title: Devin McCourty

text: In his final season at Rutgers in 2009, McCourty started 13 games at cornerback, while still also working on special teams units. He had a career-high 80 tackles and also recorded one interception and 10 pass deflections. He also averaged 25.4 yards on kickoff returns and had a 98-yard kickoff return, third-longest in school history. Following the season, he was named to the All-Big East first-team.


title: Devin McCourty

text: On August 25, 2009, NFL analyst Gil Brandt ranked McCourty the fourth best cornerback prospect heading into the 2010 NFL Draft. He attended the NFL Scouting Combine and performed all of the combine drills. On March 10, 2010, McCourty attended Rutgers' annual pro day, but chose to stand on his combine numbers and only performed positional drills. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, McCourty was projected to be a first or second round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked third best cornerback prospect in the draft by Sports Illustrated and ESPN, was ranked the fourth best cornerback by DraftScout.com, and was ranked the fifth best cornerback in the draft by Bleacher Report.


title: Devin McCourty

text: The New England Patriots selected McCourty in the first round (27th overall) of the 2010 NFL Draft. He was the third cornerback drafted in 2010.


title: Devin McCourty

text: On July 28, 2010, the New England Patriots signed McCourty to a five-year, $10 million contract that includes $7.28 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $1.50 million.


title: Devin McCourty

text: Upon him arriving in training camp, McCourty began competing for a job as a starting cornerback against Darius Butler. Head coach Bill Belichick named both McCourty and Darius Butler the starting cornerbacks to begin the regular season.


title: Devin McCourty

text: He made his professional regular season debut and first career start in the New England Patriots' season-opener against the Cincinnati Bengals and recorded five solo tackles and a pass deflection in their 38–24 victory. McCourty made his first career tackle on Adam Jones, ending Jones 19-yard kick return in the first quarter. On October 24, 2010, McCourty made three combined tackles, a pass deflection, and made his first career interception off a pass by quarterback Philip Rivers during a 23–20 win at the San Diego Chargers in Week 7. McCourty intercepted the pass that was originally intended for Patrick Crayton in the second quarter and was immediately tackled. On November 14, 2010, he collected a season-high 11 combined tackles (nine solo) and broke up a pass in the Patriots' 39–26 victory at the Pittsburgh in Week 10. In Week 11, he collected six combined tackles, two pass deflections, and an interception in the Patriots' 31–28 win against the Indianapolis Colts. The following week, McCourty made a season-high three pass deflections, seven combined tackles, and intercepted two passes by Matthew Stafford in a 45–24 victory at the Detroit Lions in Week 12. The feat marked his first multi-interception game of his career. On December 6, 2010, McCourty recorded three solo tackles, broke up a pass, and an interception as the Patriots routed the New York Jets 45–3 in Week 13. The interception was his sixth pick of the season and continued his three-game streak with an interception. In Week 15, he collected ten solo tackles (seven solo), a pass deflection, and made his first career sack on quarterback Matt Flynn during a 31–27 win against the Green Bay Packers. On December 29, 2010, it was announced that McCourty was voted to the 2011 Pro Bowl. He finished his rookie season in 2010 with 82 combined tackles (69 solo), 17 pass deflections, seven interceptions, two forced fumbles, and a sack in 16 games and 16 starts. His 17 pass deflections and seven interceptions marked career-highs. McCourty was named a First-team All-Pro by the Sporting News and Second-team All-Pro by The Associated Press.


title: Devin McCourty

text: The New England Patriots finished first in the AFC East with a 14–2 record and clinched home-field advantage and a first round bye. On January 16, 2011, McCourty started in his first career playoff game and collected three solo tackles in their 28–21 loss to the New York Jets in the AFC Divisional Round. On January 30, 2011, he appeared in the 2011 Pro Bowl and recorded four solo tackles, two pass deflections, and intercepted a pass by Michael Vick. He was part of Bill Belichick's AFC team that lost 55–41 to the NFC.


title: Devin McCourty

text: McCourty entered training camp slated as the Patriots' No. 1 starting cornerback. Head coach Bill Belichick officially named McCourty the starter, alongside Leigh Bodden, to start the regular season. On September 8, 2011, it was reported that McCourty was selected by teammates to be one of the six team captains. McCourty, Jerod Mayo, and Vince Wilfork were chosen to be defensive captains for the season.


title: Devin McCourty

text: McCourty started in New England Patriots' season-opener at the Miami Dolphins and collected a season-high 11 combined tackles (ten solo) and two pass deflections in their 38–24 victory. On November 13, 2011, he made four solo tackles during 37–16 victory at the New York Jets, but exited in the second quarter after injuring his shoulder during a collision with teammate Sterling Moore. His shoulder injury sidelined him for the next two games (Weeks 11–12). In Week 16, McCourty collected nine combined tackles, a season-high five pass deflections, and made an interception during a 27–24 victory. He finished the season with 87 combined tackles (65 solo), 13 pass deflections, and two interceptions in 14 games and 14 starts.


title: Devin McCourty

text: The New England Patriots finished first in the AFC East with a 13–3 record. They went on to defeat the Denver Broncos 45–10 in the AFC Divisional Round and the Baltimore Ravens 23–20 in the AFC Championship to advance to the Super Bowl. On February 5, 2012, McCourty started in Super Bowl XLVI and collected seven combined tackles as the Patriots lost to the New York Giants by a score of 21–17.


title: Devin McCourty

text: McCourty entered training camp slated as the No. 1 starting cornerback. Defensive coordinator Matt Patricia named McCourty and Kyle Arrington the starting cornerbacks to start the season, ahead of Ras-I Dowling, Will Allen, Sterling Moore, and Alfonzo Dennard. He was also named the starting kick returner by special teams coordinator Scott O'Brien. On September 6, 2012, it was announced that McCourty was selected to be a captain for the second consecutive season.


title: Devin McCourty

text: In Week 4, McCourty collected four solo tackles, two pass deflections, and intercepted two passes by quarterback Ryan Fitzpatrick during a 52–28 win at the Buffalo Bills. On October 21, 2012, McCourty made five solo tackles and returned a kick for a touchdown during a 29–26 overtime win against the New York Jets in Week 7. His kick return was for 104-yards and occurred in the first quarter. It became his first and only career kick return for a touchdown. His performance in Week 7 earned him AFC Special Teams Player of the Week. On November 1, 2012, the New England Patriots acquired cornerback Aqib Talib in a trade with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Following the trade, it was reported that McCourty would be moving to free safety after struggling at cornerback during the first eight games. His move to safety was also attributed to injuries to safeties Steve Gregory and Patrick Chung and the emergence of Kyle Arrington and Alfonzo Dennard as productive cornerbacks. McCourty immediately assumed the job as the starting free safety, replacing Patrick Chung, who was still recovering from a shoulder injury. On November 11, 2012, he made his debut as the starting free safety and recorded eight combined tackles, a pass deflection, and an interception in the Patriots' 37–31 win against the Buffalo Bills in Week 10. McCourty finished the season with 82 combined tackles (63 solo), 13 pass deflections, five interceptions, two forced fumbles, and a touchdown in 16 games and 16 starts. He started the last eight games at free safety and also served as the kick returner throughout the season. McCourty finished with 24 kick returns for a total of 654-yards and one touchdown. McCourty played a total of 1,329 snaps on defense and special teams. His snap total finished third in the league in 2012, behind teammates Ryan Wendell and Nate Solder.


title: Devin McCourty

text: The New England Patriots completed the regular season in first place in the AFC East with a 12–4 record. On January 13, 2013, McCourty made his first postseason start at safety and collected eight combined tackles during a 41–28 win against the Houston Texans in the AFC Divisional Round. The following week, he made eight combined tackles as the Patriots were eliminated from the playoffs after a 28–13 loss to the Baltimore Ravens in the AFC Championship Game.


title: Devin McCourty

text: McCourty began training camp as the "de facto" starting free safety after Patrick Chung departed in free agency. He was named the starting free safety to open the regular season, alongside strong safety Steve Gregory.


title: Devin McCourty

text: McCourty was not selected as one of four team captains to begin the regular season. He became a captain, along with Rob Ninkovich, mid-season after injuries to Mayo and Wilfork.


title: Devin McCourty

text: On October 6, 2013, McCourty collected a season-high 12 combined tackles (eight solo) during a 13–6 loss at the Cincinnati Bengals in Week 5. In Week 9, he made six combined tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted a pass by Ben Roethlisberger in the Patriots' 55–31 win against the Pittsburgh Steelers. He was inactive for the Patriots' Week 17 victory against the Buffalo Bills after head coach Bill Belichick chose to rest him for the playoffs. McCourty finished the season with 69 combined tackles (48 solo), nine pass deflections, and an interception in 15 games and 15 starts. He received the highest overall grade among all qualified safeties in 2013.


title: Devin McCourty

text: McCourty began the regular season as the starting free safety and played alongside strong safety Patrick Chung. This began a five-year stint where McCourty and Chung were the main starting safeties for the Patriots.


title: Devin McCourty

text: In Week 2, McCourty deflected a pass and also returned an interception for a 60-yard gain before being pushed out of bounds at the goal line during a 30–7 win at the Minnesota Vikings. On November 30, 2014, McCourty collected a season-high nine combined tackles (eight solo) in the Patriots' 26–21 loss at the Green Bay Packers in Week 13. He finished the season with 68 combined tackles (51 solo), six pass deflections, two interceptions, and a forced fumble in 16 games and 16 starts. He earned the eighth highest overall grade from Pro Football Focus in 2015.


title: Devin McCourty

text: The New England Patriots finished atop the AFC East with a 12–4 record, clinching a first round bye and home-field advantage. On January 10, 2015, he made four combined tackles, two pass deflections, and intercepted a pass by Joe Flacco during a 35–31 victory against the Baltimore Ravens in the AFC Divisional Round. The Patriots reached Super Bowl XLIX after routing the Indianapolis Colts 45–7 in the AFC Championship Game. On February 1, 2015, McCourty collected five combined tackles and helped the Patriots defeat the Seattle Seahawks 28–24 and win Super Bowl XLIX.


title: Devin McCourty

text: McCourty became an unrestricted free agent in 2015 and received interest from multiple teams, including the Philadelphia Eagles, New York Giants, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Tennessee Titans.


title: Devin McCourty

text: On March 9, 2015, the New England Patriots signed McCourty to a five-year, $47.5 million contract with $28.5 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $15 million.


title: Devin McCourty

text: In Week 6, McCourty collected a season-high nine combined tackles during a 34–27 win at the Indianapolis Colts. On October 29, 2015, he made four solo tackles and sacked quarterback Ryan Tannehill in New England's 36–7 win against the Miami Dolphins in Week 8. The sack became only the second one of his career and was his first sack since his rookie season. On December 13, 2015, McCourty made one tackle before exiting the Patriots' 27–6 victory at the Houston Texans in the second quarter due to an ankle injury. His injury sidelined him for the next two games (Weeks 15–16). He registered 64 combined tackles (51 solo), six passes defensed, one sack, and an interception in 14 games and 14 starts. The Patriots began deploying Duron Harmon in a three-safety technique at the end of the season.


title: Devin McCourty

text: The New England Patriots finished atop their division with a 12–4 record. They defeated the Kansas City Chiefs in the AFC Divisional Round, before losing to the eventual Super Bowl 50 Champions, the Denver Broncos, in the AFC Championship Game. McCourty made seven combined tackles and two pass deflections throughout the playoffs with only two tackles and one deflection against the Broncos.


title: Devin McCourty

text: On September 6, 2016, the New England Patriots announced the selection of McCourty as one of four team captains to start the regular season. It was his third consecutive selection and fifth overall.


title: Devin McCourty

text: He started in the New England Patriots' season-opener at the Arizona Cardinals and recorded a season-high ten combined tackles (nine solo) in their 23–21 victory. On December 12, 2016, McCourty made four solo tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted a pass by Joe Flacco during a 30–23 win against the Baltimore Ravens in Week 14. On December 20, McCourty was named to the 2017 Pro Bowl, his second time receiving the honor. He finished the season with 83 combined tackles (67 solo), seven pass deflections, an interception, and a forced fumble in 16 games and 16 starts. At the end of the season he was named second-team All-Pro. He played 1022 defensive snaps (98%). He received an overall grade of 89.6 from Pro Football Focus and had the fourth highest grade among all qualified safeties in 2016. He also earned a coverage grade of 91.9.


title: Devin McCourty

text: The New England Patriots finished first in their division with a 14–2 record and earned home-field advantage. On January 14, 2017, McCourty made five combined tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted a pass during a 34–16 victory against the Houston Texans in the AFC Divisional Round. The Patriots went on to Super Bowl LI after defeating the Pittsburgh Steelers 36–17 in the AFC Championship Game. On February 5, 2017, McCourty started in Super Bowl LI and made five combined tackles as the Patriots defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34–28 in overtime.


title: Devin McCourty

text: McCourty and Patrick Chung remained the starting safety duo with Duron Harmon acting as the third safety to begin the regular season. In Week 5, he collected a season-high 11 solo tackles during a 19–14 victory at the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The following week, he made five combined tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted a pass by Josh McCown in the Patriots' 24–17 victory at the New York Jets in Week 6. On December 11, 2017, McCourty collected seven solo tackles and sacked quarterback Jay Cutler during a 27–20 loss at the Miami Dolphins. The sack became his third of his career. McCourty finished the season with a career-high 97 combined tackles (80 solo), five pass deflections, an interception, and a sack in 16 games and 16 starts. Pro Football Focus gave McCourty an overall grade of 82.6, ranking 23rd among all qualified safeties in 2017.


title: Devin McCourty

text: The New England Patriots finished first in the AFC East with a 13–3 record and received a first round bye and home-field advantage. They defeated the Tennessee Titans in the AFC Divisional Round and the Jacksonville Jaguars in the AFC Championship Game. On February 4, 2018, McCourty started in Super Bowl LII and collected seven combined tackles and two pass deflections in the Patriots' 41–33 loss to the Philadelphia Eagles.


title: Devin McCourty

text: In the preseason, Devin McCourty was reunited with his brother Jason McCourty, who played as cornerback for the Tennessee Titans from 2009 to 2016 and the winless Cleveland Browns in 2017. Jason started as the number two cornerback in New England's secondary and formed a strong duo with All-Pro corner Stephon Gilmore.


title: Devin McCourty

text: In Week 8 against the Buffalo Bills, McCourty had his only interception of the season, an 84-yard pick six off Derek Anderson as the Patriots won the game 25–6. According to ESPN, McCourty reached a speed of 22.05 miles per hour on the play, the fastest speed recorded on a touchdown that season. McCourty helped the Patriots win Super Bowl LIII; he and his brother became the first twins to play in the same Super Bowl.


title: Devin McCourty

text: In Week 1 against the Pittsburgh Steelers, McCourty made his first interception of the season off Ben Roethlisberger in the endzone during the 33–3 win. In Week 2 against the Miami Dolphins, McCourty had his second interception of the season off of Ryan Fitzpatrick in the 43–0 win.


title: Devin McCourty

text: In Week 3 against the New York Jets, McCourty recorded his third interception of the season off Luke Falk in the 30–14 win.


title: Devin McCourty

text: In Week 4 against the Buffalo Bills, McCourty intercepted his fourth pass of the season off Josh Allen in the 16–10 win.


title: Devin McCourty

text: McCourty became the first player to record 4 interceptions in a season's first 4 games since Minnesota Vikings' safety Brian Russell accomplished this feat in the 2003 season. He was named AFC Defensive Player of the Month for September.


title: Devin McCourty

text: In week 7 against the New York Jets, McCourty recorded his fifth interception of the season off Sam Darnold in the 33–0 win.


title: Devin McCourty

text: In week 8 against the Cleveland Browns, McCourty recovered a fumble forced by teammate Jonathan Jones on Nick Chubb in the 27–13 win.


title: Devin McCourty

text: In week 14 against the Kansas City Chiefs, McCourty forced a fumble on tight end Travis Kelce which was recovered by teammate Stephon Gilmore during the 23–16 loss.


title: Devin McCourty

text: On March 17, 2020, McCourty signed a two-year, $23 million contract extension to stay with the Patriots.


title: Devin McCourty

text: In Week 2 against the Seattle Seahawks on "Sunday Night Football", McCourty recorded his first interception of the season off a pass thrown by Russell Wilson and returned it for a 43-yard touchdown during the 35–30 loss. This was McCourty's second career pick six.


title: Devin McCourty

text: In Week 13 against the Los Angeles Chargers, McCourty returned a field goal blocked by teammate Cody Davis for a 44-yard touchdown during the 45–0 win.


title: Devin McCourty

text: McCourty was raised in Nyack, New York, by his parents Phyllis and Calvin McCourty. His father died in 1990 at age 34 due to a heart attack related to complications from asthma. Devin has a twin brother, Jason McCourty, and an older brother named Larry White. He was born 27 minutes before Jason, each weighing six pounds and 13 ounces. During junior high school, the family moved into a mobile home in Nanuet, New York. In 2010, his mother retired from her career as a nurse at Rockland Psychiatric Hospital in Orangeburg, New York.


title: Devin McCourty

text: His twin brother Jason also played cornerback for Rutgers. Jason was drafted in the sixth round of the 2009 NFL Draft by the Tennessee Titans and previously played for the Cleveland Browns. On March 15, 2018, the Cleveland Browns traded Jason McCourty to the New England Patriots along with a 2018 seventh-round pick for New England's 2018 sixth-round pick. Devin and Jason are one of only 13 sets of twins in NFL history and are one of five active sets of twins to currently play as of 2016, along with Shaquill Griffin/Shaquem Griffin, Brandon Dixon/Brian Dixon, Maurkice Pouncey/Mike Pouncey, and previous teammates Jacob Hollister/Cody Hollister. They were the first set to play in a Super Bowl together in helping the Patriots win Super Bowl LIII.


title: Devin McCourty

text: Devin and Jason McCourty jointly delivered the 2019 commencement address at Rutgers; they also received honorary doctorates from their alma mater. They share a Twitter account and co-host a podcast, "Double Coverage with the McCourty Twins." Devin also serves on the board of Boston Medical Center.


title: Devin McCourty

text: In 2016, he married his girlfriend Michelle Powell. On March 11, 2017, the couple had a baby girl named Londyn and on April 29, 2018, they had a baby boy named Brayden.


title: Devin McCourty

text: In the aftermath of the Boston Marathon bombing, McCourty made a pledge to aid recovery efforts with a donation of $100 for every tackle he made during the 2013 season, and $200 per interception. The pledge follows a similar offer by former Patriots wide receiver Danny Amendola ($100 per reception, $200 per dropped pass).


title: Devin McCourty

text: In January 2018, McCourty, along with the punk band the Dropkick Murphys, joined in a raffle raising money for the Dropkick Murphys' The Claddagh Fund and McCourty's Embrace the Kids Foundation. The grand prize included a trip and tickets to Super Bowl LII in which McCourty's Patriots played.


title: Kin (film)

text: Kin is a 2018 American science-fiction crime action thriller film directed by Jonathan and Josh Baker and written by Daniel Casey, based on the 2014 short film "Bag Man". The film stars Myles Truitt, Jack Reynor, Zoë Kravitz, Carrie Coon, Dennis Quaid, James Franco, and Michael B. Jordan. The story follows a young boy who finds a strange weapon and his newly paroled brother. The film was released in the United States on August 31, 2018, by Lionsgate and was met with both critical and commercial failure.


title: Kin (film)

text: Fourteen-year-old Elijah "Eli" Solinski lives in Detroit with his stern adoptive father Harold "Hal", a widower. While scavenging an abandoned building for copper wiring to sell, Eli discovers the aftermath of a skirmish, with armored corpses and high-tech weaponry strewn about. He picks up a strange weapon, but drops it and flees after it mechanically activates. That evening, Eli's newly paroled older brother James "Jimmy", Hal's biological son, returns home to Hal's chagrin. Eli dreams of the weapon and sneaks out to retrieve it. Sneaking back in, he overhears Hal and Jimmy arguing. Jimmy owes $60,000 in protection money to Taylor Balik, a local crime lord, and asks Hal to help him steal the money from Hal's employer. Hal refuses and kicks Jimmy out. The next night, Hal catches Jimmy and Taylor breaking into his office's safe. Hal is unwilling to walk away, which prompts Taylor to shoot and kill him. Jimmy accidentally kills Taylor's brother Dutch in the ensuing scuffle before fleeing with the money. Jimmy convinces Eli that Hal is stuck at a work emergency and wants to meet them at Lake Tahoe. Eli secretly packs the weapon, and they leave moments before Taylor and his gang arrive to ransack the house. Taylor vows to kill Jimmy, as well as Eli to avenge his own brother's death.


title: Kin (film)

text: The two bond as brothers during the road trip. Jimmy takes Eli into a strip club, where both brothers befriend one of the strippers, Milly. When a drunk Jimmy tries to dance on stage with Milly, the owner, Lee, leads his men to beat Jimmy until Eli brandishes the weapon. Startled, Eli reflexively fires, destroying a pool table. The brothers flee and Milly spontaneously joins them. Two masked and armored figures detect the weapon's use and follow on motorcycles. Jimmy realizes he left the bag of money at the strip club. Milly leads the brothers to Lee's card game, where they retrieve the money from him at gunpoint. The trio get a room in a Nevada casino. Milly discusses her past with Eli throughout the journey; she left her abusive parents as a teen and has failed to establish lasting personal relationships. Hal's murder is reported nationally, which Eli sees. Police identify Eli and Jimmy as suspects and apprehend them. Milly watches from a crowd, and Eli signals his approval that she leave them. Jimmy is jailed and Eli rebukes him.


title: Kin (film)

text: Taylor and his gang overwhelm the county police station, massacring the officers. Before being executed, a wounded officer helps Eli retrieve the weapon from evidence lockup. Eli kills most of Taylor's men, saving Jimmy. As Eli and Jimmy prepare to surrender to the FBI, Taylor appears and shoots at Jimmy. The two armored pursuers arrive and freeze time for everyone but Eli and themselves. The figures unmask to reveal that they are a man and woman. The man explains that Eli is actually from their world, which is at war. Eli was hidden on this world for his safety until he is old enough to help. The man tells Eli to stay with his brother and calls Eli his own brother. The woman redirects Taylor's bullet and the two leave with the weapon. Time resumes and Taylor is killed by his own bullet. The brothers are taken into custody. Agent Morgan Hunter tells Eli that Jimmy will go to prison, but maybe not for very long if he is cooperative. She tacitly accepts that Jimmy has covered for Eli, who will not discuss the weapon. Milly arrives and waves at Eli.


title: Kin (film)

text: On August 30, 2016, it was reported that Myles Truitt, Jack Reynor, James Franco, Zoë Kravitz and Dennis Quaid would star in the feature film.


title: Kin (film)

text: In September 2016, Lionsgate bought the rights to "Kin" for about $30 million at the Toronto Film Festival. Filming began on October 24, 2016 in Toronto.


title: Kin (film)

text: Mogwai composed the score for the film. The soundtrack was released on August 31 by Temporary Residence Limited in the United States and Rock Action Records in the United Kingdom and Europe. Two tracks, "Donuts" and "We're Not Done (End Title)", were released ahead of the album.


title: Kin (film)

text: "Kin" grossed $5.7 million in the United States and Canada, and $4.6 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $10.3 million.


title: Kin (film)

text: In the United States and Canada, "Kin" was released alongside the wide expansion of "Searching" and was projected to gross $5–7 million from 2,141 theaters in its four-day opening weekend. It ended up debuting to just $3.1 million, including a four-day Labor Day weekend total of $3.9 million, and finished 11th at the box office. The film dropped 73.5% in its second weekend to $804,401, one of the largest sophomore declines ever, and finished in 17th place.


title: Kin (film)

text: On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of , based on reviews, with an average rating of . The site's critical consensus reads, "Part family drama, part sci-fi adventure, "Kin" struggles to balance its narrative until a late twist that suggests it all might have worked better as the first episode of a TV series." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 35 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 63% overall positive score. During 2021 Fall, the movie ranked top 5 movies watched in Netflix Korea.


title: Lukas Forchhammer

text: Lukas Forchhammer (born 18 September 1988) is a Danish singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and former actor. He is best known as the lead singer and multi-instrumentalist for the Danish band Lukas Graham. As a child, Forchhammer starred in the Danish family movie series "Krummerne."


title: Lukas Forchhammer

text: Forchhammer grew up in an anarchist community in the center of Copenhagen called Freetown Christiania. His father, Eugene Graham, was Irish, and he spent half of his childhood in Ireland in Donegal and Dublin. His grandfather was from Wicklow in Ireland. In September 2012, Eugene died of a heart attack at the age of 61.


title: Lukas Forchhammer

text: At age 8, Forchhammer joined the Copenhagen Boys Choir and developed not only an appreciation for classical music but a trained voice. He became fascinated with his father's Irish roots, the country's folk music as well as hip-hop – "Dr. Dre's "2001" changed my life," he said. He related to rap lyrics as he grew up surrounded by a lot of crime and drugs in his neighborhood. After spending six months in Buenos Aires, Forchhammer returned to Christiania in 2010, where he joined the writing team Future Animals – Don Stefano and Morten Ristorp, and formed the band Lukas Graham with friends from high school. He played at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards on 12 February 2017.


title: Lukas Forchhammer

text: As a child, he also starred in the first three of the popular Danish movies "Krummerne", where he played Grunk.


title: Lukas Forchhammer

text: In September 2016, Forchhammer and his girlfriend Marie-Louise “Rillo” Schwartz had their first child, daughter Viola. In April 2020, their second daughter, Billie, was born.


title: Zaynab bint Jahsh

text: Zaynab bint Jaḥsh (; 590–641 CE), was a first cousin and wife of Muhammad and therefore considered by Muslims to be a Mother of the Believers. She had previously been married to Muhammad's adopted son Zayd ibn Harithah.


title: Zaynab bint Jahsh

text: Zaynab's father was Jahsh ibn Riyab, an immigrant from the Asad ibn Khuzayma tribe who had settled in Mecca under the protection of the Umayya clan. Her mother was Umayma bint Abd al-Muttalib, a member of the Hashim clan of the Quraysh tribe and a sister of Muhammad's father. Hence Zaynab and her five siblings were the first cousins of Muhammad.


title: Zaynab bint Jahsh

text: Zaynab was said to be quick to lose her temper but also quick to calm down. She was a skilled tanner and leather-worker. She continued with this line of work throughout her life, even after she no longer needed the money.


title: Zaynab bint Jahsh

text: The name of her first husband is not known, but he had died by 622. At that time Zaynab, who had become a Muslim, was among those who accompanied her brother Abdullah on the "Hijra" to Medina.


title: Zaynab bint Jahsh

text: Around 625 Muhammad proposed to Zaynab that she marry his adopted son, Zayd ibn Harithah. Zayd had been born into the Kalb tribe but as a child he had been kidnapped by slave-traders. He had been sold to a nephew of Khadija bint Khuwaylid, who in her turn had given him as a wedding present to her husband Muhammad. After some years, Muhammad had manumitted Zayd and had adopted him as his son.


title: Zaynab bint Jahsh

text: Zaynab, supported by her brother Abdullah, at first refused the proposal on the grounds that, "I am the widow of a Quraysh." She presumably meant that Zaynab's social status was too high to allow her to marry an ex-slave. It has been asserted that these social differences were precisely the reason why Muhammad wanted to arrange the marriage:


title: Zaynab bint Jahsh

text: "The Prophet was well aware that it is a person’s standing in the eyes of Allah that is important, rather than his or her status in the eyes of the people... their marriage would demonstrate that it was not who their ancestors were, but rather their standing in the sight of Allah, that mattered."


title: Zaynab bint Jahsh

text: It has also been suggested that he wanted to establish the legitimacy and right to equal treatment of the adopted. By contrast, Montgomery Watt points out that Zayd was high in Muhammad's esteem.


title: Zaynab bint Jahsh

text: "She can hardly have thought that he was not good enough. She was an ambitious woman, however, and may already have hoped to marry Muhammad; or she may have wanted to marry someone with whom Muhammad did not want his family to be so closely allied."


title: Zaynab bint Jahsh

text: Zaynab acquiesced and married Zayd. Muhammad personally paid the dower of 160 "dirhams" in cash, a cloak and veil, a coat of armour, 50 "mudd" of grain and 10 "mudd" of dates.


title: Zaynab bint Jahsh

text: The 9th-century historian al-Tabari gives two independent accounts of a visit that Muhammad paid to Zayd's house. The hairskin curtain that served as Zayd’s front door was blown aside, accidentally revealing Zaynab dressed only in her shift. Zaynab arose to dress herself, advising Muhammad that Zayd was not at home but he was welcome to visit. However, he did not enter. He exclaimed to himself, "Praise be to Allah, who turns hearts around!" and then departed.


title: Zaynab bint Jahsh

text: When Zayd came home, Zaynab told him what had happened. Zayd went to Muhammad, saying: "Prophet I have heard about your visit. Perhaps you admire Zaynab, so I will divorce her." Muhammad replied, "No, fear Allah and keep your wife." After this there was conflict between the couple, and Zaynab shut Zayd out of the bedroom.


title: Zaynab bint Jahsh

text: However, this story has been rejected by most Muslim scholars mainly because of its lack of having any chain of narration and its complete absence from any authentic hadith. Some commentators have found it absurd that Muhammad would suddenly become aware of Zaynab's beauty one day after having known her all her life. If her beauty had been the reason for Muhammad to marry her, he would have married her himself in the first place rather than arranging her marriage to Zayd.


title: Zaynab bint Jahsh

text: Furthermore, historiographic assessments suggest that the "lovestruck" narrative itself was a fabrication that developed over a century after the death of Muhammad.


title: Zaynab bint Jahsh

text: Muhammad expected criticism if he married Zaynab. Pre-Islamic custom disapproved of marriage between a man and his adopted son's former wife. Arab society would have viewed this union as profoundly wrong, because it was considered an adopted son was truly a "son". Therefore, for a man to marry his adopted son's wife - even if she was divorced - was considered incestuous. As a result, he "hid in his heart" the idea that he might marry her. This internal conflict is mentioned in the Qur'an :


title: Zaynab bint Jahsh

text: After this verse was announced, Muhammad proceeded to reject the existing Arabian norms. Thereafter the legal status of adoption was not recognised under Islam. Zayd reverted to being known by his original name of "Zayd ibn Harithah" instead of "Zayd ibn Muhammad".


title: Zaynab bint Jahsh

text: In Pre Islamic Era the Arabs used to consider an adopted person exactly like a real son or daughter as far as rights including right to inheritance and sanctities are concerned.


title: Zaynab bint Jahsh

text: After marriage the sponsored children lost their inheritance rights and were known as the children of biological parents. The sponsored children after attaining puberty could not live with the sponsor family. The sponsored children were funded after puberty. The purpose was to reduce enmity of biological children towards sponsored children and to prevent mingling of a male sponsor with an adult sponsored female.


title: Zaynab bint Jahsh

text: Critics of Muhammad and Islam have pointed to this "surah" as an example of a self-serving revelation that reflected Muhammad’s desires rather than the will of God. Some Muslim historians have understood the discrepancy between Muhammad's private thoughts and his expressed words to refer, not to a desire to marry Zaynab, but only to a prophetic foreknowledge that the marriage was going to happen.


title: Zaynab bint Jahsh

text: Medinese Hypocrites, a term that refers to those who convert to Islam while working against it, spread many rumours against the marriage.


title: Zaynab bint Jahsh

text: Muhammad married Zaynab as soon as her waiting-period from her divorce was complete, on 27 March 627. He went into her house when she did not expect him and without knocking. She asked him: "Is it going to be like this, without any witnesses or trustee ("wali") for our union?" Muhammad replied: "Allah is the witness and Gabriel is the trustee."


title: Zaynab bint Jahsh

text: Muhammad gave Zaynab a dower of 400 "dirhams". Later he held a wedding banquet for her and slaughtered a sheep. Anas ibn Malik said there were over seventy guests, and that none of Muhammad's other wives was given such a large banquet. <br>


title: Zaynab bint Jahsh

text: Aisha believed that Muhammad's favourite wives, after herself, were Zaynab and Umm Salama. She said: "Zaynab was my equal in beauty and in the Prophet's love for her." Umm Salama said of Zaynab: "The Messenger of Allah liked her and he also used to become vexed with her." On two occasions, when Muhammad divided a gift of food among all his wives, Zaynab was displeased with her portion and sent it back to him.


title: Zaynab bint Jahsh

text: Several traditions indicate conflict between Zaynab and her co-wives. She used to boast to them: "You were given in marriage by your families, while I was married (to the Prophet) by Allah from over seven Heavens." In one quarrel, Zaynab shouted insults at Aisha while Muhammad was present. Aisha retaliated with "hot words until I made her quiet." Muhammad only commented that Aisha was "really the daughter of Abu Bakr." Another time Zaynab refused to lend her spare camel to Safiyya; Muhammad was so angry that he did not speak to Zaynab for over two months. Aisha related that the wives were divided into two factions, one led by herself and the other by Umm Salama. Zaynab was allied to Umm Salama, together with Umm Habiba, Juwayriyya and Maymunah.


title: Zaynab bint Jahsh

text: Yet it was Zaynab who defended Aisha when the latter was accused of adultery. Muhammad asked her if she knew anything about it, and Zaynab replied: "O Allah's Messenger! I refrain to claim hearing or seeing what I have not heard or seen. By Allah, I know nothing except goodness about Aisha." Aisha conceded: "I have never seen a woman more advanced in religious piety than Zaynab, more God-conscious, more truthful, more alive to the ties of blood, more generous and having more sense of self-sacrifice in practical life and having more charitable disposition and thus more close to God, the Exalted, than she was."


title: Zaynab bint Jahsh

text: Zaynab had a reputation for being prayerful. She prayed so much by night that she hung a rope between two pillars in the mosque and held onto it when she became too tired to stand. When Muhammad discovered the rope, he removed it and told her that when she became tired, she should stop praying and sit down.


title: Zaynab bint Jahsh

text: After Muhammad’s death, Zaynab never left Medina again. She was a widow for nine years, during which time she narrated eleven "ahadith".


title: Zaynab bint Jahsh

text: She continued to work at tanning and leather-crafts, and she gave away all her profits in charity. Even when Caliph Umar sent her the pension of 12,000 "dirhams" that he allowed to all of Muhammad's widows, Zaynab gave it all away to various poor families in Medina. At her death, her heirs did not find a single coin in her house.


title: Zaynab bint Jahsh

text: Zaynab died during the caliphate of Umar in the summer of 641, being the first of Muhammad's widows to die after him. She was 53 (lunar) years old.


title: Introduced species

text: An introduced species, alien species, exotic species, adventive species, immigrant species, foreign species, non-indigenous species, or non-native species is a species living outside its native distributional range, but which has arrived there by human activity, directly or indirectly, and either deliberately or accidentally. Non-native species can have various effects on the local ecosystem. Introduced species that become established and spread beyond the place of introduction are considered naturalized. The process of human-caused introduction is distinguished from biological colonization, in which species spread to new areas through "natural" (non-human) means such as storms and rafting. The Latin expression neobiota captures the characteristic that these species are "new" biota to their environment in terms of established biological network (e.g. food web) relationships. Neobiota can further be divided into neozoa (also: neozoons, sing. neozoon, i.e. animals) and neophyta (plants).


title: Introduced species

text: The impact of introduced species is highly variable. Some have a substantial negative effect on a local ecosystem (in which case they are also classified more specifically as an invasive species), while other introduced species may have little or no negative impact (no invasiveness). Some species have been introduced intentionally to combat pests. They are called biocontrols and may be regarded as beneficial as an alternative to pesticides in agriculture for example. In some instances the potential for being beneficial or detrimental in the long run remains unknown. The effects of introduced species on natural environments have gained much scrutiny from scientists, governments, farmers and others.


title: Introduced species

text: The formal definition of an introduced species from the United States Environmental Protection Agency is "A species that has been intentionally or inadvertently brought into a region or area. Also called an exotic or non-native species".


title: Introduced species

text: In the broadest and most widely used sense, an introduced species is synonymous with "non-native" and therefore applies as well to most garden and farm organisms; these adequately fit the basic definition given above. However, some sources add to that basic definition "and are now reproducing in the wild", which means that species growing in a garden, farm, or house may not meet the criteria unless they escape and persist.


title: Introduced species

text: There are many terms associated with introduced species that represent subsets of introduced species, and the terminology associated with introduced species is now in flux for various reasons. Examples of these terms are "invasive", "acclimatized", "adventive", "naturalized", and "immigrant" species.


title: Introduced species

text: The term "invasive" is used to describe introduced species that cause ecological, economic, or other damage to the area in which they were introduced.


title: Introduced species

text: Acclimatized species are introduced species that have changed physically and/or behaviorally in order to adjust to their new environment. Acclimatized species are not necessarily optimally adjusted to their new environment and may just be physically/behaviorally sufficient for the new environment.


title: Introduced species

text: Adventive species are often considered synonymous with "introduced species", but this term is sometimes applied exclusively to introduced species that are not permanently established.


title: Introduced species

text: Naturalized species are often introduced species that do not need human help to reproduce and maintain their population in an area outside their native range (no longer adventive), but that also applies to populations migrating and establishing in a novel environment (e.g.: in Europe, house sparrows are well established since early Iron Age though they originated from Asia).


title: Introduced species

text: Immigrant species are species that travel, sometimes by themselves, but often with human help, between two habitats. Invasiveness is not a requirement.


title: Introduced species

text: Introduction of a species outside its native range is all that is required to be qualified as an "introduced species". Such species might be termed naturalized, "established", or "wild non-native species". If they further spread beyond the place of introduction and cause damage to nearby species, they are called "invasive species". The transition from introduction, to establishment and to invasion has been described in the context of plants. Introduced species are essentially "non-native" species. Invasive species are those introduced species that spread widely or quickly and cause harm, be that to the environment, human health, other valued resources, or the economy. There have been calls from scientists to consider a species "invasive" only in terms of their spread and reproduction rather than the harm they may cause.


title: Introduced species

text: According to a practical definition, an invasive species is one that has been introduced and become a pest in its new location, spreading (invading) by natural means. The term is used to imply both a sense of urgency and actual or potential harm. For example, U.S. Executive Order 13112 (1999) defines "invasive species" as "an alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health". The biological definition of invasive species, on the other hand, makes no reference to the harm they may cause, only to the fact that they spread beyond the area of original introduction.


title: Introduced species

text: From a regulatory perspective, it is neither desirable nor practical to list as undesirable or outright ban all non-native species (although the State of Hawaii has adopted an approach that comes close to this). Regulations require a definitional distinction between non-natives that are deemed especially onerous and all others. Introduced "pest" species, that are officially listed as invasive, best fit the definition of an invasive species. Early detection and rapid response is the most effective strategy for regulating a pest species and reducing economic and environmental impacts of an introduction.


title: Introduced species

text: In Great Britain, the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 prevents the introduction of any animal not naturally occurring in the wild or any of a list of both animals or plants introduced previously and proved to be invasive.


title: Introduced species

text: By definition, a species is considered "introduced" when its transport into an area outside of its native range is human mediated. Introductions by humans can be described as either intentional or accidental. Intentional introductions have been motivated by individuals or groups who either (1) believe that the newly introduced species will be in some way beneficial to humans in its new location or, (2) species are introduced intentionally but with no regard to the potential impact. Unintentional or accidental introductions are most often a byproduct of human movements and are thus unbound to human motivations. Subsequent range expansion of introduced species may or may not involve human activity.


title: Introduced species

text: Species that humans intentionally transport to new regions can subsequently become successfully established in two ways. In the first case, organisms are purposely released for establishment in the wild. It is sometimes difficult to predict whether a species will become established upon release, and if not initially successful, humans have made repeated introductions to improve the probability that the species will survive and eventually reproduce in the wild. In these cases, it is clear that the introduction is directly facilitated by human desires.


title: Introduced species

text: In the second case, species intentionally transported into a new region may escape from captive or cultivated populations and subsequently establish independent breeding populations. Escaped organisms are included in this category because their initial transport to a new region is human motivated.


title: Introduced species

text: The widespread phenomena of intentional introduction has also been described as biological globalization.


title: Introduced species

text: Although most introduced species have negative impacts on the ecosystems they enter into. There are still some species that have affected the ecosystem in a positive way. For example, in New Hampshire invasive plants can provide some benefits to some species. Invasive species such as autumn olive, oriental bittersweet, and honeysuckle produce fruit that is used by a handful of fruit-eating bird species. The invasive plants can also be a source of pollen and nectar for many insects, such as bees. These invasive plants were able to help their ecosystem thriving, and increase the native animal's chances of survival.


title: Introduced species

text: Perhaps the most common motivation for introducing a species into a new place is that of economic gain. Non-native species can become such a common part of an environment, culture, and even diet that little thought is given to their geographic origin. For example, soybeans, kiwi fruit, wheat, honey bees, and all livestock except the American bison and the turkey are non-native species to North America. Collectively, non-native crops and livestock account for 98% of US food. These and other benefits from non-natives are so vast that, according to the Congressional Research Service, they probably exceed the costs.


title: Introduced species

text: Other examples of species introduced for the purposes of benefiting agriculture, aquaculture or other economic activities are widespread. Eurasian carp was first introduced to the United States as a potential food source. The apple snail was released in Southeast Asia with the intent that it be used as a protein source, and subsequently to places like Hawaii to establish a food industry. In Alaska, foxes were introduced to many islands to create new populations for the fur trade. About twenty species of African and European dung beetles have established themselves in Australia after deliberate introduction by the Australian Dung Beetle Project in an effort to reduce the impact of livestock manure. The timber industry promoted the introduction of Monterey pine ("Pinus radiata"<nowiki>) from California to Australia and New Zealand as a commercial timber crop. These examples represent only a small subsample of species that have been moved by humans for economic interests.


title: Golden Time (novel series)

text: Banri Tada is a newly admitted male student at a private law school in Tokyo. Due to the after-effects of a fall from a bridge shortly after his high school graduation, he has lost all of his memories prior to the accident (retrograde amnesia).


title: Golden Time (novel series)

text: Banri finds himself completely and utterly lost after the big opening ceremonial event and tries to find his way to the freshman orientation. Along the way, he runs straight into another lost and confused freshman from the same school, Mitsuo Yanagisawa, and they immediately hit it off. Somehow arriving at their intended goal just in time, there appears in front of them a beautiful girl holding a bouquet of roses, who congratulates Mitsuo on getting into the school then hits him across the face with them before tossing the bouquet into his lap and leaving. This stylish, well dressed, and obsessive woman is revealed to be Mitsuo's childhood friend, Koko Kaga. As children, they had promised to marry each other one day, something she has taken to heart this entire time. Mitsuo had gone out secretly and taken the examination for this private college in order to escape from her, but she used her connections to find out about it and enrolled in the college herself.


title: Golden Time (novel series)

text: Banri meets a second-year student named Linda; unbeknownst to him, she was his best friend in high school, and holds herself responsible for his memory loss. As the series progresses, Banri deals with his slowly re-emerging memories, which often come into conflict with a relationship that blooms between him and Kaga.


title: Golden Time (novel series)

text: "Golden Time" began as a light novel series written by Yuyuko Takemiya, with illustrations by Ēji Komatsu. ASCII Media Works published 11 novels between September 10, 2010 and March 8, 2014 under their Dengeki Bunko imprint; eight comprise the main story, while the other three are side story collections. Portions of the series have also been serialized in "Dengeki Bunko Magazine".


title: Golden Time (novel series)

text: A manga adaptation illustrated by Umechazuke was serialized in ASCII Media Works' "Dengeki Daioh" magazine from the October 2011 to the July 2016 issues. ASCII Media Works published nine "tankōbon" volumes from March 27, 2012 to September 27, 2016. Seven Seas Entertainment published the series in North America from October 2015 to January 2018.


title: Golden Time (novel series)

text: A 24-episode anime television series adaptation, produced by Genco and J.C.Staff, aired between October 3, 2013 and March 27, 2014 on MBS. The series is directed by Chiaki Kon with scripts by Fumihiko Shimo and character design by Shinya Hasegawa. The series' music is composed by Yukari Hashimoto. For the first 12 episodes, the opening theme is "Golden Time" and the ending theme is "Sweet & Sweet Cherry". From episode 13 onwards, the opening theme is "The♡World's♡End" and the ending theme is ; all four songs are sung by Yui Horie. The series is being released on eight BD/DVD compilation volumes between December 25, 2013 and July 23, 2014. The anime has been licensed by Sentai Filmworks for streaming and home video release in 2014. Sentai re-released the series with an English dub on December 17, 2019.


title: Golden Time (novel series)

text: A visual novel developed by Kadokawa Games, titled "Golden Time: Vivid Memories", was released for the PlayStation Vita on March 27, 2014. The game received a "Famitsu" review score of 32/40.


title: Golden Time (novel series)

text: The "Mainichi Shimbun" reported in March 2013 that over 710,000 copies of the light novel series have been sold in Japan.


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregular periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics. The warming phase of the sea temperature is known as "El Niño" and the cooling phase as "La Niña". The "Southern Oscillation" is the accompanying atmospheric component, coupled with the sea temperature change: "El Niño" is accompanied by high air surface pressure in the tropical western Pacific and "La Niña" with low air surface pressure there. The two periods last several months each and typically occur every few years with varying intensity per period.


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: The two phases relate to the Walker circulation, which was discovered by Gilbert Walker during the early twentieth century. The Walker circulation is caused by the pressure gradient force that results from a high-pressure area over the eastern Pacific Ocean, and a low-pressure system over Indonesia. Weakening or reversal of the Walker circulation (which includes the trade winds) decreases or eliminates the upwelling of cold deep sea water, thus creating "El Niño" by causing the ocean surface to reach above average temperatures. An especially strong Walker circulation causes "La Niña", resulting in cooler ocean temperatures due to increased upwelling.


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: Mechanisms that cause the oscillation remain under study. The extremes of this climate pattern's oscillations cause extreme weather (such as floods and droughts) in many regions of the world. Developing countries dependent upon agriculture and fishing, particularly those bordering the Pacific Ocean, are the most affected.


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: The El Niño–Southern Oscillation is a single climate phenomenon that periodically fluctuates between three phases: Neutral, La Niña or El Niño. La Niña and El Niño are opposite phases which require certain changes to take place in both the ocean and the atmosphere before an event is declared.


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: Normally the northward flowing Humboldt Current brings relatively cold water from the Southern Ocean northwards along South America's west coast to the tropics, where it is enhanced by up-welling taking place along the coast of Peru. Along the equator, trade winds cause the ocean currents in the eastern Pacific to draw water from the deeper ocean to the surface, thus cooling the ocean surface. Under the influence of the equatorial trade winds, this cold water flows westwards along the equator where it is slowly heated by the sun. As a direct result sea surface temperatures in the western Pacific are generally warmer, by about than those in the Eastern Pacific. This warmer area of ocean is a source for convection and is associated with cloudiness and rainfall. During El Niño years the cold water weakens or disappears completely as the water in the Central and Eastern Pacific becomes as warm as the Western Pacific.


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: The Walker circulation is caused by the pressure gradient force that results from a high pressure system over the eastern Pacific Ocean, and a low pressure system over Indonesia. The Walker circulations of the tropical Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic basins result in westerly surface winds in northern summer in the first basin and easterly winds in the second and third basins. As a result, the temperature structure of the three oceans display dramatic asymmetries. The equatorial Pacific and Atlantic both have cool surface temperatures in northern summer in the east, while cooler surface temperatures prevail only in the western Indian Ocean. These changes in surface temperature reflect changes in the depth of the thermocline.


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: Changes in the Walker circulation with time occur in conjunction with changes in surface temperature. Some of these changes are forced externally, such as the seasonal shift of the sun into the Northern Hemisphere in summer. Other changes appear to be the result of coupled ocean-atmosphere feedback in which, for example, easterly winds cause the sea surface temperature to fall in the east, enhancing the zonal heat contrast and hence intensifying easterly winds across the basin. These anomalous easterlies induce more equatorial upwelling and raise the thermocline in the east, amplifying the initial cooling by the southerlies. This coupled ocean-atmosphere feedback was originally proposed by Bjerknes. From an oceanographic point of view, the equatorial cold tongue is caused by easterly winds. Were the Earth climate symmetric about the equator, cross-equatorial wind would vanish, and the cold tongue would be much weaker and have a very different zonal structure than is observed today.


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: During non-El Niño conditions, the Walker circulation is seen at the surface as easterly trade winds that move water and air warmed by the sun toward the west. This also creates ocean upwelling off the coasts of Peru and Ecuador and brings nutrient-rich cold water to the surface, increasing fishing stocks. The western side of the equatorial Pacific is characterized by warm, wet, low-pressure weather as the collected moisture is dumped in the form of typhoons and thunderstorms. The ocean is some higher in the western Pacific as the result of this motion.


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: Within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in the United States, sea surface temperatures in the Niño 3.4 region, which stretches from the 120th to 170th meridians west longitude astride the equator five degrees of latitude on either side, are monitored. This region is approximately to the southeast of Hawaii. The most recent three-month average for the area is computed, and if the region is more than 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) above (or below) normal for that period, then an El Niño (or La Niña) is considered in progress. The United Kingdom's Met Office also uses a several month period to determine ENSO state. When this warming or cooling occurs for only seven to nine months, it is classified as El Niño/La Niña "conditions"; when it occurs for more than that period, it is classified as El Niño/La Niña "episodes".


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: If the temperature variation from climatology is within 0.5 °C (0.9 °F), ENSO conditions are described as neutral. Neutral conditions are the transition between warm and cold phases of ENSO. Ocean temperatures (by definition), tropical precipitation, and wind patterns are near average conditions during this phase. Close to half of all years are within neutral periods. During the neutral ENSO phase, other climate anomalies/patterns such as the sign of the North Atlantic Oscillation or the Pacific–North American teleconnection pattern exert more influence.


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: When the Walker circulation weakens or reverses and the Hadley circulation strengthens an El Niño results, causing the ocean surface to be warmer than average, as upwelling of cold water occurs less or not at all offshore northwestern South America. El Niño (, , ) is associated with a band of warmer than average ocean water temperatures that periodically develops off the Pacific coast of South America. "El niño" is Spanish for "the child boy", and the capitalized term El Niño refers to the Christ child, Jesus, because periodic warming in the Pacific near South America is usually noticed around Christmas. It is a phase of 'El Niño–Southern Oscillation' (ENSO), which refers to variations in the temperature of the surface of the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean and in air surface pressure in the tropical western Pacific. The warm oceanic phase, El Niño, accompanies high air surface pressure in the western Pacific. Mechanisms that cause the oscillation remain under study.


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: An especially strong Walker circulation causes La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean due to increased upwelling. La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern. The name La Niña originates from Spanish, meaning "the child girl", analogous to El Niño meaning "the child boy". During a period of La Niña the sea surface temperature across the equatorial eastern central Pacific will be lower than normal by 3–5 °C. In the United States, an "appearance" of La Niña happens for at least five months of La Niña conditions. However, each country and island nation has a different threshold for what constitutes a La Niña event, which is tailored to their specific interests. The Japan Meteorological Agency for example, declares that a La Niña event has started when the average five month sea surface temperature deviation for the NINO.3 region, is over 0.5 °C (0.90 °F) cooler for 6 consecutive months or longer.


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: Transitional phases at the onset or departure of El Niño or La Niña can also be important factors on global weather by affecting teleconnections. Significant episodes, known as Trans-Niño, are measured by the Trans-Niño index (TNI). Examples of affected short-time climate in North America include precipitation in the Northwest US and intense tornado activity in the contiguous US.


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: The Southern Oscillation is the atmospheric component of El Niño. This component is an oscillation in surface air pressure between the tropical eastern and the western Pacific Ocean waters. The strength of the Southern Oscillation is measured by the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). The SOI is computed from fluctuations in the surface air pressure difference between Tahiti (in the Pacific) and Darwin, Australia (on the Indian Ocean).


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: Low atmospheric pressure tends to occur over warm water and high pressure occurs over cold water, in part because of deep convection over the warm water. El Niño episodes are defined as sustained warming of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, thus resulting in a decrease in the strength of the Pacific trade winds, and a reduction in rainfall over eastern and northern Australia. La Niña episodes are defined as sustained cooling of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, thus resulting in an increase in the strength of the Pacific trade winds, and the opposite effects in Australia when compared to El Niño.


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: Although the Southern Oscillation Index has a long station record going back to the 1800s, its reliability is limited due to the presence of both Darwin and Tahiti well south of the Equator, resulting in the surface air pressure at both locations being less directly related to ENSO. To overcome this question, a new index was created, being named the Equatorial Southern Oscillation Index (EQSOI). To generate this index data, two new regions, centered on the Equator, were delimited to create a new index: The western one is located over Indonesia and the eastern one is located over equatorial Pacific, close to the South American coast. However, data on EQSOI goes back only to 1949.


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: The Madden–Julian oscillation, or (MJO), is the largest element of the intraseasonal (30- to 90-day) variability in the tropical atmosphere, and was discovered by Roland Madden and Paul Julian of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in 1971. It is a large-scale coupling between atmospheric circulation and tropical deep convection. Rather than being a standing pattern like the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the MJO is a traveling pattern that propagates eastward at approximately , through the atmosphere above the warm parts of the Indian and Pacific oceans. This overall circulation pattern manifests itself in various ways, most clearly as anomalous rainfall. The wet phase of enhanced convection and precipitation is followed by a dry phase where thunderstorm activity is suppressed. Each cycle lasts approximately 30–60 days. Because of this pattern, The MJO is also known as the "30- to 60-day oscillation", "30- to 60-day wave", or "intraseasonal oscillation".


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: There is strong year-to-year (interannual) variability in MJO activity, with long periods of strong activity followed by periods in which the oscillation is weak or absent. This interannual variability of the MJO is partly linked to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle. In the Pacific, strong MJO activity is often observed 6 – 12 months prior to the onset of an El Niño episode, but is virtually absent during the maxima of some El Niño episodes, while MJO activity is typically greater during a La Niña episode. Strong events in the Madden–Julian oscillation over a series of months in the western Pacific can speed the development of an El Niño or La Niña but usually do not in themselves lead to the onset of a warm or cold ENSO event. However, observations suggest that the 1982–1983 El Niño developed rapidly during July 1982 in direct response to a Kelvin wave triggered by an MJO event during late May. Further, changes in the structure of the MJO with the seasonal cycle and ENSO might facilitate more substantial impacts of the MJO on ENSO. For example, the surface westerly winds associated with active MJO convection are stronger during advancement toward El Niño and the surface easterly winds associated with the suppressed convective phase are stronger during advancement toward La Nina.


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: Developing countries dependent upon agriculture and fishing, particularly those bordering the Pacific Ocean, are the most affected by ENSO. The effects of El Niño in South America are direct and strong. An El Niño is associated with warm and very wet weather months in April–October along the coasts of northern Peru and Ecuador, causing major flooding whenever the event is strong or extreme. La Niña causes a drop in sea surface temperatures over Southeast Asia and heavy rains over Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia.


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: To the north across Alaska, La Niña events lead to drier than normal conditions, while El Niño events do not have a correlation towards dry or wet conditions. During El Niño events, increased precipitation is expected in California due to a more southerly, zonal, storm track. During La Niña, increased precipitation is diverted into the Pacific Northwest due to a more northerly storm track. During La Niña events, the storm track shifts far enough northward to bring wetter than normal winter conditions (in the form of increased snowfall) to the Midwestern states, as well as hot and dry summers. During the El Niño portion of ENSO, increased precipitation falls along the Gulf coast and Southeast due to a stronger than normal, and more southerly, polar jet stream.


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: In the late winter and spring during El Niño events, drier than average conditions can be expected in Hawaii. On Guam during El Niño years, dry season precipitation averages below normal. However, the threat of a tropical cyclone is over triple what is normal during El Niño years, so extreme shorter duration rainfall events are possible. On American Samoa during El Niño events, precipitation averages about 10 percent above normal, while La Niña events lead to precipitation amounts which average close to 10 percent below normal. ENSO is linked to rainfall over Puerto Rico. During an El Niño, snowfall is greater than average across the southern Rockies and Sierra Nevada mountain range, and is well-below normal across the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes states. During a La Niña, snowfall is above normal across the Pacific Northwest and western Great Lakes. In Western Asia, during the region’s November–April rainy season, it was discovered that in the El Niño phase there was increased precipitation, and in the La Niña phase there was a reduced amount of precipitation on average.


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: Although ENSO can dramatically affect precipitation, even severe droughts and rainstorms in ENSO areas are not always deadly. Scholar Mike Davis cites ENSO as responsible for droughts in India and China in the late nineteenth century, but argues that nations in these areas avoided devastating famine during these droughts with institutional preparation and organized relief efforts.


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: The synoptic condition for the Tehuantepecer, a violent mountain-gap wind in between the mountains of Mexico and Guatemala, is associated with high-pressure system forming in Sierra Madre of Mexico in the wake of an advancing cold front, which causes winds to accelerate through the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Tehuantepecers primarily occur during the cold season months for the region in the wake of cold fronts, between October and February, with a summer maximum in July caused by the westward extension of the Azores-Bermuda high pressure system. Wind magnitude is greater during El Niño years than during La Niña years, due to the more frequent cold frontal incursions during El Niño winters. Tehuantepec winds reach to , and on rare occasions . The wind's direction is from the north to north-northeast. It leads to a localized acceleration of the trade winds in the region, and can enhance thunderstorm activity when it interacts with the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The effects can last from a few hours to six days.


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling. Therefore, the relative frequency of El Niño compared to La Niña events can affect global temperature trends on decadal timescales. Over the last several decades, the number of El Niño events increased, and the number of La Niña events decreased, although observation of ENSO for much longer is needed to detect robust changes.


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: The studies of historical data show the recent El Niño variation is most likely linked to global warming. For example, one of the most recent results, even after subtracting the positive influence of decadal variation, is shown to be possibly present in the ENSO trend, the amplitude of the ENSO variability in the observed data still increases, by as much as 60% in the last 50 years.


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: Future trends in ENSO are uncertain as different models make different predictions. It may be that the observed phenomenon of more frequent and stronger El Niño events occurs only in the initial phase of the global warming, and then (e.g., after the lower layers of the ocean get warmer, as well), El Niño will become weaker. It may also be that the stabilizing and destabilizing forces influencing the phenomenon will eventually compensate for each other. More research is needed to provide a better answer to that question. The ENSO is considered to be a potential tipping element in Earth's climate and, under the global warming, can enhance or alternate regional climate extreme events through a strengthened teleconnection. For example, an increase in the frequency and magnitude of El Niño events have triggered warmer than usual temperatures over the Indian Ocean, by modulating the Walker circulation. This has resulted in a rapid warming of the Indian Ocean, and consequently a weakening of the Asian Monsoon.


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: Following the El Nino event in 1997 – 1998, the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory attributes the first large-scale coral bleaching event to the warming waters.


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: Based on modeled and observed accumulated cyclone energy (ACE), El Niño years usually result in less active hurricane seasons in the Atlantic Ocean, but instead favor a shift of tropical cyclone activity in the Pacific Ocean, compared to La Niña years favoring above average hurricane development in the Atlantic and less so in the Pacific basin.


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: The traditional ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation), also called Eastern Pacific (EP) ENSO, involves temperature anomalies in the eastern Pacific. However, in the 1990s and 2000s, nontraditional ENSO conditions were observed, in which the usual place of the temperature anomaly (Niño 1 and 2) is not affected, but an anomaly arises in the central Pacific (Niño 3.4). The phenomenon is called Central Pacific (CP) ENSO, "dateline" ENSO (because the anomaly arises near the dateline), or ENSO "Modoki" (Modoki is Japanese for "similar, but different"). There are flavors of ENSO additional to EP and CP types and some scientists argue that ENSO exists as a continuum often with hybrid types.


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: The effects of the CP ENSO are different from those of the traditional EP ENSO. The El Niño Modoki leads to more hurricanes more frequently making landfall in the Atlantic. La Niña Modoki leads to a rainfall increase over northwestern Australia and northern Murray–Darling basin, rather than over the east as in a conventional La Niña. Also, La Niña Modoki increases the frequency of cyclonic storms over Bay of Bengal, but decreases the occurrence of severe storms in the Indian Ocean.


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: The recent discovery of ENSO Modoki has some scientists believing it to be linked to global warming. However, comprehensive satellite data go back only to 1979. More research must be done to find the correlation and study past El Niño episodes.


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: There is also a scientific debate on the very existence of this "new" ENSO. Indeed, a number of studies dispute the reality of this statistical distinction or its increasing occurrence, or both, either arguing the reliable record is too short to detect such a distinction, finding no distinction or trend using other statistical approaches, or that other types should be distinguished, such as standard and extreme ENSO. Following the asymmetric nature of the warm and cold phases of ENSO, some studies could not identify such distinctions for La Niña, both in observations and in the climate models, but some sources indicate that there is a variation on La Niña with cooler waters on central Pacific and average or warmer water temperatures on both eastern and western Pacific, also showing eastern Pacific Ocean currents going to the opposite direction compared to the currents in traditional La Niñas.


title: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: Different modes of ENSO-like events have been registered in paleoclimatic archives, showing different triggering methods, feedbacks and environmental responses to the geological, atmospheric and oceanographic characteristics of the time. These paleorecords can be used to provide a qualitative basis for conservation practices.


title: Jeep Patriot

text: The Jeep Patriot (MK74) is a front-engine five-door compact crossover SUV manufactured and marketed by Jeep, having debuted with the Jeep Compass in April 2006 at the New York Auto Show for the 2007 model year. Both cars, as well as Dodge Caliber shared the GS platform, differentiated by their styling and marketing, with the Patriot exclusively offering a four-wheel drive system, marketed as Freedom Drive II.


title: Jeep Patriot

text: The Patriot was manufactured at Chrysler's Belvidere, Illinois assembly plant alongside the Compass. Although the model was still selling well even as it was essentially unchanged as it entered its 11th model year, production ended with the 2017 model year.


title: Jeep Patriot

text: In the U.S. the Patriot uses either the 2.0 L or 2.4 L "World" gasoline I4 engine. Both front-wheel drive and four-wheel drive are available. The Patriot features two four-wheel drive systems both of which are electronically controlled. The basic four-wheel drive system is called Freedom Drive I. This system is a full-time front-wheel-drive based 4WD/AWD system that is front-wheel-drive when it has traction, but can automatically put up to 50% power to the rear wheels, the ECC (Electronically controlled clutch located on the rear differential) can be locked in 50–50 below a certain speed. This "locking" isn't a true lock and just requests the ECC be locked more than in the regular AWD mode. The ECC clutch is pulsed during turns to avoid the system from binding the drivetrain. The other system, called Freedom Drive II, is based on Freedom Drive I, but by using the vehicle's CVT transmission it is capable of a 19:1 gear reduction simulating a low range usually found in vehicles with dedicated transfer cases. This 19:1 "crawl" ratio is achieved with a much lower (numerically higher) rear differential gear compared to non Freedom Drive II vehicles. The 2.4 L "GEMA" I4 is an option for the 4X2 model Patriot.


title: Jeep Patriot

text: For Europe and Australia, a 2.0 L (1968 cc; 120 cid; 140ps) Volkswagen-manufactured diesel engine is fitted along with a 6-speed manual gearbox. All EU cars are fitted as standard with four wheel drive and a version of the Freedom Drive System that tuned differently from the U.S. versions, but with similar capability to FDII with brake traction control and three switchable electronic stability control and traction control settings for on or off-road use.


title: Jeep Patriot

text: The Patriot uses a continuously variable transmission equipped with a four wheel drive system, marketed as Freedom Drive II, capable of holding the lowest ratio the CVT can reach, in lieu of a traditional two-speed transfer case. The Patriot carries Jeep's "Trail Rated" badging.


title: Jeep Patriot

text: -2.0 L I4 engine (4X2) or 2.4 L I4 engine (4X4) or 2.0 CRD (VW) 4x2, 4x4 or 2.1 CRD (Mercedes-Benz) 4x4


title: Jeep Patriot

text: At the 2009 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, the Jeep Patriot was added to Chrysler's ENVI lineup. As with the previously announced Jeep Wrangler EV, the Jeep Patriot EV is an extended-range electric vehicle (EREV, also called a plug-in hybrid vehicle), capable of traveling solely on battery power and up to on a single tank of gas.


title: Jeep Patriot

text: However, Chrysler's new partner Fiat SpA disbanded the ENVI division in November 2009, and removed the three ENVI models from its 5-year plan for Chrysler. There have been no announced plans to continue with the electric version.


title: Jeep Patriot

text: The Patriot received minor interior and exterior upgrades for 2011. The front fog lamps were shrunken and relocated, and the "Patriot" lettering on the rear bumper was removed and replaced with a more traditional rear bumper. Three trims were offered in the US: Sport, Latitude, and Limited (which replaced the earlier Latitude X). In Canada, North Edition replaced the Latitude trim with slightly different equipment.


title: Jeep Patriot

text: In the EU, four trims were offered: Sport, Sport Plus, Limited, and an Overland version. In the EU market, the 2.0 L Volkswagen PD Diesel Engine was replaced by a 2.2 L Mercedes-Benz Twin-Cam Common Rail Diesel engine delivering .


title: Jeep Patriot

text: For 2011, a 70th Anniversary Edition model was offered to commemorate the Jeep history. It was based on the Sport model with special olive or beige interior colors, unique alloy wheels, a nine-speaker Boston Acoustics premium sound system with subwoofer and fold-down liftgate speakers, Sirius XM Radio, a leather-wrapped steering wheel, leather seats, heated front seats, and other features. This model was available from May to October 2011.


title: Jeep Patriot

text: For 2012 only, an Altitude Edition model, based on the Sport model, was offered. It featured black leather upholstery, special black-finished alloy wheels, a nine-speaker sound system, Sirius XM Radio, a leather-wrapped steering wheel, heated front seats, and black-painted exterior accents. This model started production in May 2012, and was only available for a few months.


title: Jeep Patriot

text: For the 2013 model year, a Freedom Edition model, based on the Sport model, was offered to commemorate Jeep's commitment to the U.S. Army and military, as well to commemorate all of the soldiers who have served. It has a special star hood decal, power leather seats, a leather-wrapped steering wheel, Sirius XM Radio, and dark-finished alloy wheels. This model features Commando Green Metallic exterior paint that is not available on other 2013 Jeep Patriots.


title: Jeep Patriot

text: The Jeep Patriot underwent many changes in trims or models for the 2014 model year; however, 2014 was the first model year that Freedom Drive 1 Patriots came with a Hyundai 6-speed automatic transmission instead of the CVT.


title: Jeep Patriot

text: 2017 was the last year for the Patriot, but production was discontinued in December 2016 (with the remainder of the fleet marketed as "2017" and sold until stock depletion). Both Patriot and first-generation Jeep Compass were replaced by second-generation Compass.


title: Jeep Patriot

text: <nowiki>*</nowiki>2007–2013 models with additional optional side airbags. Models without additional optional side airbags were rated Marginal.


title: Alcantara (material)

text: Alcantara is the brand name of a common synthetic textile material. It has a soft, suede-like microfibre pile and is noted for its durability. Alcantara is commonly seen in automotive applications, as a substitute for leather and vinyl in vehicle interior trim. It is also used in the design, fashion, consumer electronics and marine industries. Alcantara was developed in the 1970s by Miyoshi Okamoto and initially manufactured by the Italian company Alcantara.


title: Alcantara (material)

text: Alcantara is produced by combining an advanced spinning process (producing very low denier bicomponent "islands-in-the-sea" fiber) and chemical and textile production processes (needle punching, buffing, impregnation, extraction, finishing, dyeing, etc.) which interact with each other.


title: Alcantara (material)

text: The material was developed in the early 1970s by Miyoshi Okamoto, a scientist working for the Japanese chemical company Toray Industries. It was based on the same technology as another product from the same company named Ultrasuede. Around 1972, a joint venture between Italian chemical company ENI and Toray formed Alcantara SpA in order to manufacture and distribute the material. The company is now owned by Toray and Mitsui.


title: Alcantara (material)

text: Alcantara is composed of about 68% polyester and 32% polyurethane, giving increased durability and stain resistance. The appearance and tactile feel of the material is similar to that of suede, and it may be erroneously identified as such.


title: Alcantara (material)

text: Some versions are designated as flame retardant in order to meet certain fire standards for both furnishings and automobile applications.


title: Alcantara (material)

text: Alcantara applications include furniture, clothing, jewelry, safety helmets and automobiles. In the latter it is used in seating, dashboard trim and headliners by many high-end OEM automotive suppliers. It is commonly used as steering wheel covering in many performance oriented vehicles. Louis Vuitton uses Alcantara linings in many of its bags. It appears in the collaboration with Takashi Murakami under the creative direction of fashion designer Marc Jacobs, wherein the white Multicolor Monogram bags have a bright fuchsia Alcantara lining.


title: Alcantara (material)

text: Alcantara is used as a flame-retardant driver seat covering material for Formula One race cars, including the Williams Formula One 2011 FW33 car. It is also used as a covering material for high-end headphones, including the Sennheiser HD800, the Sennheiser Momentum On-Ear, and Bose QuietComfort 35 as well as for other consumer products, such as Microsoft's Alcantara keyboard cover for Surface Pro (2017) and Surface Go, Microsoft's Surface Laptop keyboard and Samsung's Galaxy S8, S8+, S9, S9+ and Note 8 smartphone covers. Alcantara is also used in the SpaceX Crew Dragon capsule.


title: Jersey Shore

text: The Jersey Shore (known by locals simply as the Shore) is the coastal region of the U.S. state of New Jersey. Geographically, the term encompasses about of oceanfront bordering the Atlantic Ocean, from Perth Amboy in the north to Cape May Point in the south. The region includes Middlesex, Monmouth, Ocean, Atlantic, and Cape May counties, which are in the central and southern parts of the state. Located in the center of the Northeast Megalopolis, the northern half of the shore region is part of the New York metropolitan area, while the southern half of the shore region is part of the Delaware Valley, a.k.a. the Philadelphia metropolitan area. The Jersey Shore hosts the highest concentration of oceanside boardwalks in the United States.


title: Jersey Shore

text: Famous for its many boardwalks with arcades, amusement parks, and water parks boasting hundreds of rides and attractions, the Jersey Shore is a popular vacation spot with residents of North Jersey, New York, Maryland, Delaware, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania. Certain shore communities are also popular with visitors of the Canadian province of Quebec. Due to New Jersey's peninsular geography, both sunrise and sunset are visible over water from different points on the Jersey Shore.


title: Jersey Shore

text: Hurricane Sandy in 2012 devastated much of the northern part of the region, spawning the demolition and rebuilding of entire neighborhoods, with reinvention on a physically and financially elevated and economically upscale level; this process of gentrification is rapidly escalating property values and transforming many communities on the Jersey Shore into a second home for the New York financial community, akin to the more established Gold Coast and Hamptons on Long Island.


title: Jersey Shore

text: The Jersey Shore is lined with over 40 different towns and communities, each with a different character, flavor, and vibe. Many towns cater extensively to summer tourists, while others are increasingly or completely full-year residential communities. The towns listed below are ordered geographically from north to south.


title: Jersey Shore

text: Perth Amboy, along with neighboring South Amboy across the Raritan River, make up The Amboys. Perth Amboy was a resort town in the 19th century and early 20th century, located on the northern edge of the Raritan Bayshore. Since the early 1990s Perth Amboy has seen redevelopment. Small businesses have started to open up, helped by the city's designation as an urban enterprise zone. The waterfront has also seen a rebirth, with new parks, a new promenade and an expansion of the marina complementing the old Victorian homes along the bay. Local attractions include the Perth Amboy Ferry Slip and Kearny Cottage. The Raritan Yacht Club, it is one of the oldest yacht clubs in the United States.


title: Jersey Shore

text: Laurence Harbor is an unincorporated community located in Old Bridge. The waterfront neighborhood looks directly upon Staten Island's southern shore; the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, Lower Manhattan (including the Empire State Building, on a clear night), and Brooklyn can also be seen. The railroad ch no longer has a station in Laurence Harbor. It had a Morgan station during most of the 1st half of the 20th century, located right across Cheesequake Creek, sometimes referred to locally as "The Front", from Laurence Harbor, dividing the community into eastern and western sections. Cliffwood Beach also borders Laurence Harbor when traveling south. Morgan is named after the 1703 family that had 645 acres (2.61 km2) here and were cousins of the infamous pirate captain Henry Morgan. Morgan is located one mile to the northwest, across the Cheesequake Creek and the Morgan Bridge on New Jersey Route 35. The Morgan Draw carries the North Jersey Coast Line.


title: Jersey Shore

text: Laurence Harbor is home to Old Bridge Waterfront Park, which consists of a new boardwalk (the old boardwalk was destroyed in the 1940–the 1950s) that was completed in 2002. The beachfront was redone through a joint venture by Old Bridge Township, New Jersey, and Middlesex County Parks Department. It extends approximately one mile from the Old Bridge Police substation south, to the Aberdeen Township neighborhood of Cliffwood Beach, and runs parallel with New Jersey Route 35. This area is very popular for fishing as three jetties extend into Raritan Bay and are in excellent condition, also recently redone in the past ten years. The park's boardwalk is also popular for jogging and dog walking. At the northern parking lot of the park, there is bay beach swimming access along with a bathroom and showers.


title: Jersey Shore

text: Keansburg was a popular early 20th century summertime destination for tourists from New York City, who would cross the Raritan Bay on steamboats to escape the city heat. Hurricane Donna wiped out much of the waterfront area in 1960, and a number of fires in the 1980s destroyed many of the town's main attractions, including the Dance Hall Auditorium, the Keansburg Bowling Alley, and the Casino Theater.


title: Jersey Shore

text: The Keansburg Amusement Park, founded in 1904, started a massive expansion project in 1995. Upgrades were made to the park and an adjacent water park, Runaway Rapids, was constructed


title: Jersey Shore

text: Atlantic Highlands, which overlooks where the Atlantic Ocean and Raritan Bay meet at Sandy Hook, contains Mount Mitchill, the highest point on the eastern seaboard south of Maine, rising above sea level.


title: Jersey Shore

text: The Manhattan skyline can be seen from the borough's ridges and its shoreline. Pleasure, fishing, and commuter boats sail from its harbor, which was built from 1938 through 1940. It is the largest on the East Coast.


title: Jersey Shore

text: Atlantic Highlands is home to 715 craft, including the high-speed SeaStreak ferry service to New York City, which was introduced in 1986. SeaStreak ferry provides high-speed commuter service for residents on the Raritan Bayshore in northern Monmouth County to Manhattan in New York City. The ferry also offers seasonal sightseeing excursions. Many Jersey Shore residents board the ferry to travel to different points across the Tri-State area and New England coastline. Many New York residents board the ferry to travel to Atlantic Highlands and Sandy Hook Beach, along with the rest of the Jersey Shore region at large.


title: Jersey Shore

text: Sandy Hook is a long, narrow largely undeveloped barrier spit, most of which is owned and managed by the National Park Service as a unit of the Gateway National Recreation Area. The eastern, ocean-facing shoreline consists of various public and fishing beaches and serves as a Shore gateway and popular destination for recreation in summer when seasonal SeaStreak ferries bring beachgoers. Sandy Hook's Gunnison Beach is one of the largest clothing optional beaches on the East Coast. The northern end of the peninsula is home to the Sandy Hook Lighthouse, the Marine Academy of Science and Technology, and the restored buildings of Fort Hancock, a former United States Army base. Spread across Sandy Hook are former military installations, including four ammunition bunkers, two gun stations, and a Nike Missile Base.


title: Jersey Shore

text: Red Bank, overlooking the Navesink River, is a noted social and commercial destination, filled with boutiques, designer clothing stores, parks, and restaurants. The town is also considered a center of artistic activity, and is home to the Monmouth County Arts Council, as well as the Count Basie Theatre, Two River Theater, and several art galleries. Various festivals held by the town, including the Red Bank Jazz & Blues Festival, draw tourists throughout the year.


title: Jersey Shore

text: Boating, sculling, sailing, and fishing are popular outdoor activities in Red Bank; in the winter, ice boats sail on the Navesink when it freezes over. The Monmouth Boat Club, Marine Park, and the slips of the Molly Pitcher Inn provide access to the river and, from there, the Atlantic Ocean.


title: Jersey Shore

text: Oceanport is an upper-middle class bedroom community located on the Shrewsbury River, between Red Bank and Long Branch. It is the home of Monmouth Park Racetrack, one of the oldest thoroughbred racing tracks in the country.


title: Jersey Shore

text: The original racing track was opened by the Monmouth Park Association on July 30, 1870, in nearby Eatontown to increase summer tourism for communities along the Shore. Monmouth Park early on earned the nickname as the "Newmarket of America" due to the excellence of its racing. However, after three years of being open financial issues caused the track to close. In 1878, the track was bought by David D. Withers, George L. Lorillard, James Gordon Bennett, Jr., and George P. Wetmore. The men spent four years renovating the grounds and grandstand and reopened Monmouth Park in 1882. From 1882 to 1890, the track increased in popularity and as a result, a new racetrack was constructed next to the original. The new racetrack opened in 1890 becoming the second Monmouth Park. However, legislation proposed in 1891 and enacted in 1894 barred parimutuel betting in New Jersey, and the track closed its doors. It was not until 1946 when the New Jersey Legislature passed a bill providing for state regulation of horse racing that the current Monmouth Park opened.


title: Jersey Shore

text: Its location on the shore and as a stop on the North Jersey Coast Line, makes it a popular shore destination for residents from New York and North Jersey to see thoroughbred racing. The Haskell Invitational Stakes takes place annually in August.


title: Jersey Shore

text: Long Branch developed into a resort town in the late 18th century, with oceanside hotels, large estates, and grand theaters. It was visited by seven United States presidents, including Ulysses S. Grant, Chester A. Arthur, Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, Benjamin Harrison, William McKinley, and Woodrow Wilson. All seven worshiped at the Church of the Presidents in the city, and beachside Seven Presidents Park is named for their visits.


title: Jersey Shore

text: Long Branch's popularity waned in the years following World War II, with the opening of the Garden State Parkway in the mid-1950s allowing tourists to access points further south. The defining moment marking the end of this era occurred on June 8, 1987, when a large fire destroyed the town's pier and adjoining amusement park.


title: Jersey Shore

text: In 2005, Pier Village, a Victorian-inspired mixed-use community consisting of rental residences atop retail space, opened. A public grassy area called Festival Plaza is the site of regular events, including concerts, arts & crafts fairs, outdoor movies and holiday events. Long Branch is also home to Max's Famous Hotdogs and its rival, the original WindMill Hot Dogs, located in a windmill-shaped building since 1963.


title: Jersey Shore

text: Asbury Park developed through the 1920s and 1930s as a resort destination for the New York metro area, and it remained that way through World War II. The Paramount Theatre and Asbury Park Convention Hall, both connected to the boardwalk via a grand arcade, drew considerable tourists. The post-war era of the 1950s and 1960s saw the construction of the Garden State Parkway and the Monmouth Mall, taking visitors away from Asbury Park and its shopping areas. At the same time, the city's music scene gained prominence with artists like Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band and Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes getting their starts at venues like Asbury Lanes and The Stone Pony, the latter one of New Jersey's best-known music venues. These acts and others led to the development of a subgenre of rock and roll known as the Jersey Shore sound.


title: Jersey Shore

text: Race riots on July 4, 1970 resulted in the destruction of various buildings across the city. A popular indoor amusement complex, Palace Amusements, was closed in 1988 and demolished in 2004, despite multiple attempts to save it. A pair of large murals on the building's side known collectively as "Tillie" became an icon of the Jersey Shore and was saved.


title: Jersey Shore

text: In 1990s, Asbury Park emerged as a prime LGBT destination, with multiple gay bars and nightclubs, as well as the Empress Hotel, the state's only gay-oriented hotel, opening. Since the early 2000s, a burgeoning crowd of artists along with local political leaders have helped push the town through major redevelopment, which is still ongoing. Asbury Park still retains the lively music scene which made it famous, with newer music venues such as The Saint operating alongside the older stalwarts. Events like the Asbury Music Awards and the Garden State Film Festival continue to draw tourists to the city.