title: Plantations of Ireland

text: Not all of the early 17th century English Planters were Protestants. A considerable number of English Catholics settled in Ireland between 1603 and 1641, in part for economic reasons but also to escape persecution in England. In the time of Elizabeth and James I, the Catholics of England suffered a greater degree of persecution than English Catholics in Ireland. In England, Catholics were greatly outnumbered by Protestants and lived under constant fear of betrayal by their fellows. In Ireland they could blend in with the local majority-Catholic population in a way that was not possible in England. English Catholic planters were most common in County Kilkenny, where they may have made up half of all the English and Scottish planters to arrive in this region.


title: Plantations of Ireland

text: Plantations stayed off the political agenda until the appointment of Thomas Wentworth, a Privy Councilor of Charles I, to the position of Lord Deputy of Ireland in 1632. Wentworth's job was to raise revenue for Charles and to cement Royal control over Ireland – which meant, among other things, more plantations, both to raise money and to break the political power of the Irish Catholic gentry. Wentworth confiscated land in Wicklow and planned a full-scale Plantation of Connacht – where all Catholic landowners would lose between a half and a quarter of their estates. The local juries were intimidated into accepting Wentworth's settlement; when a group of Connacht landowners complained to Charles I, Wentworth had them imprisoned. However, settlement proceeded only in County Sligo and County Roscommon. Next, Wentworth surveyed the major Catholic landowners in Leinster for similar treatment, including members of the powerful Butler dynasty. Wentworth's plans were interrupted by the outbreak of the Bishops Wars in Scotland, which eventually resulted in Wentworth's execution by the English Parliament and civil war in England and Ireland. Wentworth's constant questioning of Catholic land titles was one of the major causes of the 1641 Rebellion, and the principal reason why it was joined by Ireland's wealthiest and most powerful Catholic families.


title: Plantations of Ireland

text: In October 1641, after a bad harvest and in a threatening political climate, Phelim O'Neill launched a rebellion, hoping to rectify various grievances of Irish Catholic landowners. However, once the rebellion was underway, the resentment of the native Irish in Ulster boiled over into indiscriminate attacks on the settler population in the Irish Rebellion of 1641. Irish Catholics attacked the plantations all around the country, but especially in Ulster. English writers at the time put the Protestant victims at over 100,000. William Petty, in his survey of the 1650s, estimated the death toll at around 30,000. More recent research, however, based on close examination of the depositions of the Protestant refugees collected in 1642, suggests a figure of 4,000 settlers were killed directly; and up to 12,000 may have died of causes also related to disease (always a cause of high fatalities during wartime) or privation after being expelled from their homes.


title: Plantations of Ireland

text: Ulster was worst hit by the wars, with massive loss of civilian life and mass displacement of people. The atrocities committed by both sides further poisoned the relationship between the settler and native communities in the province. Although peace was eventually restored to Ulster, the wounds opened in the plantation and civil war years were very slow to heal and arguably still fester in Northern Ireland in the early 21st century.


title: Plantations of Ireland

text: In the 1641 Rebellion, the Munster Plantation was temporarily destroyed, just as it had been during the Nine Years' War. Ten years of warfare took place in Munster between the planters and their descendants and the native Irish Catholics. But the ethnic/religious divisions were less stark in Munster than in Ulster. Some of the earlier English Planters in Munster had been Roman Catholics and their descendants largely sided with the Irish in the 1640s. Conversely, some Irish noblemen who had converted to Protestantism – notably Earl Inchiquin – sided with the settler community.


title: Plantations of Ireland

text: Over 12,000 veterans of the New Model Army were awarded land in Ireland in place of their wages due, which the Commonwealth was unable to pay. Many of these soldiers sold their land grants to other Protestants rather than settle in war-ravaged Ireland, but 7,500 soldiers did settle in Ireland. They were required to keep their weapons to act as a reserve militia in case of future rebellions. Taken together with the Merchant Adventurers, probably over 10,000 Parliamentarians settled in Ireland after the civil wars. Most of these were single men, however, and many of them married Irish women (although banned by law from doing so). Some of the Cromwellian soldiers thus began to be integrated into Irish Catholic society. In addition to the Parliamentarians, thousands of Scottish Covenanter soldiers, who had been stationed in Ulster during the war, settled there permanently after its end.


title: Plantations of Ireland

text: Some Parliamentarians had argued that all the Irish should be deported to west of the River Shannon and replaced with English settlers. However, this would have required hundreds of thousands of English settlers willing to come to Ireland, and such numbers of aspirant settlers were never recruited. Rather, a land-owning class of British Protestants was created in Ireland, and they ruled over mostly Irish Catholic tenants. A minority of the "Cromwellian" landowners were Parliamentarian soldiers or creditors. Most were pre-war Protestant settlers, who took the opportunity to obtain confiscated lands. Before the wars, Catholics had owned 60% of the land in Ireland. During the Commonwealth period, Catholic landownership fell to 8–9%. After some restitution in the Restoration Act of Settlement 1662, it rose to 20% again.


title: Plantations of Ireland

text: In Ulster, the Cromwellian period eliminated those native landowners who had survived the Ulster plantation. In Munster and Leinster, the mass confiscation of Catholic-owned land after the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, meant that English Protestants acquired almost all of the land holdings for the first time in these territories. In addition, under the Commonwealth regime, some 12,000 Irish people were sold into indentured servitude to the Caribbean and North American colonies. Another 34,000 Irish Catholics went into exile on the Continent, mostly in the Catholic countries of France or Spain.


title: Plantations of Ireland

text: Recent research has shown that although the native Irish land-owning class was subordinated in this period, it never totally disappeared. Many of its members found niches in trade or as chief tenants on their families' ancestral lands.


title: Plantations of Ireland

text: For the remainder of the 17th century, Irish Catholics tried to get the Cromwellian Act of Settlement reversed. They briefly achieved this under James II during the Williamite war in Ireland, but the Jacobite defeat there led to another round of land confiscations. During the 1680s and 90s, another major wave of settlement took place in Ireland (though not another plantation in terms of land confiscation). At this time, the new settlers were principally Scots, tens of thousands of whom fled a famine in the lowlands and border regions of Scotland to come to Ulster. At this point Protestants and people of Scottish descent (who were mainly Presbyterians) became an absolute majority of the population in Ulster.


title: Plantations of Ireland

text: French Huguenots, who were Protestant, were also encouraged to settle in Ireland; they had been expelled from France after the Crown's revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. Many of the Frenchmen were former soldiers, who had fought on the Williamite side in the Williamite war in Ireland. This community settled mainly in Dublin, as some had already been established as merchants in London. Their communal graveyard can still be seen off St Stephen's Green. The total population of this community may have reached 10,000.


title: Plantations of Ireland

text: The Plantations had profound effects on Ireland. They resulted in the removal and/or execution of Catholic ruling classes and their replacement with what became known as the Protestant Ascendancy, Anglican landowners mostly originating from Great Britain. Their position was reinforced by the Penal Laws. These denied political and most land-owning rights to Catholics and non-Anglican Protestant denominations, they also brought in harsh punishments for use of the Irish language and limited Catholics ability to practice their religion. The forced dominance of the Protestant class in Irish life persisted until the late 18th century when they reluctantly voted for the Act of Union with Britain in 1800. It abolished their parliament, making their government part of Britain's.


title: Plantations of Ireland

text: The plantations and their related agricultural development also radically altered Ireland's physical environment and ecology. In 1600, most of Ireland was heavily wooded and undeveloped, apart from the bogs. Most of the population lived in small, semi-nomadic townlands, many migrating seasonally to pastures for their cattle. By 1700, Ireland's native woodland had been reduced to a fraction of its former size; it was intensively logged and sold for profit by the plantation settlers for commercial ventures such as shipbuilding, as much of the English forests had been overlogged to total depletion, and the navy was becoming a great power. Several native animal species, such as the wolf, were hunted to extinction during this period. Most of the settler population was urbanized, living in permanent towns or villages. Some of the Irish people continued their traditional practices and culture under the shadow of heavy control and punishments. By the end of the plantation period, almost all of Ireland had become integrated into a market economy. But many of the poorer classes had no access to money, still paying rent in kind or in service. The plantations also introduced a new measurement system to Ireland called the Irish measure or plantation measure which had some residual use even into the 20th century.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: Román Alberto González Luna (born 17 June 1987), best known by his nickname "Chocolatito", is a Nicaraguan professional boxer. He is the first boxer from Nicaragua to win world titles in four weight classes, having surpassed his mentor, idol, and former three-weight world champion, the late Alexis Argüello.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: He has held the WBA minimumweight title from 2008 to 2010; the WBA light flyweight title from 2011 to 2013; the WBC, and "The Ring" flyweight titles from 2014 to 2016, WBC super flyweight title from 2016 to 2017; and the WBA (Super) super flyweight title from 2020 to 2021. As of August 2022, he is ranked as the world's second best active super flyweight by "The Ring" magazine. From September 2015 to March 2017, he was also ranked by "The Ring" and ESPN as the world's best active boxer, pound for pound. He is known particularly for his aggressive pressure fighting style and combination punching.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: González was reportedly undefeated as an amateur, amassing an 88–0 record in official amateur bouts. The highlight of his amateur career was winning the light flyweight gold medal at the 2004 Central American Championships.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: Dubbed "Chocolatito", an 18 year old González turned professional as a light flyweight in 2005. In his debut, he fought at the Pharaohs Casino in Managua, Nicaragua against 23 year old Ramon Urbina (0–1, 0 KOs) in a scheduled 4 round fight. González won via knockout in round 2. In his 9th professional fight, González fought Oscar Murillo (11–10, 8 KOs) for the vacant Nicaraguan and WBA Fedecentro light flyweight titles. González won via a 1st-round knockout. In his next fight, González would also win the WBA Fedelatin minimumweight title against José Luis Varela, after which he returned to light flyweight. González won his first 16 fights all by way of knockout, before meeting Hiroshi Matsumoto (17–7–4, 8 KOs) at the Bunka Gym in Yokohama on 14 January 2008. The fight went the full 10 rounds as González picked up the win via unanimous decision (100–90, 100–90 98–92) in his first fight outside his native Nicaragua.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: On 15 September 2008, González fought the WBA world minimumweight champion Yutaka Niida (23–1–3, 9 KOs) in Yokohama, Japan in what was only his second fight in the minimumweight division. González scored a technical knockout with 58 seconds left in the fourth round to win the title. He was ahead 30–27 on all the scorecards at the time of stoppage.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: After winning the WBA title, González made his debut at flyweight on 13 December 2008, stopping Miguel Tellez (18–11, 6 KOs) in the third round.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: He went back to minimumweight on 28 February 2009 to defend his world crown against Francisco Rosas (20–5–2, 12 KOs) which he won by majority decision (116–112, 115–113 & 114–114). This was González's first time fighting in Mexico.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: In July 2009, González defended his belt at the World Memorial Hall in Japan against Katsunari Takayama (23–3, 9 KOs). After 12 rounds, the three judges all scored it 118–110 for González. In January 2010, González exposed title against Ivan Meneses (14–5–1, 8 KOs). Meneses was knocked down in the third round, before the fight was stopped in the next round.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: González vacated his minimumweight title after 3 successful defenses, moving back to light flyweight. On his first fight in his new weight class, he defeated Jesus Limones (10–1–1, 4 KOs) via 2nd-round TKO in September 2010.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: A 23-year-old González won the vacant WBA interim light flyweight title against Francisco Rosas (21–7–2, 12 KOs) in Tokyo on 24 October 2010. This was the second time they fought, having previously fought in the minimumweight division. González won by KO in the second round. Rosas was knocked down three times in this fight. After his first fight against Francisco Rosas, González said that he fought while being ill with severe stomach disorders, and that was the reason why he looked so sluggish and tired. González was promoted to full champion in February 2011 after Juan Carlos Reveco resigned as light flyweight champion to pursue a flyweight title.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: On 22 February 2011 it was announced that González would make his first defence against former champion Manuel Vargas (30–7–1, 15 KOs) on 19 March in Mexico. González was victorious over Vargas via unanimous decision (119–109, 116–112, 116–112) It was announced that González would return to fight in Mexico in July. In June, it was announced that González would fight 31 year old Omar Salado (22–3–2, 13 KOs) on 9 July. González dropped Salado en route to a stoppage win in round 7.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: González's third defense took place at the Marquee Ballroom in MGM Grand Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada on 1 October 2011. In his first fight in the United States, González knocked out Omar Soto (22–7–2, 15 KOs) with a straight right and left uppercut combination 36 seconds into the 2nd round. The title was only on the line for González, as Soto weighed in considerably above the weight limit, at 111 lbs.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: On 17 March 2012 González faced Manuel Jimenez (11–2–1, 5 KOs) at Sinaloa, Mexico, defeating Jimenez via 1st-round KO. This was a non-title fight. The original opponent to fight González was former IBF champion Ramon Garcia Hirales (16–3–1, 9 KOs), who initially replaced his twin brother Raúl García.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: On 28 April 2012 González defended his WBA light flyweight title against Ramon Garcia Hirales at the Fairplex in Pomona, California. The fight ended as the count was waived by referee Raul Caiz Jr, after Garcia was knocked down twice in the 4th round. González was ahead 30–27 on all scorecards at the time of stoppage.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: González briefly moved up to Flyweight on 6 October 2012 and fought undefeated 23-year-old Stiven Monterrosa (9–0–2, 8 KOs) at the Hotel Holiday Inn in Managua, Nicaragua. Monterrosa was knocked down in rounds 1 and 2. The stoppage seemed questionable as the referee waved the fight off as González was finishing off his combination and landed a punch which didn't appear to hurt Monterrosa. Monterrosa questioned the officials as to why the fight was stopped.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: On 27 October 2012 it was announced that González would fight 22 year old flyweight prospect Juan Francisco Estrada (26–1, 20 KOs) at Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena on 17 November. In an entertaining bout, González retained his title via unanimous decision. This was the second time González fought in California and the third time in the United States. The judges scored it (118–110, 116–112, 116–112) all in favour of González.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: On 25 May 2013 González fought Colombian Ronald Barrera (30–11–2, 18 KOs) in a non-title bout at super flyweight at the Polideportivo España, Managua, Nicaragua. González won the fight via fifth-round stoppage. Referee Onofre Ramirez stopped the fight after Barrera was knocked down 2 minutes 42 seconds into the round. The fight was originally scheduled for 113 pounds, but both boxers weighed 116 pounds. This led many to question if González would be able to cut back down to 108 pounds.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: After 5 successful title defenses at light flyweight, vacated his title to move up to flyweight. On 21 September 2013 he defeated Francisco Rodríguez, Jr. by TKO in the 7th round. He then defeated Oscar Blanquet, Juan Kantun and Philippine Juan Purisima, all by TKO. With this string of fights, González took his professional record to 39–0, with 33 wins coming by way of knockout.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: On 23 June 2014 it was finally confirmed that González would challenge the WBC, The Ring and lineal flyweight champion Akira Yaegashi (20–3, 10 KOs) on 5 September 2014 at the Yoyogi #2 Gymnasium in Tokyo, Japan. González won the fight via ninth-round TKO to win the WBC, The Ring and lineal flyweight titles, becoming a boxing triple champion. Yaegashi was knocked down in rounds 3 and 9. Referee Michael Griffin stopped the fight after a final uppercut to Yaegashi. At the time of stoppage the three judges had the fight (80–71 & 79–72 twice) in favour of González.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: On 19 October 2014 Teiken Boxing Gym announced that González would make a defence of his titles against Rocky Fuentes (35–7–2, 20 KOs) on 22 November at the International Swimming Pool in Yokohama, Japan. The fight was being discussed for over a month. González retained the titles against Fuentes via sixth-round TKO. González fought Valentin Leon in a non-title bout on 28 February 2015, winning via a 3rd-round TKO.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: On 24 March 2015 it was announced that González would be making his HBO debut against Mexican boxer Édgar Sosa (51–8, 30 KOs) at The Forum in Inglewood, California on HBO World Championship Boxing on the Golovkin vs. Monroe undercard on 16 May. González defeated Sosa via a 2nd-round TKO. Sosa was down 3 times in round 2. Sosa made no effort to try to get up after the third knockdown. González earned a career high $200,000 against Sosa. After defeating Sosa, González called for a rematch against Estrada.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: It was announced that González would defend his world titles against 34 year old former unified flyweight champion Brian Viloria (36–4, 22 KOs) at Madison Square Garden in New York City on 17 October 2015 on the undercard of the middleweight unification bout between Gennady Golovkin and David Lemieux. González defeated Viloria via a 9th-round TKO to retain his World titles. Viloria was knocked down in the 3rd round with a short right-hand from González. In round 9, González landed a wide-open right hand that snapped Viloria's head to the side. With Viloria having taken a beating, referee Benjy Esteves Jr. stepped in and stopped the fight at 2 minutes, 52 seconds. According to CompuBox, González landed 335 of 805 punches (42 percent), and Viloria was limited to landing only 186 of 594 (31 percent). González was ahead on all 3 judges scorecards (78–73 twice, 79–72) before the knockdown. With the win, González moved to 14–0 in world title bouts. González earned a $250,000 purse.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: On 13 February 2016 it was announced that González would defend his titles against McWilliams Arroyo (16–2, 14 KOs) on 23 April 2016 at The Forum in Inglewood, California on a co-feature of World Middleweight title bout between Gennady Golovkin and Dominic Wade. This was the third consecutive time González co-featured on a Golovkin card. González won via unanimous decision (120–108, 120–108, 119–109) ending his ten-fight stoppage streak. Dan Rafael from ESPN scored the fight a shutout (120–108) for González. On fight night, González weighed in at 126 pounds and said he could make one more defence before moving up to super flyweight, "My conditioning was fantastic. Training in Costa Rica made all the difference [...] I think maybe one more fight at 112 and then I move up to 115. I want to fight the best possible opponent."


title: Román González (boxer)

text: González landed 360 of 1,132 (32%) total punches while Arroyo landed 193 of 711 (27%) of his total punches. González earned a then career high $300,000 purse for this fight. According to the Nielsen ratings, the fight averaged 1.001 million viewers and peaked at 1.14 million.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: K2 Promotions announced on 14 July that González will move up to super flyweight to challenge Carlos Cuadras (35–0–1, 27 KOs) for his WBC title. The bout took place on 10 September 2016 at The Forum in Inglewood. The fight was part of a HBO split-site telecast on which K2 stablemate and unified middleweight titleholder Gennady Golovkin defeated welterweight titlist Kell Brook at the O2 Arena in London. That night, HBO had live coverage of Cuadras-González along with a replay of Golovkin-Brook.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: In a close fight, González defeated Cuadras via 12 round unanimous decision to become the WBC super flyweight champion. This was the first time González headlined a card and drew a crowd of 6,714, which was considered a success. The three judges scored the bout 117–111, 116–112 and 115–113, all in favour of González. Combined, both fighters threw over 1,000 punches, with González getting the better of Cuadras. González was guaranteed a $400,000 purse for the fight, his highest ever. The fight averaged 843,000 viewers on HBO. After the win, González made history by becoming the first fighter in the history of Nicaragua to capture four titles in four weight divisions, something his mentor Alexis Argüello failed to do twice during his career.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: After 4 successful flyweight title defenses, González vacated his WBC Flyweight title. He would be keeping the WBC super flyweight title and continue fighting in the 115 lbs division.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: On 8 November 2016, González's trainer since 2010, Arnulfo Obando, was hospitalized after suffering a stroke earlier that week and in a serious condition. Upon arriving at the hospital, he was declared brain dead. On 11 November, the WBC president Mauricio Sulaiman confirmed in a statement that Obando had died at the age of 53. It was also said that González would take a break from boxing. On 24 January 2017 González started the training camp for his upcoming fight and announced that his father, Luis González would be his head trainer.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: In December 2016, at the 54th WBC Convention, president Mauricio Sulaiman announced that a rematch would take place between González and Cuadras for the WBC title in March 2017. The winner of the rematch will need to fight WBC #2 mandatory and WBC silver champion Srisaket Sor Rungvisai (41–4–1, 38 KOs). González stated he hadn't agreed to a rematch or signed any contracts for a rematch to take place as he was not obligated to do so. González also spoke about the purse offered to him for a rematch, "The HBO people are offering me very low money, so I can not accept that fight. I've been struggling to get a good purse, because we are the world's number one pound for pound." It was reported that González was looking for a purse of around $1 million.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: On 5 January González's manager Carlos Blandon said that an opponent would be announced in ten days. A day later, due to González not being obliged to give Cuadras a rematch, Sulaimán stated that Sor Rungvisai will get a chance to fight González next. The fight was officially announced on 7 January and served as the co-feature for Gennady Golovkin vs. Daniel Jacobs at Madison Square Garden on 18 March 2017. Coming into the fight Rungvisai had only one loss since 2010, which came to Cuadras in 2014 via technical decision.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: On fight night, González was knocked down in the first round by a body shot and went on to lose his first professional fight as well as the WBC super flyweight title via majority decision. Waleska Roldan scored the fight 113–113 even, whilst Glenn Feldman and Julie Lederman both scored it 114–112 in favor of Sor Rungvisai. ESPN scored the bout wide 117–109 in favor of González. Many boos were heard around the arena filled with 19,939 following the announcement of the decision. In round 3, González suffered a cut over his right eye, via an accidental clash of heads. The cut was treated by his corner throughout the fight, but blood still flowed on the side of his face. Sor Rungvisai lost a point in round 6 due to another clash of heads. After the fight, González stated "I thought I won the fight. I want an immediate rematch. I want to get my title back." Compubox stats showed González landed 441 of his 1,013 thrown (44%), while Sor Rungvisai landed 284 of 940 (30%). González out-landed Sor Rungvisai in 10 rounds out of 12. He also set a super flyweight record for power shots landed with 372. González earned a career high purse $500,000 whilst Rungvisai earned $75,000.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: K2 director Tom Loeffler stated on 31 March that González would seek a rematch with Sor Rungvisai. On 4 April 2017 the WBC ordered a direct rematch to take place between González and Sor Rungvisai. The winner of the first fight was due to fight mandatory challenger Carlos Cuadras. However, due to the direct rematch, the WBC ordered Cuadras to fight the next available contender, former unified flyweight champion Juan Francisco Estrada for the WBC interim title. The winner of both fights would then proceed to fight each other. WBC rationalized this with the following statement,


title: Román González (boxer)

text: Loeffler confirmed a date in the fall of 2017 would be considered and a venue will be discussed with representatives of Rungvisai. On 6 June Loeffler said the rematch would take place on 9 September on HBO at a location in California. It was said the Japanese super flyweight Naoya Inoue would be in line to make his American TV debut on the same card. On 7 June González travelled to Japan to negotiate a deal with Teiken Promotions for the fight. One of the main reasons for discussing the contract, was his purse. It was revealed by Mexican promoter Osvaldo Küchle, that Cuadras and Estrada would fight on the undercard for the WBC interim title. On 6 July Tom Loeffler announced the fight would take place at the StubHub Center in Carson, California. The event also features WBO champion Naoya Inoue and is considered historic as one of the biggest cards of all time in the smaller weight classes. It was confirmed the fight would be shown live on Sky Sports in the United Kingdom.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: At the 7-day weigh in on 3 September González weighed 119.8 lbs and Rungvisai weighed in at 119 lbs. Per WBC rules, both boxers were required to weigh no more than 121 lbs. At the official weigh-in one day before the fight, González tipped the scales at 114.8 lbs, while Sor Rungvisai weighed 115 lbs. González would be paid a career high $600,000 purse, while Sor Rungvisai would make $170,000.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: On fight night, in front of a pro-González sell-out crowd of 7,418, González suffered his second consecutive career defeat and failed to regain the WBC title, after being knocked out by Sor Rungvisai in the fourth round of their rematch. The opening round started with both fighters throwing heavy shots. Sor Rungvisai began to work the body straight away. In round 4, González was knocked down hard from a left to the head. González beat the count getting up at 7, but on unsteady legs. Rungvisai then finished the badly hurt González with a right to the head that put him down flat on his back. Referee Tom Taylor didn't bother with a count, waiving the fight off at 1:18 of the round. González was taken to the hospital after the fight for precaution. Like the first fight, an accidental headbutt occurred in round 1, when González complained and the crowd booed, the referee warned Rungvisai. The fight averaged an audience of 796,000 viewers on HBO and peaked at 835,000 viewers.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: After the fight, Srisaket Sor Rungvisai stated that he had prepared for four months in order to knock González out, "I trained very hard for four months. I fought for Thailand, and this is what I dedicate this fight to, Thailand. For the first fight I only trained for two months. I knew I was going to knock him out." González was humble in defeat, "We were both trading punches, but his were harder, and they landed harder. I was very hurt the second time when I was knocked down, but I think I'll be OK." Promoter Tom Loeffler also spoke to HBO in regards to González's future, "I don't think he's done. When you fight a guy like Srisaket, he took the opportunity of winning the lottery. He beat the No. 1 pound-for-pound fighter and beat him in New York, and then he beat him more convincingly the second time. Now he has to be considered one of the best in the world. You saw Roman really packed the house, and Srisaket came into a hostile environment and proved he is a true champion. He has tremendous punching power." CompuBox stats showed that Rungvisai landed 80 of his 291 punches thrown (27%) and González landed 58 of 212 (27%). All 80 of Rungvisai's landed punches were power shots. González stated that he wouldn't return to the flyweight division, as he was unable to reach the 112 lbs limit and that he was interested in competing for a fifth world title, but he was also considering retirement.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: Weeks after the fight, González stated that he was planning to continue his career. Teiken Promotions was said to be looking to arrange a fight against WBA champion Kal Yafai. Yafai replied to reports that González wanted to fight him by replying, "Happy days, I’ve wanted González for a long time," although he would have to get past his mandatory fight first. González spoke out regarding challenging Yafai after being ranked # 2 by the WBA, "It is a blessing to know that the WBA has placed me at number 2 in the rankings. I am grateful to [WBA President] Gilberto Mendoza for this opportunity." González didn't rule out fighting WBO champion Naoya Inoue, stating his next fight could be as soon as February. González wished to take up an interim fight, before challenging for a world title. He said, "I am never going to [enter the Yafai] fight in bad condition. I take good care of myself, that's why I think I need a preparation fight." After being trained by Japanese coach Sendai Tanaka in his last fight, González made his intentions clear that he wanted to work with Félix Trinidad's father and ex trainer Don Felix. Fellow countryman and former two-weight world champion Rosendo Álvarez advised González to return to flyweight, stating it would be too much for him to remain at super flyweight and even more dangerous to move up to bantamweight. According to Tom Loeffler on 22 November it was believed that González would make his ring return around April or May 2018, possibly on the undercard of a Gennady Golvokin fight. Loeffler also stated that González would not be part of the planned SuperFly 2 card.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: On 11 January 2018 González hired Gustavo Herrera as his head trainer, from Managua, Nicaragua at the Roger Deshon gym and stated his intention to remain at super flyweight. On 8 April veteran Mexican boxer Pedro Guevara (30–3–1, 17 KOs) was being lined up to be González's next opponent, likely for Golovkin's undercard on 5 May 2018. Terms had been agreed for a 10-round super flyweight fight between both parties, however the fight had not been announced until the date and venue was confirmed. After Golovkin vs. Martirosyan was announced for 5 May at the StubHub Center in Carson, promoter Loeffler confirmed that González would appear on the undercard. On 24 April González released a statement saying he would not fight on 5 May after an opponent was not officially confirmed. He went on to state that he would likely return in June 2018 in Nicaragua, where he last fought in 2015. According to González's manager, Carlos Blandon, Gonzalez was unable to get a VISA. Three scheduled appointments in the space on 30 days had been cancelled. Blandon stated they were still waiting on the VISA issue as González wanted a camp outside of Nicaragua. He also stated González would likely return in September 2018. On 30 May 2018 it was reported the California State Athletic Commission required González to pass new neurological examinations before the ban would be lifted. González initially passed the exams after his knockout loss to Rungvisai in September 2017. The reason for the additional tests would be for precautionary measure.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: According to ElNuevoDiario on 13 July 2018 González was looking for an opponent for the undercard of the Canelo Álvarez vs. Gennady Golovkin rematch on 15 September at the T-Mobile Arena in Paradise, Nevada. At the time, the two likely opponents were Pedro Guevara and former world minimumweight champion Moisés Fuentes (25–5–1, 14 KOs). On 20 August it was announced that González would fight Fuentes in a 10-round bout to open the PPV telecast. González returned to winning ways after he knocked out Fuentes in round 5. Fuentes was well beaten and bloody at the time referee Robert Byrd halted the fight, at 1 minute, 44 seconds. Fuentes lacked the power to hurt González whenever he did land. González dominated Fuentes with sustained combinations in the same way he had done prior to his two losses. Fuentes suffered a cut over his right eye in round 2, with the dripping blood giving him problems with his visibility. González did not target the eye, instead he mixed up his shots from body to head. There was little action in round 1, as both boxers fought cautiously. González earned $200,000, whilst Fuentes made $35,000 for the bout. CompuBox showed that González landed 145 of 390 punches thrown (37%), while Fuentes landed only 47 of his 244 thrown (19%).


title: Román González (boxer)

text: On 31 October it was reported that González would return to the ring on 8 December 2018 on the final televised boxing card on HBO. According to ESPN Deportes, the likely opponent was former world champion Pedro Guevara (32–3–1, 19 KOs) in a 10-round bout. A day later, the fight was announced to take place at the StubHub Center in Carson, California.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: On 25 November Tom Loeffler told ESPN, González was unable to shake off a knee injury he suffered during his training camp and would no longer fight Guevara on the card. González would be out for up to six weeks following an arthroscopic surgery. Loeffler revealed Juan Francisco Estrada would likely replace González and fight Guevara on the same card.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: González returned to the ring on 23 December 2019 on the undercard of the Ryōta Murata – Steven Butler fight in Yokohama, Japan. His opponent was Diomel Diocos (14–6–3, 4 KOs). González wasted no time and quickly broke down the overmatched Diocos with powerful combinations, staggering him badly in the second round. Referee Yuji Fukuchi stopped the action and gave Diocos a standing eight count for him to collect himself. But as soon as the fight resumed, González continued to land punches on Diocos at free will, prompting the referee to step in and stop the fight thus giving González the victory via second-round stoppage.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: On 14 January 2020, Matchroom Boxing promoter Eddie Hearn announced González would challenge the WBA (Regular) super-flyweight champion Kal Yafai on 29 February at the Ford Center at The Star in Frisco, Texas. The fight was on the undercard Mikey Garcia vs. Jessie Vargas welterweight main event.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: Despite having some success in the early rounds, Yafai was unable to fully capitalize on his bigger size and reach advantage, allowing González to get close and dictate the pace of the fight with his relentless pressure and bruising body shots. González' high work rate and body attacks began to take an early toll on the champion who became increasingly slower and fatigued, even losing his mouthpiece several times over the fight. In the seventh round González unloaded on a fatigued Yafai and a sweeping right hand knocked the champion off balance. Yafai finally fell to the canvas late in the eighth round from an accumulation of punches, but he got up to finish the final few seconds of the round on his feet. González quickly ended the fight in the ninth round after landing a huge overhand right that put Yafai on the floor for the second time. Referee Luis Pabon waved off the fight at the 0:29 mark, awarding González the WBA (Regular) title via ninth-round TKO. At the time of the stoppage González was ahead on all three judges' scorecards with 80–71, 77–74 and 78–73. He was later promoted to WBA (Super) champion, and said he plans on fighting the other champions at super flyweight to unify the titles.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: On 23 October 2020, Gonzalez faced mandatory challenger and WBA #3 ranked Israel Gonzalez. Gonzalez successfully defended his belt, by dominating through most of the fight and earning a unanimous decision victory, 118–110, 117-111 and 116–112.#


title: Román González (boxer)

text: On 13 March 2021, Gonzalez faced Juan Francisco Estrada, the WBC and The Ring super flyweight champion. This was the second time the pair had met, after their first fight in 2012 ended in a unanimous decision win for Gonzalez. Both fighters threw a lot of punches, with Compubox crediting both with 2,529 thrown punches combined, making it the busiest fight at 115 pounds the company has ever tracked. In a very close and thrilling fight, Gonzalez seemed to have narrowly outlanded Estrada. However, Estrada earned the split-decision victory having two judges score the fight in his favor, 117-111 and 115–113, while the third judge had it 115-113 for Gonzalez.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: Gonzalez was expected to face Juan Francisco Estrada in a trilogy bout in the main event of a DAZN broadcast card on 5 March 2022, at Pechanga Arena in San Diego, California. Estrada was forced to withdraw from the fight due to a positive COVID-19 test and was replaced by the WBC flyweight champion Julio Cesar Martinez, who stepped in on a six-weeks notice. Gonzalez won the fight by unanimous decision, with the judges scoring the fight 118–110, 117–111 and 116–112 all in favor of Gonzalez.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: On 3 September 2022, it was announced that Gonzalez would face Juan Francisco Estrada for the third time in his professional career on 3 December. The bout headlined a DAZN broadcast card, which took place at the Desert Diamond Arena in Glendale, Arizona. Gonzalez lost the fight by majority decision, with scores of 114–114. 115–113 and 116–112.


title: Román González (boxer)

text: González is divorced, has two children and lives in Managua, Nicaragua. He has stated that although he fights for honour and glory, the main reason is to provide for his family. He is a practicing Christian and a publicly open supporter of the FSLN political group in Nicaragua.


title: Dos Hombres

text: Dos Hombres is a mezcal company co-founded by "Breaking Bad" co-stars Aaron Paul (Jesse Pinkman) and Bryan Cranston (Walter White) in 2019.


title: Dos Hombres

text: The name Dos Hombres comes from the Spanish dos (two) and hombres (men), thus "Two men." Cranston and Paul describe themselves as "two guys on a quest"—hence the name Dos Hombres.


title: Dos Hombres

text: In June 2021, Constellation Brands took a minority stake in Dos Hombres. The company made the investment through its venture capital group. Dos Hombres will continue to be independently owned and operated.


title: Dos Hombres

text: The company produces artisanal mezcal which is distilled in small batches and does not use modern technology. Dos Hombres is produced in San Luis del Río in Oaxaca Mexico and production is led by Gregorio Velasco.


title: Papiss Cissé

text: Papiss Demba Cissé (; born 3 June 1985) is a Senegalese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Ligue 2 club Amiens. He formerly played for the Senegal national football team.


title: Papiss Cissé

text: Formerly of SC Freiburg, he once held the record of most goals scored by an African player in a single Bundesliga campaign – 22 in the 2010–11 season. That same season, Cissé won the EFFIFU award for being the most efficient striker in the league.


title: Papiss Cissé

text: A full international since 2009, Cissé earned over 30 caps for Senegal and played for the country at the 2012 and 2015 Africa Cup of Nations.


title: Papiss Cissé

text: Cissé began his career with Génération Foot and Douanes Dakar before transferring to the French side Metz in summer 2005. After only one month during the 2005–06 season, he left Metz and was loaned to French side Cherbourg. During the season, Cissé played 26 matches and scored 11 goals for the Normandy club. After the season, Cissé returned to Metz for a further two years before being loaned again to Châteauroux in January 2008 and before returning to Metz in July 2008 for a third stint.


title: Papiss Cissé

text: Cissé signed for German Bundesliga side SC Freiburg on 28 December 2009 for a fee of €1.62 million. He initially became a transfer target for Freiburg in the summer of 2009 after he scored a goal and assisted on another in a 2–1 friendly win for Metz over the club. However, a transfer fee could not be agreed upon at the time. Hannover 96 also expressed interest in the player. In his first partial season at Freiburg, Cissé appeared in 16 matches, scoring six goals.


title: Papiss Cissé

text: During the 2010–11 Bundesliga season, which was his first full season with Freiburg, Cissé was ranked second in the league in terms of goals scored, only behind Mario Gómez of Bayern Munich, who scored 28. Cissé also set a club and league record; his 22 goals during the course of the season set the single-season goal record by a Freiburg player, as well as setting a new record for the most goals scored by an African in a single Bundesliga season. The record was previously held by Tony Yeboah, who scored 20 goals with Eintracht Frankfurt in 1992–93. That same season, Cissé won the EFFIFU award for being the most efficient striker in the league.


title: Papiss Cissé

text: On 21 January 2012, Cissé signed for Newcastle United on a five-and-a-half-year deal for an estimated fee in the region of £9.3 million, linking up with fellow Senegal striker Demba Ba in the process. He was subsequently handed the number 9 shirt, formerly worn by Newcastle legend Alan Shearer. On 5 February, Cissé made his debut for Newcastle in the 2–1 league win against Aston Villa at St James' Park. He replaced the injured Leon Best in the 14th minute before scoring the winning goal in the 71st minute with a breath-taking volley, chesting it before volleying with his left into the top left corner of the net. On 11 February, he made his first start for the club in the 5–0 away league defeat against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane. On 25 February, he scored in the sixth minute in a 2–2 home draw against Wolverhampton Wanderers. On 25 March, he scored two first-half goals in Newcastle's 1–3 league victory against West Bromwich Albion at The Hawthorns, but he was denied a hat-trick early in the second half by a save by West Brom goalkeeper Ben Foster. Cissé's brace against West Brom made him the quickest player since Les Ferdinand to hit the five-goal mark for Newcastle.


title: Papiss Cissé

text: Cissé scored his sixth and seventh goals, against Liverpool, in a 2–0 home win. He scored a third consecutive brace at Liberty Stadium in a 2–0 away win against Swansea City on 6 April, bringing his tally to nine goals in eight matches. This made him Newcastle's most prolific goals per-game goalscorer of all-time, ahead of Hughie Gallacher. On 9 April, he scored his tenth goal in nine matches for Newcastle against Bolton Wanderers in a 2–0 home win. On 21 April, Cissé scored his 11th goal in ten matches during a 3–0 win against Stoke City. He then managed to score his 12th and 13th Premier League goals in a 2–0 win against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge on 2 May 2012, the second of which he curled the ball with the outside of his foot from 37 yards out. Cissé described the goal as the best of his career, and was subsequently chosen as the BBC's Goal of the Season. At the end of his first half season with Newcastle, he was known for his consistent goalscoring, with astonishing goals firing the North East club into a fifth place spot in the table.


title: Papiss Cissé

text: On 4 July 2012, it was reported that Newcastle had blocked an offer from the Senegalese Football Federation for Cissé to play for Senegal at 2012 Summer Olympics in London. The reason behind the decision was that Newcastle wanted their key striker fit for a tough season ahead, playing European football. Cissé scored his first goal in the 2012–13 season with a header in the League Cup against Manchester United. He scored Newcastle's third goal in their Europa League defeat of Bordeaux on 4 October 2012, Newcastle's 100th match in European competition. He scored his first Premier League goal of the season in a 2–1 win over West Bromwich Albion on 28 October 2012, as a shot taken by Sammy Ameobi deflected off Cissé and into the net. The striker's scoring was scarce throughout the opening four months of the season, only scoring his second league goal of the season on 28 November, a 2–1 away defeat to Stoke City.


title: Papiss Cissé

text: Cissé started against Everton alongside Shola Ameobi and scored a header in the second minute in a 2–1 defeat on 2 January 2013. Cissé scored a spectacular 25-yard volley in Newcastle's 4–2 win over Southampton on 24 February, helping the club come from behind to secure a crucial victory over fellow relegation strugglers. Cissé scored an injury time winner at home to Stoke City on 10 March, sending Newcastle into 13th place. On 14 March, in the second leg Europa League Round of 16 tie at home to Anzhi Makhachkala, Cissé headed in a 94th-minute winner as Newcastle progressed to the quarter-finals with a 1–0 aggregate victory.


title: Papiss Cissé

text: Cissé also scored the first goal in a 3–1 loss away to Benfica in the first leg of Newcastle's Europa League quarter-final tie on 4 April. Three days later, he scored an injury time winner in a 1–0 victory over Fulham, causing him to jump into the crowd and sent manager Alan Pardew, in celebration, running in also. Cissé scored his fourth goal of the Europa League campaign in a 1–1 home draw with Benfica, but it was not enough to see Newcastle into the semi-finals of the competition as they fell 4–2 on aggregate.


title: Papiss Cissé

text: On 25 September 2013, Cissé opened his account for the 2013–14 season in a 2–0 win for Newcastle against Leeds United in the third round of the Football League Cup. Cissé scored his first Premier League goal of the season in a 5–1 home rout of Stoke City on Boxing Day, converting a late penalty.


title: Papiss Cissé

text: On 22 March 2014, he scored a last-minute winner to claim all three points for Newcastle in a 1–0 victory at home to Crystal Palace, only his second league goal of the season. Cissé's season finished on 19 April against Swansea City as he limped off in the 21st minute. It was revealed by Newcastle that Cissé had broken his kneecap and that he had undergone surgery on the injury.


title: Papiss Cissé

text: After breaking his knee cap against Swansea in April 2014, Cissé returned to France to recover from his injury. In June, it was revealed that Cissé would return from his injury earlier than expected and would return to Newcastle for pre-season training along with the rest of the first-team squad. On 10 September 2014, Newcastle manager Alan Pardew confirmed that Cissé would return to the Newcastle squad for their home match against Hull City on 20 September.


title: Papiss Cissé

text: Cissé made his return from injury against Hull on 20 September, replacing Emmanuel Rivière in the second half, and scoring both goals for Newcastle as they came back from two goals down to rescue a 2–2 draw. Cissé celebrated both goals by lifting up his jersey to reveal a message dedicated to team-mate Jonás Gutiérrez, who recently revealed that he had been diagnosed with testicular cancer. Two weeks later, another brace by Cissé earned Newcastle an identical result at Swansea City. On 5 December, he came on as a substitute for Rémy Cabella and scored both of Newcastle's goals as they defeated leaders Chelsea 2–1, inflicting on their opponents a first defeat of the season. After scoring a penalty on Boxing Day in the 3–1 loss at Manchester United, Cissé scored again. In the next match, scoring the equaliser in a 3–2 victory over Everton on 28 December, taking his tally to nine league goals in just 14 matches. During the match, however, he intentionally thrust his elbow into Séamus Coleman's face during a corner. Cissé was charged with dangerous conduct and banned for three matches by the FA. After returning from the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations, Cissé scored a header against Crystal Palace, his tenth league goal of the season, on 11 February. On 28 February, he scored his 11th goal of the season against Aston Villa with a goal just outside the six-yard box.


title: Papiss Cissé

text: On 7 March 2015, Cissé was handed a six-match ban by the FA after a spitting incident with Manchester United defender Jonny Evans, and one more for elbowing Everton's Séamus Coleman. All together, it was a seven-match ban. Cissé returned to the team as a second-half substitute in Newcastle's 1–1 draw with West Brom on 9 May.


title: Papiss Cissé

text: Cissé started the first match of the season at home against Southampton, scoring after chesting the ball in from close range to make the score 1–1. Despite scoring, however, he was substituted for new signing Aleksandar Mitrović, who had recently joined from Anderlecht. The match finished in a 2–2 draw. On 28 November 2015, he opened the scoring in an eventual 5–1 loss to Crystal Palace. Cissé's final goal for the club came in a 2–2 draw against Liverpool, on 23 April 2016.


title: Papiss Cissé

text: On 9 July 2016, it was announced that Cissé had joined Chinese Super League club Shandong Luneng for an undisclosed fee. He scored on his second appearance for the club, in an eventual 4–1 win over Hangzhou Greentown.


title: Papiss Cissé

text: On 31 August 2018, he has signed with Alanyaspor of the Turkish Süper Lig. He made his debut against Göztepe on 1 September 2018 and he scored his first goal against Kasımpaşa on 23 September 2018 and in the same game he scored one more goal and Alanyaspor won the game 2–1.


title: Papiss Cissé

text: On 28 April 2019, Cissé was involved in a coach crash which killed Alanyaspor team mate Josef Šural. Cissé escaped with minor injuries.


title: Papiss Cissé

text: Cissé made his international debut for Senegal on 12 August 2009, in a friendly away to Congo DR, scoring two goals as Senegal emerged victorious 2–1. Cissé scored a hat-trick in his fourth appearance for the national side, as Senegal ran away to a 7–0 victory over Mauritius on 9 October 2010 in a qualifying match for the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations. Cissé also captained the Senegal team from 2012 to 2013. Cissé's most recent Senegalese goal was against Botswana in November 2014, his 16th international goal.


title: Papiss Cissé

text: Cissé is a practicing Muslim, and when celebrating a goal he often performs the Sujud. He along with other Muslim Newcastle players Cheick Tiote, Demba Ba and Hatem Ben Arfa allegedly objected to Newcastle United's shirt-sponsorship deal with high-interest loans company Wonga as Islam generally forbids promoting usury or financial exploitation. Following the publication of a photograph showing Cissé at a gaming table at Aspers Casino in Newcastle, it was announced that the matter had been resolved, with Cissé agreeing to wear the shirt featuring the logo of the loan company.


title: Trevor Zegras

text: Trevor Zegras ( ; born March 20, 2001) is an American professional ice hockey center for the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected by the Ducks, ninth overall, in the 2019 NHL Entry Draft. Zegras played college hockey at Boston University.


title: Trevor Zegras

text: Zegras was born on March 20, 2001, in Bedford, New York to parents of Greek descent Gary and Julie. He began skating at the age of three and played in the Rising Stars youth program alongside his cousins. Growing up, he was a fan of the New York Rangers but studied and emulated Patrick Kane of the Chicago Blackhawks.


title: Trevor Zegras

text: Growing up in New York, Zegras played bantam major hockey with the Mid Fairfield Rangers. As a freshman, he played one season for Fox Lane High School before joining the Avon Old Farms school's Winged Beavers of the Founders League (USHS). During his tenure with the Winged Beavers from 2016 to 2017, Zegras also recorded 18 goals and 24 assists for 42 points. As a sophomore at Avon Old Farms, Zegras attended the USA Hockey National Team Development Program's (USNTDP) Top 40 tryout and qualified for the team.


title: Trevor Zegras

text: Zegras joined the USNTDP under 17 team for their 2017–18 season in the United States Hockey League (USHL), where he recorded 20 goals and 39 assists for 59 points. Following this, he joined their U18 team in 2018–19 where he earned 87 points, including 61 assists. As a result of his play in the USHL, Zegras was drafted in the first round, ninth overall, by the Anaheim Ducks at the 2019 NHL Entry Draft. In spite of his draft selection, Zegras kept his commitment to play NCAA Division I ice hockey for Boston University.


title: Trevor Zegras

text: Zegras played for the Boston University Terriers men's ice hockey team for the 2019–20 NCAA season. He competed with the Terriers in 33 games where he finished tied for third among Division I freshmen in points with 36. At the conclusion of his freshman season, Zegras was named to the Hockey East Third Team All-Star, selected to Hockey East All-Rookie Team, and named a finalist for Hockey East Rookie of the Year.


title: Trevor Zegras

text: Zegras officially concluded his collegiate career on March 27, 2020, by signing a three-year entry-level contract with the Ducks. Following the signing, Zegras was re-assigned to their American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the San Diego Gulls, to play out the remainder of the 2020–21 season. On February 5, 2021, Zegras made his professional debut with Gulls and had one goal and two assists in a 4–1 win over the Bakersfield Condors. He was eventually recalled to the NHL level in late February and subsequently made his NHL debut against the Arizona Coyotes on February 22. A few games later, on March 18, 2021, Zegras scored his first NHL goal against Adin Hill of the Arizona Coyotes in a 3–2 overtime win. During the same game, fellow rookie Jamie Drysdale also scored, making the teammates the youngest in NHL history to each score their first NHL goals less than 2:30 apart. He finished the season with 13 points through 24 games, with six points coming in his final six regular-season games.


title: Trevor Zegras

text: Zegras was eventually returned to the AHL in April to aid in his development and transition to the professional league. When speaking of the re-assignment, executive Vice President and General Manager Bob Murray stated: "He's ahead of our scheduled progression, and as a result, we are moving him to center ice effective immediately. He will need some experience in the AHL first, but our expectation is that he will be back with us in the near future and play center for the Ducks for years to come." Upon returning to the AHL, Zegras made the transition from left wing to center which resulted in an increased offensive output.


title: Trevor Zegras

text: During training camp prior to the 2021–22 season, Zegras continued to play the role of center and was named to their opening night roster. Zegras quickly became a mainstay on the Ducks lineup while playing alongside Sonny Milano and Rickard Rakell. On December 7, 2021, Zegras made a never seen before lacrosse-style assist to Sonny Milano in a game against the Buffalo Sabres. By December, he had scored 22 points through 27 games to rank second amongst league rookies in scoring while also averaging 17:00 in ice time. As a result of his play, Zegras was one of four Ducks players on the NHL All-Star Game fan vote ballot. He was named the NHL Rookie of the Month for December 2021 after recording 11 points in nine games. Although Zegras was not nominated for the 2022 All-Star Game, he was later named a special guest, participating in the Breakaway Challenge. Zegras finished his first full season with 23 goals and 38 assists, and was named a finalist for the Calder Memorial Trophy, awarded to the NHL's rookie of the year; the award went to Moritz Seider. In August 2022, Zegras was named the cover athlete for NHL 23 alongside Sarah Nurse.


title: Trevor Zegras

text: On January 5, 2021, Zegras, representing the United States at the 2021 IIHF World Junior Championships won the gold medal over Canada 2–0, and scored 1 goal and recorded 1 assist during the game. He was named World Juniors MVP after scoring 7 goals and recording 11 assists during the tournament, which he also led in scoring. He also tied the Team USA points record held by Jordan Schroeder.


title: 2022 African Nations Championship

text: The 2022 African Nations Championship, known as CHAN 2022 for short and/or the TotalEnergies African Nations Championship for sponsorship purposes, will be the 7th edition of the biennial association football tournament organized by the Confederation of African Football (CAF), featuring national teams consisting of players currently playing in their respective local leagues. This edition of the tournament will be held in Algeria between 13 January and 4 February 2023.


title: 2022 African Nations Championship

text: Originally scheduled from 10 July to 1 August 2022, CAF rescheduled the tournament to January 2023 following an announcement at an executive committee meeting held on 10 September 2020 via video conferencing, citing the postponement of the 2020 African Nations Championship to 2021 and the 2021 Africa Cup of Nations to 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa as well as the already-scheduled 2022 FIFA World Cup in November–December 2022.


title: 2022 African Nations Championship

text: Algeria were officially named as hosts of the 2022 edition on 29 September 2018 at an executive committee meeting held on 10 September 2020 in Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt.


title: 2022 African Nations Championship

text: The qualification procedures were unveiled at the CAF headquarters in Cairo, Egypt on 26 May 2022 with the qualification itself scheduled to run from 22 July to 04 September 2022.


title: 2022 African Nations Championship

text: This edition of the tournament were confirmed by the Algerian Football Federation 1 August 2020 to be held in four venues at four cities across host nation Algeria: Algiers, Oran, Constantine and Annaba.


title: 2022 African Nations Championship

text: The draw of the final tournament was held on 1 October 2022, 18:00 WET (), at Boualem Bessaiah Opera House in Algiers, Algeria.


title: 2022 African Nations Championship

text: The 18 teams will be drawn into three groups of four teams and two groups of three teams. The hosts Algeria will be seeded in Group A (A1), whilst the defending champions Morocco will be seeded in Group C (C1). The remaining teams were seeded based on their results in the four most recent final tournaments: 2014 (multiplied by 1), 2016 (multiplied by 2), 2018 (multiplied by 3), 2020 (multiplied by 4):


title: 2022 African Nations Championship

text: The top two teams of each group of four teams advance to the quarter-finals. The top team of each group of three do the same.


title: 2022 African Nations Championship

text: In the knockout stage, extra time and a penalty shoot-out are used to decide the winners if necessary.


title: The Fratellis

text: The Fratellis are a Scottish rock band from Glasgow, formed in 2005. The band consists of three unrelated members, who perform under pseudonyms: lead vocalist and guitarist Jon Fratelli, bassist Barry Fratelli, and drummer Mince Fratelli. Their singles "Chelsea Dagger" and "Whistle for the Choir" were both top ten hits in the UK charts.


title: The Fratellis

text: The band's name came from the criminal family in "The Goonies" and received their first radio playing in 2005, on central Scotland's Beat 106 (later XFM Scotland, now Capital Scotland) Beatscene show hosted by Jim Gellatly. They were signed by Fallout Records after less than 10 shows. The band formed after the band members placed adverts in record stores around Glasgow, originally forming as a four-piece with Mince on lead guitar and a drummer called Chris who was soon fired.


title: The Fratellis

text: They played their first "proper" show on 4 March 2005 in the O'Henry's bar in Glasgow across the road from the Horseshoe bar. "The Fratellis EP" was released on 3 April 2006, featuring the tracks "Stacie Anne" and "The Gutterati?". "Creepin' Up the Backstairs" was never a single released by the band, even though a video was made for it. The first single released by the band was "Henrietta", which was released on 12 June 2006 and charted at number 19 on the UK Charts.


title: The Fratellis

text: "Costello Music" was the debut album for the Fratellis and was released on 11 September 2006. It charted at number two in the UK album charts for three weeks. The success of the album led to the Fratellis winning the Brit Award for British Breakthrough Act in 2007, an award that was voted for by BBC Radio One listeners.


title: The Fratellis

text: The Fratellis supported Kasabian in December 2006 on their UK tour before playing 10 dates by themselves in February and March 2007. The tour of the UK festival circuit, playing at Glastonbury and headlining at festivals such as NME's Rock 'n' Riot tour, OXEGEN 2007 and T in the Park 2007, amongst others. They also opened for The Police Reunion Tour in the summer of 2007 in some of the North America dates. The Fratellis also recorded some cover songs during the year including "All Along the Watchtower" for Radio 1's 40th Anniversary Double Album, "", and "Solid Gold Easy Action" for the soundtrack of the film "Hot Fuzz", which also included the single "Baby Fratelli".


title: The Fratellis

text: The band released their first live DVD, "Edgy In Brixton", in the UK on 1 October 2007, which was recorded at the Brixton Academy in London. The DVD includes performances in Nottingham, Manchester, Glasgow, Birmingham and London. Following the release of the album, the Fratellis embarked on a full live performance of the debut album "Costello Music", B-sides from various singles and a new song called "Pretty Like a Girl". Extras on the DVD include the band being asked questions by members of the Fratellis' website, and on the deluxe edition, . It was released in the United States on 30 October 2007.


title: The Fratellis

text: The band's filmed on 18 June 2008 at the Fillmore, San Francisco; performances of "Milk and Money", "Flathead" and "Mistress Mabel" from Abbey Road Studios and the videos for second album, "Here We Stand", was first mentioned in November 2007 on the Fratellis' official website, which stated that work had begun on the album in a rehearsal space in Glasgow. The band said that they were self-producing the album and had their own studio to record in. Recording finished on 13 January 2008.


title: The Fratellis

text: On 22 February 2008, they played a highlights from the T in the Park 2007 festival small show for fans at Queen Margaret Union to debut new songs from the upcoming album. About eight new going towards the Teenage Cancer Trust. The third single was "A Heady Tale", released on 22 December. The Fratellis released a deluxe edition of "Here We Stand" internationally songs from their new album were played, including "Mistress Mabel", "Acid Jazz Singer", and "Look Out Sunshine!". This performance introduced two new touring members, a guitarist, Robin Peringer and a keyboard player, Will Foster (ex. Delicatessen, Lodger, and The Tears). However, after the Teenage Cancer Trust show in 2008, Robin departed the tour for unknown reasons. Will Foster subsequently played both keyboard and guitar during live performances.


title: The Fratellis

text: The album, was released on 9 June 2008 in the UK and 10 June 2008 in the United States. The band marked the US release of the album with sold-out shows in New York City, Boston, and Los Angeles. The first single from the album,"Mistress Mabel", was released on 26 May 2008. The next single, "Look Out Sunshine!", released on 18 August 2008 and with money on 8 December. The CD included a new song titled "Moriarty's Last Stand" and the accompanying DVD which features "The Year of the Thief" (a documentary of the band on the road in the US), a live show, and the singles "Mistress Mabel" and "Look Out Sunshine!".


title: The Fratellis

text: During 2009, the band did a mini-tour of Australia and Japan during February and March. The Fratellis headlined the Island Records 50th anniversary show on 27 May 2009 where they debuted their new track to be included on the "Island 50: 50 Years of Island Records" which was Bob Marley's "Stir It Up". The band also headlined the Hop Farm Festival 2009 on 4 July, with a gig at the Middlesbrough Empire on 3 July to prepare for the upcoming headline slot. After the Hop Farm show in 2009, the band took an extended break citing exhaustion and relationships within the band turning sour after a series of prolonged touring and working together.


title: The Fratellis

text: The Fratellis played their first show since 2009 to raise money for the Eilidh Brown Memorial Fund on 15 June 2012, marking nearly 3 years since they last shared a stage together. They then performed at O2 ABC Glasgow on 26 September 2012 and announced a UK tour in April 2013. During the UK tour, 3 more songs were debuted live; "She's Not Gone Yet But She's Leaving", "Seven Nights Seven Days" and "Whiskey Saga". The band went on to perform dates in Oxford, Leicester and Sheffield with another date at Loopallu festival, forming a small September tour. During the tour, the band debuted 2 new tracks, "This Old Ghost Town" (previously played by and mainland Europe.


title: The Fratellis

text: On 4 February 2013, the Fratellis finished recording their third album, which was to be called "We Need Medicine" with a release date of 7 October 2013. "Seven Nights Seven Days" was released as a single on 29 September. The album was recorded in Glasgow with Jon Fratelli and Stuart McCredie on production duties.


title: The Fratellis

text: The band saw out 2013 with a successful tour of the US, UK "Need Medicine" album campaign with two shows in Russia in September 2014. In 2014, the band played festivals across the world, returning to the US, UK and Europe and also headed over to Japan before finishing the "We Need Medicine" tour.


title: The Fratellis

text: During Christmas break 2013, the band started writing new material, and two of the songs debuted live in 2014. "Too Much Wine" was played on the early 2014 US tour, with "All the Live Long Day" (later to be known as "Impostors (Little By Little)") turning up later on. The band released a brand new EP in September 2014 called "The Soul Crush EP", which was released for free on their website. Upon releasing "The Soul Crush EP" in 2014, the band stated they would be heading to LA to record their fourth album, with Barry confirming on Twitter it was once again with Tony Hoffer (Beck, Air), producer-architect of both their debut album and of Jon's solo album "Psycho Jukebox".


title: The Fratellis

text: News stayed quiet until 1 June 2015, when the band announced their new album would be called "Eyes Wide, Tongue Tied" and would be released through Cooking Vinyl on 21 August 2015. The band revealed the first song from the album "Me and the Devil" through their website, and later announced the first single "Baby Don't You Lie To Me" on 29 June. Both tracks were made available as instant downloads with your pre-order of the album.


title: The Fratellis

text: In late 2016, the Fratellis launched a UK-wide tour to mark the 10-year anniversary of "Costello Music", playing 16 shows through November and December.


title: The Fratellis

text: In 2017, the band headlined posts since 30 April, the band confirmed on Instagram that they were in Los Angeles to record their fifth album with Tony Hoffer once again producing.


title: The Fratellis

text: On 29 September 2017 the band announced the Vicar's Picnic music festival 14–15 July, as well as the Lindisfarne Festival, which ran 31 August to 3 September.


title: The Fratellis

text: On 8 May, after hinting through several fifth studio album, "In Your Own Sweet Time" which was released on 16 March 2018 and followed by with a UK concert tour in March 2018. The album was released on CD, LP, limited edition orange LP and cassette. They also toured the U.S. in late Spring 2018 and early Summer.


title: The Fratellis

text: After speaking with fans after his solo shows in February 2019, Jon stated that the band were heading to LA in April/May to record their sixth album, once again with Tony Hoffer. On 9 May, the band posted a photo on their social media accounts with the caption "#6". Jon had stated that the band intended to take most of 2019 off after having an extremely busy 2018, with only a few Fratellis shows played along with two of his own shows for his solo album "Bright Night Flowers", which he released in February 2019.


title: The Fratellis

text: The band then emerged in January 2020, teasing news at the start of the year. This was followed by the announcement on 23 January that their sixth studio album would be titled "Half Drunk Under a Full Moon" would be released on 8 May 2020, alongside a full UK and US tour in April and June respectively. However, due to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, the band announced on 8 April that their UK tour would be postponed to October, and on 23 April that the album release would be delayed until 30 October. On 18 May, they announced that their North American tour would be postponed until January 2021. The first song to be released from the album was "Six Days In June".


title: The Fratellis

text: During the band downtime, Jon went on to form a new band with singer/songwriter Lou Hickey called Codeine Velvet Club. He released a self-titled album with the band in December 2009 and toured during late 2009 and early 2010. The band came to a finish and he decided to become a solo artist. He released his debut solo album, "Psycho Jukebox" in 2010 and intended to release a second, titled "Bright Night Flowers" in 2012 but this was shelved due to the Fratellis reuniting.


title: The Fratellis

text: Barry initially stated that he was starting his own musical project and would let Fratellis fans know about it via the Fratellis website. He didn't let fans know his musical ventures until November 2011, where he revealed he had joined Birmingham band the Twang, who he played with until August 2012 when he rejoined the Fratellis. He is also a regular on the DJ circuit, and still DJs now when he can.


title: The Fratellis

text: Mince initially joined a heavy metal band called Throne o' Diablo, before leaving the band for unknown reasons. He would go on to join Jon's solo band as a second drummer, backing vocalist and occasional guitarist during live shows for his "Psycho Jukebox" tour.


title: The Fratellis

text: After the recording of "In Your Own Sweet Time", Jon had quietly re-recorded his shelved 2012 solo album "Bright Night Flowers" and after the main bulk of touring was finished for "In Your Own Sweet Time", Jon announced his solo album would be released in February 2019, supported with two shows in London and Glasgow. His first solo shows in 6 years featured nearly the entirety of "Bright Night Flowers" with only one song from his previous solo album showing up along with Fratellis' favourites "Whistle for the Choir" and "Laughing Gas" in rearranged forms and a series of covers.


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky (; ; 24 May 1940 – 28 January 1996) was a Russian and American poet and essayist.


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: Born in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg), USSR in 1940, Brodsky ran afoul of Soviet authorities and was expelled ("strongly advised" to emigrate) from the Soviet Union in 1972, settling in the United States with the help of W. H. Auden and other supporters. He taught thereafter at Mount Holyoke College, and at universities including Yale, Columbia, Cambridge, and Michigan.


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: Brodsky was awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize in Literature "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity". He was appointed United States Poet Laureate in 1991.


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: According to Professor Andrey Ranchin of Moscow State University: "Brodsky is the only modern Russian poet whose body of work has already been awarded the honorary title of a canonized classic... Brodsky's literary canonization is an exceptional phenomenon. No other contemporary Russian writer has been honored as the hero of such a number of memoir texts; no other has had so many conferences devoted to them."


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: Daniel Murphy, in his seminal text "Christianity and Modern European Literature", includes Brodsky among the most influential Christian poets of the twentieth century, along with TS Eliot, Osip Mandelstam, Anna Akhmatova (Brodsky's mentor for a time), and WH Auden (who sponsored Brodsky's cause in the USA). Irene Steckler was the first to categorically state that Brodsky was "unquestionably a Christian poet". But, before that, in July 1972, following his exile, Brodsky himself, in an interview, said: "While I am related to the Old Testament perhaps by ancestry, and certainly the spirit of justice, I consider myself a Christian. Not a good one but I try to be." The contemporary Russian poet and fellow-Acmeist, Viktor Krivulin, has said that "Brodsky always felt his Jewishness as a religious thing, despite the fact that, when all is said and done, he's a Christian poet."


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: Brodsky was born into a Russian Jewish family in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg). A descendant of a prominent and ancient rabbinic family, Schorr (Shor) his direct male-line ancestor was Joseph ben Isaac Bekhor Shor. His father, Aleksandr Brodsky, was a professional photographer in the Soviet Navy, and his mother, Maria Volpert Brodskaya, a professional interpreter whose work often helped to support the family. They lived in communal apartments, in poverty, marginalized by their Jewish status. In early childhood, Brodsky survived the Siege of Leningrad where he and his parents nearly died of starvation; one aunt did die of hunger. He later suffered from various health problems caused by the siege. Brodsky commented that many of his teachers were anti-Semitic and that he felt like a dissident from an early age. He noted "I began to despise Lenin, even when I was in the first grade, not so much because of his political philosophy or practice ... but because of his omnipresent images."


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: As a young student, Brodsky was "an unruly child" known for his misbehavior during classes. At fifteen, Brodsky left school and tried to enter the School of Submariners without success. He went on to work as a milling machine operator. Later, having decided to become a physician, he worked at the morgue at the Kresty Prison, cutting and sewing bodies. He subsequently held a variety of jobs in hospitals, in a ship's boiler room, and on geological expeditions. At the same time, Brodsky engaged in a program of self-education. He learned Polish so he could translate the works of Polish poets such as Czesław Miłosz, and English so that he could translate John Donne. On the way, he acquired a deep interest in classical philosophy, religion, mythology, and English and American poetry.


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: In 1955, Brodsky began writing his own poetry and producing literary translations. He circulated them in secret, and some were published by the underground journal, "Sintaksis" ("Syntax"). His writings were apolitical. By 1958 he was already well known in literary circles for his poems "The Jewish cemetery near Leningrad" and "Pilgrims". Asked when he first felt called to poetry, he recollected, "In 1959, in Yakutsk, when walking in that terrible city, I went into a bookstore. I snagged a copy of poems by Baratynsky. I had nothing to read. So I read that book and finally understood what I had to do in life. Or got very excited, at least. So in a way, Evgeny Abramovich Baratynsky is sort of responsible." His friend, Ludmila Shtern, recalled working with Brodsky on an irrigation project in his "geological period" (working as a geologist's assistant): "We bounced around the Leningrad Province examining kilometers of canals, checking their embankments, which looked terrible. They were falling down, coming apart, had all sorts of strange things growing in them... It was during these trips, however, that I was privileged to hear the poems "The Hills" and "You Will Gallop in the Dark". Brodsky read them aloud to me between two train cars as we were going towards Tikhvin."


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: In 1960, the young Brodsky met Anna Akhmatova, one of the leading poets of the silver age. She encouraged his work, and would go on to become his mentor. In 1962, in Leningrad, Anna Akhmatova introduced him to the artist Marina Basmanova, a young painter from an established artistic family who was drawing Akhmatova's portrait. The two started a relationship; however, Brodsky's then close friend and fellow poet, Dmitri Bobyshev, was in love with Basmanova. As Bobyshev began to pursue the woman, immediately, the authorities began to pursue Brodsky; Bobyshev was widely held responsible for denouncing him. Brodsky dedicated much love poetry to Marina Basmanova:


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: In 1963, Brodsky's poetry was denounced by a Leningrad newspaper as "pornographic and anti-Soviet". His papers were confiscated, he was interrogated, twice put in a mental institution and then arrested. He was charged with social parasitism by the Soviet authorities in a trial in 1964, finding that his series of odd jobs and role as a poet were not a sufficient contribution to society. They called him "a pseudo-poet in velveteen trousers" who failed to fulfill his "constitutional duty to work honestly for the good of the motherland". The trial judge asked, "Who has recognized you as a poet? Who has enrolled you in the ranks of poets?" – "No one", Brodsky replied, "Who enrolled me in the ranks of the human race?"


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: For his "parasitism" Brodsky was sentenced to five years hard labor and served 18 months on a farm in the village of Norenskaya, in the Archangelsk region, 350 miles from Leningrad. He rented his own small cottage, and although it was without plumbing or central heating, having one's own, private space was taken to be a great luxury at the time. Basmanova, Bobyshev, and Brodsky's mother, among others, visited. He wrote on his typewriter, chopped wood, hauled manure, and at night read his anthologies of English and American poetry, including a lot of W. H. Auden and Robert Frost. Brodsky's close friend and biographer Lev Loseff writes that while confinement in the mental hospital and the trial were miserable experiences, the 18 months in the Arctic were among the best times of Brodsky's life. Brodsky's mentor, Anna Akhmatova, laughed at the KGB's shortsightedness. "What a biography they're fashioning for our red-haired friend!", she said. "It's as if he'd hired them to do it on purpose."


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: Brodsky's sentence was commuted in 1965 after protests by prominent Soviet and foreign cultural figures (see - Alexandra Raskina. "Frida Vigdorova's Transcript of Joseph Brodsky's Trial: Myths and Reality", Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography, 7 (2014), 144–180), including Evgeny Evtushenko, Dmitri Shostakovich, and Jean-Paul Sartre as well as Akhmatova. Brodsky became a cause célèbre in the West also, when a secret transcription of trial minutes was smuggled out of the country, making him a symbol of artistic resistance in a totalitarian society, much like his mentor, Akhmatova.


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: His son, Andrei, was born on 8 October 1967, and Basmanova broke off the relationship. Andrei was registered under Basmanova's surname because Brodsky did not want his son to suffer from the political attacks that he endured. Marina Basmanova was threatened by the Soviet authorities, which prevented her from marrying Brodsky or joining him when he was exiled from the country. After the birth of their son, Brodsky continued to dedicate love poetry to Basmanova. In 1989, Brodsky wrote his last poem to "M.B.", describing himself remembering their life in Leningrad:


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: Brodsky returned to Leningrad in December 1965 and continued to write over the next seven years, many of his works being translated into German, French, and English and published abroad. "Verses and Poems" was published by Inter-Language Literary Associates in Washington in 1965, "Elegy to John Donne and Other Poems" was published in London in 1967 by Longmans Green, and "A Stop in the Desert" was issued in 1970 by Chekhov Publishing in New York. Only four of his poems were published in Leningrad anthologies in 1966 and 1967, most of his work appearing outside the Soviet Union or circulated in secret (samizdat) until 1987. Persecuted for his poetry and his Jewish heritage, he was denied permission to travel. In 1972, while Brodsky was being considered for exile, the authorities consulted mental health expert Andrei Snezhnevsky, a key proponent of the notorious pseudo-medical diagnosis of "paranoid reformist delusion". This political tool allowed the state to lock up dissenters in psychiatric institutions indefinitely. Without examining him personally, Snezhnevsky diagnosed Brodsky as having "sluggishly progressing schizophrenia", concluding that he was "not a valuable person at all and may be let go". In 1971, Brodsky was invited twice to emigrate to Israel. When called to the Ministry of the Interior in 1972 and asked why he had not accepted, he stated that he wished to stay in the country. Within ten days officials broke into his apartment, took his papers, and on 4 June 1972, put him on a plane for Vienna, Austria. He never returned to Russia and never saw Basmanova again. Brodsky later wrote "The Last Judgement is the Last Judgement, but a human being who spent his life in Russia, has to be, without any hesitation, placed into Paradise."


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: In Austria, he met Carl Ray Proffer and Auden, who facilitated Brodsky's transit to the United States and proved influential to Brodsky's career. Proffer, of the University of Michigan and one of the co-founders of Ardis Publishers, became Brodsky's Russian publisher from this point on. Recalling his landing in Vienna, Brodsky commented,


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: I knew I was leaving my country for good, but for where, I had no idea whatsoever. One thing which was quite clear was that I didn't want to go to Israel... I never even believed that they'd allow me to go. I never believed they would put me on a plane, and when they did I didn't know whether the plane would go east or west... I didn't want to be hounded by what was left of the Soviet Security Service in England. So I came to the States.


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: Although the poet was invited back after the fall of the Soviet Union, Brodsky never returned to his country.


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: After a short stay in Vienna, Brodsky settled in Ann Arbor, with the help of poets Auden and Proffer, and became poet-in-residence at the University of Michigan for a year. Brodsky went on to become a visiting professor at Queens College (1973–74), Smith College, Columbia University, and Cambridge University, later returning to the University of Michigan (1974–80). He was the Andrew Mellon Professor of Literature and Five College Professor of Literature at Mount Holyoke College, brought there by poet and historian Peter Viereck. In 1978, Brodsky was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Letters at Yale University, and on 23 May 1979, he was inducted as a member of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. He moved to New York's Greenwich Village in 1980 and in 1981 received the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation "genius" award. He was also a recipient of The International Center in New York Award of Excellence. In 1986, his collection of essays, "Less Than One", won the National Book Critics Award for Criticism and he was given an honorary doctorate of literature from Oxford University.


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: In 1987, he won the Nobel Prize for Literature, the fifth Russian-born writer to do so. In an interview he was asked: "You are an American citizen who is receiving the Prize for Russian-language poetry. Who are you, an American or a Russian?" "I'm Jewish; a Russian poet, an English essayist – and, of course, an American citizen", he responded. The Academy stated that they had awarded the prize for his "all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity". It also called his writing "rich and intensely vital", characterized by "great breadth in time and space". It was "a big step for me, a small step for mankind", he joked. The prize coincided with the first legal publication in Russia of Brodsky's poetry as an exilé.


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: In 1991, Brodsky became Poet Laureate of the United States. The Librarian of Congress said that Brodsky had "the open-ended interest of American life that immigrants have. This is a reminder that so much of American creativity is from people not born in America." His inauguration address was printed in "Poetry Review". Brodsky held an honorary degree from the University of Silesia in Poland and was an honorary member of the International Academy of Science. In 1995, Gleb Uspensky, a senior editor at the Russian publishing house, Vagrius, asked Brodsky to return to Russia for a tour, but he could not agree. For the last ten years of his life, Brodsky was under considerable pressure from those that regarded him as a "fortune maker". He was a greatly honored professor, was on first name terms with the heads of many large publishing houses, and connected to the significant figures of American literary life. His friend Ludmila Shtern wrote that many Russian intellectuals in both Russia and America assumed his influence was unlimited, that a nod from him could secure them a book contract, a teaching post or a grant, that it was in his gift to assure a glittering career. A helping hand or a rejection of a petition for help could create a storm in Russian literary circles, which Shtern suggests became very personal at times. His position as a lauded émigré and Nobel Prize winner won him enemies and stoked resentment, the politics of which, she writes, made him feel "deathly tired" of it all toward the end.


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: In 1990, while teaching literature in France, Brodsky married a young student, Maria Sozzani, who has a Russian-Italian background; they had one daughter, Anna Brodsky, born in 1993.


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: Marina Basmanova lived in fear of the Soviet authorities until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991; only after this was their son Andrei Basmanov allowed to join his father in New York. In the 1990s, Brodsky invited Andrei to visit him in New York for three months and they maintained a father-son relationship until Brodsky's death. Andrei married in the 1990s and had three children, all of whom were recognized and supported by Brodsky as his grandchildren; Marina Basmanova, Andrei, and Brodsky's grandchildren all live in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Andrei gave readings of his father's poetry in a documentary about Brodsky. The film contains Brodsky's poems dedicated to Marina Basmanova and written between 1961 and 1982.


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: Brodsky died of a heart attack aged 55, at his apartment in Brooklyn Heights, a neighborhood of Brooklyn, a borough of New York City, on 28 January 1996. He had had open-heart surgery in 1979 and later two bypass operations, remaining in frail health following that time. He was buried in a non-Catholic section of the Isola di San Michele cemetery in Venice, Italy, also the resting place of Ezra Pound and Igor Stravinsky. In 1997, a plaque was placed on his former house in St. Petersburg, with his portrait in relief and the words "In this house from 1940 to 1972 lived the great Russian poet, Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky". Brodsky's close friend, the Nobel laureate Derek Walcott, memorialized him in his collection "The Prodigal", in 2004.


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: Brodsky is perhaps most known for his poetry collections, "A Part of Speech" (1977) and "To Urania" (1988), and the essay collection, "Less Than One" (1986), which won the National Book Critics Circle Award. Other notable works include the play, "Marbles" (1989), and "Watermark" (1992), a prose meditation on Venice. Throughout his career he wrote in Russian and English, self-translating and working with eminent poet-translators.


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: In his introduction to Brodsky's "Selected Poems" (New York and Harmondsworth, 1973), W. H. Auden described Brodsky as a traditionalist lyric poet fascinated by "encounters with nature, ... reflections upon the human condition, death, and the meaning of existence". He drew on wide-ranging themes, from Mexican and Caribbean literature to Roman poetry, mixing "the physical and the metaphysical, place and ideas about place, now and the past and the future". Critic Dinah Birch suggests that Brodsky's " first volume of poetry in English, "Joseph Brodsky: Selected Poems (1973)", shows that although his strength was a distinctive kind of dry, meditative soliloquy, he was immensely versatile and technically accomplished in a number of forms."


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: "To Urania: Selected Poems 1965–1985" collected translations of older work with new work written during his American exile and reflect on themes of memory, home, and loss. His two essay collections consist of critical studies of such poets as Osip Mandelshtam, W. H. Auden, Thomas Hardy, Rainer Maria Rilke and Robert Frost, sketches of his own life, and those of contemporaries such as Akhmatova, Nadezhda Mandelshtam, and Stephen Spender.


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: A recurring theme in Brodsky's writing is the relationship between the poet and society. In particular, Brodsky emphasized the power of literature to affect its audience positively and to develop the language and culture in which it is situated. He suggested that the Western literary tradition was in part responsible for the world having overcome the catastrophes of the twentieth century, such as Nazism, Communism, and two World Wars. During his term as Poet Laureate, Brodsky promoted the idea of bringing the Anglo-American poetic heritage to a wider American audience by distributing free poetry anthologies to the public through a government-sponsored program. Librarian of Congress James Billington wrote,


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: Joseph had difficulty understanding why poetry did not draw the large audiences in the United States that it did in Russia. He was proud of becoming an American citizen in 1977 (the Soviets having made him stateless upon his expulsion in 1972) and valued the freedoms that life in the United States provided. But he regarded poetry as "language's highest degree of maturity", and wanted everyone to be susceptible to it. As Poet Laureate, he suggested that inexpensive anthologies of the best American poets be made available in hotels and airports, hospitals and supermarkets. He thought that people who are restless or fearful or lonely or weary might pick up poetry and discover unexpectedly that others had experienced these emotions before and had used them to celebrate life rather than escape from it. Joseph's idea was picked up, and thousands of such books have in fact been placed where people may come across them out of need or curiosity.


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: This passion for promoting the seriousness and importance of poetry comes through in Brodsky's opening remarks as the U.S. Poet Laureate in October 1991. He said, "By failing to read or listen to poets, society dooms itself to inferior modes of articulation, those of the politician, the salesman or the charlatan. ... In other words, it forfeits its own evolutionary potential. For what distinguishes us from the rest of the animal kingdom is precisely the gift of speech. ... Poetry is not a form of entertainment and in a certain sense not even a form of art, but it is our anthropological, genetic goal, our evolutionary, linguistic beacon." This sentiment is echoed throughout his work. In interview with Sven Birkerts in 1979, Brodsky reflected:


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: In the works of the better poets you get the sensation that they're not talking to people any more, or to some seraphical creature. What they're doing is simply talking back to the language itself, as beauty, sensuality, wisdom, irony, those aspects of language of which the poet is a clear mirror. Poetry is not an art or a branch of art, it's something more. If what distinguishes us from other species is speech, then poetry, which is the supreme linguistic operation, is our anthropological, indeed genetic, goal. Anyone who regards poetry as an entertainment, as "a read", commits an anthropological crime, in the first place, against himself.


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: He was the favored protégé of the great lady of Petersburg, Anna Akhmatova, and to hear him read her poems in Russian in the Library of Congress was an experience to make one's hair stand on end even if one did not understand the Russian language. Joseph Brodsky was the embodiment of the hopes not only of Anna Akhmatova, the last of the great Petersburg poets from the beginning of the century, but also Nadezhda Mandelstam, the widow of another great martyred poet Osip Mandelstam. Both of them saw Joseph as part of the guiding light that might some day lead Russia back to her own deep roots.


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: Brodsky also was deeply influenced by the English metaphysical poets from John Donne to Auden. Many works were dedicated to other writers such as Tomas Venclova, Octavio Paz, Robert Lowell, Derek Walcott, and Benedetta Craveri.


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: Brodsky's work is seen to have been vitally enhanced by the work of renowned translators. "A Part of Speech" (New York and Oxford, 1980), his second major collection in English, includes translations by Anthony Hecht, Howard Moss, Derek Walcott, and Richard Wilbur. Critic and poet Henri Cole notes that Brodsky's "own translations have been criticized for turgidness, lacking a native sense of musicality."


title: Joseph Brodsky

text: The 2011 contemporary classical album Troika includes Eskender Bekmambetov's critically acclaimed, song cycle "there ...", set to five of Joseph's Brodsky's Russian-language poems and his own translations of the poems into English. Victoria Poleva wrote "Summer music" (2008), a chamber cantata based on the verses by Brodsky for violin solo, children choir and Strings and "Ars moriendi" (1983–2012), 22 monologues about death for soprano and piano (two monologues based on the verses by Brodsky ("Song" and "Empty circle").


title: Starcrawler

text: Starcrawler is an American rock band from Los Angeles, formed in 2015. The band consists of lead singer Arrow de Wilde, guitarist Henri Cash, bassist Tim Franco and drummer Seth Carolina, pedal steel/guitar player Bill Cash. They have released three studio albums: "Starcrawler" (2018), "Devour You" (2019) and "She Said" (2022).


title: Starcrawler

text: Starcrawler lead singer Arrow de Wilde and guitarist Henri Cash both attended Los Angeles' Grand Arts High School. De Wilde is the child of photographer Autumn de Wilde and drummer Aaron Sperske.