title: Jo Dee Messina

text: Jo Dee Marie Messina was born on August 25, 1970, in Framingham, Massachusetts, to Vincent and Mary Messina. Her father, of Italian descent, and mother, of Irish descent, raised her in Holliston, Massachusetts, alongside sisters, Terese and Marianne, and a brother, Vincent. At an early age, Messina's love for music blossomed. She drew influence from a variety of country music artists, including Patsy Cline, Reba McEntire, and The Judds. By age 16, she was playing local clubs, singing while her brother and sister provided backup on drums and guitar. The group continued performing until Jo Dee graduated from high school.


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: Realizing that living in the Northeast would limit her chances of achieving country music stardom, Messina moved to Nashville, Tennessee, at age 19. She worked various temporary jobs, including computer programming and accounting, while entering talent contests around Nashville.


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: One win led to a regular gig on the radio show "Live at Libby's", which caught the interest of producer Byron Gallimore, who helped her assemble a demonstration tape. Gallimore was also working with the young Tim McGraw around the same time, and Messina befriended him. Backstage at one of his concerts, McGraw met an executive from his label, Curb Records, and jokingly suggested that they needed a redhead. With the help of fellow Curb producer James Stroud, Messina was soon signed to the record label. Gallimore and McGraw later became co-producers of Messina's studio albums for Curb.


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: Messina released her self-titled debut album in 1996. It spawned two top-10 hits, starting with the lead single, "Heads Carolina, Tails California", which peaked at number two on the country charts and its follow-up, "You're Not in Kansas Anymore" gained similar success.


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: However, the two additional singles released from the album, "Do You Wanna Make Something of It" and "He'd Never Seen Julie Cry" peaked outside the country top 40 and were minor hits between 1996 and 1997. Following her major success, Messina performed 215 shows in 1996 and became one of the most successful new female vocalists of the 1990s. Her debut album sold over 500,000 copies and was certified gold by the RIAA.


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: Messina's finances suffered due to a series of poor business decisions and a change of management that led her to nearly declaring bankruptcy; she nearly lost her home and her car. She spent nearly a year trying to write new songs and material for a new album that could help bring herself out of bankruptcy. She credited the radio success of "Bye, Bye" and "I'm Alright" with giving her a "second chance".


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: Messina released her second album in 1998, "I'm Alright". The album spawned three number-one hit singles on the Billboard Country Chart that year: "Bye, Bye";


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: "I'm Alright"; and "Stand Beside Me", all three of which charted on the "Billboard" Hot 100, as well. The fourth single, "Lesson in Leavin", was a cover of Dottie West's 1980 number-one country hit. The song peaked at number two for seven weeks. In 1999, she had another top-10 hit from the album, "Because You Love Me", which peaked at number eight on the "Billboard" Country Chart.


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: In 2000, Messina received the Country Music Association's Horizon Award, which is awarded to new country music artists. She also won the "Billboard" "Most Played Female at Country Radio", and won three major awards from the Boston Music Awards, located in her home state of Massachusetts.


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: Messina's album became her biggest-selling album to date, selling over two million copies in the US, receiving an RIAA certification of double platinum. She released her third studio album, "Burn" in 2000, which aimed towards country pop-styled music. The album's lead single, "That's the Way" peaked at number one on the "Billboard" Country Chart and also became her highest-charting single on the "Billboard" Hot 100, peaking at number 25. Following that success, she had two additional top-10 hits with "Burn" and "Downtime".


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: Messina had another number-one hit from the album in 2001 with "Bring On the Rain", a duet with Tim McGraw that also became a top-10 hit on the Adult Contemporary Chart, peaking at number six. In addition to headlining concerts, she also toured with Vince Gill, George Strait, and The Judds' reunion tour.


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: Messina released her first holiday album in 2002 with "A Joyful Noise". The title track was released as a single and peaked at number 16 on the adult contemporary chart in 2003. The album consisted of remakes of established holiday songs.


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: Messina planned to release a new album in 2003, but a "Greatest Hits" album was released, instead, due to delays. The album covered most of Messina's hits between 1996 and 2003, and also included four new songs, including two that were released as singles. The first, "Was That My Life", peaked in the top 25 and the second, "I Wish", became a top-15 hit. The album was also certified gold by RIAA.


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: In 2005, Messina released her first country music studio album since 2000, "Delicious Surprise". It peaked at number one on the "Billboard" Top Country Albums chart and number 9 on "Billboard 200". It sold over 500,000 copies and became her fourth album to receive an RIAA gold certification. The lead single, "My Give a Damn's Busted" (co-written by country music star Joe Diffie), peaked at number one on the "Billboard" Country Chart and became Messina's first number-one single since 2001. The three follow-up singles - "Delicious Surprise (I Believe It)" "Not Going Down," and "It's Too Late To Worry" - were minor top-40 hits on the "Billboard" country chart between 2005 and 2006.


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: Messina released a new single in July 2007, "Biker Chick", from her fifth studio album, "Unmistakable." It was written by Kelly Archer and Max T. Barnes and was recorded in the fall of 2006 in Nashville.


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: Although the album was set for release on November 6, 2007, it was shelved, and the single was dropped from country radio after spending 9 weeks on the charts, rising to a peak of number 48.


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: On March 22, 2008, Messina released her second single from "Unmistakable", titled "I'm Done". The single peaked at number 34 on the "Billboard" Country Chart. Messina, who co-wrote the song, explained that the release of the album was "truly dictated by the success of the single."


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: On June 10, 2008, Messina and Phil Vassar opened the 2008 CMA Music Festival, where she performed her two number-one hits, "Bye, Bye" and "I'm Alright", both co-written by Vassar.


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: She performed her latest single, "I'm Done", which received a positive reaction from the audience that day. In early 2009, she released "Shine", but at the last minute, her record label decided not to release it, and the album was pushed back again.


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: In January 2010, Messina released the single, "That's God", although it failed to chart. Messina began debuting the single in late 2009 on her Music Room Series tour. "My heart is exploding with excitement. This song is truly what I want to say. I believe in it and its message." Having had her first child in January 2009, Messina was inspired to write the song while spending time with her son on a trip to Jasper, Canada, where she saw mountains with glacier lakes. The single received a negative review at Engine 145, where critic Sam Gadzidak thought that it was derivative of Lee Ann Womack's "There Is a God".


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: She later announced that the album would be released in a trilogy of extended plays, beginning with "", released on April 27, 2010. It was followed by two additional extended plays, "Drive" and "Inspiration", both released on November 9, 2010, in MP3 format.


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: In 2011, Messina signed to promote the WD-40 line of cleaners with a campaign called "Unmistakably Clean". A collection of her songs is available for free download with the purchase of specially marked Spot Shot, Carpet Fresh, 2000 Flushes, or X-14.


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: In 2012, Messina was featured on the fourth season of Bravo's hit reality show "The Real Housewives of Atlanta". On the show, Messina and cast member Kandi Burruss collaboratively wrote a song, Burruss' first effort at creating country music. In December 2012, she completed her 17-year contract with Curb Records.


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: In May 2013, Messina started a Kickstarter campaign to fund her next album. The lead single, "Peace Sign", was released on August 23, 2013, by Dreambound Records. The full-length album, "Me", was released on March 18, 2014, featuring 12 new songs. "A Woman's Rant" and "He's Messed Up" were released in 2014 as the second and third singles from the album, respectively, and Messina embarked on the Me Tour in support of the album in October 2014.


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: Messina has been performing new self-penned songs "Will You Love Me" and "Masquerade" at shows since 2015. While Messina anticipated that they would be a part of a new EP, entitled "Masquerade", she has since reassessed the direction of her music and is continuing to write new material, mostly faith-based in an effort to share God's word, for an eventual project.


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: In April 2018, Messina appeared on "Huckabee" on Trinity Broadcasting Network, to debut her new song, written by Messina with producer Seth Mosley, "Bigger Than This". The song caught the attention of the country music and Christian music industries, giving Messina the opportunity to bring new tracks to existing fans, while also introducing herself into an entirely new space. To follow up her faith-based, original song, Messina released her own version of Cory Asbury's award-winning "Reckless Love" to country and Christian radio.


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: Messina became involved with the Special Olympics after stumbling across an event while jogging. She has become an ambassador and performs at Special Olympics events to increase attendance.


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: In 2004, Messina was engaged to road manager Don Muzquiz, but then broke off the engagement. However, the two remained in a business relationship. On June 22, 2007, Messina announced her engagement to businessman Chris Deffenbaugh from New Mexico. They were married in Nashville in late 2007.


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: A son, Noah Roger Deffenbaugh, was born on January 19, 2009. On January 11, 2012, they welcomed another son, Jonah Christopher Deffenbaugh.


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: On September 6, 2017, Jo Dee Messina's team revealed she had been diagnosed with an unspecified cancer. All 2017 tour dates after October 7 were postponed as she underwent treatments in the fall. She resumed touring in March 2018 and continues to add tour dates to her website regularly. She successfully recovered from the cancer diagnosis and resumed touring in 2022.


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Messina has been nominated twice.


title: Jo Dee Messina

text: In addition to her two Grammy Award nominations, Messina has also won an Academy of Country Music Award, a Billboard Magazine Award, three Boston Music Awards, and a Country Music Association Award.


title: Annabel Lee

text: "Annabel Lee" is the last complete poem composed by American author Edgar Allan Poe. Like many of Poe's poems, it explores the theme of the death of a beautiful woman. The narrator, who fell in love with Annabel Lee when they were young, has a love for her so strong that even angels are envious. He retains his love for her even after her death. There has been debate over who, if anyone, was the inspiration for "Annabel Lee". Though many women have been suggested, Poe's wife Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe is one of the more credible candidates. Written in 1849, it was not published until shortly after Poe's death that same year.


title: Annabel Lee

text: The poem's narrator describes his love for Annabel Lee, which began many years ago in a "kingdom by the sea". Though they were young, their love for one another burned with such intensity that even angels were envious. For this reason the narrator believes the seraphim caused her death. Even so, their love is strong enough that it extends beyond the grave and the narrator believes their two souls are still entwined. Every night, the narrator dreams of Annabel Lee and sees the brightness of her eyes in the stars. Every night the narrator lies down by her side in her tomb by the sea.


title: Annabel Lee

text: Like many other Poe poems including "The Raven", "Ulalume", and "To One in Paradise", "Annabel Lee" follows the theme of the death of a beautiful woman, which Poe called "the most poetical topic in the world". Like women in many other works by Poe, she marries young and is struck with illness. The poem focuses on an ideal love which is unusually strong. In fact, the narrator's actions show that he not only loves Annabel Lee, but he worships her, something he can only do after her death. The narrator admits that he and Annabel Lee were children when they fell in love, but his explanation that angels murdered her is in itself childish, suggesting he has failed to mature since then. His repetition of this assertion suggests he is trying to rationalize his own excessive feelings of loss.


title: Annabel Lee

text: Unlike "The Raven", in which the narrator believes he will "nevermore" be reunited with his love, "Annabel Lee" says the two will be together again, as not even demons "can ever dissever" their souls.


title: Annabel Lee

text: "Annabel Lee" consists of six stanzas, three with six lines, one with seven, and two with eight, with the rhyme pattern differing slightly in each one. Though it is not technically a ballad, Poe referred to it as one. Like a ballad, the poem uses repetition of words and phrases purposely to create its mournful effect. The name Annabel Lee emphasizes the letter "L", a frequent device in Poe's female characters such as "Eulalie", "Lenore", and "Ulalume".


title: Annabel Lee

text: The Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore, Maryland has identified 11 versions of "Annabel Lee" that were published between 1849 and 1850. The biggest variation is in the final line:


title: Annabel Lee

text: It is unclear on whom the eponymous character Annabel Lee is based. Biographers and critics usually suggest Poe's frequent use of the "death of a beautiful woman" theme stems from the repeated loss of women throughout his own life, including his mother Eliza Poe and his foster mother Frances Allan. Biographers often interpret that "Annabel Lee" was written for Poe's wife Virginia, who had died two years prior, as was suggested by poet Frances Sargent Osgood, though Osgood is herself a candidate for the poem's inspiration. A strong case can be made for Poe's wife Virginia: She was the one he loved as a child, the only one who had been his bride, and the only one who had died. Autobiographical readings of the poem have also been used to support the theory that Virginia and Poe never consummated their marriage, as "Annabel Lee" was a "maiden". Critics, including T. O. Mabbott, believed that Annabel Lee was merely the product of Poe's gloomy imagination and that Annabel Lee was no real person in particular. A childhood sweetheart of Poe's named Sarah Elmira Royster believed the poem was written with her in mind and that Poe himself said so. Sarah Helen Whitman and Sarah Anna Lewis also claimed to have inspired the poem.


title: Annabel Lee

text: Local legend in Charleston, South Carolina tells the story of a sailor who met a woman named Annabel Lee. Her father disapproved of the pairing and the two met privately in a graveyard before the sailor's time stationed in Charleston was up. While away, he heard of Annabel's death from yellow fever, but her father would not allow him at the funeral. Because he did not know her exact burial location, he instead kept vigil in the cemetery where they had often secretly met. There is no evidence that Edgar Allan Poe had heard of this legend, but locals insist it was his inspiration, especially considering Poe was briefly stationed in Charleston while in the army in 1827.


title: Annabel Lee

text: "Annabel Lee" was probably composed in May 1849. Poe took steps to ensure that the poem would be seen in print. He gave a copy to Rufus Wilmot Griswold, his literary executor and personal rival, gave another copy to John Thompson to repay a $5 debt, and sold a copy to "Sartain's Union Magazine" for publication. Though "Sartain's" was the first authorized printing in January 1850, Griswold was the first to publish it on October 9, 1849, two days after Poe's death as part of his obituary of Poe in the Horace Greeley newspaper the "New-York Daily Tribune". Thompson had it published in the "Southern Literary Messenger" in November 1849.


title: Annabel Lee

text: "Annabel Lee" was an inspiration for Vladimir Nabokov, especially for his novel "Lolita" (1955), in which the narrator, as a child, falls in love with the terminally ill Annabel Leigh "in a princedom by the sea". Originally, Nabokov titled the novel "The Kingdom by the Sea". Nabokov later used this as the title of the Lolita "doppelganger novel" in "Look at the Harlequins!".


title: Nature Boy

text: "Nature Boy" is a song first recorded by American jazz singer Nat King Cole. It was released on March 29, 1948, as a single by Capitol Records, and later appeared on the album, "The Nat King Cole Story". It was written by eden ahbez as a tribute to Bill Pester, who practiced the Naturmensch and Lebensreform philosophies adopted by ahbez. The lyrics of the song relate to a 1940s Los Angeles-based group called "Nature Boys", a subculture of proto-hippies of which ahbez was a member.


title: Nature Boy

text: "Nature Boy" was released during the American Federation of Musicians (AFM) ban of 1948. It reached the top of the "Billboard" music charts and sold over a million copies, helping to establish Cole's solo career, and introducing him to the white music market. "Nature Boy" was the subject of lawsuits, with Yiddish composer Herman Yablokoff claiming that it was plagiarized from his song "" (, "Be Still My Heart"). Eventually, ahbez and Yablokoff settled out of court. In 1999, the song was awarded the Grammy Hall of Fame Award.


title: Nature Boy

text: Following Cole's success, rival record companies released cover versions of "Nature Boy" by other artists including Frank Sinatra and Sarah Vaughan, which were also successful. It ultimately became a pop and jazz standard, with many artists interpreting the song, including Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga, who recorded it for their collaborative album, "Cheek to Cheek" (2014). It was also used in numerous films like "The Boy with Green Hair", "The Talented Mr. Ripley", and the 2001 musical "Moulin Rouge!", for which singer David Bowie recorded a version.


title: Nature Boy

text: In 1941, a 33-year-old George McGrew arrived in Los Angeles and began playing piano in the Eutropheon, a small health food store and raw food restaurant on Laurel Canyon Boulevard. The café was owned by John and Vera Richter, who followed a (nature person) and (life reform) philosophy influenced by the (Wandering Bird) movement in Germany. Their followers, known as "Nature Boys", wore long hair and beards and ate only raw fruits and vegetables. McGrew adopted the philosophy and chose the name "eden ahbez", writing and spelling his name with lower-case letters. It was there, while living in a cave near Palm Springs, that ahbez wrote "Nature Boy". Partly autobiographical, the song was a tribute to his mentor Bill Pester, who had originally introduced him to and ".


title: Nature Boy

text: In 1947, at the prompting of Cowboy Jack Patton and Johnny Mercer, ahbez approached Nat King Cole's manager backstage at the Lincoln Theater in Los Angeles, handed him a tattered copy of "Nature Boy", and asked him to show it to Cole. However, his pleas were ignored and a disappointed ahbez left the sheet music of "Nature Boy" with Cole's valet, Otis Pollard. From him, Cole learned of the song and loved it. Cole began playing "Nature Boy" for live audiences, and received much acclaim. Irving Berlin, who was present during one of the performances, offered to buy the track from Cole, but Cole decided to record it himself. He needed permission from ahbez, however, before releasing it as a single, but he was unable to find the songwriter since ahbez had disappeared without providing any contact details. After ahbez was discovered living under the Hollywood Sign, Cole got his permission and recorded the song on August 22, 1947, featuring an orchestra conducted by Frank De Vol, who used strings and flute as instrumentation to capture the "enchanting" aspects of the song.


title: Nature Boy

text: Cole's recording, which took place on August 22, 1947, featured an orchestra conducted by Frank De Vol—the in-house arranger of Capitol Records. He used strings and flute as instrumentation in the song, to capture the "enchanting" vibe of the track. The first two measures of the song's melody parallel the melody of the second movement in composer Antonín Dvořák's "Piano Quintet No. 2" (1887). Written as a pop ballad, "Nature Boy" follows an "A,B" format, with the primary three notes descending on a minor triad above the pickup note. An ascending line over the diminished ii chord returns to the initial minor triad. The harmonic structure makes frequent use of the standard ii–V–I progression in the key of D minor. The second 4-bar section featured a chromatic descending line based on the lowering of the tonic (Dm–Dm–Dm–Dm). The same descending line then continues through Gm–Dm, then finally ending with a whole-step down to the G in the chord Em.


title: Nature Boy

text: Instrumentalist Chris Tyle noted that the lyrics are a musical self-portrait of ahbez, with the lines like "There was a boy, A very strange, enchanted boy, They say he wandered very far, Very far, over land and sea". But he believed that it was the song's last line that made it the most poignant: "The greatest thing you'll ever learn, Is just to love and be loved in return". Various interpretations of the line are given by academics, with the eponymous nature boy being a child, advising on love and relationship, or an adult hippie talking about his journey and inner-love. According to author Jeffery P. Dennis, the song presented a homo-romantic theme, with the eponymous nature boy visiting Cole on a "magic day" and explaining that "the greatest thing you'll ever learn, is just to love and be loved in return". Author Raymond Knapp described the track as a "mystically charged vagabond song" whose lyrics evoked an intense sense of loss and haplessness, with the final line delivering a universal truth, described by Knapp as "indestructible" and "salvaged somehow from the perilous journey of life".


title: Nature Boy

text: According to Joe Romersa, an engineer/drummer in Los Angeles, to whom ahbez bequeathed master tapes, photos, and final works, ahbez wanted a correction made to the lyrics saying "To be loved in return, is too much of a deal, and there's no deal in love.", and that instead it should read "The greatest thing you'll ever learn is to love and be loved, just to love, and be loved." Romersa has stated that, because these lyrics did not fit with the original ending melody, ahbez re-wrote it.


title: Nature Boy

text: In 1948, a second "Petrillo ban" on music recording was enforced by American Federation of Musicians (AFM) in response to the Taft–Hartley Act. Capitol Records, desperate to release recorded material to help sustain profitability during the strike, released "Nature Boy" as a single on March 29, 1948, with catalog number 15054. Crestview Music, which owned the publishing rights to Cole's songs, sold the rights for "Nature Boy" to Burke-Van Heusen, who acted as distributor and selling agent. The record debuted on the "Billboard" charts of April 16, 1948, and stayed there for 15 weeks, ultimately peaking at number one. It also reached a peak of number two on the R&B charts. "Nature Boy" went on to sell a million copies in 1948 and "Billboard" DJs listed it as the greatest record of the year, with the song accumulating a total of 743 points.


title: Nature Boy

text: The 1940s American music market was divided by race, and for a black artist to cross over to mainstream pop music was difficult. Author Krin Gabbard noted in his book, "Jammin' at the Margins: Jazz and the American Cinema", that Cole had to wear white makeup while filming for the performance of the song. Although he had come into prominence in 1940 as a leader of the jazz trio named King Cole Trio, it was with "Nature Boy" that he received widespread recognition, and it was his rendition that appealed to the white audience.


title: Nature Boy

text: Cole would later use the success of the song to disband the trio in order to pursue a solo recording career. He once described "Nature Boy" as one of his favorite recordings. The success of the song allowed ahbez to accumulate about US$20,000 ($ in dollars) in royalties. However, "Billboard" reported that ahbez kept only 50% of the royalty for himself, and distributed the rest among people who had helped bring the song into the limelight. About 25% was shared with Mrs. Loraine Tatum for helping him with the lyrics, and the rest with Pollard, for bringing the song to Cole's notice.


title: Nature Boy

text: "Nature Boy" has received wide acclaim from critics and contemporary reviewers. Author Ted Gioia noted in his book, "", that all the musicians "who had created the golden age of American popular song had their quirks and idiosyncrasies, but eden ahbez demands pride and place as the most eccentric of them all". He added that, along with promoting the hippie culture, with "Nature Boy", ahbez and Cole were able to introduce a new era for black artists in white popular music. In his book, "Sinatra! the Song is You: A Singer's Art", author Will Friedwald complimented Cole's version, saying that it had been the "startingly fresh" combination of the singer's vocals along with the string section, which had made "Nature Boy" a hit. Stephen Cook from AllMusic said that the song transformed Cole into "one of the most famous and beloved pop singing stars of the postwar years." "Billboard" noted that such was the popularity of the song that audiences would only stay in theaters to see Cole perform "Nature Boy", and leave once he finished. A 1975 poll by the magazine listed it as the "Greatest All-Round Record" as well as the "Favorite Pop Recording" of the previous years. In 1999, the song was awarded the Grammy Hall of Fame, a special Grammy Award established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least twenty-five years old and that have "qualitative or historical significance". Novelist Steve Erickson in "Los Angeles" magazine gave a detailed positive review of the song:


title: Nature Boy

text: "Nature Boy" is so otherworldly in its melody and lyric that any number of interpretations over the decades, from Nat Cole's to Alex Chilton's, have never been able to make it ordinary. It sounds like something that, from the minute it was written, existed out of time and place—all thousand and one Arabian Nights compressed into two and a half minutes as mediated by a cracked Mojave Debussy slugging down the last of the absinthe from his canteen.


title: Nature Boy

text: Yiddish theatre composer Herman Yablokoff claimed in his biography, "Memoirs of the Yiddish Stage", that the melody to "Nature Boy" was plagiarized from his song "Shvayg mayn harts" ("Hush My Heart"), which he wrote for his play "Papirosn" (1935). When met with a lawsuit in 1951 for the plagiarization, ahbez first proclaimed his innocence, and telephoned Yablokoff to explain that he "had heard the melody as if angels were singing it... in the California mountains. He offered me $10,000 to withdraw the suit. I said that the money was not important, but I wanted him to admit that the song was "geganvet" [stolen]; and if he heard angels, they must have bought a copy of my song." Eventually ahbez's lawyers offered to have an out-of-court settlement, offering $25,000 ($ in dollars) to Yablokoff, which he accepted. Freidwald remarked that "it struck no one as ironic that a song with message of love and peace should come to symbolize how cutthroat the pop music business was becoming".


title: Nature Boy

text: The success of "Nature Boy" soon led to the release of a number of cover versions of the track. However, due to the AFM ban, other record companies could not release full versions with strings, only a cappella tracks. Following Cole's version of "Nature Boy", the Dick Haymes recording was released by Decca Records as catalog number 24439. The record first appeared on the "Billboard" charts on June 4, 1948, and peaked at number 11.


title: Nature Boy

text: Frank Sinatra also recorded a musicianless version, which was his only recording during the ban. Sinatra's version of "Nature Boy" replaced the string sounds of the original recording with a choir conducted by Jeff Alexander, which, according to Friedwald, made the song sound like a Gregorian chant. The recording was released by Columbia Records as catalog number 38210. It debuted on the "Billboard" charts on May 28, 1948, and peaked at number seven. Sinatra later performed the song on the radio show, "Your Hit Parade", accompanied by a choir and orchestral arrangement. RCA Records planned to release versions by singers Perry Como and Bing Crosby, but they were subsequently cancelled due to the ban. Musicraft Records released Sarah Vaughan's a cappella version on April 8, 1948. It was a commercial success, selling 20,000 copies on the first day and peaking at number 11 on the "Billboard" chart. A parody named "Serutan Yob" was recorded by The Unnatural Seven, an offshoot of Red Ingle and his Natural Seven that did not include Ingle due to the 1948 AFM recording ban. "Serutan Yob" featured vocals from Karen Tedder and Los Angeles DJ Jim Hawthorne. It was released by Capitol with catalog number 15210, reached the "Billboard" charts on October 1, 1948, and stayed there for a total of four weeks, peaking at number 24.


title: Nature Boy

text: In 1955, Miles Davis recorded the song with Charles Mingus as bassist. The recording for the song was filled with tension due to an ongoing conflict between Davis and Mingus, resulting in a charged version of the song. They were assisted by Teddy Charles on vibraphone and Elvin Jones on drums. Another version was recorded by singer Bobby Darin, released in 1961 reached number 24 in the UK singles chart. A psychedelic rock version was recorded in 1965 by 1960s San Francisco rock band The Great Society, with lead vocals from singer Grace Slick, released on their 1968 post-breakup album "How it Was". Same year, Marvin Gaye recorded and released his version on the Cole tribute album, "A Tribute to the Great Nat "King" Cole". In 1969, Gandalf recorded a cover version released on their eponymous album.


title: Nature Boy

text: A version by George Benson reached number 26 in the UK singles chart in 1977 and in 1983 soul band Central Line reached number 21.


title: Nature Boy

text: Peggy Lee's version of "Nature Boy" was recorded in 1948, but released in 1995 as part of the compilation album, "Why Don't You Do Right? Peggy Lee, 1947–1948". Johnny Hartman made a 1972 recording that was included on Blue Note's 1995 album "For Trane". Abbey Lincoln recorded a version of the song for her 1995 album "A Turtle's Dream". Howard Reich from the "Chicago Tribune" was impressed with the cover saying that "the mood of reverie and awe [that Lincoln] expresses in 'Nature Boy' epitomize this album's haunting appeal."


title: Nature Boy

text: Natalie Cole, the daughter of Nat “King” Cole, paid tribute to her father by recording her version of “Nature Boy” for inclusion on an entire album of songs that had been, according to Alex Henderson from AllMusic, “major hits for him in the 1940s and early ‘50s.” That album, Natalie Cole's "Unforgettable... with Love", won several Grammy Awards in 1991 including Record of the Year and Album of the Year.


title: Nature Boy

text: Celine Dion performed the song as part of her "A New Day..." concert at Caesars Palace. The song appeared on her 2002 studio album, "A New Day Has Come", and on her 2004 live album, "A New Day... Live in Las Vegas". Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic said that the decision to include "Nature Boy" in "A New Day Has Come" was inspired by the song's appearance in Baz Luhrmann's musical, "Moulin Rouge!" (2001). With "Billboard", Dion expressed her feelings while recording the track: "This is the one I had the most kick out of in the studio. I could hear the pedal of the piano and the touch of the keys while I was singing. We were following each other, this is the real thing. This was such my pleasure." Initially strings and other instrumentation were added in post-production, but were later removed to maintain the simplicity of Cole's version.


title: Nature Boy

text: Aaron Neville's interpretation of the track was released in 2003 on his jazz standard album, titled "Nature Boy: The Jazz Album". That year in December, Harry Connick, Jr. released a holiday themed rendition of "Nature Boy", on his holiday album, "Harry for the Holidays". At the tenth season of "American Idol", contestant Casey Abrams presented a jazz version of the song, which was received with a standing ovation from the audience, but faced criticism from the media for the "strange" musical arrangements.


title: Nature Boy

text: Rick Astley covered this song for his sixth studio album "Portrait" in 2005. Unfortunately, Astley and Sony BMG were unhappy with the result so the album was poorly promoted, yet it managed to reach No 26 on the UK Albums Chart. Norwegian singer Aurora performed an acoustic version of the song during a live session in May 2015. Her cover was later included as a bonus track on the deluxe edition of her debut album "All My Demons Greeting Me as a Friend", released in 2016.


title: Nature Boy

text: After recording the jazz standard "The Lady Is a Tramp", American singer Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga began working on a collaborative jazz album, titled "Cheek to Cheek". The recording took place over a year in New York City, and featured jazz musicians associated with both artists. Bennett's quartet was present, including Mike Renzi, Gray Sargent, Harold Jones and Marshall Wood as well as pianist Tom Lanier. Along with Evans, jazz trumpeter Brian Newman, a long-time friend and colleague of Gaga, played on the album with his New York City based jazz quintet. Tenor saxophonist Joe Lovano and flautist Paul Horn were also enlisted as musicians. The songs were handpicked by Bennett and Gaga; they selected tracks from the Great American Songbook including "Nature Boy". It features instrumentation from flutes and drums, and has an orchestral arrangement. According to Kory Grow of "Rolling Stone", Gaga sings in a Liza Minnelli inspired voice with a breathy range, followed by Bennett complimenting her with the story of meeting the titular character.


title: Nature Boy

text: "Nature Boy" was released for streaming on Gaga's Vevo channel from September 16, 2014. Preceding the release, Gaga tweeted about the background of the song, about the death of flautist Horn, as well as about ahbez, saying "This composer was part of a sub-culture of nomadic hippies! We channeled our own Gypsy lives in this performance". Gil Kaufman from MTV News gave a positive review, saying that "This song sounds like what you imagine a smoky jazz club in 1940s New York would feel like." Grow praised it as "sublime", describing the track as a "loungier" version Gaga and Bennett's collaboration. Dave Lewis from HitFix believed that the "magic" of the song really happened once Bennett's vocals were heard, following Gaga's singing and the orchestration. Lewis said that "It's not exactly 'Do What You Want with My Body', but Gaga and Bennett generate a different kind of heat." Caroline Sullivan of "The Guardian" said that the song was "treated with the greatest delicacy". He praised the flute sounds and the contrast between Gaga's "vulnerable" vocals and Bennett's "assured" one. Alexa Camp from "Slant Magazine" gave a negative review, saying that her timbre in "Nature Boy" appeared inconsistent, "shifting from soft and almost pleasant to parodic and comical, often within just a few short bars." "Nature Boy" reached number 22 on the "Billboard" Jazz Digital Songs chart. In Russia, it peaked at number 259 on the official Tophit airplay chart.


title: Nature Boy

text: The song was a primary theme of the film score for "The Boy with Green Hair" (1948), for which the original version was used. The producers of the film reportedly paid $10,000 to ahbez for using the song, which was cumulatively more than what the author of the story, Betsy Beaton, was paid. A recording by Kate Ceberano was featured in the film "The Crossing" (1990). The tune and lyrics feature prominently in the film "Untamed Heart" (1993), for which Cole's version was used during the closing credits, while a piano version by Roger Williams served as the opener for the film. The song was also played in intermediate scenes featuring the principal cast.


title: Nature Boy

text: Miles Davis' recording of "Nature Boy" was used in the film "The Talented Mr. Ripley" (1999). In the book "Music, Movies, Meanings, and Markets: Cinemajazzamatazz", author Morris Holbrook described the song as a "nondiegetic performance", exemplifying the plot development and sexual tension in the scene featuring Matt Damon and Jude Law playing chess, naked, and later in a bathtub scene. The song is performed at a jazz club in the film "Angel Eyes", (2001). A version recorded by Jon Hassell on trumpet and Ronu Majumdar on flute is featured on the soundtrack. The writing of "Nature Boy" was the theme of a 2000 Canadian TV film of the same title, directed by Kari Skogland. Callum Keith Rennie played ahbez, writing the song for Cole, played by Terence Carson, after falling in love with a woman named Anna Jacobs, portrayed by Tanya Allen.


title: Nature Boy

text: The song was a central theme in Luhrmann's "Moulin Rouge!" "Nature Boy" was initially arranged as a techno song with singer David Bowie's vocals, before being sent to the group Massive Attack, whose remix was used in the film's closing credits. Bowie described the rendition as "slinky and mysterious", adding that Robert "3D" Del Naja from the group had "put together a riveting piece of work," and that Bowie was "totally pleased with the end result." Both Bowie's version and Massive Attack's remix appeared on the soundtrack. The version used in "Moulin Rouge!" was sung by John Leguizamo, as Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, during the introductory scenes, as well as by Ewan McGregor's character, Christian. Some of the film's premise was based on the lyrics, in particular the opening lines. The closing lyric, "The greatest thing you'll ever learn is just to love and be loved in return" is used throughout the film. While reviewing "Moulin Rouge!", Erickson noted that "[by] itself, ['Nature Boy'] redeems the wonderful idea behind Luhrmann's flawed but often wonderful movie."


title: Nature Boy

text: The song was performed by Rodrigo Santoro in the film "Heleno" (2012), during the radio interview when he asks if he could sing a song for his wife and son. Cole's version was again played at the start of Mike Tyson's one-man show, "Mike Tyson: Undisputed Truth", directed by Spike Lee that aired on HBO. On December 25, 2016, 20th Century Fox released a teaser trailer for the British-American science-fiction horror film, "", using a cover of "Nature Boy" by singer Aurora, as the background score. It was also used during the title credits of Netflix’s ‘The Andy Warhol Diaries’.


title: Turboshaft

text: A turboshaft engine is a form of gas turbine that is optimized to produce shaftpower rather than jet thrust. In concept, turboshaft engines are very similar to turbojets, with additional turbine expansion to extract heat energy from the exhaust and convert it into output shaft power. They are even more similar to turboprops, with only minor differences, and a single engine is often sold in both forms.


title: Turboshaft

text: Turboshaft engines are commonly used in applications that require a sustained high power output, high reliability, small size, and light weight. These include helicopters, auxiliary power units, boats and ships, tanks, hovercraft, and stationary equipment.


title: Turboshaft

text: A turboshaft engine may be made up of two major parts assemblies: the 'gas generator' and the 'power section'. The gas generator consists of the compressor, combustion chambers with ignitors and fuel nozzles, and one or more stages of turbine. The power section consists of additional stages of turbines, a gear reduction system, and the shaft output. The gas generator creates the hot expanding gases to drive the power section. Depending on the design, the engine accessories may be driven either by the gas generator or by the power section.


title: Turboshaft

text: In most designs, the gas generator and power section are mechanically separate so they can each rotate at different speeds appropriate for the conditions, referred to as a 'free power turbine'. A free power turbine can be an extremely useful design feature for vehicles, as it allows the design to forgo the weight and cost of complex multiple-ratio transmissions and clutches.


title: Turboshaft

text: An unusual example of the turboshaft principle is the Pratt & Whitney F135-PW-600 turbofan engine for the STOVL F-35B – in conventional mode it operates as a turbofan, but when powering the LiftFan, it switches partially to turboshaft mode to send 29,000 horsepower forward through a shaft and partially to turbofan mode to continue to send thrust to the main engine's fan and rear nozzle.


title: Turboshaft

text: Large helicopters use two or three turboshaft engines. The Mil Mi-26 uses two Lotarev D-136 at 11,400 hp each, while the Sikorsky CH-53E Super Stallion uses three General Electric T64 at 4,380 hp each.


title: Turboshaft

text: The first gas turbine engine considered for an armoured fighting vehicle, the GT 101 which was based on the BMW 003 turbojet, was tested in the Panther tank in mid-1944.


title: Turboshaft

text: The first turboshaft engine for rotorcraft was built by the French engine firm Turbomeca, led by its founder Joseph Szydlowski. In 1948, they built the first French-designed turbine engine, the 100-shp 782. Originally conceived as an auxiliary power unit, it was soon adapted to aircraft propulsion, and found a niche as a powerplant for turboshaft-driven helicopters in the 1950s. In 1950, Turbomeca used its work from the 782 to develop the larger 280-shp Artouste, which was widely used on the Aérospatiale Alouette II and other helicopters. This was following the experimental installation of a Boeing T50 turboshaft in an example of the Kaman K-225 synchropter on December 11, 1951, as the world's first-ever turboshaft-powered helicopter of any type to fly. The T-80 tank, which entered service with the Soviet Army in 1976, was the first tank to use a gas turbine as its main engine. Since 1980 the US Army has operated the M1 Abrams tank, which also has a gas turbine engine. (Most tanks use reciprocating piston diesel engines.) The Swedish Stridsvagn 103 was the first tank to utilize a gas turbine as a secondary, high-horsepower "sprint" engine to augment its primary piston engine's performance. The turboshaft engines used in all these tanks have considerably fewer parts than the piston engines they replace or supplement, mechanically are very reliable, produce reduced exterior noise, and run on virtually any fuel: petrol (gasoline), diesel fuel, and aviation fuels. However, turboshaft engines have significantly higher fuel consumption than the diesel engines that are used in the majority of modern main battle tanks.


title: Technotronic

text: Technotronic was a Belgian electronic music project formed in 1987 by Jo Bogaert, who originally gained popularity in Europe as a solo artist with various new beat projects, including Acts of Madmen and Nux Nemo. Together with rapper Manuela Kamosi, he produced the single "Pump Up the Jam", which was originally an instrumental released under the name The Pro 24s. Based on Farley Jackmaster Funk's "The Acid Life", this instrumental initially included vocal samples from Eddie Murphy's "Delirious" live set from 1983 and was months later replaced by newer music, along with lyrics from Kamosi (Ya Kid K) prior to the song's international release in September 1989. With Bogaert adopting the name Thomas De Quincey, a front for the act was put together (in a way similar to other Eurodance/Europop products like Black Box or Milli Vanilli), utilizing Congolese-born fashion model Felly Kilingi who was presented as the group's rapper, appearing on the single's cover art and in the music video.


title: Technotronic

text: The song became a worldwide success, eventually reaching No. 2 on both the US Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart in late 1989 and early 1990.


title: Technotronic

text: Also in 1989, Kamosi contributed vocals to the single "Spin That Wheel", produced by Bogaert under another pseudonym called Hi-Tek 3, with Ya Kid K fully credited as guest rapper. This original version was released by The Brothers Organisation in conjunction with Telstar Records UK in early 1990, and reached number 69 in the UK chart.


title: Technotronic

text: The success of the project's first single led to the release of "", which featured tracks by Ya Kid K and MC Eric. During 1990 the album would climb into the Top 10 of the "Billboard" 200 in the US and reached No. 2 in the UK Albums Chart. They also became an opening act for Madonna and had appearances on "Saturday Night Live", "The Arsenio Hall Show", and "It's Showtime at the Apollo". It was at this time that Ya Kid K became credited on Technotronic's singles as she was actual featured vocalist, though Felly still lip-synched the backing vocals in the video for "Get Up! (Before The Night Is Over)", a follow-up single which was a No. 7 hit in the US and a No. 2 hit in the UK.


title: Technotronic

text: The third UK Top 40 was "This Beat Is Technotronic" (US Dance No. 3, UK No. 14) and featuring MC Eric instead of Ya Kid K; though she was again the featured vocalist on fourth UK hit "Rockin' Over The Beat" (UK No. 9). This song also reached the Top 10 in many countries,


title: Technotronic

text: In September 1990, The Brothers Organisation reissued the Hi-Tek 3 single in conjunction with the "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" film which was coming out in cinemas in the United Kingdom in November 1990 (it had been released into movie theaters in the States, a few months before that). Now called "Spin That Wheel (Turtles Get Real)" with altered lyrics that took out references to drug use, the song reached number 15 in the UK chart, and can be found on the album "".


title: Technotronic

text: A megamix was released compiling many of Technotronic's previous hits. Released as a single, it peaked at No. 6 in the UK and No. 1 on the Eurochart Hot 100. The Megamix single also appeared on the remix album "", released in late 1990 by ARS and licensed to Telstar in the UK and SBK in the United States. "Trip on This" featured remixes of all the singles from "", a remix by David Morales of "Spin That Wheel", and the new song "Turn It Up" featuring vocals by Melissa Bell and "Another Monsterjam" rapper MC Einstein.


title: Technotronic

text: By 1991, Ya Kid K had left Technotronic to pursue a solo career, releasing the single "Awesome (You Are My Hero)" from the "" soundtrack in 1991, followed in 1992 by the solo album, "One World Nation". Neither was commercially successful.


title: Technotronic

text: "Turn It Up" failed to make an impact on the singles charts. Melissa and Einstein were soon replaced in Technotronic by new vocalist Reggie (Réjane Magloire). Reggie provided vocals to six tracks on 1991's "Body To Body", the group's second album, which also featured singer Riv and rapper Colt 45 on two tracks. Several singles were released in Europe, the UK and Australia, including "Move That Body", "Work" and "Money Makes The World Go Round" (featuring Reggie on vocals) during 1991 and 1992.


title: Technotronic

text: In 1992, the song "Move This" from "" (featuring vocals by Ya Kid K) became popular through its use in a Revlon television commercial, and became the group's third Top 10 hit in the United States, peaking at No. 6. With renewed interest in the "Pump Up The Jam" album, it was repackaged for the US market in 1992, retaining the original track listing but this time featuring Ya Kid K's face on the cover (not Felly's).


title: Technotronic

text: In 1993, a hits album was released, "The Greatest Hits". It included the new songs "Hey Yoh Here We Go" and "One + One", both featuring vocals from a returning Ya Kid K, alongside the radio versions of previous hit singles, and entirely new mixes of the tracks "Turn It Up" and "Voices". "Hey Yoh Here We Go" and "One + One" were released as singles in 1993 and 1994 respectively, to moderate success.


title: Technotronic

text: Continuing with Ya Kid K as frontwoman, Technotronic released the single "Move It to the Rhythm" in 1994 followed, in 1995, by the album "Recall" and the further singles "Recall" (featuring Ya Kid K), and "I Want You by My Side". Beside vocal contributions from Kamosi, the album also featured established dance singer Daisy Dee on two tracks, as well as male singer Black Diamond (who featured on the single "I Want You By My Side").


title: Technotronic

text: The remix EP "Pump Up The Jam – The '96 Sequel" was released in 1996. The same year, Kamosi collaborated with Robert Clivilles (founder of C+C Music Factory) on the track "Shake That Body" for his album "Robi Rob's Club World". The track was released as a single, credited as Robi Rob feat. Ya Kid K. The Technotronic single "Get Up – The '98 Sequel" as well as compilations "This Beat Is Technotronic (Hits & Mixes)" and "Pump Up The Hits" were both released in 1998.


title: Technotronic

text: Technotronic later returned in 1999 with new singles "G-Train" and "Like This", featuring male vocalist Monday Midnite. In 2000, Ya Kid K returned as the group's vocalist once more, releasing the non-album single "The Mariachi" to moderate success. MC Eric and Ya Kid K reunited to tour parts of Europe, South America and Australia, performing their classic hits as well as new material as a part of tour commemorating Technotronic's 20th anniversary. MC Eric also tours as a DJ.


title: Technotronic

text: The compilation album "Greatest Remix Hits" was released in 2006, including mixes of their most notable hits plus a DVD of their music videos.


title: Death to 2021

text: Death to 2021 is a 2021 mockumentary produced by Netflix. A sequel to "Death to 2020", the special features a series of fictional characters discussing US news in 2021, including the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccine misinformation and Big Tech.


title: Death to 2021

text: "Death to 2021" was a sequel to "Death to 2020", both productions of Broke and Bones—a company founded by Charlie Brooker and Annabel Jones, best-known for their work on science fiction anthology series "Black Mirror". It followed several years of "Weekly Wipe" specials, hosted by Brooker, that humorously recapped news events from the year. "Death to 2020" received negative critical reception.


title: Death to 2021

text: For the 2021 special, Brooker had a reduced role—a Netflix spokesperson told "British Comedy Guide" that he was working on other productions for the streaming service. A number of cast from 2020 returned, but others—for example, Lucy Liu, Stockard Channing and William Jackson Harper—debuted in 2021. Ullman plays a different character to the 2020 special—an American news anchor, rather than the Queen.


title: Death to 2021

text: "Entertainment.ie"s Eoghan Cannon rated the film 2.5 out of 5, saying that it would be "unwatchable" without the strong cast, and is not sufficiently memorable for viewers to remember it the next morning. However, Cannon praised the coverage of light-hearted stories. Ed Power of "The Daily Telegraph" gave it 1 star, lambasting it as lacking originality and nuance. He negatively portrayed the absence of Brooker, calling it a negative image of "Black Mirror", but praised Morgan's joking comparison of "Squid Game" to "The Great British Bake Off".


title: Death to 2021

text: "Screen Rant" criticized that the special had a "refusal to talk about cultural events outside of Netflix's domain", with segments about their original productions "Bridgerton" and "Squid Game" but omitting other television and film of the year. According to "The National", a joke about Glasgow being part of London was well-received by Scottish viewers. Bruce Dessau of "Beyond the Joke" wrote that "Death to 2021" was targeted at an American audience, to a further extent than the previous year's special. Dessau praised Morgan, Grant and Kayo, and said that pushback to a joke about Prince Philip's death came from people "that [have] clearly not seen a Brooker programme before".


title: Booker T. Jones

text: Booker Taliaferro Jones Jr. (born November 12, 1944) is an American musician, songwriter, record producer and arranger, best known as the frontman of the band Booker T. & the M.G.'s. He has also worked in the studios with many well-known artists of the 20th and 21st centuries, earning him a Grammy Award for lifetime achievement.


title: Booker T. Jones

text: Booker T. Jones was born in Memphis, Tennessee, on November 12, 1944. He was named after his father, Booker T. Jones Sr., who was named in honor of Booker T. Washington, the educator. Booker T. Jones, Sr. was a science teacher at Memphis High School, providing the family with a relatively stable, lower middle-class lifestyle.


title: Booker T. Jones

text: Jones was musically a child prodigy, playing the oboe, saxophone, trombone, double bass, and piano at school and organ at church. Jones attended Booker T. Washington High School, the alma mater of Rufus Thomas, and contributed with future stars like Isaac Hayes's writing partner David Porter, saxophonist Andrew Love of the Memphis Horns, soul singer/songwriter William Bell, and Earth, Wind & Fire's singer/songwriter Maurice White.


title: Booker T. Jones

text: Jones's entry into professional music came at the age of 16, when he played baritone saxophone on Satellite (soon to be Stax) Records' first hit, "Cause I Love You", by Carla and Rufus Thomas. Willie Mitchell hired Jones for his band, in which Jones started on sax and later moved to bass. It was here that he met Al Jackson Jr., whom he brought to Stax. Simultaneously, Jones formed a combo with Maurice White and David Porter, in which he played guitar.


title: Booker T. Jones

text: While hanging around the Satellite Record Shop run by Estelle Axton, co-owner of Satellite Records with her brother Jim Stewart, Jones met record clerk Steve Cropper, who would become one of the MGs when the group formed in 1962. Besides Jones on organ and Cropper on guitar, Booker T. and the MGs featured Lewie Steinberg on bass guitar and Al Jackson Jr. on drums (Donald "Duck" Dunn eventually replacing Steinberg on bass). While still in high school, Jones co-wrote the group's classic instrumental "Green Onions", which was a massive hit in 1962.


title: Booker T. Jones

text: Bob Altshuler wrote the sleeve notes on the first Booker T. & the M.G.'s album "Green Onions" released by Stax Records in 1962:


title: Booker T. Jones

text: Over the next few years, Jones divided his time between studying classical music composition, composing and transposition at Indiana University, playing with the MGs on the weekends back in Memphis, serving as a session musician with other Stax acts, and writing songs that became widely regarded as classics. He wrote, with Eddie Floyd, "I've Never Found a Girl (To Love Me Like You Do)", Otis Redding's "I Love You More Than Words Can Say", and, with William Bell, bluesman Albert King's "Born Under a Bad Sign" (later popularized by the British rock group Cream).


title: Booker T. Jones

text: In 1970, Jones moved to California and stopped playing sessions for Stax after becoming frustrated with Stax's treatment of the MGs as employees rather than musicians. Even though Jones was given the title of Vice President at Stax before leaving, as he put it, "There were titles given (to us) but we didn't actually make the decisions." While still under contract to Stax, he appeared on Stephen Stills's eponymous album (1970). The 1971 album "Melting Pot" would be the last Booker T. & the M.G.'s album issued on Stax.


title: Booker T. Jones

text: Jones was married to Priscilla Coolidge in 1969, sister of singer Rita Coolidge. He produced Priscilla's first album "Gypsy Queen" in 1970; then the pair collaborated as a duo on three albums: 1971's "Booker T. & Priscilla", 1972's "Home Grown", and 1973's "Chronicles", and Jones produced Priscilla's final solo album, "Flying", in 1979, right as their marriage ended that year.


title: Booker T. Jones

text: Making the charts as a solo artist in 1981 with "I Want You", he produced Bill Withers's 1971 debut album "Just as I Am" (on which Jones played guitar as well as keyboards), Rita Coolidge's album "Love Me Again" (1978) and Willie Nelson's album "Stardust" (1978). Jones has also added his keyboard playing to artists ranging from the R&B/pop/blues of Ray Charles to the folk rock/country rock of Neil Young.


title: Booker T. Jones

text: On June 18, 1985, Jones married Nanine Warhurst. They have three children together, and an additional five stepchildren from their prior relationships. One of their daughters, Olivia Jones, is also a performer, and starred in "Candy Girls".


title: Booker T. Jones

text: On March 1, 1995, Booker T. & the MGs won their first Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance for the song "Cruisin'". Jones still plays with the MGs and his own small combo called the Booker T. Jones Band. His current touring group includes Vernon "Ice" Black (guitar), Darian Gray (drums), and Melvin Brannon (bass).


title: Booker T. Jones

text: Jones was inducted into The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992, and was honored with a Grammy Award for Lifetime Achievement on February 11, 2007.


title: Booker T. Jones

text: In 2009 he released a new solo album, "Potato Hole", recorded with the Drive-By Truckers, and featuring Neil Young. He performed at the Bonnaroo Music Festival with Drive-By Truckers on June 6, 2009, with a set including most tracks from "Potato Hole" as well as some Truckers tracks. On January 31, 2010, "Potato Hole" won the Best Instrumental Album award at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards.


title: Booker T. Jones

text: He is featured on the Rancid album "Let the Dominoes Fall" (2009), playing a Hammond B-3 on the track "Up to No Good".


title: Booker T. Jones

text: Jones also played his B-3 on the track "If It Wasn't For Bad" from the Elton John and Leon Russell 2010 collaboration album titled "The Union". The track was nominated at the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals.


title: Booker T. Jones

text: In 2011, Jones released "The Road from Memphis". The backing band included Questlove (drums), "Captain" Kirk Douglas (guitar) and Owen Biddle (bass) from the Roots as well as former Motown guitarist Dennis Coffey and percussionist Stewart Killen. The album features vocals by Yim Yames, Matt Berninger, Lou Reed, Sharon Jones and Booker T. himself, as well as lyrics contributed by his daughter/manager Liv Jones. Jones also recorded with party band the Gypsy Queens on their eponymous album.


title: Booker T. Jones

text: On February 12, 2012, "The Road from Memphis" won at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Pop Instrumental Album. Jones holds a total of four Grammy Awards.


title: Booker T. Jones

text: Jones received an honorary doctorate degree from Indiana University's Jacobs School of Music at its 2012 undergraduate commencement. Jones originally attended Indiana University in the 1960s, even staying after his smash-hit Stax Records recordings.


title: Booker T. Jones

text: Jones was featured on organ for singer Kelly Hogan on Hogan's 2013 release on Anti-Records, "I Like to Keep Myself in Pain".


title: Booker T. Jones

text: In June 2013, Jones released his 10th album, "Sound The Alarm", on Stax Records after originally leaving the label more than 40 years previously in 1971. The album features guest artists Anthony Hamilton, Raphael Saadiq, Jay James, Mayer Hawthorne, Estelle, Vintage Trouble, Gary Clark Jr., Luke James, and Booker's son Ted Jones. That summer, he performed at the TD Kitchener Blues Festival in Ontario.


title: Booker T. Jones

text: On September 1, 2017, Jones performed live at the Royal Albert Hall BBC Proms with Jools Holland and his Rhythm & Blues Orchestra in a tribute concert honoring the 50th anniversary of Stax Records alongside Steve Cropper, Sam Moore, William Bell and British artists Beverley Knight, Ruby Turner, James Morrison and Tom Jones.


title: Booker T. Jones

text: On October 29, 2019, his memoir "Time Is Tight: My Life, Note by Note" was released. The memoir was mentioned on "Fresh Air" on October 25, 2019.


title: The Light in Your Eyes (TV series)

text: The Light in Your Eyes () is a 2019 South Korean television series starring Han Ji-min, Kim Hye-ja, Nam Joo-hyuk, and Son Ho-jun. It aired on JTBC's Mondays and Tuesdays during the 21:30 (KST) time slot from February 11 to March 19, 2019. The drama was critically acclaimed for intimately portraying the hardships everyday people face. It is also one of the highest-rated Korean dramas in cable television history.


title: The Light in Your Eyes (TV series)

text: To prevent her father from dying in a car accident, Kim Hye Ja manipulates time with a special watch she found at a beach as a child. However, manipulating time comes with a heavy price- Hye Ja will age each time she turns back time. Meanwhile, a young man named Lee Joon Ha who has a beautiful friendship with Hye Ja, is exhausted from his family problems and has given up on all his dreams. He now works as a scammer at an elderly care center unaware that Hye Ja has become an old lady and goes there to pass time after turning old for manipulating time. The two cross each other’s paths again, but this time both have changed.


title: The Light in Your Eyes (TV series)

text: The first script reading took place on September 26, 2018 at JTBC Building in Sangam-dong, Seoul, South Korea.


title: Sapna Pabbi

text: Sapna Pabbi is a British actress and model known for her work as Kiran Rathod in the Indian television series "24" and the Hindi films, "Khamoshiyan" and "Drive".


title: Sapna Pabbi

text: At the age of 22, whilst studying at Aston University in Birmingham, Pabbi was chosen as the face of Trinny and Susannah.


title: Sapna Pabbi

text: Pabbi has appeared in Ghar Aaja Pardesi as Rudrani, and as Kiran Rathod in 24. Pabbi has also appeared in commercials, such as the Galaxy Chocolate ad alongside Arjun Rampal, the Pepsi ad with Virat Kohli and the Fair and Lovely ad alongside Yami Gautam. Pabbi is currently shooting for her second film, Shoojit Sircar's "Satra Ko Shaadi Hai" opposite television actor Barun Sobti. Pabbi has also acted in a co-production between Vishesh Films and Fox Star Studios, "Khamoshiyan", directed by debutant Karan Darra opposite Ali Fazal and Gurmeet Chaudhary.


title: Angelo Badalamenti

text: Angelo Daniel Badalamenti (March 22, 1937 – December 11, 2022) was an American composer and arranger best known for his work in composing for films. He mainly is known for his collaborations with director David Lynch, notably "Blue Velvet", the "Twin Peaks" saga (1990–1992, 2017), "The Straight Story", and "Mulholland Drive". Badalamenti received the 1990 Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance for his ""Twin Peaks" Theme". He composed scores for many other films including "The City of Lost Children", "A Very Long Engagement", and "Holy Smoke!"


title: Angelo Badalamenti

text: He also recorded songs with artists including Nina Simone, Shirley Bassey, Julee Cruise, Pet Shop Boys, Dusty Springfield, Marianne Faithfull, David Bowie, Tim Booth, Siouxsie Sioux and Dolores O'Riordan.


title: Angelo Badalamenti

text: Badalamenti received a lifetime achievement award from the World Soundtrack Awards's Academy in 2008 and the Henry Mancini Award from the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers in 2011.


title: Angelo Badalamenti

text: Angelo Daniel Badalamenti was born on March 22, 1937, in Brooklyn, New York, the second of four children born to John and Leonora (née Ferrari) Badalamenti. His father, who was of Sicilian descent from the town of Cinisi, was a fish market owner. He began taking piano lessons at age eight. By the time Badalamenti was a teenager, his aptitude at the piano earned him a summer job accompanying singers at resorts in the Catskill Mountains. His elder brother was a jazz trumpet player who used to improvise with other musicians. He also went to Latin American dance clubs. He attended Lafayette High School, where he wrote the processional march for his high school graduation. After graduating, he enrolled at the Eastman School of Music at the University of Rochester, but after two years he transferred to the Manhattan School of Music, where he earned a bachelor's degree in 1958 and a master's degree in 1959. He began composing music pieces in Kurt Weill's style.


title: Angelo Badalamenti

text: Badalamenti scored films such as "Gordon's War", and "Law and Disorder", but his break came when he was brought in to be Isabella Rossellini's singing coach for the song "Blue Velvet" in David Lynch's 1986 film "Blue Velvet". Badalamenti and Lynch collaborated to write "Mysteries of Love" using lyrics Lynch wrote and Badalamenti's music. Julee Cruise, who went on to work with Lynch and Badalamenti on other projects, performed the vocals for that track. Badalamenti composed the score for the film and served as music supervisor. Lynch's request to the composer was for the score to be "like Shostakovich, be very Russian, but make it the most beautiful thing but make it dark and a little bit scary." Badalamenti appears in "Blue Velvet" as the piano player in the club where Rossellini's character performs. This film was the first of what would become a career-long collaborative relationship spanning television and film.


title: Angelo Badalamenti

text: After scoring a variety of mainstream films, including "" and "National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation", Badalamenti once again collaborated with Lynch and scored Lynch's cult television show, "Twin Peaks", featuring the vocals of Julee Cruise on the leading song "Falling". "Twin Peaks" would become the score Badalamenti is perhaps best known for, one that helped define the overall style and mood of the show. The score features different themes patterned after specific characters in the show—"Audrey's Dance", for example, is an "abstract jazzy" theme that plays when Audrey Horne (played by Sherilyn Fenn) is on-screen. Many of the songs from the series were released on Cruise's album "Floating into the Night". From the soundtrack of the television series, he was awarded the Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance for the "Twin Peaks Theme". it also earned a gold plaque from the RIAA.


title: Angelo Badalamenti

text: Other Lynch projects he worked on include the movies "Wild at Heart", "", "Lost Highway", "The Straight Story", "Mulholland Drive" (where he has a small role as a gangster with a finicky taste for espresso), and "Rabbits" as well as the television shows "On the Air" and "Hotel Room". Other projects with other directors he worked in include the television film "Witch Hunt", and the films "Naked in New York", "The City of Lost Children", "A Very Long Engagement", "The Wicker Man", "Dark Water" and "Secretary". He has also worked on the soundtrack for the video game "Fahrenheit" (known as "Indigo Prophecy" in North America). He was composer for director Paul Schrader on such films as "Auto Focus", "The Comfort of Strangers" and "".


title: Angelo Badalamenti

text: In 1995, he asked Marianne Faithfull to write lyrics for a song, for the soundtrack of Jean-Pierre Jeunet's "The City of Lost Children"; the result was "Who Will Take My Dreams Away".


title: Angelo Badalamenti

text: In 1998, Badalamenti recorded "A Foggy Day (in London Town)" with David Bowie for the Red Hot Organization's compilation album "", a tribute to George Gershwin which raised money for various charities devoted to increasing AIDS awareness and fighting the disease. Badalamenti had sent a demo of the song with his own vocals to the record company and Bowie was the first singer to contact him back. In 1999, he worked with director Jane Campion, for the film "Holy Smoke!", and scored the music, after a few days of working with Campion.


title: Angelo Badalamenti

text: In 2005, he composed the themes for the movie "Napola" ("Before the Fall"), which were then adapted for the score by Normand Corbeil. In 2008, he composed and directed the soundtrack of "The Edge of Love": Siouxsie Sioux sang "Careless Love" and Patrick Wolf and Beth Rowley recorded vocals for several other tracks.


title: Angelo Badalamenti

text: Badalamenti received the "Lifetime Achievement Award" at the World Soundtrack Awards on October 18, 2008, in Ghent, Belgium. That night, he performed a concert at the piano with the Brussels Philharmonic orchestra directed by Dirk Brossé, and Siouxsie Sioux and Beth Rowley on vocals. The concert spanning his whole career with a selection of tracks, was broadcast on Belgian television.


title: Angelo Badalamenti

text: On July 23, 2011, the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers presented Badalamenti with the Henry Mancini Award for his accomplishments in film and television music.


title: Angelo Badalamenti

text: The 2017 revival of the "Twin Peaks" television series marked the continuation of Badalamenti's work with David Lynch. Its score features new compositions by Badalamenti, as well as material from the original score.


title: Angelo Badalamenti

text: From the start, he collaborated with other songwriters. In 1964, he contributed to Beatlemania by arranging, conducting, and co-writing a Christmas novelty single entitled "Santa, Bring Me Ringo", which was performed by Christine Hunter. In 1966, Badalamenti co-wrote a song ("Visa to the Stars") on Perrey and Kingsley's album "The In Sound from Way Out!" In 1967, using the name "Andy Badale", he co-wrote a song ("Pioneers of the Stars") for Perrey and Kingsley's next album, "". The same year, he co-wrote (with Norm Simon) "I Want to Love You for What You Are", a No. 54 pop hit for Ronnie Dove. He also arranged, produced, and co-wrote some songs on Perrey's two solo albums for Vanguard Records using the "Andy Badale" pseudonym.


title: Angelo Badalamenti

text: Among his credits, Badalamenti wrote songs for singers such as Nina Simone and Shirley Bassey. In 1967, Badalamenti co-wrote the song "I Hold No Grudge" for Simone’s album "High Priestess of Soul". In 1968, he wrote "I've Been Loved" with Sammy Cahn for Bassey’s album "This Is My Life".


title: Angelo Badalamenti

text: In 1987, he lent his services to British synth-pop duo Pet Shop Boys, arranging the orchestration on "It Couldn't Happen Here". He also arranged the strings on two tracks on their "Behaviour" album in 1990.


title: Angelo Badalamenti

text: He was the arranger on songs of artists such as Dusty Springfield and Paul McCartney. He arranged Springfield's single "Nothing Has Been Proved" in 1989 which was written by the Pet Shop Boys. He worked for McCartney at Abbey Road in late 1992 for an unreleased song "Is it raining in London?" which was written by McCartney with Hamish Stuart.


title: Angelo Badalamenti

text: He conceived entire albums with singers such as Julee Cruise, Marianne Faithfull and Tim Booth of the band James. In 1993, he directed with Lynch an album for Cruise, "The Voice of Love", which included several tracks from "Twin Peaks". Also in 1993, Badalamenti collaborated with thrash metal band Anthrax on the "Twin Peaks"-inspired track "Black Lodge" from the "Sound of White Noise" album.


title: Angelo Badalamenti

text: In 1995, he composed, orchestrated and produced Faithfull's album, "A Secret Life". In 1996, he teamed up with Tim Booth, as Booth and the Bad Angel: they released "the eponymous album" on the Mercury label. In 2000, he worked with Orbital on the "Beached" single for the movie "The Beach". In 2004, he composed the "Evilenko" soundtrack working with Dolores O'Riordan, who sang the main theme and with whom he continued collaborating.


title: Angelo Badalamenti

text: Badalamenti performed at a concert entitled "The Music of David Lynch" in 2015, in recognition of the tenth anniversary of the David Lynch Foundation. The performance was held at Ace Hotel Los Angeles and included Julee Cruise and other artists known for collaborating with Lynch.


title: Angelo Badalamenti

text: Badalamenti and his wife, Lonny, married in 1968 and had two children. He died of natural causes at his home in Lincoln Park, New Jersey, on December 11, 2022, at age 85. Following his death, several industry figures paid tribute to Badalamenti. David Lynch, during his daily installment of "Weather Report" on December 12, said, "Today—no music".


title: Neville Wadia

text: Neville Wadia (22 August 1911 – 31 July 1996) was an British businessman, philanthropist and a member of the Wadia family, an old Parsi family which, by the 1840s, was one of the leading forces in the Indian shipbuilding industry. Wadia was the last of India's aristocratic taipans, who expanded his family textile concern into one of India's largest and donated lavishly for the welfare of the Parsee community to which he belonged.


title: Neville Wadia

text: Wadia was born in Liverpool to Sir Ness Wadia and Lady Evelyne Clara Powell Wadia. He was the grandson of Nowrosjee Wadia and Bai Jerbai. His older sister, Clara Evelyn Wadia was married to Robert Byng, 7th Earl of Strafford. Brought up in opulence in England, he was educated at Malvern College and Trinity College, Cambridge. He married Dina, the only child of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan and his wife Rattanbai Petit, in 1938. The wedding was largely criticized due to being an inter-faith marriage, Dina belonged to a Muslim faith, and Wadia was a Parsi. The couple had two children, a son, Nusli Wadia, and a daughter, Diana Wadia. However, the marriage did not last long and the couple divorced in 1943.


title: Neville Wadia

text: Although his father was born a Parsi, he renounced the Zoroastrian faith and converted to Christianity. Wadia was raised as a Christian but he later converted from Christianity to Zoroastrianism.


title: Neville Wadia

text: During the late 19th century, his father, Sir Ness Wadia, who was known as the Cotton King, played an important role in turning the city of Bombay into one of the world's largest cotton trading centres. In 1933, Neville was unceremoniously thrown into Bombay Dyeing by his father where he started working as a supervisor for loading of cotton bales on to trucks which was the most junior level in each department. He slowly worked his way to the top. He was paid no salary and given only a meagre allowance befitting a lowly employee. In 1952, Wadia succeeded his father as chairman of Bombay Dyeing, and under his leadership the company became one of India's most successful and quality-conscious textile concerns. Wadia founded the Cotton Textiles Export Promotion Council, which he headed for 12 years. He was also heavily involved in the real estate business in Mumbai, and he contributed to building new wings and upgrading several hospitals in Bombay founded by his family. He established a business school named as Modern Education Society's Neville Wadia Institute of Management studies and Research in Pune and a host of charitable trusts for Parsees. In 1971, Neville decided to sell the company to R. P. Goenka as it was failing and had plans to settle abroad. However his son stopped him by garnering 11 per cent of the company shares and went on to persuade the employees to pool their savings and buy shares to prevent the sale. This made Neville change his mind of selling the company and forcing him to abandon his plans of settling abroad. After his retirement as chairman of Bombay Dyeing in 1977, he was succeeded by his son, Nusli Wadia. Neville Wadia died in Mumbai three weeks before his 85th birthday.


title: Black Clover (season 1)

text: The first season of the "Black Clover" anime TV series was directed by Tatsuya Yoshihara and produced by Pierrot. The season adapts the first nine volumes (chapters 1–75) of Yūki Tabata's manga series of the same name, with the exception of episode 13 (which has a separate storyline from the manga) and episode 29 (recap). It follows the first adventures of Asta and the Black Bulls in the Clover Kingdom. After Asta receives a grimoire and joins the Black Bulls to become the new Wizard King, he explores a dungeon and meets Mars, a magic knight from the Diamond Kingdom. Shortly afterwards, Asta is captured during a zombie invasion of the capital by a group of rogue mages who are working for the Eye of the Midnight Sun squad (also known as the Midnight Sun). After Asta is rescued, he teams up with a fellow Black Bull and later on his captain to battle some child kidnappers. Later on, the Black Bulls travel to the Underwater Temple and meet a series of challenges to find a magic stone (which the Eyes is also searching for).


title: Black Clover (season 1)

text: The season initially ran from October 3, 2017 to September 25, 2018 on TV Tokyo in Japan; Avex Pictures released it on DVD and Blu-ray in five compilations (each containing nine to 11 episodes) between February 23, 2018 and January 25, 2019. Crunchyroll and Funimation licensed the series for an English-language release, with Crunchyroll simulcasting the series worldwide and Funimation producing a North American Simuldub. Funimation's adaptation aired from December 2, 2017 through January 6, 2019 on Adult Swim's Toonami programming block, and they released the first DVD and Blu-ray compilations on August 7, 2018.


title: Black Clover (season 1)

text: The first season has eight pieces of theme music: four opening and four closing themes. The first opening and closing themes (used for the first 13 episodes) are by Kankaku Piero and by Itowokashi. In episodes 14 to 27, the opening and closing themes are "PAiNT it BLACK" by BiSH and "Amazing Dreams" by SWANKY DANK. In episodes 28 to 39, the opening and closing themes are "Black Rover" by Vickeblanka and "Black to the dreamlight" by Empire. For the remainder of the season, the opening and closing themes are "Guess Who Is Back" by Koda Kumi and "Four" by Faky. Megumi Han sang "Four" as her character, Kahono, in episode 50.


title: Black Clover (season 1)

text: In Japan, Avex Pictures released the first season of the anime on DVD and Blu-ray in five "chapter" volumes. The first volume was released on February 23, 2018, and the fifth was released on January 29, 2019.


title: Black Clover (season 1)

text: In North America, Funimation released the first season in five volumes. The first volume was released on August 7, 2018, and the fifth volume was released on July 2, 2019. The volumes are available in standard Blu-ray and DVD combination sets, and volumes three and five are also available in limited edition sets. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, Sony Pictures UK released the first volume in DVD and Blu-ray combination sets on August 20, 2018; Manga Entertainment is handling subsequent releases. In Australasia, Universal Sony released the first part of the series on DVD on August 15, 2018, and Madman Entertainment released the rest of the season, with part two released on April 3, 2019.


title: RNA virus

text: An RNA virus is a virusother than a retrovirusthat has ribonucleic acid (RNA) as its genetic material. The nucleic acid is usually single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) but it may be double-stranded (dsRNA). Notable human diseases caused by RNA viruses include the common cold, influenza, SARS, MERS, Covid-19, Dengue Virus, hepatitis C, hepatitis E, West Nile fever, Ebola virus disease, rabies, polio, mumps, and measles.


title: RNA virus

text: The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) classifies RNA viruses as those that belong to "Group III", "Group IV" or "Group V" of the Baltimore classification system. This category excludes "Group VI", viruses with RNA genetic material but which use DNA intermediates in their life cycle: these are called retroviruses, including HIV-1 and HIV-2 which cause AIDS.


title: RNA virus

text: As of May 2020, all known RNA viruses encoding an RNA-directed RNA polymerase are believed to form a monophyletic group, known as the realm "Riboviria". The majority of such RNA viruses fall into the kingdom "Orthornavirae" and the rest have a positioning not yet defined. The realm does not contain all RNA viruses: "Deltavirus", "Asunviroidae", and "Pospiviroidae" are taxa of RNA viruses that were mistakenly included in 2019, but corrected in 2020.


title: RNA virus

text: RNA viruses can be further classified according to the sense or polarity of their RNA into negative-sense and positive-sense, or ambisense RNA viruses. Positive-sense viral RNA is similar to mRNA and thus can be immediately translated by the host cell. Negative-sense viral RNA is complementary to mRNA and thus must be converted to positive-sense RNA by an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase before translation. Purified RNA of a positive-sense virus can directly cause infection though it may be less infectious than the whole virus particle. In contrast, purified RNA of a negative-sense virus is not infectious by itself as it needs to be transcribed into positive-sense RNA; each virion can be transcribed to several positive-sense RNAs. Ambisense RNA viruses resemble negative-sense RNA viruses, except they translate genes from their negative and positive strands.


title: RNA virus

text: The double-stranded (ds)RNA viruses represent a diverse group of viruses that vary widely in host range (humans, animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria), genome segment number (one to twelve), and virion organization (Triangulation number, capsid layers, spikes, turrets, etc.). Members of this group include the rotaviruses, which are the most common cause of gastroenteritis in young children, and picobirnaviruses, which are the most common virus in fecal samples of both humans and animals with or without signs of diarrhea. Bluetongue virus is an economically important pathogen that infects cattle and sheep. In recent years, progress has been made in determining atomic and subnanometer resolution structures of a number of key viral proteins and virion capsids of several dsRNA viruses, highlighting the significant parallels in the structure and replicative processes of many of these viruses.


title: RNA virus

text: RNA viruses generally have very high mutation rates compared to DNA viruses, because viral RNA polymerases lack the proofreading ability of DNA polymerases. The genetic diversity of RNA viruses is one reason why it is difficult to make effective vaccines against them. Retroviruses also have a high mutation rate even though their DNA intermediate integrates into the host genome (and is thus subject to host DNA proofreading once integrated), because errors during reverse transcription are embedded into both strands of DNA before integration. Some genes of RNA virus are important to the viral replication cycles and mutations are not tolerated. For example, the region of the hepatitis C virus genome that encodes the core protein is highly conserved, because it contains an RNA structure involved in an internal ribosome entry site.


title: RNA virus

text: On average, dsRNA viruses show a lower sequence redundancy relative to ssRNA viruses. Contrarily, dsDNA viruses contain the most redundant genome sequences while ssDNA viruses have the least. The sequence complexity of viruses has been shown to be a key characteristic for accurate reference-free viral classification.


title: RNA virus

text: Animal RNA viruses are classified by the ICTV. There are three distinct groups of RNA viruses depending on their genome and mode of replication:


title: RNA virus

text: Retroviruses (Group VI) have a single-stranded RNA genome but, in general, are not considered RNA viruses because they use DNA intermediates to replicate. Reverse transcriptase, a viral enzyme that comes from the virus itself after it is uncoated, converts the viral RNA into a complementary strand of DNA, which is copied to produce a double-stranded molecule of viral DNA. After this DNA is integrated into the host genome using the viral enzyme integrase, expression of the encoded genes may lead to the formation of new virions.


title: RNA virus

text: Numerous RNA viruses are capable of genetic recombination when at least two viral genomes are present in the same host cell. Very rarely viral RNA can recombine with host RNA. RNA recombination appears to be a major driving force in determining genome architecture and the course of viral evolution among "Picornaviridae" ((+)ssRNA), e.g. poliovirus. In the "Retroviridae" ((+)ssRNA), e.g. HIV, damage in the RNA genome appears to be avoided during reverse transcription by strand switching, a form of recombination. Recombination also occurs in the "Reoviridae" (dsRNA), e.g. reovirus; "Orthomyxoviridae" ((-)ssRNA), e.g. influenza virus; and "Coronaviridae" ((+)ssRNA), e.g. SARS. Recombination in RNA viruses appears to be an adaptation for coping with genome damage. Recombination can occur infrequently between animal viruses of the same species but of divergent lineages. The resulting recombinant viruses may sometimes cause an outbreak of infection in humans.


title: RNA virus

text: Classification of the RNA viruses is difficult. This is in part due to the high mutation rates these genomes undergo. Classification is based principally on the type of genome (double-stranded, negative- or positive-single-strand) and gene number and organization. Currently, there are 5 orders and 47 families of RNA viruses recognized. There are also many unassigned species and genera.


title: RNA virus

text: Related to but distinct from the RNA viruses are the viroids and the RNA satellite viruses. These are not currently classified as RNA viruses and are described on their own pages.


title: RNA virus

text: A study of several thousand RNA viruses has shown the presence of at least five main taxa: a levivirus and relatives group; a picornavirus supergroup; an alphavirus supergroup plus a flavivirus supergroup; the dsRNA viruses; and the -ve strand viruses. The lentivirus group appears to be basal to all the remaining RNA viruses. The next major division lies between the picornasupragroup and the remaining viruses. The dsRNA viruses appear to have evolved from a +ve RNA ancestor and the -ve RNA viruses from within the dsRNA viruses. The closest relation to the -ve stranded RNA viruses is the Reoviridae.


title: RNA virus

text: This is the single largest group of RNA viruses with 30 families. Attempts have been made to group these families in higher orders. These proposals were based on an analysis of the RNA polymerases and are still under consideration. To date, the suggestions proposed have not been broadly accepted because of doubts over the suitability of a single gene to determine the taxonomy of the clade.


title: RNA virus

text: The proposed classification of positive-strand RNA viruses is based on the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Three groups have been recognised:


title: RNA virus

text: A division of the alpha-like (Sindbis-like) supergroup on the basis of a novel domain located near the N termini of the proteins involved in viral replication has been proposed. The two groups proposed are: the 'altovirus' group (alphaviruses, furoviruses, hepatitis E virus, hordeiviruses, tobamoviruses, tobraviruses, tricornaviruses and probably rubiviruses); and the 'typovirus' group (apple chlorotic leaf spot virus, carlaviruses, potexviruses and tymoviruses).


title: RNA virus

text: The alpha like supergroup can be further divided into three clades: the rubi-like, tobamo-like, and tymo-like viruses.


title: RNA virus

text: Additional work has identified five groups of positive-stranded RNA viruses containing four, three, three, three, and one order(s), respectively. These fourteen orders contain 31 virus families (including 17 families of plant viruses) and 48 genera (including 30 genera of plant viruses). This analysis suggests that alphaviruses and flaviviruses can be separated into two families—the Togaviridae and Flaviridae, respectively—but suggests that other taxonomic assignments, such as the pestiviruses, hepatitis C virus, rubiviruses, hepatitis E virus, and arteriviruses, may be incorrect. The coronaviruses and toroviruses appear to be distinct families in distinct orders and not distinct genera of the same family as currently classified. The luteoviruses appear to be two families rather than one, and apple chlorotic leaf spot virus appears not to be a closterovirus but a new genus of the Potexviridae.


title: RNA virus

text: The evolution of the picornaviruses based on an analysis of their RNA polymerases and helicases appears to date to the divergence of eukaryotes. Their putative ancestors include the bacterial group II retroelements, the family of HtrA proteases and DNA bacteriophages.


title: RNA virus

text: Hypoviruses and barnaviruses appear to share an ancestry with the potyvirus and sobemovirus lineages respectively.


title: RNA virus

text: This analysis also suggests that the dsRNA viruses are not closely related to each other but instead belong to four additional classes—Birnaviridae, Cystoviridae, Partitiviridae, and Reoviridae—and one additional order (Totiviridae) of one of the classes of positive ssRNA viruses in the same subphylum as the positive-strand RNA viruses.


title: RNA virus

text: One study has suggested that there are two large clades: One includes the families "Caliciviridae", "Flaviviridae", and "Picornaviridae" and a second that includes the families "Alphatetraviridae", "Birnaviridae", "Cystoviridae", "Nodaviridae", and "Permutotretraviridae".


title: RNA virus

text: These viruses have multiple types of genome ranging from a single RNA molecule up to eight segments. Despite their diversity it appears that they may have originated in arthropods and to have diversified from there.


title: RNA virus

text: A number of satellite viruses—viruses that require the assistance of another virus to complete their life cycle—are also known. Their taxonomy has yet to be settled. The following four genera have been proposed for positive sense single stranded RNA satellite viruses that infect plants—Albetovirus, Aumaivirus, Papanivirus and Virtovirus. A family—Sarthroviridae which includes the genus Macronovirus—has been proposed for the positive sense single stranded RNA satellite viruses that infect arthropods.


title: RNA virus

text: There are three orders and 34 families recognised in this group. In addition, there are a number of unclassified species and genera.


title: RNA virus

text: With the exception of the Hepatitis D virus, this group of viruses has been placed into a single phylum—Negarnaviricota. This phylum has been divided into two subphyla—Haploviricotina and Polyploviricotina. Within the subphylum Haploviricotina four classes are currently recognised: Chunqiuviricetes, Milneviricetes, Monjiviricetes and Yunchangviricetes. In the subphylum Polyploviricotina two classes are recognised: Ellioviricetes and Insthoviricetes.


title: RNA virus

text: Six classes, seven orders and twenty four families are currently recognized in this group. A number of unassigned species and genera are yet to be classified.


title: Richard Helms

text: Richard McGarrah Helms (March 30, 1913 – October 23, 2002) was an American government official and diplomat who served as Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) from 1966 to 1973. Helms began intelligence work with the Office of Strategic Services during World War II. Following the 1947 creation of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), he rose in its ranks during the presidencies of Truman, Eisenhower and Kennedy. Helms then was DCI under Presidents Johnson and Nixon, yielding to James R. Schlesinger in early 1973.


title: Richard Helms

text: As a professional, Helms highly valued information gathering (favoring the interpersonal, but including the technical, obtained by espionage or from published media) and its analysis while prizing counterintelligence. Although a participant in planning such activities, Helms remained a skeptic about covert and paramilitary operations. Helms understood the bounds of the agency role as being able to express strong opinions over a decision under review yet working as a team player once a course was set by the administration. It was the duty of the DCI to keep official secrets from press scrutiny. While working as the DCI, Helms managed the agency following the lead of his predecessor John McCone. In 1977, as a result of earlier covert operations in Chile, Helms became the only DCI convicted of misleading Congress. Helms's last post in government service was Ambassador to Iran from April 1973 to December 1976. Besides this Helms was a key witness before the Senate during its investigation of the CIA by the Church Committee in the mid-1970s, 1975 being called the "Year of Intelligence". This investigation was hampered severely by Helms having ordered the destruction of all files related to the CIA's mind control program in 1973.


title: Richard Helms

text: Helms began his career in intelligence by serving in the war-time Office of Strategic Services (OSS). Following the allied victory, Helms was stationed in Germany serving under Allen Dulles and Frank Wisner. In late 1945, President Truman terminated the OSS. Back in Washington, Helms continued similar intelligence work as part of the Strategic Services Unit (SSU), later called the "Office of Special Operations" (OSO). During this period, Helms focused on espionage in central Europe at the start of the Cold War, and took part in the vetting of the German Gehlen spy organization. The OSO was incorporated into the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) when it was founded in 1947.


title: Richard Helms

text: In 1950 Truman appointed General Walter Bedell Smith as the fourth director of Central Intelligence (DCI). The CIA became established institutionally within the United States Intelligence Community. DCI Smith merged the OSO (being mainly espionage, and newly led by Helms) and the rapidly expanding Office of Policy Coordination under Wisner (covert operations) to form a new unit to be managed by the deputy director for plans (DDP). Wisner led the Directorate for Plans from 1952 to 1958, with Helms as his "Chief of Operations".


title: Richard Helms

text: In 1953 Dulles became the fifth DCI under President Eisenhower. John Foster Dulles, Dulles' brother, was Eisenhower's Secretary of State. Under the DDP Helms was specifically tasked in the defense of the agency against the threatened attack by Senator Joseph McCarthy, and also in the development of "truth serum" and other "mind control" drugs per the CIA's controversial Project MKUltra. From Washington, Helms oversaw the Berlin Tunnel, the 1953–1954 espionage operation which later made newspaper headlines. Regarding CIA activity, Helms considered information obtained by espionage to be more beneficial in the long run than the more strategically risky work involved in covert operations, which could backfire politically. Under his superior and mentor the DDP Wisner, the CIA marshaled such covert operations, which resulted in regime change in Iran in 1953 and Guatemala in 1954 and interference in the Congo in 1960. During the crises in Suez and Hungary in 1956 the DDP Wisner became distraught by the disloyalty of allies and the loss of a precious cold-war opportunity. Wisner left in 1958. Passing over Helms, DCI Dulles appointed Richard Bissell as the new DDP, who had managed the U-2 spy plane.


title: Richard Helms

text: During the Kennedy presidency, Dulles selected Helms to testify before Congress on Soviet-made forgeries. Following the 1961 Bay of Pigs fiasco, President Kennedy appointed John McCone as the new DCI, and Helms then became the DDP. Helms was assigned to manage the CIA's role in Kennedy's multi-agency effort to dislodge Castro. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, while McCone sat with the president and his cabinet at the White House, Helms in the background supported McCone's significant contributions to the strategic discussions. After the 1963 coup in South Vietnam, Helms was privy to Kennedy's anguish over the killing of President Diem. A month later Kennedy was assassinated. Helms eventually worked to manage the CIA's complicated response during its subsequent investigation by the Warren Commission.


title: Richard Helms

text: In June 1966, Helms was appointed director of Central Intelligence. At the White House later that month, Helm was sworn in during a ceremony arranged by President Lyndon Baines Johnson. In April of the prior year, John McCone resigned as DCI. Johnson then had appointed Admiral William Raborn, well regarded for his work on the submarine-launched Polaris missile, as the new DCI (1965–1966). Johnson chose Helms to serve as deputy director of Central Intelligence (DDCI). Raborn and Helms soon journeyed to the LBJ Ranch in Texas. Raborn did not fit well into the institutional complexities at CIA, with its specialized intellectual culture. He resigned in 1966.


title: Richard Helms

text: As DCI, Helms served under President Johnson during the second half of his administration, then continued in this post until 1973, through President Nixon's first term. At CIA Helms was its first Director to 'rise through the ranks'.