title: Stereographic projection

text: Some fisheye lenses use a stereographic projection to capture a wide-angle view. Compared to more traditional fisheye lenses which use an equal-area projection, areas close to the edge retain their shape, and straight lines are less curved. However, stereographic fisheye lenses are typically more expensive to manufacture. Image remapping software, such as Panotools, allows the automatic remapping of photos from an equal-area fisheye to a stereographic projection.


title: Stereographic projection

text: The stereographic projection has been used to map spherical panoramas, starting with Horace Bénédict de Saussure's in 1779. This results in effects known as a "little planet" (when the center of projection is the nadir) and a "tube" (when the center of projection is the zenith).


title: Stereographic projection

text: The popularity of using stereographic projections to map panoramas over other azimuthal projections is attributed to the shape preservation that results from the conformality of the projection.


title: Samba (Krishna's son)

text: Samba (; IAST: "") was a son of the Hindu god Krishna and his second consort, Jambavati. His foolish prank brought an end to the Yadu dynasty.


title: Samba (Krishna's son)

text: In the 1st century BC, there seems to be evidence for a worship of five Vrishni heroes (Balarama, Krishna, Pradyumna, Aniruddha and, Samba), due to the Mora Well Inscription found at Mora near Mathura, which apparently mentions a son of the great "satrap" Rajuvula, probably the "satrap" Sodasa and an image of Vrishni, "probably Vasudeva, and of the "Five Warriors". The Brahmi inscription can be seen on the Mora stone slab, now in the Mathura Museum.


title: Samba (Krishna's son)

text: The "Mahabharata" and the "Devi Bhagavata Purana" narrate the story of the birth of Samba. Jambavati was unhappy when she realized that only she had not given birth to a child while all other wives were blessed with many children. She approached Krishna to find a solution and to be blessed with a son like the handsome Pradyumna, Krishna's first-born son. Krishna knew this son would herald in the destruction of the Yadu clan, and therefore needed to be a form of Shiva's destructive energy. Then Krishna went to the hermitage of the sage Upamanyu in the Himalayas and as advised by the sage, he started to pray to the god Shiva. He performed his penance for six months in various postures; once holding a skull and a rod, then standing on one leg only in the next month and surviving on water only, during the third month he did penance standing on his toes and living on air only. Pleased with the austerities, Shiva finally appeared before Krishna as Samba, (Ardhanarishvara) the half-female, half-male form of the god Shiva-Shakti, asked him to ask a boon. Krishna then sought a son from Jambavati, which was granted. A son was born soon thereafter who was named Samba, the form Shiva had appeared before Krishna.


title: Samba (Krishna's son)

text: According to Bhagavata Purana, Jambavati was the mother of Samba, Sumitra, Purujit, Shatajit, Sahasrajit, Vijaya, Chitraketu, Vasuman, Dravida and Kratu. The "Vishnu Purana" says that she has many sons headed by Samba.


title: Samba (Krishna's son)

text: Samba grew up to be a nuisance to the Yadavas, Krishna's clan. Lakshmanaa, who was the daughter of Duryodhana and younger sister of Lakshmana Kumara had come of age. Her father arranged her swayamvara and many princes came to win her hand. Samba had heard of Lakshmana and wanted to marry her. He went to her swayamvara and abducted her. He defeated the Kuru maharathis who pursued him, but was finally caught. He was arrested by the Kuru elders and thrown in prison.


title: Samba (Krishna's son)

text: Lakshmana's swayamvara was re-arranged, but no other prince was willing to marry her, since it was considered that a woman abducted by another man belonged to that man. The princes were actually afraid of the Yadavas who might attack them on Samba's behalf. Balarama, who was fond of his notorious nephew, went to Hastinapura to bail him out. The Kurus refused. Balarama became enraged and started smashing up the palace. Soon after, Duryodhana apologised for their conduct. Balarama was pacified and ordered the Kurus to free Samba. Duryodhana then affectionately married his daughter off to Samba and the marriage was celebrated in pomp and show. Samba and Lakshmanaa had ten children.


title: Samba (Krishna's son)

text: The "Bhavishya Purana", the "Skanda Purana" and the "Varaha Purana" narrate that some of Krishna's junior wives were infatuated with Samba. One wife, Nandini, disguised herself as Samba's wife and slept with him. Krishna heard of this blasphemous act from the sage Narada and cursed Samba to be inflicted with leprosy and his wives to be kidnapped by robbers after his own death.


title: Samba (Krishna's son)

text: In another version of the tale, Samba used his appearance to fool his stepmothers and play pranks with them in the absence of his father. Krishna bore it with patience as he did not like to hurt him. One day, Samba teased the sage Narada for his looks. The sage felt humiliated and was infuriated. He decided to teach Samba a lesson. He lured Samba to the private bathing pool where his stepmothers were taking bath. Finding intrusion on their privacy, they all complained to Krishna. Krishna was mortified to learn that his son had been peeping and cursed him to suffer from leprosy. Samba pleaded his innocence and expressed that he was misled by Narada. Krishna found it to be true and repented for his action in haste. As the curse cannot be revoked, he advised Samba to pray Surya who alone can cure him of the deadly disease.


title: Samba (Krishna's son)

text: The Samba Purana consists of the narrative of Samba getting infected by leprosy, after being cursed by sage Durvasa for mocking him. Later, he got cured by worshipping Surya in the temple constructed by him in Mitravana on the banks of the Chandrabhaga, which was once Multan Sun Temple. Samba underwent penance for 12 years in Mitravana near the shores of Chandrabhaga. Both the original Konark Sun Temple and the Multan Sun Temple at Multan, earlier known as Kashyapapura, have been attributed to Samba. He was cured by the Sun God Surya after 12 years of penance near Konark. As a tradition in the state of Odisha, India this day is celebrated as Samba Dashami on the 10th day of the Shukla Paksha of Pausha Masa. On this day, mothers pray to Surya for the health of their children.


title: Samba (Krishna's son)

text: At the end of Kurukshetra war, all 100 of Gandhari's sons, the Kauravas were killed by their cousins, the Pandavas, who were aided by Krishna. Pandavas also lost all of their sons. Gandhari cursed Krishna for allowing all this destruction to happen. She cursed that he, his city and all his subjects would be destroyed. Krishna accepted the curse.


title: Samba (Krishna's son)

text: The book Mausala Parva describes the fulfillment of the curse 36 years after the end of the great war. With Yudhisthira's realm now peaceful and prosperous, the youth of the Yadava clan have become frivolous and hedonistic. Samba dresses up as a woman and his friends meet Rishi Vishwamitra, Durvasa, Vashista, Narada and other rishis, who were visiting Dwaraka for an audience with Krishna. The young man playfully pretending to be a woman claims that he is pregnant, and asks the rishis to predict the gender of the baby. One rishi sees through the prank. In a fit of rage, he curses that Samba will give birth to an iron bolt (Gada (mace) a weapon) that will destroy his entire race. As per the curse, the next day, Samba gave birth to an iron rod. The youth informed King Ugrasena of what has happened. Ugrasena ordered Samba to crush the rod into powder and cast it into the Prabhas sea. The powder washed up onto the sea shore and grew into long reeds of eraká grass. Later on in the story, the Yadavas are at that same seashore for a festival, when a fight breaks out between them all. Not having any weapons to hand, the Yadavas break off the eraká grass, which they discovered was as strong as iron, and use this to kill each other. Thus, the iron bolt destroys the entire Yadava Clan.


title: Samba (Krishna's son)

text: One larger piece of the bolt was swallowed by a fish. That same fish was caught by a hunter named Jara, who in his past life was Vali in the Ramayana. He removed the iron piece from his catch and noticing that it had a point and arrow head like shape, sharpened it as such and stuck it onto the tip of one of his arrows. The hunter Jara mistook Krishna's partly visible left foot for a deer and shot the arrow. The arrow mortally wounded Krishna resulting in his departure from the earth.


title: Manjula Vijayakumar

text: Manjula Vijayakumar (4 July 195423 July 2013) was an Indian actress. She acted in more than 100 films in South Indian languages like Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam.


title: Manjula Vijayakumar

text: She and actor Vijayakumar got married in 1976. The couple have three daughters, Vanitha, Preetha and Sridevi. Arun Vijay, Anitha, and Kavitha are her husband's children from his first marriage. Sanjeev and Sindhu are her nephew and niece respectively (elder sister's son and daughter respectively).


title: Manjula Vijayakumar

text: She first appeared in the film "Shanthi Nilayam" (1969) in a supporting role (as the teenaged niece of Gemini Ganesan's character). Her first lead role was in "Rickshawkaran" (1971). She acted in lead roles in many films till the late seventies. Since the late 80's, she has appeared in supporting roles. Manjula has performed alongside R. Muthuraman, Sivaji Ganesan, Gemini Ganesan, M. G. Ramachandran, Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao, Akkineni Nageswara Rao, Krishna, Shobhan Babu, Kamal Haasan, Vishnuvardhan and Rajinikanth.


title: Manjula Vijayakumar

text: Manjula died on 23 July 2013 in SRMC at Chennai after falling down from bed and being admitted to hospital. Her death was caused by kidney failure and a blood clot in the stomach.


title: 2021 Copa América Final

text: The 2021 Copa América Final was a football match to determine the winners of the 2021 Copa América. The match was the 47th final of the Copa América, a quadrennial tournament contested by the men's national teams of the member associations of CONMEBOL. The match was held at Estádio do Maracanã in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on 10 July 2021.


title: 2021 Copa América Final

text: The match featured two rival teams: Argentina and the tournament hosts, Brazil. Argentina won the match 1–0 to clinch their fifteenth Copa América title and first since 1993, giving captain Lionel Messi his first senior international trophy sixteen years into his career and ending a 28-year trophy drought. Argentina also equalled Uruguay's record of Copa América titles.


title: 2021 Copa América Final

text: Argentina and Brazil are long-time rivals, having played 107 prior matches in international competition. The two teams are among the most successful in South American football and had met in three prior Copa América finals in 1937, 2004, and 2007.


title: 2021 Copa América Final

text: In Bangladesh, where the two teams have large fanbases, police banned outdoor gatherings in certain rural districts after clashes erupted between rival fans. In the Brahmanbaria District, a clash between fans resulted in serious injuries to four people.


title: 2021 Copa América Final

text: The 2021 Copa América was originally planned to be hosted by Argentina and Colombia, with the final scheduled for 12 July 2020 at the Estadio Metropolitano Roberto Meléndez in Barranquilla, Colombia. On 17 March 2020, CONMEBOL announced that the tournament would be postponed by a year due to the COVID-19 pandemic, alongside the 2020 European Championships. Weeks before the tournament, Colombia was removed as host amid the ongoing protests in the country, while Argentina announced that they would be unable to host due to the worsening COVID-19 case rate and were replaced with Brazil despite their high death rate.


title: 2021 Copa América Final

text: For the second consecutive time, the final was held at Rio de Janeiro's Maracanã Stadium, the largest stadium in Brazil. It was opened at 10 percent capacity, or 6,500 spectators, for the match due to COVID-19 restrictions. The stadium was excluded from hosting matches in earlier rounds of the competition due to its damaged pitch and was replaced with Estádio Olímpico Nilton Santos, where players criticised the playing surface. The pitch at the Maracanã was re-laid by CONMEBOL a few days before the final.


title: 2021 Copa América Final

text: The referee in charge of the match was Esteban Ostojich from Uruguay. Ostojich, along with two fellow Uruguayan linesmen, had also officiated group stage matches between Brazil and Venezuela, Peru and Colombia, and quarter final match between Peru and Paraguay.


title: 2021 Copa América Final

text: Argentina was the second-most successful nation at the Copa América with 14 victories, only one behind Uruguay's all-time total of 15 titles, but had not won since 1993. The team was seeded into Group A one of the tournament's original co-hosts and was joined by Bolivia, Uruguay, Chile, Paraguay, and invitees Australia until their withdrawal. Argentina had been transitioning away from its 2010s "golden generation" in favor of a younger core, which was reflected in manager Lionel Scaloni's call-ups for La Albiceleste. The team remained led by captain Lionel Messi, along with veterans Ángel Di María and Sergio Agüero, as the last three remaining members of the 2014 World Cup team that finished as runners-up to Germany.


title: 2021 Copa América Final

text: La Albiceleste opened the group stage against Chile, earning a 1–1 draw. Lionel Messi scored a free kick to give Argentina the lead in the first half, but Eduardo Vargas equalised in the second half by finishing a rebound shot after a penalty taken by Arturo Vidal was saved. Argentina moved to the top of Group A by defeating Uruguay 1–0 with a header scored by Guido Rodríguez off a cross from Messi. The team secured a berth in the knockout stage on the third matchday with a 1–0 victory against Paraguay; Papu Gómez scored the lone goal of the match in the 10th minute, receiving a through ball from Di María while unmarked in the penalty area. In the final match of the group stage, against Bolivia, Argentina won 4–1 to take first place in Group A. Papu Gómez opened the scoring with a short volley from inside the penalty area in the 6th minute. Messi, who had assisted Gómez's goal, added a pair of his own with a converted penalty in the 33rd minute and chipping goalkeeper Carlos Lampe from outside the box in the 42nd minute. Bolivia earned a consolation goal in the 60th minute through Erwin Saavedra, but Argentina restored their three-goal lead with a tap-in from Lautaro Martínez five minutes later.


title: 2021 Copa América Final

text: Argentina played Ecuador, Group B's fourth-place finisher, in the quarter-finals to open the knockout stage. Messi was involved in all three of Argentina's goals in their 3–0 victory, with assists for Rodrigo De Paul in the 40th minute and Lautaro Martínez in the 84th minute before scoring a curling free kick of his own in stoppage time. The semi-final fixture against Colombia began with an early goal for Martínez in the seventh minute, but finished 1–1 in regulation time after an equaliser from Luis Díaz in the 61st minute. In the ensuing penalty shoot-out, Argentina goalkeeper Emiliano Martínez saved three shots to give the team a 3–2 win after five rounds. The match featured 10 yellow cards and 47 fouls, both setting records for the Copa América.


title: 2021 Copa América Final

text: Brazil had the third-most Copa América titles, at nine, and were defending their 2019 title. The team was drawn into Group B alongside original co-hosts Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, and invitees Qatar until their withdrawal. Manager Tite called up a majority of the players used in 2022 FIFA World Cup qualifying for much of 2020 and 2021, led by captain Thiago Silva and star forward Neymar. Despite a rumoured boycott reported in several newspapers, the Brazil squad agreed to play in the tournament but criticised CONMEBOL for its organisation of the Copa América in the country amid the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: 2021 Copa América Final

text: The Seleção opened their title defense with a 3–0 victory against Venezuela, who had 15 emergency call-ups to replace players who had tested positive for COVID-19. Marquinhos scored in the 23rd minute to open the match and was followed by a penalty from Neymar in the 64th minute and a chested tap-in from Gabriel Barbosa in the 89th minute. Brazil followed with a 4–0 win over Peru in their second match, including three goals in the second half, to earn an early berth in the knockout stage. Alex Sandro opened the scoring in the 12th minute and was followed by Neymar in the 68th minute, Éverton Ribeiro in the 89th minute, and Richarlison in stoppage time.


title: 2021 Copa América Final

text: Colombia took an early lead against Brazil in their third match through a 10th-minute bicycle kick scored by Luis Díaz, but the Seleção earned a 2–1 comeback victory through headers from Roberto Firmino in the 78th minute and Casemiro in the tenth minute of stoppage time. Firmino's equaliser was the subject of protests from Colombia due to the ball hitting the referee earlier in the sequence, but was ruled valid by the video assistant referee. Brazil's winning streak was ended at ten matches after a 1–1 draw with Ecuador to close out the group stage, finishing atop Group B while resting several starting players. A 37th-minute header from Éder Militão, scoring his first international goal, gave Brazil a half-time lead, but substitute Ángel Mena equalised for Ecuador in the 53rd minute with a strike after a corner kick failed to be cleared.


title: 2021 Copa América Final

text: Brazil were held to a scoreless first half in their quarter-finals fixture against Chile, but broke through with a 46th-minute strike from half-time substitute Lucas Paquetá. Two minutes later, the team lost Gabriel Jesus to a red card after a high kick to the face of Eugenio Mena, but Brazil kept a shutout to win 1–0. The semi-final fixture against Peru marked a rematch from the group stage and the 2019 final for the Seleção. The match ended in a 1–0 victory for Brazil, with the lone goal scored by Paquetá in the 35th minute after Neymar dribbled past three defenders to provide an assist.


title: 2021 Copa América Final

text: The match began after a minute of silence for victims of the COVID-19 pandemic, with Argentina leading in possession and early chances. Brazilian midfielder Fred received a yellow card in the third minute for a challenge on Gonzalo Montiel, beginning a series of fouls from players on both teams. Ángel Di María opened the scoring for Argentina in the 22nd minute, receiving a long pass from Rodrigo De Paul and beating defender Renan Lodi to lob the ball over the advancing goalkeeper Ederson. Brazil responded with a series of attacks, including one that forced a save out of Emiliano Martínez, but lost possession to an Argentina counter-attack that ended in a missed shot from Lionel Messi after the half-hour mark. The first half ended with a 1–0 lead for Argentina.


title: 2021 Copa América Final

text: Brazil manager Tite replaced Fred with attacking midfielder Roberto Firmino to begin the second half in search of an equaliser. Di María's attempt to extend Argentina's lead in the 50th minute was blocked and led to a Brazilian counterattack through Neymar that was suppressed by a foul by Giovani Lo Celso, who received a yellow card. Richarlison appeared to have equalised for Brazil with a shot from inside the penalty area in the 52nd minute that was ruled offside; he followed up a minute later with another strike that was saved by Martínez. Nicolás Otamendi was shown a yellow card in the 81st minute for a foul on Neymar, which triggered arguments and a shoving match between both sides. After a pair of chances for Brazil that were repelled by Martínez, Argentina sprung on a counterattack in the 88th minute that ended with Messi stumbling while trying to dribble around Ederson. The match ended in a 1–0 victory for Argentina, securing their first Copa América title since 1993.


title: 2021 Copa América Final

text: Argentina won their 15th Copa América, tying Uruguay for the all-time record in the tournament, after finishing as runners-up in four editions since their last title in 1993. It was also the first senior international trophy won by Lionel Messi, who had led Argentina to three Copa América finals and the 2014 FIFA World Cup Final, also played at the Maracanã. Di María was named the man of the match, while Messi was named the best player of the tournament and shared the top goalscorer award with Luis Díaz of Colombia. Martínez was named the tournament's best goalkeeper.


title: 2021 Copa América Final

text: With the match's result, Argentina continued its unbeaten streak, which reached 20 matches, while Brazil had their first competitive defeat since 2018. After the match, manager Tite criticised the organisation of the Copa América and described the final as "stop-start" with "anti-football" preventing Brazil from playing well.


title: Thermae

text: In ancient Rome, ' (from Greek , "hot") and ' (from Greek ) were facilities for bathing. usually refers to the large imperial bath complexes, while were smaller-scale facilities, public or private, that existed in great numbers throughout Rome.


title: Thermae

text: Most Roman cities had at least one – if not many – such buildings, which were centers not only for bathing, but socializing and reading as well. Bathhouses were also provided for wealthy private villas, town houses, and forts. They were supplied with water from an adjacent river or stream, or within cities by aqueduct. The water would be heated by fire then channelled into the caldarium (hot bathing room). The design of baths is discussed by Vitruvius in "De architectura" (V.10).


title: Thermae

text: "," "," "," and may all be translated as 'bath' or 'baths', though Latin sources distinguish among these terms.


title: Thermae

text: A public bath was built around three principal rooms: the "tepidarium" (warm room), the "caldarium" (hot room), and the "frigidarium" (cold room). Some also featured steam baths: the "sudatorium", a moist steam bath, and the "laconicum", a dry hot room much like a modern sauna.


title: Thermae

text: By way of illustration, this article will describe the layout of Pompeii's Old Baths, otherwise known as the Forum Baths, which are among the best-preserved Roman baths. These baths were connected to the forum at Pompeii, hence the name. The references are to the floor plan pictured to the right.


title: Thermae

text: This specific complex consists of a double set of baths, one for men and one for women. It has six different entrances from the street, one of which ("b") gives admission to the smaller women's set only. Five other entrances lead to the men's department, of which two ("c" and "c2"), communicate directly with the furnaces, and the other three ("a3, a2, a") with the bathing apartments.


title: Thermae

text: Passing through the principal entrance, "a" (barely visible, right side, one third of the total length from above), which is removed from the street by a narrow footway surrounding the building and after descending three steps, the bather would find a small chamber on his left ("x") with a toilet ("latrina"), and proceed into a covered portico ("g, g"), which ran round three sides of an open court ("palaestra, A"). These together formed the vestibule of the baths (), in which the servants waited.


title: Thermae

text: This palaestra was the exercise ground for the young men, or perhaps served as a promenade for visitors to the baths. Within this court the keeper of the baths (), who exacted the "quadrans" paid by each visitor, was also stationed. The room ("f)" which runs back from the portico, might have been appropriated to him; but most probably it was an "oecus" or "exedra", for the convenience of the better classes while awaiting the return of their acquaintances from the interior. In this court, advertisements for the theatre or other announcements of general interest were posted, one of which, announcing a gladiatorial show, still remains. At the sides of the entrance were seats ().


title: Thermae

text: The 1898 edition of "Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities" provided illustrations envisioning the rooms of the Old Baths at Pompeii:


title: Thermae

text: A passage ("c") leads into the "apodyterium" ("B"), a room for undressing in which all visitors must have met before entering the baths proper. Here, the bathers removed their clothing, which was taken in charge by slaves known as "capsarii", notorious in ancient times for their dishonesty. The was a spacious chamber, with stone seats along three sides of the wall ("h"). Holes are still visible on the walls, and probably mark the places where the pegs for the bathers' clothes were set. The chamber was lighted by a glass window, and had six doors. One of these led to the "tepidarium" ("D") and another to the "frigidarium" ("C"), with its cold plunge-bath referred to as "baptisterium" (more commonly called "natatorium" or ), , , or ; the terms and suggest that some of those baths were also swimming pools. The bath in this chamber is of white marble, surrounded by two marble steps.


title: Thermae

text: From the the bather who wished to go through the warm bath and sweating process entered the ("D"). It did not contain water either at Pompeii nor at the Baths of Hippias, but was merely heated with warm air of an agreeable temperature, in order to prepare the body for the great heat of the vapour and warm baths, and, upon returning, to prevent a too-sudden transition to the open air. In the baths at Pompeii this chamber also served as an for those who took the warm bath. The walls feature a number of separate compartments or recesses for receiving the garments when taken off. The compartments are divided from each other by figures of the kind called atlantes or telamones, which project from the walls and support a rich cornice above them in a wide arch.


title: Thermae

text: Three bronze benches were also found in the room, which was heated as well by its contiguity to the hypocaust of the adjoining chamber, as by a brazier of bronze ("foculus"), in which the charcoal ashes were still remaining when the excavation was made. Sitting and perspiring beside such a brazier was called .


title: Thermae

text: The is generally the most highly ornamented room in baths. It was merely a room to sit and be anointed in. In the Forum Baths at Pompeii the floor is mosaic, the arched ceiling adorned with stucco and painting on a coloured ground, the walls red.


title: Thermae

text: Anointing was performed by slaves called "unctores" and "aliptae". It sometimes took place before going to the hot bath, and sometimes after the cold bath, before putting on the clothes, in order to check the perspiration. Some baths had a special room ("destrictarium" or "unctorium") for this purpose.


title: Thermae

text: From the a door opened into the ("E"), whose mosaic floor was directly above the furnace or hypocaust. Its walls also were hollow, behind the decorated plaster one part of the wall was made from interconnected hollow bricks called , forming a great flue filled with heated air. At one end was a round basin ("labrum"), and at the other a quadrangular bathing place (, , , ), approached from the platform by steps. The held cold water, for pouring upon the bather's head before he left the room. These basins are of marble in the Old Baths, but we hear of of solid silver. Because of the great heat of the room, the was but slightly ornamented.


title: Thermae

text: The Old Baths have no "laconicum", which was a chamber still hotter than the , and used simply as a sweating-room, having no bath. It was said to have been introduced at Rome by Agrippa and was also called "sudatorium" and .


title: Thermae

text: The has a passage (q) communicating with the mouth of the furnace (i), called or and, passing down that passage, we reach the chamber M, into which the projects, and which is entered from the street at "c". It was assigned to the , or persons in charge of the fires. Of its two staircases, one leads to the roof of the baths, and one to the boilers containing the water.


title: Thermae

text: There were three boilers, one of which () held the hot water; a second, the tepid (); and the third, the cold (). The warm water was filled into the warm bath by a pipe through the wall, marked on the plan. Underneath the hot chamber was set the circular furnace "d", of more than 7 ft. in diameter, which heated the water and poured hot air into the hollow cells of the hypocaustum. It passed from the furnace under the first and last of the caldrons by two flues, which are marked on the plan. The boiler containing hot water was placed immediately over the furnace; as the water was drawn out from there, it was supplied from the next, the , which was raised a little higher and stood a little way off from the furnace. It was already considerably heated from its contiguity to the furnace and the hypocaust below it, so that it supplied the deficiency of the former without materially diminishing its temperature; and the vacuum in this last was again filled up from the farthest removed, which contained the cold water received directly from the square reservoir seen behind them. The boilers themselves no longer remain, but the impressions which they have left in the mortar in which they were embedded are clearly visible, and enable us to determine their respective positions and dimensions. Such coppers or boilers appear to have been called , from their similarity of shape to a milestone.


title: Thermae

text: Behind the boilers, another corridor leads into the court or palaestra ("K"), appropriated to the servants of the bath.


title: Thermae

text: The adjoining, smaller set of baths were assigned to the women. The entrance is by the door "b", which conducts into a small vestibule ("m") and from there into the ("H"), which, like the one in the men's bath, has a seat ("," ) on either side built up against the wall. This opens upon a cold bath ("J"), answering to the of the men's set, but of much smaller dimensions. There are four steps on the inside to descend into it.


title: Thermae

text: Opposite to the door of entrance into the is another doorway which leads to the ("G"), which also communicates with the thermal chamber ("F"), on one side of which is a warm bath in a square recess, and at the farther extremity the . The floor of this chamber is suspended, and its walls perforated for flues, like the corresponding one in the men's baths. The in the women's baths had no brazier, but it had a hanging or suspended floor.


title: Thermae

text: The baths often included, aside from the three main rooms listed above, a "palaestra", or outdoor gymnasium where men would engage in various ball games and exercises. There, among other things, weights were lifted and the discus thrown. Men would oil themselves (as soap was still a luxury good and thus not widely available), shower, and remove the excess with a strigil (cf. the well known Apoxyomenus of Lysippus from the Vatican Museum). Often wealthy bathers would bring a , a slave that carried his master's towels, oils, and strigils to the baths and then watched over them once in the baths, as thieves and pickpockets were known to frequent the baths.


title: Thermae

text: In many ways, baths were the ancient Roman equivalent of community centres. Because the bathing process took so long, conversation was necessary. Many Romans would use the baths as a place to invite their friends to dinner parties, and many politicians would go to the baths to convince fellow Romans to join their causes. The had many attributes in addition to the baths. There were libraries, rooms for poetry readings, and places to buy and eat food. The modern equivalent would be a combination of a library, art gallery, mall, restaurant, gym, and spa.


title: Thermae

text: One important function of the baths in Roman society was their role as what we would consider a “branch library” today. Many in the general public did not have access to the grand libraries in Rome and so as a cultural institution the baths served as an important resource where the more common citizen could enjoy the luxury of books. The Baths of Trajan, of Caracalla, and Diocletian all contained rooms determined to be libraries. They have been identified through the architecture of the baths themselves. The presence of niches in the walls are assumed to have been bookcases and have been shown to be sufficiently deep to have contained ancient scrolls. There is little documentation from the writers of the time that there did exist definitive public libraries maintained in the baths, but records have been found that indicated a slave from the imperial household was labelled ('maintenance man of the Greek library of the baths'). However, this may only indicate that the same slave held two positions in succession: "maintenance man of the baths" () and "employee in the Greek library" (a ). The reason for this debate is that, although Julius Caesar and Asinius Pollio advocated for public access to books and that libraries be open to all readers, there is little evidence that public libraries existed in the modern sense as we know it. It is more likely that these reserves were maintained for the wealthy elite.


title: Thermae

text: Baths were a site for important sculpture; among the well-known pieces recovered from the Baths of Caracalla are the "Farnese Bull" and "Farnese Hercules" and over life-size early 3rd century patriotic figures, (now in the Museo di Capodimonte, Naples).


title: Thermae

text: The Romans believed that good health came from bathing, eating, massages, and exercise. The baths, therefore, had all of these things in abundance. Since some citizens would be bathing multiple times a week, Roman society was surprisingly clean. When asked by a foreigner why he bathed once a day, a Roman emperor is said to have replied "Because I do not have the time to bathe twice a day." Emperors often built baths to gain favour for themselves and to create a lasting monument of their generosity. If a rich Roman wished to gain the favour of the people, he might arrange for a free admission day in his name. For example, a senator hoping to become a Tribune might pay all admission fees at a particular bath on his birthday to become well known to the people of the area.


title: Thermae

text: Baths sprang up all over the empire. Where natural hot springs existed (as in Bath, England; Băile Herculane, Romania or Aquae Calidae near Burgas and Serdica, Bulgaria) were built around them. Alternatively, a system of "hypocausta" (from 'below' and 'to burn') were utilised to heat the piped water from a furnace ().


title: Thermae

text: A number of Roman public baths survive, either as ruins or in varying degrees of conservation. Among the more notable are the Roman baths of Bath and the Ravenglass Roman Bath House in England as well as the Baths of Caracalla, of Diocletian, of Titus, of Trajan in Rome and the baths of Sofia, Serdica and Varna. Probably the most complete are various public and private baths in Pompeii and nearby sites. The Hammam Essalihine is still in use today.


title: Thermae

text: In 1910, Pennsylvania Station was opened in New York City, with a Main Waiting Room that borrowed heavily from the frigidarium of the Baths of Diocletian, especially with the use of repeated groin vaults in the ceiling. The success of the design of Pennsylvania Station in turn was copied in other railroad stations around the world.


title: Burt Mustin

text: Burton Hill "Burt" Mustin (February 8, 1884 – January 28, 1977) was an American character actor. Over the course of his career, he appeared in over 150 film and television productions. He also worked in radio and appeared in stage productions.


title: Burt Mustin

text: Mustin began his professional acting career at the age of 67 after director William Wyler cast him in the 1951 film noir "Detective Story". Known for his dependability and versatility, Mustin went on to establish a career as a well-known character actor and worked extensively in film and television from the 1950s to the 1970s. His last major role was as Arthur Lanson on the CBS sitcom "Phyllis", appearing on the show into early 1977, shortly before his death at almost 93 years old.


title: Burt Mustin

text: Mustin was born in Pittsburgh, to William I. and Sadie (Dorrington) Mustin. His father worked as a stockbroker. Mustin graduated from Pennsylvania Military College (renamed Widener University in 1972) with a degree in civil engineering, in 1903. He was first trombone in the band and also played goaltender for their ice hockey team in 1902. He was the last surviving member of his 1903 class. He worked as an engineer but later decided to go into sales. In 1916, Mustin began working as an automobile salesman selling Oakland Sensible Sixes. He later began selling the luxury Franklins. After the Franklin company went out of business, he sold Mercurys and Lincolns until civilian car production was halted during World War II. He then worked as a fiscal agent for the Better Business Bureau and the Chamber of Commerce.


title: Burt Mustin

text: Before he began a professional career in show business, Mustin did amateur acting and performing. In 1921, he became the first announcer for a variety show broadcast on Pittsburgh's then newly established KDKA radio station. He appeared in productions in the Pittsburgh Savoyards (a Gilbert and Sullivan troupe) and the Pittsburgh Opera. He was also a member of the Barbershop Harmony Society, making his first trip to California in 1925 to compete in a quartet competition being held in San Francisco. During this trip the group with their wives made a visit to Hollywood as tourists, but Mustin was not interested in a film career at that point because of his cozy life with his wife in Pittsburgh. They used their Lions Club contacts to secure lodging during the trip.


title: Burt Mustin

text: After retiring, Mustin moved to Tucson, Arizona. Director William Wyler saw him there in a stage production of "Detective Story". Wyler told Mustin to look him up if he decided to pursue a screen career. Mustin did contact Wyler, who cast him in the 1951 film version of "Detective Story". Mustin's acting career then took off, and he began landing roles in films and television series. He later moved to Los Angeles.


title: Burt Mustin

text: Mustin made his television debut in 1951 with a role in the Western series "The Adventures of Kit Carson". In 1953, he played a cotton farmer in "A Lion in the Streets" starring James Cagney. Almost from the start to the end of his career, Mustin specialized in playing older men, and with his tall scarecrow frame, bald head and beaked nose, he became one of the most familiar and busiest elderly character actors. Throughout the 1950s, he made guest appearances on "Leave It to Beaver", "The Abbott and Costello Show", "The Loretta Young Show", "Cavalcade of America", "The Public Defender", "Treasury Men in Action", "The Lone Ranger", "Fireside Theater", "Tales of the Texas Rangers", "Mackenzie's Raiders", "Lux Video Theatre", "Studio 57", "Dragnet", "Our Miss Brooks", "It's a Great Life", "The Gale Storm Show", "General Electric Theater", "Peter Gunn", and "The Texan", among many others. Mustin also starred in the TV series pilot episode of "The Lone Wolf" starring Louis Hayward in 1954.


title: Burt Mustin

text: In 1960, Mustin guest starred on "The Twilight Zone" in the episode "The Night of the Meek" alongside Art Carney. He also appeared in a second episode of the series "Kick the Can" in 1962. In 1964, he had an uncredited role in "The Outer Limits" episode "The Guests".


title: Burt Mustin

text: During the 1960s, Mustin made one or more appearances on "Bonanza", "Gunsmoke", "Ichabod and Me", "The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis", "Dragnet", "The Alfred Hitchcock Hour", "Get Smart", "The New Phil Silvers Show", "The Beverly Hillbillies", "Dr. Kildare", "The Jack Benny Program", "Ben Casey", "The Monkees", "The Virginian", "Cimarron Strip", "My Three Sons", "Batman" (episode 48), and "Bewitched". In 1969, he co-starred in the television film "The Over-the-Hill Gang". He also appeared in the sequel film "The Over-the-Hill Gang Rides Again" the following year.


title: Burt Mustin

text: In addition to guest-starring roles, Mustin also had recurring roles on several television shows during the 1950s and 1960s. In 1955, he played the role of "Foley" in "The Great Gildersleeve". From 1957 to 1958, he appeared as Mr. Finley on "Date with the Angels". In 1957, he made his first appearance as "Gus the Fireman" on "Leave It to Beaver". Mustin would continue in the role until 1962, making a total of 15 appearances on the show. In 1960, he made his first guest appearance on "The Andy Griffith Show" as Judd Fletcher. He appeared in the role until 1966, however in Season 6, Episode 17 (Return of Barney Fife), he is referred to as "ole man Crowley". He also portrayed "Old Uncle Joe" on two episodes of "The Lucy Show" in 1967. The following year, Mustin guest starred as "Grandpa Jenson" in three episodes of "Petticoat Junction".


title: Burt Mustin

text: During the 1970s, Mustin continued with guest roles on "All in the Family ", "The Brady Bunch", "The Mary Tyler Moore Show", "Love, American Style", "Adam-12", "Emergency!" and "Sanford and Son" (episode "Home Sweet Home for the Aged".)


title: Burt Mustin

text: Known for his quick wit and song-and-dance abilities, Mustin was a frequent guest on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson" during the 1970s. From 1971 to 1976, he appeared in five episodes of "All in the Family" (his first appearance as a night watchman, and an additional four appearances in a recurring role as "Justin Quigley").


title: Burt Mustin

text: In 1971, Mustin co-starred in the sketch comedy show "The Funny Side". Hosted by Gene Kelly, the series featured an ensemble cast of five married couples that dealt with various issues through comedy sketches and song-and-dance routines. Mustin was cast opposite Queenie Smith as "the elderly couple". The series debuted on NBC in September 1971 and was canceled in January 1972.


title: Burt Mustin

text: Mustin guest starred as Jethroe Collins, a relative of a Jesse James victim in the "Bobby's Hero" episode of "The Brady Bunch" during the 1972–73 season.


title: Burt Mustin

text: The next year, Mustin co-starred in the television film version of "Miracle on 34th Street", starring Sebastian Cabot, and had an uncredited role in the Disney television film "Now You See Him, Now You Don't". Mustin's last continuing role was on the television series "Phyllis", in which he played the suitor, and later husband, of Sally "Mother" Dexter, a role he played until shortly before his death.


title: Burt Mustin

text: In addition to his extensive work in television, Mustin also appeared in numerous films. He made his film debut at the age of 67 in "Detective Story", in 1951. He followed this with roles in "Talk About a Stranger" (1952), "The Sellout" (1952), "The Silver Whip" (1953), "Half a Hero" (1953), "She Couldn't Say No" (1954), "The Desperate Hours" (1955), "Man with the Gun" (1955), "Storm Center" (1956), and "The Sheepman" (1958).


title: Burt Mustin

text: In the 1960s and 1970s, Mustin appeared in "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" (1960), "Hemingway's Adventures of a Young Man" (1962), "Twilight of Honor" (1963), "What a Way to Go!" (1964), "The Misadventures of Merlin Jones" (1964), "Sex and the Single Girl" (1964), "The Cincinnati Kid" (1965), "Cat Ballou" (1965) (uncredited as a former gunfighter "Old ... Old ... ?" ), "The Ghost and Mr. Chicken" (1965), "The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin" (1967), "Speedway" (uncredited) (1968), "The Shakiest Gun in the West" (1968), "The Great Bank Robbery" (1969), "Hail, Hero!" (1969), and "Skin Game" (1971). In 1974, Mustin portrayed "Uncle Jeff" in the musical film "Mame", starring Lucille Ball and Bea Arthur. He also had a small role in "Herbie Rides Again", also released in 1974. The next year, he appeared as "Regent Appleby" in "The Strongest Man in the World". His final film role came in 1976 in the Western film "Baker's Hawk", starring Clint Walker and Burl Ives.


title: Burt Mustin

text: In 2000 TVLand created a series of commercials celebrating the often seen but little known by name character actors who regularly appeared in their shows, with Mustin being featured in one.


title: Burt Mustin

text: Mustin was one of the 110 original founders of the Pittsburgh chapter of the Lions Club which was established in 1921. He served as one of the presidents and remained active in the club for the remainder of his life.


title: Burt Mustin

text: Mustin married Frances Robina Woods in 1915. The couple remained together for 54 years, until her death in 1969, and had no children.


title: Burt Mustin

text: On January 28, 1977, Mustin died at Glendale Memorial Hospital in Glendale, California, at the age of 92. He was buried in Forest Lawn - Hollywood Hills Cemetery.


title: Steve Jordan (drummer)

text: Steve Jordan (born January 14, 1957) is an American musical director, producer, songwriter, and musician. During the 1970s and 1980s, he was a member of the bands for the television shows "Saturday Night Live" and "Late Night with David Letterman".


title: Steve Jordan (drummer)

text: In the early 1980s, Jordan was a member of the band "Eye Witness", along with Anthony Jackson on bass, and Manolo Badrena on percussion. Since the mid 1980s, Jordan has also been a member of the X-Pensive Winos, the side project of Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards. Jordan and Richards have been production and songwriting partners on many of Richards's solo works. In 2005, he became a member of the John Mayer Trio. Jordan also formed the band "The Verbs", which he fronts, with his wife Meegan Voss. On August 5, 2021, it was reported that Charlie Watts had elected to sit out the resumption of the US No Filter Tour due to a heart procedure surgery and that Jordan would temporarily replace him on drums. Following Watts' death, he has played with the Stones both live and in studio.


title: Steve Jordan (drummer)

text: Jordan was a teenager when he became an honorary member of Stevie Wonder’s band "WonderLove". He also was a substitute drummer in the band "Stuff" in 1976  and played with Joe Cocker on his American tour. Later, he played drums for the "Saturday Night Live" band in the 1970s. When John Belushi and Dan Aykroyd toured as The Blues Brothers in the late 1970s, Jordan was their drummer, and recorded on their resulting albums, credited as Steve "Getdwa" Jordan. He did not, however, appear in the movie of the same name. Jordan also played in the New York "24th Street Band" with Will Lee, Clifford Carter, and Hiram Bullock which later became Paul Shaffer and the World's Most Dangerous Band, which played on "Late Night with David Letterman" from 1982 to 1986.


title: Steve Jordan (drummer)

text: Jordan, along with fellow Shaffer alumnus Anton Fig, appeared on the Rolling Stones' 1986 release "Dirty Work", playing percussion, not drums, contrary to rumors. Keith Richards then hired Jordan to play on Aretha Franklin's cover of "Jumpin' Jack Flash" for a film of the same name.


title: Steve Jordan (drummer)

text: According to Richards, Jordan kept asking Richards on the plane ride home from the recording session with Franklin in Detroit, to be included in the upcoming documentary by Taylor Hackford "Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll", a tribute to Chuck Berry. Richards had been hoping to include Charlie Watts in the project but when this proved unfeasible, Jordan was hired and he appeared in many scenes with Berry and Richards. The success of this project led to Jordan's membership in Keith Richards and the X-pensive Winos, a band that toured and recorded three albums, "Talk is Cheap" (1988), "Main Offender" (1992), and "Crosseyed Heart" (2015). Jordan co-produced all three albums and is credited with songwriting, along with Richards. One of these collaborations made it onto the "Billboard" Hot 100 via the Rolling Stones "Steel Wheels" album version in 1989: "Almost Hear You Sigh" peaked at number 50 (U.S.) and 31 (U.K.) in December of that year.


title: Steve Jordan (drummer)

text: Jordan formed a band with his wife, Meegan Voss, who fronted the all-girl punk bands the PopTarts and the Antoinettes, and they have toured and recorded under the band name the Verbs. They toured Japan in 2007 in support of their first release, "And Now... The Verbs". They followed their debut album with "Trip", the next release by Jordan and Voss. As in their previous release, this album features Tamio Okuda on lead guitars, Pino Palladino on bass and additional classic guitar work by Danny "Kootch" Kortchmar.


title: Steve Jordan (drummer)

text: Jordan has recorded with such artists as Don Henley, John Mellencamp, Andrés Calamaro, Cat Stevens, Bob Dylan, Sonny Rollins, B.B. King, Stevie Nicks, Sheryl Crow, Neil Young, Jon Spencer Blues Explosion, Kelly Clarkson, and many more. He is featured on James Taylor's 1998 DVD, "Live at the Beacon Theatre".


title: Steve Jordan (drummer)

text: Jordan is a Grammy Award-winning and nominated producer with Robert Cray's album "Take Your Shoes Off" and Buddy Guy's "Bring 'Em In", respectively. He has played on Alicia Keys' "If I Ain't Got You" and Bruce Springsteen's "Devils and Dust", and he produced the Grammy Award-winning John Mayer album "Continuum" (2006), John Scofield's "That's What I Say", "Possibilities" by Herbie Hancock, and "23rd St. Lullaby" and "Play It As It Lays" with Patti Scialfa.


title: Steve Jordan (drummer)

text: Jordan is interviewed on screen, was a musical director, led the house band and appears in performance footage in the 2005 documentary film "Make It Funky!", which presents a history of New Orleans music and its influence on rhythm and blues, rock and roll, funk and jazz.


title: Steve Jordan (drummer)

text: In 2006, Jordan joined Eric Clapton's touring band for Clapton's "European Tour 2006", which included seven sold-out shows at the Royal Albert Hall. He continued in Clapton's band as they toured North America in 2007.


title: Steve Jordan (drummer)

text: In 2008, Jordan produced and played percussion on one track for Los Lonely Boys' third album, "Forgiven", at East Side Stages in Austin, Texas.


title: Steve Jordan (drummer)

text: In 2009, Jordan received another Grammy Award nomination - the Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media, for his work on the soundtrack scoring film for the movie "".


title: Steve Jordan (drummer)

text: Jordan is a member of the John Mayer Trio, a blues rock power trio that consists of Jordan, on drums and backing vocals, bassist Pino Palladino and guitarist-singer John Mayer. The group was formed in 2005 by Mayer as a deviation from his pop-acoustic career. The trio released the record "Try!" on November 22, 2005. The 11-track live album includes cover songs, such as Jimi Hendrix's "Wait Until Tomorrow", and "I Got a Woman" by Ray Charles, two songs from Mayer's release "Heavier Things", as well as new songs written by Mayer, in addition to three songs written by Jordan, Mayer, and Palladino. They are: "Good Love Is On the Way", "Vultures" and "Try". Jordan and Mayer also produced the album together on the Columbia Records label.


title: Steve Jordan (drummer)

text: The trio also performed on December 8, 2007, in Los Angeles, California at the L.A. Live Nokia Theatre for the 1st Annual Holiday Charity Revue, which raised funds for various Los Angeles related charities. The DVD/CD release, entitled "" features Palladino on bass and Jordan on drums.


title: Steve Jordan (drummer)

text: Jordan would later collaborate with Mayer and Charlie Hunter by writing "In Repair", the 11th track from Mayer's 2006 album "Continuum". Jordan also contributed to Mayer's fourth album, "Battle Studies"; videos of the conceptual/recording sessions can be viewed on YouTube.


title: Steve Jordan (drummer)

text: Jordan also belongs to an all-star funk group, that "is redefining the idea of a supergroup." The band consists of Jordan on the drums, Wayne Cobham, Eddie Allen, Clifton Anderson, and Clark Gayton on the horn section. Willie Weeks on bass, Mix Master Mike, Isaiah Sharkey, and Ray Parker Jr. on guitar.


title: Steve Jordan (drummer)

text: On August 5, 2021, it was announced that Jordan would replace Rolling Stones drummer Charlie Watts on the Stones' 13-date US tour. Watts was first sidelined for health problems and died on August 24, 2021, at the age of 80 after a short illness. Richards recounted in his 2010 autobiography that in the 1980s Watts told him that if he ever wanted to work with another drummer, "Steve Jordan’s your man."


title: Steve Jordan (drummer)

text: Jordan plays Yamaha Drums, Paiste Cymbals and Remo drumheads. He has signature drumsticks from Vic Firth.


title: Steve Jordan (drummer)

text: Jordan endorses Remo drumheads and uses Coated Vintage A's and Coated Ambassadors on the toms and snares and either a Coated Powerstroke 3 or a Coated Ambassador on the bass drum.


title: Steve Jordan (drummer)

text: "Steve's Signature stick is light and long for great touch and sound around the drums and cymbals." In hickory. L = 16 ½"; Dia. = .525" Jordan discussed their use in a video interview for Vic Firth.


title: Lia Williams

text: Lia Williams (born 26 November 1964) is an English actress and director, known for stage, film, and television appearances. She is noted for her role as Wallis Simpson in "The Crown".


title: Lia Williams

text: Williams's breakthrough performance came in 1991 when she appeared in "The Revengers' Comedies", for which she won the Critics' Circle Theatre Award for Most Promising Newcomer and an Olivier Award nomination for Best Comedy Performance. In 1993, she created the role of Carol in the London production of David Mamet's "Oleanna". In 1997, Williams appeared opposite Michael Gambon in London's West End and on Broadway in David Hare's "Skylight", (Olivier and Tony Award nominations). In 2001, Williams appeared again in the West End and on Broadway, playing Ruth in Harold Pinter's "The Homecoming". Her long standing collaboration with Harold Pinter included roles in "The Collection, Celebration, The Room, The Lover, The Hothouse" and "Old Times."


title: Lia Williams

text: Other leading theatre performances include Rosalind in "As You Like It" for the RSC, Alan Ayckbourn's "Absurd Person Singular", Henryk Ibsen's "The Lady from the Sea", and Pinter's "Old Times", in which she alternated the roles of Anna and Kate with Kristin Scott Thomas.


title: Lia Williams

text: As Clytemnestra in Robert Icke's '"Oresteia"' Williams was nominated for both Olivier and Evening Standard Awards. Also for Robert Icke, she alternated the roles of Elizabeth I and Mary Stuart with Juliet Stevenson in "'Mary Stuart"'.


title: Lia Williams

text: In 2019, she played the role of Hannah Jelkes in the West End theatre production of Tennessee Williams' "The Night of the Iguana" at the Noel Coward Theatre opposite Clive Owen.


title: Lia Williams

text: In Dublin, Williams appeared at the Gate Theatre as Alma in "The Eccentricities of a Nightingale" and Blanche du Bois in Tennessee Williams' "A Streetcar Named Desire". She won The Irish Times best Actress Award for both roles.


title: Lia Williams

text: In 1993, Williams made her film debut in Michael Winner's "Dirty Weekend". Winner chose her after seeing her in an Alan Ayckbourn play. Subsequent film appearances have included supporting roles in "Firelight" (1997), "Shot Through the Heart" (1998), "The King Is Alive" (2000), "Girl from Rio" (2001), and "The Christmas Miracle of Jonathan Toomey" (2007).


title: Lia Williams

text: Leading television roles include "Seaforth" starring Williams and Linus Roache, "The Russian Bride opposite" Sheila Hancock and Douglas Hodge and the ITV comedy drama series "Doc Martin" with Martin Clunes.


title: Lia Williams

text: Williams played the lead role in "May 33rd" for the BBC for which she won a FIPA Award for Best Actress and was nominated for a BAFTA.


title: Lia Williams

text: She played Wallis, Duchess of Windsor in the Netflix series "The Crown", Nadia Herz in the second series of "The Missing" and starred in "Kiri", a Channel 4 series, alongside Sarah Lancashire and Steven Mackintosh. Most recently she has played Dr Cooper in "His Dark Materials" and DSU Gemma Garland in the BBC six-part mystery thriller "The Capture".


title: Lia Williams

text: Williams has been directing short films since 2002, her debut being "Feathers" (2002), which was based on a short story by Raymond Carver. In 2008, her short film "The Stronger" (2007) was nominated for the Best Short Film at the BAFTA Film Awards, and won Best Short Film at Raindance. In 2009, Williams directed "Dog Alone", a dialogue-free short film which was broadcast as part of British Sky Broadcasting's Ten Minute Tales season. In 2016 she directed "Nanabozhung", a feature-length documentary about the Batchewana First Nations, Canada.


title: Lia Williams

text: On stage, she has also directed "The Matchbox" by Frank McGuinness for Liverpool Playhouse and the Tricycle Theatre and "Ashes to Ashes" as part of the Harold Pinter Season in the West End (2019).


title: Lia Williams

text: In 2021, Williams directed an acclaimed production of "Doubt" by John Patrick Shanley at Chichester Festival Theatre, West Sussex.


title: 2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election

text: Legislative Assembly election was held in Haryana on 21 October 2019 to elect 90 members of the Haryana Legislative Assembly. The final voter turnout was recorded at 68.20%. The results were announced on 24 October 2019.


text: The Bharatiya Janata Party emerged as the single largest party and formed the government in a post-poll alliance with the Jannayak Janta Party and seven Independent MLAs. BJP's Manohar Lal Khattar and JJP President Dushyant Chautala were sworn in as Chief Minister and Deputy Chief Minister respectively of BJP-JJP alliance government.


text: In the previous election in 2014 , the Bharatiya Janata Party won a majority and ended the 10-year rule of the Congress government in the state and Manohar Lal Khattar became the Chief Minister.


text: After the final count the turnout was updated to 68.20%. Fatehabad 73.7%, Kaithal 73.3%, Jagadhari 73%, and Hathin 72.5% had highest turnout. Gurugram 51.2%, Badkhal 51.3%, and Tigaon 53.2% had lowest turnout of just above 50%.


text: During the election campaign, BJP had given the slogan of "75+" i.e. BJP will win more than 75 seats out of 90 seats in Haryana. But, BJP couldn't fulfill its target and it even lost the majority in the Legislative Assembly.


text: The INC emerged as the big gainer in the election. INC fought the election under the leadership of Selja Kumari and former chief minister Bhupinder Singh Hooda. Though INC couldn't reach the majority mark of 46 seats, it gained 15 seats in comparison to the previous election and won 30 seats.


text: 83.3% (75 out of 90) are "crorepati", that is, they own assets worth at least INR10,000,000. Average worth of 2019 assembly members is INR18.29 crore compare to INR12.97 crore in 2014. 93.5% of INC (29 of 31), 92.5% of BJP (37 of 40), and 70% of JJP (7 of 10) are crorepati. With INR25.26 crore per MLA, the average wealth of JJP is highest.


text: Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR), a think tank which does poll analysis for accountability and transparency in democracy, found that the 13.3% (12 of 90) elected MLAs face criminal cases, highest being 4 from INC, followed by 2 from BJP, 1 from JJP, and rest being independent or single MLA parties.


text: Highest number of dynasts won from INC, namely Bhupinder Singh Hooda from Ranbir Singh Hooda, Kiran Choudhry from Bansi Lal clan, Kuldeep Bishnoi from Bhajan Lal clan, Chiranjeev Rao from Ajay Singh Yadav clan, Varun Chaudhary from Phool Chand Mullana; as well as Rao Dan Singh related to Rao Narbir Singh Aftab Ahmed of Khursheed Ahmed clan, Amit Sihag Chautala is another dynast who became INC MLA from Dabwali, he is grandson of Devi Lal.


text: Highest number of winning dynasts were from the Devi Lal's Chautala clan which had fielded 6 family members from different parties and 5 of them won including Dushyant Chautala and his mother Naina Singh Chautala from JJP, Abhay Singh Chautala from INLD, and INC rebel Ranjit Singh Chautala as independent candidate; as well as Amit Sihag Chautala from Dabwali as INC MLA. This was followed by 2 from Bhajan Lal clan, namely Kuldeep Bishnoi and Dura Ram. Lone HLP party MLA Gopal Kanda is also from political family as his father too had contested General Elections in the past on Jan Sangh ticket.


text: Only 9 (10% of total legislature membership) female candidate were elected, 4 from Congress, 3 from BJP, 1 from JJP and 1 independent.


text: According to ADR report, only 69% (62 of 90) have at least a bachelor's degree, i.e. 31% lack even the basic degree,


title: Hedera

text: Hedera, commonly called ivy (plural ivies), is a genus of 12–15 species of evergreen climbing or ground-creeping woody plants in the family Araliaceae, native to western, central and southern Europe, Macaronesia, northwestern Africa and across central-southern Asia east to Japan and Taiwan.


title: Hedera

text: On level ground they remain creeping, not exceeding 5–20 cm height, but on suitable surfaces for climbing, including trees, natural rock outcrops or man-made structures such as quarry rock faces or built masonry and wooden structures, they can climb to at least 30 m above the ground. Ivies have two leaf types, with palmately lobed juvenile leaves on creeping and climbing stems and unlobed cordate adult leaves on fertile flowering stems exposed to full sun, usually high in the crowns of trees or the tops of rock faces, from 2 m or more above ground. The juvenile and adult shoots also differ, the former being slender, flexible and scrambling or climbing with small aerial roots to affix the shoot to the substrate (rock or tree bark), the latter thicker, self-supporting and without roots. The flowers are greenish-yellow with five small petals; they are produced in umbels in autumn to early winter and are very rich in nectar. The fruit is a greenish-black, dark purple or (rarely) yellow berry 5–10 mm diameter with one to five seeds, ripening in late winter to mid-spring. The seeds are dispersed by birds which eat the berries.


title: Hedera

text: The species differ in detail of the leaf shape and size (particularly of the juvenile leaves) and in the structure of the leaf trichomes, and also in the size and, to a lesser extent, the colour of the flowers and fruit. The chromosome number also differs between species. The basic diploid number is 48, while some are tetraploid with 96, and others hexaploid with 144 and octaploid with 192 chromosomes.


title: Hedera

text: Ivies are natives of Eurasia and North Africa but have been introduced to North America and Australia. They invade disturbed forest areas in North America. Ivy seeds are spread by birds.


title: Hedera

text: Ivies are of major ecological importance for their nectar and fruit production, both produced at times of the year when few other nectar or fruit sources are available. The ivy bee "Colletes hederae" is completely dependent on ivy flowers, timing its entire life cycle around ivy flowering. The fruit are eaten by a range of birds, including thrushes, blackcaps, and woodpigeons. The leaves are eaten by the larvae of some species of Lepidoptera such as angle shades, lesser broad-bordered yellow underwing, scalloped hazel, small angle shades, small dusty wave (which feeds exclusively on ivy), swallow-tailed moth and willow beauty.


title: Hedera

text: A very wide range of invertebrates shelter and overwinter in the dense woody tangle of ivy. Birds and small mammals also nest in ivy. It serves to increase the surface area and complexity of woodland environments.


title: Hedera

text: The following species are widely accepted; they are divided into two main groups, depending on whether they have scale-like or stellate trichomes on the undersides of the leaves:


title: Hedera

text: The species of ivy are largely allopatric and closely related, and many have on occasion been treated as varieties or subspecies of "H. helix", the first species described. Several additional species have been described in the southern parts of the former Soviet Union, but are not regarded as distinct by most botanists.


title: Hedera

text: The only verified hybrid involving ivies is the intergeneric hybrid "× Fatshedera lizei", a cross between "Fatsia japonica" and "Hedera hibernica". This hybrid was produced once in a garden in France in 1910 and never successfully repeated, the hybrid being maintained in cultivation by vegetative propagation. Despite the close relationship between "Hedera helix" and "H. hibernica" (until relatively recently considered conspecific), no hybrids between them have yet been found. Hybridisation may however have played a part in the evolution of some species in the genus.


title: Hedera

text: Ivies are very popular in cultivation within their native range and compatible climates elsewhere, for their evergreen foliage, attracting wildlife, and for adaptable design uses in narrow planting spaces and on tall or wide walls for aesthetic addition, or to hide unsightly walls, fences and tree stumps. Numerous cultivars with variegated foliage and/or unusual leaf shapes have been selected for horticultural use.


title: Hedera

text: Much discussion has involved whether or not ivy climbing trees will harm trees. In Europe, the harm is generally minor although there can be competition for soil nutrients, light, and water, and senescent trees supporting heavy ivy growth can be liable to windthrow damage. The UK's Woodland Trust says "Ivy has long been accused of strangling trees, but it doesn’t harm the tree at all, and even supports at least 50 species of wildlife." Harm and problems are more significant in North America, where ivy is without the natural pests and diseases that control its vigour in its native continents; the photosynthesis or structural strength of a tree can be overwhelmed by aggressive ivy growth leading to death directly or by opportunistic disease and insect attacks.


title: Hedera

text: Several ivy species have become a serious invasive species (invasive exotic) in natural native plant habitats, especially riparian and woodland types, and also a horticultural weed in gardens of the western and southern regions of North America with milder winters. Ivies create a dense, vigorously smothering, shade-tolerant evergreen groundcover that can spread through assertive underground rhizomes and above-ground runners quickly over large natural plant community areas and outcompete the native vegetation. The use of ivies as ornamental plants in horticulture in California and other states is now discouraged or banned in certain jurisdictions. Similar problems exist in Australia. For example, in both countries the North African drought-tolerant "H. canariensis" and "H. algeriensis" and European "H. helix" were originally cultivated in garden, park, and highway landscaping, but they have become aggressively invasive in coastal forests and riparian ecosystems, now necessitating costly eradication programs.


title: Hedera

text: Falcarinol is capable of inducing contact dermatitis. It has also been shown to kill breast cancer cells.


title: Hedera

text: The name ivy derives from Old English "ifig", cognate with German "Efeu", of unknown original meaning. The scientific name "Hedera" is the classical Latin name for the plant. Old regional common names in Britain, no longer used, include "Bindwood" and "Lovestone", for the way it clings and grows over stones and bricks. US Pacific Coast regional common names for "H. canariensis" include "California ivy" and "Algerian ivy"; for "H. helix", regional common names include the generic "English ivy".


title: Hedera

text: The name ivy has also been used as a common name for a number of other unrelated plants, including Boston ivy (Japanese Creeper "Parthenocissus tricuspidata", in the family Vitaceae), Cape-ivy (used interchangeably for "Senecio angulatus" and "Delairea odorata", in the family Asteraceae), poison-ivy ("Toxicodendron radicans" in the family Anacardiaceae), Swedish ivy (Whorled Plectranthus "Plectranthus verticillatus", in the family Lamiaceae), and Kenilworth ivy ("Cymbalaria muralis" in the family Plantaginaceae).


title: Hedera

text: Like many other evergreen plants, which impressed European cultures by persisting through the winter, ivy has traditionally been imbued with a spiritual significance. It was brought into homes to drive out evil spirits.


title: Hedera

text: In Ancient Rome it was believed that a wreath of ivy could prevent a person from becoming drunk, and such a wreath was worn by Bacchus, the god of intoxication.


title: Hedera

text: Ivy bushes or ivy-wrapped poles have traditionally been used to advertise taverns in the United Kingdom, and many pubs are still called The Ivy.


title: Hedera

text: The clinging nature of ivy makes it a symbol of love and friendship, there was once a tradition of priests giving ivy to newlyweds, and as it clings to dead trees and remains green, it was also viewed as a symbol of the eternal life of the soul after the death of the body in medieval Christian symbolism.


title: Hedera

text: The traditional British Christmas carol, "The Holly and the Ivy", uses ivy as a symbol for the Virgin Mary.


title: Hedera

text: Ivy-covered ruins were a staple of the Romantic movement in landscape painting, for example "Visitor to a Moonlit Churchyard" by Philip James de Loutherbourg (1790), "Tintern Abbey, West Front" by Joseph Mallord William Turner (1794) and "Netley Abbey" by Francis Towne (1809). In this context ivy may represent the ephemerality of human endeavours and the sublime power of nature.


title: Hedera

text: The image of ivy-covered historic buildings gave the name Ivy League to a group of old and prestigious American universities.


title: 25 de Abril Bridge

text: The 25 de Abril Bridge (, 25th of April Bridge, ) is a suspension bridge connecting the city of Lisbon, capital of Portugal, to the municipality of Almada on the left (south) bank of the Tagus river. It has a total length of , making it the 46th longest suspension bridge in the world.


title: 25 de Abril Bridge

text: From its inauguration on 6 August 1966 up to 1974, the bridge was named Salazar Bridge (), after Portuguese Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar, who ordered its construction. After the Carnation Revolution, which overthrew the remnants of Salazar's regime, the bridge was renamed for April 25, the date of the revolution. It is also commonly called the Tagus River Bridge (in Portuguese: Ponte sobre o Tejo = "bridge over the Tagus").


title: 25 de Abril Bridge

text: Later changes had to be made due to the rapid increase in population. In the 1990s, a fifth car lane was added, and in 1999, a lower deck, used as a railway track, which was planned since the beginning, was finally built. Today, the upper deck carries six car lanes while the lower deck carries a double track railway, electrified at 25 kV AC.


title: 25 de Abril Bridge

text: From the late 19th century, there had been proposals to build a bridge across the Tagus. In 1929, the idea advanced when the Portuguese engineer and entrepreneur, António Bello, requested a government concession for a railway crossing between Lisbon and Montijo (where the Vasco da Gama Bridge, the second bridge serving Lisbon, was later built in 1998). As a result, the Minister of Public Works, Duarte Pacheco, created a commission in 1933 to analyse the request. The commission reported in 1934, and proposed building a road and rail bridge. Bids were obtained, but the proposal was subsequently put aside in favor of a bridge crossing the river at Vila Franca de Xira, north of Lisbon.


title: 25 de Abril Bridge

text: In 1953, a new government commission started work and, in 1958, recommended building the bridge, choosing the southern anchor point adjacent to the recently-built Christ the King monument ("Cristo-Rei"). In 1959, the international invitation to tender for the project received four bids. In 1960, the winner was announced as a consortium headed by the United States Steel Export Company, which had also submitted a bid in 1935. The American School of Lisbon was founded largely to educate the children of the American engineers brought to Portugal to work on the construction of the bridge.


title: 25 de Abril Bridge

text: Construction began on 5 November 1962. Forty-five months later, six months ahead of schedule, the bridge was inaugurated on 6 August 1966. Presiding at the ceremony was the President of Portugal, Admiral Américo Thomaz. Also present were the Prime-Minister, António de Oliveira Salazar, and the Patriarch of Lisbon, Cardinal Manuel Gonçalves Cerejeira. The bridge was named Salazar Bridge ("Ponte Salazar"), after Prime Minister Salazar.


title: 25 de Abril Bridge

text: United States Steel International Inc., based in New York, was prime contractor for the bridge. Morrison-Knudsen of Portugal Ltd., an American firm based in Boise, Idaho, was U.S. Steel's principal associate. Morrison-Knudsen had previously worked on the San Francisco Bay Bridge. The bridge was designed by Steinman, Boynton, Gronquist and London of New York, and Tudor Engineering Company of San Francisco. The steel was imported from the US. Four workers died, out of a total of 3,000 who worked on the site. Construction took a total of 2,185,000 man-hours of work. The total cost of the bridge came to 2.2 billion Portuguese escudos, or US$32 million (US$225 million in 2011 adjusted for inflation).


title: 25 de Abril Bridge

text: Soon after the Carnation Revolution in 1974, the bridge was renamed the 25 de Abril Bridge, the day the revolution had occurred. A symbol of those times was captured on film, with citizens removing the large brass letters spelling "Salazar" from one of the main pillars of the bridge and painting a provisional "25 de Abril" in its place.


title: 25 de Abril Bridge

text: The upper platform, running above water, had four car lanes, two in each direction, with a dividing guardrail. On 23 July 1990, the guardrail was removed and a fifth, reversible lane was created. On 6 November 1998, the side walls were extended and reinforced to make space for the present six lanes. Cars crossing the bridge make a peculiar hum - listen (59s) - because the two inner lanes are made of metallic grating rather than asphalt to minimize aerodynamic forces by means of pressure equalization.


title: 25 de Abril Bridge

text: Since 30 June 1999, the lower platform has carried a double track railway. To accommodate that, the bridge underwent extensive structural reinforcements, including a second set of main cables, placed above the original set, and the main towers were increased in height. The railway had been part of the initial design, but was eliminated for economy, so the initial structure was lightened. The original builder American Bridge Company was called again for the job, performing the first aerial spinning of additional main cables on a loaded, fully operational suspension bridge.


title: 25 de Abril Bridge

text: Traffic soon increased well beyond predictions, and has remained at maximum capacity despite the enlargement from four to six lanes, the addition of the railway, and the building of a second bridge serving Lisbon, the Vasco da Gama Bridge. A third bridge has been on and off government plans for some time, but the idea has been dropped presently, due to Portugal's budget constraints.


title: 25 de Abril Bridge

text: Several movies have been filmed on the bridge, including some scenes in the 1969 James Bond film "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" when James Bond is in a car driving across a bridge with Marc Ange Draco's henchmen, and it is also featured near the end of the movie when Bond marries Tracy and drives across the bridge with her in Bond's Aston Martin.


title: 25 de Abril Bridge

text: Normally, pedestrians cannot walk across the bridge, but every year there is a half-marathon that starts on the south bank and finishes in the north bank (Belem).


title: 25 de Abril Bridge

text: Using the bridge has always incurred a toll, first in both directions and then, from 1993, while travelling northbound only. The toll plaza situated on the south bank of the Tagus River. The tolls have become a source of political dispute in recent years. The bridge was projected to have paid all debt in 20 years, and to become toll-free (or have a reduced toll) after that period. However, the Government kept charging tolls well beyond the 20-year period, until it gave the concession to Lusoponte, creating a monopoly of the Tagus crossing in Lisbon.


title: 25 de Abril Bridge

text: When opened, people had to park their car and walk to buy a toll ticket costing 20 escudos. On 14 June 1994, the government, which ran the bridge at the time, raised the toll by 50%, from 100 to 150 escudos, to prepare to give the bridge into private concession for 40 years from 1 January 1996. The concessionaire was Lusoponte, a private consortium formed to build the Vasco da Gama Bridge at no cost to the public finances in exchange for tolls from both bridges. As a result, a popular uprising led to road blockades of the bridge and consequent police charges, an event which made the right-wing Government highly unpopular and which many believe led to a centre-left win in the 1995 general elections. The toll is set at €1.85 for passenger cars (), northbound (into Lisbon). There is no toll southbound, and until 2010, no tolls were collected during the month of August. From 2011 on, the Portuguese Government abolished that exception, in order to help the efforts to reduce the budget deficit.


title: 25 de Abril Bridge

text: Assuming that no legal changes happen, the concession will end on 24 March 2030, after which the bridge will again be state-managed.


title: 25 de Abril Bridge

text: The 25 de Abril Bridge is based in part on two San Francisco Bay Area bridges. Its paint is the same International Orange color as the famous Golden Gate Bridge, and the design is similar as well to the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge. Both the Bay Bridge and the 25 de Abril Bridge were built by the same company. The American Society of Civil Engineers says: "Like its sister bridge, the SFOBB in San Francisco, the Tagus River Bridge is located in an area with a long history of earthquakes" and seismic data had to be taken into account in its construction. Another sister bridge is the Forth Road Bridge in Edinburgh.


title: 25 de Abril Bridge

text: Upon completion, the bridge had the longest suspended span and the longest main span in Continental Europe, the world's longest continuous truss, and the world's deepest bridge foundation. It was the fifth-largest suspension bridge in the world, and the largest outside the US. Today it is the 43rd largest suspension bridge in the world.


title: 25 de Abril Bridge

text: a daily average of 150,000 cars cross the bridge, including 7,000 on the peak hour. Rail traffic is also heavy, with a daily average of 157 trains. In all, around 380,000 people cross the bridge daily (190,000 if considering return trips).


title: 25 de Abril Bridge

text: RODRIGUES, Luís Ferreira (2016). A ponte inevitável: a história da Ponte 25 de Abril. Lisboa: Guerra e Paz


title: Modern Family (season 1)

text: The first season of the television comedy series "Modern Family" aired on ABC from September 23, 2009 to May 19, 2010. The season was produced by Lloyd-Levitan Productions in association with 20th Century Fox Television, with series creators Christopher Lloyd and Steven Levitan as executive producers. The series was picked up on April 29, 2009, and finished production in August 2009.


title: Modern Family (season 1)

text: The series is set in Los Angeles and focuses on Jay Pritchett (Ed O'Neill), his daughter Claire Dunphy (Julie Bowen), and his son Mitchell Pritchett (Jesse Tyler Ferguson). Claire is a homemaker mom married to Phil Dunphy (Ty Burrell); they have three children, Haley (Sarah Hyland), the typical teenager, Alex (Ariel Winter), the smart middle child, and Luke (Nolan Gould), the offbeat only son. Jay is married to a much younger Colombian woman, Gloria (Sofía Vergara), and is helping her raise her pre-teen son, Manny. Mitchell and his partner Cameron Tucker (Eric Stonestreet) have adopted a Vietnamese baby, Lily (twins Ella Hiller and Jaden Hiller). Season one of "Modern Family" aired on Wednesday nights at 9 p.m. and consisted of 24 episodes.


title: Modern Family (season 1)

text: The season received critical acclaim from most critics, many of whom named it the best new show of 2009. The episode "Fizbo" received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics, with BuddyTV naming it the second best show of 2009. It was nominated for 14 Emmy Awards; eight Primetime Emmy Awards and six Creative Arts Emmy Awards, the most nominations for a comedy series after "Glee" and "30 Rock". The series was also a ratings success and the first season averaged 9.39 million viewers for all 24 episodes. The ratings led to ABC renewing the series for a second season midway through the first. The first season DVD and Blu-ray Disc box set was released on September 21, 2010.


title: Modern Family (season 1)

text: While working in the office Lloyd and Levitan were telling stories about their family and they thought that could be a show idea, and started working around the idea of a family being observed in a mockumentary style show. They then later decided it would be a show about three families and their experiences. The show was originally called "My American Family". Originally, the camera crew would be run by a fictitious Dutch filmmaker named Geert Floortje who had lived with Jay's family as a teenage exchange student. CBS, not ready to use the single-camera style of filming, nor ready to make another large commitment, did not accept the series. NBC, already having two shows of similar style (mockumentary), "The Office" and "Parks and Recreation", decided against accepting the series until the success of the other two series decreases. ABC accepted the series. The series quickly became a priority for ABC after the pilot episode tested high with focus groups, resulting in the network ordering 13 episodes and adding it to the 2009–2010 fall lineup days ahead of ABC's official schedule announcement.


title: Modern Family (season 1)

text: The series was given a full season pickup on October 8, 2009. On January 12, 2010, ABC Entertainment President Stephen McPherson announced that "Modern Family" had been renewed for a second season.


title: Modern Family (season 1)

text: Lloyd-Levitan Productions and 20th Century Fox Television produced the series during the first season with the show's creators, Christopher Lloyd and Steven Levitan as show runner and executive producer. Lloyd and Levitan previously worked on "Frasier", "Wings", "Just Shoot Me", "The Wonder Years". The show's writers include Paul Corrigan, Sameer Gardezi, Joe Lawson, Levitan, Lloyd, Dan O'Shannon, Brad Walsh, Caroline Williams, Bill Wrubel, and Danny Zuker. The season also featured episodes directed by seven different directors. "Modern Family" featured both a "team of directors" as well as several freelance directors. Jason Winer directed more than half the episodes including both the series premiere and the season finale. Michael Spiller directed two episodes of the first season and went on to direct a majority of the second season. Series co-creator, Steven Levitan, also directed the penultimate episode, "Hawaii". The season also featured two freelance directors, Kevin Sullivan and Reginald Hudlin.


title: Modern Family (season 1)

text: "Modern Family" employs an ensemble cast. The series is set in Los Angeles and focuses on Jay Pritchett (Ed O'Neill), his daughter Claire Dunphy (Julie Bowen), and his son Mitchell Pritchett (Jesse Tyler Ferguson). Claire is a homemaker mom married to Phil Dunphy (Ty Burrell); they have three children, Haley (Sarah Hyland), the typical teenager, Alex (Ariel Winter), the smart middle child, and Luke (Nolan Gould), the offbeat only son. Jay is married to a much younger Colombian woman, Gloria (Sofía Vergara), and is helping her raise her pre-teen son, Manny (Rico Rodriguez). Mitchell and his partner Cameron Tucker (Eric Stonestreet) have adopted a Vietnamese baby, Lily (twins Ella Hiller and Jaden Hiller). Ed O'Neill, who is probably the best known actor of the series initially had lost the part to Craig T. Nelson although he was eventually cast after Nelson turned down the part due to money problems. It was also difficult for Julie Bowen as she was pregnant with twins while filming the pilot episode. Eric Stonestreet had to try harder for the part of Cameron Tucker, due to him being an unknown actor at the time. Jesse Tyler Ferguson initially auditioned for the role of Cameron, but the producers thought he was better suited for Mitchell.


title: Modern Family (season 1)

text: The season also featured multiple guest stars. The season featured the first appearance of Fred Willard as Phil's father as Frank Dunphy in two episodes, "Undeck the Halls" and "Travels with Scout". He later went on to be nominated at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series, but lost to Neil Patrick Harris's performance on "Glee". Other guest spots included Elizabeth Banks and Edward Norton who appeared in the eighth episode, "Great Expectations" with both performances receiving positive reviews. Shelley Long appeared in the fourth episode of the season as DeDe Pritchett, Claire and Mitchell's mother and Jay's ex-wife. Many critics gave her casting positive reviews, with "Entertainment Weekly" writer Michael Slezak calling it a "stroke of genius".


title: Modern Family (season 1)

text: The season ranked 21st in the seasonal 18–49 demographic ratings with an average of 3.9 rating/10% share in the demographic meaning that the season was watched by an average of 3.9% of households and 10% average of all televisions were tuned to the season when it was broadcast. The season also ranked 36th in the seasonal total viewers with an average of 9.48 million households. The season became the third highest-rated new series, the second highest-rated new scripted show, and the highest-rated new sitcom that season. The penultimate episode of the season, "Hawaii", was the highest-rated episode of the season with a 4.3 rating/11% share in the Nielsen ratings and at the time was the highest-rated episode of the series. The lowest-rated episode was "Fizbo", which was viewed in 7.12 million households with a 2.4 rating/7% share in the 18–49 demographic although this is might have been caused by the episode airing on Thanksgiving Eve. The ratings later went up mid-season despite competition against "American Idol" with two episodes ("My Funky Valentine" and "Fifteen Percent") tying with the pilot as the second highest-rated episode of the season.


title: Modern Family (season 1)

text: The first season has been met with unanimous positive reviews. It received a 'critically acclaimed' Metacritic score of 86 out of 100. "Entertainment Weekly" gave it an A−, calling it "...immediately recognizable as the best new sitcom of the fall..." In "Time"s review the show was named "the funniest new family comedy of the year." It has also been compared to the 1970s series "Soap", in regards to the multiple family aspect, as well as "Arrested Development". Some have made comparisons to "The Office" and "Parks and Recreation", due to their mockumentary formats. BuddyTV named the show the second best show in 2009 saying "Every actor is fantastic, every family is interesting, and unlike many shows, there isn't a weak link."


title: Modern Family (season 1)

text: Robert Canning of IGN gave the season an 8.9 saying it was "Great" and called it "Simply put, Modern Family was one of the best new comedies of the season." He also praised the ensemble cast and the characters calling them lovable. Jason Hughes of TV Squad named the show along with ABC Comedy Wednesday ("The Middle" and "Cougar Town") as one of the best shows of 2009. "TV Squad" writer Allison Waldman called the series "overrated" saying "it's disconnected and uneven" and "The hokey, voice-over narrations at the end of most shows is toe-curling.". It was also named the Best Sitcom of the TV Season by BuddyTV reviewer John Kubicek. He also stated "A killer cast and the funniest and smartest writing TV has seen in a long time helped make this freshman comedy not only the funniest show on TV, but also the best." A poll by the Los Angeles Times said "Modern Family" is to win Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series and beat three year in a row winner "30 Rock". Ken Tucker of "Entertainment Weekly" ranked the season the third best series of 2009, praising it for finding its tone so fast.


title: Modern Family (season 1)

text: "Fizbo" received positive reviews from critics with many naming it the best episode of the season. It ranked number 27th on BuddyTV list of top 50 best episodes of 2009 calling it a "perfect ensemble piece". Robert Canning of "IGN" said that the episode "continued its trend of outstanding episodes", while "The A.V. Club" writer named the episode "best episode since the first couple [of episodes]". Nolan Gould, who plays Luke Dunphy, considers it his favorite episode of the series. The episode was later nominated for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series for Eric Stonestreet's performance as Cameron Tucker and later won.


title: Modern Family (season 1)

text: "Modern Family" drew criticism from some quarters for its portrayal of Cameron and Mitchell as not being physically affectionate with each other. The criticism spawned a Facebook campaign to demand Mitchell and Cameron be allowed to kiss. In response to the controversy, producers released a statement that a season two episode would address Mitchell's discomfort with public displays of affection. Executive producer Levitan has said that it was unfortunate that the issue had arisen, since the show's writers had always planned on such a scene "as part of the natural development of the show." The episode, "The Kiss" eventually aired and drew praise from multiple critics for the subtle nature of the kiss and became the fourth highest-rated episode of the series so far.


title: Modern Family (season 1)

text: The series has been nominated for numerous awards, of which 10 were won. The first of which were Best Episodic Comedy for the "pilot episode" tying with "30 Rock"s Robert Carlock for his work on "Apollo, Apollo" and New Series at the Writers Guild of America Awards 2009. The pilot episode also won Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy Series for the "Pilot" and also at the Young Artist Awards for Outstanding Comedy Series. The season also received a Peabody Award. The show was later nominated for 14 Primetime Emmy Awards, the third most Emmy nominations for a comedy series for 2009 after "Glee" and "30 Rock". The season later won 6 of the 14 Emmy nominations including Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series. The season is currently nominated for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for series co-creator Steven Levitan's work on the penultimate episode, "Hawaii".


title: Laura Palmer

text: Laura Palmer is a fictional character in the "Twin Peaks" franchise. She is portrayed by Sheryl Lee and was created by the series creators David Lynch and Mark Frost. She first appears in the ABC original series "Twin Peaks". A high school student whose death is the catalyst for the events of the series, Palmer is the protagonist in Lynch's prequel film "" (1992), which depicts the final week of her life leading up to her murder. Laura also appears in the novels, "Twin Peaks: The Return" (2017), and a variety of merchandise based on the series.


title: Laura Palmer

text: Laura (played by Sheryl Lee, who also played her cousin Maddy Ferguson), was well known and loved in Twin Peaks; she volunteered at Meals on Wheels, was her school's Homecoming Queen, and was (apparently) the darling of her parents, Sarah (Grace Zabriskie) and Leland (Ray Wise). However, the series gradually revealed that Laura led a double life: she was a cocaine addict, a victim of child sexual abuse, a fetish model and, briefly, a sex worker at One Eyed Jacks, a casino/brothel just north of the Canada–US border. Officially involved with Bobby Briggs (Dana Ashbrook), the high school football team captain, she was also engaged in a secret relationship with James Hurley (James Marshall). She also had sexual encounters with other Twin Peaks citizens, such as businessman Ben Horne (Richard Beymer) and trucker/drug dealer Leo Johnson (Eric Da Re).


title: Laura Palmer

text: The discovery of Laura's body in the pilot episode of "Twin Peaks" brings Special Agent Dale Cooper (Kyle MacLachlan) to investigate her death. Her murder and its effect on those around her propel the first season and the first eight episodes of the second season. Laura remains a prominent character afterward, as her death exposes many secrets related to her, and also, in some cases, unrelated, such as the Packard mill conspiracy. Laura also appears in Cooper's dreams, offering cryptic clues as to the identity of her killer.


title: Laura Palmer

text: Laura's first diary is uncovered in the first episode, but her 2nd secret diary is not recovered until later. The secret diary contains passages suggesting that she had been sexually abused by a malevolent entity named BOB (Frank Silva) since she was a child. In her diary she referred to BOB as a friend of her father's.


title: Laura Palmer

text: In the prequel/sequel "Fire Walk With Me", Laura's spirit makes the transition to the afterlife when an angel appears to her, showing that her nightmare was finally over.


title: Laura Palmer

text: During the second season, the identity of her murderer was revealed: her father, Leland, who had sexually abused her for years while being possessed by BOB. Before his death in police custody, Leland tells Cooper and the others that he had not been aware of his own actions during the times BOB possessed him. As Leland dies, Laura appears before him in a vision, and it is implied that she forgives him and welcomes him to the afterlife.


title: Laura Palmer

text: Laura appears inside the Black Lodge during the series finale, as both herself and an evil doppelgänger version.


title: Laura Palmer

text: Sheryl Lee reprised her role as Laura in "". In "Part 2", Laura Palmer removes her face to reveal a mysterious white light emanating from within her body. She is shortly whisked away by an unseen force. In "Part 8", a glowing orb containing Laura's portrait is sent to Earth in 1945 by Senorita Dido, shortly after the creation of BOB during the testing of the first nuclear bomb.


title: Laura Palmer

text: In Part 17, Agent Cooper is sent back in time by Special Agent Phillip Jeffries and saves Laura on the night of her murder; the opening scenes of the first season are revisited thereafter, but Laura's iconic plastic-wrapped body is nowhere to be found. Laura herself disappears soon after, vanishing from Cooper's grasp as they stroll through the woods of Twin Peaks.


title: Laura Palmer

text: In the series finale, Cooper discovers that Carrie Page, a middle-aged woman who looks just like Laura Palmer, is living in an alternative reality Odessa, Texas. Though skeptical of Cooper's claims of her past life as Laura, Carrie is eager to flee town, as there is a dead man in her living room with a bullet hole in his head. She accompanies Cooper to Washington state. Once they arrive at the Palmer residence, Carrie does not seem to recognize her supposed former home, and Cooper is shocked to find the "Tremond" family living there, having purchased the home from the previous owners, the Chalfonts. As Cooper begins to question the current year, Sarah Palmer's voice calls out "Laura" from the Palmer residence, and Carrie screams in horror.


title: Laura Palmer

text: Laura is the protagonist of the prequel film "". The film depicts the last week of her life and the events leading up to her murder.


title: Laura Palmer

text: Laura is the high school homecoming queen and is best friends with Donna Hayward (Moira Kelly). Laura is addicted to cocaine and is cheating on her boyfriend, Bobby Briggs, with the biker James Hurley. After Laura realizes pages are missing from her secret diary, she gives the rest of the diary to Harold Smith (Lenny Von Dohlen), her agoraphobic friend.


title: Laura Palmer

text: She has a dream about entering the Black Lodge. Cooper and the Man from Another Place (Michael J. Anderson) appear in her dream. The Man from Another Place tells Cooper that he is "the arm" and offers Teresa's ring to Laura, but Cooper tells her not to take it. Laura finds Annie Blackburn (Heather Graham) next to her in bed, covered in blood. Annie tells Laura to write in her diary that "the good Dale" is trapped in the Lodge and cannot leave. When she wakes up, Laura sees the ring in her hand.


title: Laura Palmer

text: The next evening, Laura goes to the Bang Bang Bar to meet her drug connections and have sex with strangers. Unexpectedly, the normally chaste Donna shows up. They all go to the Pink Room. When she sees a topless Donna making out with a stranger, a distraught Laura takes her home and begs her friend to not become like her. The next morning, Leland drives Laura home. On the way home, Philip Gerard/MIKE (Al Strobel), a one-armed man who is also possessed by a demon, pulls up alongside Leland's car and shouts at Leland that "the thread will be torn". He shows Teresa's ring to Laura, but she and Leland become frightened and drive away.