title: Jacqueline Roque

text: Pablo Picasso met Roque in the summer of 1952 while she was working at the Madoura Pottery. He romanced her by drawing a dove on her house in chalk and bringing her one rose a day until she agreed to date him. She had been living with her daughter Cathy at a villa at Golfe-Juan named Le Ziquet. According to Picasso's biographer John Richardson, the majority of Picasso's friends disapproved of Roque, while he developed a rapport with her and considered her to be an excellent match for Picasso due to her "submissive and supportive" temperament and the fact that she was "obsessively in love with him". In October 1954, Picasso and Roque began to live together, when she was aged 27 and he was 72.


title: Jacqueline Roque

text: They married in Vallauris on 2 March 1961. The couple found a private retreat at the Villa La Californie near Mougins, where they spent their married life together.


title: Jacqueline Roque

text: Roque's image began to appear in Picasso's paintings in 1954. These portraits are characterized by an exaggerated neck and feline face, distortions of Roque's features. Eventually her dark eyes and eyebrows, high cheekbones, and classical profile would become familiar symbols in his late paintings.


title: Jacqueline Roque

text: Picasso made the first portrait of his second wife on 2 June 1954. It was exhibited at the Maison de la Pensée Français in Paris in July as "Portrait de Madame Z", which was inspired by the name of Jacqueline’s house Le Ziquet. A second portrait of Jacqueline seated was completed on 3 June.


title: Jacqueline Roque

text: It is likely that Picasso's series of paintings derived from Eugène Delacroix's "The Women of Algiers" was inspired by Roque's beauty; the artist commented that "Delacroix had already met Jacqueline."


title: Jacqueline Roque

text: On 28 December 1955, he created "Jacqueline with a scarf", a lino cut of Jacqueline as "Lola de Valence", which was a reference to Édouard Manet's 1862 painting of the Spanish dancer. In 1963 he painted her portrait 160 times, and continued to paint her, in increasingly abstracted forms, until 1972.


title: Jacqueline Roque

text: Roque was deeply devoted to Picasso throughout their marriage and when he died in 1973, she was deeply affected by grief. Art critic, Richard Dorment stated, "she would sit in a darkened room, sobbing, or address a photograph of her husband as though he were still alive".


title: Jacqueline Roque

text: After Pablo's death, Jacqueline prevented Picasso's children Claude and Paloma Picasso from attending his funeral. Jacqueline also barred Picasso's grandson Pablito Picasso (son of Paolo, Picasso's son from his marriage to the Russian dancer Olga Khokhlova) from attending the service. Pablito was so distraught he drank a bottle of bleach, dying three months later.


title: Jacqueline Roque

text: Françoise Gilot, Picasso's companion between 1943 and 1953, and mother of two of his children, Claude and Paloma, fought with Jacqueline over the distribution of the artist's estate. Gilot and her children had unsuccessfully contested the will on the grounds that Picasso was mentally ill.


title: Jacqueline Roque

text: After the legal battles and death of Picasso's son Paolo Picasso, a French court ruled that the inheritors to the Picasso estate were Jacqueline, his children and grandchildren: Claude, Paloma, Maya, Bernard and Marina Picasso.


title: Jacqueline Roque

text: Jacqueline Picasso never recovered from the death of her husband and shot herself on 15 October 1986 in their Mougins home, the chateau where they had spent their married life together; she was 59 years old. Shortly before her death she had confirmed that she would be present at an upcoming exhibit of her private collection of Picasso's work in Spain.


title: Jacqueline Roque

text: Picasso created more portraits of his second wife than any other woman in his life. John Richardson, Picasso's biographer, described Picasso's final years before his death as "L'Époque Jacqueline". Arne Glimcher, founder of the Pace Gallery commented, "The range of interpretation of her image is quite extraordinary [...] you see the transformation of his late style only through these portraits of Jacqueline."


title: Compound bow

text: In modern archery, a compound bow is a bow that uses a levering system, usually of cables and pulleys, to bend the limbs.


title: Compound bow

text: The pulley/cam system grants the user a mechanical advantage, and so the limbs of a compound bow are much stiffer than those of a recurve bow or longbow. This rigidity makes the compound bow more energy-efficient than other bows, as less energy is dissipated in limb movement. The higher-rigidity, higher-technology construction also improves accuracy by reducing the bow's sensitivity to changes in temperature and humidity.


title: Compound bow

text: The pulley/cam system also confers a benefit called "let-off." As the string is drawn back, the cams rotate. The cams are eccentric rather than round, and so their effective radius changes as they rotate. Each of a compound bow's two cams features two tracks: an inner track which connects to the opposite limb or opposite cam through cables, and an outer track through which the bowstring runs. As the bow is drawn, the ratio of bowstring pay-out and cable take-up relative to limb-weight and leverage of the cams changes. By manipulation of the shapes of these cam tracks, different draw-stroke profiles can be created. A compound bow can be soft-drawing with a slow build-up to peak weight and a gradual let-off with a long "valley" at the end. It can also be hard-drawing with a very fast build-up to peak draw-weight, a long plateau where weight is maintained, and a quick let-off with a short valley. The let-off itself is the result of the cam profiles having passed center and approaching a condition very similar to a cam-lock. In some compound bows, if the draw-stops or draw-length modules are removed, they will self-lock at full draw and require professional equipment to unlock safely. Many compound bows offer 70–85% let off once they are pulled to full draw. This allows the shooter to relax and concentrate on the intended target at which they are shooting.


title: Compound bow

text: The compound bow was first developed in 1966 by Holless Wilbur Allen in North Kansas City, Missouri, and a US patent was granted in 1969. The compound bow has become increasingly popular. In the United States, the compound is the dominant form of bow.


title: Compound bow

text: In literature of the early 20th century, before the invention of compound bows, composite bows were described as "compound". This usage is now outdated.


title: Compound bow

text: A bow's central mount for other components such as the limbs, sights, stabilizers and quivers is called the riser. Risers are designed to be as rigid as possible. The central riser of a compound bow is usually made of aluminum, magnesium alloy, or carbon fiber and many are made of 7075 aluminum alloy.


title: Compound bow

text: Limbs are made of fiberglass-based composite materials and are capable of taking high tensile and compressive forces. The limbs store all the energy of the bow – no energy is stored in the pulleys and cables. Draw weights of adult compound bows generally fall between , enabling arrow speeds of .


title: Compound bow

text: In the most common configuration, there is a cam or wheel at the end of each limb. The shape of the cam may vary somewhat between different bow designs. There are several different concepts of using the cams to store energy in the limbs, and these all fall under a category called bow eccentrics. The four most common types of bow eccentrics are Single Cam, Hybrid Cam, Dual Cam and Binary Cam. However, there are also other less common designs, like the Quad Cam and Hinged. Cams are often described using their "let-off" rating. As a cam is rotated, the force required to hold the bow in position reaches a peak and then decreases as the bow approaches maximum extension (a position known as "the wall"). The percent-difference between the maximum force encountered during the draw and the force required to hold the bow in full extension is the "let-off". This value is commonly between 65% and 80% of the peak weight for recently designed compound bows, although some older compound bows provided a let-off of only 50% and some recent designs achieve let-offs in excess of 90%.


title: Compound bow

text: The photo on the right shows the axle attaching the limb to cam is mounted at the edge of the cam as opposed to the center. As the string is drawn the cam turns and imparts force to compress the limb. Initially, the archer has the 'short' side of the cam, with the leverage being a mechanical disadvantage. High energy input is therefore required. When near full draw is reached, the cam has turned to its full extent, the archer has gained mechanical advantage, and the least amount of force needs to be applied to the string to keep the limbs bent. This is known as "let off". The lower holding weight enables the archer to maintain the bow fully drawn and take more time to aim. This let-off enables the archer to accurately shoot a compound bow with a much higher peak draw weight than other bows (see below).


title: Compound bow

text: However, there are some youth-oriented compound bows with low draw weights that have no let-off and have a maximum draw length deliberately set farther than the majority of young shooters would reach. This effectively makes the bow function very similar to a recurve, with the draw length determined by the shooter's preferred anchor point. This removes the necessity to adjust the bow draw length or use a different bow for different shooters (or to change bows as the shooter gets older). An example of this type of bow is the Genesis, which is standard equipment in the U.S. National Archery in the Schools Program.


title: Compound bow

text: Compound bow strings and cables are normally made of high-modulus polyethylene and are designed to have great tensile strength and minimal stretchability, so that the bow transfers its energy to the arrow as efficiently and durably as possible. In earlier models of compound bows, the cables were often made of plastic-coated steel.


title: Compound bow

text: AMO (Archery Manufacturers and merchants Organization) standard draw length is the distance from the string at full draw to the lowest point on the grip plus . Because the draw force may increase more or less rapidly, and again drop off more or less rapidly when approaching peak draw, bows of the same peak draw force can store different amounts of energy. Norbert Mullaney has defined the ratio of stored energy to peak draw force (S.E./P.D.F.). This is usually around but can reach .


title: Compound bow

text: The efficiency of bows also varies. Normally between 70–85% of the stored energy is transferred to the arrow. This stored energy is referred to as potential energy. When transferred to the arrow it is referred to as kinetic energy. The product of S.E./P.D.F. and efficiency can be called the power factor. There are two measurement standards of this quantity – AMO and IBO speed. AMO is defined as the initial velocity of a arrow when shot from a bow with a peak draw weight of and draw length . IBO speed is defined as the initial velocity of an arrow with a weight of per pound of draw weight. Most manufacturers measure IBO speeds using a draw weight of and draw length of .


title: Compound bow

text: Brace height is the distance from the pivot point of the grip to the string at rest. Typically a shorter brace height will result in an increased power stroke, but comes at the price of a bow that's less forgiving to shooter error and having harsher string slap.


title: Compound bow

text: Arrows used with compound bows do not differ significantly from those used with recurve bows, being typically either aluminum alloy, carbon fiber, or a composite of the two materials. Wooden arrows are not commonly used on compound bows because of their fragility. Most arrows in use today are of the carbon fiber variety. An important distinction arrow-wise between recurve bows and compound bows is that of arrow spine. Compound bows and target recurve bows with fully center-shot cutaway risers tend to be very forgiving in regard to spine selection. Modern compound bows are typically equipped with substantially stiffer arrows than an equivalent draw-length and draw-weight recurve bow would be. Another advantage of the center-shot riser is that the arrow need not bend around the riser (nearly as much or at all) during the shot. Fine-tuning may be accomplished by adjustment of the arrow rest, or nock point on the string, rather than by changing arrow-length and tip weight.


title: Compound bow

text: Manufacturers produce arrow shafts with different weights, different spines (stiffness), and different lengths in the same model of shaft to accommodate different draw weights and lengths, matched to archers' different styles, preferences and physical attributes.


title: Compound bow

text: Arrow stiffness (spine) is an important parameter in finding arrows that will shoot accurately from any particular bow (see Archer's paradox), the spine varying with both the construction and length of the arrow.


title: Compound bow

text: Another important consideration is that the IBO (International Bowhunter Organization) recommends at least of draw weight as a safety buffer. This means a bow that draws would need at least a finished-with-tip arrow. Shooting arrows lighter than this guideline risks damage to the bow similar to that caused by dry-firing, which can in turn cause injury to the archer or anyone standing nearby. Shooting arrows that are too light also voids most manufacturer warranties.


title: Gurthunda Seethakalam

text: Gurthunda Seethakalam () is an Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by Nagashekar. A remake of the 2020 Kannada film "Love Mocktail", it stars Satyadev Kancharana and Tamannaah. The plot follows a middle-aged software employee, who endures several heartbreaks in his quest to find his true love.


title: Gurthunda Seethakalam

text: "Gurthunda Seethakalam" began its production in August 2020. The film was delayed multiple times since February 2022. At finally, the film was theatrically released on 9 December 2022.


title: Gurthunda Seethakalam

text: "Gurthunda Seethakalam" is the Telugu remake of the 2020 Kannada film "Love Mocktail." The film was formally launched in August 2020, with second schedule taking place in Hyderabad in December 2020. Megha Akash and Kavya Shetty were also cast for the film.


title: Gurthunda Seethakalam

text: The music is composed by "Kaala Bhairava". The filmmakers stated that the audio rights were sold for .


title: Gurthunda Seethakalam

text: "Gurthunda Seethakalam" was postponed several times. It was previously scheduled to be released on 23 September 2022. Initially, the film was scheduled to be released in February 2022. It was later pushed back multiple times to June 2022, July and August 2022.At finally, the film was theatrically released on 09 December 2022.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: The Argentine black and white tegu ("Salvator merianae"), also known as the Argentine giant tegu, the black and white tegu, the huge tegu, is a species of lizard in the family Teiidae. The species is the largest of the "tegu lizards". It is an omnivorous species which inhabits the tropical rain forests, savannas and semi-deserts of eastern and central South America.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: Tegus are sometimes kept as pets by humans. They are notable for their unusually high intelligence and can also be housebroken. Like other reptiles, tegus go into brumation in autumn when the temperature drops. They exhibit a high level of activity during their wakeful period of the year. They are the only known reptiles to be partly endothermic.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: Tegus fill ecological niches similar to those of monitor lizards, but are only distantly related to them; the similarities are an example of convergent evolution.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: The specific name, "merianae", is in honor of German-born naturalist Maria Sibylla Merian, a naturalist and artist who studied insects, plants, and reptiles from the 17th to the 18th centuries.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: As a hatchling, "Salvator merianae" has an emerald green color from the tip of its snout to midway down its neck, with black markings. The emerald green becomes black several months after shedding. As a young tegu, the tail is banded yellow and black; as it ages, the solid yellow bands nearest to the body change to areas of weak speckling. Fewer solid bands indicates an older animal. A tegu can drop a section of its tail as a distraction if attacked. The tail is also used as a weapon to swipe at an aggressor; even a half-hearted swipe can leave a bruise.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: Tegus are capable of running at high speeds and can run bipedally for short distances. They often use this method in territorial defense, with the mouth open and front legs held wide to look more threatening.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: Adult males are much larger than the females and can reach in length at maturity. They may continue to grow to lengths of .


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: The females are much smaller, but may grow up to in length from nose to tail. They have beaded skin and stripes running down their bodies. Adult females can reach a weight of .


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: The skull is heavily built with a large facial process of the maxilla, a single premaxilla, paired nasals, a single frontal bone and two parietal bones separated by the sagittal suture. Biomechanical analyses suggest the posterior processes of the parietal might be important for dealing with torsional loads due to posterior biting on one side. In the large adults, the posterior teeth are larger and more rounded than the anterior teeth.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: When a tegu reaches the age of 8 months, the beginning of their juvenile age, their sex can easily be determined visually; their vent at the base of the tail will bulge when it is a male and lie flat when it is a female. Breeders generally inform the buyer on the sex of the animal before the purchase. In adults, the main difference is in the jowls; adult males have substantially developed jowls (a result of hypertrophic lateral pterygoideus muscles), while females' jawlines are more streamlined.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: As the name would suggest, this tegu is native to Argentina, but also to Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: "Salvator merianae" (once known as "Tupinambis merianae") aka the Argentine Black and White Tegu is a large reptile native to South America. There are significant populations of Argentine Black and White Tegus in the southern United States and the Brazilian coast. They are a consistently problematic invasive species in Florida counties, most likely as a result of escaped or released species from the early 2000s pet trade. Previous studies have found that the differing weather and climate patterns far outside of their natural habitat range do not prevent adult Argentine Black and White Tegus from surviving in diverse areas across the United States, furthering concerns about their invasive status. In the wild, tegus habitat both forested and open plain environments, widening their potential invasive range.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: Tegus have also been found in scrub and wet habitats such as flooded savannas, canals, ponds, and streams. They largely seem indiscriminate of habitat type as long as they have the ability to burrow.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: Tegus are omnivorous. Juvenile tegus in the wild have been observed to eat a wide range of invertebrates including insects, annelids, crustaceans, spiders and snails. They also eat fruits and seeds. As they grow, they become more predatory and the protein content of their diet rises. They may seek out eggs from other reptiles' and from birds' nests and will eat small birds and other vertebrates such as fish, anurans, other lizards, snakes and small mammals (such as rodents). In adulthood, tegus continue to eat insects and wild fruits and it is assumed that such components include desirable or essential nutrients. They also can hunts on more large prey, for example on armadillos


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: In captivity, tegus commonly are fed high protein diets that include raw or cooked flesh such as ground turkey, canned and dry dog food, commercial crocodile diet, chicken, eggs, insects and small rodents. The inclusion of fruit in the diet is recommended. Though some captive tegus do not readily eat fruit, others enjoy bananas, grapes, mangoes and papayas. However, there is evidence that, as in most husbandry of carnivores, it is good practice to cook most of the egg in the diet, so as to denature the protein avidin that occurs in the albumen. Raw avidin immobilises biotin, so excessive feeding of raw eggs may cause fatal biotin deficiency.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: As adults, they have blunted teeth and exaggerated lateral pterygoid muscles which allow them to be generalist feeders. In captivity, they have been observed eating various feeder insects like mealworms, superworms, earthworms, silkworms, crickets and cockroaches, as well as vertebrate prey like mice, rats, fish, turkey (offered in a ground form), rabbit, quail and chicks. Crustaceans such as crayfish are also readily consumed. Like all lizards, blue tegus need a properly balanced diet; incomplete prey items such as insects or ground meat require dusting with a mineral/multi-vitamin supplement. Vitamin deficiencies can lead to trouble shedding skin, lethargy and weight loss; a calcium deficiency can lead to metabolic bone disease, which can be fatal.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: Tegus are notorious egg predators which makes them a concerning rising predator of sea turtles, alligators, and crocodiles as their invasive populations spread across the United States.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: Tegus will eat anything from plants to hatchlings, but their diet varies by season. Small vertebrate prey is more common in the spring while plant life and invertebrates are more commonly consumed in the summer.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: Predators of tegus include cougars, jaguars, otters, snakes and birds of prey. A known predator of the Argentine black and white tegu is the lesser grison ("Galictis cuja"), a mustelid related to weasels. "Salmonella enterica" was found in fecal samples from almost all "S. merianae" at a captive breeding field station at State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia state, Brazil illustrating the prevalence of salmonella infection in tegu lizards.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: Argentine black and white tegu lizards are typically born at the beginning of spring. When they hatch they are about ten grams and grow up to eight kilograms within four or five years, experiencing a nearly eight-hundred-fold increase in body size. During this time their diet changes from insects to small vertebrates, eggs, carrion, and fruits. They are reproductively mature by their third year (when they are around 1.5 kilograms), and cease their growth by around their fourth year with the highest growth rate being their first and second years of life. Tegu lizards also experience a seasonal circadian life cycle that begins within their first year, being very active during hotter months and in a hibernative state in the colder months. However, regardless of the season the Argentine tegu does not experience any significant fluctuations in metabolism or body mass, which means their sensitivity to temperature underlying their metabolic rate does not change body mass. This differs from other endotherms and further explains the tegu's alternating endothermic and ectothermic behavior.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: Brain vesicles (constructed from two neural tube constrictions) that make up the anterior forebrain, midbrain, and posterior hindbrain are developed and distinguishable from day three of embryonic development. On day four, visceral arches (consisting of mesenchymal tissue condensation and separated by grooves) form and are fully grown and fused by day nine. Day four also marks the development of limbs as small swellings. Its hindlimb development (developing claws faster than the forelimb) is more similar to crocodile or turtle embryonic development than other lizards. This alludes to the hindlimbs having greater functionality in tegu adults. Pigmentation is the last morphological structure to form and occurs late in development after other distinguishing characteristics have already been formed (such as scales). Pigmentation is observed from day thirty-nine first on the dorsal portion of the head and body. It later extends down to the proximal and distal portions of the limbs by day forty-five and extends down to the flanks by day forty-eight. As development advances, the pattern begins to show lateral stretch marks by day fifty-one. Pigmentation of the ventral portion of the body occurs between days fifty-seven and sixty, characterized by individualized spot patterns. Paired genital tubercles manifest in both sexes (called hemipenes in males). Reptile embryo development involves separate processes of differentiation and embryo growth. Differentiation is determined by external morphological features and is documented early. As the embryo approaches hatching, development stages are categorized into periods rather than ages (characterized by parameters of development speed).


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: Aggression is a vital facet to animal behavior as it provides advantages to survival when resources are limited. For the Argentine tegu, the physical performance of their aggressive behavior (i.e. biting) tends to be hindered by their large size. Regardless of sex, tegus with higher bite force are more aggressive to potential threats. Those with a higher bite force also exhibit less escape responses and tend to be slower, displaying a trade off of fight or flight abilities, but also have the advantage of minimizing risk of energy by reducing the threshold for engagement in an aggressive encounter. This fight or flight trade off is more commonly observed in mammals rather than reptiles, and may be present in tegus because of an increase in head mass (correlated to stronger biting behavior) that makes it difficult to maneuver quickly. In their home territory, Argentine tegus are generally less aggressive (less likely to display arching behavior) and are less likely to attempt escape regardless of size or bite force.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: Squamate reptiles like snakes and lizards tend to rely on chemical cues to search for potential mates in their environments. The Argentine black and white tegu exhibits similar behavior, such as a marked "pausing and turning" as they trail in the spring. In particular, female tegus exhibit stronger trailing behavior than males, following scent trails more intensely and expressing a more sensitive response to mating-specific chemical odors. They also exhibit more decisive behavior, demonstrating a common vertebrate trend of female reproduction being the defining factor in influencing population size. Knowledge of this behavior is currently being explored as a strategic avenue to inhibit the current rise of the tegu as an invasive species. Prioritizing the removal of female tegus from the environment can potentially be a more effective way to curb these invasive populations. Tegus are a burrowing species in both their native and invasive habitats, especially during the winter. They mate during the spring after hibernating when their mating hormones are at their peak. During the spring, male Argentine tegus exhibit scent-marking behaviors such as delineating territory with gland scents.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: Blue tegus, like other tegus, may breed up to twice a year. They only lay between 18 and 25 eggs in a clutch, sometimes more dependent upon animal size and husbandry as well as the individual health of the gravid female.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: During maternal seasons, female Argentine black and white tegus build nests out of dry grass, small branches, and leaves in order to maintain optimal temperature and humidity levels. Egg incubation lasts for an average of sixty-four days, with a range of forty to seventy-five days depending on incubation temperature and other extenuating factors.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: Physiologically, tegus possess traits that correlate well with their extreme success as an invasive species. Notably, they mature early, reproduce annually, have large clutch sizes, and a relatively long life span compared to other competing species. Out of the Teiidae family, tegus tend to grow to the largest body sizes (around five kilograms). Tegus are also omnivorous and consume everything from fruits, invertebrates, small vertebrates, eggs, and carrion. Their large dietary breadth also contributes to their high survival rate outside of their native habitat. Tegus are active on a seasonal schedule. They avoid dangerously cold or dry climates by hibernating underground. Additionally, they are capable of utilizing endothermy to elevate their body temperatures in response to their environment.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: Tegus in their native environment spend most of the colder months hibernating in their burrows without feeding but emerge in the spring for their mating season. While hibernating, their metabolism generates heat that maintains their temperature a few degrees above the burrow temperature, marking them as partial endotherms. This self-reliant endothermic behavior continues into the reproductive season. However, Argentine tegus only display this behavior for part of the year and behave as ectotherms for the rest (sunbathing, temperature reliant on environment). This endothermic behavior is also not a sex-biased evolutionary adaptation for egg production as both males and females indiscriminately exhibit this behavior.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: The Argentine tegu experiences significant shifts in metabolism and body temperature by season. They are highly active throughout the day during warmer months (such as participating in reproductive endothermy during the spring) and experience drastic metabolic suppression during the winter.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: "Salvator merianae" has recently been shown to be one of the few partially warm-blooded lizards, having a temperature up to higher than the ambient temperature at nighttime; however, unlike true endotherms such as mammals and birds, these lizards only display temperature control during their reproductive season (September to December), so are said to possess seasonal reproductive endothermy. Because convergent evolution is one of the strongest lines of evidence for the adaptive significance of a trait, the discovery of reproductive endothermy in this lizard not only complements the long known reproductive endothermy observed in some species of pythons, but also supports the hypothesis that the initial selective benefit for endothermy in birds and mammals was reproductive.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: The Argentine black and white tegu is used to study the evolutionary history of shoulder joint locomotive muscles. Because of its weight and heavy girth, it has unique modifications to its skeletal gait that help map the evolutionary history of the non-mammalian musculoskeletal structure.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: When black and white tegu are kept as pets, they can be fed proteins, fruits, and vegetables. Some examples of proteins that they can be fed are live bugs such as meal and horn worms, dubia roaches, and crickets. Other sources of protein include canned insects, scrambled or hard boiled eggs, snails, ducklings, chicks, boiled organ meats, shrimp, mice, or rats that are either alive or have been previously frozen and then thawed. The black and white tegu may be fed fruits and vegetables as well. For example, they can be fed berries such as strawberries, raspberries, and blueberries. They can also be fed bananas, apples, kiwis, pears, pumpkins, melons, peas, squash, apricots, mangos, figs, papaya, cantaloupe, and grapes.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: The blue tegu is a variant known for its light blue coloration, which is most intense and vivid in the adult males. Even immature animals can be easily distinguished from other mostly black and white tegus by the "singe mark" on their nose. They are among the more suitable tegus for pets and can be easily tamed but, in the wild, will either try to run away or react aggressively if provoked. There is much controversy about the correct scientific classification of this animal. Large-scale taxon sampling of the teiids has not led to any strong resolutions based on morphological and genetic data; the majority of data about the blue tegu comes from hobbyists. Some believe it is a mutation of the Argentine black and white tegu, while others, including the original importer, believe it is sufficiently different to have its own classification. The first blue tegu to be exported from South America was in a wholesale shipment of tegus from Colombia.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: The coloring of a blue tegu can range from a simple black and white color to albino to powder blue to even "platinum", which is basically a high white color morph. The colouration does not tend to appear until the animal reaches sexual maturity around the age of 18 months or it reaches or more in size. Just like the Argentine black and white tegu, the blue tegu has a very quick growth rate, almost reaching 75% of its full length in 1 year. Their adult length can vary from in adult females to sometimes even longer than in adult males. Unlike other lizards, these are very heavily built animals, ranging from or more when fully grown. Size is relative to genetics as well as husbandry and diet.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: To accommodate their size, a lone adult should be housed in nothing smaller than a × × size cage, with the largest floor size possible. A pair of adults need double that size. They must have a lot of floor space. About six inches of substrate should be used to allow for burrowing, as well as a substrate that holds humidity well. Most owners use cypress mulch mixed with coconut fiber, as it retains humidity extremely well and is commercially available. Use only organic substrates, as anything with pesticides or additives, much like what you would commonly find at a hardware store, will cause many health issues with your tegu, including death. A good UVA and UVB bulb is imperative to keeping a tegu in good health. They need UVB to produce Vitamin D in their bodies, as well as metabolizing calcium. If they are not allowed exposure to UVB on a daily basis, they can experience severe pain and/or deformities from diseases such as metabolic bone disease. Along with UVB, a blue tegu also needs a temperature gradient. This means that one side of the cage must be cooler, while the other is much warmer and provides a basking spot. This is so they can regulate their body temperature by going to whatever temperature works for them at the moment. Ambient temperatures on the cooler side should be around and the warmer side should be about . They also need the surface of their basking spot to meet specific temperature requirements. For juveniles and younger tegus, they need it around , though, as they get older, it can go up to . For healthy shedding, a humidity of 60-80% is preferred.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: Like most lizards, fresh water should be provided daily. Like other tegu species, you should make sure your Argentine black and white tegu has enough water to soak in if they wish. Some tegu species are also known to enjoy swimming and, since they grow to about long or more, a medium-sized to large cat litter box can be used as an appropriately sized water dish. Never allow the water level to be above shoulder height for a tegu, as many tegus commonly drown when left without supervision.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: On May 28, 2021 the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources banned importation and breeding, and requires registration of black and white tegus already in South Carolina.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: "S. merianae" - like a lot of animals used for bushmeat - is a common food source for humans in its native range and could be an economically and dietarily beneficial meat source if used more widely.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: The Argentine black and white tegu has long been hunted for their skins to supply the international leather trade. They are one of the most exploited reptile species in the world, but trade is legal in most South American countries. It is not an endangered species and overharvesting has not as of yet been monitored.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: Argentine black and white tegus have also escaped from the pet trade in Florida and are now an invasive species in Florida, Georgia and South Carolina. The first sighting of "S. merianae" in Berkeley County, South Carolina was on September 10, 2020. Eight total sightings in South Carolina have been recorded as of September 10, 2020.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: The Argentine Black and White Tegu has been a particular threat to native wildlife like birds and reptiles that build nests or burrows on the ground. Notably, they exhibit a particular type of both predatory and competitive behavior known as intraguild predation. Argentine tegus will pursue and kill but not eat other native reptiles, which worsens their invasive effect on wildlife. Efforts such as placing traps or localized hunting have been largely unsuccessful in eradicating their egregious effect on non-native environments.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: Because of their invasive threat to native and imperiled species, population containment initiatives have been a priority in the past ten years, leading to the extraction of nearly 3,300 tegus from Miami-Dade County alone. Unfortunately such efforts have been difficult. Historically, tegus have survived brutalizing harvests amid the leather trade, marking them a remarkably resilient species.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: In 1839, this species of tegu was originally described as "Salvator merianae". However, beginning in 1845 and continuing for 154 years, it was confused with "Tupinambis teguixin" and was considered a synonym of that species. In 1995, it was again given species status as "Tupinambis merianae" because subsequent studies had shown that the gold tegu ("Tupinambis teguixin") was distinct from it. In 2012, the Argentine black and white tegu was reassigned to the resurrected genus "Salvator" as "Salvator merianae".


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: "S. merianae" is called the "Argentine black and white tegu" to distinguish it from the "Colombian black and white tegu", which is another name for the gold tegu. Unscrupulous or incompetent pet dealers sometimes pass off gold tegus as Argentine black and white tegus.


title: Argentine black and white tegu

text: In the ecotone between the arid Chaco and the Espinal of central Argentina, they are known to naturally hybridise with the red tegu ("Salvator rufescens") with a stable hybrid zone.


title: Best of Luck Nikki

text: Best of Luck Nikki is an Indian sitcom, that originally aired on Disney Channel India from April 3, 2011, to April 16, 2016. The series is an adaptation of the American series "Good Luck Charlie," with a plot that is similar to the American version.


title: Best of Luck Nikki

text: The series was created by Phil Baker and Drew Vaupen, who aimed to create a program that would appeal to all the members of a family rather than simply to children and teens. It revolves around a family, the Singhs, as they try to adjust to the birth of their fourth child, Nikki.


title: Best of Luck Nikki

text: In each episode, Dolly Singh, the character of the older sister, creates a video blog diary containing advices for Nikki about 'surviving' their family and life as a teenager. Dolly tries to show Nikki what she might go through in the diary so she will always know how to figure things out.


title: Best of Luck Nikki

text: In the third season of the show, Nikki's younger sibling Bobby is born. In the fourth season Himani is again pregnant with a kid who is later named Kritika in the last episode.


title: Best of Luck Nikki

text: The series revolves around a Punjabi family in Delhi called Singh who are adjusting to the birth of their Fourth Child, Nikita, or Nikki. When parents Himani and Avatar Singh return to work, they ask their three older children to help raise their youngest sister. Dolly, Rohan, and Sunny, do so while dealing with typical challenges faced by teenagers. The events that unfold in each episode become material for a video diary series Dolly is making, which she hopes will one day provide useful advice for Nikki when Dolly will move out. At the end of each video, she says, "Best of luck, Nikki!".


title: Best of Luck Nikki

text: Season 1 revolves around a studious Dolly, whose life revolves around her crush Ritesh, and get adventures with her best friend, Parminder or Pam. A notorious Sunny keeps challenging the nosy neighbour Roli aunty, while Rohan and his best friend Popi work on their band and try to impress girls. Himani has just joined work after a maternity break, and Avatar is busy with his electronics business.


title: Best of Luck Nikki

text: Season 2 shows Dolly dating her childhood nemesis Rahul, and Pam starts dating Rahul's best friend Jatin. Sunny has also started dating and tries to impress some of his classmates while maintaining his constant pranks, Rohan and Popi prepare to begin college, while Himani and Avatar struggle with a growing Nikki and their work.


title: Best of Luck Nikki

text: Season 3 follows all the children who have now grown up, and Himani who is pregnant again with a boy, whom they later name Bobby. Avatar is busy with work, while Sunny still juggles between getting caught for his pranks, and high school problems. Dolly is now dating the football captain Ayaan, and Rohan experiments with his career choices at college. Nikki gets enrolled in a playschool, and they all help with raising Bobby. The season ends with Avtar mistakenly setting loose an exotic termite in the house, which breaks the house down, and the Singh family has to move out.


title: Best of Luck Nikki

text: Season 4 was the final season of the series and was released after a long wait, and all the characters had aged, and Himani became pregnant again. While Avatar struggles to arrange their older house, and keeps the family in a one-room flat till he does so, Rohan and Popi move out to their own flat. Rohan has joined culinary school, while Dolly begins interning with her father and pursues journalism as well. She starts dating her father's assistant Avishkaar, while Sunny starts dating Roli aunty's granddaughter Riya.


title: Best of Luck Nikki

text: The show ends with Rohan's foodtruck with partnership with Avatar Singh , Dolly moving to Mumbai for studies, Sunny and Roli Aunty get well together with Bobby being the next Chhota Shaitan (The Devil Child), Nikki finally accepting Bobby and Kritika (Kookie) as her siblings and Himani delivering her last and sixth Child Kritika (Kookie) and being a host and celebrity at her news company. Dolly's last video diary is shot and Nikki is set to take in Dolly's footsteps for recording video diaries for Kookie (Kritika).


title: Best of Luck Nikki

text: Season one of "Best of Luck Nikki" started airing on Disney Channel India on 3 April 2011 with the episode "Study Date". The season ended with the airing of the "Happy Holi!" special on 8 March 2012.


title: Best of Luck Nikki

text: The second season of "Best of Luck Nikki" started airing on Disney Channel India on 3 June 2012 with the episode "Let's Potty". The season ended with the airing of "Happy New Year!" (special) on 1 January 2013.


title: Best of Luck Nikki

text: The third season of "Best of Luck Nikki" started airing on Disney Channel India on 7 July 2013 with the episode "Make Room for Baby". The season ended with the airing of "All Fall Down" on 8 December 2013.


title: Best of Luck Nikki

text: A first look at "Best of Luck Nikki" season four was revealed in the "Goldie Ahuja Matric Pass" crossover episode "Happy Father's Day!" (aired on 21 June 2015). Season four of "Best of Luck Nikki" was the final season of the series and started airing on Disney Channel India on 2 August 2015 and was slightly different from "Good Luck Charlie" as Himani was shown pregnant with a sixth child. Gurdip Kohli was actually pregnant while shooting season four and the cast and crew revealed that they took special care of her while shooting. Season four aired on 2 August 2015 with "Singh's Dream House" and concluded on 16 April 2016 with "Bye Bye Nikki".


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: An electrolytic capacitor is a polarized capacitor whose anode or positive plate is made of a metal that forms an insulating oxide layer through anodization. This oxide layer acts as the dielectric of the capacitor. A solid, liquid, or gel electrolyte covers the surface of this oxide layer, serving as the cathode or negative plate of the capacitor. Due to their very thin dielectric oxide layer and enlarged anode surface, electrolytic capacitors have a much higher capacitance-voltage (CV) product per unit volume than ceramic capacitors or film capacitors, and so can have large capacitance values. There are three families of electrolytic capacitor: aluminum electrolytic capacitors, tantalum electrolytic capacitors, and niobium electrolytic capacitors.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: The large capacitance of electrolytic capacitors makes them particularly suitable for passing or bypassing low-frequency signals, and for storing large amounts of energy. They are widely used for decoupling or noise filtering in power supplies and DC link circuits for variable-frequency drives, for coupling signals between amplifier stages, and storing energy as in a flashlamp.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: Electrolytic capacitors are polarized components due to their asymmetrical construction and must be operated with a higher potential (ie, more positive) on the anode than on the cathode at all times. For this reason the polarity is marked on the device housing. Applying a reverse polarity voltage, or a voltage exceeding the maximum rated working voltage of as little as 1 or 1.5 volts, can destroy the dielectric and thus the capacitor. The failure of electrolytic capacitors can be hazardous, resulting in an explosion or fire. Bipolar electrolytic capacitors which may be operated with either polarity are also made, using special constructions with two anodes connected in series. A bipolar electrolytic capacitor can also be made by connecting two normal electrolytic capacitors in series, anode to anode or cathode to cathode.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: As to the basic construction principles of electrolytic capacitors, there are three different types: aluminum, tantalum, and niobium capacitors. Each of these three capacitor families uses non-solid and solid manganese dioxide or solid polymer electrolytes, so a great spread of different combinations of anode material and solid or non-solid electrolytes is available.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: Like other conventional capacitors, electrolytic capacitors store the electric energy statically by charge separation in an electric field in the dielectric oxide layer between two electrodes. The non-solid or solid electrolyte in principle is the cathode, which thus forms the second electrode of the capacitor. This and the storage principle distinguish them from electrochemical capacitors or supercapacitors, in which the electrolyte generally is the ionic conductive connection between two electrodes and the storage occurs with statically double-layer capacitance and electrochemical pseudocapacitance.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: Electrolytic capacitors use a chemical feature of some special metals, previously called "valve metals", which on contact with a particular electrolyte form a very thin insulating oxide layer on their surface by anodic oxidation which can function as a dielectric. There are three different anode metals in use for electrolytic capacitors:


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: To increase their capacitance per unit volume, all anode materials are either etched or sintered and have a rough surface structure with a much higher surface area compared to a smooth surface of the same area or the same volume. By applying a positive voltage to the above-mentioned anode material in an electrolytic bath an oxide barrier layer with a thickness corresponding to the applied voltage will be formed (formation). This oxide layer acts as dielectric in an electrolytic capacitor. The properties of this oxide layers are given in the following table:


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: After forming a dielectric oxide on the rough anode structure, a counter electrode has to match the rough insulating oxide surface. This is accomplished by the electrolyte, which acts as the cathode electrode of an electrolytic capacitor. There are many different electrolytes in use. Generally they are distinguished into two species, “non-solid” and “solid” electrolytes. As a liquid medium which has ion conductivity caused by moving ions, non-solid electrolytes can easily fit the rough structures. Solid electrolytes which have electron conductivity can fit the rough structures with the help of special chemical processes like pyrolysis for manganese dioxide or polymerization for conducting polymers.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: Comparing the permittivities of the different oxide materials it is seen that tantalum pentoxide has a permittivity approximately three times higher than aluminum oxide. Tantalum electrolytic capacitors of a given CV value theoretically are therefore smaller than aluminium electrolytic capacitors. In practice different safety margins to reach reliable components makes a comparison difficult.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: The anodically generated insulating oxide layer is destroyed if the polarity of the applied voltage changes.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: Electrolytic capacitors are based on the principle of a "plate capacitor" whose capacitance increases with larger electrode area A, higher dielectric permittivity ε, and thinness of dielectric (d).


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: The dielectric thickness of electrolytic capacitors is very small, in the range of nanometers per volt. On the other hand, the voltage strengths of these oxide layers are quite high. With this very thin dielectric oxide layer combined with a sufficiently high dielectric strength the electrolytic capacitors can achieve a high volumetric capacitance. This is one reason for the high capacitance values of electrolytic capacitors compared to conventional capacitors.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: All etched or sintered anodes have a much higher surface area compared to a smooth surface of the same area or the same volume. That increases the capacitance value, depending on the rated voltage, by a factor of up to 200 for non-solid aluminium electrolytic capacitors as well as for solid tantalum electrolytic capacitors. The large surface compared to a smooth one is the second reason for the relatively high capacitance values of electrolytic capacitors compared with other capacitor families.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: Because the forming voltage defines the oxide layer thickness, the desired voltage rating can be produced very simply. Electrolytic capacitors have high volumetric efficiency, the so-called "CV product", defined as the product of capacitance and voltage divided by volume.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: Combinations of anode materials for electrolytic capacitors and the electrolytes used have given rise to wide varieties of capacitor types with different properties. An outline of the main characteristics of the different types is shown in the table below.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: The non-solid or so-called "wet" aluminum electrolytic capacitors were and are the cheapest among all other conventional capacitors. They not only provide the cheapest solutions for high capacitance or voltage values for decoupling and buffering purposes but are also insensitive to low ohmic charging and discharging as well as to low-energy transients. Non-solid electrolytic capacitors can be found in nearly all areas of electronic devices, with the exception of military applications.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: Tantalum electrolytic capacitors with solid electrolyte as surface-mountable chip capacitors are mainly used in electronic devices in which little space is available or a low profile is required. They operate reliably over a wide temperature range without large parameter deviations. In military and space applications only tantalum electrolytic capacitors have the necessary approvals.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: Niobium electrolytic capacitors are in direct competition with industrial tantalum electrolytic capacitors because niobium is more readily available. Their properties are comparable.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: The electrical properties of aluminum, tantalum and niobium electrolytic capacitors have been greatly improved by the polymer electrolyte.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: In order to compare the different characteristics of the different electrolytic capacitor types, capacitors with the same dimensions and of similar capacitance and voltage are compared in the following table. In such a comparison the values for ESR and ripple current load are the most important parameters for the use of electrolytic capacitors in modern electronic equipment. The lower the ESR, the higher the ripple current per volume and better functionality of the capacitor in the circuit. However, better electrical parameters come with higher prices.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: Aluminum electrolytic capacitors form the bulk of the electrolytic capacitors used in electronics because of the large diversity of sizes and the inexpensive production. Tantalum electrolytic capacitors, usually used in the SMD version, have a higher specific capacitance than the aluminum electrolytic capacitors and are used in devices with limited space or flat design such as laptops. They are also used in military technology, mostly in axial style, hermetically sealed. Niobium electrolytic chip capacitors are a new development in the market and are intended as a replacement for tantalum electrolytic chip capacitors.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: The phenomenon that in an electrochemical process, aluminum and such metals as tantalum, niobium, manganese, titanium, zinc, cadmium, etc., can form an oxide layer which blocks an electric current from flowing in one direction but which allows current to flow in the opposite direction, was first observed in 1857 by the German physicist and chemist (1805–1878). It was first put to use in 1875 by the French researcher and founder Eugène Ducretet, who coined the term "valve metal" for such metals.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: Charles Pollak (born Karol Pollak), a producer of accumulators, found out that the oxide layer on an aluminum anode remained stable in a neutral or alkaline electrolyte, even when the power was switched off. In 1896 he filed a patent for an "Electric liquid capacitor with aluminum electrodes" (de: "Elektrischer Flüssigkeitskondensator mit Aluminiumelektroden") based on his idea of using the oxide layer in a polarized capacitor in combination with a neutral or slightly alkaline electrolyte.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: The first industrially realized electrolytic capacitors consisted of a metallic box used as the cathode. It was filled with a borax electrolyte dissolved in water, in which a folded aluminum anode plate was inserted. Applying a DC voltage from outside, an oxide layer was formed on the surface of the anode. The advantage of these capacitors was that they were significantly smaller and cheaper than all other capacitors at this time relative to the realized capacitance value. This construction with different styles of anode construction but with a case as cathode and container for the electrolyte was used up to the 1930s and was called a "wet" electrolytic capacitor, in the sense of its having a high water content.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: The first more common application of wet aluminum electrolytic capacitors was in large telephone exchanges, to reduce relay hash (noise) on the 48 volt DC power supply. The development of AC-operated domestic radio receivers in the late 1920s created a demand for large-capacitance (for the time) and high-voltage capacitors for the valve amplifier technique, typically at least 4 microfarads and rated at around 500 volts DC. Waxed paper and oiled silk film capacitors were available, but devices with that order of capacitance and voltage rating were bulky and prohibitively expensive.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: The ancestor of the modern electrolytic capacitor was patented by Samuel Ruben in 1925, who teamed with Philip Mallory, the founder of the battery company that is now known as Duracell International. Ruben's idea adopted the stacked construction of a silver mica capacitor. He introduced a separated second foil to contact the electrolyte adjacent to the anode foil instead of using the electrolyte-filled container as the capacitor's cathode. The stacked second foil got its own terminal additional to the anode terminal and the container no longer had an electrical function. This type of electrolytic capacitor combined with a liquid or gel-like electrolyte of a non-aqueous nature, which is therefore dry in the sense of having a very low water content, became known as the "dry" type of electrolytic capacitor.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: With Ruben's invention, together with the invention of wound foils separated with a paper spacer 1927 by A. Eckel of Hydra-Werke (Germany), the actual development of electrolytic capacitors began.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: William Dubilier, whose first patent for electrolytic capacitors was filed in 1928, industrialized the new ideas for electrolytic capacitors and started the first large commercial production in 1931 in the Cornell-Dubilier (CD) factory in Plainfield, New Jersey. At the same time in Berlin, Germany, the "Hydra-Werke", an AEG company, started the production of electrolytic capacitors in large quantities. Another manufacturer, Ralph D. Mershon, had success in servicing the radio-market demand for electrolytic capacitors.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: In his 1896 patent Pollak already recognized that the capacitance of the capacitor increases when roughening the surface of the anode foil. Today (2014), electrochemically etched low voltage foils can achieve an up to 200-fold increase in surface area compared to a smooth surface. Advances in the etching process are the reason for the dimension reductions in aluminum electrolytic capacitors over recent decades.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: For aluminum electrolytic capacitors the decades from 1970 to 1990 were marked by the development of various new professional series specifically suited to certain industrial applications, for example with very low leakage currents or with long life characteristics, or for higher temperatures up to 125 °C.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: One of the first tantalum electrolytic capacitors were developed in 1930 by Tansitor Electronic Inc. USA, for military purposes. The basic construction of a wound cell was adopted and a tantalum anode foil was used together with a tantalum cathode foil, separated with a paper spacer impregnated with a liquid electrolyte, mostly sulfuric acid, and encapsulated in a silver case.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: The relevant development of solid electrolyte tantalum capacitors began some years after William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain invented the transistor in 1947. It was invented by Bell Laboratories in the early 1950s as a miniaturized, more reliable low-voltage support capacitor to complement their newly invented transistor. The solution found by R. L. Taylor and H. E. Haring at Bell Labs in early 1950 was based on experience with ceramics. They ground tantalum to a powder, which they pressed into a cylindrical form and then sintered at a high temperature between 1500 and 2000 °C under vacuum conditions, to produce a pellet ("slug").


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: These first sintered tantalum capacitors used a non-solid electrolyte, which does not fit the concept of solid electronics. In 1952 a targeted search at Bell Labs by D. A. McLean and F. S. Power for a solid electrolyte led to the invention of manganese dioxide as a solid electrolyte for a sintered tantalum capacitor.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: Although fundamental inventions came from Bell Labs, the inventions for manufacturing commercially viable tantalum electrolytic capacitors came from researchers at the Sprague Electric Company. Preston Robinson, Sprague's Director of Research, is considered to be the actual inventor of tantalum capacitors in 1954. His invention was supported by R. J. Millard, who introduced the "reform" step in 1955, a significant improvement in which the dielectric of the capacitor was repaired after each dip-and-convert cycle of MnO deposition, which dramatically reduced the leakage current of the finished capacitors.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: Although solid tantalum capacitors offered capacitors with lower ESR and leakage current values than the aluminum electrolytic capacitors, a 1980 price shock for tantalum dramatically reduced the applications of tantalum electrolytic capacitors, especially in the entertainment industry. The industry switched back to using aluminum electrolytic capacitors.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: The first solid electrolyte of manganese dioxide developed 1952 for tantalum capacitors had a conductivity 10 times better than all other types of non-solid electrolytes. It also influenced the development of aluminum electrolytic capacitors. In 1964 the first aluminum electrolytic capacitors with solid electrolyte SAL electrolytic capacitor came on the market, developed by Philips.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: With the beginning of digitalization, Intel launched its first microcomputer, the MCS 4, in 1971. In 1972 Hewlett Packard launched one of the first pocket calculators, the HP 35. The requirements for capacitors increased in terms of lowering the equivalent series resistance (ESR) for bypass and decoupling capacitors.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: It was not until 1983 when a new step toward ESR reduction was taken by Sanyo with its "OS-CON" aluminum electrolytic capacitors. These capacitors used a solid organic conductor, the charge transfer salt TTF-TCNQ (tetracyanoquinodimethane), which provided an improvement in conductivity by a factor of 10 compared with the manganese dioxide electrolyte.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: The next step in ESR reduction was the development of conducting polymers by Alan J. Heeger, Alan MacDiarmid and Hideki Shirakawa in 1975. The conductivity of conductive polymers such as polypyrrole (PPy) or PEDOT is better than that of TCNQ by a factor of 100 to 500, and close to the conductivity of metals.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: In 1991 Panasonic released its "SP-Cap", series of polymer aluminum electrolytic capacitors. These aluminum electrolytic capacitors with polymer electrolytes reached very low ESR values directly comparable to ceramic multilayer capacitors (MLCCs). They were still less expensive than tantalum capacitors and with their flat design for laptops and cell phones competed with tantalum chip capacitors as well.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: Tantalum electrolytic capacitors with PPy polymer electrolyte cathode followed three years later. In 1993 NEC introduced its SMD polymer tantalum electrolytic capacitors, called "NeoCap". In 1997 Sanyo followed with the "POSCAP" polymer tantalum chips.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: A new conductive polymer for tantalum polymer capacitors was presented by Kemet at the "1999 Carts" conference. This capacitor used the newly developed organic conductive polymer PEDT Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), also known as PEDOT (trade name Baytron®)


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: Another price explosion for tantalum in 2000/2001 forced the development of niobium electrolytic capacitors with manganese dioxide electrolyte, which have been available since 2002. Niobium is a sister metal to tantalum and serves as valve metal generating an oxide layer during anodic oxidation. Niobium as raw material is much more abundant in nature than tantalum and is less expensive. It was a question of the availability of the base metal in the late 1960s which led to development and implementation of niobium electrolytic capacitors in the former Soviet Union instead of tantalum capacitors as in the West. The materials and processes used to produce niobium-dielectric capacitors are essentially the same as for existing tantalum-dielectric capacitors. The characteristics of niobium electrolytic capacitors and tantalum electrolytic capacitors are roughly comparable.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: With the goal of reducing ESR for inexpensive non-solid electrolytic capacitors from the mid-1980s in Japan, new water-based electrolytes for aluminum electrolytic capacitors were developed. Water is inexpensive, an effective solvent for electrolytes, and significantly improves the conductivity of the electrolyte. The Japanese manufacturer Rubycon was a leader in the development of new water-based electrolyte systems with enhanced conductivity in the late 1990s. The new series of non-solid electrolytic capacitors with water-based electrolyte was described in the data sheets as having "low ESR", "low impedance", "ultra-low impedance" or "high ripple current".


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: From 1999 through at least 2010, a stolen recipe for such a water-based electrolyte, in which important stabilizers were absent, led to the widespread problem of "bad caps" (failing electrolytic capacitors), leaking or occasionally bursting in computers, power supplies, and other electronic equipment, which became known as the "capacitor plague". In these electrolytic capacitors the water reacts quite aggressively with aluminum, accompanied by strong heat and gas development in the capacitor, resulting in premature equipment failure, and development of a cottage repair industry.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: The electrical characteristics of capacitors are harmonized by the international generic specification IEC 60384-1. In this standard, the electrical characteristics of capacitors are described by an idealized series-equivalent circuit with electrical components which model all ohmic losses, capacitive and inductive parameters of an electrolytic capacitor:


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: The electrical characteristics of electrolytic capacitors depend on the structure of the anode and the electrolyte used. This influences the capacitance value of electrolytic capacitors, which depends on measuring frequency and temperature. Electrolytic capacitors with non-solid electrolytes show a broader aberration over frequency and temperature ranges than do capacitors with solid electrolytes.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: The basic unit of an electrolytic capacitor's capacitance is the microfarad (μF). The capacitance value specified in the data sheets of the manufacturers is called the rated capacitance C or nominal capacitance C and is the value for which the capacitor has been designed.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: The standardized measuring condition for electrolytic capacitors is an AC measuring method with 0.5 V at a frequency of 100/120 Hz at a temperature of 20 °C. For tantalum capacitors a DC bias voltage of 1.1 to 1.5  V for types with a rated voltage ≤2.5 V, or 2.1 to 2.5 V for types with a rated voltage of >2.5 V, may be applied during the measurement to avoid reverse voltage.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: The capacitance value measured at the frequency of 1 kHz is about 10% less than the 100/120 Hz value. Therefore, the capacitance values of electrolytic capacitors are not directly comparable and differ from those of film capacitors or ceramic capacitors, whose capacitance is measured at 1 kHz or higher.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: Measured with an AC measuring method at 100/120 Hz the capacitance value is the closest value to the electrical charge stored in the e-caps. The stored charge is measured with a special discharge method and is called the DC capacitance. The DC capacitance is about 10% higher than the 100/120 Hz AC capacitance. The DC capacitance is of interest for discharge applications like photoflash.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: The percentage of allowed deviation of the measured capacitance from the rated value is called the capacitance tolerance. Electrolytic capacitors are available in different tolerance series, whose values are specified in the E series specified in IEC 60063. For abbreviated marking in tight spaces, a letter code for each tolerance is specified in IEC 60062.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: The required capacitance tolerance is determined by the particular application. Electrolytic capacitors, which are often used for filtering and bypassing, do not have the need for narrow tolerances because they are mostly not used for accurate frequency applications like in oscillators.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: Referring to the IEC/EN 60384-1 standard, the allowed operating voltage for electrolytic capacitors is called the "rated voltage U" or "nominal voltage U". The rated voltage U is the maximum DC voltage or peak pulse voltage that may be applied continuously at any temperature within the rated temperature range T.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: The voltage proof of electrolytic capacitors decreases with increasing temperature. For some applications it is important to use a higher temperature range. Lowering the voltage applied at a higher temperature maintains safety margins. For some capacitor types therefore the IEC standard specifies a "temperature derated voltage" for a higher temperature, the "category voltage U". The category voltage is the maximum DC voltage or peak pulse voltage that may be applied continuously to a capacitor at any temperature within the category temperature range T. The relation between both voltages and temperatures is given in the picture at right.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: Applying a lower voltage may have a positive influence on electrolytic capacitors. For aluminum electrolytic capacitors a lower applied voltage can in some cases extend the lifetime. For tantalum electrolytic capacitors lowering the voltage applied increases the reliability and reduces the expected failure rate.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: The surge voltage indicates the maximum peak voltage value that may be applied to electrolytic capacitors during their application for a limited number of cycles.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: The surge voltage is standardized in IEC/EN 60384-1. For aluminum electrolytic capacitors with a rated voltage of up to 315 V, the surge voltage is 1.15 times the rated voltage, and for capacitors with a rated voltage exceeding 315 V, the surge voltage is 1.10 times the rated voltage.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: For tantalum electrolytic capacitors the surge voltage can be 1.3 times the rated voltage, rounded off to the nearest volt. The surge voltage applied to tantalum capacitors may influence the capacitor's failure rate.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: Aluminum electrolytic capacitors with non-solid electrolyte are relatively insensitive to high and short-term transient voltages higher than surge voltage, if the frequency and the energy content of the transients are low. This ability depends on rated voltage and component size. Low energy transient voltages lead to a voltage limitation similar to a zener diode. An unambiguous and general specification of tolerable transients or peak voltages is not possible. In every case transients arise, the application has to be approved very carefully.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: Electrolytic capacitors with solid manganese oxide or polymer electrolyte, and aluminum as well as tantalum electrolytic capacitors cannot withstand transients or peak voltages higher than the surge voltage. Transients may destroy this type of electrolytic capacitor.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: Standard electrolytic capacitors, and aluminum as well as tantalum and niobium electrolytic capacitors are polarized and generally require the anode electrode voltage to be positive relative to the cathode voltage.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: Nevertheless, electrolytic capacitors can withstand for short instants a reverse voltage for a limited number of cycles. Specifically, aluminum electrolytic capacitors with non-solid electrolyte can withstand a reverse voltage of about 1 V to 1.5 V. This reverse voltage should never be used to determine the maximum reverse voltage under which a capacitor can be used permanently.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: Solid tantalum capacitors can also withstand reverse voltages for short periods. The most common guidelines for tantalum reverse voltage are:


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: These guidelines apply for short excursion and should never be used to determine the maximum reverse voltage under which a capacitor can be used permanently.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: But in no case, for aluminum as well as for tantalum and niobium electrolytic capacitors, may a reverse voltage be used for a permanent AC application.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: To minimize the likelihood of a polarized electrolytic being incorrectly inserted into a circuit, polarity has to be very clearly indicated on the case, see the section on polarity marking below.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: Special bipolar aluminum electrolytic capacitors designed for bipolar operation are available, and usually referred to as "non-polarized" or "bipolar" types. In these, the capacitors have two anode foils with full-thickness oxide layers connected in reverse polarity. On the alternate halves of the AC cycles, one of the oxides on the foil acts as a blocking dielectric, preventing reverse current from damaging the electrolyte of the other one. But these bipolar electrolytic capacitors are not suitable for main AC applications instead of power capacitors with metallized polymer film or paper dielectric.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: In general, a capacitor is seen as a storage component for electric energy. But this is only one capacitor application. A capacitor can also act as an AC resistor. Aluminum electrolytic capacitors in particular are often used as decoupling capacitors to filter or bypass undesired AC frequencies to ground or for capacitive coupling of audio AC signals. Then the dielectric is used only for blocking DC. For such applications, the impedance (AC resistance) is as important as the capacitance value.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: The impedance "Z" is the vector sum of reactance and resistance; it describes the phase difference and the ratio of amplitudes between sinusoidally varying voltage and sinusoidally varying current at a given frequency. In this sense impedance is a measure of the ability of the capacitor to pass alternating currents and can be used like Ohm's law.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: In other words, impedance is a frequency-dependent AC resistance and possesses both magnitude and phase at a particular frequency.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: In data sheets of electrolytic capacitors only the impedance magnitude "|Z|" is specified, and simply written as ""Z"." Regarding the IEC/EN 60384-1 standard, the impedance values of electrolytic capacitors are measured and specified at 10 kHz or 100 kHz depending on the capacitance and voltage of the capacitor.


title: Electrolytic capacitor

text: Besides measuring, the impedance can be calculated using the idealized components of a capacitor's series-equivalent circuit, including an ideal capacitor "C", a resistor "ESR", and an inductance "ESL". In this case the impedance at the angular frequency "ω" is given by the geometric (complex) addition of "ESR", by a capacitive reactance "X"


title: The Idolmaster

text: The central aspect of the plot for "The Idolmaster" deals with the training of prospective pop idols on their way to stardom. The main talent agency featured in the series is 765 Production (765 Pro), a rising studio located in a small office. Other studios include 876 Production (876 Pro), 961 Production (961 Pro), 346 Production (346 Pro), 315 Production (315 Pro) and 283 Production (283 Pro). At 765 Pro, there are initially 10 idols the player can choose: Haruka Amami, Chihaya Kisaragi, Yukiho Hagiwara, Yayoi Takatsuki, Ritsuko Akizuki, Azusa Miura, Iori Minase, Makoto Kikuchi, and Ami and Mami Futami (who work as a pair). Three additional idols later added to 765 Pro include: Miki Hoshii, Hibiki Ganaha and Takane Shijō.


title: The Idolmaster

text: A recurring theme in the series emphasizes the struggles an idol must go through to achieve stardom. This is indicated by the level of an idol's tension meter. Games in the series also explore relationships between characters, ranging from the relationship that develops between an idol and a producer, to the rivalry between idols and production studios.


title: The Idolmaster

text: In the main series of games, the player usually assumes the role of a producer who is put in charge of one or more idols as a part of a raising simulation. The player is initially put in charge of a single idol, but this can increase to more idols once the player gains enough experience as a producer. The player starts by arranging the idol's daily schedule, which gives the player a large amount of freedom on what the idol does, including giving the idol the day off. The schedule includes time for the producer to communicate with the idol, take them to jobs, train them during lessons, and offer directions during auditions and performances until they reach the top spot in the entertainment industry. However, the schedule choices in the original arcade game are limited to doing a lesson or taking an audition. Training an idol has the player going through a variety of lessons in the form of minigames. These lessons serve to increase an idol's statistics in vocal, dance and visual image. The number and type of lessons change over the series; for example, there are five in the original arcade game, six in "The Idolmaster SP", and three in "The Idolmaster 2". The other aspect of the game which increases an idol's statistics depends on their costumes and accessories.


title: The Idolmaster

text: In the communication phase between the producer and an idol, text progression pauses when the player is given multiple responses to choose from over the course of a conversation and the player is given a limited amount of time to make a choice, though the player can pause the game to be given more time. Depending on which choice is made will affect how well or poorly the communication is received. As mutual trust builds between idol and producer, good memories are formed which help the idol in auditions. In contrast, if bad memories are formed through poor communication, this will adversely affect an idol. This communication is further expanded in "The Idolmaster SP" with the introduction of a promise system. The communication phase is supplemented by the idol taking on various jobs to further her exposure and gain fans.


title: The Idolmaster

text: The audition phase is the main way for an idol to climb the idol rankings by gaining fans. The audition process involves another series of minigames, which allow the player to appeal to the judges or audience by earning points in the vocal, dance and visual categories. If an idol passes the audition, she is chosen to do a televised public performance. In later games, during the performance, the player is able to influence the idol by giving directions. The same gameplay in the audition process is also used during live concerts and festivals. The player can check the idol's rank, how many fans she has gained, and how much her singles have sold.


title: The Idolmaster

text: "The Idolmaster", the first game of the series, was first released in Japan on July 26, 2005 as an arcade game using Namco Bandai Games' Namco System 246 arcade system board. Developed by Metro, it introduced many gameplay and plot themes common to the franchise. The player assumes the role of a novice producer who works with prospective pop idols through lessons, auditions and performances. The player can also develop a relationship between an idol and her producer. The game uses the touchscreen Rewritable Stage arcade cabinet, which issues the player two rewritable cards containing the player's profile and save data. It also makes use of the ALL.Net network service to keep track of national idol rankings. The network was discontinued on September 1, 2010, though a few of the arcade cabinets still survive.


title: The Idolmaster

text: A port of the arcade game for the Xbox 360 was released on January 25, 2007. This version introduced an additional idol, Miki Hoshii, and includes new songs. The port makes use of Xbox Live, and the game has been credited with making Japan's ratio of sign-ups for Xbox Live compared to the number of consoles sold as the world's highest. Over four times as many Microsoft points were sold on the date of "The Idolmaster"s Xbox 360 release as on the date before it. A sequel to the arcade game titled "The Idolmaster Live For You!" for the Xbox 360 was released on February 28, 2008. In "Live For You!", the player assumes the role of a "special producer" due to the sudden absence of the original producer and is charged with coordinating the idols' concerts. The game focuses mainly on the concert coordination aspect of the original and expands on it in many ways, with higher customization of the stage, costumes and songs. "Live For You!" also introduced a rhythm game aspect into the series, incorporating it as a minigame during an idol's concert. A collection containing both "The Idolmaster" and "Live For You!" was released on March 12, 2009 as "The Idolmaster Twins".


title: The Idolmaster

text: A game titled "The Idolmaster SP" for the PlayStation Portable was released in three versions on February 19, 2009 titled "Perfect Sun", "Missing Moon" and "Wandering Star". "SP" re-introduces Miki Hoshii as a rival idol working for the 961 Pro studio, and introduces the new characters Hibiki Ganaha and Takane Shijō, also working for 961. Hibiki is in "Perfect Sun", Miki is in "Missing Moon", and Takane is in "Wandering Star". "SP" also introduces a multiplayer mode for up to three players where each of the players' idols can interact and audition together. A slot machine titled "The Idolmaster Live in Slot!" was released on May 23, 2012 by Sammy using the Xbox 360 version of "The Idolmaster" as its motif.


title: The Idolmaster

text: In May 2009, the franchise's next stage called "2nd Vision" was announced, which was described as "The Idolmaster"s next project that would further expand the series' world. The first 2nd Vision game is "The Idolmaster Dearly Stars" for the Nintendo DS and was released on September 17, 2009. Instead of playing the role of a producer, the player portrays one of the three idols introduced in "Dearly Stars" as they enter 876 Pro. In addition to the story mode, the game also features a cheering mode for up to 16 players, and includes wi-fi functionality. The idols from previous "The Idolmaster" games make appearances in "Dearly Stars" as already established and popular idols.


title: The Idolmaster

text: Another sequel to the original arcade game titled "The Idolmaster 2" was released for the Xbox 360 on February 24, 2011 and later for the PlayStation 3 (PS3) on October 27, 2011. Set in the same universe as "Dearly Stars" six months after "The Idolmaster", the player can choose between most of same idols in addition to Miki, Hibiki and Takane. In "The Idolmaster 2", Azusa Miura, Iori Minase and Ami Futami now form an independent unit with Ritsuko Akizuki as their producer. A nine-volume fan disc series titled "The Idolmaster Gravure For You!" was released for the PS3 from October 27, 2011 to June 28, 2012. "Gravure For You!" allows the player to give the idols directions while taking gravure photos of them in various poses, costumes and locations.


title: The Idolmaster

text: On October 25, 2012, "The Idolmaster Shiny Festa" was released for the PlayStation Portable in three versions. Like "The Idolmaster SP", the different versions—titled "Honey Sound", "Funky Note" and "Groovy Tune"—feature different idols from "The Idolmaster 2" to work with. "Shiny Festa" is a rhythm game, and unlike previous games does not feature any raising simulation gameplay. The "Shiny Festa" games were released on iOS and localized into English on April 22, 2013. The titles of the games were changed for the port: "Honey Sound" became "Harmonic Score", "Funky Note" became "Rhythmic Record" and "Groovy Tune" became "Melodic Disc".


title: The Idolmaster

text: An app for the PS3 titled "Imas Channel" was released on the PlayStation Network on October 2, 2013. The app includes a "Shiny TV" component which features a PS3 version of "Shiny Festa", and the nine "Gravure For You!" fan discs can also be downloaded via the app. The game "The Idolmaster One For All" was released on May 15, 2014 for the PS3 and allows players to produce all 13 idols from 765 Pro. A game titled "The Idolmaster Platinum Stars" for the PlayStation 4 (PS4) was released on July 28, 2016. "The Idolmaster Stella Stage" was released for the PS4 on December 20, 2017. "The Idolmaster Starlit Season", a crossover game featuring idols from the original series, "Cinderella Girls", "Million Live!" and "Shiny Colors", was originally planned to release in 2020 for the PS4 and Windows via Steam, but was delayed first to May 27, 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and then further to October 14, 2021 for quality improvements.


title: The Idolmaster

text: The first social network game in the series, "The Idolmaster Cinderella Girls", was released on the Mobage browser game platform for feature phones on November 28, 2011, and for iOS and Android devices on December 16, 2011. The game features a card battle system and over 100 additional idols, including the 13 idols from 765 Pro. In September 2012, the "Nikkei Shimbun" reported that "Cinderella Girls" earns over 1 billion yen in revenue monthly.


title: The Idolmaster

text: The second social network game, "The Idolmaster Million Live!", was released on February 27, 2013 on the GREE browser game platform for iOS and Android devices, and feature phones sold by au, NTT DoCoMo and SoftBank. Like "Cinderella Girls", the game features a card battle system and another 37 additional idols, which also includes the 13 idols from 765 Pro. GREE officially ended the service on March 19, 2018. A successor game to "The Idolmaster Million Live!" titled "The Idolmaster Million Live! Theater Days" was released on June 29, 2017. The game features all 37 "Million Live!" idols from the preceding game and the 13 765 Pro idols, but also introduces two brand new idols, bringing it up to a total of 52 playable and produceable idols.


title: The Idolmaster

text: The third social network game, "The Idolmaster SideM", was released on February 28, 2014 on the Mobage platform for mobile devices. The game features a card battle system similar to the other social network games, but instead focuses on male idols at the talent agency 315 Production, which also includes the three idols formerly from 961 Production. A rhythm game with 3D models titled "The Idolmaster SideM: Live On Stage!" was released August 17, 2017. A newer game titled "The Idolmaster SideM: Growing Stars" was released October 6, 2021.


title: The Idolmaster

text: "The Idolmaster Shiny Colors" was released for Bandai Namco and Drecom's "enza" platform for HTML5 games on April 24, 2018. An app version was released for iOS and Android on March 13, 2019. The game is an idol raising simulator similar in style to the original games but with no rhythm game elements. This game features a completely new cast, including 25 idols and 3 employees at 283 Production (including the producer).


title: The Idolmaster

text: In the early 2000s, there were arcade games already in use that allowed players to save their progress on magnetic stripe cards so as to continue playing later. In 2001, Namco designer Akihiro Ishihara chose to create an arcade game that used that technology. Ishihara wanted to make a game that would make players want to come back to play every day, which would be tied to the growth of video arcades. Ishihara realized that players would need an emotional attachment to the game for them to play it every day. With the target audience to be male players, Ishihara thought that a raising simulation where players could befriend girls and young women would lead players to form a strong emotional attachment for the game. Next, in order to effectively use the competitive culture that surrounds video arcades, Ishihara thought about various themes for the game, including professional wrestling and volleyball. Ishihara finally settled on a game featuring pop idols, who players would raise and compete against other players' idols to reach the top of the entertainment industry. There were some members of Namco that thought it would feel awkward to play "The Idolmaster" in public and that it would not be well received by players. However, when the game was first tested in arcades, there were long lines of people waiting to play. As word spread and its popularity grew, rival game companies said they had wanted to be the first to create a game like "The Idolmaster".


title: The Idolmaster

text: Following the success of the arcade game, Namco Bandai Games went on to develop its Xbox 360 port starting in early 2006, though a port of the game had been discussed as early as May 2005. Namco Bandai Games producer Yōzō Sakagami was initially unsure if "The Idolmaster" would be suited for a video game console due to hardware and network limitations, but he felt that the Xbox 360 and its Xbox Live network could handle the game's specifications. This would also allow the developers to improve the game's quality and attract attention from those who never played the arcade game. Many people who were interested in the arcade game but never played it would tell Sakagami that this was either because their local arcade did not have "The Idolmaster", or because they were embarrassed to play it in public. According to Sakagami, to the development team of the port, there was a large significance in correcting these issues. Their other focus was on allowing players to comfortably play the game and enjoy its various scenarios without the rushed gameplay found in the arcade version. Certain gameplay elements were changed in the port, and this approach to improving and supplementing gameplay elements has continued throughout the series.


title: The Idolmaster

text: Most of the core design staff for each game is different, but there are several staff members who have worked for multiple games in the series. The arcade game was directed by Akihiro Ishihara, who also directed "The Idolmaster SP" and "The Idolmaster 2", the latter of which he shared directorship with Masataka Katō. The director for the Xbox 360 port of "The Idolmaster" is Hiroyuki Onoda. Several returning scenario writers for the series include: Shōgo Sakamoto, Tomoyo Takahashi, Emi Tanaka, Yoshihito Azuma, and Akihiro Ishihara. The original character design was handled by Toshiyuki Kubooka up to "The Idolmaster SP". After that, Kiyotaka Tamiya based the character design used in "The Idolmatser Dearly Stars" and later games on Kubooka's designs.


title: The Idolmaster

text: The graphics of the original arcade game were limited by the Namco System 246 arcade game board released in 2001, which is compatible with a PlayStation 2. Since the arcade game, characters have been rendered using 3D graphics with pre-rendered backgrounds, except during auditions and performances which use a full 3D environment. The developers employ motion capture to present a realistic view of the characters—not only during normal gameplay, but also during performances, which are rendered using motion capture from professional dancers. When developing the Xbox 360 port of "The Idolmaster", the characters had to be entirely redone, including the motion capture, which used the same actors as before. Further details were able to be added to the character designs because of the Xbox 360's improved, high-definition hardware.


title: The Idolmaster

text: The titles in the series feature a variety of music sung by the idols, many of which are featured in multiple games either initially or as downloadable content. The original arcade game has 10 songs, and this is increased to 16 in the Xbox 360 port, as it includes 6 new songs. More songs have continued to be introduced in later games, which include: five in "The Idolmaster Live For You!", five in "The Idolmaster SP", four in "The Idolmaster Dearly Stars", 13 in "The Idolmaster 2", and four in "The Idolmaster Shiny Festa". Additional songs initially released on various music albums and singles have also been featured in the games, including remix versions of some songs.


title: The Idolmaster

text: A 26-episode anime television series set in an alternate universe titled "", produced by Sunrise and directed by Tatsuyuki Nagai, aired in Japan between April and October 2007 on Kansai TV. The series centers around mecha and reimagines the ten prospective idols as fighter pilots of those robots, with eight of them posing as students. "Xenoglossia" has no relation to the games apart from its characters.


title: The Idolmaster

text: A 17-minute original video animation (OVA) episode titled "The Idolmaster Live For You!", produced by Actas and directed by Keiichiro Kawaguchi, was included in the limited edition of "Live For You!" released on February 28, 2008. The OVA involves Haruka, Chihaya and Miki trying to reach Tokyo in time to catch up with the rest of the girls in their latest concert after the trio gets lost in the middle of nowhere.


title: The Idolmaster

text: A faithful anime television series adaptation, produced by A-1 Pictures and directed by Atsushi Nishigori, aired 25 episodes between July and December 2011 on TBS and other JNN networks across Japan. An OVA episode was released on June 16, 2012. Additional OVA episodes were bundled with the "Shiny Festa" games released on October 25, 2012, with a different episode for each of the three versions. An anime film adaptation, titled "", was released on January 25, 2014.


title: The Idolmaster

text: An original net animation adaptation of the spin-off manga by Akane, "Puchimas! Petit Idolmaster", was produced by Gathering and directed by Mankyū. The 64 short episodes streamed between January and March 2013. A second season titled "Puchimas!! Puchi Puchi Idolmaster" streamed 74 episodes between April and June 2014. The series revolves around the 765 Pro idols as they are accompanied by super-deformed versions of themselves. An OVA episode was bundled with ASCII Media Works' "Dengeki Maoh" magazine in October 2012.


title: The Idolmaster

text: An animated music video of the spin-off game "The Idolmaster Cinderella Girls", featuring the song "Onegai! Cinderella", was streamed within the game on November 28, 2013 in celebration of its second anniversary. A special animation video featuring the character Mirai Kasuga was streamed within the spin-off game "The Idolmaster Million Live!" in commemoration of its first anniversary. An anime television series adaptation of "The Idolmaster Cinderella Girls", produced by A-1 Pictures, aired thirteen episodes from January to April 2015. A second season of "The Idolmaster Cinderella Girls" aired with 12 episodes from July to October 2015 plus an OVA episode released on February 25, 2016.


title: The Idolmaster

text: An anime television series adaptation of the spin-off game "The Idolmaster SideM", featuring male characters and also by A-1 Pictures, aired from October to December 2017. An anime television series adaptation of Sumeragi's "Wake Atte Mini!" spin-off manga, produced by Zero-G and directed by Mankyū, aired from October 9 to December 25, 2018.


title: The Idolmaster

text: An anime television series adaptation of the spin-off game "The Idolmaster Million Live!", produced by Shirogumi and directed by Shinya Watada, is scheduled to air in 2023.


title: The Idolmaster

text: Various guidebooks for the video games and anime adaptations have been published over the years. Two light novels based on "The Idolmaster", written by Yūsuke Saitō and illustrated by Otoko, were published by Enterbrain in 2006. Two separate light novels based on "Idolmaster: Xenoglossia" were published by Fujimi Shobo in 2007 and Hobby Japan in 2008. "The Idolmaster" has been adapted into 26 serialized manga and several other manga anthologies, which include direct adaptations of the video games and anime adaptations, in addition to numerous spin-offs. The earliest manga was published in 2005 by Ichijinsha, and since then other manga have been published by ASCII Media Works, Enterbrain, Fox Shuppan, Hakusensha, Kadokawa Shoten, Kodansha and Square Enix.