title: Leslie Lamport

text: Lamport is also known for his work on temporal logic, where he introduced the temporal logic of actions (TLA). Among his more recent contributions is TLA, a language for specifying and reasoning about concurrent and reactive systems, which he describes in the book "Specifying Systems: The TLA Language and Tools for Hardware and Software Engineers." He defines TLA+ as a "quixotic attempt to overcome engineers' antipathy towards mathematics".


title: Leslie Lamport

text: Lamport received the 2013 Turing Award for "fundamental contributions to the theory and practice of distributed and concurrent systems, notably the invention of concepts such as causality and logical clocks, safety and liveness, replicated state machines, and sequential consistency" in 2014. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1991 for contributions to the theoretical foundations of concurrent and fault-tolerant computing. He was elected to Fellow of Association for Computing Machinery for fundamental contributions to the theory and practice of distributed and concurrent systems in 2014. He also received five honorary doctorates from European universities: University of Rennes and Christian Albrechts University of Kiel in 2003, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in 2004, University of Lugano in 2006, and Nancy-Université in 2007. In 2004, he received the IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award. In 2005, the paper "Reaching Agreement in the Presence of Faults" received the Dijkstra Prize. In honor of Lamport's sixtieth birthday, a lecture series was organized at the 20th Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing (PODC 2001). In 2008, he received the IEEE John von Neumann Medal. In 2011, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences.


title: Acute toxicity

text: Acute toxicity describes the adverse effects of a substance that result either from a single exposure or from multiple exposures in a short period of time (usually less than 24 hours). To be described as "acute" toxicity, the adverse effects should occur within 14 days of the administration of the substance.


title: Acute toxicity

text: Acute toxicity is distinguished from chronic toxicity, which describes the adverse health effects from repeated exposures, often at lower levels, to a substance over a longer time period (months or years).


title: Acute toxicity

text: It is widely considered unethical to use humans as test subjects for acute (or chronic) toxicity research. However, some information can be gained from investigating accidental human exposures (e.g., factory accidents). Otherwise, most acute toxicity data comes from animal testing or, more recently, "in vitro" testing methods and inference from data on similar substances.


title: Acute toxicity

text: Limits for short-term exposure, such as STELs or CVs, are defined only if there is a particular acute toxicity associated with a substance. These limits are set by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), based on experimental data. The values set by these organizations do not always coincide exactly, and in the chemical industry it is general practice to choose the most conservative value in order to ensure the safety of employees. The values can typically be found in a material safety data sheet. There are also different values based on the method of entry of the compound (oral, dermal, or inhalation).


title: Acute toxicity

text: The most referenced value in the chemical industry is the median lethal dose, or LD50. This is the concentration of substance which resulted in the death of 50% of test subjects (typically mice or rats) in the laboratory.


title: Acute toxicity

text: When a person has been exposed to an acutely toxic dose of a substance, they can be treated in a number of ways in order to minimize the harmful effects. The severity of the response is related to the severity of the toxic response exhibited. These treatment methods include (but are not limited to):


title: Elvis Costello discography

text: This page lists albums, singles, and compilations by the musician Elvis Costello, distinguishing between United States and United Kingdom release dates and record labels. Of note are the reissue series, Costello's back catalogue having undergone reissue three times by three different companies.


title: Elvis Costello discography

text: The following is a list of all Costello's commercially available singles. The key for the "Artist Credit" below is as follows:


title: Daryl Gates

text: Daryl Gates (born Darrel Francis Gates; August 30, 1926 – April 16, 2010) was the Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) from 1978 to 1992. His length of tenure in this position was second only to that of William H. Parker. As Chief of the LAPD, he took a hardline, aggressive, paramilitary approach to law enforcement that affected black and Latino Angelenos far more often than their white counterparts. Gates is co-credited with the creation of SWAT teams with LAPD's John Nelson, who others claim was the originator of SWAT in 1965. Gates also co-founded D.A.R.E.


title: Daryl Gates

text: After the Rodney King arrest and the riots afterward, Gates retired from the police department. Much of the blame was attributed to him. According to one study, "scandalous racist violence... marked the LAPD under Gates’s tempestuous leadership."


title: Daryl Gates

text: Gates was born in Glendale, California, to a Mormon mother and a Catholic father on August 30, 1926; he was raised in his mother's faith. He grew up in Glendale and Highland Park, in the northeastern part of Los Angeles. The Great Depression affected his early life: his father was an alcoholic, and frequently ended up in the custody of the Glendale police. (Later in life, Gates often remarked on the taunts and harassment he received from schoolmates because of his father's behavior.) Gates later wrote that he had a low opinion of the police due to their rough treatment of his father, and at age 16 Gates himself was arrested after punching an officer who manhandled his brother during a parking dispute (Gates apologized and the charges were dropped).


title: Daryl Gates

text: Gates graduated from Franklin High School in Highland Park and joined the U.S. Navy in time to see action in the Pacific Theater during World War II. After leaving the U.S. Navy, he attended Pasadena City College and married his first wife, Wanda Hawkins. He went on to take pre-law classes at the University of Southern California. After his wife became pregnant, a friend suggested that he join the LAPD, which was conducting a recruitment drive among former servicemen; Gates initially declined, then decided it was a good opportunity. (Gates later finished his degree at USC.)


title: Daryl Gates

text: Gates joined the LAPD on September 16, 1949. Among his roles as an officer, he was picked to be the chauffeur for Chief William H. Parker. Gates often remarked that he gained many administrative and professional insights from Parker during the hours they spent together each day.


title: Daryl Gates

text: Gates worked hard to prepare for his promotional exams, scoring first in the sergeant's exam and in every promotional exam thereafter. On his promotion to lieutenant, he rejoined Chief Parker as Parker's executive officer. He was promoted to captain, responsible for intelligence. By the time of the Watts riots in 1965 he was an inspector (overseeing the investigations of, among other crimes, the Manson Family murders and the Hillside Strangler case). By the time of the 1975 special investigation into the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy he was Assistant Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department. On March 28, 1978, Gates became the 49th Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department.


title: Daryl Gates

text: Gates established the specialized unit to become known as SWAT (originally, "Special Weapons Attack Team" but changed to "...And Tactics" for optics) in order to deal with hostage rescue and extreme situations involving armed and dangerous suspects. Ordinary street officers, with light armament, limited weapons training and little instruction on group fighting techniques, had shown to be ineffective in dealing with snipers, bank robberies carried out by heavily armed persons, and other high-intensity situations. In 1965, Officer John Nelson came up with the idea to form a specially trained and equipped unit to respond to and manage critical situations while minimizing police casualties.


title: Daryl Gates

text: As an inspector, Gates approved this idea. He formed a small select group of volunteer officers. His first team was born LAPD SWAT, D-Platoon of the Metro Division. This unit initially comprised fifteen teams of four men each, for a total staff of sixty. These officers were given special status and benefits, but in return they had to attend monthly trainings and serve as security for police facilities during episodes of civil unrest. SWAT was copied almost immediately by many US police departments and is now used by law enforcement agencies throughout the world.


title: Daryl Gates

text: In Gates' autobiography, "Chief: My Life in the LAPD" (Bantam Books, 1992), he explained that he developed neither SWAT tactics nor its distinctive equipment. He wrote that he supported the concept, tried to empower his people to develop the concept, and lent them moral support.


title: Daryl Gates

text: Gates made substantial use of the LAPD's Public Disorder Intelligence Division (PDID) squad, even developing an international spying operation. The lawsuit "CAPA v. Gates", with the Coalition Against Police Abuse (CAPA) as one of two dozen or so plaintiffs, later sued the LAPD on First Amendment grounds that exposed the unlawful harassment, surveillance, and infiltration of the progressive movement in Los Angeles by LAPD agents. The lawsuit against Gates and the LAPD proved successful. The PDID was ordered to disband and did so in January 1983. In February 1984, an out-of-court settlement awarded $1.8 million to the named plaintiffs, individuals, and organizations who had sued the City of Los Angeles.


title: Daryl Gates

text: In collaboration with the Rotary Club of Los Angeles, Gates founded DARE, the Drug Abuse Resistance Education program, designed to educate students and children about the dangers of drug abuse. DARE has become a worldwide organization, with programs in schools across the globe. However, despite the program's wide use, peer-reviewed government-sponsored scientific research has discredited DARE's claimed effectiveness in reducing alcohol or drug use, and the program has seen a 73% reduction in taxpayer funding as a result.


title: Daryl Gates

text: Gates's appointment as chief roughly coincided with the intensification of the War on Drugs. A drug-related issue that had also come to the forefront at the time was gang violence, which paralyzed many of the neighborhoods (primarily impoverished and black or Hispanic) in which gangs held sway. In response, the LAPD set up specialist gang units which gathered intelligence on and ran operations against gangs. These units were called Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums (CRASH), depicted in the 1988 film "Colors". Allegations of false arrest and a general LAPD disdain for young black and Latino men were made.


title: Daryl Gates

text: Gates himself became a byword among some for excessive use of force by anti-gang units and became a favorite lyrical target for gang-connected urban black rappers, notably Ice Cube. Nevertheless, CRASH's approach appeared successful and remained in widespread use until the Rampart Division scandal of 1999 drew attention to abuses of the law that threatened to undo hundreds of criminal convictions.


title: Daryl Gates

text: Gates became LAPD chief of police a little over two months before the enactment of California's Proposition 13, during a time of tremendous change in California politics. While the LAPD traditionally had been a "lean and mean" department compared with other American police forces (a point of pride for Parker), traffic congestion and continually decreasing officer-to-resident ratios (approximately 7,000 police officers for 3,000,000 residents in 1978) diminished the effectiveness of LAPD's prized mobility. Gates was eager to take more recruits, particularly for CRASH units, when the city made funds available.


title: Daryl Gates

text: Gates later claimed that many officers recruited in the 1980s—a period in which the LAPD was subject to a consent decree which set minimum quotas for hiring of women and minorities—were substandard, remarking:


title: Daryl Gates

text: ... [I]f you don't have all of those quotas, you can't hire all the people you need. So, you've got to make all of those quotas. And when that happens, you get somebody who is on the borderline, you'd say "Yes, he's black, or he's Hispanic, or it's a female, but we want to bring in these additional people when we have the opportunity. So, we'll err on the side of, 'We'll take them and hope it works out. And we made some mistakes. No question about it, we have made some mistakes.


title: Daryl Gates

text: In 1979 Gates helped craft and implement Special Order 40, a mandate that prohibits police officers from stopping people for the sole purpose of obtaining immigration status. The mandate was created in an effort to encourage residents to report crimes without the fear of intimidation or deportation.


title: Daryl Gates

text: Like his mentor Parker, Gates publicly questioned the effectiveness of community policing, usually electing not to work with community activists and prominent persons in communities in which the LAPD was conducting major anti-gang operations. At the time of the Rodney King beating, Gates was at a community policing conference. This tendency, a logical extension of the policies implemented by Parker that discouraged LAPD officers from becoming too enmeshed in the communities in which they served, did not serve him well politically: allegations of arrogance and racism plagued the department throughout his tenure, surfacing most strongly in the Christopher Commission report.


title: Daryl Gates

text: Many commentators criticized Gates for Operation Hammer, a policing operation conducted by the LAPD in South Los Angeles. After eight people were murdered at a birthday party in a drive-by shooting in 1987, Gates responded with an extremely aggressive sweep of South Los Angeles that involved 1,000 officers at any given time.


title: Daryl Gates

text: The operation lasted several years, with multiple sweeps, and resulted in over 25,000 arrests. This was not unprecedented: during the run-up to the 1984 Olympic Games, Mayor Tom Bradley empowered Gates to take all of the city's gang members—known and suspected—into custody, where they remained until shortly after the Games' conclusion. In the years after the Olympic games Gates, Mayor Bradley and city council officials found a way to continue the sweeping policies initially meant for the duration of the Olympic games by reviving old, anti-syndicalist laws, to jail predominantly black and Latino youth, even though the overwhelming numbers of people arrested were never charged.


title: Daryl Gates

text: As a vast majority of those arrested were never charged, Operation Hammer was roundly criticized as a harassment operation whose chief goal was to intimidate young black and Hispanic men. In a PBS interview, when asked whether the local people in the minority areas expressed thanks to the police for their actions, he responded:


title: Daryl Gates

text: A similar operation was conducted in 1988 after a drive-by shooting took the life of an innocent bystander, Karen Toshima, in Westwood Village.


title: Daryl Gates

text: On March 3, 1991, Rodney King was arrested and taken into custody by LAPD officers after a car chase. A bystander, George Holliday, recorded the use of force event on videotape. Gates and his department faced strong criticism in the aftermath of the use of force; Mayor Tom Bradley also called for Gates to resign, but he refused, leading to a stand-off between Gates and the mayor. The Christopher Commission report, issued July 10, 1991, identified a police culture of excessive force and poor supervision, and recommended numerous reforms, as well as Gates's removal. Gates finally announced his intention to resign on July 13, 1991.


title: Daryl Gates

text: The 1992 Los Angeles riots on April 29, 1992, began when a Ventura County jury in Simi Valley acquitted three white and one Hispanic Los Angeles Police Department officers accused in the videotaped beating of black motorist Rodney King following a high-speed pursuit.


title: Daryl Gates

text: Despite the announcement that the jury was preparing to deliver the verdict in the case against the four officers, the L.A. Police Day shift was sent home. After the riots broke out, Gates told reporters that the situation would soon be under control and left Parker Center to attend a previously scheduled political fundraising dinner. The fund-raising event was part of an effort to fight a city charter amendment on the June 2 ballot that would limit the power and term of the chief. These actions led to charges that Gates was out of touch. General command-and-control failings in the entire LAPD hierarchy during the riots led to criticisms that he was incapable of managing his force. It took the arrival of 10,000 California Army National Guard forces, 3,500 federal troops, and 1,000 federal law enforcement officers to end the unrest over the next six days.


title: Daryl Gates

text: In the aftermath of the riots, local and national media printed and aired dozens of reports deeply critical of the LAPD under Gates, painting it as an army of racist beat cops accountable only to an arrogant leadership. The paramilitary approach that Gates represented resulted in criticism and calls for the LAPD to shift to a community policing strategy.


title: Daryl Gates

text: Gates finally left the LAPD on June 28, 1992, and was replaced by Willie L. Williams, who had been named Gates's successor just before the riots began. A second commission, the Webster Commission, headed by former FBI and CIA Director William H. Webster, was formed in the wake of the riots. Its report, released on October 21, 1992, was generally considered to be scathingly critical of the department (as well as other government agencies) and was especially critical of Gates' management of it.


title: Daryl Gates

text: In 1992, the satiric Ig Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Daryl Gates "for his uniquely compelling methods of bringing people together."


title: Daryl Gates

text: Gates earned notoriety for his controversial rhetoric on many occasions. Some of the most notable examples of this were:


title: Daryl Gates

text: Gates remained professionally active after leaving the LAPD, working with Sierra to create the computer game "", an adventure game set in Los Angeles where gamers play the role of a Robbery/Homicide detective trying to solve a series of brutal murders. He appears in the game as Chief of Police and can be found on one of the top floors of Parker Center. In addition, Gates had been the principal consultant for Sierra's "SWAT" series, appearing in them as well. In 1993, Gates was a talk show host on KFI, replacing Tom Leykis. His tenure was short lived, but he remained a frequent guest on talk radio, especially in regard to policing issues.


title: Daryl Gates

text: Gates was President/CEO of Global ePoint, a security and homeland defense company dealing primarily in digital surveillance and security technology. He also served on the Advisory Board of PropertyRoom.com, a website for police auctions.


title: Daryl Gates

text: In 1992 he published "Chief: My Life in the LAPD", an autobiography, written with the assistance of Diane K. Shah (Bantam Books). The book has details about Gates's career and high-profile cases; the book went to press before the L.A. riots.


title: Daryl Gates

text: After Bernard Parks was denied a second term as Chief of Police by Mayor James K. Hahn in 2002, Gates, aged 75, told CNN that he intended to apply for his old job as LAPD chief. Hahn ultimately appointed William J. Bratton, a former police commissioner of Boston and New York City, to head the department.


title: Daryl Gates

text: On April 16, 2010, Gates died at his home in Dana Point, California, at the age of 83 due to complications from bladder cancer.


title: Daryl Gates

text: Gates appeared as himself in season 7, episode 13 ("Fatal Obsession, Part 2") of the television show "Hunter".


title: Daryl Gates

text: Gates appears in an uncredited role at the end of the 1997 film "L.A. Confidential" as a police officer congratulating Ed Exley, the main character.


title: Daryl Gates

text: In the 1998 film "American History X", he is mentioned in relation to the application of police brutality to Rodney King.


title: Daryl Gates

text: Gene Hackman based his portrayal of Sheriff Daggett on Gates in the 1992 film "Unforgiven". Clint Eastwood biographer Richard Schickel, who was on the set, wrote that Hackman referred to Daggett overseeing Ned Logan's torture as "my Rodney King scene".


title: Daryl Gates

text: Gates is portrayed by actor Josh Pence in the 2013 film "Gangster Squad". In the film, Gates is in his younger years, still a chauffeur for LAPD Police Chief Bill Parker (played by Nick Nolte).


title: Daryl Gates

text: Gates was mentioned in a large number of rap and metal songs in the aftermath of the LA riots. Some of the more notable include Ice Cube's "The Wrong Nigga to Fuck With", which dedicates a whole verse to a depiction of Gates's being decapitated and cooked like fried chicken, and Body Count's "Cop Killer", which caused widespread controversy.


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: The are a Japanese professional baseball team competing in Nippon Professional Baseball's Central League. Based in Bunkyo, Tokyo, they are one of two professional baseball teams based in Tokyo, the other being the Tokyo Yakult Swallows. They have played their home games in the Tokyo Dome since its opening in 1988. The team's owner is Yomiuri Shimbun Holdings, Japan's largest media conglomerate which also owns two newspapers (including the eponymous "Yomiuri Shimbun") and the Nippon Television Network (which includes flagship Nippon TV).


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: The Giants are the oldest team among the current Japanese professional teams. They are also by far the most successful, having won 22 Japan Series titles and an additional nine in the era of NPB's forerunner, the Japanese Baseball League. Their main rivalry is with the Hanshin Tigers, a team especially popular in the Kansai region. The Yomiuri Giants are regarded as "The New York Yankees of Japan" due to their widespread popularity, past dominance of the league, and polarizing effect on fans. (Baseball fans who are indifferent about teams other than their local team often have an intense dislike for the Giants; on the other hand, the Giants have a large fan base even in cities that have a team of their own.)


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: The English-language press occasionally calls the team the "Tokyo Giants", but that name has not been in use in Japan for decades. (Lefty O'Doul, a former Major League Baseball player, named the team "Tokyo Giants" in the mid-1930s.) Instead, the team is officially known by the name of its corporate owner, just like the Hanshin Tigers and Orix Buffaloes. The team is often referred by fans and in news headlines and tables simply as "Kyojin" (巨人, the Japanese word for "giant(s)"), instead of the usual corporate owner's name or the English nickname.


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: The Yomiuri Giants name and uniforms were based on the New York (now San Francisco) Giants. The team's colors (orange and black) are the same colors worn by the National League's Giants (both then as now in both New York and San Francisco). The stylized lettering on the team's jerseys and caps is similar to the fancy lettering used by the Giants when they played in New York in the 1930s, although during the 1970s the Yomiuri Giants modernized their lettering to follow the style worn by the San Francisco Giants.


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: The team began in 1934 as , a team of all-stars organized by media mogul Matsutarō Shōriki that toured the United States and matched up against an American all-star team that included Babe Ruth, Jimmie Foxx, Lou Gehrig, and Charlie Gehringer. While prior Japanese all-star contingents had disbanded, Shōriki went pro with this group, playing in an independent league. They later went to America and faced off against college and minor league teams. When they faced off against the San Francisco Seals, the manager of the Seals, Lefty O'Doul, stated the team needed a name. He said that since Tokyo was the New York of Japan, he stated that they should emulate the name of one of the two MLB teams in New York. As "Yankees" was immediately out of the question, they chose "Giants" instead.


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: In 1936, with the formation of the Japanese Baseball League, the team changed its name to the Tokyo Kyojin, often called the Tokyo Giants in non-Japanese sources. It won eight league championships under that name from 1936 to 1943, including six championships in a row.


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: Pitcher Victor Starffin, nicknamed "the blue-eyed Japanese", starred for the team until 1944. One of the league's premier pitchers, he won two MVP awards and a Best Nine award, and won at least 26 games in six different years, winning a league-record 42 games in 1939. He followed his record-setting performance with another 38 wins in 1940. Pitcher Eiji Sawamura co-starred with Starffin on the Kyojin. He pitched the first no-hitter in Japanese pro baseball, on September 25, 1936, as well as two others. In 1937, he went 33–10 with a 1.38 earned run average. From 1937 to 1943 Sawamura had a record of 63–22, 554 strikeouts, and a 1.74 ERA. Sawamura enlisted in the Japanese Imperial Army in 1943. He was killed in battle when his ship was torpedoed near the end of the Second World War.


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: Outfielder Haruyasu Nakajima was a featured hitter during the franchise's first decade-and-a-half, and as player-manager led the Kyojin to a championship in 1941. Tetsuharu Kawakami was a team fixture from 1938 to 1958, winning the batting title five times, two home run crowns, three RBI titles, and had six titles for the most hits in a season. He was the first player in Japanese pro baseball to achieve 2,000 hits and was named the league's MVP three times. Leadoff man Shosei Go starred for the team from 1937 to 1943, winning league MVP in 1943. Only and , he was nicknamed "The Human Locomotive" due to his speed.


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: Pitcher Hideo Fujimoto (also known as Hideo Nakagami) pitched for the team for 12 seasons from 1942 to 1955. He holds the Japanese records for lowest career ERA (1.90) and seasonal ERA (0.73 in 1943), as well as best all-time winning percentage (.697). He threw two career no-hitters, including the first perfect game in professional baseball. In addition, he served as the Giants' player-manager in 1944 (there was no 1945 season) and part of 1946.


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: In 1947 the team became the Yomiuri Giants, winning the final JBL championship in 1949 (again under player-manager Haruyasu Nakajima). From 1938 to 1987 the Giants played at Korakuen Stadium, moving to their current home the Tokyo Dome in 1988.


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: In 1950 the Giants were one of the founding members of Nippon Professional Baseball, joining the Central League.


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: Slugger Noboru Aota starred for the Giants from 1948 to 1952, winning the home run championship twice, and hitting a home run in the 1951 Japan Series, when the Giants defeated the Nankai Hawks 4 games to 2 for their first NPB championship. Hawaiian Wally Yonamine was the first American to play professional baseball in Japan after World War II when he joined the Giants in 1951. A multi-skilled outfielder, as a Giant Yonamine was a member of four Japan Series Championship teams, the Central League Most Valuable Player in 1957, a consecutive seven-time Best Nine Award winner (1952–58), an eleven-time All-Star, and a three-time batting champion.


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: The team was the Central League champion every year from 1955 to 1959, winning the Japan Series championship in 1955, but losing four consecutive Japan Series thereafter.


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: World career home run record holder Sadaharu Oh starred for the Giants from 1959 to 1980, and fellow Hall of Famer Shigeo Nagashima played for the team from 1958 to 1974. The Giants lineup, consisting of Oh batting third and Nagashima batting fourth, was nicknamed the "ON Hou", ("Oh-Nagashima Cannon") as the two players emerged as the best hitters in the league. Now the team's manager, Tetsuharu Kawakami led the Giants to nine consecutive Japan Series championships from 1965 to 1973, and Oh and Nagashima dominated the batting titles during this period. During his career, Oh was a five-time batting champion and fifteen-time home-run champion, and won the Central League most valuable player award nine times. Nagashima won the season MVP award five times, and the Best Nine Award every single year of his career (a total 17 times). Future Hall of Famer Tsuneo Horiuchi pitched for the team during its heyday, from 1966 to 1983. The renowned left-hander Masaichi Kaneda pitched for the team from 1965 to 1969, later having his number retired by the Giants.


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: Shigeo Nagashima was appointed manager of the Giants almost immediately after his retirement in 1974, staying in that position until 1980. After a couple of down years the Giants re-assumed their dominant position in the Central League, winning league championships in 1976 and 1977. Sadaharu Oh rejoined the team as manager from 1984 to 1988. Nagashima returned as Giants manager from 1993 to 2001, winning Japan Series championships in 1994, 1996, and 2000.


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: Outfielder Hideki Matsui starred for the Giants for ten seasons in the 1990s and early 2000s before migrating to Major League Baseball. He was a three-time NPB MVP, leading his team to four Japan Series, winning three titles (1994, 2000 and 2002), and earning the popular nickname "Godzilla". He also made nine consecutive All-Star Games and led the league in home runs and RBIs three times.


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: Due to the Yomiuri company's vast influence in Japan as a major media conglomerate, the Giants have long been branded as "Japan's Team". In fact, for some years the Giants' uniforms had "Tokyo" on the jersey instead of "Yomiuri" or "Giants", seeming to imply that the Giants represent the vast metropolis and geopolitical center of Japan, even though the Yakult Swallows are also based in Tokyo and three other teams play in the Greater Tokyo Area. This bandwagon appeal has been compared with the marketability of the New York Yankees, Real Madrid, and Manchester United, except that support for the Giants nearly exceeds 50% of those polled, while in the United States and England, support is judged to be between 30% and 40% for the Yankees and Manchester United, respectively. Correspondingly, fans of other professional baseball teams in Japan are often openly derisive and contemptuous of the Giants' bandwagon marketing tactics, and an "anti-Giants" movement exists in protest of the Giants' near-hegenomy.


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: In addition, despite the Giants having employed many foreign players over the years, many Japanese point proudly to the "pure-blooded period" of 1958–1974 when the team enjoyed continued success — 13 pennants — despite having no foreign players.


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: It has also long been alleged that the Giants rely on underhanded tactics to recruit the best players, involving bribes to players and amateur coaches, or using their influence on the governing council of Japanese professional baseball to pass rules that favors their recruiting efforts. This may be one explanation for the Giants' abundance of success in league play. In August 2004, Yomiuri president Tsuneo Watanabe resigned after it was revealed that the club had violated scouting rules by paying ¥2 million to pitching prospect Yasuhiro Ichiba. Ten months later, Watanabe was hired as chairman of the Yomiuri corporation. In 2012, "Asahi Shimbun" discovered that the Giants had violated NPB rules by secretly paying pitcher Takahiko Nomaguchi while he was still an amateur playing in Japan's corporate league.


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: In 2009, the Giants played the Japan national baseball team in an unofficial goodwill game before the World Baseball Classic.


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: As of October 21 before this game was played, the game difference with the Hanshin Tigers was 0.5, this game resulting 9 to 0 victory over Tigers on October 22, infielder Shozo Doi and catcher Masaaki Mori are each 3 hits and Doi takes two point homerun in fifth innings from Kenji Furusawa. And Giants 4 to 1 win from Nankai Hawks (now Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks) in Japan Series, starter Kazumi Takahashi (23 win, 13 defeat) contribution this season.


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: In 1985, American Randy Bass, playing for the Hanshin Tigers, came into the last game of the season against the Oh-managed Giants with 54 home runs, one short of manager Sadaharu Oh's single-season record of 55. Bass was intentionally walked four times on four straight pitches each time, leading Bass to famously hold his bat upside down. Bass reached over the plate on the fifth occasion and batted the ball into the outfield for a single. After the game, Oh denied ordering his pitchers to walk Bass, but Keith Comstock, an American pitcher for the Giants, later stated that an unnamed Giants coach had threatened a fine of $1,000 for every strike that any Giants pitcher threw to Bass. The magazine Takarajima investigated the incident and reported that the Giants front office had likely ordered the team not to allow Bass an opportunity to tie or break Oh's record. For the most part the Japanese media remained silent on the incident as did league commissioner Takeso Shimoda. A similar situation to this was presented in the 1992 movie "Mr. Baseball".


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: For the first time in Japanese professional baseball history, the Giants and Chunichi Dragons ranked at the same percentage of the league warfare winning percentage, so both teams competed in a tie-breaker game to determine who gets to go to the Japan Series. The Giants won 6 to 3 against Chunichi, and took the Central League pennant and advanced to the Japan Series.


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: The team accelerates at a stretch when winning in nine consecutive hits of professional baseball tie-record in one inning of July 9 against Hiroshima Carp's game.


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: Both main starter, Masaki Saito, Dominican Balvino Galvez raised 16 won games the most wins on this season, relief pitcher, Mario Brito who reinforced during the season and Hirofumi Kono supported the team, Hideki Matsui was very success as a main season. Rookies Toshihisa Nishi and Takayuki Shimizu were active and generation change was also decided admirably. At the time I reached the biggest 11.5 game difference in league history and accomplished the league championship. Although defeated lost 1 to 4 games by Orix BlueWave (now Orix Buffaloes) on Japan Series.


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: Despite losing five consecutive games from the opening game on March 28, On May 26, a banned drug was detected to be used by Luis Gonzalez, so he was suspended for 1 year from Nippon Professional Baseball for violating league anti-doping policies, and on the following day, the Giants decided to release Gonzalez from his contract. At the time, October reached the biggest 13 game (as July) difference in league history and accomplished the league championship, from September 19, including their 3rd consecutive victory against the Hanshin Tigers, they recorded a total of 12 consecutive victories for the first time in 32 years, followed by 3 to 1 winning the final direct confrontation on October 8. Contributors included Shinnosuke Abe, Yoshinobu Takahashi, Michihiro Ogasawara, Alex Ramirez, Seth Adam Greisinger, Marc Jason Kroon, Hisanori Takahashi, and Tetsuya Utsumi, The Giants, however, lost 3 games to 4 to the Saitama Seibu Lions in the 2008 Japan Series.


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: On 18 November 2011, Giants' general manager Hidetoshi Kiyotake was fired by the Yomiuri organization for "defamation of the team and Yomiuri newspaper group". Kiyotake had recommended that Kaoru Okazaki be retained as the team's 2012 head coach. After Yomiuri chairman Tsuneo Watanabe ordered Kiyotake to replace Okazaki with Suguru Egawa, Kiyotake called a public press conference on 11 November 2011 to complain about Watanabe's interference in the club's decision-making processes. Yomiuri's response was to fire Kiyotake.


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: Okazaki was eventually selected to remain as the next season's coach. The story made major headlines in the Japanese media. On 13 December 2011, Kiyotake sued Yomiuri for ¥62 million for unfair dismissal and defamation and demanded that the company issue him a formal apology, printed in the "Yomiuri Shimbun". Yomiuri counter-sued Kiyotake for ¥100 million, saying that he had damaged the team's image. The suits, combined into one case, opened in Tokyo District Court on 2 February 2012.


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: In 2012 Japanese weekly "Shukan Bunshun" reported that current team manager Tatsunori Hara had paid ¥100 million to a former Yakuza gangster in response to a threat to go public on an extra-marital affair that Hara had been involved in. The Yomiuri corporation admitted that the payout had been made, but sued "Shukan Bunshun" for insinuating that the incident had underworld connections. The suit is pending.


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: In 2015, an investigation by the league found that three Giants pitchers: Shoki Kasahara, Ryuya Matsumoto, and Satoshi Fukuda had bet on NPB and other sporting events with underworld bookmakers. The Giants claimed that the three did not bet on Giants games. Placing wagers on baseball games or associating with criminal elements is expressly prohibited in the contracts that all NPB players must sign, a rule similar to Major League Baseball's Rule 21 in North America, intended to prevent a repeat of the Black Sox Scandal of 1919 in Chicago, Illinois, USA. On 9 November 2015, the Giants organization terminated the contracts of all three players, with the league placing an indefinite disqualification on the players.


title: Yomiuri Giants

text: The Giants have 6 mascots, known as the Giabbits. They are based on one of the older logos of the Giants. They have 2 adult male mascots named Giabyi and Giabba (their jersey numbers are 333 and 555 respectively), an adult female mascot named Vicky, and 2 children mascots (a boy and a girl respectively), Tsuppy and Chappy (the former wears shorts and the latter wears a skirt and a headband on their left ear). The most recent one, Grandpa Giabbit, was introduced in 2014, the team's 80th anniversary. His jersey number is 1934, the year the team was founded.


title: Samuel (singer)

text: Samuel Arredondo Kim (born January 17, 2002), better known by his stage name Samuel, is an American singer who was a part of the short-lived hip hop duo 1Punch in 2015.


title: Samuel (singer)

text: In April 2017, he participated in the reality television series season 2 of "Produce 101" during the first half of 2017. In the final episode, he ranked 18th and was not able to join the show's project group. One month after the show ended, he began his solo career as Samuel, with the release of his first EP "Sixteen" on August 2.


title: Samuel (singer)

text: Samuel was born in Los Angeles, California, to a Mexican father (José Arredondo) and a South Korean mother.


title: Samuel (singer)

text: Samuel made his first appearances to the public at the age of eleven, when he appeared in the live broadcast series "Seventeen TV" as a trainee under Pledis Entertainment. In 2013, he left the agency.


title: Samuel (singer)

text: In 2015, Samuel debuted as a part of hip-hop duo named 1Punch (with rapper One) under a collaboration between Brave Entertainment and D-Business Entertainment, taking "Punch" as his stage name. They debuted on January 23 with the release of "Turn Me Back", which is the title track of their album, "The Anthem". Eight months later, One was scouted by YG Entertainment, leading to the disbandment of the duo. Under the name PUNCH, Samuel collaborated with Silentó to release the single "Spotlight" in 2016, for which they won the 26th Seoul Music Award for Global Collaboration. He later joined Silentó on tour in the US.


title: Samuel (singer)

text: In April 2017, Samuel participated in the second season of the popular survival show "Produce 101" under his own name, representing Brave Entertainment. During the first elimination, he was ranked 2nd, but did not make the final cut for the 11-member team, finally ranking 18th overall. The result was met with surprise from many viewers, who had expected Samuel to become part of the lineup of Wanna One.


title: Samuel (singer)

text: Samuel debuted as a solo artist on August 2. His debut mini album, "Sixteen", was released on August 2, with the title track "Sixteen" featuring rapper Changmo.


title: Samuel (singer)

text: Samuel's first full-length album, "Eye Candy", was released on November 16, 2017, with a total of ten tracks including the lead single "Candy".


title: Samuel (singer)

text: In December 2017, it was announced that Samuel had signed a contract with ‘Pony Canyon’ for his Japanese promotions.


title: Samuel (singer)

text: Samuel officially debuted in Japan on February 7, 2018, with his first Japanese single, "Sixteen (Japanese Ver.)". The music video of "Sixteen (Japanese Ver.)" was released on January 18.


title: Samuel (singer)

text: In March 2018, Samuel released his second mini album, "One", with the title track "One" featuring BtoB member Jung Il-hoon.


title: Samuel (singer)

text: In April 2018, Samuel released his second Japanese single, "Candy (Japanese Ver.)", on May 16. The music video of the track was released on May 2.


title: Samuel (singer)

text: On May 30, 2018, Samuel released his repackaged album, "Teenager", featuring Lee Ro Han, who was a runner-up to MNet's "School Rapper Season 2".


title: Samuel (singer)

text: In the course of 2018, Samuel, together with Chinese singer Zhou Zhennan, collaborated and participated in Tencent's "The Collaboration Season 2". The duo eventually placed first and won the competition.


title: Samuel (singer)

text: On July 16, 2019, Samuel's father José Arredondo was found dead at his condo in Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. He died from blunt force trauma and stab wounds. Later in July 2019, Mexican authorities arrested a suspect who was a family acquaintance and "friend of [Arredondo] for 20 years."


The Mass Rapid Transit Master Plan in Bangkok Metropolitan Region, or M-Map, is the latest version in a series of Thai government plans for the development of an urban rail transit network serving the Greater Bangkok area. It was drafted under the care of the Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning (OTP) of the Ministry of Transport.


title: Mass Rapid Transit Master Plan in Bangkok Metropolitan Region

text: The first version of the plan, endorsed by the cabinet on 27 September 1994 and to be implemented from 1995 to 2011, consisted of an extension of to the three systems already in progress (the MRT Blue Line, the Sukhumvit and Silom lines of the BTS Skytrain and the Bangkok Elevated Road and Train System (BERTS)), which would have had a combined length of .


text: Following the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis and the cancellation of the BERTS, a system totalling to begin in 2001 was proposed, to be developed in three stages: during 2001–11, during 2012–21 and from 2022 onwards.


text: Due to the slow progress of development following URMAP, a new plan was drafted consisting of of rail in addition to the then-completed MRT Blue Line, the Sukhumvit and Silom BTS lines, the MRT purple line, and the Airport Rail Link to undergo rapid development during 2010–29. The plan was approved by the cabinet in 2016, and consisted of the following extensions:


text: The first M-Map plan was endorsed by the Commission for the Management of Land Traffic in 2010. It designated eight primary routes, consisting of two commuter rail lines, an airport rail link, and five rapid transit lines, as well as five feeder lines. The routes, totaling , were to be constructed within a development period of twenty years (2010–29). They were:


text: Development would be divided into three stages, in addition to those lines already open or under construction.


text: The 2010 M-Map did not reflect more recent changes to the priority of constructing new rapid transit lines in Bangkok. While the Orange, Yellow and Pink lines received approval in the years that followed, the Grey and Light Blue lines remained unapproved at the time of the next M-Map. In March 2017, the Minister of Transport announced the development of the Second Mass Rapid Transit Master Plan in Bangkok Metropolitan Region (M-Map 2). The Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning (OTP) was the main agency responsible for this master plan's development, with technical assistance from the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).


text: In 2019, JICA released a "Proposed M-MAP2 Blueprint" study, outlining "key policy directions and measures based on which the M-MAP2 will be developed by the Thai Government". The Department of Rail Transport, OTP's successor agency for rail transport planning, is in the process of completing M-Map 2.


text: , the Grey and Light Blue line projects remain unapproved; however, the MRT Brown Line project, which will link Nonthaburi Civic Center with the Lam Sali intersection between Ramkhamhaeng and Srinagarindra roads, has gained cabinet approval.


text: Additionally, a Gold Line from Krung Thonburi to the Memorial Bridge, partially funded by property developer Siam Piwat, is operational outside of the M-Map framework.


title: Haas Automation

text: Haas Automation, Inc is an American machine tool builder headquartered in Oxnard, California. The company designs and manufactures lower cost machine tools and specialized accessory tooling, mostly computer numerically controlled (CNC) equipment, such as vertical machining centers and horizontal machining centers, lathes/turning centers, and rotary tables and indexers. Most of its products are manufactured at the company's main facility in Oxnard. The company is also involved in motorsports: it owns the Haas F1 Team and in NASCAR the Stewart-Haas Racing Team.


title: Haas Automation

text: Gene Haas founded Haas Automation in 1983 to manufacture machine tool accessory tooling. The company entered the machine tool industry with the first fully automatic, programmable collet indexer. Over the next four years, the company expanded its product line to include fully programmable rotary tables, rotary indexers, and other machine tool accessories.


title: Haas Automation

text: In 1987, Haas Automation began developing its first vertical machining center (VMC), the VF-1, a machine designed to perform operations such as milling, drilling, tapping, and boring. The first VF-1 prototypes were completed in 1988, and introduced at the International Manufacturing Technology Show (IMTS '88) in Chicago, Illinois.


title: Haas Automation

text: VF series mills are a range of 3-axis vertical machining centers, which can be outfitted with 4th and 5th axis drives if so configured. These mills are available in different sizes, ranging from VF-1 to VF-14.


title: Haas Automation

text: The VF in the name stands for "Very First" as the first machine Haas produced was the VF-1 ("Very First One"). One of these machines was restored by an employee, gifted to Gene Haas, and now resides in Haas's demo room in Oxnard, CA.


title: Haas Automation

text: Haas universal machining centers (known as UMC) are 5-axis bridge-type vertical machines. They were first introduced in 2015.


title: Haas Automation

text: The mini mill was introduced as a small footprint alternative to the VF series mills, featuring a smaller casting while still maintaining a 40 taper spindle.


title: Haas Automation

text: The TM series was first introduced as essentially a "CNC-capable toolroom mill". Originally these mills did not feature an enclosure, but have since been outfitted with an enclosure that encompasses the bottom and sides of the machine. These machines are characterized by a smaller casting and slower rapids, as they are targeted towards customers who do not require production capabilities.


title: Haas Automation

text: The Haas DT series was originally introduced as a 30 taper high-speed machine, ideal for operations where high speed and small footprint are required, but the ability to handle large axial cutting loads is not needed. Eventually, the DM series was introduced as a 40 taper variant of the DT machine, but does not offer the 20,000 RPM spindle option.


title: Haas Automation

text: The CM is focused on machining small parts where high accuracy is required. The CM is a 20 taper machine, with spindles from 30,000 to 50,000 RPM. Haas only offers one machine in this series, the CM-1.


title: Haas Automation

text: Gantry Series mills feature a static bed, a bridge that moves along the Y axis, and a head that moves along the X axis. The two primary use cases for GM series machines are large molds. GM series machines feature a more substantial casting with improved chip management as opposed to the GR series. The GM-2-5AX is also available, which is simply a GM-2 featuring two extra axes affixed to the head.


title: Haas Automation

text: Haas Automation is an ISO 9001 certified company. All machine tools carry the ETL Listed mark, certifying that they conform to the NFPA 79 electrical standard for industrial machinery and the Canadian equivalent, CAN/CSA C22.2 No. 73. The company is also entitled to affix the CE mark to its products.


title: Haas Automation

text: Products are distributed worldwide through a network of independently owned franchised local "factory outlet" businesses that provide sales, service, and applications support for Haas machine tools. Introduced in 1999, with the first outlet established in Torrance, California, it was applied to the company's existing worldwide network, and then expanded to Europe.


title: Break My Soul

text: "Break My Soul" is a single by American singer and songwriter Beyoncé. It was released on June 20, 2022, through Parkwood Entertainment and Columbia Records as the lead single from Beyoncé's seventh studio album, "Renaissance" (2022). The song was written by Beyoncé, Tricky Stewart, The-Dream, Jens Christian Isaken, and Jay-Z, and produced by the former four. It samples Big Freedia's 2014 bounce track "Explode", written by Freedia and Adam Pigott, and Robin S.'s house song "Show Me Love", written by Allen George and Fred McFarlane.


title: Break My Soul

text: "Break My Soul" has been described as a dance-pop and house track. The song was met with critical acclaim upon release, with praise towards its production and lyrics. "Break My Soul" topped the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and Hot Dance/Electronic Songs charts. Outside of the United States, "Break My Soul" topped the charts in Croatia, Ireland and Israel, and peaked within the top ten of the charts in several other countries, including Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom.


title: Break My Soul

text: "Break My Soul" received three nominations at the 65th Annual Grammy Awards: Record of the Year, Song of the Year and Best Dance/Electronic Recording. The former marked Beyoncé's eighth nomination in the category, breaking the record of nominations; the latter marked her first nomination in the dance/electronic field. Furthermore, the Terry Hunter remix is nominated for Best Remixed Recording.


title: Break My Soul

text: In an interview with the British "Vogue" in June 2022, Beyoncé announced her upcoming seventh studio album "Renaissance", the first part of a trilogy series, for release on July 29, and called it "her most ambitious musical project to date". The song title and its release date were revealed through the singer's social media bios on June 20, 2022; no further announcement was made. Several streaming services, including Spotify and Apple Music, immediately confirmed the news.


title: Break My Soul

text: "Break My Soul" was revealed to be the title of the album's first single. Originally intended to be released at midnight Eastern Time on June 21 to coincide with the 2022 June solstice, the song was released to music streaming service Tidal and YouTube two hours prior, on June 20. "Break My Soul" marks Beyoncé's first single release from a solo studio album in six years.


title: Break My Soul

text: Robin S. told British TV morning show "Good Morning Britain" that she only found out that "Show Me Love" had been sampled when her son called her to tell her that she was trending on Twitter. She told the hosts that she was grateful and open to collaborating with Beyoncé in the future. The sampling also led to the singer being inundated with requests from record labels, corporations and other artists to license the song's master recordings for various purposes. Robin S. further praised Beyoncé for acknowledging and appreciating her music, calling it "one of the highest compliments ever". American singer Crystal Waters, who helped make house music mainstream in the 1990s, said she was "ecstatic" when she heard "Break My Soul", and expressed gratitude for Beyoncé for helping shine a light on underappreciated house singers.


title: Break My Soul

text: "Pitchfork" writer Matthew Strauss described the song as "a dance song that is intended to mark the start of a new era with new anthems". Mikael Wood of the "Los Angeles Times" called the track a "thumping 1990s-style house jam" with lyrics that connect the song "explicitly to its roots in Black and queer communities". Others wrote that the record is a "boisterous and euphoric slice of '90s diva house" (Tara Joshi of "The Guardian"), a "confidence-oozing comeback that embraces nu-disco" (Kyann-Sian Williams of "NME"), and "the mother of all dance-pop tunes" (Jack King of "GQ").


title: Break My Soul

text: Lyrically, the track sees Beyoncé "using her growliest voice to describe a search for liberation from a crushing job... and a nerve-jangling pandemic" and is "filled with dancefloor-friendly lines... and a repeated exhortation of 'Everybody'." In the chorus, "[t]he title is flipped" as Beyoncé sings "You won't break my soul". Fans and media outlets drew connections between lyrics like "Now I just fell in love / And I just quit my job" and the Great Resignation, a surge in Americans leaving their jobs due to wage stagnation and dissatisfaction with labor conditions. "Glamour" reported that some listeners had already quit their jobs due to these lyrics and expected others to follow suit.


title: Break My Soul

text: "Break My Soul" prominently samples Big Freedia's 2014 bounce song "Explode" and Robin S.'s 1993 house-pop single "Show Me Love". According to Musicnotes.com, the song is performed in the key of G minor with a tempo of 115 beats per minute in common time. Beyoncé's vocals span from F to D in the song.


title: Break My Soul

text: "Break My Soul" was lauded by critics upon release. In a five-star review for "i", Lauren O'Neill described "Break My Soul" as a "floorfilling home run of a comeback" that makes you "give in to the impulses of your body and lose yourself in it". O'Neill praised Beyoncé for exploring new sounds on the track, while employing her impressive vocals and rapping skills "to offer something that feels completely new and still entirely her own". British music critic Kitty Empire described the song as an "instant classic" and an "ecstatic house music anthem of our times".


title: Break My Soul

text: "Variety"s Jem Aswad described the song as highly anticipated by fans of Beyoncé, calling it "a driving dance track", before acknowledging the song's "plinking" and "insistent" hook. Julianne Escobedo Shepherd of "Pitchfork" called the track "dancefloor liberation" that features "Beyoncé as an SSRI, her attempt to assuage widespread depression and crushing stress." She goes on to highlight the song's position in a lineage of vocal house music and "Black queer tradition", calling it a "palimpsest [with] evocations and sounds layered deep in the sense memories of club heads." Writing for "NME", Kyann-Sian Williams reported that "It's amazing to see a rise in black visibility in dance music" referring to Drake's "Honestly, Nevermind" alongside "Break My Soul". Williams finds some problems in the track, but nevertheless affirms that "singing over dance tracks is not easy, and only the best R&B stars can do so" in a song "sassy, full of pride; [...] It's more than a few tempo and melody issues, thanks to its beautiful message of confidence".


title: Break My Soul

text: Writing for "Billboard", Larisha Paul highlighted the song's "nearly five-minute run time in an algorithmic streaming age where even venturing beyond three minutes feels like a risk." Further, she praised the production for "allow[ing] the record to breathe, trading in rushed, overcrowded urgency for high energy, four-to-the-floor beats." Kyle Denis of the same publication praised Beyoncé for overcoming ageism in the music industry, writing that the elements of bounce and rap help the house track feel "fresh and uniquely Beyoncé." He further praised her for honoring dance music's Black and queer origins, building on her transformation into "one of the key sociopolitical artists of the past decade" that began with "Lemonade" (2016).


title: Break My Soul

text: "Rolling Stone" placed the song at number 108 on its list of the 200 Greatest Dance Songs of All Time.


title: Break My Soul

text: In the United States, "Break My Soul" debuted at number 15 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 with only three days of sales, becoming Beyoncé's 41st top 40 single as a solo artist and her highest debut since "Walk on Water" in 2017. The song also debuted atop the Digital Songs chart, becoming Beyoncé's tenth number one. The following week, the song reached a new peak of number seven after a full tracking week, becoming Beyoncé's 20th top ten single as a solo act and her 30th career top ten single, which includes Destiny's Child. The song also became Beyoncé's first top-ten single in the United States since 2020's remix of "Savage" with Megan Thee Stallion and her first solo top ten since 2016's "Formation". She joined Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson as the only artists in Hot 100 history to achieve at least twenty top tens as a solo artist and ten as a member of a group. "Break My Soul" also topped the Hot Dance/Electronic Songs chart, becoming Beyoncé's first number one on this chart. For the week of July 31, the song reached a new peak of number six on the Hot 100 and spent its fifth week atop the Hot Dance/Electronic Songs chart. Following the release of "Renaissance", "Break My Soul" ascended to the top of the Hot 100, becoming Beyoncé's eighth number one single as a solo artist and her twelfth including Destiny's Child. The song was driven by 18.9 million streams, 13,000 downloads, and 61.7 million audience impressions for the week ending August 4, 2022. In doing so, Beyoncé holds the eighth-longest span between first and most recent number one songs on the chart as a solo artist, with 19 years and one month since "Crazy in Love" featuring Jay-Z began its eight weeks at the summit on July 12, 2003. Additionally, it marked her first Hot 100 number one as a solo artist since "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" in 2008, nearly 14 years prior. This marked the charts longest gap between solo number one singles since Cher's "Believe" ascended to the top of the chart in March 1999, 24 years and 12 months since "Dark Lady" in March 1974. The song topped the chart for two consecutive weeks. The song also topped the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, Hot R&B Songs, and logged a sixth week atop the Hot Dance/Electronic Songs chart, becoming the first song ever to top all four charts simultaneously.


title: Break My Soul

text: The song debuted at number ten on the R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay chart with 10.1 million audience impressions from six days of radio airplay. Upon doing so, "Break My Soul" became Beyoncé's 32nd top ten hit on the R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay chart, tying R. Kelly and Usher for the sixth-most among all acts. Further, the song became only the ninth song ever—and the first since Toni Braxton's "You're Makin' Me High" debuted at number nine in May 1996—to debut within the top ten since the chart began in 1992. The song topped the chart for the week ending July 31, becoming Beyoncé's 9th number-one on the chart, tying her with Chris Brown for the third most number one songs on the chart.


title: Break My Soul

text: In Canada, "Break My Soul" debuted at number 29 for the week of July 2, 2022. The next week, it rose 21 positions to reach a new peak of number eight, becoming Beyoncé's ninth top ten single in the country as a solo act. Following the release of "Renaissance", the song reached a new peak of number four.


title: Break My Soul

text: In the United Kingdom, the song debuted at number 21 on the UK Singles Chart on June 24, 2022, becoming Beyoncé's 36th top 40 song in Britain as a solo artist. The following week, the song climbed 17 positions to reach a new peak of number four, becoming Beyoncé's 20th top ten single in the country as a solo act and her 33rd including those with Destiny's Child. Upon the release of "Renaissance", "Break My Soul" rose four positions to reach a new peak of number two, held off the summit by LF System's "Afraid to Feel", and became Beyoncé's highest-peaking single in Britain as a solo artist since "If I Were a Boy" peaked at the top of the UK Singles Chart in November 2008.


title: Break My Soul

text: In the Republic of Ireland, the song debuted at number 18 on the Irish Singles Chart, becoming her 24th top 20 single in the country. The following week, the song reached a new peak of number two, becoming Beyoncé's first top ten single in the country since 2017's "Walk on Water" with Eminem. Upon the release of "Renaissance", "Break My Soul" rose two positions to number one, overtaking Kate Bush's "Running Up That Hill". The song became Beyoncé's fifth number one single in the country as a solo act, and her first since 2010's "Telephone" with Lady Gaga.


title: Break My Soul

text: In Australia, "Break My Soul" debuted at number 32 on the ARIA Singles Chart based on a partial week of sales for the week of June 24, 2022. Following the album's release, the song reached a new peak of number six, becoming Beyoncé's 23rd top ten single in the country and the first since 2017.


title: Break My Soul

text: On August 3, Beyoncé released an EP of four remixed versions of the track, produced by will.i.am, Terry Hunter, Honey Dijon, and Nita Aviance.


title: Break My Soul

text: On August 5, Beyoncé released a remix exclusively through her online store, before releasing it to streaming services; "The Queens Remix" is a collaboration with Madonna, interpolating her 1990 song "Vogue". It features Beyoncé namedropping Madonna, Rosetta Tharpe, Santigold, Bessie Smith, Nina Simone, Betty Davis, Solange Knowles, Erykah Badu, Lizzo, Kelly Rowland, Lauryn Hill, Roberta Flack, Toni Braxton, Janet Jackson, Tierra Whack, Missy Elliott, Diana Ross, Grace Jones, Aretha Franklin, Anita Baker, Sade, Jill Scott, Michelle Williams, Chlöe, Halle Bailey, Aaliyah, Alicia Keys, Whitney Houston, Rihanna and Nicki Minaj, before naming ballroom houses such as House of Xtravaganza, House of Aviance and House of LaBeija. Jon Caramanica from "The New York Times" called this remix, "electric, both philosophically and musically".


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: The Emergency Broadcast System (EBS), sometimes called the Emergency Broadcasting System or the Emergency Action Notification System (EANS), was an emergency warning system used in the United States. It replaced the previous CONELRAD system and was used from 1963 to 1997, at which point it was replaced by the Emergency Alert System.


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: The system was established to provide the President of the United States with an expeditious method of communicating with the American public in the event of war, threat of war, or grave national crisis. The Emergency Broadcast System replaced CONELRAD on August 5, 1963. In later years, it was expanded for use during peacetime emergencies at the state and local levels.


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: Although the system was never used for a national emergency, it was activated more than 20,000 times between 1976 and 1996 to broadcast civil emergency messages and warnings of severe weather hazards.


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: An order to activate the EBS at the national level would have originated with the President and been relayed via the White House Communications Agency duty officer to one of two origination points – either the Aerospace Defense Command (ADC) or the Federal Preparedness Agency (FPA) – as the system stood in 1978. Participating telecommunications common carriers, radio and television networks, the Associated Press, and United Press International would receive and authenticate (by means of code words) an Emergency Action Notification (EAN) via an EAN teletypewriter network designed specifically for this purpose. These recipients would relay the EAN to their subscribers and affiliates.


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: The release of the EAN by the Aerospace Defense Command or the Federal Preparedness Agency would initiate a process by which the common carriers would link otherwise independent networks such as ABC, CBS, and NBC into a single national network from which even independent stations could receive programming. "Broadcast stations would have used the 2-tone Attention Signal on their assigned broadcast frequency to alert other broadcast stations to stand by for a message from the President." The transmission of programming on a broadcast station's assigned frequency, and the fact that television networks/stations and FM radio stations could participate, distinguished EBS from CONELRAD. EBS radio stations would not necessarily transmit on 640 or 1240 on the AM dial, and FM radio and television would carry the same audio program as AM radio stations did.


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: Actual activations originated with a primary station known as a Common Program Control Station (CPCS-1), which would transmit the . The Attention Signal most commonly associated with the system was a combination of the sine waves of 853 and 960 Hzsuited to attention due to its unpleasantness. Decoders at relay stations would sound an alarm, alerting station personnel to the incoming message. Then, each relay station would broadcast the alert tone and rebroadcast the emergency message from the primary station. The Attention Signal was developed in the mid-1960s.


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: A nationwide activation of the EBS was called an Emergency Action Notification (EAN), and was the only activation that stations were not allowed to ignore; the Federal Communications Commission made local civil emergencies, weather advisories optional (except for stations that agreed to be the "primary" source of such messages).


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: To activate the EAN protocol, the Associated Press and United Press International wire services would notify stations with a special message. It began with a full line of X's, and a bell inside the Teletype machine would sound ten times. To avoid abuse and mistakes, the message included a confirmation password which changed daily. Stations that subscribed to one of the wire services were not required to activate the EBS if the activation message did not have proper confirmation.


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: A properly authenticated Emergency Action Notification was incorrectly sent to United States broadcast stations at 9:33 a.m. Eastern Standard Time on February 20, 1971.


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: At the usual time a weekly EAN test was performed, teletype operator W.S. Eberhart had three tapes in front of him: a test tape, and two tapes indicating a real emergency, instructing the use of EAN Message #1, and #2, respectively. He inadvertently used the wrong tape, which used an incorrect codeword, "HATEFULNESS". The message ordered stations to cease regular programming immediately, and begin an Emergency Action Notification using Message #1. Message 1 stated that regular programming had been interrupted at the request of the United States government, but was not specific about the cause. A cancellation message was sent at 9:59 a.m. EST, but it used the same codeword as the original message. A cancellation message with the "correct" codeword was not sent until 10:13 a.m. EST. After 40 minutes and six incorrect or improperly formatted cancellation messages, the accidental activation was officially terminated.


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: This false alarm demonstrated major flaws in the practical implementation of an EAN. Many stations didn't receive the alert but more importantly, those that did either ignored it (convinced it was false because it came at the time of a scheduled test), canceled the EAN prematurely with or without any coded indication that the alert was erroneous, or didn't have EAN procedure documents readily accessible to them, so they had no indication of what to do. It is estimated that only 20% of the stations that received the activation followed the procedures completely. Several stations went off the air, as they were instructed to do. Recordings from stations that did not (and are not supposed to according to EAN procedures) include one from WOWO in Fort Wayne, Indiana, for which a recording of the EAN activation exists.


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: This false alarm was sufficiently disruptive to move the FCC to temporarily suspend the use and testing of Emergency Action Notifications (EANs) by codeword effective February 25, 1971. In the meantime, a national EBS activation (actual or test) would be routed through news service broadcast desks, then authenticated with the White House communications center, introducing a delay of approximately one minute. Numerous investigations were launched and several changes were made to the EBS. Among them, EAN Message #2, which contains specific language indicating an imminent attack, was eliminated. Another change was moving the tapes for genuine alerts away from the broadcasting machines to prevent them from being mistaken for the weekly test tapes. After numerous safeguards were put in place, the FCC voted to resume automatic national activation of the EBS using EANs in mid-December 1972, almost 20 months after they were suspended.


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: Seven years later in 1978, Phoenix-area radio station, KRFM (now KYOT) mistakenly activated the EBS white card script for a few seconds interrupting the station's identification.


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: Though it was never used, the FCC's EBS plan involved detailed procedures for stations to follow during an EAN. It included precise scripts that announcers were to read at the outset of the emergency, as well as whenever detailed information was scarce. Among other things, citizens were instructed not to use the telephone, but rather continue listening to broadcast stations for information.


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: The initial scripted announcement was: ""We interrupt this program. This is a national emergency. The President of the United States or his designated representative will appear shortly over the Emergency Broadcast System.""


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: As official information began to emerge from various sources, non-primary stations were to broadcast it according to the following priority list:


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: A presidential message was always required to be aired live during an EAN. For other information, stations were to follow the priority list to decide what should be disseminated first. Lower priority official programming - such as an address by a State Governor - was to be recorded for the earliest available rebroadcast unless it were to be an 'unusually long' message, in that case it would be carried live.


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: Participation in EAN emergency broadcasting was done with the "voluntary cooperation" of each station (as noted in the classic test announcement). Stations that were not prepared to be part of the national EBS network were classified as "non-participating" by the FCC. During an EAN, a non-participating station was required to advise listeners/viewers to tune elsewhere to find emergency bulletins. The station's transmitter would then be turned off. Non-participating stations had to remain off the air until the EAN was terminated. Under no circumstances could any broadcast station continue with normal programming during a national emergency.


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: Until the system was superseded, radio and television stations were required to perform a "Weekly Transmission Test Of The Attention Signal and Test Script" at random days and times between 8:30 a.m. and local sunset. Stations were required to perform the test at least once a week, and were only exempt from doing so if they had activated the EBS for a state or local emergency, or participated in a coordinated state or local EBS test during the past week. Additionally, stations were required to log tests they received from each station they monitored for EBS messages. This served as an additional check, as these stations could expect to hear a weekly test from each source. Failure to receive a signal at least once a week meant that either the monitored station was having a problem transmitting the alert signal, or the monitoring station was having a problem receiving it.


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: Early on, tests and activations were initiated in a similar way to CONELRAD tests. Primary stations would turn their transmitters off for five seconds, back on for five seconds, off for five seconds more, then would go back on air and transmit a 1000 Hz tone for 15 seconds to alert secondary stations. Television stations adhered to similar rules, but switched only their sound carriers off. This quick off-and-on became known to broadcast engineers as the "EBS Stress Test", as older transmitters would sometimes fail after the quick cycling on and off. This became unnecessary as broadcast technology advanced and the two-tone alarm was developed.


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: Beginning in 1976, the old CONELRAD signaling method (the "EBS Stress Test") was scrapped in favor of the following procedure:


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: First, normal programming was suspended, though tests were typically conducted during commercial breaks for continuity reasons. Television stations would transmit a video slide; numerous designs were available over the years. Some stations even had multiple slides that they used for their tests in rotation, one for the opening announcement, another for the attention signal transmission, and another for the closing announcement. One of the following announcements was transmitted:


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: The Attention Signal was then transmitted from the EBS encoder for 20 to 25 seconds. At the special request of the FCC, however, this step was occasionally (though rarely) skipped. In mid-1995, a new rule was put in place that gave stations the option to transmit the attention signal for anywhere from eight to 25 seconds.


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: There were a number of variations for the second half of the statement. During the system's early days, stations other than the designated primary station for an operational area were required to shut down in the event of an emergency (reminiscent of the CONELRAD days), and the message was a variation of:


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: By the early 1980s, it was easier for stations to record and relay messages from a primary station, and the risk of hostile bombers using broadcast signals to navigate lessened due to the development of ICBMs, as well as more capable on-board navigation systems for manned aircraft. As a result, the requirement to shut down during an activation of the system was dropped, and the message became:


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: Some stations also listed the types of emergencies that the EBS would be activated for (i.e., tornado warnings, flash flood warnings, hurricane warnings, and earthquakes); at least one station, WXYZ-TV, made explicit reference to an attack on the United States as being a possible scenario for an EBS activation in its test script. In the late 1980s, several television stations in the Los Angeles area had specific test scripts that emphasized earthquake preparedness. People living in the Los Angeles area were urged to study an emergency preparedness section in their telephone directories to be prepared for an earthquake or other types of emergencies.


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: As the EBS was about to be replaced by its successor, the Emergency Alert System, in the mid-1990s some stations used the following message:


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: These variations were heard in different parts of the country throughout the years depending on FCC regulations at the time, local preferences, and whether the specific station performing the test was a primary EBS station or not. The announcement text was mandated by the FCC. Stations had the option of either reading the test script live, or using recorded versions. WHEN radio in Syracuse, New York and WGR radio in Buffalo, New York both had a sung version of the most common script. There was also a version done by Los Angeles-based Cheap Radio Thrills, as well as another by the comedy team of Bob and Ray. The FCC declared it illegal to sing the test message, or read it as a joke. However, it was acceptable to read it in another language (for example, French or Spanish), if a station broadcast in a language other than English, as was done on KWEX-TV in San Antonio, Texas. Copies of the warning message script had a note saying that it was acceptable to broadcast in any other language, so long as it was broadcast in English as well. Usually the post-test recorded announcement began with the phrase, "This has been a test of the Emergency Broadcast System...", followed by the here-in-above stated recitations.


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: Additionally, for a time during the 1980s, WFSB in Hartford, Connecticut had a woman appearing onscreen to deliver the opening and closing test announcements by using sign language (for the deaf people across the Hartford television market), accompanied by a male announcer reading both announcements as they were displayed on screen.


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: The purpose of the test was to allow the FCC and broadcasters to verify that EBS tone transmitters and decoders were functioning properly. In addition to the weekly test, test activations of the entire system were conducted periodically for many years. These tests showed that about 80% of broadcast outlets nationwide would carry emergency programming within a period of five minutes when the system was activated.


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: The weekly broadcasts of the EBS attention signal and test script made it a significant part of the American cultural fabric of its time, and became the subject of a great number of jokes and skits, such as the sung versions of the test script in the late 1970s. In addition, many people have testified to being frightened by the test patterns and attention signal as children.


title: Emergency Broadcast System

text: Although intended for the President to communicate with the American people in the event of a national emergency, many critics questioned whether the EBS would work in an actual emergency scenario. Curt Beckmann of WCCO-AM expressed his doubts about the system's effectiveness in a 1984 interview:


title: Automatic writing

text: Automatic writing, also called psychography, is a claimed psychic ability allowing a person to produce written words without consciously writing. Scientists and skeptics consider automatic writing to be the result of the ideomotor effect and even proponents of automatic writing admit it has been the source of innumerable cases of self-delusion. Automatic writing is not the same thing as free writing.


title: Automatic writing

text: Spirit writing, later called Fuji (planchette writing) (扶乩/扶箕), has a long tradition in China, where messages from various deities and spirits were received by mediums since the Song dynasty. In the 19th century, messages received through spirit writing led to the foundation of several Chinese salvationist religions. The spread of Chinese cultural techniques, such as printing and painting, introduced the influence of "spirit writing", practiced by Japanese Zen Ōbaku monks, who were said to communicate with an ancient Taoist sage credited with creating the kung fu system.


title: Automatic writing

text: In the West, an early example of the practice is the 16th-century Enochian language, allegedly dictated to John Dee and Edward Kelley by Enochian angels and integral to the practice of Enochian magic. The language is said to be extremely detailed and complex with its own grammar and rules. Dee also claimed that the Enochian instruction included information regarding the elixir of life in the ruins of Glastonbury Abbey.


title: Automatic writing

text: Parapsychologist William Fletcher Barrett wrote that "automatic messages may take place either by the writer passively holding a pencil on a sheet of paper, or by the planchette, or by a 'ouija board'." In spiritualism, spirits are claimed to take control of the hand of a medium to write messages, letters, and even entire books. Automatic writing can happen in a trance or waking state. Some psychical researchers such as Thomson Jay Hudson have claimed no spirits are involved in automatic writing and the subconscious mind is the explanation.


title: Automatic writing

text: Paranormal investigator Harry Price exposed the supposed automatic writing in the Borley Rectory as the wall-scrawling of a housewife attempting to hide an extramarital affair.


title: Automatic writing

text: A prominent alleged example of automatic writing is the Brattleboro hoax. When Charles Dickens died in 1870, he left "The Mystery of Edwin Drood" unfinished. According to the itinerant printer T. P. James, this angered Dickens' spirit so much that he channeled the rest of the novel through James's hand. This is supposed to have begun on Christmas Eve 1872 and continued in tri-weekly sessions until completion.


title: Automatic writing

text: Automatic writing as a spiritual practice was reported by Hyppolyte Taine in the preface to the third edition of his "De l'intelligence", published in 1878. Besides "ethereal visions" or "magnetic auras", Fernando Pessoa claimed to have experienced automatic writing. He said he felt "owned by something else", sometimes feeling a sensation in the right arm he claimed was lifted into the air without his will. Georgie Hyde-Lees, the wife of William Butler Yeats, also claimed she could write automatically. Sri Aurobindo and his follower, The Mother (Mirra Alfassa), regularly practiced Automatic writing.


title: Automatic writing

text: Shortly after his 1917 marriage to Georgie Hyde-Lees, the poet W. B. Yeats came to be heavily influenced by her delving into what they referred to as "the automatic script".


title: Automatic writing

text: In his 1918 book "The New Revelation", Arthur Conan Doyle wrote that automatic writing occurs either by the writer's subconscious or by external spirits operating through the writer. Doyle and his wife led an automatic writing séance with Harry Houdini wherein Lady Doyle wrote 15 pages of purported messages from Houdini's mother, although this information was immediately discounted as fraudulent by Houdini.


title: Automatic writing

text: The essay "The Automatic Message" (1933), first published in the magazine "Minotaure", No. 3-4, (Paris), was one of André Breton's significant theoretical works about automatism. In 1919, Breton and Philippe Soupault had used what later became the Surrealist automatism method to compose "Les Champs Magnétiques" (The Magnetic Fields). In 1997, "The Magnetic Fields" was also the title of a compilation of surrealist writing of André Breton, Paul Éluard, Philippe Soupault, and others. It included the authorized translation of Breton's The Automatic Message in English by the poet David Gascoyne, whose "Man's Life is This Meat" (1936) (a collection of his own surrealist writings and translations of the French surrealists) and "Hölderlin's Madness" (1938) established Gascoyne's reputation as one of a small group of English surrealists. Gascoyne's 1935 "A Short Survey of Surrealism" for the 1936 London International Surrealist Exhibition also expanded the movement to the English-speaking world. The Surrealist poet Robert Desnos claimed he was among the most gifted in automatic writing. Surrealist automatists, most notably André Masson, adapted these methods to art-making in which the artist suppresses conscious control over the making process, allowing the unconscious mind to have great sway. Prior to the Surrealists, Dadaists, such as Hans Arp, made some use of this method through chance operations.


title: Automatic writing

text: The medium Pierre L. O. A. Keeler had an alleged spirit writing communication from Abraham Lincoln currently exhibited at the Lily Dale Museum. Despite Lincoln being well-known for his skepticism and Keeler having been known to employ magician's tricks, this is used as one of the many examples of skeptics purportedly endorsing spiritualism posthumously. Skeptical investigator Joe Nickell who conducted a detailed examination of the "spirit" writing, concluded it had no resemblance to Lincoln's handwriting and described the message as "bogus".


title: Automatic writing

text: There was an apocalyptic cult led by a lapsed Scientologist named Dorothy Martin. She and her followers were waiting for an alien ship to take them to the nonexistent planet Clarion and save them from a worldwide flood that was to commence at midnight on December 20, 1954. When that did not occur, Martin allegedly got an automatic writing message from God calling the whole thing off.


title: Automatic writing

text: In 1975, Wendy Hart of Maidenhead claimed she wrote automatically about Nicholas Moore, a sea captain who died in 1642. Also in 1975 the CIA attempted to employ remote viewing through the Stargate Project. In the spring of 1989, Angela Dellafiora, a member of Stargate Project's remote viewing unit, claimed to be guided by spirits moving her hand in writing responses about the location of a fugitive DEA agent named Charlie Jordan. In reviewing the matter, Joe Nickell states, "[T]he Charlie Jordan case, touted as one of the most successful examples... in the U.S. government's psychic-spying project is not convincing evidence of anything — save perhaps folly. ...[I]t also illustrates the limitations of anecdotal evidence: conflicting versions, selective reporting, and lack of documentation, together with additional manifestations of faulty memory, bias, and other human foibles."


title: Automatic writing

text: Conspiracy theorist David Icke said he first became aware of being "Son of the Godhead" via automatic writing. Vassula Ryden claims to receive and transcribe messages from her guardian angel Daniel, Jesus, Yahweh. She has provoked both skepticism and credulity from Catholic laity and clergy, as well as the skeptical community at large. Alleged cases of automatic writing have included Joseph Smith, Patience Worth, Aleister Crowley, Jane Roberts, Helen Schucman and author Neale Donald Walsch. Crowley, for instance, compiled the "Collected Works" over time, which included "The Book of the Law" as well as transcripts of his visions of the first two Enochian Aethyrs (planes).


title: Automatic writing

text: According to skeptical investigator Joe Nickell, "automatic writing is produced while one is in a dissociated state. It is a form of motor automatism, or unconscious muscular activity." Neurologist Terence Hines has written "automatic writing is an example of a milder form of dissociative state". In 1900, Swiss psychologist Theodore Flournoy studied the case of the French medium Helene Smith, particularly her handwriting during seances. He concluded that the automatic writing phenomenon was an effect of autosuggestion produced by autohypnotization, leading to the emergence of a secondary self.


title: Automatic writing

text: Paranormal researcher Ben Radford writes in his 2017 book "Investigating Ghosts" that there is no real way to know if the writing is coming from "outside their bodies," you "must take their word for it. Because the source of the information is at issue and the medium cannot be validated, we must turn to the content of the material." Various psychic mediums have claimed to channel famous dead people, such as Susan Lander, who claimed that Betsy Ross contacted her to say, "I am gay and I fly the flag of pride and liberty for all of us." According to Radford, historians say that there is "no credible historical evidence that Ross ... either made or had a hand in designing the American flag." Without some kind of validation, "anyone can claim to communicate with the spirit of anyone." Radford argues that "Automatic writing should logically hinder, not help spirit communication," given spelling and grammar are more difficult than direct speech.


title: Automatic writing

text: In an 1890 paper on hypnotism Morton Prince claims, "automatic writing is not a purely unconscious reflex act, but, the product of conscious individuality," and further claims that the hand that is writing is under the control of a separate hypnotic personality during trances. Physician Charles Arthur Mercier in the "British Medical Journal" (1894) criticized the spiritualist interpretation of automatic writing, concluding, "there is no need nor room for the agency of spirits, and the invocation of such agency is the sign of a mind not merely unscientific, but uninformed."


title: Automatic writing

text: Psychology professor Théodore Flournoy investigated the claim by nineteenth-century medium Hélène Smith (Catherine Müller) she did automatic writing to convey messages from Mars in Martian language. Flournoy concluded her "Martian" language had a strong resemblance to Ms. Smith's native language of French and her automatic writing was "romances of the subliminal imagination, derived largely from forgotten sources (for example, books read as a child)." He invented the term cryptomnesia to describe this phenomenon.


title: Automatic writing

text: In 1927, psychiatrist Harold Dearden wrote that automatic writing is a psychological method of "tapping" the unconscious mind and there is nothing mysterious about it.


title: Automatic writing

text: Automatic writing behavior was discovered by Dilek Evyapan and Emre Kumral in three patients with right hemispheric damage.


title: Automatic writing

text: A 2012 study of ten psychographers using single photon emission computed tomography showed differences in brain activity and writing complexity during alleged trance states vs. normal state writing.


title: Automatic writing

text: Automatic writing is touted by medium Bonnie Page in a "Sentinel and Enterprise" article as a method of accessing claircognizance abilities.


title: Automatic writing

text: Automatic writing is featured prominently in the 1961 episode of "Perry Mason", "The Case of the Meddling Medium".


title: Automatic writing

text: Portions of Van Morrison's album "Astral Weeks" supposedly are inspired by dreams, reveries, and automatic writing.


title: Automatic writing

text: Czech director Jan Svankmajer claims he concocted the screenplay for his hybrid film "Insect (Hmyz)" in a fit of automatic writing.


title: Automatic writing

text: William S. Burroughs has described his book "Naked Lunch" as "automatic writing gone horribly wrong" and believed he found his subconscious taken over by a hostile entity.


title: Automatic writing

text: In an interview in "GQ", David Byrne indicated an interest in automatic writing due to the influence of Brian Eno.


title: BTS videography

text: South Korean boy band BTS debuted on the music scene in June of 2013. They have since released or featured in 72 music videos, and released 49 video albums. Known for their high quality music videos—and accompanying choreography therein—the band have achieved multiple world records with several of these, additionally winning various domestic and international awards for them. They have also appeared in commercials for brands such as Puma, Fila, and Samsung, among others.


title: BTS videography

text: BTS promoted the release of their debut single album "2 Cool 4 Skool" (2013) with two music videos, for the singles "No More Dream" and "We Are Bulletproof Pt.2". This was followed by the release of their debut extended play (EP) "O!RUL8,2?" in September, which yielded the single "N.O" and an accompanying music video. In 2014, the music video for the band's single "Danger" garnered significant attention for its strong choreography; in particular, the neck-grab and shoulder move. The subsequent remix of the single's Japanese version, with Vietnamese pianist Thanh Bui, marked the first time another artist appeared in a BTS music video. In 2015, the band began their BTS Universe storyline with the release of the "I Need U" music video.


title: BTS videography

text: In Japan, BTS is the best-selling foreign artist of all-time for video releases, with eight of their concert recordings achieving number-one on Oricon's overall DVD and Blu-ray sales chart, as of October 2022. These recordings have all received gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for selling over 100,000 copies each. The band's first video release to be certified was the 2019 "BTS World Tour: Love Yourself ~Japan Edition~" DVD, which also became their first to attain platinum certification, in July 2022, for surpassing 250,000 sales.


title: Rick Aviles

text: Rick Aviles (October 14, 1952 – March 17, 1995) was an American stand-up comedian and actor of Puerto Rican descent, best remembered for portraying the villainous Willie Lopez in the film "Ghost".


title: Rick Aviles

text: Born in Manhattan, Aviles worked as a street performer and stand-up comedian on the Greenwich Village night-club circuit in New York in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1978, a "Variety" reviewer called him "a comic with a future". He was frequently seen in the NYC subways, doing his act for the riders. In 1981, he landed the role of Mad Dog in the film "The Cannonball Run". He went on to act in fourteen more film productions. In 1987, Aviles landed a small part as the maintenance man in the film "The Secret of My Success", starring Michael J. Fox. That same year he became the host of "It's Showtime at the Apollo", and continued as host until 1991.


title: Rick Aviles

text: A "Variety" review of his stand-up act in 1990 noted, "Utilizing masterful ethnic impersonations and a remarkably rubbery face, Puerto Rican comic Rick Aviles comes off as one of the brightest and most consistently clever stand-ups working the circuit today".


title: Rick Aviles

text: In 1990, Aviles landed his most memorable role: Willie Lopez in the film "Ghost", a smash hit at the box office that received multiple Oscar nominations. He also appeared in Jim Jarmusch's "Mystery Train (film)" (1989) as Will Robinson; Francis Ford Coppola's "The Godfather Part III" (1990) as Mask #1; Brian De Palma's "Carlito's Way" (1993) as Quisqueya; in "Waterworld" (1995) as the Gatesman, and in "Joe's Apartment" (1996) as the voice of a cockroach.


title: Rick Aviles

text: Among the television series in which he appeared are "Mr. & Mrs. Dracula" (1980), "The Day Women Got Even" (1980), "The Carol Burnett Show" (1991) and Stephen King's "The Stand" (1994).


title: Rick Aviles

text: On April 17, 1995, "Variety" reported that Aviles had died of heart failure on March 17. Eleven years later, a 2006 article in "Entertainment Weekly" listed him as among the celebrities who had contracted HIV and died from complications of AIDS.


title: David Manners, 11th Duke of Rutland

text: David Charles Robert Manners, 11th Duke of Rutland (born 8 May 1959), is a British hereditary peer and landowner.


title: David Manners, 11th Duke of Rutland

text: Rutland is the elder son of the 10th Duke of Rutland by his second wife, the former Frances Sweeny, now the Dowager Duchess. He was educated at Stanbridge Earls School, near Romsey in Hampshire, which has since closed. He succeeded his father in the titles on 4 January 1999.


title: David Manners, 11th Duke of Rutland

text: He has a younger brother, Lord Edward Manners, a sister, Lady Teresa Manners, and a half-sister, Lady Charlotte Manners.


title: David Manners, 11th Duke of Rutland

text: Rutland's ancestral home is Belvoir Castle in the northern part of Leicestershire. "The Sunday Times" Rich List 2013 estimated his personal fortune at £125 million, but he had to sell a painting to keep Belvoir Castle maintained.


title: David Manners, 11th Duke of Rutland

text: The Duke was a high-profile supporter of the UK Independence Party (UKIP) and has hosted fundraising events at Belvoir Castle. In 1999, he stood for UKIP when the House of Lords had to elect 92 hereditary peers. He stood in a House of Lords by-election in 2005 and again in 2015.


title: David Manners, 11th Duke of Rutland

text: In the summer of 2005, Rutland bought the Manners Arms Country Hotel and Restaurant in Knipton near Grantham, which had been built for the 6th Duke of Rutland as a hunting lodge during the 1880s. The Duchess took a leading part in the renovation work they carried out on the property.