copies in the US. At the end of the year, "Billboard" listed it as the second most successful single of 1990, behind Wilson Phillips' "Hold On".


title: It Must Have Been Love

text: The single peaked at number three in the UK—their highest-peaking single there. It stayed on the UK Singles Chart for 14 weeks, and was certified gold by the BPI for sales and streams in excess of 400,000. The song was re-released in the UK and Ireland in September 1993 to tie in with the TV premiere of "Pretty Woman", peaking at number ten in both countries. It became Roxette's second of three number one singles in Australia, spending two weeks at the top spot in July 1990. The song was a massive hit in Norway, where it spent twelve weeks at number one. In Switzerland, the song spent three non-consecutive weeks at number one, and a further five weeks at number two—being held off the top spot in those weeks by Matthias Reim's "Verdammt, ich lieb' dich". It also reached number one in Canada, Poland and Spain, and the top five in Austria, Belgium, Ireland, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand and West Germany, where it spent nine months in the top 75.


title: It Must Have Been Love

text: In 2005, Gessle received an award from BMI after the song's four millionth radio play in the US. He received updated awards from the same organization after its five millionth radio play in 2014, and its six millionth play in 2021.


title: It Must Have Been Love

text: The second video was directed by Doug Freel and was shot in a warehouse. It included clips from "Pretty Woman", with Fredriksson singing and playing piano and Gessle playing guitar between various prop changes. There is also an alternate version of the video, without the movie scenes, which was available solely on the VHS "The Videos". According to Fredriksson, shooting this video was a surreal experience, as Freel "wanted all movements in slow motion, so I had to lip-sync the vocals at double speed. My first lesson in how to sing an emotional ballad Mickey Mouse style".


title: It Must Have Been Love

text: Roxette released a Spanish-language compilation album, "Baladas en Español", in 1996. It consisted of twelve of their down-tempo singles and album tracks, which were translated by Spanish songwriter Luis Gomez-Escolar, who would later co-write the Ricky Martin hit "Livin' la Vida Loca". The album was only released in Spanish and Portuguese-speaking territories. An adapted version of "It Must Have Been Love", titled "No Sé Si Es Amor", was released in early 1997 as the album's second and final single. The song wasn't translated, its lyrics are new, with a slight different meaning from the original lyrics.


title: It Must Have Been Love

text: On the twenty-fifth anniversary of the song's release on the "Pretty Woman" soundtrack, Parlophone released a limited edition red-coloured vinyl on 19 May 2015. This single included the "Pretty Woman" version of the song, backed with the original 1987 release and the Los Angeles-studio performance (minus the live intro recorded in Santiago, Chile) from their 1992 album "Tourism". The latter features pedal steel guitar performed by Greg Leisz, who is best known for his work with k.d. lang. The single was released on digital download stores from 23 March.


title: It Must Have Been Love

text: In 1989, the late Ugandan musician Philly Lutaaya, who was then based in Sweden used the song to record his hit "Alone and Frightened" on his album "Alone", in which he came out as an HIV/AIDS patient, becoming the first public figure to be identified with the virus/disease during an HIV/AIDS epidemic in Uganda.


title: It Must Have Been Love

text: The song was recorded twice in Portuguese, by the duo Gilberto e Gilmar as "Outro dia nasceu" in 1992, and by the forró band Moleca 100 as "Vergonha não sou feliz mais" in 2012.


title: It Must Have Been Love

text: In 2006, Swedish pop singer Shirley Clamp recorded a cover version of the song called "När kärleken föds" ("When Love is Born"), it peaked at number 6 at the Swedish singles chart.


title: It Must Have Been Love

text: In 2019, English singer Megan McKenna covered "It Must Have Been Love" as the first winner of "". Following the announcement that she had won, her version of the song was released on 30 November.


title: Elliott wave principle

text: The Elliott Wave Principle, or Elliott wave theory, is a form of technical analysis that finance traders use to analyze financial market cycles and forecast market trends by identifying extremes in investor psychology and price levels, such as highs and lows, by looking for patterns in prices.


title: Elliott wave principle

text: Ralph Nelson Elliott (1871–1948), an American accountant, developed a model for the underlying social principles of financial markets by studying their price movements, and developed a set of analytical tools in the 1930s. He proposed that market prices unfold in specific patterns, which practitioners today call "Elliott waves", or simply "waves". Elliott published his theory of market behavior in the book "The Wave Principle" in 1938, summarized it in a series of articles in "Financial World" magazine in 1939, and covered it most comprehensively in his final major work, "Nature's Laws: The Secret of the Universe" in 1946. Elliott stated that "because man is subject to rhythmical procedure, calculations having to do with his activities can be projected far into the future with a justification and certainty heretofore unattainable."


title: Elliott wave principle

text: The Elliott Wave Principle posits that collective trader psychology, a form of crowd psychology, moves between optimism and pessimism in repeating sequences of intensity and duration. These mood swings create patterns in the price movements of markets at every degree of trend or time scale.


title: Elliott wave principle

text: In Elliott's theory, market prices alternate between an impulsive, or "motive", phase, and a corrective phase on all time scales of trend, as the illustration shows. Impulses are always subdivided into a set of five lower-degree waves, alternating again between motive and corrective character, so that waves "1", "3", and "5" are impulses, and waves "2" and "4" are smaller retraces of waves "1" and "3", respectively. Corrective waves subdivide into three smaller-degree waves starting with a five-wave counter-trend impulse, a retrace, and another impulse. In a bear market the dominant trend is downward, and the pattern is reversed—five waves down and three up. Motive waves always move with the trend, while corrective waves move against it.


title: Elliott wave principle

text: The Elliott Wave Principle states that markets grow from small price movements by linking Elliot wave patterns to form larger five-wave and three-wave structures that exhibit self-similarity, applicable on all timescales. Each level of such timescales is called the degree of the wave, or price pattern. Each degree of waves consists of one full cycle of motive and corrective waves. Waves "1", "3", and "5" of each cycle are motive in character, while waves "2" and "4" are corrective. The majority of motive waves assure forward progress in the direction of the prevailing trend, in bull or bear markets, but yielding an overall principle of growth of a market.


title: Elliott wave principle

text: The overall movement of a wave one degree higher is upward in a bullish trend. After the initial five waves forward and three waves of correction, the sequence is repeated on a larger degree and the self-similar fractal geometry continues to unfold. The completed motive pattern comprises 89 waves, followed by a completed corrective pattern of 55 waves.


title: Elliott wave principle

text: Each degree of a pattern in a financial market has a name. Practitioners use symbols for each wave to indicate both function and degree. Numbers are used for motive waves, and letters for corrective waves (shown in the highest of the three idealized series of wave structures or degrees). Degrees are not strictly defined by absolute size or duration, by form. Waves of the same degree may be of very different size or duration.


title: Elliott wave principle

text: While exact time spans may vary, the customary order of degrees is reflected in the following sequence:


title: Elliott wave principle

text: Elliott wave analysts (or "Elliotticians") hold that each individual wave has its own "signature" or characteristic, which typically reflects the psychology of the moment. Understanding those personalities is key to the application of the Wave Principle; they are defined below. (Definitions assume a bull market in equities; the characteristics apply in reverse in bear markets.)


title: Elliott wave principle

text: Elliott's market model relies heavily on looking at price charts. Practitioners study developing trends to distinguish the waves and wave structures, and discern what prices may do next; thus the application of the Wave Principle is a form of pattern recognition.


title: Elliott wave principle

text: The structures Elliott described meet the common definition of a fractal (self-similar patterns appearing at every degree of trend). Elliott wave practitioners argue that just as naturally occurring fractals often expand and grow more complex over time, the model shows that collective human psychology develops in natural patterns, via buying and selling decisions reflected in market prices: "It's as though we are somehow programmed by mathematics. Seashell, galaxy, snowflake or human: we're all bound by the same order." Critics, however, argue it is a form of pareidolia.


title: Elliott wave principle

text: A common guideline called "alternation" observes that in a five-wave pattern, waves 2 and 4 often take alternate forms; a simple sharp move in wave 2, for example, suggests a complex mild move in wave 4. Alternation can occur in impulsive and corrective waves. Elliott observed that alternate waves of the same degree must be distinctive and unique in price, time, severity, and construction.


title: Elliott wave principle

text: All formations can guide influences on market action. The time period covered by each formation, however, is the major deciding factor in the full manifestation of the Rule of Alternation. A sharp counter-trend correction in wave 2 covers a short distance in horizontal units. This should produce a sideways counter-trend correction in wave 4, covering a longer distance in horizontal units, and vice versa. Alternation provides analysts a notice of what not to expect when analyzing wave formations.


title: Elliott wave principle

text: Corrective wave patterns unfold in forms known as zigzags, flats, or triangles. In turn these corrective patterns can come together to form more complex corrections. Similarly, a triangular corrective pattern is formed usually in wave 4, but very rarely in wave 2, and is the indication of the end of a correction.


title: Elliott wave principle

text: R. N. Elliott's analysis of the mathematical properties of waves and patterns eventually led him to conclude that "The Fibonacci Summation Series is the basis of The Wave Principle". Numbers from the Fibonacci sequence surface repeatedly in Elliott wave structures, including motive waves (1, 3, 5), a single full cycle (8 waves), and the completed motive (89 waves) and corrective (55 waves) patterns. Elliott developed his market model before he realized that it reflects the Fibonacci sequence. "When I discovered The Wave Principle action of market trends, I had never heard of either the Fibonacci Series or the Pythagorean Diagram".


title: Elliott wave principle

text: The Fibonacci sequence is also closely connected to the Golden ratio (1.618). Practitioners commonly use this ratio and related ratios to establish support and resistance levels for market waves, namely the price points which help define the parameters of a trend. See Fibonacci retracement.


title: Elliott wave principle

text: Finance professor Roy Batchelor and researcher Richard Ramyar, a former Director of the United Kingdom Society of Technical Analysts and formerly Global Head of Research at Lipper and Thomson Reuters Wealth Management, studied whether Fibonacci ratios appear non-randomly in the stock market, as Elliott's model predicts. The researchers said the "idea that prices retrace to a Fibonacci ratio or round fraction of the previous trend clearly lacks any scientific rationale". They also said "there is no significant difference between the frequencies with which price and time ratios occur in cycles in the Dow Jones Industrial Average, and frequencies which we would expect to occur at random in such a time series".


title: Elliott wave principle

text: Robert Prechter replied to the Batchelor–Ramyar study, saying that it "does not challenge the validity of any aspect of the Wave Principle...it supports wave theorists' observations", and that because the authors had examined ratios between prices achieved in filtered trends rather than Elliott waves, "their method does not address actual claims by wave theorists". Prechter also claimed through the Socionomics Institute, of which he is the executive director, that data in the Batchelor–Ramyar study show "Fibonacci ratios do occur more often in the stock market than would be expected in a random environment".


title: Elliott wave principle

text: Extracted from the same relationship between Elliott Waves and Fibonacci ratio, a 78.6% retracement level is identified as the best place for buying or selling (in continuation to the larger trend) as it increases the risk to reward ratio up to 1:3.


title: Elliott wave principle

text: It has been suggested that Fibonacci relationships are not the only irrational number based relationships evident in waves.


title: Elliott wave principle

text: Following Elliott's death in 1948, other market technicians and financial professionals continued to use the Wave Principle and provide forecasts to investors. Charles Collins, who had published Elliott's "Wave Principle" and helped introduce Elliott's theory to Wall Street, ranked Elliott's contributions to technical analysis on a level with Charles Dow.


title: Elliott wave principle

text: Hamilton Bolton, founder of The Bank Credit Analyst, also known as BCA Research Inc., provided wave analysis to a wide readership in the 1950s and 1960s through a number of annual supplements of market commentary. He also authored the book "The Elliott Wave Principle of Stock Market Behavior".


title: Elliott wave principle

text: Bolton introduced the Elliott Wave Principle to A.J. Frost (1908-1999), who provided weekly financial commentary on the Financial News Network in the 1980s. Over the course of his lifetime Frost's contributions to the field were of great significance and today the Canadian Society of Technical Analysts awards the A.J. Frost Memorial Award to someone each year who has also made a significant contribution to the field of technical analysis.


title: Elliott wave principle

text: The first A.J. Frost Memorial Award was awarded to Robert Prechter in 1999, with whom Frost co-authored the "Elliott Wave Principle" in 1978.


title: Elliott wave principle

text: Robert Prechter found Elliott's work while working as a market technician at Merrill Lynch. His prominence as a forecaster during the bull market of the 1980s brought wide exposure to Elliott's work. Prechter remains the most widely known Elliott analyst.


title: Elliott wave principle

text: Among market technicians, wave analysis is widely accepted as a component of trade. The Elliott Wave Principle is among the methods included in the exam that analysts must pass to earn the Chartered Market Technician (CMT) designation, a professional accreditation developed by the CMT Association.


title: Elliott wave principle

text: Robin Wilkin, Ex-Global Head of FX and Commodity Technical Strategy at JPMorgan Chase, says "the Elliott Wave Principle ... provides a probability framework as to when to enter a particular market and where to get out, whether for a profit or a loss."


title: Elliott wave principle

text: Jordan Kotick, Global Head of Technical Strategy at Barclays Capital and past President of the Market Technicians Association, has said that R. N. Elliott's "discovery was well ahead of its time. In fact, over the last decade or two, many prominent academics have embraced Elliott's idea and have been aggressively advocating the existence of financial market fractals." One such academic is the physicist Didier Sornette, professor at ETH Zurich. In a paper he co-authored in 1996 ("Stock Market Crashes, Precursors and Replicas") Sornette stated,


title: Elliott wave principle

text: Glenn Neely, financial market analyst and author of the book "Mastering Elliott Wave", studied the Elliott Wave Principle for years and used it to develop a forecasting method by expanding on the concepts Elliott created in the 1930s.


title: Elliott wave principle

text: Researchers at the Technical University of Crete found that using a neuro-fuzzy system based on the Elliott wave principle delivered returns between 9.14% and 39.05% higher than a buy-and-hold strategy when using a hypothetical 10,000 € portfolio.


title: Elliott wave principle

text: Benoit Mandelbrot, who developed mathematical models of market pricing based on fractal geometry, expressed caution about the validity of wave models:


title: Elliott wave principle

text: Robert Prechter had previously stated that ideas in an article by Mandelbrot "originated with Ralph Nelson Elliott, who put them forth more comprehensively and more accurately with respect to real-world markets in his 1938 book "The Wave Principle"."


title: Elliott wave principle

text: Critics warn the Wave Principle is too vague to be useful since practitioners cannot consistently identify the beginning or end of waves, resulting in forecasts prone to subjective revisions. Technical analyst David Aronson wrote:


title: Elliott wave principle

text: Some analysts consider the Elliott Wave Principle as too dated to be applicable in today's markets, as explained by market analyst Glenn Neely:


title: Thulluvadho Ilamai

text: Thulluvadho Ilamai () is a 2002 Indian Tamil-language teen drama film written and directed by Selvaraghavan, but Kasthuri Raja is credited for business reasons and the film marks the acting debut of Dhanush, who plays the lead role. The film also features other newcomers Abhinay, Sherin, Ramesh, Shilpa and Gangeshwari in major roles, and features prominent film personalities Vijayakumar, Ramesh Khanna, and Pyramid Natarajan playing supporting roles.


title: Thulluvadho Ilamai

text: The film depicts the story of six high-school classmates, three boys and three girls, coming from different strata of society, who have each their own problems in their respective families and escape from their homes, deciding to live together on their own with the help of an older friend of theirs.


title: Thulluvadho Ilamai

text: While the soundtrack was composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja, Viji Manuel composed the film score. The film was released on 10 May 2002. The film was remade in Telugu as "Juniors" (2003) with Sherin reprising her role.


title: Thulluvadho Ilamai

text: Mahesh is the son of a fisherman. He grows up seeing his parents always having sex or quarrelling. Pooja is the daughter of an orthodox and very strict businessman, who is always suspicious about her. Vishnu's father neglects his mother and instead has his maid as his paramour. Anitha's parents live abroad, concentrating merely on their work and business, having no time for their daughter and always neglecting her. Harish is regularly beaten up and mistreated by his sadistic father. These five people and another girl named Divya are high school students and best friends. When they find out that Anitha is addicted to drugs, they decide to run away from their homes along with Mani, a pavement bookseller and an older friend of theirs in order to rehabilitate her, but also as a result of their discontent and feeling of alienation from their respective families.


title: Thulluvadho Ilamai

text: However, their attempts are a waste. They struggle to survive in the outside world. Being young and immature, their daily life becomes hell for them. They reside in a hotel and get caught by the police, who mistake them to be doing illicit activities. Rescued by Mani, they roam the streets and seek shelter in abandoned places. They try to make money for themselves after the cash they brought with them is taken by the inspector. Contacting their parents make their situation worse. All of them realise that their parents do not care about them at all and would not even bother to worry if they are dead. Feeling disappointed, they continue on their journey. Pooja and Mahesh, at a stage, get intimate, much to Divya's shock. When she questions Harish and scolds Divya, neither of them speak a word. Vishnu soon realises that the remaining money that he had went missing, and Anitha too is nowhere to be found. Suspecting her to have been going behind drugs, they start looking for her. Late at night, Vishnu, Mani, and Mahesh go looking for Anitha while Pooja and Divya stay with Harish.


title: Thulluvadho Ilamai

text: The friends spot Anitha being brought by a man to be sell her as a prostitute and Harish fight them, only to get stabbed. Realizing that they have no other way to survive 'safely' in this world, they decide to return home. They finally return to their school, where the principal lectures the students' parents, blaming them for the students' escape attempt and misbehavior. Hearing the principal's words and her father scolding her, Pooja consumes an unnamed acid from her school lab. Upon hearing this, Mahesh jumps from the second floor. Both are rushed to the hospital, where fortunately, they survive. Ignoring the parents, the rest of their class and batch mates get into the ICU to meet them. Happy that they are safe, they start laughing and mocking each other. The principal tells the parents that they are not worried about what happened and are happy. Feeling ashamed, the parents leave the children alone.


title: Thulluvadho Ilamai

text: All these are told in a flashback where Mahesh, now in the military, comes back to his school and recalls the memories. He had not disturbed Pooja after that and does not know where his friends are now. Assuring himself that they would have been well off as he is now, he gets interrupted by the principal. But the principal does not recognise Mahesh and walks off. Mahesh tells himself that the principal does not remember him as he would have seen many students in all these years.


title: Thulluvadho Ilamai

text: Selvaraghavan, son of director Kasthuri Raja, had written the script and also directed the film. When his family faced financial pressures in the early 2000s with his father was out of work, and subsequently, they decided to put their remaining earnings into the film. The film began production during September 2000. It was the debut film of Selvaraghavan's younger brother Dhanush. Post-filming, the producers found it difficult to find a distributor. Director R. Madhesh later purchased and released the film.


title: Thulluvadho Ilamai

text: The soundtrack was composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja, marking the first collaboration of the Yuvan Shankar Raja-Selvaraghavan duo, which would later go on to become one of the most successful combos in Tamil cinema. Viji Manuel composed the film score on Yuvan Shankar Raja's request who had to leave for London on an urgent work. The soundtrack initially featured 7 songs overall, later a second CD was released which included 3 additional short tracks. The song "Theenda Theenda", based on the Carnatic raga Reetigowla, had two versions, a female solo and a duet version. The lyrics were written by Pa. Vijay except one song, was written by Selvaraghavan.


title: Thulluvadho Ilamai

text: The album, receiving highly positive reviews, described as youthful and refreshing, is considered a breakthrough album for composer Yuvan Shankar Raja, turning him into a leading composer in the Tamil film industry. Thanks to this album, he grew up in popularity, particularly among the younger generation, who could identify themselves with the songs.


title: Thulluvadho Ilamai

text: Thulluvadho Ilamai was released on 10 May 2022. Tulika of "Rediff.com" called the film "an example of moviemaking smarts", adding, "Sitting in a movie theatre watching someone else live out their problems and find solutions, helps". After taking a small opening, the film began to get teen audiences to cinema halls for its adolescent themes. It subsequently went on to become a sleeper hit. Post-release, Selvaraghavan stated that he had also directed the film but was forced to credit his more established film-maker father as the sole director, to help the project find a distributor.


title: Thulluvadho Ilamai

text: The success of the film prompted Kasthuri Raja to launch a film title "Theenda Theenda", inspired by the song from the film. The film was later remade in Telugu as "Juniors" (2003), with Sherin reprising her role.


title: Where No Man Has Gone Before

text: "Where No Man Has Gone Before" is the third episode of the of the American science fiction television series, "". Written by Samuel A. Peeples and directed by James Goldstone, it first aired on September 22, 1966.


title: Where No Man Has Gone Before

text: In the episode, after the "Enterprise" attempts to cross the energy barrier at the edge of the galaxy, two crew members develop powerful ESP abilities which threaten the safety of the crew.


title: Where No Man Has Gone Before

text: The episode was the second pilot, produced in 1965 after the first pilot, "", was rejected by NBC. Reportedly, Lucille Ball, who owned Desilu Productions (where the pilot was produced), persuaded NBC management to consider a second pilot, thereby exercising a special option agreement it had with Desilu, because she liked Gene Roddenberry and believed in the project. The episode was eventually broadcast third in sequence, and it was the first episode to be shown in the United Kingdom by the BBC on July 12, 1969.


title: Where No Man Has Gone Before

text: "Where No Man Has Gone Before" was the first produced episode of "Star Trek" to feature William Shatner as Captain James Kirk, James Doohan as Chief Engineer Montgomery Scott, and George Takei as Lt. Sulu (in this episode, the ship's astro scientist, whose character became helmsman in subsequent episodes). The episode also features Sally Kellerman as Dr. Elisabeth Dehner, the ship’s psychiatrist. This is the only appearance of that character in the show. The episode title is the final phrase in the opening voice-over which characterizes the series and has entered popular culture.


title: Where No Man Has Gone Before

text: The USS "Enterprise" is on an exploratory mission to leave the galaxy. En route, a damaged ship's recorder of the SS "Valiant", an Earth spaceship lost 200 years earlier, is found. Its record is incomplete, but it reveals that the "Valiant" had been swept from its path by a "magnetic space storm," and that the crew had frantically searched for information about extrasensory perception (ESP) in the ship's library computer. The recording ends with the captain of the "Valiant" apparently giving a self-destruct order.


title: Where No Man Has Gone Before

text: Captain Kirk decides that they need to know what happened to the "Valiant", and the "Enterprise" crosses the edge of the galaxy. There, it encounters a strange barrier which damages the ship's systems and warp drive, forcing a retreat. At the same time, nine crew members are killed and both helmsman Gary Mitchell (Gary Lockwood) and the ship's psychiatrist Dr. Elizabeth Dehner (Sally Kellerman) are knocked unconscious by the barrier's effect. When he awakens, Mitchell's eyes glow silver, and he begins to display remarkable psychic powers.


title: Where No Man Has Gone Before

text: Mitchell becomes increasingly arrogant and hostile toward the rest of the crew, declaring that he has become godlike, enforcing his desires with displays of telepathic and telekinetic power. Science Officer Spock comes to believe that the "Valiant" crew members might have experienced the same phenomenon, and destroyed their ship to keep the power from spreading. He advises Kirk that Mitchell may have to be killed before his powers develop further, but Kirk angrily disagrees.


title: Where No Man Has Gone Before

text: Alarmed that Mitchell might take over the "Enterprise", Kirk decides to maroon him at a completely automated lithium-cracking facility on the remote planet of Delta Vega. Once there, the landing party tries to confine Mitchell, but his powers have become too great. He kills navigator Lee Kelso by telekinetically garroting him and escapes by knocking out Kirk and Spock, taking with him Dr. Dehner, who has now developed ESP powers of her own.


title: Where No Man Has Gone Before

text: Kirk follows and appeals to Dr. Dehner's humanity for help. Before Mitchell can kill Kirk, Dehner attacks him using her powers and weakens him. Mitchell fatally injures Dehner, but before he can recover from the effort, Kirk uses a phaser rifle to create a rock slide, killing Mitchell.


title: Where No Man Has Gone Before

text: Back on the "Enterprise", Kirk makes a log entry that both Dehner and Mitchell gave their lives "in performance of duty". He explains to Spock that he wants his friend's service record to end positively: "He didn't ask for what happened to him."


title: Where No Man Has Gone Before

text: The original pilot of "Star Trek", "", was rejected in February 1965 by NBC executives. The show had been sold to them as a ""Wagon Train" to the stars", and they thought the first pilot did not match the adventure format they had been promised and was "too cerebral" for the general audience. However, NBC, having been persuaded by Desilu management (and reportedly by Lucille Ball herself), maintained sufficient interest in the format to order a second pilot episode in March 1965.


title: Where No Man Has Gone Before

text: Roddenberry wrote two story outlines, "The Omega Glory" and "Mudd's Women". He wrote the teleplay for the former and gave the latter to Stephen Kandel. Roddenberry asked long-time associate and veteran scriptwriter Samuel Peeples to submit ideas for another. Peeples came up with the premise and episode title for "Where No Man Has Gone Before," and was assigned to write it. Roddenberry rewrote Peeples's script several times and while he enjoyed working with Roddenberry, after seeing the pilot Peeples preferred his original version of the script. There was some discussion over who came up with the title "Where no man has gone before"; Peeples stated unequivocally that it was his idea, and not Roddenberry's.<ref name="Herbert Franklin Solow 1997 https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780671896287/page/64 64"></ref>


title: Where No Man Has Gone Before

text: Kandel had fallen ill and his script was not finished in time; the other two were submitted to NBC for consideration. NBC preferred "Where No Man Has Gone Before" as a pilot. "Mudd's Women" was later made as the second episode in regular production, and "The Omega Glory" was made towards the end of the second season.


title: Where No Man Has Gone Before

text: Casting took place in June 1965. Jeffrey Hunter was unwilling to reprise his role as Captain Christopher Pike. Lloyd Bridges and Jack Lord were considered, but William Shatner was finally cast as Pike's replacement, Captain James Kirk. The character of Number One, the female second-in-command, was dropped on the insistence of the NBC network, and Science Officer Spock was given Number One's unemotional demeanor. NBC was worried about Leonard Nimoy's "satanic" appearance and pressured for his removal. As Roddenberry later explained at conventions, he felt he had a strong enough negotiating position to save one character, but not both. Roddenberry went on to muse that, had he done it the other way around, he could not have then married the losing actor (Majel Hudec, who changed her surname to Barrett and returned in the role of Christine Chapel). Kirk, who became "James T. Kirk" for the main series, is "James R. Kirk" here, according to the gravestone Mitchell prepares for him on the planet.