title: R/The Donald

text: In May 2019, former Reddit CEO Ellen Pao told "Mother Jones" that the subreddit should be banned for not following the site's rules. However, she also acknowledged that "it's hard to take down a subreddit which is driving a lot of traffic".


title: R/The Donald

text: A conspiracy theory involving the Democratic Party, Hillary Clinton, John Podesta and the Comet Ping Pong pizzeria attracted attention on r/The_Donald. Several members of the community created the r/pizzagate subreddit which was subsequently banned by Reddit administrators for breaking site rules regarding sharing personal information of others. In December 2016, the subreddit gained media attention when it linked a knee injury sustained by NBA player Andrew Bogut to the conspiracy theory.


title: R/The Donald

text: r/The_Donald devoted a significant number of posts to the murder of Seth Rich. In July 2017, "The Economist" noted that there had been over 10,000 posts dedicated to the topic. The subreddit promoted the conspiracy theory that his killing was a political assassination. Reddit users attempted to tie the homicide to prior "Clinton Body Count" conspiracy theories. Several members of the subreddit planned a march on Washington, D.C.


title: R/The Donald

text: On July 2, 2017, Donald Trump tweeted a video of himself wrestling Vince McMahon with the CNN logo superimposed over McMahon's face. Multiple sources, including "The New York Times", NBC News, the BBC, and "The Washington Post", reported that the clip appeared on the subreddit about four days earlier. However, on July 3, the White House denied that the video directly came from Reddit.


title: R/The Donald

text: Additionally, "The Washington Post" reported that the Reddit user who posted the video, HanAssholeSolo, also wrote about stabbing Muslims while "Vox" added that the poster attempted to remove his racist comments, including many that said the word nigger and an image of Jewish CNN employees, each being labeled with a Star of David, in a post titled "Something strange about CNN...can't quite put my finger on it." Meanwhile, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) referred to the user as an "extremist" after analyzing his posts. The ADL also identified the user as "a parent and a veteran in his 40s living in Tennessee" based on the personal information within his post history. Based on the aforementioned posts, Vox reported that some members of the forum have interpreted the tweet as support for their racist beliefs. Eventually, after being identified by CNN's Andrew Kaczynski, the user posted an apology in the subreddit on July 4. Immediately afterwards, his apology was locked and deleted by the subreddit's moderators while the user deleted his Reddit account. CNN was accused by Julian Assange, Jack Posobiec, and Mark Dice of blackmailing the user, while the hashtag, #CNNBlackmail, trended on Twitter. Kaczynski responded by stating that his line was "misinterpreted" and that the user said that he was not threatened prior to his apology. In response to the controversy, ShadowMan3001, one of the moderators of the subreddit, told Kevin Roose of "The New York Times" that CNN's intent in possibly releasing the user's identity was "a glaring example of their absolute lack of not only journalistic integrity, but basic morality".


title: R/The Donald

text: In February 2018 "Inquisitr" reported on an analysis that revealed that r/The_Donald had thousands of posts to it that originated from Russian propagandists, making it one of the biggest hubs of Russian-based propaganda on the internet. Soon after, "The Daily Beast" obtained documents from the Russian-backed online "troll farm" Internet Research Agency that confirmed that the organization deployed its agitators on subreddits including r/The_Donald and r/HillaryForPrison in the run-up to the 2016 election.


title: R/The Donald

text: In early March 2018 congressional investigators revealed that they plan to question Reddit and Tumblr as part of their investigation into the Russian interference surrounding the 2016 U.S. presidential election with Representative Adam Schiff urging Reddit and other major online platforms to make more data available about the extent of Russia's online propaganda efforts. Huffman later admitted that Reddit was aware that the site was a target of Russian propagandists, and users of the website criticized Reddit for concealing Russian activity on the website and for not working fast enough to ban extremist communities. When asked why the r/The_Donald community was not banned from the website, Huffman replied that "Banning them probably won't accomplish what you want. However, letting them fall apart from their own dysfunction probably will."


title: R/The Donald

text: The slogan "Remove Kebab" has appeared on r/The_Donald in threads that have calls for violence and open hatred directed toward Muslims. As a meme "Remove Kebab", based on the music video called "Serbia Strong" by a group of soldiers celebrating the Bosnian Serb war criminal Radovan Karadžić has appeared in over 800 threads on the r/The_Donald. The band's accordion player Novislav Đajić, convicted in 1997 of crimes during the Yugoslav wars, features in meme images and is known as "Dat Face Soldier".


title: R/The Donald

text: The subreddit was criticized by "Vice", which stated in an article that the subreddit was "authoritarian", "racist", "misogynistic", "homophobic", "Islamophobic", and a "hypocritical 'free speech' rallying point". The publication "Slate" described r/The_Donald as a "hate speech forum" and "The Verge" has described it as a "notoriously fetid troll swamp". According to "The New York Times", "[m]embers respond to accusations of bigotry with defiant claims of persecution at the hands of critics. It is an article of faith among posters that anti-racists are the real bigots, feminists are the actual sexists, and progressive politics are, in effect, regressive." The subreddit also spread fake news and promoted conspiracy theories such as "Pizzagate". In February 2017, Atlantic Council's Digital Forensic Research Lab analyzed how the subreddit was able to spread fake news throughout similar subreddits and conspiracy sites. The subreddit is also connected to the alt-right while an article by "The Washington Post" connected the moderators of closely related Trump subreddits to racist subreddits such as "r/Quranimals" and "r/Rapefugees". One moderator banned users for reporting Islamophobia to the subreddit, saying, "Jesus Christ people, stop reporting Islamophobia. We don't fucking care about our 'Islamophobia problem' AT ALL!"" The National Memo" noted that "moderators have made the occasional attempt to rid r/The_Donald of overt racism and anti-Semitism" and "The Economist" emphasized that the moderators "at least try" to remove anti-semitism from the subreddit.


title: R/The Donald

text: "Motherboard" interviewed a moderator of the subreddit, who said "[t]he people from /pol/ who can behave, which is probably most of them, stay. The people who don't behave usually wind up getting banned for rule 3." "The New York Times" also noted that, in addition to the subreddit's "no racism/anti-Semitism" policy, the subreddit also warns against "dissenters or SJWs" posting on there and that "concern trolling" is also banned. "Gizmodo" commented that the subreddit "revealed how easy the site's ageing algorithm is to game," comparing their actions to the profitability of fake news posted on Facebook. "Gizmodo" also referred the subreddit as "Trump supporters' de facto base of power on Reddit". Politico described the subreddit as "a message board that acted as a conduit between 4chan and the mainstream Web".


title: R/The Donald

text: In February 2017, after Kellyanne Conway brought up the false Bowling Green massacre, "SFGate" noted that the subreddit's response to the incident was "varied – and rather muted". Some users shared the video uncritically while others thought that the incident was an intentional part of a larger strategy by the Trump administration. Similarly, in May 2017, users on the subreddit began reposting memes pertaining to the murder of Seth Rich that occurred in Washington, D.C. "Mashable" described the postings as a distraction since the users began posting just hours after ""The Washington Post" broke the news that Trump had divulged classified intelligence to Russian representatives". It was later reported by "Gizmodo" that, at one point, 20 of the top 26 posts on the subreddit pertained to the Seth Rich murder. In the aftermath of the 2017 Las Vegas shooting, members of the subreddit initially thought that the suspect in the incident was Muslim and wrote comments about banning Muslims and refugees. After the identity of the shooter was revealed, the members saw the shooting as a "false flag" and posted various conspiracy theories. Using latent semantic analysis, "FiveThirtyEight" analyzed the relationship between the r/The_Donald and 50,323 other active subreddits based on 1.4 billion comments made over a two-year period from 2015 to 2016, and found the community was related to a number of "hate-based subreddits", such as the respectively banned r/fatpeoplehate and r/coontown.


title: R/The Donald

text: In October 2019, "RealClearPolitics" criticized Reddit's decision to quarantine the subreddit, calling it "a recent and egregious example of social media sites meddling in political affairs."


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: Tomáš Rosický (; born 4 October 1980) is a Czech former professional footballer who was the captain of the Czech Republic national team for a ten-year period. He played club football for Sparta Prague, Borussia Dortmund and Arsenal.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: He started his professional career at his hometown club Sparta Prague, playing three seasons in the Czech First League before moving to Borussia Dortmund in 2001 for DM 25 million (approximately £8 million), at the time a record transfer fee paid by a Bundesliga club. In his first season in Germany, he helped his team win the league title and reach the 2002 UEFA Cup Final. Rosický joined Arsenal in 2006, and made 247 appearances for the club, including appearing in their victory in the 2014 FA Cup Final. He spent a total of ten seasons in the Premier League, affected by several long-term injuries.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: Internationally, Rosický made his debut for the Czech Republic in 2000 and became captain of his country in 2006. He has taken part in four UEFA European Championships as well as the 2006 FIFA World Cup. He earned his 100th cap on 12 June 2015. Rosický is the Czech Republic's fourth highest goalscorer of all time.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: Rosický began his career at Sparta Prague, following his father Jiří who played for the club in the 1970s and brother, also called Jiří who played as a trainee in the 1990s. Having played for Sparta's youth teams, Tomáš debuted for Sparta's senior team in 1998 and played three matches in the 1998–99 season, winning the national title with Sparta. He scored five goals in the 1999–2000 season as the team won the league for the second year in succession. He was named the "Talent of the Year" at the 1999 Czech Footballer of the Year awards. During the 2000–01 UEFA Champions League group stage, he scored goals in matches against Shakhtar Donetsk and Arsenal, attracting the attention of German Bundesliga club Borussia Dortmund, which had a bid accepted for the player in January 2001.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: On 9 January 2001, Rosický joined Borussia Dortmund, signing a five-year contract. His transfer fee of DM 25 million (approximately £8 million), made him the most expensive player in Bundesliga history and the most expensive Czech player to be sold to a foreign team. In his first full season at Dortmund, Rosický helped the club to win the 2001–02 Bundesliga title. He also took part in the 2002 UEFA Cup Final, which Dortmund ultimately lost 3–2 to Feyenoord. During his first two-and-a-half seasons with the club, Rosický played 75 league matches, scoring nine goals and registering 20 assists. He subsequently agreed to extend his contract with Dortmund in July 2003, signing a deal to stay at the club until 2008. At the end of the season, Rosický was announced as the winner of the Czech Republic's Golden Ball award.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: Although Rosický was part of the Dortmund team that reached the final of the 2003 DFB-Ligapokal, losing 4–2 to Hamburger SV, he later described the 2003–04 season as his "worst club season," as Dortmund failed to qualify for the following season's UEFA Champions League competition. He scored his first competitive goal of the 2005–06 season in February 2006, against MSV Duisburg; it was his 16th Bundesliga goal on his 139th league appearance. March 2006 saw him have injury problems with his thigh, but he scored twice in Dortmund's 4–2 win against Hamburg at the end the month. He was linked with a move to Spanish side Atlético Madrid, which he discussed in sports magazine "Kicker", although mentioned in March 2006 that he had not signed a contract to move elsewhere.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: On 23 May 2006, Arsenal confirmed that they had signed then 25-year-old Rosický on a long-term contract for an undisclosed fee. He made his competitive debut for Arsenal on 8 August 2006 in a 3–0 win over Dinamo Zagreb in a Champions League qualifier. Rosický scored his first Arsenal goal on 13 September 2006 against Hamburg in Arsenal's first Champions League game of the season, which Arsenal won 2–1. On 6 January 2007, he scored twice against Liverpool at Anfield in the FA Cup, in a 3–1 victory for Arsenal. In February 2007, Rosický was announced as the Czech Footballer of the Year for 2006, marking his third time winning the award after previous victories in 2001 and 2002. He scored his first Premier League goal on 11 February 2007 against Wigan Athletic. He also scored against Bolton Wanderers on 14 April 2007 and against Manchester City on 17 April 2007. He finished his debut season at Arsenal having scored six goals in 37 appearances for the club in all competitions.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: On 29 August, Rosický scored in a Champions League qualifying match against his former club Sparta Prague, scoring what the BBC journalist Phil Harlow described as a "quality goal," shooting the ball under Sparta's goalkeeper after receiving a pass from Theo Walcott. Rosický scored his first Premier League goal of the season against Portsmouth in a 3–1 home win. He scored another goal from a cross provided by Walcott in a 2–0 October 2007 league match victory against Bolton, then scored Arsenal's second goal in a 2–0 victory over Wigan the following month, after a counter-attacking move towards the end of the game. His next league goal came in December when he scored in injury time in a 2–1 away loss at Middlesbrough, and he finished the month with another counter-attack goal, scoring the last of Arsenal's goals in a 4–1 away victory against Everton. His last goal of the season came in a 3–0 away win against Fulham on 19 January, as he scored with a volley following a pass from Eduardo. A tendon injury sustained in an FA Cup match against Newcastle United in January 2008 resulted in him playing no more matches that season.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: Rosický did not feature for Arsenal during the 2008–09 season due to his hamstring tendon injury. He played half of a pre-season friendly match against Barnet in July 2009, but suffered an injury to his hamstring in August, delaying his competitive return to the first team. On 12 September 2009, he played his first match for Arsenal since January 2008, appearing as a substitute in the league match away to Manchester City. He provided the pass for Robin van Persie to score Arsenal's first goal in the match and scored the second goal himself as Arsenal lost 4–2.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: On 4 January 2010, Rosický signed a new contract with Arsenal, saying, "It's felt like home since I arrived here four years ago and I believe we're on the verge of achieving something special together." Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger commented on the new deal with Rosický, saying, "I have spoken many times of Tomáš' class and contribution, not only on the pitch but off it as well, and I very much feel that this new contract reflects that." Following his contract announcement, Rosický scored an injury time equaliser in a 2–2 draw at Emirates Stadium against Everton. His third goal of the season came against Bolton, Rosický scoring Arsenal's first goal at the end of the first half after Bolton had taken an early two-goal lead. Arsenal went on to score three goals in the second half, winning the match 4–2. On 10 February, Rosický provided a cross for teammate Abou Diaby, who resultantly scored the solitary goal of their league match against Liverpool. Rosický finished the season with a total of three goals in 33 appearances in all club competitions.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: On 15 August 2010, in the first Premier League match of the 2010–11 season, Rosický was brought on as a substitute when Arsenal were trailing by a goal to Liverpool at Anfield, producing a cross in the 89th minute that was diverted by Marouane Chamakh against the post. The ball then hit Liverpool goalkeeper Pepe Reina before crossing the line for the equalising goal as the game finished 1–1. He scored his only goal of the season in an FA Cup tie away to League One side Leyton Orient at Brisbane Road on 20 February 2011 with a 53rd-minute header, although the match finished in a 1–1 draw. On 27 February 2011, Rosický started the 2011 League Cup Final against Birmingham City at Wembley, playing the full 90 minutes as Arsenal were defeated 2–1. At the end of the campaign, Rosický had scored one goal and made 34 appearances in all competitions for the Gunners.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: On 16 October 2011, Rosický took part in a league game against Sunderland and was involved in the build-up play leading to Robin van Persie scoring the game's first goal after just 28 seconds, a game which finished 2–1 to Arsenal. His first goal of the 2011–12 season was in late February 2012 against Tottenham Hotspur. After Spurs had taken a two-goal lead, Arsenal scored five times, with Rosický scoring Arsenal's third, as they won 5–2. In early March, Rosický scored his team's second goal in a 3–0 Champions League home win against A.C. Milan, putting in a performance which was described by manager Arsène Wenger as "outstanding." Despite the win, the club were eliminated from the competition on aggregate, having been defeated 4–0 in the previous match.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: Having been linked with a move to German side VfL Wolfsburg, Rosický signed a new contract with Arsenal on 12 March 2012, extending his stay at the club for another two years. Rosický's performance during Arsenal's next game, a 2–1 victory against Newcastle United, was described by Michael Da Silva of the BBC as "another impressive game" for the midfielder, although noted that he had been "guilty of a glaring miss halfway through the second half." He sustained an injury in Arsenal's final match of the season, pulling a muscle in the game with West Bromwich Albion.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: After picking up a serious injury to his achilles tendon at Euro 2012, Rosický made his first club appearance of the 2012–13 season in Arsenal's 2–0 home defeat against Swansea City on 1 December 2012. He played in the Champions League three days later, scoring Arsenal's only goal in a 2–1 loss against Olympiacos in Greece. In April 2013, he scored both of Arsenal's goals in their 2–1 away victory against West Brom. He managed 16 competitive appearances for Arsenal, scoring three times in the 2012–13 season.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: On 4 January 2014, Rosický scored his first goal of the season in a 2–0 win in the FA Cup against Tottenham Hotspur, winning the ball on the halfway line from Danny Rose before running to the goal and beating opposition goalkeeper Hugo Lloris.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: During the 2–1 victory against Aston Villa just over a week later, his nose was broken in two places after a challenge by Gabriel Agbonlahor, requiring surgery after the incident. February saw Rosický score "one of the best [goals] we have scored," according to Wenger, in a 4–1 league victory against Sunderland.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: In March 2014, Rosický signed a contract extension with the Gunners, keeping him at the club for an additional two years. Later that month, Rosický scored Arsenal's winning goal in a 1–0 North London Derby victory for Arsenal, against Tottenham, at White Hart Lane. Rosický concluded the season by winning his first trophy in English football, coming on as a substitute for Santi Cazorla for the second half of extra time in the 2014 FA Cup Final as Arsenal beat Hull City 3–2 at Wembley.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: Rosický began the season with his second piece of silverware for Arsenal, playing the last 20 minutes of the 3–0 win over Manchester City in the 2014 FA Community Shield, in place of Santi Cazorla. In his first league start of the season, on 26 December 2014, Rosický scored Arsenal's second goal in a 2–1 home win against Queens Park Rangers, set up by Alexis Sánchez.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: On 25 January 2015, Rosický captained Arsenal to a 3–2 win away at Brighton & Hove Albion in the fourth round of the FA Cup, where he scored the team's third goal, assisted Mesut Özil's goal and was named man of the match. Arsenal finished the season by winning the FA Cup, although Rosický did not take part in the final.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: Having missed the first half of the 2015–16 season as a result of a serious knee injury, Rosický finally made his first appearance on 30 January in a FA Cup tie with Burnley. After the match, it was revealed that he had suffered a thigh injury during the encounter, with the result that he would spend at least another month on the sidelines.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: It was announced on the final day of the season that Rosicky would end his ten-year stay with Arsenal, and would leave upon the expiry of his contract in July 2016. On 15 May, he received a guard of honour after Arsenal's 4–0 final day victory against Aston Villa, with the majority of the Arsenal squad wearing his 'Rosický 7' jersey.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: On 30 August 2016, Rosický announced a return to AC Sparta Prague. He made his second debut for Sparta on 10 September 2016 as a substitute in a 2–2 draw with Mladá Boleslav in a Czech First League game; However, he sustained an injury during that same match and was eventually ruled out for the rest of the 2016–17 Czech First League season.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: On 10 September 2017, Rosický returned to Sparta Prague's starting line up after seventeen years away and scored the winning goal of the game against Karviná.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: On 20 December 2017, Rosický announced his retirement from professional football aged 37, due to persistent injuries hampering his physical condition. He made 12 competitive appearances for Sparta in his final campaign.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: Rosický made his international debut for the Czech Republic in February 2000 at the age of 19 against the Republic of Ireland. He played two more friendly matches before being named in the Czech Republic's provisional 26-man squad for UEFA Euro 2000. He played in his nation's first two matches at Euro 2000 during Patrik Berger's international suspension – both losses – before Berger replaced him ahead of the Czech Republic's final game, against Denmark.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: He took part in qualification for the 2002 World Cup, scoring twice in a 6–0 win against Bulgaria. After finishing second in their qualifying group, the Czech Republic played a two-legged playoff against Belgium. Rosický was unable to take part in the first game, a 1–0 loss, due to suspension; in the second match, he played in the 1–0 loss as Belgium qualified for the 2002 World Cup at the Czechs' expense.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: Rosický played a prominent role at Euro 2004 where the Czech team defeated Netherlands and Denmark but then surprisingly lost to eventual winners Greece in the semi-finals. He then helped the side qualify for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany, scoring seven times in 12 matches during the qualifying process; the last of these was the only goal of the second leg of the Czech Republic's play-off against Norway, ensuring qualification for the finals.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: At the 2006 World Cup, Rosický scored two goals in the Czech Republic's opening match on 12 June 2006 in a 3–0 victory over the United States, the first of which was from out. He was named as the FIFA Man of the Match for his performance. Rosický played the whole 90 minutes of his country's subsequent matches, against Ghana and Italy, but the Czech Republic lost both games by a 2–0 scoreline and progressed no further in the tournament.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: In August 2006, Rosický was made captain of the Czech Republic national side, replacing the retiring Pavel Nedvěd in advance of the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying process. After a defeat to Germany during the campaign in March 2007, he was among a group of players fined 1 million koruna (£25,000) by the Football Association of the Czech Republic (FAČR) for his part in a party involving prostitutes, for which he later apologised in a press conference. His last appearance of the qualifying campaign was against Slovakia in November 2007. Rosický missed Euro 2008 due to injury, announcing his absence in May 2008. He returned to international football when he started for the Czech Republic on 9 September 2009, in a World Cup qualifier against San Marino, following a 20-month absence due to injury. The game finished 7–0 to the Czech Republic.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: Rosický captained the Czech Republic in their opening two matches at UEFA Euro 2012. However, an achilles tendon injury in the second match, a 2–1 win over Greece ended his tournament, as the Czechs were eliminated in the quarter-finals by Portugal.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: On 12 June 2015, Rosický earned his 100th international cap in a 2–1 defeat away to Iceland in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying. On 13 June the following year, at the Euro 2016 finals, Rosický became the oldest player to represent Czech Republic in the competition at the age of 35. The record is unique for Rosický as he also holds the record for being the youngest player to have done so, having featured at Euro 2000 for his nation as a 19-year old.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: In January 2018 Rosický became assistant of the new AC Sparta Prague sport director Zdeněk Ščasný. On 17 December 2018 he replaced Ščasný as a sport director, soon after Ščasný moved to the position of Sparta head coach.


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: Ahead of his first senior international tournament (Euro 2000), Rosický was described by the BBC as "a solid playmaker." Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger described Rosický as having "great technique, skill on the ball and sharp passing." Upon signing a contract extension in 2010, Wenger called him a "special talent" and said his "vision and touch is remarkable." Announcing Rosický's 2012 contract extension, Wenger called him "technically top class".


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: Rosický is also well known for preferring to use his outside of the foot for passing and shooting. In Germany, he gained the nickname "The Little Mozart" for his ability to orchestrate play on the pitch. David Hytner of "The Guardian" described him as "the all-round midfielder who brings balance, organisation and urgency to the team."


title: Tomáš Rosický

text: Rosický is the son of former league footballer Jiří Rosický, who played as a defender in a career spanning 15 years. Tomáš' son, named Dylan, was born to girlfriend Radka Kocurová in June 2013. He married Kocurova in May 2014 after having been in a relationship with her for 11 years. He played guitar during a live performance with rock band Tři sestry in March 2010, having practised his guitar skills during his 18 months on the sidelines because of his hamstring injury.


title: Gloria Foster

text: Gloria Foster (November 15, 1933 – September 29, 2001) was an American actress. She had acclaimed roles in plays "In White America" and "Having Our Say," winning three Obie Awards during her career. Foster played the Oracle in "The Matrix" (1999) and "The Matrix Reloaded" (2003) films, the latter film being her last. Foster played the role of the mother of Yusef Bell in the mini series "The Atlanta Child Murders" which aired in 1985.


title: Gloria Foster

text: Foster was born on November 15, 1933, in Chicago, Illinois. As a young child, Foster was put into the custody of her maternal grandparents. Foster never knew who her father was and she moved to Janesville, Wisconsin after her mother was hospitalized for a mental illness.


title: Gloria Foster

text: Foster attended the University of Illinois at Chicago, where she participated in plays, but did not focus on acting. Foster decided to be a professional actor when her godmother introduced her to the Goodman Theatre in Chicago. Foster became one of the few African Americans at the Goodman School of Drama at the Art Institute of Chicago (now at DePaul University). During her studying at the Goodman School she also, "learned professional acting skills in the Court Theater at the University of Chicago". One of her most influential instructors was Bella Itkin, who cast Gloria in many classical roles.


title: Gloria Foster

text: Foster began acting on Broadway in 1963. Her first role was Ruth in the show of "A Raisin in the Sun". Her first professional performance was "In White America". Foster, "play[s] a 13-year-old Arkansas girl who tries to enter her Little Rock school". She won an Obie Award or Off-Broadway Theater Award. Instead having to audition for roles, people started to make parts for her to be in. Foster was known for her work with Joe Papp, and appeared in his productions of "Long Day's Journey into Night", Chekhov's "Cherry Orchard", Brecht's "Mother Courage" (adapted by Ntozake Shange), and Shakespeare's "Coriolanus". Foster searched for roles in which she could perform to the best of her ability. She once said, "Young people today, I think, are thinking in terms of stepping stones.…I don't know that I ever thought that way. It sounds ridiculous, but I was always thinking in terms of a more difficult role".


title: Gloria Foster

text: Moving from the New York stage, Gloria Foster started to do roles on the big screen. She was in many theatrical performances and also performed some roles on television. "The Cool World" (1964) – This was Gloria Foster's first appearance on a full-length feature film. She played Mrs. Custis. It was on the set of this film that she starred next to her future husband, Clarence Williams III. "Nothing But a Man" (1964) – Gloria Foster plays a woman named Lee, who lives with the main character's (Duff Anderson) father. She was also active in television, appearing in such programs as "I Spy", two episodes of "Law & Order" and "The Cosby Show" (1987).


title: Gloria Foster

text: Her character in both "Law and Order" episodes, named Satima Tate, was based on the widow of Malcolm X, Betty Shabazz. The first episode, titled "Conspiracy" (1992), was based on Malcolm X's assassination. Malcolm X was played by Hal Miller. The second episode, titled "Entrapment" (1997), focused on her character's children's acts of revenge against the people they believed were really responsible. She returned to theatre again in 1995, acting alongside Mary Alice (who was later to replace her in "The Matrix" films following her death), appearing as 103-year-old Sadie Delany, in "Having Our Say", on Broadway at the Booth Theatre, for which she received rave reviews. "The Matrix" (1999) and "The Matrix Reloaded" (2003) – She played the Oracle, however, she died during filming and was thus unable to portray her role in the third film. As a result, Mary Alice replaced her in "The Matrix Revolutions" and "Enter the Matrix".


title: Gloria Foster

text: Foster married the actor Clarence Williams III in 1967. They appeared on an episode of Williams's television show "The Mod Squad" that ran from 1968 to 1973; Foster made two guest appearances. The two acted together in a 1964 film, "The Cool World". Williams was the one to announce her death in 2001. While Foster did not have many close relatives, she stayed in contact with her Delta Sigma Theta sorority sister, Cicely Tyson. Tyson stated that, although they did not see each other often, their telephone conversations would often last for hours.


title: Gloria Foster

text: Gloria Foster died on September 29, 2001, at age 67. The cause of her death was diabetes. A memorial was held at Cypress Hills Cemetery in Brooklyn on October 15, 2001. Martin Duberman, the author of "In White America", told the audience about her 1963 performance that, "she embodied it. At the end of the scene each night, there were tears streaming down her face, her body was trembling, but her dignity was intact ... Foster had to be covered with blankets in order to calm her shaking". She is interred in Kensico Cemetery in Valhalla, New York.


title: Bristlecone pine

text: The term bristlecone pine covers three species of pine tree (family Pinaceae, genus "Pinus", subsection "Balfourianae"). All three species are long-lived and highly resilient to harsh weather and bad soils. One of the three species, "Pinus longaeva", is among the longest-lived life forms on Earth. The oldest of this species is more than 4,800 years old, making it the oldest known individual of any species.


title: Bristlecone pine

text: Despite their potential age and low reproductive rate, bristlecone pines, particularly "Pinus longaeva", are usually a first-succession species, tending to occupy new open ground. They generally compete poorly in less-than-harsh environments, making them hard to cultivate. In gardens, they succumb quickly to root rot. They do very well, however, where most other plants cannot even grow, such as in rocky dolomitic soils in areas with virtually no rainfall.


title: Bristlecone pine

text: Bristlecone pines grow in scattered subalpine groves at high altitude in arid regions of the Western United States. Bristlecones, along with all related species in class Pinopsida, are cone-bearing seed plants commonly known as conifers; the name comes from the prickles on the female cones.


title: Bristlecone pine

text: At least some of the three species can hybridize in cultivation, but the ranges of wild populations do not overlap. The Colorado River and Green River produce a gap between the ranges of "P. longaeva" and "P. aristata" and the northern Owens Valley provides a gap between the ranges of "P. longaeva" and "P. balfouriana".


title: Bristlecone pine

text: Bristlecone pines grow in isolated groves just below the tree line, between elevation on dolomitic soils. The trees grow in soils that are shallow lithosols, usually derived from dolomite and sometimes limestone, and occasionally sandstone or quartzite soils. Dolomitic soils are alkaline, high in calcium and magnesium, and low in phosphorus. Those factors tend to exclude other plant species, allowing bristlecones to thrive. Because of cold temperatures, dry soils, high winds, and short growing seasons, the trees grow very slowly. Even the tree's needles, which grow in bunches of five, can remain on the tree for forty years, which gives the tree's terminal branches the unique appearance of a long bottle brush.


title: Bristlecone pine

text: The bristlecone pine's root system is mostly composed of highly branched, shallow roots, while a few large, branching roots provide structural support.


title: Bristlecone pine

text: The bristlecone pine is extremely drought tolerant due to its branched shallow root system, its waxy needles, and thick needle cuticles that aid in water retention.


title: Bristlecone pine

text: The wood is very dense and resinous, and thus resistant to invasion by insects, fungi, and other potential pests. The tree's longevity is due in part to the wood's extreme durability. While other species of trees that grow nearby suffer rot, bare bristlecone pines can endure, even after death, often still standing on their roots, for many centuries. Exposed wood on living and dead trees does not rot, but rather erodes like stone due to wind, rain, and freezing, which creates unusual forms and shapes.


title: Bristlecone pine

text: The bristlecone pine has an intrinsically low rate of reproduction and regeneration, and it is thought that under present climatic and environmental conditions the rate of regeneration may be insufficient to sustain its population. The species are on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red list. The species are labeled under Least Concern (LC), the justification for this being that no subpopulations for Great Basin bristlecone pines are decreasing. Subpopulations seem to be increasing or remaining stable. Many bristlecone pine habitats have been protected, including the Inyo National Forest's Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest in the White Mountains of California and the Great Basin National Park in Nevada, where cutting or gathering wood is prohibited.


title: Bristlecone pine

text: The green pine needles give the twisted branches a bottle-brush appearance. The needles of the tree surround the branch to an extent of about one foot near the tip of the limb. The name bristlecone pine refers to the dark purple female cones that bear incurved prickles on their surface. The dark color of these cones helps to absorb heat. After maturity, which takes about two years, the cones will become brown in color. These ancient trees have a gnarled and stunted appearance, especially those found at high altitudes, and have reddish-brown bark with deep fissures. As the tree ages, much of its vascular cambium layer may die. In very old specimens, often only a narrow strip of living tissue connects the roots to a handful of live branches. Even though the trees' needles may age, they still remain functional in regulating water and by their ability to photosynthesize.


title: Bristlecone pine

text: Bristlecone pines are known for attaining great ages. The oldest bristlecone pine in the White Mountains is Methuselah, which has a verified age of years. It is located in the Inyo National Forest in Eastern California. However, the specific location of Methuselah is a closely guarded secret.


title: Bristlecone pine

text: The other two species, "Pinus balfouriana" and "Pinus aristata", are also long-lived, though not to the extreme extent of "P. longaeva"; specimens of both have been measured or estimated to be up to 3,000 years old. The longevity of the trees is believed to be related to the proportion of dead wood to live wood. This high ratio reduces respiration and water loss, thereby extending the life of the tree.


title: Bristlecone pine

text: Trees that reproduce by cloning can be considered to be much older than bristlecone pines. A colony of 47,000 quaking aspen trees (nicknamed "Pando"), covering in the Fishlake National Forest in Utah, United States, has been estimated to be 80,000 years old, although tree ring samples date individual, above-ground trees at an average of about 130 years.


title: Bristlecone pine

text: Bristlecone pines are invaluable to dendroclimatologists, because they provide the longest continual climatically sensitive tree-ring chronologies on Earth. By cross-dating millennia-old bristlecone pine debris, some chronologies reach beyond 9,000 years before present. In addition, ratios of stable carbon isotopes from bristlecone pine tree rings are sensitive to past variations in moisture availability. This information can be used to reconstruct precipitation changes in the past.


title: Bristlecone pine

text: The Rocky Mountain population is severely threatened by an introduced fungal disease known as white pine blister rust, and by mountain pine beetles. Climate change may also affect the species as temperatures increased over a 30-year period throughout the southern Rocky Mountain range. These changes in climate would mostly affect trees in higher elevations. With these problems, the genetic diversity within the species has become a concern; old specimens of bristlecone pine, however, have survived previous warmer periods.


title: Free-to-air

text: Free-to-air (FTA) services are television (TV) and radio services broadcast in unencrypted form, allowing any person with the appropriate receiving equipment to receive the signal and view or listen to the content without requiring a subscription, other ongoing cost, or one-off fee (e.g., pay-per-view). In the traditional sense, this is carried on terrestrial radio signals and received with an antenna.


title: Free-to-air

text: FTA also refers to channels and broadcasters providing content for which no subscription is expected, even though they may be delivered to the viewer/listener by another carrier for which a subscription is required, e.g., cable television, the Internet, or satellite. These carriers may be mandated (or OPT) in some geographies to deliver FTA channels even if a premium subscription is not present (providing the necessary equipment is still available), especially where FTA channels are expected to be used for emergency broadcasts, similar to the 1-1-2 (112) emergency service provided by mobile phone operators and manufacturers.


title: Free-to-air

text: On the other side, free-to-view (FTV) is generally available without subscription, but it is digitally encoded and may be restricted geographically.


title: Free-to-air

text: Free-to-air is often used for international broadcasting, making it something of a video equivalent to shortwave radio.


title: Free-to-air

text: Most FTA retailers list free-to-air channel guides and content available in North America for free-to-air use.


title: Free-to-air

text: Up until 2012, Israel had several free-to-air channels. The major ones rating-wise: Channel 2, Channel 10, and Channel 1. The other ones were: Educational, Channel 33, and Knesset 99.


title: Free-to-air

text: Since 2018, Israel has several new free-to-air channels that replace their older counterparts. The major ones rating-wise: Channel 12, Channel 13, Kan 11, and Channel 20. The other ones are: Kan Educational, Makan 33, and Knesset Channel.


title: Free-to-air

text: In 1971, the SABC was finally allowed to introduce a television service. Initially, the proposal was for two television channels, one in English and Afrikaans, aimed at white audiences, and another, known as TV Bantu, aimed at black viewers. However, when television was finally introduced, there was only one channel with airtime divided evenly between English and Afrikaans, alternating between the two languages. Test transmissions in Johannesburg began on 5 May 1975, followed in July by ones in Cape Town and Durban. Nationwide services finally commenced on 5 January 1976.


title: Free-to-air

text: In common with most of Western Europe, South Africa used the PAL system for colour television, being only the second terrestrial television service in sub-Saharan Africa to launch with a colour-only service, Zanzibar in Tanzania having introduced the first such service in 1973. (Tanzania itself did not establish a television service until the early 1990s, similarly concerned about the expense and perceived threat to cultural norms.) The Government, advised by SABC technicians, took the view that colour television would have to be available so as to avoid a costly migration from black-and-white broadcasting technology.


title: Free-to-air

text: Initially, the TV service was funded entirely through a licence fee as in the UK, charged at R36. However, advertising began on 1 January 1978.


title: Free-to-air

text: On 1 January 1982, two services were introduced, TV2 broadcasting in Zulu and Xhosa and TV3 broadcasting in Sotho and Tswana, aimed at a black urban audience. In 1985, a new service called TV4 was introduced, carrying sports and entertainment programming, using the channel shared by TV2 and TV3, which ended transmissions at 9:30 pm. In 1992, TV2, TV3 and TV4 were combined into a new service called CCV (Contemporary Community Values). A third channel was introduced known as TSS, or Topsport Surplus, Topsport being the brand name for the SABC's sport coverage, but this was replaced by NNTV (National Network TV), an educational, non-commercial channel, in 1994.


title: Free-to-air

text: The main channel, now called TV1, was divided evenly between English and Afrikaans, as before. It also became available in Walvis Bay, an enclave of South Africa in Namibia, which was itself then under South African administration, with a live feed of the channel broadcast via Intelsat being retransmitted on a local low-power repeater.


title: Free-to-air

text: In 1986, the SABC's monopoly was challenged by the launch of a subscription-based service known as M-Net, backed by a consortium of newspaper publishers on 1 October. However, as part of its licensing restrictions, it could not broadcast news programmes, which were still the preserve of the SABC, although M-Net started broadcasting a current affairs programme called Carte Blanche in 1988. As the state-controlled broadcaster, the SABC was accused of bias towards the apartheid regime, giving only limited coverage to opposition politicians.


title: Free-to-air

text: In Hong Kong, the largest and most dominant television channel, Television Broadcasts Limited, was the first free-to-air commercial television channel when it commenced broadcasting on 19 November 1967. It may also well be among the oldest and first station to broadcast over-the-air in East and Southeast Asia.


title: Free-to-air

text: Around 600 FTA television channels and 180 Radio Channel are broadcast from ku-band and c-band transponders on the INSAT-4B and GSAT-15 satellite covering India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and parts of Afghanistan, and Myanmar. In India, the channels are marketed as DD Direct Plus/ DD Free Dish by Doordarshan, India's national broadcaster and other Indian private broadcaster ABS Free Dish from the ABS2 satellite, one can receive free-to-air regional TV channels using small DTH antenna and freetoair set-top box.


title: Free-to-air

text: In Korea, KBS, MBC (the 2 main public broadcasters), SBS (privately owned, but available for free to viewers), and EBS (including both TV and radio) are the free-to-air broadcasting stations. They dominate more than 80% of advertisement profits, according to the recent survey from the agency .


title: Free-to-air

text: Due to the recent government's decision, digital television service for all free-to-air networks would be scheduled before the year 2012, followed by the end of analog television broadcasting.


title: Free-to-air

text: European countries have a tradition of most television services being free to air. Germany, in particular, receives in excess of 100 digital satellite TV channels free to air. Approximately half of the television channels on SES Astra's 19.2° east and 28.2° east satellite positions, and Eutelsat's Hot Bird (13° east) are free-to-air.


title: Free-to-air

text: A number of European channels which one might expect to be broadcast free-to-air - including many countries' national terrestrial broadcasters - do not do so "via satellite" for copyright reasons. (Rights to purchase programs for free-to-air broadcast, especially via satellite, are often higher in price than for encrypted broadcast.) The lack of FTA among public broadcasters are prevalent in countries whose broadcasters tend to use subtitles for foreign language programmes; although Spain's two public domestic channels, La Una and La Dos, are also encrypted despite dubbed foreign programmes being the norm in Spain. However, these channels usually provide a scheme to offer free, but encrypted, viewing with free-to-view broadcasts. Certain programming on Italy's RAI, and the majority of Dutch channels are covered by such schemes (although in the case of RAI some programming is transmitted without encryption where there are no copyright issues). In Austria, the main national networks broadcast free-to-view via satellite; however, all regional and some smaller channels are transmitted free-to-air, and the national public broadcaster, ORF, offers a special free-to-air channel which airs selected programming without (i.e. those without copyright issues) via satellite all over Europe.


title: Free-to-air

text: As Germany and Austria speak the same language and use the same satellite, Austrian viewers are able to receive about 120 free German-speaking channels from both countries.


title: Free-to-air

text: In general, all satellite radio in Europe is free to air, but the more conventional broadcast systems in use mean that SiriusXM style in-car reception is not possible.


title: Free-to-air

text: Cable and satellite distribution allow many more channels to carry sports, movies and specialist channels which are not broadcast as FTA. The viewing figures for these channels are generally much lower than the FTA channels.


title: Free-to-air

text: Various European countries broadcast a large number of channels via free-to-air terrestrial, generally as an analog PAL/SECAM transmission, digital DVB-T/T2 or a combination of the two.


title: Free-to-air

text: In Croatia eleven national channels are free-to-air: HRT 1, HRT 2, HRT 3, HRT 4 (HRT being national broadcaster), Nova TV, Doma TV, RTL, RTL2, RTL Kockica, CMC and Sptv. There are around 21 local or regional channels. Until June 2020 all are transmitted via three OiV (state-owned public broadcasting company) DVB-T and one DVB-T2 (HEVC/H.265) MUXes. As of June 2020 three DVB-T MUXes will be switched off and all eleven national channels will be distributed via two OiV DVB-T2 (HEVC/H.265) MUXes.


title: Free-to-air

text: In Denmark, six channels are as of 2020 free-to-air, distributed via 18 main transmitter sites and 30 smaller, auxiliary transmitters. The six channels (DR1, DR2, DR Ramasjang, Folketinget, TV2 Regionerne, and sign language/local programme) come in one DVB-T2 multiplex.


title: Free-to-air

text: In France, there are twenty six national television channels (MPEG-4 HD video) and 41 local television channels broadcast free-to-air via the TNT DVB-T2 service.


title: Free-to-air

text: In Germany there are various free-to-air DVB-T services available, the number of which varies by region. Das Erste, ZDF, ZDFneo, ZDFinfo, 3sat, Arte, KiKA and Phoenix are available throughout the country, in addition to at least one region-dependent channel which is provided by the regional ARD member. Additionally, ARD's EinsFestival, EinsPlus and tagesschau24 are variously available in some parts of the country, and various commercial channels are available in metropolitan areas.


title: Free-to-air

text: In the Republic of Ireland, there are nine television channels and 11 radio channels broadcast free-to-air via the DVB-T Saorview service. Analog PAL versions of some of the channels were also broadcast until October 24, 2012, when all analogue television broadcasting was shut down.


title: Free-to-air

text: All of Malta's National and Political Party Channels are available free-to-air. The National Channels, TVM and TVM2, Parliament TV and the political party channels NET and ONE, all are broadcast via the Free-to-air DVB-T service.


title: Free-to-air

text: Even HD versions of these channels are available free-to-air. The only scrambled channel in Malta is ITV Teleshopping.


title: Free-to-air

text: In the Netherlands, 3 national public television channels NPO 1, NPO 2 and NPO 3, and 7 national public radio channels broadcast free-to-air via the DVB-T Digitenne service. The television and radio channels of the regional public broadcasters are also free-to-air via the DVB-T service.


title: Free-to-air

text: In the UK, the five main free-to-air television networks are BBC One, BBC Two, ITV, Channel 4 and Channel 5. Around 108 free-to-air television channels and 30 free-to-air radio channels are available terrestrially via the Freeview DVB-T service. Seven HD channels are also broadcast via a public service broadcast multiplex and a commercial multiplex, both DVB-T2.


title: Free-to-air

text: The informal term "council telly" is sometimes used for free-to-air television in the UK, evoking a basic service accessible to all.


title: Free-to-air

text: There are a number of competing systems in use. Early adopters used C-band dishes several feet in diameter to receive analog microwave broadcasts, and later digital microwave broadcasts using the 3.7-4.2 GHz band. Today, although large C-band dishes can still receive some content, the 11.7-12.2 GHz is also used. Ku-band signals can be received using smaller dishes, often as small as under a meter (3 feet, 3 inches) in diameter, allowing FTA satellite to be picked up from smaller spaces such as apartment balconies (note, however, that these dishes are not quite as small as those commonly used for commercial services such as Dish Network, DirecTV, Bell ExpressVu, Shaw Direct, etc. Dishes intended for those services may not deliver an adequate signal on Ku-band). The European-developed DVB-S and DVB-S2 standards are the most commonly used broadcast methods, with analog transmissions almost completely discontinued as of mid-2014.


title: Free-to-air

text: Most of these signals are carried by US satellites. There is little or no free Canadian DVB-S content available to users of medium-size dishes as much of the available Ku-band satellite bandwidth is occupied by pay-TV operators Shaw Direct and Bell Satellite TV, although larger C-band dishes can pick up some content. FTA signals may be scattered across multiple satellites, requiring a motor or multiple LNBs to receive everything. This differs from Europe, where FTA signals are commonly concentrated on a few specific satellites.


title: Free-to-air

text: Another difference between North American FTA and FTA in most of the rest of the world is that in North America, very few of the available signals are actually intended for home viewers or other end-users. Instead, they are generally intended for reception by local television stations, cable system headends, or other commercial users. While it is generally thought to be legal for home viewers to view such transmissions as long as they are not encrypted, this means that there are several unique challenges to viewing FTA signals, challenges not present in other areas of the world. Among these are:


title: Free-to-air

text: The largest groups of end-users for Ku-band free-to-air signals were initially the ethnic-language communities, as often free ethnic-language programming would be sponsored by Multilingual American Communities and their broadcasters. Depending on language and origin of the individual signals, North American ethnic-language TV is a mix of pay-TV, free-to-air and DBS operations. Today, many American broadcasters send a multitude of programming channels in many languages, spanning many new channels, so they can get National support, which ultimately leads to carriage by cable systems, to additionally support the high costs of broadcasting signals in this way.


title: Free-to-air

text: Nevertheless, free-to-air satellite TV is a viable addition to home video systems, not only for the reception of specialized content but also for use in locations where terrestrial ATSC over-the-air reception is incomplete and additional channels are desired.


title: Free-to-air

text: Australia has five major free-to-air networks: the two public broadcasting networks - ABC and SBS, and three commercial networks - Seven Network, Nine Network, and Network 10. Traditionally each network had only a single channel in a geographic area, but with the advent of digital television each network started broadcasting several SD multichannels, such as 7two, 9Gem, 10 Bold, and SBS Food, as well as at least one HD channel. There are also free-to-air community television channels in some major cities.


title: Free-to-air

text: Viewers in remote parts of Australia are able to access many Australian free-to-air channels using the DVB-S2 Optus VAST service.


title: Free-to-air

text: New Zealand has a number of FTA broadcasters such as Television New Zealand's TVNZ 1 and TVNZ2, as well as MediaWorks New Zealand's Three and Bravo, Sky Network Television's Prime and the government subsidised the Māori Television and Te Reo channels.


title: Free-to-air

text: Four channels, TV One, TVNZ2, Three, Bravo are also broadcast timeshifted by +1 hour on Freeview and Sky platforms.


title: Free-to-air

text: A broadcast of parliament and a number of local channels were available but since have closed, such as Cue TV were also available. Local stations such as CTV and Face TV (previously Triangle TV) were free-to-air analogue PAL transmissions prior to CTV migrating to the free-to-air digital DVB-T service and Face TV's terrestrial free-to-air service shutoff from December 2013.


title: Free-to-air

text: A digital terrestrial version of Freeview was launched in 2008, which, unlike the analogue and free-to-air satellite options, supports high-definition broadcasts for TVNZ1, TVNZ 2 and Three.


title: Free-to-air

text: In Brazil the main FTA satellite is the Star One D2, it holds approximately 15 C-band analog channels, including all major networks like TV Globo, SBT, RecordTV, RedeTV!, Band, TV Cultura, Futura, GloboNews and others, and 9 digital HDTV channels.


title: Free-to-air

text: In Chile the main FTA satellite is the Hispasat 74W-1, it holds approximately 5 KU-band digital SD channels, including all major networks like TVN Chile, Chilevisión and Canal 13.


title: I Stand Alone (film)

text: I Stand Alone () is a 1998 French psychological drama art film written and directed by Gaspar Noé as his directorial debut, and starring Philippe Nahon, Blandine Lenoir, Frankye Pain, and Martine Audrain. The film, focusing on several pivotal days in the life of a butcher facing abandonment, isolation, rejection and unemployment, was the director's first feature-length production, and is a sequel to his 1991 short film "Carne".


title: I Stand Alone (film)

text: The film opens by revealing the history of the Butcher (who's given no other name) presented in narration which plays over a montage of still photographs: Orphaned at a young age, he was sexually abused by a priest. As a teenager, unable to have the opportunity to study and learn the profession of his choice, he reluctantly embraces the career of a butcher specializing in horse meat, a job already frowned upon at the time in France.


title: I Stand Alone (film)

text: After several years of hard work, he finally opens his own butcher shop while his girlfriend gives birth to a daughter. When the woman realizes the infant is not a boy, she leaves the young father alone with the child. Embracing it as fate, the Butcher decides to take care of his daughter alone. As the single father is consumed by loneliness, he starts to become overprotective and develops incestuous feelings for his child. One day, when he sees blood on her skirt, he thinks she's been raped and stabs the man he thinks is responsible only to find out it was only menstrual blood. He is sentenced to prison and forced to sell his shop to a Muslim butcher while his troubled daughter is sent to an institution.


title: I Stand Alone (film)

text: In prison, the Butcher has sex with a cellmate and (upon his release) he vows to forget it all happened. He finds a job working as a bartender for the woman who owns the tavern where he was a regular customer. They begin dating and soon she becomes pregnant. As they start making plans for their future together, she sells her business and they move to northern France, where she said she would buy a butcher shop for him.


title: I Stand Alone (film)

text: There, however, she backs out of their promise, which forces him to take up a job as a nightwatchman at a nursing home. During his job, he meets a young and caring nurse who's the complete opposite of his old, icy mistress. After he and the nurse witness the death of an elderly patient, the Butcher thinks back about the lack of affection throughout his life, from the orphanage to a life with an uncaring mistress who abuses the power she has over him because of her money. When his mistress unjustly accuses him of having an affair with the nurse, he snaps and punches her in the belly several times, very likely killing their unborn child, before fleeing the scene with a pistol.


title: I Stand Alone (film)

text: He decides to return to Paris, where he rents the same flophouse room where he conceived his daughter and begins looking for a job as a horse meat butcher. Unfortunately, due to the changing tastes of customers during his time in prison, the market for horse meat winds up collapsing. Despite his patience, his job interviews consistently end up with rejection. He broadens his job search but is considered unskilled in terms of general butchery, forcing him to have to start all over again at the very bottom.


title: I Stand Alone (film)

text: He starts looking outside his branch, but the more he broadens his searches, the more humiliating the job interviews become. He remains polite, but the more desperate he becomes, the more quickly he's rejected by managers. When he turns to his old friends for advice, they all reject him. After being turned away at a slaughterhouse that once did business with his shop, the Butcher decides to kill the slaughterhouse manager. He plots the murder at a local tavern but is ejected from the bar at gunpoint after squabbling with the owner's son. The Butcher finds that he has only three bullets in his gun and begins assigning them to the men he feels have humiliated him the most.


title: I Stand Alone (film)

text: Feeling more and more isolated, he decides to look for the only person he feels has ever loved him: His daughter. After meeting her at the asylum in which she is a patient, he takes her back to his room where he is prey to opposite feelings towards her. As he is about to lose his sanity, he contemplates molesting his daughter before killing her. After the representation of this fantasy, the movie returns to the moment of the Butcher's hesitation. He decides to put the gun away, resolving to be good, and tearfully embraces his daughter. But he starts again to contemplate having sex with her in the same manner he did with her mother.


title: I Stand Alone (film)

text: Standing at a window, he unzips his daughter's jacket and begins fondling her. As he starts to abuse his daughter, the Butcher, between more and more incoherent thoughts, tries to justify his act by asserting that the world condemns his love for his daughter, surely not because it is evil but because it is too powerful.


title: I Stand Alone (film)

text: The film was produced by Les Cinémas de la Zone, a production company run by director Noé and his girlfriend Lucile Hadžihalilović. It was shot in an unusual combination of 16 mm film and the CinemaScope format. Recording took place sporadically over a period of two and a half years, with frequent budget problems. The fashion designer agnès b. eventually granted a loan which Noé says saved his production company. The gimmick of having a warning text before the story's climax was borrowed from William Castle's 1961 film "Homicidal".


title: I Stand Alone (film)

text: According to a 2010 interview, Noé came up with the idea of the butcher character following a conversation he had with his father as a teenager. The Argentinian-born Noé was traveling to his mother's native France for the first time, and upon landing in Paris, his father turned to him and said: "They eat horses here" (referring to the French consumption of horse meat, which is unheard of in Argentina). Noé then decided that a horse meat butcher would make a great character in a film, and this formed the basis for his first short "Carne".


title: I Stand Alone (film)

text: The camera is usually stationary throughout the film, but this trend is sometimes contrasted by abrupt, rapid movements. The sudden movements are always accompanied by a loud sound effect, usually an explosive gunshot. A notable exception is the final crane shot, which moves gently away from the Butcher's window and turns to look down an empty street.


title: I Stand Alone (film)

text: The film frequently cuts to title cards that display a variety of messages. The cards often repeat a notable word spoken by the Butcher, such as "Morality" and "Justice". At the film's climax, a "Warning" title card counts down 30 seconds, gives viewers an opportunity to stop watching and avoid the remainder of the film.


title: I Stand Alone (film)

text: The film is a sequel to Noé's short film "Carne". The Butcher also makes a cameo appearance at the beginning of "Irréversible", Noe's follow-up to "I Stand Alone". In a drunken monologue, the Butcher reveals that he was arrested for molesting his daughter.


title: St. Petersburg paradox

text: The St. Petersburg paradox or St. Petersburg lottery is a paradox involving the game of flipping a coin where the expected payoff of the theoretical lottery game approaches infinity but nevertheless seems to be worth only a very small amount to the participants. The St. Petersburg paradox is a situation where a naive decision criterion that takes only the expected value into account predicts a course of action that presumably no actual person would be willing to take. Several resolutions to the paradox have been proposed.


title: St. Petersburg paradox

text: The problem was invented by Nicolas Bernoulli, who stated it in a letter to Pierre Raymond de Montmort on September 9, 1713. However, the paradox takes its name from its analysis by Nicolas' cousin Daniel Bernoulli, one-time resident of the eponymous Russian city, who in 1738 published his thoughts about the problem in the "Commentaries of the Imperial Academy of Science of Saint Petersburg".


title: St. Petersburg paradox

text: A casino offers a game of chance for a single player in which a fair coin is tossed at each stage. The initial stake begins at 2 dollars and is doubled every time heads appears. The first time tails appears, the game ends and the player wins whatever is the current stake. Thus the player wins 2 dollars if tails appears on the first toss, 4 dollars if heads appears on the first toss and tails on the second, 8 dollars if heads appears on the first two tosses and tails on the third, and so on. Mathematically, the player wins formula_1 dollars, where formula_2 is the number of consecutive head tosses. What would be a fair price to pay the casino for entering the game?


title: St. Petersburg paradox

text: To answer this, one needs to consider what would be the expected payout at each stage: with probability , the player wins 2 dollars; with probability the player wins 4 dollars; with probability the player wins 8 dollars, and so on. Assuming the game can continue as long as the coin toss results in heads and, in particular, that the casino has unlimited resources, the expected value is thus


title: St. Petersburg paradox

text: Assuming the game can continue indefinitely, this sum grows without bound, and so the expected win is an infinite amount of money. However each dollar increment in the player's expected winnings require the casino's bankroll to be twice as large.


title: St. Petersburg paradox

text: Considering nothing but the expected value of the net change in one's monetary wealth, one should therefore play the game at any price if offered the opportunity. Yet, Daniel Bernoulli, after describing the game with an initial stake of one ducat, stated, "Although the standard calculation shows that the value of [the player's] expectation is infinitely great, it has ... to be admitted that any fairly reasonable man would sell his chance, with great pleasure, for twenty ducats." Robert Martin quotes Ian Hacking as saying, "Few of us would pay even $25 to enter such a game", and he says most commentators would agree. The apparent paradox is the discrepancy between what people seem willing to pay to enter the game and the infinite expected value. The St. Petersburg paradox is a veridical paradox but not a contradiction, as no false statement is derived. It is often presented as a counterexample against the principle of maximizing the expected value, although it depends on the unrealistic assumption of a casino with infinite bankroll.


title: St. Petersburg paradox

text: The classical resolution of the paradox involved the explicit introduction of a utility function, an expected utility hypothesis, and the presumption of diminishing marginal utility of money.


title: St. Petersburg paradox

text: A common utility model, suggested by Daniel Bernoulli, is the logarithmic function (known as "log utility"). It is a function of the gambler's total wealth , and the concept of diminishing marginal utility of money is built into it. The expected utility hypothesis posits that a utility function exists that provides a good criterion for real people's behavior; i.e. a function that returns a positive or negative value indicating if the wager is a good gamble. For each possible event, the change in utility will be weighted by the probability of that event occurring. Let be the cost charged to enter the game. The expected incremental utility of the lottery now converges to a finite value:


title: St. Petersburg paradox

text: This formula gives an implicit relationship between the gambler's wealth and how much he should be willing to pay (specifically, any that gives a positive change in expected utility). For example, with natural log utility, a millionaire ($1,000,000) should be willing to pay up to $20.88, a person with $1,000 should pay up to $10.95, a person with $2 should borrow $1.35 and pay up to $3.35.


title: St. Petersburg paradox

text: Before Daniel Bernoulli published, in 1728, a mathematician from Geneva, Gabriel Cramer, had already found parts of this idea (also motivated by the St. Petersburg paradox) in stating that


title: St. Petersburg paradox

text: He demonstrated in a letter to Nicolas Bernoulli that a square root function describing the diminishing marginal benefit of gains can resolve the problem. However, unlike Daniel Bernoulli, he did not consider the total wealth of a person, but only the gain by the lottery.


title: St. Petersburg paradox

text: This solution by Cramer and Bernoulli, however, is not completely satisfying, as the lottery can easily be changed in a way such that the paradox reappears. To this aim, we just need to change the game so that it gives even more rapidly increasing payoffs. For any unbounded utility function, one can find a lottery that allows for a variant of the St. Petersburg paradox, as was first pointed out by Menger.


title: St. Petersburg paradox

text: Recently, expected utility theory has been extended to arrive at more behavioral decision models. In some of these new theories, as in cumulative prospect theory, the St. Petersburg paradox again appears in certain cases, even when the utility function is concave, but not if it is bounded.


title: St. Petersburg paradox

text: Nicolas Bernoulli himself proposed an alternative idea for solving the paradox. He conjectured that people will neglect unlikely events. Since in the St. Petersburg lottery only unlikely events yield the high prizes that lead to an infinite expected value, this could resolve the paradox. The idea of probability weighting resurfaced much later in the work on prospect theory by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky. Paul Weirich similarly wrote that risk aversion could solve the paradox. Weirich went on to write that increasing the prize actually decreases the chance of someone paying to play the game, stating "there is some number of birds in hand worth more than any number of birds in the bush". However, this has been rejected by some theorists because, as they point out, some people enjoy the risk of gambling and because it is illogical to assume that increasing the prize will lead to more risks.


title: St. Petersburg paradox

text: Cumulative prospect theory is one popular generalization of expected utility theory that can predict many behavioral regularities. However, the overweighting of small probability events introduced in cumulative prospect theory may restore the St. Petersburg paradox. Cumulative prospect theory avoids the St. Petersburg paradox only when the power coefficient of the utility function is lower than the power coefficient of the probability weighting function. Intuitively, the utility function must not simply be concave, but it must be concave relative to the probability weighting function to avoid the St. Petersburg paradox. One can argue that the formulas for the prospect theory are obtained in the region of less than $400. This is not applicable for infinitely increasing sums in the St. Petersburg paradox.


title: St. Petersburg paradox

text: The classical St. Petersburg game assumes that the casino or banker has infinite resources. This assumption has long been challenged as unrealistic. Alexis Fontaine des Bertins pointed out in 1754 that the resources of any potential backer of the game are finite. More importantly, the expected value of the game only grows logarithmically with the resources of the casino. As a result, the expected value of the game, even when played against a casino with the largest bankroll realistically conceivable, is quite modest. In 1777, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon calculated that after 29 rounds of play there would not be enough money in the Kingdom of France to cover the bet.


title: St. Petersburg paradox

text: If the casino has finite resources, the game must end once those resources are exhausted. Suppose the total resources (or maximum jackpot) of the casino are "W" dollars (more generally, "W" is measured in units of half the game's initial stake). Then the maximum number of times the casino can play before it no longer can fully cover the next bet is . Assuming the game ends when the casino can no longer cover the bet, the expected value "E" of the lottery then becomes:


title: St. Petersburg paradox

text: The following table shows the expected value "E" of the game with various potential bankers and their bankroll "W":


title: St. Petersburg paradox

text: Note: Under game rules which specify that if the player wins more than the casino's bankroll they will be paid all the casino has, the additional expected value is less than it would be if the casino had enough funds to cover one more round, i.e. less than $1. For the player to win he must be allowed to play round . So the additional expected value is .


title: St. Petersburg paradox

text: The premise of infinite resources produces a variety of apparent paradoxes in economics. In the martingale betting system, a gambler betting on a tossed coin doubles his bet after every loss so that an eventual win would cover all losses; this system fails with any finite bankroll. The gambler's ruin concept shows that a persistent gambler who raises his bet to a fixed fraction of his bankroll when he wins, but does not reduce his bet when he loses, will eventually and inevitably go broke—even if the game has a positive expected value.


title: St. Petersburg paradox

text: Various authors, including Jean le Rond d'Alembert and John Maynard Keynes, have rejected maximization of expectation (even of utility) as a proper rule of conduct. Keynes, in particular, insisted that the "relative risk" of an alternative could be sufficiently high to reject it even if its expectation were enormous. Recently, some researchers have suggested to replace the expected value by the median as the fair value.


title: St. Petersburg paradox

text: The paradox can be resolved by means of ergodicity economics, which also rejects the use of mathematical expectation unless it can be justified by dynamic arguments. Ergodicity is a property which ensures that the expected value of a fluctuating quantity is also its long-time average. This property is believed to hold in equilibrium statistical mechanics, but it generally does not hold for models of personal wealth. To solve the St. Petersburg paradox using the ergodicity concept, one computes the time-average growth rate of wealth which results from playing the lottery at a given price and wealth. This is different from the growth experienced by the expected value for any dynamic which is not additive. The lottery ticket price where the time-average growth rate is zero for realistic dynamics is a realistic value for the maximum a player may be willing to pay. An early resolution containing the essential mathematical arguments assuming multiplicative dynamics was put forward in 1870 by William Allen Whitworth. An explicit link to the ergodicity problem was made by Peters in 2011. These solutions are mathematically similar to using the Kelly criterion or logarithmic utility. Conceptually, however, they are different because they emphasize the interpretation of expected value as an ensemble average and identify as a more relevant criterion the growth of the player's wealth as experienced over time. General dynamics beyond the purely multiplicative case can correspond to non-logarithmic utility functions, as was pointed out by Carr and Cherubini in 2020.


title: St. Petersburg paradox

text: Although this paradox is three centuries old, new arguments have still been introduced in recent years.


title: St. Petersburg paradox

text: A solution involving sampling was offered by William Feller. Intuitively Feller's answer is "to perform this game with a large number of people and calculate the expected value from the sample extraction". In this method, when the games of infinite number of times are possible, the expected value will be infinity, and in the case of finite, the expected value will be a much smaller value.


title: St. Petersburg paradox

text: Paul Samuelson resolves the paradox by arguing that, even if an entity had infinite resources, the game would never be offered. If the lottery represents an infinite expected gain to the player, then it also represents an infinite expected loss to the host. No one could be observed paying to play the game because it would never be offered. As Samuelson summarized the argument: "Paul will never be willing to give as much as Peter will demand for such a contract; and hence the indicated activity will take place at the equilibrium level of zero intensity."


title: St. Petersburg paradox

text: Ole Peters resolved the paradox by computing the time-average performance of the lottery, arguing that the expected payout is irrelevant to an individual player because it corresponds to the average payout achieved by an infinite ensemble of players which is not accessible to the individual.


title: Malaysian United Indigenous Party

text: The Malaysian United Indigenous Party (), abbreviated BERSATU or PPBM, is a nationalist political party in Malaysia. The party was preceded by the United Indigenous Association of Malaysia (). It is a major component party within the Perikatan Nasional coalition and the Barisan Nasional coalition, after the collapse of the Pakatan-led government. BERSATU was approved and fully registered on 14 January 2017 by the Registrar of Societies (ROS) and the use of the BERSATU logo was authorized by the Malaysian Election Commission (SPR). The party held the Prime Ministerial position as well as the majority of positions in the cabinet from May 2020 to August 2021. The party's founding members came from the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) and Barisan Nasional rebel group Gabungan Ketua Cawangan Malaysia in 2016.


title: Malaysian United Indigenous Party

text: Full membership in the party is limited to only Bumiputeras (indigenous communities of Malaysia). Non-Bumiputeras can join the party as associate members, although they are not eligible to vote and run in party elections. However, qualified individuals can be appointed to certain key party posts.


title: Malaysian United Indigenous Party

text: On 10 August 2016, former UMNO Deputy President Muhyiddin Yassin submitted a registration application for BERSATU. The party's leadership consisted of Muhyiddin as president, Mukhriz Mahathir as vice-president, and Mahathir Mohamad as chairman. BERSATU's formation was undertaken by former members of UMNO in opposition to the then-prime minister Najib Razak.


title: Malaysian United Indigenous Party

text: On 12 November 2016, the party committed to joining the opposition coalition Pakatan Harapan, which then consisted of the Parti Keadilan Rakyat, the Democratic Action Party, and the Parti Amanah Negara. The coalition awaited a decision from the Malaysian Islamic Party, a member of the opposition. Later, on 13 December, the party formally joined Pakatan Harapan by signing the Cooperation and Common Framework Agreement.


title: Malaysian United Indigenous Party

text: On 7 January 2018, Pakatan Harapan announced BERSATU chairman Mahathir Mohamad as the coalition's prime ministerial candidate.


title: Malaysian United Indigenous Party

text: On 10 May 2018, one day after the election, Mahathir claimed victory, ending Barisan Nasional and UMNO's rule over the country. The parties had ruled the country since its independence, during which time Mahathir had participated as prime minister from 1981 to 2003. Mahathir was sworn in as Malaysia's fourth Prime Minister for the second time at 93 years of age, making him the world's oldest head of government.


title: Malaysian United Indigenous Party

text: On 18 September 2018, UMNO veteran Mustapa Mohamed left the party, citing disagreements with UMNO's party direction, and later joined BERSATU on 27 October. This foreshadowed an exodus of UMNO members, which began with Sabah UMNO on 12 December, as nine of its ten state assemblymen, five of its six MPs, and two senators left to join BERSATU. On 14 December 2018, six UMNO MPs left the party, including former minister Hamzah Zainudin, who claimed that an additional 36 Barisan Nasional MPs had signed a pledge of allegiance to Prime Minister Mahathir. The six MPs remained independents before officially joining BERSATU on 12 February 2019.


title: Malaysian United Indigenous Party

text: On 24 February 2020, Mahathir resigned as the Prime Minister. BERSATU, which had 26 MPs, withdrew from the ruling Pakatan Harapan coalition. In addition, 11 MPs from Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) resigned from the party to form an independent bloc. This left the Pakatan Harapan government without a majority in parliament. The surprise announcement came amid speculation that Mahathir was attempting to form a new ruling coalition that would exclude his designated successor, Anwar Ibrahim. However, Anwar later clarified to reporters that Mahathir did not orchestrate the act. At 9 pm, BERSATU leaders held an emergency meeting at its headquarters to discuss the future direction of the party. Members of Bersatu rejected Mahathir's resignation as the party's chairman and pledged their support for him to be the prime minister. The party's secretary-general Marzuki Yahya said that the members of BERSATU's supreme council were unanimous in their support for Mahathir. The member parties of Pakatan Harapan also announced their support for Mahathir to remain as prime minister in the aftermath of his resignation.


title: Malaysian United Indigenous Party

text: On 26 February, Azmin and the 10 other MPs who left PKR announced that they were joining BERSATU amid rumours that Pakatan Harapan MPs would abandon support for Mahathir. The 10 other MPs are Zuraida Kamaruddin, Saifuddin Abdullah, Baru Bian, Kamarudin Jaffar, Mansor Othman, Rashid Hasnon, Ali Biju, Willie Mongin and Jonathan Yasin.


title: Malaysian United Indigenous Party

text: On 28 February, BERSATU then released a statement announcing their support for the party's president, Muhyiddin Yassin for the position of prime minister, backed by the 26 Bersatu MPs and 10 others led by Azmin. However, BERSATU Supreme Council member Kadir Jasin claimed he was never invited for a discussion or informed about Muhyiddin's nomination. This was followed by 60 MPs from UMNO, PAS, Malaysian Chinese Association and Malaysian Indian Congress also announcing their support for Muhyiddin, with all of UMNO's and PAS' MPs signing statutory declarations supporting Muhyiddin. Muhyiddin Yassin's aide also confirmed that Azmin Ali and 10 other former PKR MPs have officially joined BERSATU the same day.


title: Malaysian United Indigenous Party

text: On 29 February, BERSATU Youth chief Syed Saddiq declared that he would never work with those involved in corruption to form a government, referring to UMNO. BERSATU's youth wing Armada posted a statement to say that it would continue to back the party's supreme council's decision in its meeting on 24 February to support Mahathir as prime minister, suggesting a split within Bersatu over Mahathir and Muhyiddin's candidacy.


title: Malaysian United Indigenous Party

text: BERSATU President, Muhyiddin Yassin and his allies including party leaders from UMNO, PAS, Gabungan Parti Sarawak, Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah, and Homeland Solidarity Party had an audience with the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to discuss the formation of a government, and announced that the coalition consisting of Bersatu, UMNO, PAS, PBRS, GPS, and STAR will be called Perikatan Nasional. The new coalition claimed that they had majority support in parliament to elect a Prime Minister and to form a government.


title: Malaysian United Indigenous Party

text: Muhyiddin Yassin was sworn in as the eighth prime minister in front of the Agong at the Istana Negara on the morning of 1 March 2020.


title: Malaysian United Indigenous Party

text: On the morning of 2 March, Muhyiddin arrived at the Perdana Putra building, which functions as the Prime Minister's Office, to begin his official duties as the Prime Minister. Muhyiddin held meetings with Chief Secretary Mohd Zuki Ali, General Affendi Buang, the Chief of Defence Forces, and Abdul Hamid Bador, the Inspector-General of Police. Later that night, Muhyiddin addressed the nation in his first televised message as the prime minister. In his address, he told the nation that he had no prior intention to become the prime minister and denied being a traitor but due to the political turmoil in the country, he had stepped up in order to avoid prolonging the crisis further. He also reassured that he will only choose individuals who are clean, virtuous and of high calibre to be in his cabinet. Before ending his message, he thanked former prime minister Mahathir for his service to the country.


title: Malaysian United Indigenous Party

text: On 19 May, it was revealed that BERSATU had received a letter on 5 May from the Registrar of Societies stating that Mahathir was no longer party chairman after his resignation in February. The letter also confirmed the legality of Muhyiddin assuming the role of chairman until an election was held.


title: Malaysian United Indigenous Party

text: On 28 May, Mahathir Mohamad, Mukhriz Mahathir, Syed Saddiq, Maszlee Malik and Amiruddin Hamzah were expelled from Bersatu. They decried the move as illegal and reflective of Muhyiddin's insecurities and dictatorial leadership. In a joint statement, they disputed the interpretation of their decision not to join Muhyiddin's government benches in Parliament as joining another party, which results in automatic revocation of memberships, according to the party constitution. Muhyiddin defended the expulsion and insisted that the five members who were removed from the party as having breached the party constitution by sitting with the opposition in Parliament.


title: Malaysian United Indigenous Party

text: On 4 June, Deputy Works Minister Shahruddin Md Salleh of BERSATU resigned from his position, calling his decision to join the Perikatan Nasional government "incorrect" and adding that he should have considered his constituents who "voted for Pakatan Harapan" in 2018. On 19 July, his BERSATU membership was terminated after he submitted a notice changing the position of his seat in the Dewan Rakyat from the government bloc to the opposition bloc.


title: Malaysian United Indigenous Party

text: On 6 June, former UMNO member Syed Abu Hussin Hafiz, MP for Bukit Gantang, submitted an application form to join the party. Present were Bersatu MPs Senior Minister for Economy and Minister of International Trade and Industry, Azmin Ali and Deputy Minister of Energy and Natural Resources Ali Biju.


title: Malaysian United Indigenous Party

text: On 16 August 2021, Muhyiddin Yassin and his cabinet tendered their resignation to the Agong due to the loss of majority in the Dewan Rakyat, causing the party to lose the PM post that the party has held since the 2018 general election. On 20 August 2021, Bersatu and the other parties in the PN coalition choose to support Ismail Sabri Yaakob of UMNO as the Prime Minister of Malaysia, thus giving him a simple majority in the Dewan Rakyat and was chosen as Prime Minister.


title: Malaysian United Indigenous Party

text: The GRS party registration letter was sent on 26 February 2022 and confirmed by Datuk Seri Panglima Haji Hajiji Noor (BERSATU Sabah State Chairman) in his press statement to BERNAMA reporters.


title: Malaysian United Indigenous Party

text: This political party was legalised as an official single entity coalition party on 11 March 2022 and approved by Registrar of Societies (RoS).


title: Malaysian United Indigenous Party

text: Datuk Seri Panglima Haji Hajiji Noor said, The GRS Party's BERSATU Sabah Branch and PN-BERSATU of Peninsular Malaysia will be two different parties with ideological differences. BERSATU Sabah will give priority to the natives of Sabah, including all citizens of Sabah.


title: Malaysian United Indigenous Party

text: On 29 Jul 2021, a few Bersatu members from the women wing have been caught red-handed as they breach the SOP violation by dancing at a hotel near Glenmerie while the citizens of Malaysia are forced to stay at homes. Some members are caught not wearing face masks and practising social distancing. This has been investigated by the police and the police said they will take further action. Rina Harun said that she is in no way involved in this situation.


title: Malaysian United Indigenous Party

text: On 29 Jun 2021, Mohd Rashid Hasnon and a group of suspected majority from bersatu politicians are caught red-handed in a video showing them breaching violation of COVID-19 prevention SOP procedures violation for having a durian fest in Johor Baharu, Johor. Rashid initially denied stating that it was taken place last year and before the SOP was imposed. However, netizens and police have found reasonable evidence that Rashid was indeed lying. Rashid eventually gave in that he did violate SOP procedures and apologies to the media. He said that he will cooperate with the police for the investigation and face the consequences. Zuraida Kamaruddin was also seen in the photo as well, but she denies attending a durian feast.


title: Malaysian United Indigenous Party

text: On 4 August 2021, Putrajaya, Muhyiddin Yassin submitted a motion of confidence to the Yang di Pertuan Agong of Malaysia stating that he had received numerous declarations which provided that he still had the majority support within the lower house of parliament Dewan Rakyat. Therefore, the action of resignation under Federal Constitution of Malaysia under section 43(4) is not valid nor legal. He stated that the motion of no confidence will take place in September if the parliament has doubts of his ruling. However, this statement has been rejected by opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim, who claims that 112 or more MPs have rejected Perikatan Nasional. Therefore, Anwar Ibrahim's statement concludes that Muyhiddin claims is not valid and potentially fraudulent.


title: Malaysian United Indigenous Party

text: Following Anwar Ibrahim's statement, On 6 August 2021, Muhyiddin had stated during a press conference in Pagoh, Johor that he is still confident that he still hold majority support within the Parliament.


title: Malaysian United Indigenous Party

text: Following Perikatan Nasional loss of Majority support, Muhyiddin Yassin had conducted a press statement on 13 August 2021 which states he will not be resigning despite he has lost the majority support. He also said that he will be waiting on the upcoming vote of confidence which will be taken place in September because he does not believe that there is a political party or coalition that holds a majority currently, and he may fear for a catastrophic disaster if new government to be form to control the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia is late like vaccination process. He urges the opposition to stand on his side. He said "If the government (Perikatan Nasional Government) gets bipartisan support (support from any opposition) in Dewan Rakyat and Dewan Negara which is more than 2/3 majority, an amendment will be made to the Constitution (Federal Constitution of Malaysia) to introduce a two term limit to the Prime Minister's post and Anti Hopping Laws will be also tabled in the parliament".


title: Malaysian United Indigenous Party

text: Following the Political Infighting within Pakatan Harapan Government, Bersatu President Muhyiddin Yassin together with PAS President Abdul Hadi Awang and PKR defected members led by Azmin Ali formed the Perikatan Nasional and working alongside UMNO leaders Abdul Hadi Awang and Ismail Sabri Yaakob to causing a power vacuum after then Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad resignation then simple majority in the Malaysian Government causing much political instability which led to Malaysian political crisis.


title: History of tuberculosis

text: Throughout history, the disease tuberculosis has been variously known as consumption, phthisis, and the White Plague. It is generally accepted that the causative agent, "Mycobacterium tuberculosis" originated from other, more primitive organisms of the same genus "Mycobacterium". In 2014, results of a new DNA study of a tuberculosis genome reconstructed from remains in southern Peru suggest that human tuberculosis is less than 6,000 years old. Even if researchers theorise that humans first acquired it in Africa about 5,000 years ago, there is evidence that the first tuberculosis infection happened about 9,000 years ago. It spread to other humans along trade routes. It also spread to domesticated animals in Africa, such as goats and cows. Seals and sea lions that bred on African beaches are believed to have acquired the disease and carried it across the Atlantic to South America. Hunters would have been the first humans to contract the disease there.


title: History of tuberculosis

text: Scientific work investigating the evolutionary origins of the "Mycobacterium tuberculosis" complex has concluded that the most recent common ancestor of the complex was a human-specific pathogen, which underwent a population bottleneck. Analysis of mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units has allowed dating of the bottleneck to approximately 40,000 years ago, which corresponds to the period subsequent to the expansion of "Homo sapiens sapiens" out of Africa. This analysis of mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units also dated the "Mycobacterium bovis" lineage as dispersing approximately 6,000 years ago, which may be linked to animal domestication and early farming.


title: History of tuberculosis

text: Human bones from the Neolithic show presence of the bacteria. There has also been a claim of evidence of lesions characteristic of tuberculosis in a 500,000-year-old Homo erectus fossil, although this finding is controversial.


title: History of tuberculosis

text: Results of a genome study reported in 2014 suggest that tuberculosis is newer than previously thought. Scientists were able to recreate the genome of the bacteria from remains of 1,000-year-old skeletons in southern Peru. In dating the DNA, they found it was less than 6,000 years old. They also found it related most closely to a tuberculosis strain in seals, and have theorized that these animals were the mode of transmission from Africa to South America. The team from University of Tübingen believe that humans acquired the disease in Africa about 5,000 years ago. Their domesticated animals, such as goats and cows, contracted it from them. Seals acquired it when coming up on African beaches for breeding, and carried it across the Atlantic. In addition, TB spread via humans on the trade routes of the Old World. Other researchers have argued there is other evidence that suggests the tuberculosis bacteria is older than 6,000 years. This TB strain found in Peru is different from that prevalent today in the Americas, which is more closely related to a later Eurasian strain likely brought by European colonists. However, this result is criticised by other experts from the field, for instance because there is evidence of the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 9000 year old skeletal remains.


title: History of tuberculosis

text: Although relatively little is known about its frequency before the 19th century, its incidence is thought to have peaked between the end of the 18th century and the end of the 19th century. Over time, the various cultures of the world gave the illness different names: "phthisis" (Greek), "consumptio" (Latin), "yaksma" (India), and "chaky oncay" (Incan), each of which make reference to the "drying" or "consuming" effect of the illness, cachexia.


title: History of tuberculosis

text: In the 19th century, TB's high mortality rate among young and middle-aged adults and the surge of Romanticism, which stressed feeling over reason, caused many to refer to the disease as the "romantic disease".


title: History of tuberculosis

text: In 2008, evidence for tuberculosis infection was discovered in human remains from the Neolithic era dating from 9,000 years ago, in Atlit Yam, a settlement in the eastern Mediterranean. This finding was confirmed by morphological and molecular methods; to date it is the oldest evidence of tuberculosis infection in humans.


title: History of tuberculosis

text: Evidence of the infection in humans was also found in a cemetery near Heidelberg, in the Neolithic bone remains that show evidence of the type of angulation often seen with spinal tuberculosis. Some authors call tuberculosis the first disease known to mankind.