title: Death Sentence (2007 film)

text: After Jessica gives a speech that wars are never settled, Nick forces his way to the ward where Lucas is in a coma. Nick apologizes for not being a better father, then escapes through a hospital window to go after the remaining gang members, obtaining guns from a black market gun dealer named Bones, who, at the conclusion of their transaction, reveals himself as Billy's father. Nick tracks down Heco, a member of the gang, and interrogates him about where the other members are, learning their lair is an abandoned mental hospital that they call "The Office". He forces Heco at gunpoint to call Billy's cell phone, and executes him while Billy is listening. Bones confronts Billy, who kills him. Nick heads to "The Office" to wipe out the surviving gang. After a shootout, he and Billy encounter and seriously wound each other in the ex-hospital's chapel. Sitting on the same pew, Billy claims that he turned Nick into a vicious cold-blooded killer just like him. Nick pulls out his revolver and asks Billy if he's ready to meet his maker, as Billy sheds a tear before Nick ends his life. With his family now avenged, Nick returns home, watches his own family's movies and awaits his inevitable arrest. When she arrives, Jessica informs him that Lucas has improved and will now live.


title: Death Sentence (2007 film)

text: Brian Garfield, author of the original novel "Death Wish" and its sequel "Death Sentence", was disappointed with the film adaption of "Death Wish" and the subsequent sequels. In 1980, he was hired by The Cannon Group, Inc. to write a film adaptation of "Death Sentence" to be helmed by the first film's director Michael Winner. However, Menahem Golan and Yoram Globus disliked the second novel and instead decided to purchase the rights to Garfield's characters rather than adapting the novel itself. They also purchased the rights to the first film from Dino De Laurentiis and Paramount Pictures. The subsequent film "Death Wish II" was strictly a sequel to the first film and bore no relation to Garfield's novel.


title: Death Sentence (2007 film)

text: The film franchise has since gathered a cult following after the release of its third part, "Death Wish 3". After James Wan had read Brian Garfield's novels and seen all the film adaptions, he got an inspiration to make his film about the novels. Brian Garfield was impressed after he was hired to make the first few drafts for the film to make the film what Garfield had imagined it to be. The rest of the chosen draft was written by Ian Mackenzie Jeffers.


title: Death Sentence (2007 film)

text: Kevin Bacon was hired after James saw him as the perfect choice for the role of Nick Hume. Garrett Hedlund was chosen for the role of Billy Darley, the main leader of the gang. He was asked to shave his head and gain some weight, to which he agreed. He also watched a documentary about lions to portray Billy's animalistic nature. Aisha Tyler had been cast as the detective, Jessica Wallis. She was originally written as a 50-year-old male detective, but the choice was cancelled. Other cast members include John Goodman, Judith Roberts and Stuart Lafferty.


title: Death Sentence (2007 film)

text: The film was shot in 2 months. The filming locations included, Columbia, South Carolina and Los Angeles, California.


title: Death Sentence (2007 film)

text: Incidental music includes several bars of "Hey Joe" by Jimi Hendrix, played while Nick is stalking Joe Darley.


title: Death Sentence (2007 film)

text: "Death Sentence" opened in 1,822 theaters in the United States and grossed $4,231,321, with an average of $2,322 per theater and ranking #8 at the box office. The film ultimately earned $9,534,258 domestically and $7,440,201 internationally for a total of $16,974,459.


title: Death Sentence (2007 film)

text: Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 20% of 113 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 4.20/10. The critical consensus states: "A nonsensical plot and an absurd amount of violence make this revenge pic gratuitous and overwrought." The film has a score of 36 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 24 critics, indicating "Generally unfavorable reviews".


title: Death Sentence (2007 film)

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film stars out of 4. He compared "Death Sentence" to the "Death Wish" films starring Charles Bronson, saying: "In the Bronson movies, the hero just looked more and more determined until you felt if you tapped his face, it would explode. In "Death Sentence", Bacon acts out a lot more." Ebert called "Death Sentence" "very efficient", praising "a courtroom scene of true surprise and suspense, and some other effective moments", but concluded that "basically this is a movie about a lot of people shooting at each other".


title: Death Sentence (2007 film)

text: Scott Tobias of "The A.V. Club" contends the film is "certainly never boring"; he felt that director James Wan was "too busy jamming the accelerator to realize that his movie's spinning out of control." Matt Zoller Seitz of "The New York Times" said, "Aside from a stunning three-minute tracking shot as the gang pursues Nick through a parking garage, and Mr. Bacon's hauntingly pale, dark-eyed visage, Mr. Wan's film is a tedious, pandering time-waster." Owen Gleiberman of "Entertainment Weekly" felt that "[t]he morality of revenge is barely at issue in a movie that pushes the plausibility of revenge right over a cliff." Conversely, Justin Chang of "Variety" called the film "well-made, often intensely gripping". Similarly, Bill Gibron of "PopMatters" felt the film was "a significant movie" and "a wonderfully tight little thriller". Darren Amner of "Eye for Film" also gave the film a positive review, praising Bacon's performance in particular: "[H]is portrayal is emotional, sympathetic and highly aggressive. As a father he is touching and as a stone-cold killing machine he is even more convincing."


title: Death Sentence (2007 film)

text: Author Brian Garfield, who wrote the novel the film is loosely based on, said of the film: "While I could have done with a bit less blood-and-thunder, I think it's a stunningly good movie. In the details of its story it's quite different from the novel, but it's a movie, not a novel. In its cinematic way it connects with its audience and it makes the same point the book makes, and those are the things that count." He also liked that, like his novels, but unlike the "Death Wish" film series, it does not advocate vigilantism. Garfield further explained in an interview: "I think that, except for its ludicrous violence toward the end, the "Death Sentence" movie does depict its character's decline and the stupidity of vengeful vigilantism," adding, "As a story it made the point I wanted it to make."


title: David Brenner

text: David Norris Brenner (February 4, 1936 – March 15, 2014) was an American stand-up comedian, actor and author. The most frequent guest on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson" in the 1970s and 1980s, Brenner "was a pioneer of observational comedy." His friend, comedian Richard Lewis, described Brenner as "the king of hip, observational comedy."


title: David Brenner

text: Brenner was born to Jewish parents in 1936 and raised in South and West Philadelphia. His father, Louis, was a vaudeville comedian, singer and dancer, performing under the stage name of Lou Murphy, who gave up his career and a film contract to please Brenner's grandfather, a rabbi, who objected to his working on the Sabbath. Once David became successful, he regularly sent his parents on cruises, and both of Brenner's parents would eventually die at advanced ages while on cruises aboard the Queen Elizabeth 2, approximately two years apart.


title: David Brenner

text: After high school, Brenner spent two years in the U.S. Army, serving in the 101st Airborne and as a cryptographer of the 595th Signal Corps in Böblingen, Germany. After being discharged, he attended Temple University, where he majored in mass communication and graduated with honors.


title: David Brenner

text: Brenner was a writer, director or producer of 115 television documentaries and headed the documentary units of Westinghouse Broadcasting and Metromedia, winning nearly 30 awards including an Emmy, before moving to comedy. His first paid gig was at The Improv in June 1969, and following that he frequently performed at clubs in Greenwich Village. Brenner was ranked No. 53 on "Comedy Central Presents: 100 Greatest Stand-Ups of All Time". At one point, he had appeared more often on major TV talk shows than any other entertainer. He also wrote five books, and starred in four HBO Specials.


title: David Brenner

text: Brenner released the comedy album "Excuse Me, Are You Reading That Paper?" on MCA Records in 1983. The title arose from a gag in the album wherein a fellow passenger on a subway asked Brenner if he was reading a newspaper on which he was sitting. Brenner stood up, turned the page, sat down and said, "Well, yes I am." Brenner also penned five books including "Soft Pretzels With Mustard" (1983), "Revenge is the Best Exercise" (1984), "Nobody Ever Sees You Eat Tuna Fish" (1986), "If God Wanted Us to Travel..." (1990), and "I Think There's a Terrorist in My Soup: How to Survive Personal and World Problems with Laughter—Seriously" (2003), which was also released as an audiobook.


title: David Brenner

text: After making his national television debut in 1971, on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson", he became the show's most frequent guest, with 158 appearances. He guest-hosted for Johnny Carson 75 times between 1975 and 1984, placing him fifth on the list of Carson's most frequent guest hosts.


title: David Brenner

text: Brenner was the star of the 1976 TV series "Snip", which was inspired by the film "Shampoo" and set in a hair dressing salon. The situation comedy was shelved by NBC shortly before its broadcast premiere, because network executives became nervous about a supporting character who would have been one of the first gay characters on television in an American sitcom. Years later, Brenner said, "They made up all kinds of excuses, but the reason "Snip" was pulled is we had an actor who was gay and who played a gay part. They were afraid to have a gay on television."


title: David Brenner

text: In 1986, King World Entertainment gave Brenner his own 30-minute syndicated late-night talk show, "Nightlife", in an attempt to compete with Carson, but it was cancelled after one season. The show premiered September 8, 1986, on 102 stations and was touted as "alternative". Filmed in Manhattan and featuring a casually dressed Brenner, it was unique among the late night talk genre for not having a monologue. It gave some comedians, such as Bobby Slayton, their national television premieres.


title: David Brenner

text: In addition to the "Tonight Show", Brenner also appeared on "The Ed Sullivan Show", "The David Frost Show", "The Merv Griffin Show", "The Mike Douglas Show", "Late Night with David Letterman" and the "Late Show With David Letterman", "Real Time With Bill Maher" and "The Daily Show" and was a frequent guest on "The Howard Stern Show". In later years he appeared on both MSNBC and Fox News Channel shows commenting on current events.


title: David Brenner

text: Brenner portrayed a charity ball auctioneer in the 1989 romantic comedy "Worth Winning" (with Mark Harmon, Madeleine Stowe, and Lesley Ann Warren, who was also Brenner's co-star on "Snip").


title: David Brenner

text: From 1994 to 1996, Brenner hosted a daytime talk-radio program, inheriting the timeslot of the long-running "Larry King Show" on the Mutual Broadcasting System. He had earlier hosted a syndicated weekly radio show, "David Brenner Live", for three months in 1985. The Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia named Brenner their Person of the Year in 1984 and inducted him into their Hall of Fame in 2003.


title: David Brenner

text: Brenner had three children: Cole, Slade, and Wyatt. He and the mother of Cole, his first son, fought a custody battle for several years. Brenner finally won child custody in 1992. Because family courts would have regarded him as an absentee father if he were away from home more than 50 nights a year, Brenner substantially reduced the number of appearances in his stand-up comedy work, including performances on the "Tonight Show", in order to secure and maintain custody of his son. Brenner married Elizabeth Slater of New York, the mother of his sons Slade and Wyatt, in the closing minutes of his "David Brenner: Back with a Vengeance!" HBO Special recorded in Las Vegas, on February 19, 2000. They divorced a little over a year later with Brenner claiming their first year of marriage was "the best year I had in my whole life ... I was the happiest man in the world" but then she grew "into this new person" and he didn't fit into her new lifestyle. They fought two custody battles, both of which Brenner won. Brenner was engaged to Tai Babilonia in 2005, but they never married. For a while in the 2000s, Brenner lived in Las Vegas.


title: Making Movies

text: Making Movies is the third studio album by British rock band Dire Straits released on 17 October 1980 by Vertigo Records internationally, Warner Bros. Records in the United States and Mercury Records in Canada. The album includes the single "Romeo and Juliet", which reached #8 on the UK Singles Chart, as well as “Tunnel of Love,” featured in the 1982 Richard Gere film "An Officer and a Gentleman".


title: Making Movies

text: "Making Movies" reached number one on the album charts in Italy and Norway, number 19 in the United States and number 4 in the United Kingdom. "Making Movies" was later certified platinum in the United States and double-platinum in the United Kingdom. It's regarded as one of Dire Straits’ best albums.


title: Making Movies

text: After Dire Straits' Communiqué Tour ended on 21 December 1979 in London, Mark Knopfler spent the first half of 1980 writing the songs for the band's next album. He contacted Jimmy Iovine after hearing Iovine's production on the song "Because the Night" by Patti Smith—a song co-written by Smith and Bruce Springsteen. Iovine had also worked on Springsteen's "Born to Run" and "Darkness on the Edge of Town" albums, and he was instrumental in recruiting E-Street Band keyboardist Roy Bittan for the "Making Movies" sessions.


title: Making Movies

text: "Making Movies" was recorded at the Power Station in New York from 20 June to 25 August 1980. Jimmy Iovine and Mark Knopfler produced the album.


title: Making Movies

text: David Knopfler left Dire Straits in August 1980 during the recording of the album, following heated arguments with his brother. His guitar tracks were almost complete for the album, but were re-recorded by Mark. David appears on video playing "Solid Rock" and "Les Boys" live in concert, but these performances preceded the recording. The album sessions continued with Sid McGinnis on rhythm guitar, although he was uncredited on the album. Dire Straits expanded into a quintet when keyboard player Alan Clark and Californian guitarist Hal Lindes were recruited as full-time group members shortly after the album's release in October 1980.


title: Making Movies

text: Four songs were recorded during the sessions but not released on the album: "Making Movies," "Suicide Towers," "Twisting by the Pool" and "Sucker for Punishment." "Twisting by the Pool" was released on the "ExtendedancEPlay" EP on 10 January 1983 and reached the UK Top 20 when released as a single. The title of the album is taken from a line in the song "Skateaway" and from the outtake "Making Movies."


title: Making Movies

text: "Making Movies" was released on 17 October 1980 on LP and cassette formats. In 1981, an identically named short film was released on VHS and Beta, as well as screened in some theatrical venues, consisting of three music videos directed by fashion/commercial photographer Lester Bookbinder, for "Romeo and Juliet," "Tunnel of Love" and "Skateaway." The original CD version was released in 1984.


title: Making Movies

text: The album was remastered and reissued on CD with the rest of the Dire Straits catalogue in 1996 internationally, and on 19 September 2000 in the United States.


title: Making Movies

text: The album's primary single was "Romeo and Juliet" which reached number 8 in the UK singles chart in early 1981. The second single release was "Skateaway," and the third and final single from the album was the lengthy opening track, "Tunnel of Love," with its intro "The Carousel Waltz" by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II, which only reached the number 54 position in the UK. However, it remains one of Knopfler's most popular compositions.


title: Making Movies

text: With new group members Alan Clark and Hal Lindes on board, Dire Straits embarked on tours of Europe, North America, and Oceania from October 1980 until July 1981 to promote the album.


title: Making Movies

text: Three of the seven tracks from "Making Movies" continued to be played throughout the Love over Gold, Brothers in Arms and On Every Street tours: “Romeo and Juliet”, “Tunnel of Love” and “Solid Rock”, while “Expresso Love” was played in all concert tours until 1986.


title: Making Movies

text: In his retrospective review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the album four and a half out of five stars, noting that "Making Movies" "ranks among the band's finest work."


title: Making Movies

text: "Rolling Stone" ranked "Making Movies" number 52 in their survey of the 100 Best Albums of the Eighties.


title: Integration by substitution

text: In calculus, integration by substitution, also known as "u"-substitution, reverse chain rule or change of variables, is a method for evaluating integrals and antiderivatives. It is the counterpart to the chain rule for differentiation, and can loosely be thought of as using the chain rule "backwards".


title: Integration by substitution

text: This procedure is frequently used, but not all integrals are of a form that permits its use. In any event, the result should be verified by differentiating and comparing to the original integrand.


title: Integration by substitution

text: For definite integrals, the limits of integration must also be adjusted, but the procedure is mostly the same.


title: Integration by substitution

text: Let formula_8 be a differentiable function with a continuous derivative, where formula_9 is an interval. Suppose that formula_10 is a continuous function. Then


title: Integration by substitution

text: which suggests the substitution formula above. (This equation may be put on a rigorous foundation by interpreting it as a statement about differential forms.) One may view the method of integration by substitution as a partial justification of Leibniz's notation for integrals and derivatives.


title: Integration by substitution

text: The formula is used to transform one integral into another integral that is easier to compute. Thus, the formula can be read from left to right or from right to left in order to simplify a given integral. When used in the former manner, it is sometimes known as u"-substitution or w"-substitution in which a new variable is defined to be a function of the original variable found inside the composite function multiplied by the derivative of the inner function. The latter manner is commonly used in trigonometric substitution, replacing the original variable with a trigonometric function of a new variable and the original differential with the differential of the trigonometric function.


title: Integration by substitution

text: Integration by substitution can be derived from the fundamental theorem of calculus as follows. Let formula_15 and formula_16 be two functions satisfying the above hypothesis that formula_15 is continuous on formula_18 and formula_19 is integrable on the closed interval formula_20. Then the function formula_21 is also integrable on formula_20. Hence the integrals


title: Integration by substitution

text: Since formula_15 is continuous, it has an antiderivative formula_26. The composite function formula_27 is then defined. Since formula_16 is differentiable, combining the chain rule and the definition of an antiderivative gives


title: Integration by substitution

text: Since the lower limit formula_36 was replaced with formula_37, and the upper limit formula_38 with formula_39, a transformation back into terms of formula_40 was unnecessary.


title: Integration by substitution

text: Alternatively, one may fully evaluate the indefinite integral (see below) first then apply the boundary conditions. This becomes especially handy when multiple substitutions are used.


title: Integration by substitution

text: a variation of the above procedure is needed. The substitution formula_42 implying formula_43 is useful because formula_44. We thus have


title: Integration by substitution

text: The resulting integral can be computed using integration by parts or a double angle formula, formula_46, followed by one more substitution. One can also note that the function being integrated is the upper right quarter of a circle with a radius of one, and hence integrating the upper right quarter from zero to one is the geometric equivalent to the area of one quarter of the unit circle, or formula_47.


title: Integration by substitution

text: Substitution can be used to determine antiderivatives. One chooses a relation between formula_40 and formula_49, determines the corresponding relation between formula_50 and formula_51 by differentiating, and performs the substitutions. An antiderivative for the substituted function can hopefully be determined; the original substitution between formula_40 and formula_49 is then undone.


title: Integration by substitution

text: There were no integral boundaries to transform, but in the last step reverting the original substitution formula_32 was necessary. When evaluating definite integrals by substitution, one may calculate the antiderivative fully first, then apply the boundary conditions. In that case, there is no need to transform the boundary terms.


title: Integration by substitution

text: The tangent function can be integrated using substitution by expressing it in terms of the sine and cosine:


title: Integration by substitution

text: Here the substitution function needs to be injective and continuously differentiable, and the differentials transform as


title: Integration by substitution

text: where denotes the determinant of the Jacobian matrix of partial derivatives of at the point . This formula expresses the fact that the absolute value of the determinant of a matrix equals the volume of the parallelotope spanned by its columns or rows.


title: Integration by substitution

text: Theorem. Let be an open set in and an injective differentiable function with continuous partial derivatives, the Jacobian of which is nonzero for every in . Then for any real-valued, compactly supported, continuous function , with support contained in ,


title: Integration by substitution

text: The conditions on the theorem can be weakened in various ways. First, the requirement that be continuously differentiable can be replaced by the weaker assumption that be merely differentiable and have a continuous inverse. This is guaranteed to hold if is continuously differentiable by the inverse function theorem. Alternatively, the requirement that can be eliminated by applying Sard's theorem.


title: Integration by substitution

text: Theorem. Let be a measurable subset of and an injective function, and suppose for every in there exists in such that as (here is little-"o" notation). Then is measurable, and for any real-valued function defined on ,


title: Integration by substitution

text: in the sense that if either integral exists (including the possibility of being properly infinite), then so does the other one, and they have the same value.


title: Integration by substitution

text: Theorem. Let be a locally compact Hausdorff space equipped with a finite Radon measure , and let be a σ-compact Hausdorff space with a σ-finite Radon measure . Let be an absolutely continuous function (where the latter means that whenever ). Then there exists a real-valued Borel measurable function on such that for every Lebesgue integrable function , the function is Lebesgue integrable on , and


title: Integration by substitution

text: In geometric measure theory, integration by substitution is used with Lipschitz functions. A bi-Lipschitz function is a Lipschitz function which is injective and whose inverse function is also Lipschitz. By Rademacher's theorem a bi-Lipschitz mapping is differentiable almost everywhere. In particular, the Jacobian determinant of a bi-Lipschitz mapping is well-defined almost everywhere. The following result then holds:


title: Integration by substitution

text: in the sense that if either integral exists (or is properly infinite), then so does the other one, and they have the same value.


title: Integration by substitution

text: The above theorem was first proposed by Euler when he developed the notion of double integrals in 1769. Although generalized to triple integrals by Lagrange in 1773, and used by Legendre, Laplace, Gauss, and first generalized to variables by Mikhail Ostrogradski in 1836, it resisted a fully rigorous formal proof for a surprisingly long time, and was first satisfactorily resolved 125 years later, by Élie Cartan in a series of papers beginning in the mid-1890s.


title: Integration by substitution

text: Substitution can be used to answer the following important question in probability: given a random variable formula_67 with probability density formula_68 and another random variable formula_69 such that formula_70 for injective (one-to-one) formula_71, what is the probability density for formula_69?


title: Integration by substitution

text: It is easiest to answer this question by first answering a slightly different question: what is the probability that formula_69 takes a value in some particular subset formula_74? Denote this probability formula_75. Of course, if formula_69 has probability density formula_77 then the answer is


title: Integration by substitution

text: but this isn't really useful because we don't know formula_77; it's what we're trying to find. We can make progress by considering the problem in the variable formula_67. formula_69 takes a value in formula_74 whenever formula_67 takes a value in formula_84, so


title: Integration by substitution

text: In the case where formula_67 and formula_69 depend on several uncorrelated variables, i.e. formula_93 and formula_94, formula_77 can be found by substitution in several variables discussed above. The result is


title: Monterey Bay

text: Monterey Bay is a bay of the Pacific Ocean located on the coast of the U.S. state of California, south of the San Francisco Bay Area and its major city at the south of the bay, San Jose. San Francisco itself is further north along the coast, by about 75 miles, accessible via Highway 1 and Highway 280.


title: Monterey Bay

text: Santa Cruz is located at the north end of the bay, and Monterey is on the Monterey Peninsula at the south end. The "Monterey Bay Area" is a local colloquialism sometimes used to describe the whole of the Central Coast communities of Santa Cruz and Monterey counties.


title: Monterey Bay

text: The first European to discover Monterey Bay was Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo on November 16, 1542, while sailing northward along the coast on a Spanish naval expedition. He named the bay "Bahía de los Pinos", probably because of the forest of pine trees first encountered while rounding the peninsula at the southern end of the bay. Cabrillo's name for the bay was lost, but the westernmost point of the peninsula is still known as Point Pinos.


title: Monterey Bay

text: On December 10, 1595, Sebastián Rodríguez Cermeño crossed the bay and bestowed the name "Bahía de San Pedro" in honor of Saint Peter Martyr.


title: Monterey Bay

text: The present name for the bay was given in 1602 by Sebastián Vizcaíno, who had been tasked by the Spanish government to complete a detailed chart of the coast. On December 16, 1602 he rounded a large peninsula and entered a bay that he named "Puerto de Monterrey" in honor of Don Gaspár de Zúñiga y Acevedo, 5th Count of Monterrey, who was governor of New Spain and had dispatched the expedition. Monterrey is an alternate spelling of Monterrei, a municipality in the Galicia region of Spain from which the viceroy and his father (the Fourth Count of Monterrei) originated.


title: Monterey Bay

text: All other place names in the vicinity containing "Monterey" were so named because of their proximity to the bay. This includes the Presidio of Monterey, City of Monterey, County of Monterey and Monterey Canyon.


title: Monterey Bay

text: The Monterey Canyon, one of the largest underwater canyons in the world, begins off the coast of Moss Landing, in the center of Monterey Bay. It is long, although its shape changes regularly because of currents and sediment being left in the area. The canyon is much like that of a continental slope; the biology of the canyon changes significantly in different parts of the canyon.


title: Monterey Bay

text: Monterey Bay is home to many species of marine mammals, including sea otters, harbor seals, and bottlenose dolphins; as well as being on the migratory path of gray and humpback whales and a breeding site for elephant seals. Killer whales are also found along the coast, especially when gray whales migrate, as they hunt the whales during their migration north. Many species of fish, sharks, mollusks such as abalone and squid, birds, and sea turtles also live in the bay. Several varieties of kelp grow in the bay, some becoming as tall as trees, forming what is known as a kelp forest.


title: Monterey Bay

text: Soquel Canyon State Marine Conservation Area, Portuguese Ledge State Marine Conservation Area, Pacific Grove Marine Gardens State Marine Conservation Area, Lovers Point State Marine Reserve, Edward F. Ricketts State Marine Conservation Area and Asilomar State Marine Reserve are marine protected areas in Monterey Bay. Like underwater parks, these marine protected areas help conserve ocean wildlife and marine ecosystems.


title: Crash Course (YouTube)

text: Crash Course (sometimes stylized as CrashCourse) is an educational YouTube channel started by John Green and Hank Green (collectively the Green brothers), who first rose to fame on the YouTube platform through their "Vlogbrothers" channel.


title: Crash Course (YouTube)

text: "Crash Course" was one of the hundred initial channels funded by YouTube's $100 million original channel initiative. The channel launched a preview on December 2, 2011, and , it has accumulated over 14 million subscribers and 1.6 billion video views. The channel launched with John and Hank presenting their respective "World History" and "Biology" series; the early history of the channel continued the trend of John and Hank presenting humanities and science courses, respectively. In November 2014, Hank announced a partnership with PBS Digital Studios, which would allow the channel to produce more courses. As a result, multiple additional hosts joined the show to increase the number of concurrent series.


title: Crash Course (YouTube)

text: To date, there are 44 main series of "Crash Course", of which John has hosted nine and Hank has hosted seven. Together with Emily Graslie, they also co-hosted "Big History". A second channel, "Crash Course Kids", is hosted by Sabrina Cruz and has completed its first series, "Science". The first foreign-language course, an Arabic reworking of the original "World History" series, is hosted by Yasser Abumuailek. The main channel has also begun a series of shorter animated episodes, called "Recess", that focus on topics from the previous "Crash Course" series. A collaboration with Arizona State University titled "Study Hall" began in 2020, which includes less structured learning in its topics. In 2022, a series called "Office Hours" began, in which hosts of previous "Crash Course" series and professors host a livestream and answer viewer questions.


title: Crash Course (YouTube)

text: The "Crash Course" YouTube channel was conceived by the Green Brothers after YouTube approached them with an opportunity to launch one of the initial YouTube-funded channels as part of the platform's original channel initiative. The channel was teased in December 2011, and then launched on January 26, 2012, with the first episode of its "World History" series, hosted by John Green. The episode covered the Agricultural Revolution, and a new episode aired on YouTube every Thursday through November 9, 2012. Hank Green's first series, "Crash Course Biology", then launched on January 30, 2012, with its first episode covering carbon. A new episode aired on YouTube every Monday until October 22 of that year. The brothers would then go on to end 2012 with two shorter series, with John and Hank teaching English literature and ecology, respectively.


title: Crash Course (YouTube)

text: Following their launch year, John and Hank returned in 2013 with "U.S. History" and "Chemistry", respectively. However, that April, John detailed that "Crash Course" was going through financial hardships; in July, Hank uploaded a video titled "A Chat with YouTube", in which he expressed his frustration with the ways YouTube had been changing and controlling its website. Eventually, YouTube's original channel initiative funding ran out, and shortly after Hank's video, the Green brothers decided to launch Subbable, a crowdfunding website where viewers could donate monthly to channels in exchange for perks. On launching Subbable, Hank Green stated: "We ascribe to the idealistic notion that audiences don't pay for things because they have to[,] but because they care about the stuff that they love and want it to continue to grow". "Crash Course" was the first channel to be offered on Subbable, and for a time the website crowdfunded the channel. In March 2015, Subbable was acquired by Patreon, and "Crash Course"'s crowdfunding moved over as part of the acquisition.


title: Crash Course (YouTube)

text: In May 2014, John mentioned an upcoming 10-episode "Crash Course" season on Big History, funded by a grant from one of Bill Gates's organizations. The series outlined the history of existence, from the Big Bang forward into the evolution of life. Both Green brothers hosted the series, with Emily Graslie also participating as a guest host.


title: Crash Course (YouTube)

text: In 2014, "Crash Course" announced a partnership with PBS Digital Studios, which began in 2015 with the "Astronomy" and "U.S. Government and Politics" series. In addition to funding the channel itself, the partnership also entails PBS Digital Studios helping "Crash Course" to receive sponsorships. As a result of the partnership as well as John commencing a year-long hiatus from the show in 2015, additional hosts were added to increase the number of concurrent series. Though the partnership meant PBS Digital Studios would assist with the production of "Crash Course", the channel continued to receive funding from its audience through Patreon. In April 2015, "The Guardian" reported that "Crash Course" received $25,900 per month through Patreon donations. Aside from the new series on the main channel, "Crash Course Kids" was launched in February on a new "Crash Course Kids" channel. The series was hosted by Sabrina Cruz, known on YouTube as NerdyAndQuirky.


title: Crash Course (YouTube)

text: On October 12, 2016, the "Crash Course" YouTube channel uploaded a preview for "Crash Course Human Geography". Hosted by Miriam Nielsen, the course was to discuss "what Human Geography isn't, and what it is, and discuss humans in the context of their world." Two episodes were posted during each of the following two weeks; however, the videos were removed on October 27, with John Green stating on Twitter that "...we got important things wrong. We'll rework the series... And we'll bring a better series to you in a few months." On October 31, John further explained that the videos were removed due to "factual mistakes as well as too strident a tone," and that the mishap was caused by a rushed production stemming from a lack of staffing and budgeting. The following October, during an "Ask Me Anything" (AMA) session on Reddit, John indicated the course may not return for some time, noting that "we don't feel like we've cracked it yet." The channel would go on to launch their "Geography" course in November 2020, intended to cover both physical and human geography over its run.


title: Crash Course (YouTube)

text: In 2017, "Crash Course" launched three film-related series: one covered film history, another film production, and the last of which covered film criticism. Also in 2017, Thomas Frank began hosting "Crash Course Study Skills", which covered topics such as productivity skills, time management, and note-taking.


title: Crash Course (YouTube)

text: Starting with the "Statistics" course in early 2018, "Crash Course" series that are not PBS co-productions began to directly identify as Complexly productions. Also that year, "Crash Course" launched an Arabic-language edition of "World History" hosted by Yasser Abumuailek and produced by Deutsche Welle (DW), which was uploaded to DW's Arabic YouTube channel. In July 2018, YouTube announced its YouTube Learning initiative, dedicated to supporting educational content on the platform. A few months later, as $20 million was invested into expanding the initiative, "Crash Course" secured additional funding via the initiative's Learning Fund program. However, PBS Digital Studios remained one of the primary sources of funding "Crash Course", and the network also continued to help in finding sponsorships for the show.


title: Crash Course (YouTube)

text: The channel surpassed 1 billion video views in February 2019. In July, YouTube launched Learning Playlists as a continuation of their Learning Fund initiative; while videos in Learning Playlists notably lack recommended videos attached to them, in contrast to videos included in regular playlists on YouTube, they also include organizational features such as chapters around key concepts and lessons ordered by difficulty. After Learning Playlists' launch, "Crash Course" video content was formatted into several of these playlists. The channel reached 10 million subscribers in November 2019.


title: Crash Course (YouTube)

text: A collaboration with Arizona State University (ASU) titled "Study Hall" was announced in March 2020, which includes less structured learning in its topics. It was hosted by ASU alumni and advised by their faculty, with episodes posted on the university's YouTube channel but production and visual design by Complexly in the Crash Course style. The partnership was renewed in 2022, with two new series premiering: Fast Guides is appearing on a new dedicated Study Hall channel, focusing on showing what students can expect to study in a given major; and How to College on the main Crash Course channel, showing the process of choosing, applying for, and starting at a given institution.


title: Crash Course (YouTube)

text: In an interview with "Entrepreneur", "Crash Course" producer and "Sociology" host Nicole Sweeney detailed:


title: Crash Course (YouTube)

text: Every year we have a big pitch meeting to determine what courses and things we're going to do the next year. In that meeting, we talk about a number of different things, but the rising question that motivates that meeting and then down the line as we're making decisions about what we're doing is what we think would be most useful for people.


title: Crash Course (YouTube)

text: To make its content as useful as possible to viewers, the "Crash Course" channel hires experts relating to the topics of its series to work on the show. The Missoula-filmed series are produced and edited by Nicholas Jenkins, while Blake de Pastino serves as script editor. The Indianapolis-filmed series is produced and edited by Stan Muller, Mark Olsen, and Brandon Brungard. Script editing is credited to Meredith Danko, Jason Weidner composes music for the series, and Sweeney serves as a producer, editor, and director for "Crash Course". Raoul Meyer, an AP World History teacher and Green's former teacher at Indian Springs School, wrote the "World History" series, with John providing revisions and additions. Sweeney has said that she and the respective host go over each script after it is edited to assess it for content.


title: Crash Course (YouTube)

text: Sweeney also stated that each ten-minute episode takes about an hour to film. The "Philosophy" series and all series relating to science (with the exception of "Computer Science") were filmed in a studio building in Missoula, Montana that also houses "SciShow". The "Biology" and "Ecology" series were filmed in front of green screen, but from the "Chemistry" season onward, each series was filmed on new custom-built sets. The "Computer Science" series and all series on the humanities (excepting "Philosophy" and "Economics") were filmed in a studio in Indianapolis, Indiana. In addition, "Economics" was filmed at the YouTube Space in Los Angeles, while "Crash Course Kids" was filmed in a studio in Toronto, Ontario. "Crash Course Kids" was directed by Michael Aranda and produced by the Missoula "Crash Course" team.


title: Crash Course (YouTube)

text: Once filmed, an episode goes through a preliminary edit before it is handed off to the channel's graphic contractor. Graphic design for all of the series except "Biology" and "Ecology" is provided by Thought Café (formerly Thought Bubble), and the sound design and music for these series are provided by Michael Aranda (and in later series, his company Synema Studios.)


title: Crash Course (YouTube)

text: "Crash Course" video series feature various formats depending on the host's presentation style as well as the subject of the course. However, throughout all series, the show's host will progressively elaborate on the topic(s) presented at the beginning of the video. Early on in the history of the show, the Green Brothers began to employ an edutainment style for episodes of "Crash Course", using humor to blend entertainment together with the educational content.


title: Crash Course (YouTube)

text: The "World History" series featured recurring segments such as the "Open Letter," where Green reads an open letter to a historical figure, period, item, or concept. Occasionally he converses with a naïve, younger version of himself whom he calls "Me from the Past"; this character usually has naïve or obvious questions or statements about the topic of the video. A running joke throughout the series is that the Mongols are a major exception to most sweeping generalizations in world history, noted by the phrase "...unless you are the Mongols". Mentions of this fact cue the "Mongoltage" (a portmanteau of "Mongol" and "montage"), which shows a drawing of Mongols shouting "We're the exception!" followed by a three-second clip of a scene from the 1963 film "Hercules Against the Mongols" depicting a village raid. Green also frequently encouraged his viewers to avoid looking at history through Eurocentric or "Great Man" lenses, but instead to be conscious of a broader historical context.


title: Crash Course (YouTube)

text: For "U.S. History", Green followed the tone set by "World History" and put an emphasis on maintaining an open, non-Western view of American History. In addition, the "Open Letter" was replaced by a new segment called the "Mystery Document", in which Green would take a manuscript from the fireplace's secret compartment and read it aloud, followed by him guessing its author and the source work it is excerpted from. If incorrect, he would be punished by a shock pen. While the Mongoltage was largely absent, mentions of America's national pride during the series would cue a new "Libertage", which consisted of photos associated with America atop an American flag, with a guitar riff and an explosion at the start and end of the montage, respectively.


title: Crash Course (YouTube)

text: The "Biology" program featured the recurring segment "Biolo-graphy," during which Hank relayed a short biography of someone who was associated with the topic of the episode. Additionally, at the conclusion of each episode, Hank provided YouTube annotations with links to every subtopic he explained within the video. He also noted that the successor series to "Biology", "Crash Course Ecology", would follow in the spirit of the former series.


title: Crash Course (YouTube)

text: DVD box sets of the complete run of the "Biology" series and of season 1 of "World History" were made available for pre-order on October 31, 2013. In June 2016, the show's official site launched, providing free offline downloads of all episodes of every series completed to date. In May 2020, an official mobile app launched, providing easy access to all of the courses' video content along with rolling out flashcard and quiz study aides for particular courses.


title: Crash Course (YouTube)

text: The "Crash Course" project has been successful in its reach, with "World History" alone having attracted millions of viewers. It had a particular appeal to American students taking the class and exam; many students and teachers use the videos to supplement their courses.


title: Hyoscyamine

text: Hyoscyamine (also known as daturine or duboisine) is a naturally occurring tropane alkaloid and plant toxin. It is a secondary metabolite found in certain plants of the family Solanaceae, including henbane, mandrake, angel's trumpets, jimsonweed, tomato, the sorcerers' tree, and deadly nightshade. It is the levorotary isomer of atropine (third of the three major nightshade alkaloids) and thus sometimes known as levo-atropine.


title: Hyoscyamine

text: Brand names for hyoscyamine include Symax, HyoMax, Anaspaz, Egazil, Buwecon, Cystospaz, Levsin, Levbid, Levsinex, Donnamar, NuLev, Spacol T/S, and Neoquess.


title: Hyoscyamine

text: Hyoscyamine is used to provide symptomatic relief of spasms caused by various lower abdominal and bladder disorders including peptic ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, diverticulitis, pancreatitis, colic, and interstitial cystitis. It has also been used to relieve some heart problems, control some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, as well as for control of abnormal respiratory symptoms and "hyper-mucus secretions" in patients with lung disease.


title: Hyoscyamine

text: It is also useful in pain control for neuropathic pain, chronic pain and palliative care – "comfort care" – for those with intractable pain from treatment resistant, untreatable, and incurable diseases. When combined with opioids it increases the level of analgesia (pain relief) obtained. Several mechanisms are thought to contribute to this effect. The closely related drugs atropine and hyoscine and other members of the anticholinergic drug group like cyclobenzaprine, trihexyphenidyl, and orphenadrine are also used for this purpose. When hyoscyamine is used along with opioids or other anti-peristaltic agents, measures to prevent constipation are especially important given the risk of paralytic ileus.


title: Hyoscyamine

text: Side effects include dry mouth and throat, increased appetite leading to weight gain, eye pain, blurred vision, restlessness, dizziness, arrhythmia, flushing, and faintness. An overdose will cause headache, nausea, vomiting, and central nervous system symptoms including disorientation, hallucinations, euphoria, sexual arousal, short-term memory loss, and possible coma in extreme cases. The euphoric and sexual effects are stronger than those of atropine but weaker than those of hyoscine, as well as dicycloverine, orphenadrine, cyclobenzaprine, trihexyphenidyl, and ethanolamine antihistamines like phenyltoloxamine.


title: Hyoscyamine

text: Hyoscyamine is an antimuscarinic; i.e., an antagonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. It blocks the action of acetylcholine at sweat glands (sympathetic) and at parasympathetic sites in salivary glands, stomach secretions, heart muscle, sinoatrial node, smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract, and the central nervous system. It increases cardiac output and heart rate, lowers blood pressure and dries secretions. It may antagonize serotonin. At comparable doses, hyoscyamine has 98 per cent of the anticholinergic power of atropine. The other major belladonna-derived drug hyoscine (known in the United States as Scopolamine) has 92 per cent of the antimuscarinic potency of atropine.


title: Hyoscyamine

text: Hyoscyamine can be extracted from plants of the family Solanaceae, notably "Datura stramonium". As hyoscyamine is a direct precursor in the plant biosynthesis of hyoscine, it is produced via the same metabolic pathway.


title: Hyoscyamine

text: The biosynthesis of hyoscine begins with the decarboxylation of "L"-ornithine to putrescine by ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17). Putrescine is methylated to "N"-methylputrescine by putrescine "N"-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.53).


title: Hyoscyamine

text: A putrescine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.10) that specifically recognizes methylated putrescine catalyzes the deamination of this compound to 4-methylaminobutanal which then undergoes a spontaneous ring formation to "N"-methylpyrrolium cation. In the next step, the pyrrolium cation condenses with acetoacetic acid yielding hygrine. No enzymatic activity could be demonstrated that catalyzes this reaction. Hygrine further rearranges to tropinone.


title: Hyoscyamine

text: Subsequently, tropinone reductase I (EC 1.1.1.206) converts tropinone to tropine which condenses with phenylalanine-derived phenyllactate to littorine. A cytochrome P450 classified as Cyp80F1 oxidizes and rearranges littorine to hyoscyamine aldehyde.


title: Hyoscyamine

text: A bush medicine developed by Aboriginal peoples of the eastern states of Australia from the soft corkwood tree, or "Duboisia myoporoides", was used by the Allies in World War II to stop soldiers getting seasick when they sailed across the English Channel during the Invasion of Normandy. Later, it was found that the same substance could be used in the production of scopolamine and hyoscyamine, which are used in eye surgery, and a multi-million dollar industry was built in Queensland based on this substance.


title: Eli Brown

text: Elijah Brown (born August 14, 1999) is an American actor. He is known for his role as Dylan Walker on the Freeform series "" (2019). He currently stars as Otto "Obie" Bergmann IV on the HBO Max series "Gossip Girl" (2021–present).


title: Eli Brown

text: Born on August 13, 1999, he is originally from Eugene, Oregon. His mother, Katie Brown, had a clothing line before becoming a real estate agent. Brown has a younger sister, Sasha. In high school, Brown was part of South Eugene Theater.


title: Eli Brown

text: In March 2018, it was announced that Brown had been cast in the Freeform mystery series, "". Brown played Dylan Walker as part of the main cast of the series, which was his first audition and first on-screen role. The series premiered on March 20, 2019, and ended its 10-episode run on May 22, 2019, being officially cancelled after one season in September 2019. Brown had a guest role as Dave on the Netflix series, "Spinning Out". He was featured in two episodes of the series sole season, which was released on January 1, 2020. In December 2019, it was announced that Brown had been cast in the film "Run Hide Fight". Brown played Tristan Voy, the main antagonist of the film, which had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on September 10, 2020.


title: Eli Brown

text: Brown starred as Brett Blackmore, the lead role, in the film "The F**k-It List", which was released on Netflix on July 1, 2020. In March 2020, it was announced that Brown had joined the main cast of "Gossip Girl" on HBO Max. Brown portrays Otto "Obie" Bergmann IV on the series, which premiered on July 8, 2021.


title: Salp

text: A salp (plural salps, also known colloquially as “sea grape”) or salpa (plural salpae or salpas) is a barrel-shaped, planktic tunicate. It moves by contracting, thereby pumping water through its gelatinous body, one of the most efficient examples of jet propulsion in the animal kingdom. The salp strains the pumped water through its internal feeding filters, feeding on phytoplankton.


title: Salp

text: Salps are common in equatorial, temperate, and cold seas, where they can be seen at the surface, singly or in long, stringy colonies. The most abundant concentrations of salps are in the Southern Ocean (near Antarctica), where they sometimes form enormous swarms, often in deep water, and are sometimes even more abundant than krill. Since 1910, while krill populations in the Southern Ocean have declined, salp populations appear to be increasing. Salps have been seen in increasing numbers along the coast of Washington.


title: Salp

text: Salps have a complex life cycle, with an obligatory alternation of generations. Both portions of the life cycle exist together in the seas—they look quite different, but both are mostly transparent, tubular, gelatinous animals that are typically between long. The solitary life history phase, also known as an oozooid, is a single, barrel-shaped animal that reproduces asexually by producing a chain of tens to hundreds of individuals, which are released from the parent at a small size.


title: Salp

text: The chain of salps is the 'aggregate' portion of the life cycle. The aggregate individuals are also known as blastozooids; they remain attached together while swimming and feeding, and each individual grows in size. Each blastozooid in the chain reproduces sexually (the blastozooids are sequential hermaphrodites, first maturing as females, and are fertilized by male gametes produced by older chains), with a growing embryo oozooid attached to the body wall of the parent. The growing oozooids are eventually released from the parent blastozooids, and then continue to feed and grow as the solitary asexual phase, closing the life cycle of salps. The alternation of generations allows for a fast generation time, with both solitary individuals and aggregate chains living and feeding together in the sea. When phytoplankton is abundant, this rapid reproduction leads to fairly short-lived blooms of salps, which eventually filter out most of the phytoplankton. The bloom ends when enough food is no longer available to sustain the enormous population of salps. Occasionally, mushroom corals and those of the genus "Heteropsammia" are known to feed on salps during blooms.


title: Salp

text: The incursion of a large number of salps ("Salpa fusiformis") into the North Sea in 1920 led to a failure of the Scottish herring fishery.


title: Salp

text: One reason for the success of salps is how they respond to phytoplankton blooms. When food is plentiful, salps can quickly bud off clones, which graze on the phytoplankton and can grow at a rate which is probably faster than that of any other multicellular animal, quickly stripping the phytoplankton from the sea. But if the phytoplankton is too dense, the salps can clog and sink to the bottom. During these blooms, beaches can become slimy with mats of salp bodies, and other planktonic species can experience fluctuations in their numbers due to competition with the salps.


title: Salp

text: Sinking fecal pellets and bodies of salps carry carbon to the seafloor, and salps are abundant enough to have an effect on the ocean's biological pump. Consequently, large changes in their abundance or distribution may alter the ocean's carbon cycle, and potentially play a role in climate change.


title: Salp

text: Salps are closely related to the pelagic tunicate groups Doliolida and Pyrosoma, as well as to other bottom-living (benthic) tunicates.


title: Salp

text: Although salps appear similar to jellyfish because of their simple body form and planktonic behavior, they are chordates: animals with dorsal nerve cords, related to vertebrates (animals with backbones).


title: HITEC City

text: The Hyderabad Information Technology and Engineering Consultancy City, abbreviated as HITEC City, is an Indian information technology, engineering, health informatics, and bioinformatics, financial business district located in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. HITEC City is spread across of land under suburbs of Madhapur, Gachibowli, Kondapur, Manikonda, Nanakramguda and Shamshabad all the combined technology townships is also known as Cyberabad with a radius of surrounding approximate area of . HITEC City is within of the residential and commercial suburb of Jubilee Hills.


title: HITEC City

text: HITEC City was commissioned by the erstwhile combined Government of Andhra Pradesh, adjoining Cyberabad to the west of Hyderabad and was inaugurated by then Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee on 22 November 1998. In 1997, The then Chief Minister N. Chandra Babu Naidu travelled to Southeast Asia to meet potential investors and to ‘market the state’ and was impressed with the larger technology related developments of Singapore and Malaysia – especially Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) near Kuala Lumpur. Soon after coming back from his Southeast Asia tour, Naidu initiated a $350 million knowledge enclave in Hyderabad, leading to birth of HITEC City. The main aim was to have an integrated townships for IT professionals to work and live, while the construction of hitec city is one of the biggest technological revolutions of Hyderabad with a modern infrastructure and amenities including housing colonies, shopping complexes, auditoriums, showrooms, health clubs, cafeterias and banks are abundant making the city a magnet for technology giants while shaping the modern tech landscape in very globally competitive.


title: HITEC City

text: It was commissioned by Larsen and Toubro Limited through its Special Purpose Vehicle, L&T Hitech City Limited, a joint venture company of L&T Infocity Limited and erstwhile Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation. The project is spread over of land and was envisaged to develop of IT space and of residential space in a phased manner. The project offers multitenanted as well as Built-to-suit (BTS) facilities. It caters to all segments of the IT Industry including small & medium enterprises, with office areas starting from as small as .


title: HITEC City

text: Cyber Towers was the first tower to be built for promotion of Information Technology (IT) within 14 months and the attractive unique design was selected by N. Chandrababu Naidu in 1997 to stand as a Monument in city of Hyderabad and as architectural masterpiece in the center of Cyberabad with transforming the City of Pearls, Hyderabad as the City of Destiny for IT and Pharmaceutical companies while also set up a separate Cyberabad Metropolitan Police Commissionerate and totally revamped the way of policing under safety and surveillance accomplishing HITEC City has emerged as the symbolic heart of cosmopolitan Hyderabad and it was initially marketed by both the officials of APIIC and L&T Infocity Ltd (the public and private sector partner). Companies such as Orbees Business Solutions, Knowledge Matrix India Pvt Ltd., 7 Hills Business Solutions, AppLabs, Keane Inc NTT DATA, Microsoft, Patni Computer Systems, Oracle Corporation, GE Capital, Whishworks, Prithvi Information Solutions, Naia Software Solutions India Pvt Ltd., Four Soft operate and call centers operate from this four-quadrant, 10-story building. The Cyber Towers building is divided into four quadrants with a large fountain in the middle of the quadrants. Another large building of office space named Cyber Gateway has been built comprises over 866,000 square feet (80,500 square meters) across 8 acres (3.25 ha).


title: HITEC City

text: Laxmi Cyber City, started construction from 2005 and built span of two years by 2007 operations started. It consists of three blocks.


title: HITEC City

text: The property is close to 1 Million sft. and shares its heritage with Laxmi Cyber Centre (Banjara Hills), Laxmi CentrePoint (Begumpet GE), Laxmi Cyber Point, Laxmi Cyber Towers SEZ etc.


title: HITEC City

text: Microsoft India Development Center is one of Microsoft's largest R&D centers outside the Redmond headquarters, Washington state. Set up in Hyderabad in 1998. Then Chief minister N. Chandrababu Naidu arranged a meeting with Bill Gates founder of Microsoft and discussed about the infrastructure provided and human resources availability in the state while managed him to build their sprawling 54 acres Microsoft campus of LEED Gold Certification for one of its buildings in hyderabad. The Microsoft Corporation is the first multinational company to build a research and development center in Cyberabad.


title: HITEC City

text: CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre (CII-Godrej GBC) was established in the year 2004, as CII's Developmental Institute on Green Practices & Businesses, aimed at offering advisory services on conservation of natural resources. The Green Business Centre was inaugurated by His Excellency Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, the then President of India on 14 July 2004.


title: HITEC City

text: The Services of Green Business Centre include energy management, green buildings, green companies, renewable energy, GHG inventorisation, green product certification, waste management, and cleaner production process.


title: HITEC City

text: In process of making India's favorite meetings and events destination in Hyderabad, then chief minister N. Chandrababu Naidu created a convention hub with the Hyderabad International Convention Centre, is a purpose-built, state-of-the-art convention facility, the first of its kind in South Asia. The convention centre was built by Emaar MGF of India. It has been the winner of the excellence award for “Best Standalone Convention Centre” for a record four times, nationally awarded by Ministry of Tourism, Government of India and the company is part owned by Emaar of UAE. The facility is managed by Accor Hospitality.


title: HITEC City

text: The Hyderabad International Convention Centre with 5,000 seating capacity is India's largest convention facility. It is an integrated covering . The centre can be configured to increase seating capacity to about 6,500. The convention center is connected to Novotel Hyderabad, an international business hotel, it has 288 rooms and is equipped with meeting rooms, restaurants, business centre, spa and a health club.


title: HITEC City

text: The Mindspace IT Park includes residential, recreational, entertainment, and retail spaces. The park provides about of office space.


title: HITEC City

text: Spread across , this layout also provides about 40% open space with telecommunications and civic infrastructure, wide roads and greenery. The district witnessed immediate success with over built and occupied within just 14 months of starting the project. The park provides both multi-tenant and built to suit facilities. Companies such as Hyundai Mobis, IBM, Accenture, CSC, Bank of America, Facebook and Novartis have built to suit facilities in the park with 10000 workers within them. Other companies in multitenant facilities include Broadcom Inc., Deloitte, Parexel, Syneos Health, Qualcomm, Zensar Technologies Ltd, Tech Mahindra, Oracle, Accenture, Amazon, General Electric, OpenText, IGATE, Verizon, Thomson Reuters, Wells Fargo and TietoEVRY. As of 2008 March, 20,000 people work in the park. The park is a notified SEZ and is set to accommodate about 55,000 IT workers making it the largest of the IT parks in HITEC city. The park also has a Westin Hotel and Inorbit Mall which have been opened in the second half of 2009.


title: HITEC City

text: Hyderabad International Trade Expositions Limited (HITEX) is a venue for international exhibitions, conferences, trade shows, and corporate events in India. Exhibition centre was conceptualised by German architects and opened on 14 January 2003 by Commerce Minister Arun Shourie, and the Hitex Trade Fair Office Building was inaugurated by Andhra Pradesh former Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu.


title: HITEC City

text: GITEX Hyderabad, is the annual IT&C expo organised by the Dubai World Trade Centre in association with the Department of IT&C, Government of Telangana.


title: HITEC City

text: HITEC City-2 is a milestone project of Phoenix Infocity Pvt. Ltd. This is a venture by Phoenix Group, India. HITEC City-2 is an IT/ITeS Special Economic Zone (SEZ), and it is being promoted as an extension of HITEC City. The project has received formal approval as an IT/ITeS SEZ from the Ministry of Commerce, Government of India. On an overall built-up area of about , nine IT buildings are proposed with a mix of multi-tenant and custom-built to suit options to be developed in phases. The SEZ design allows about 28,000 IT workers to work in an area of .


title: HITEC City

text: CyberPearl is located in the heart of Hyderabad's growth centre. Numerous MNC campuses, commercial facilities and extensive social infrastructure are located nearby the park. Opened in 2004, CyberPearl was the first park in Hyderabad to feature a fully equipped health club and business centre. In-house amenities include a large food court, restaurant, meeting rooms, conference and recreational facilities. Cyber Pearl would have been named "Cyber Oasis", but since Hyderabad is associated with pearls, "Pearl" was considered more appropriate. The park accommodates over 5000 IT workers with 5,000,000 square feet (460,000 m) of office space. Companies located at Cyber Pearl are :


title: HITEC City

text: Amazon first started operations in India in 2004 from Hyderabad. Global e-commerce giant amazon inaugurates its first owned and world’s largest campus building in 2019 at Hyderabad that spread across 9.5 acres which can house for more than 15,000 employees, becoming third of Amazon’s total India employee base across six offices. This is Amazon’s single largest building in the anywhere worldwide in terms of total built-up area and the campus will spread out with spanning over 68 acres.


title: HITEC City

text: The V is spread across 20 acres (8 ha) and has five multi-tenant buildings with a gross floor area of 1.65 million sq ft (90,000 m) having close to 100% occupancy.


title: HITEC City

text: With over 10 acres (4 ha) of open space, it is a green township with landscaped gardens. Most of the large rock formations have been left untouched, with the buildings designed around the natural landscape. The V is the first IT park which is completely operational. It accommodates about 15,000 IT professionals.


title: HITEC City

text: It is about 10 km from the city center and 14 km from the airport, both being within an hour's drive. The nearest local train station is around 3 km from the campus.


title: HITEC City

text: The Deccan park is the largest global development centre of the Tata Consultancy Services. The facility was designed by Swiss architect Mario Botta. The Deccan Park has been set up with an estimated investment of 15 billion with recreation and sporting facilities, which houses more than 2,200 professionals. The centre has been set up in 11 acres (4.5 ha) of land, with a built-up area around 320,000 ft² (30,000 m) on 9 floors. The centre works in domain areas such as telecommunications, e-governance, biological sciences, ports, and shipping and also deploy technologies including .Net, opensource billing and bioinformatics.


title: HITEC City

text: RMZ FUTURA is an exclusive independent/built-to-suit facility set amidst HITEC city owned by RMZ Corp, adjacent to Cyber Gateway. The state-of-the-art structure comprises four independent blocks spread across the entire site.


title: HITEC City

text: Shilpakala Vedika, constructed under the government of N. Chandrababu Naidu, is located in a 60,000 sq ft (5,600 m2) plot, on a 5 acres (20,000 m2) land, with a seating capacity of 2,500. It is a state-of-the-art facility comprising a press room, cafeteria, modern multi-media projection system, luxurious green rooms, good acoustics and exquisite ethnic decor. This auditorium was held by M/S Sanpra Group and M/S Alif Group under a BOOT contract.


title: Butters Stotch

text: Leopold "Butters" Stotch is a fictional character in the adult animated television series "South Park". He is voiced by series co-creator Matt Stone and loosely based on co-producer Eric Stough. He is a student at South Park Elementary School.


title: Butters Stotch

text: Butters is depicted as more naive, optimistic, and gullible than the show's other child characters and can become increasingly anxious, especially when faced with the likelihood of being grounded, of which he is extremely terrified. As a result, he is often sheltered and unknowledgeable of some of the suggestive content his peers understand, and is also frequently the victim of abuse and manipulation by Eric Cartman. His name is a play on the confection butterscotch.


title: Butters Stotch

text: Butters debuted as an unnamed background character when "South Park" first premiered on Comedy Central on August 13, 1997; his role gradually increased, becoming one of the series's most frequently present characters beginning with season 3 and eventually the "de facto" fifth main character. Creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone have stated that he is one of their favorite characters.


title: Butters Stotch

text: Butters attends South Park Elementary as part of Mr. Garrison's (later Mrs. Garrison's) 4th grade class. Storyboards and scripts for seasons 1 and 2 had his original names as "Puff Puff" and "Swanson" respectively. In "AWESOM-O", he says his birthday is on September 11. He learns from his parents in "Going Native" that he was born on the island of Kaua'i. During the show's first 58 episodes (1997 through Season 4 episode "4th Grade" in 2000), Butters and the other main child characters were in the third grade. He lives in South Park as the only child of Stephen and Linda Stotch, from whom he perpetually faces the looming prospect of being grounded and abused. When the character of Kenny McCormick was temporarily written off the show near the end of Season 5, Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, and Eric Cartman allow Butters into their group as the "fourth friend", a role he continued to fill until midway through season 6, namely, the episode "Professor Chaos". During this period, the boys would often take advantage of Butters' mild temperament by making him a stooge in their own personal schemes, especially Cartman's. The three eventually ousted him in favor of Tweek Tweak.


title: Butters Stotch

text: As a result, Butters vengefully adopted the alter ego of Professor Chaos. Intending to be a supervillain, Professor Chaos wears a green cape, and a helmet and gauntlets constructed out of cardboard and aluminum foil, a parody of Marvel Comics' Dr. Doom. Butters as Professor Chaos received much focus during the back-to-back episodes "Professor Chaos" and "Simpsons Already Did It", where he took on his younger friend Dougie as his sidekick General Disarray and ultimately failed at their several ill-prepared attempts to create "worldwide chaos". Professor Chaos has occasionally made a few appearances since, appearing to be a known supervillain to South Park's police force.


title: Butters Stotch

text: Despite being displaced from both his role as the "fourth friend" and from the eventual return of Kenny, Butters has continued to be a major character in recent seasons and is still a good friend to the group. Formerly a social outcast in earlier episodes, he has nevertheless been seen spending considerable amount of time with the other children, and continues to be a frequent source of help to Cartman, while also being the main victim of Cartman's pranks and manipulation: for instance, in the season 11 episode "Cartman Sucks", Cartman goes on numerous sleepovers with Butters so he can pull pranks on him in his sleep. Though the act is customarily performed by Stan or Kyle, Butters will occasionally reflect on the lessons he has attained during the course of an episode with a brief speech, and will sometimes muster up enough courage to act as the voice of reason when his parents or other adults in town engage in irrational behavior. However, in “Awesom-O”, Butters finally gets his revenge on Cartman by showing a videotape of him doing a Britney Spears dance routine to a life-sized cutout of Justin Timberlake to the whole town, humiliating Cartman. He is a main character in the new 'Post Covid: the Return of Covid' special, living under the alias 'Victor Chaos'. He has fully taken on the Professor Chaos role and makes a living by convincing people to invest in NFT's. He was Kenny McCormick's right-hand man, making all of Kenny's money by convincing people to invest in NFT's. He was also locked in a loony bin for his interest in NFT's.


title: Butters Stotch

text: On August 13, 1997, Butters first appeared as a background character when "South Park" debuted on Comedy Central with the episode "Cartman Gets an Anal Probe". For the episode, the character was composed of construction paper cutouts and animated through the use of stop motion. Since then, like all other characters on the show, Butters has been animated with computer software, though he is portrayed to give the impression that the show still utilizes its original technique. In the tradition of the show's animation style, Butters is composed of simple geometrical shapes and colors. He is not offered the same free range of motion associated with hand-drawn characters; his character is mostly shown from only one angle, and his movements are animated in an intentionally jerky fashion. Butters has a large tuft of blond hair on top of his head, and is usually depicted wearing an aquamarine jacket with dark green pants and black shoes. While originally voicing Butters without any computer manipulation, Stone now speaks within his normal vocal range while adding a childlike inflection, a slight stutter, and a Southern accent. The recorded audio is then edited with Pro Tools, and the pitch is altered to make the voice sound more like that of a fourth grader.


title: Butters Stotch

text: The character is loosely based on "South Park" co-producer Eric Stough, whom Stone and Parker regard as a "goody-goody" because of his reluctance to offend. The inspiration behind the major development of Butters was, in the words of Parker and Stone, the geeky behavior that Stough irritated the aforementioned creators with during their production of the 1999 "South Park" TV-to-Film adaptation "" in the studio office of Paramount Pictures. Parker and Stone then decided to parody Stough's antics in the series by transferring it to the character of Butters and proceeding to write the episode "Two Guys Naked in a Hot Tub", which aired three weeks after "Bigger, Longer & Uncut" was released. The nickname "Butters" evolved from Parker and Stone calling Stough "little buddy" for about three years.


title: Butters Stotch

text: Prior to making his first major appearance in the season 3 episode "Two Guys Naked in a Hot Tub", crew members referred to the character as "Puff Puff" and "Swanson", the latter name which he was identified as in the season 2 episode "Conjoined Fetus Lady", and would continue to be addressed by the two names in storyboards and scripts until it was finalized as "Butters" in the aforementioned "Two Guys Naked in a Hot Tub". Butters gradually became one of Parker and Stone's favorite characters, and for the show's season five finale they created the episode


title: Butters Stotch

text: "Butters' Very Own Episode", which revolves entirely around Butters and his parents. The intention was to give the character a proper introduction to the "South Park" audience and prepare them for the larger role he would come to play in further seasons. Butters eventually took part in more and more scenes in which he is paired with Cartman, and Parker declares that the scenes involving the two together are his favorite of the series. Butters had very little dialogue in the 1999 film "South Park: Bigger, Longer, and Uncut", receiving only one line total, though he does utter some grunts and other sounds during some scenes. In a 2009 audio commentary for the Blu-ray edition of the film, Parker and Stone expressed shock at how little the character was used, and agreed that any "South Park" movie made today would demand he play a role in the plot.


title: Butters Stotch

text: Though using profanity on occasion, Butters does not indulge in foul-mouthed language as often as the other children on the show, instead preferring to use minced oaths; "oh hamburgers" is one he uses frequently, as well as "gee whiz" mostly in earlier seasons. Butters speaks with a mild stutter and tends to fidget with his hands. The other characters perceive him as "nerdy", and he obliviously maintains a wholesome attitude and mild disposition despite the tragedy and abuse that he frequently encounters. His happy-go-lucky persona has been described as resembling that of a typical 1950s sitcom child character, and is usually presented in stark contrast to the harsh treatment he receives at the hands of his friends and strict parents, including his mother's deranged attempt to murder him after discovering his father's bisexuality, as well as when his grandmother happens to be in town and constantly bullies him during her stay. Stone describes him as embodying "permanent innocence". Butters, however, sees himself as a problem child because his parents tell him so and often expresses remorse at being "out-of-control". Exceptions to this include the episode "The Ungroundable", in which Butters makes his parents worry about their ability to ground him when he refuses to be punished. This rebellious behavior begins after he joins the vampire kids at his school, but ends when he helps the Goth kids burn down a Hot Topic store. On the season 14 episode "Sexual Healing", Butters didn't want to have to buy a Batman costume when hearing about David Carradine's autoerotic asphyxiation death after testing positive for sex addiction.


title: Butters Stotch

text: Butters is also known for being gullible, quickly believing anything told to him by others and tending to do whatever he is told to do with little protest, no matter how ridiculous these things seem to be. As such, he is always made an unknowing accomplice in Cartman's various devious schemes. There are cases, however, where Butters has shown a darker side, such as in episodes like "The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs" and "Butterballs"; in the latter of which he viciously assaulted Dr. Oz and verbally castigated his abusive grandmother.


title: Butters Stotch

text: In October 2009, Ramsey Isler of IGN released a list consisting of his favorite moments revolving around the character.


title: Butters Stotch

text: The character is one of the most popular among fans of the show, reaching the quarter-finals of the 2015 and 2020 "South Park Bro Downs", knock-out-format character popularity contests run by the show's production team via the show's website and social media pages, respectively. In both iterations of the contest, Butters lost to one of the four main characters of the show (Eric Cartman in 2015 and Kenny McCormick in 2020), beating Stan Marsh in the round of 16 in 2015.


title: Butters Stotch

text: Butters plays a major role in the three-episode "" story arc, which was reissued straight-to-DVD as a full-length feature in 2008. Butters is the main playable character in "South Park Imaginationland", a mobile game for the iPhone loosely based on the show's "Imaginationland" trilogy of episodes. In the video game "South Park Let's Go Tower Defense Play!", Butters can be selected as a playable character used to establish a tower defense against the game's antagonists.


title: Butters Stotch

text: He also appears in a major role as a companion fighter in the video game "", where he plays as a paladin, where his abilities include healing, holy damage, and summoning Professor Chaos who can inflict a variety of status-affecting attacks on enemies or shielding the players. In the superhero-themed sequel "", he appears as Professor Chaos and is an antagonist.


title: Butters Stotch

text: A DVD box set of 13 Butters-centric episodes, "A Little Box of Butters", was released in September 2010.


title: Butters Stotch

text: A pinball machine revolved around the character entitled "Butters Very Own Pinball" (named after the season five finale "Butters' Very Own Episode") is playable on the mobile app video game "South Park Pinball".


title: Economy of Europe

text: The economy of Europe comprises about 748 million people in 50 countries. The formation of the European Union (EU) and in 1999 the introduction of a unified currency, the Euro, brought participating European countries closer through the convenience of a shared currency and has led to a stronger European cash flow. It is important to note that the European Union is not a country, rather a unique global organisation, as an entity forming one of the largest economies in the world. The European Union also “regulates” the global market by the Single Market. The difference in wealth across Europe can be seen roughly in former Cold War divide, with some countries breaching the divide (Greece, Portugal, Slovenia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia). Whilst most European states have a GDP per capita higher than the world's average and are very highly developed, some European economies, despite their position over the world's average in the Human Development Index, are poorer. Europe has total banking assets of more than $50 trillion and its Global assets under management has more than $20 trillion.


title: Economy of Europe

text: Throughout this article "Europe" and derivatives of the word are taken to include selected states whose territory is only partly in Europe, such as Turkey, Azerbaijan and Georgia, and states that are geographically in Asia, bordering Europe and culturally adherent to the continent, such as Armenia and Cyprus.


title: Economy of Europe

text: Other large European economies with GDP (nominal) of more than €500 billion are: Netherlands, Switzerland, Poland, Sweden and Belgium. The European Union, with a GDP of around €17.0 trillion, generates roughly 3/4 of Europe's GDP.


title: Economy of Europe

text: Of the top 500 largest corporations measured by revenue (Fortune Global 500 in 2010), 184 have their headquarters in Europe. 161 are located in the EU, 15 in Switzerland, 6 in Russia, 1 in Turkey, 1 in Norway.


title: Economy of Europe

text: As noted in 2010 by the Spanish sociologist Manuel Castells, the average standard of living in Western Europe is very high: "The bulk of the population in Western Europe still enjoys the highest living standards in the world, and in the world's history."


title: Economy of Europe

text: Prior to World War II, Europe's major financial and industrial states were the United Kingdom, France and Germany. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain, spread rapidly across Europe, and before long the entire continent was at a high level of industry. World War I briefly led to the industries of some European states stalling, but in the run-up to World War II Europe recovered well and was competing with the ever-increasing economic might of the United States of America.


title: Economy of Europe

text: However, World War II caused the destruction of most of Europe's industrial centres and much of the continent's infrastructure was laid to waste.


title: Economy of Europe

text: Many non-Socialist European governments moved to link their economies, laying the foundation for what would become the European Union. This meant a huge increase in shared infrastructure and cross-border trade. Whilst these European states rapidly improved their economies, by the 1980s, the economy of the COMECON was struggling, mainly due to the massive cost of the Cold War. The GDP and the living standards of Central and Eastern European states were lower than in other parts of Europe.


title: Economy of Europe

text: Average living standards in Europe rose significantly during the post-war period, as characterised by these findings:


title: Economy of Europe

text: When the 'Eastern Bloc' dissolved around 1992, these states struggled to adapt to free-market systems. There was, however, a huge variation in degrees of success, with Central European states such as the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia and Poland adapting reasonably quickly, whilst states that used to form the USSR such as Russia, Belarus and Ukraine struggled to reform their crumbling infrastructures.


title: Economy of Europe

text: Many developed European countries were quick to develop economic ties with fellow European states, where democracy was reintroduced. After the Revolutions of 1989, states in Central Europe and the Baltic states dealt with change, former Yugoslavian republics descended into war and Russia, Ukraine and Belarus are still struggling with their old systems.


title: Economy of Europe

text: Europe's largest economy, Germany, struggled upon unification in 1991 with former communist German Democratic Republic, or East Germany, influenced by the Soviet Union. The GDR had much of its industrial infrastructure removed during the Cold War, and for many years unified Germany struggled to build infrastructure in the former East Germany up to the level of former West Germany.


title: Economy of Europe

text: Peace did not come to Yugoslavia for a decade, and by 2003, there were still many NATO and EU peacekeeping troops present in Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, and Kosovo . War severely hampered economic growth, with only Slovenia making any real progress in the 1990s.


title: Economy of Europe

text: The European economy was affected by the September 11 Attacks in the United States in 2001, with Germany, Switzerland, France, and the United Kingdom being the worst hit. But, in 2002/2003, the economy began to recover from the attacks in US.


title: Economy of Europe

text: The economy of Europe was by this time dominated by the EU, a huge economic and political organization with then 15 of Europe's states as full members. EU membership was seen as something to aspire to, and the EU gave significant support and aid to those Central and Eastern European states willing to work towards achieving economies that met the entry criteria. During this time, 12 of the 15 members of the EU became part of the Eurozone, a currency union launched in 1999, whereby each member uses a shared currency, the euro, which replaced their former national currencies. Three states chose to remain outside the Eurozone and continue with their own currencies, namely Denmark, Sweden and the United Kingdom.


title: Economy of Europe

text: In early 2004, 10 mostly former communist states joined the EU in its biggest ever expansion, enlarging the union to 25 members, with another eight making associated trade agreements. The acceding countries are bound to join the Eurozone and adopt the common currency euro in the future. The process includes the European Exchange Rate Mechanism, of which some of these countries are already part.


title: Economy of Europe

text: Most European economies are in very good shape, and the continental economy reflects this. Conflict and unrest in some of the former Yugoslavia states and in the Caucasus states are hampering economic growth in those states, however.


title: Economy of Europe

text: In response to the massive EU growth, in 2005 the Russian-dominated Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) created a rival trade bloc to the EU, open to any previous USSR state, (including both the European and Asian states). 12 of the 15 signed up, with the three Baltic states deciding to align themselves with the EU. Despite this, the three Caucasus states have said in the past they would one day consider applying for EU membership, particularly Georgia. This is also true of Ukraine since the Orange Revolution.


title: Economy of Europe

text: Slovenia became the first formerly communist nation to adopt the EU currency, the euro, in 2007, followed by Malta and Cyprus in 2008, and Slovakia in 2009. In 2011, Estonia became the first republic from the former Soviet Union to adopt the euro, followed by Latvia in 2014, and Lithuania in 2015. Recently, Croatia became the 28th member of the European Union, which had entered on the 1st day of July 2013.


title: Economy of Europe

text: In 2008, the Global Financial Crisis, triggered by the housing bubble in the United States, caused a significant decline in the GDP of the majority of the European economies, which was a precedent to a far broader and more problematic Eurozone debt crisis, which threatened the collapse of economies in the south, particularly Greece, Italy recently affected by the ongoing political crisis, Portugal and Spain. Having also been hit hard, Ireland exited the crisis in mid-2013. Meanwhile, increased bailouts of the International Monetary Fund and European Central Bank alleviated somehow the situation in the debt-stricken nations, with Central and East European economies led by Germany escaping the worst of the 2010s debt crisis.


title: Economy of Europe

text: By the mid 2010s, 2014–2015, Ireland was recovering at a steady pace having graduated from the bail out programme successfully. The Eurozone as a whole had become more stable, however problems in Greece and slow recovery in Italy and in Iberia (Spain and Portugal) continue in keeping growth in the Euro area to a minimum. Germany continues to lead Europe in stability and growth, while both the UK and Ireland are seeing strong growth of 3–4%. Unemployment in Ireland reducing at the fastest levels in Europe, expected to reach 8% by 2016, down from double that in 2011. The Czech Republic and Germany have constantly the lowest unemployment rate in the EU. Growth outlook in general remains optimistic for Europe in the future. With positive growth expected across the Euro area. Although uncertainty still surrounds Greece and debt payments in the Greek state, at present things appear stable.


title: Economy of Europe

text: European businesses have been in decline against worldwide ones since the crisis. Of the 50 most valuable global firms, only seven were European as of 2015, compared to 17 in 2006. Out of 24 economic sectors, Europe only leads in one - food, which is led by Nestlé from Switzerland. Companies like HSBC, Vodafone, TotalEnergies and BNP Paribas have all also sled in their respective industries against American and Asian competitors. In addition, former technologic heavyweights like Nokia, Ericsson and Alcatel have also declined against evolving American companies in the Silicon Valley.


title: Economy of Europe

text: While the bottom 80% of the European population's income has increased by an estimated 40% on average since 1980, the top 1%'s pre-tax income has more than doubled. Employment in the European Union reached a new high in 2019.


title: Economy of Europe

text: While many social and economic indicators have converged across EU regions, the global financial crisis resulted in a sharp divergence in unemployment rates. Recently, these ranged from less than 2% in Prague to more than 20% in parts of Greece, southern Spain, and southern Italy. Rapid technological change also had an effect on medium-skilled workers resulting in more low-skilled jobs being taken up.


title: Economy of Europe

text: In 2016, the United Kingdom became the first nation to vote to leave the European Union since its modern iteration in the post-Cold War era, reducing the number of the said bloc's membership down to 27 member states for the time being. U.K.'s exit caused a drop in both the country's and the overall bloc's overall GDP output. The continental economy also suffered a decline as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic that raged globally in the beginning of the 2020s decade. In 2022, the Russian war on Ukraine prompted both Ukraine and Moldova to be granted immediate candidate status by the European Union for economic and security reasons, while Croatia was confirmed to be the newest member of the Eurozone after being set to officially adopt the euro as its currency in the beginning of 2023.


title: Economy of Europe

text: European countries with a long history of trade, a free market system, and a high level of development in the previous century are generally in the north and west of the continent. They tend to be wealthier and more stable than countries congregated in the European East and South, even though the gap is converging, especially in Central and Eastern Europe, due to higher growth rates.


title: Economy of Europe

text: The poorest states are those that just emerged from communism, fascist dictatorships and civil wars, namely those of the former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, with some exceptions. Former Western Bloc itself presents some living standards and development differences, with the greatest contrast seen between the Nordics (Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland) and Greece, Portugal, Spain and Italy.


title: Economy of Europe

text: Below is a map of European countries by gross national income per capita. High income in blue ($12,616 or more, as defined by the World Bank), upper middle income in green ($4,086 – $12,615) and lower middle income ($1,036 – $4,085) in yellow.


title: Economy of Europe

text: The predicted impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on GDP is greatest in Southern Europe, where structural improvements are expected to enhance GDP levels by up to 5% by 2030, with the effect decreasing to 2.5% by 2040. The effect is projected to be a little less than 1% in Western Europe and Northern Europe, with cross-border spillover effects from the rest of Europe accounting for half of the predicted impact.


title: Economy of Europe

text: A survey conducted in 2021 found that many businesses cut back on operations as a result of the COVID-19 epidemic, resulting in a significant decline in revenue and job changes. Due to the pandemic, over 40% of the businesses surveyed had to close temporarily. Sales in the region declined by roughly 25% on average, but there was substantial variation within sub-regions.


title: Economy of Europe

text: One out of every five businesses launched or grew their online business or distribution of products and services, while one out of every four businesses started or increased their remote operations.


title: Economy of Europe

text: The pandemic has also hastened corporate transformation, with over 30% of companies altering or transforming their output as a result of it. Chemical manufacturers and wholesalers were the first to respond, with one in three expanding online business activity, beginning or boosting delivery of products and services, increasing remote employment, and changing manufacturing.


title: Economy of Europe

text: Economic activity decreased by almost 4% in the majority of sub-regions in 2020, which was similar to the global average of 3.2%. However, the variance between nations is prominent. The high infection and mortality rates of the pandemic in countries in the Western Balkans, the Eastern Neighbourhood, and Central and Eastern Europe meant they faced deeper recessions.


title: Economy of Europe

text: The European Union has the second largest economy in the world, behind that of the United States. Trade within the Union accounts for more than one-third of the world total.


title: Economy of Europe

text: The European Union or EU is a supranational union of European states, the most recent acceding member being Croatia, which became full member on 1 July 2013. It has many functions, the most important being the establishment and maintenance of a common single market, consisting of a customs union, a single currency (adopted by 18 of the member states), a Common Agricultural Policy and a Common Fisheries Policy. The European Union also undertakes various initiatives to co-ordinate activities of the member states.


title: Economy of Europe

text: The union has evolved over time from a primarily economic union to an increasingly political one. This trend is highlighted by the increasing number of policy areas that fall within EU competence: political power has tended to shift upwards from the Member States to the EU.


title: Economy of Europe

text: The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) was established on 3 May 1960 as an alternative for European states that did not wish to join the European Union, creating a trade bloc with fewer central powers.


title: Economy of Europe

text: The EFTA member states as of 1992 were Austria, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland. In 2014 only four countries, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein, remained members of EFTA, as the other members have gradually left to join the EU.


title: Economy of Europe

text: The European Economic Area (EEA) came into being on 1 January 1994 following an agreement between the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and the European Union (EU). It was designed to enable EFTA countries to participate in the European Single Market without having to join the EU.


title: Economy of Europe

text: In a referendum, Switzerland (ever keen on neutrality) chose not to participate in the EEA (although it is linked to the European Union by bilateral agreements similar in content to the EEA agreement), so the current members are the EU states plus Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.


title: Economy of Europe

text: A Joint Committee consisting of the non EU members plus the European Commission (representing the EU) has the function of extending relevant EU Law to the non EU members.


title: Economy of Europe

text: The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a confederation consisting of 9 of the 15 states of the former Soviet Union, (the exceptions being the three Baltic states, Georgia, Turkmenistan, and Ukraine (Turkmenistan and Ukraine are participating states in the CIS)). Although the CIS has few supranational powers, it is more than a purely symbolic organization and possesses co-ordinating powers in the realm of trade, finance, lawmaking and security. The most significant issue for the CIS is the establishment of a full-fledged free trade zone / economic union between the member states, to be launched in 2005. It has also promoted co-operation on democratization and cross-border crime prevention.


title: Economy of Europe

text: The Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) is a trade bloc of: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Serbia and the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) on behalf of Kosovo.