title: Aspect-oriented programming

text: Aspects emerged from object-oriented programming and computational reflection. AOP languages have functionality similar to, but more restricted than metaobject protocols. Aspects relate closely to programming concepts like subjects, mixins, and delegation. Other ways to use aspect-oriented programming paradigms include Composition Filters and the hyperslices approach. Since at least the 1970s, developers have been using forms of interception and dispatch-patching that resemble some of the implementation methods for AOP, but these never had the semantics that the crosscutting specifications provide written in one place.


title: Aspect-oriented programming

text: Designers have considered alternative ways to achieve separation of code, such as C#'s partial types, but such approaches lack a quantification mechanism that allows reaching several join points of the code with one declarative statement.


title: Aspect-oriented programming

text: Though it may seem unrelated, in testing, the use of mocks or stubs requires the use of AOP techniques, like around advice, and so forth. Here the collaborating objects are for the purpose of the test, a cross cutting concern. Thus the various Mock Object frameworks provide these features. For example, a process invokes a service to get a balance amount. In the test of the process, where the amount comes from is unimportant, only that the process uses the balance according to the requirements.


title: Aspect-oriented programming

text: Programmers need to be able to read code and understand what is happening in order to prevent errors.


title: Aspect-oriented programming

text: Even with proper education, understanding crosscutting concerns can be difficult without proper support for visualizing both static structure and the dynamic flow of a program. Beginning in 2002, AspectJ began to provide IDE plug-ins to support the visualizing of crosscutting concerns. Those features, as well as aspect code assist and refactoring are now common.


title: Aspect-oriented programming

text: Given the power of AOP, if a programmer makes a logical mistake in expressing crosscutting, it can lead to widespread program failure. Conversely, another programmer may change the join points in a program – e.g., by renaming or moving methods – in ways that the aspect writer did not anticipate, with unforeseen consequences. One advantage of modularizing crosscutting concerns is enabling one programmer to affect the entire system easily; as a result, such problems present as a conflict over responsibility between two or more developers for a given failure. However, the solution for these problems can be much easier in the presence of AOP, since only the aspect needs to be changed, whereas the corresponding problems without AOP can be much more spread out.


title: Aspect-oriented programming

text: The most basic criticism of the effect of AOP is that control flow is obscured, and that it is not only worse than the much-maligned GOTO, but is in fact closely analogous to the joke COME FROM statement. The "obliviousness of application", which is fundamental to many definitions of AOP (the code in question has no indication that an advice will be applied, which is specified instead in the pointcut), means that the advice is not visible, in contrast to an explicit method call. For example, compare the COME FROM program:


title: Aspect-oriented programming

text: Indeed, the pointcut may depend on runtime condition and thus not be statically deterministic. This can be mitigated but not solved by static analysis and IDE support showing which advices "potentially" match.


title: Aspect-oriented programming

text: General criticisms are that AOP purports to improve "both modularity and the structure of code", but some counter that it instead undermines these goals and impedes "independent development and understandability of programs". Specifically, quantification by pointcuts breaks modularity: "one must, in general, have whole-program knowledge to reason about the dynamic execution of an aspect-oriented program." Further, while its goals (modularizing cross-cutting concerns) are well understood, its actual definition is unclear and not clearly distinguished from other well-established techniques. Cross-cutting concerns potentially cross-cut each other, requiring some resolution mechanism, such as ordering. Indeed, aspects can apply to themselves, leading to problems such as the liar paradox.


title: Aspect-oriented programming

text: Technical criticisms include that the quantification of pointcuts (defining where advices are executed) is "extremely sensitive to changes in the program", which is known as the "fragile pointcut problem". The problems with pointcuts are deemed intractable: if one replaces the quantification of pointcuts with explicit annotations, one obtains attribute-oriented programming instead, which is simply an explicit subroutine call and suffers the identical problem of scattering that AOP was designed to solve.


title: Aspect-oriented programming

text: The following programming languages have implemented AOP, within the language, or as an external library:


title: Charlie's Angels (franchise)

text: Charlie's Angels is an American media franchise created by Ivan Goff and Ben Roberts and owned by Sony Pictures Entertainment, which began with the original television series of the same name. The franchise follow the adventures of the Angels, a team of women working for the Townsend Agency, a private secret agent agency, under the leadership of Charlie Townsend, their unseen boss.


title: Charlie's Angels (franchise)

text: The original television series enjoyed huge popularity with audiences and was a top ten hit in the Nielsen ratings for its first two seasons. Following its cancellation in 1981, the series continues to have a 1970s American cult and pop culture following through syndication and DVD releases. A numerous variety of merchandise were produced, including dolls, a toy line, board games, beauty products, several sets of trading cards and a comic book series by Dynamite Entertainment.


title: Charlie's Angels (franchise)

text: A film series was launched in 2000. Taking place after the events of the original series, the films are a continuation of the story with later generations of Angels. The films receive mixed reviews from critics and have grossed a total of $596 million, against a combined budget of $261 million.


title: Charlie's Angels (franchise)

text: The franchise was rebooted in 2011 with a television series of the same name, which was canceled after seven episodes. Following the cancellation, a third film was produced which restored the original timeline of the franchise.


title: Charlie's Angels (franchise)

text: Sabrina Duncan, Jill Munroe, and Kelly Garrett have graduated from the police academy in Los Angeles, California. Despite proving their capability during training, all three have subsequently been assigned to be a meter maid, office worker, and crossing guard, respectively. Dissatisfied with these jobs, they are recruited to work for the Charles Townsend Agency as private investigators.


title: Charlie's Angels (franchise)

text: Their boss, Charlie Townsend, who nicknames them "Angels", is never viewed full-face. Charlie gives the Angels and his associate John Bosley their assignments via a speakerphone; he never met them face-to-face.


title: Charlie's Angels (franchise)

text: ABC attempted to create a spin-off of "Charlie's Angels" in 1980 called "Toni's Boys". The backdoor pilot aired near the end of season four, simply titled "Toni's Boys" (season 4, episode 23). The episode starred Barbara Stanwyck as Antonia "Toni" Blake, a wealthy widow socialite and friend of Charlie's who ran a detective agency that she inherited from her late husband. The agency was staffed by three handsome male detectives—Cotton Harper (Stephen Shortridge), Bob Sorensen (Bob Seagren), and Matt Parrish (Bruce Bauer)—who took direction from Toni, and solved crimes in a manner similar to the Angels. The show was not picked up as a regular series for the following season.


title: Charlie's Angels (franchise)

text: Kate Prince, a former Miami cop; Eve French, a former street racer; and Abby Simpson, a former thief; are recruited to work for the Townsend Agency in Miami as private investigators. Aided by John Bosley, a former hacker, they fight crime under the leadership of Charlie Townsend, their unseen boss.


title: Charlie's Angels (franchise)

text: The series served as a reboot of the franchise and was cancelled after only one season with seven episodes.


title: Charlie's Angels (franchise)

text: "Note: The table below only accounts for full crossover events, single guest appearances are not included".


title: Charlie's Angels (franchise)

text: Launched in 2000, the "Charlie's Angels" film series is a continuation of the original television series story.


title: Charlie's Angels (franchise)

text: Natalie Cook, Dylan Sanders and Alex Munday are the second generation of "Angels", a crime-fighting trio who are the masters of disguise, espionage and martial arts. Charlie assigns them to find Eric Knox, a software genius who created a revolutionary voice-recognition system and heads his own company, Knox Enterprises. Knox is believed to have been kidnapped by Roger Corwin, who runs a communications-satellite company called Redstar. The "Angels", aided by Bosley, set out to bring down the bad guys.


title: Charlie's Angels (franchise)

text: Natalie, Dylan and Alex, together with Bosley's adoptive brother Jimmy Bosley, are sent to recover H.A.L.O. titanium rings stolen from the United States Department of Justice which can display the people listed in the witness protection program. During this adventure, they will cross paths with former Angel Madison Lee.


title: Charlie's Angels (franchise)

text: The Townsend agency has expanded internationally with multiple teams of Angels guided by multiple Bosleys, a rank named after John. The European division of the agency is informed that Elena Houghlin, an engineer, wants to expose her superiors for covering up a discovery about how an energy conservation device that she helped invent, named Calisto, has the potential to trigger fatal seizures when used. A new team of Angels are called into action to protect the world from Calisto.


title: Charlie's Angels (franchise)

text: Following the release of "Full Throttle", the franchise was confirmed for a third and fourth film, but in 2004, the idea was cancelled. In 2019, a sequel to the 2019 film was discussed, but due to the film's box office performance, the sequel was scrapped.


title: Charlie's Angels (franchise)

text: A three minute short action comedy film titled "Ru's Angels", follows three drag queens Alaska, Peppermint and Nina West from "RuPaul's Drag Race", who are about to stop a wig snatcher played by Katya. The short film also stars RuPaul as Bos-Slay and the cast of the 2019 "Charlie's Angels" film.


title: Charlie's Angels (franchise)

text: "Charlie's Angels: Animated Adventures" is an animated prequel web series consisting of six episodes. The series follows the Angels on a mission to find U.S. Marshal Ray Carter. Carter was kidnapped, and taken to and incarcerated in Mongolia, leading to the events of "Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle".


title: Charlie's Angels (franchise)

text: During the original series' run, Hasbro Industries produced an extensive range of "Charlie's Angels" merchandise, which was distributed in the US, the UK, and other international markets. A numerous variety of collectible items were produced, including two versions of dolls, boardgames, numerous posters, several sets of trading cards, notebooks, a lunchbox and thermos set, a "Charlie's Angels" toy van, children's beauty products and even record albums. Author Sherrie A. Inness, in the text 'Disco Divas: Women and Popular Culture in the 1970s' writes that "Charlie's Angels merchandise was big business, Hasbro Industries spent over $2.5 million to advertise its Charlie's Angels dolls".


title: Charlie's Angels (franchise)

text: In the UK, as was common with many popular US programs of the era, a series of tie-in hardcover annuals were published by World International Publishing Ltd, containing stories, comics, photos, puzzles and features on the stars. There are four "Charlie's Angels" annuals in total.


title: Charlie's Angels (franchise)

text: Although it was not connected to the show, a 1976 poster of Farrah Fawcett sporting a red bathing suit became the biggest selling poster in history with more than 12 million copies sold. This poster also helped the burgeoning popularity of the series. The red swimsuit that helped make Farrah Fawcett a 1970s icon became part of the Smithsonian's collection in 2011. The picture has been immortalized as a Black Label Barbie Collection doll and the legendary red bathing suit has been donated to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. The designer of that swimsuit is Norma Kamali.


title: Charlie's Angels (franchise)

text: In July 2003, three "Charlie's Angels" games were released on three different gaming platforms: Nintendo GameCube, PlayStation 2, and the mobile phone. The versions released on the GameCube and PlayStation 2 were virtually the same and were both titled "Charlie's Angels". The version released for the mobile phone was modified to fit the technical restrictions of the platform, and was titled "Charlie's Angels: Road Cyclone". An online video game named "Charlie's Angels: Angel X" was also released in May 2003 by Sony Pictures Digital Networks. The three games are based on the first and films in the series.


title: Charlie's Angels (franchise)

text: In April 2008, Ojom announced a new "Charlie's Angels" mobile phone game entitled "Charlie's Angels: Hellfire". The game was available on operator portals across Europe.


title: Charlie's Angels (franchise)

text: In August 2019, a game named "Charlie's Angels: The Game" was released on iOS and Android devices by Crazy Labs Games. The game is an endless runner based on the third film in the series.


title: Charlie's Angels (franchise)

text: Two British comic strip versions were produced. The first appeared in the Polystyle publication "Target" in April 1978, drawn by John Canning. "Target" was a sister title to the long-running "TV Comic" aimed at older children and featuring TV action and crime shows of the day. Proving unpopular, it folded in August and merged back into "TV Comic" where Canning's Angels strip continued until October 1979. The second strip was printed in Junior TV Times "Look-in", debuting in November 1979 (as soon as Polystyle's deal expired), written by Angus Allan and drawn by Jim Baikie and Bill Titcombe.


title: Charlie's Angels (franchise)

text: In June 2018, a six-issue limited comic book series based on the television series was launched by Dynamite Entertainment. A crossover comic book series with "Charlie's Angels" and "The Bionic Woman" titled "Charlie's Angels vs. the Bionic Woman", was released on July 3, 2019.


title: Araucaria heterophylla

text: Araucaria heterophylla (synonym A. excelsa) is a species of conifer. As its vernacular name Norfolk Island pine (or Norfolk pine) implies, the tree is endemic to Norfolk Island, an external territory of Australia located in the Pacific Ocean between New Zealand and New Caledonia. It is not a true pine, which belong to the genus "Pinus" in the family Pinaceae, but instead is a member of the genus "Araucaria," in the family Araucariaceae, which also contains the monkey-puzzle tree. Members of "Araucaria" occur across the South Pacific, especially concentrated in New Caledonia (about due north of Norfolk Island) where 13 closely related and similar-appearing species are found. It is sometimes called a star pine, Polynesian pine, triangle tree or living Christmas tree, due to its symmetrical shape as a sapling.


title: Araucaria heterophylla

text: The first European known to have sighted Norfolk Island was Captain James Cook. In 1774, on his second voyage to the South Pacific in HMS "Resolution", Cook noted the presence of large forests of tall, straight trees that appeared to be suitable for use as masts and yards for sailing ships. However, when the island was occupied in 1788 by convicts transported from Britain, it was found that Norfolk Island pine trees were not resilient enough for such use and the idea was abandoned.


title: Araucaria heterophylla

text: In the late 1950s, a trial shipment of Norfolk pine logs was sent to plywood manufacturers in Sydney, New South Wales, with the hope of developing a timber export industry on Norfolk Island. Although the plywood companies reported excellent results, the industry was deemed not sustainable by the Norfolk Island Advisory Council, which decided to reserve timber production for local use. The timber is good for woodturning and, together with the similar Cook pine, is extensively used by Hawaii artisans.


title: Araucaria heterophylla

text: The tree is slow growing and can reach a height of , with straight vertical trunks and symmetrical branches, even in the face of incessant onshore winds that can contort most other species. From the straight trunk, it emits its branches almost horizontal or slightly oblique, in number of five, forming floors; the plane of each floor is a perfect pentagon. If kept indoors, the tree remains smaller. The gray-brown bark falls off in fine scales. At the more or less horizontal to sometimes hanging branches, the branches are four to seven in regular whorls.


title: Araucaria heterophylla

text: The young leaves are soft and awl-shaped, long, about thick at the base on young trees, and incurved, long and variably broad on older trees. The thickest, scale-like leaves on coning branches are in the upper crown. The cones are squat globose, long and diameter, and take about 18 months to mature. They disintegrate at maturity to release the nut-like edible seeds. The seeds have a length of and a diameter of about with wide wings. There are four cotyledons present. It is a dioecious tree (male and female flowers in different plants), although it can also be monoecious.


title: Araucaria heterophylla

text: The scientific name "heterophylla" ("different leaves") derives from the variation in the leaves between young and adult plants.


title: Araucaria heterophylla

text: The distinctive appearance of this tree, with its widely spaced branches and symmetrical, triangular outline, has made it a popular cultivated species, either as a single tree or in avenues. When the tree reaches maturity, the shape may become less symmetrical. Despite the endemic implication of the species name "Norfolk Island pine", the species is widely planted as an ornamental tree for its exotic, pleasing appearance and fairly broad climatic adaptability, and now occurs throughout the world in regions with suitable Mediterranean and humid subtropical climate. It grows well in deep sand, as long as it receives reliable water when young. This, and its tolerance of salt and wind, make it ideal for coastal situations. Indoors, the plant needs a bright location with at least 40% but preferably above 60% humidity for good growth. Indoor trees must not be exposed to the scorching sun or dry air from a radiator; the temperature should ideally not exceed . In winter, the plant needs a bright room that should be around .


title: Araucaria heterophylla

text: Many of the "Norfolk Island pines" that grow in Hawaii, including their descendants used as potted ornamentals on the U.S. mainland, are actually the closely related Cook pines, the two species having been confused when introduced.


title: Araucaria heterophylla

text: Young trees are often grown as houseplants in areas where the winters are too cold for them to grow outside (they will not, for example, survive outdoors in most of North America or Europe), and are sometimes used as Christmas trees. It will not survive in areas subject to prolonged cold. However, there are a few specimens growing outdoors in the subtropical gardens of Tresco Abbey Gardens on the Isles of Scilly, in the United Kingdom. What is probably the most northerly specimen growing outdoors is a young tree on Valentia Island on the southwest coast of Ireland. The tendency for potted saplings to develop a barren appearance can be helped by growing them in clumps. In northern climates they can be left outdoors during summer or placed under grow lights to promote fuller growth.


title: Araucaria heterophylla

text: Large numbers of Norfolk Island pines are produced in South Florida for the houseplant industry. The bulk of these are shipped to grocery stores, discount retailers and garden centres during November. Many of these are sprayed with a light coating of green paint prior to sale to increase their eye appeal, although this may weaken or even kill the plant if it cannot photosynthesize adequately.


title: Araucaria heterophylla

text: When planted outside, the trees should be provided with adequate space, as they can grow to a large size. The trees are widely planted in South Florida where they generally stay below in height, and in coastal Southern California where they can grow to well over .


title: Araucaria heterophylla

text: The species survival is not threatened at all by the houseplant trade, as it is grown commercially for potted plants. However, the native, natural stands of "A. heterophylla" were always restricted and have been much reduced since Capt. Cook's time. Farming, poor land management and the introduction of invasive species have reduced its population on the original three islands considerably. The main remaining stands are now within Norfolk Island National park and are therefore under some shelter. The IUCN classifies the species as vulnerable. Seedlings of this species are starting to turn up under native coastal forest in the North Island of New Zealand, adding this species to the already numerous species of "Wilding Pines" that are a huge issue in that country.


title: Rohit Dhawan

text: Rohit Dhawan (born 26 December 1983) is an Indian director and screenwriter of Hindi films. Born to the Dhawan family, he is the elder son of renowned director David Dhawan.


title: Rohit Dhawan

text: He was born to director David Dhawan and Karuna Chopra on 26 December 1983 in Mumbai, Maharashtra. He is the elder brother of actor, Varun Dhawan, and nephew of Anil Dhawan and late, Ashok Dhawan. His paternal cousin, Siddharth Dhawan, is Anil Dhawan's son. His maternal cousin is director, Kunal Kohli. He has a filmmaking degree from New York University. He married entrepreneur, Jaanvi Desai, on 10 February 2012, in Goa, after dating for 7 years. They were blessed with a daughter, Niyara, on 30 May 2018. Their second child, a son was born on 4 May 2022.


title: Black Hundreds

text: The Black Hundred (), also known as the black-hundredists (; chernosotentsy), was a reactionary, monarchist and ultra-nationalist movement in Russia in the early 20th century. It was a staunch supporter of the House of Romanov and opposed any retreat from the autocracy of the reigning monarch. The name apparently arose from the Medieval concept of "black", or common (non-noble) people, organized into militias.


title: Black Hundreds

text: The Black Hundreds were also noted for extremism and incitement to pogroms, nationalistic Russocentric doctrines, and different xenophobic beliefs, including anti-Ukrainian sentiment and anti-semitism.


title: Black Hundreds

text: The ideology of the movement is based on a slogan formulated by Count Sergey Uvarov "Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality".


title: Black Hundreds

text: ""Svjashchjennaja druzhina"" (Священнaя дружинa, or The Holy Brigade) and "Russkoye sobraniye" (Русское собрание, or Russian Assembly) in St. Petersburg are considered to be predecessors of the Black Hundreds. Starting in 1900, the two organizations united representatives of conservative intellectuals, government officials, Russian Orthodox clergy and landowners. A number of black-hundredist organizations formed during and after the Russian Revolution of 1905, such as:


title: Black Hundreds

text: Members of the Black Hundreds organizations came from different social strata—such as landowners, clergymen, the high and petty bourgeoisie, merchants, artisans, workers and the so-called "declassed elements". The "Postojanny Sovyet Ob'yedinnyonnykh dvoryanskikh obschshestv Rossiy" () guided the activities of the black-hundredists; the tsarist regime provided moral and financial support to the movement. The Black Hundreds were founded on a devotion to Tsar, church and motherland, expressed previously by the motto of Tsar Nicholas I: "Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality" ("Pravoslaviye, Samodershaviye i Narodnost"'). The black-hundredists conducted oral propaganda: in churches by holding special services, and during meetings, lectures and demonstrations. Such propaganda provoked antisemitic sentiments and monarchic "exaltation" and incited pogroms and terrorist acts, performed by the Black Hundreds' paramilitary groups, sometimes known as "Yellow Shirts".


title: Black Hundreds

text: The Black Hundred movement published newspapers, such as "Znamja" (The Banner) or "Russkoje znamja" (Russian Banner), "Potschajewskij Listok" (The Pochayev Page), "Semschina", "Kolokol" (Bell), "Grosa" (Thunderstorm), "Vetschje" and others. Many rightist newspapers, such as "Moskowskije wedomosti" (Moscow News), "Graschdanin" (Citizen) and "Kievljanin" (Kievan), published their materials as well. Among the prominent leaders of the Black Hundred movement were Alexander Dubrovin, Vladimir Purishkevich, Nikolai Markov, A. I. Trishatny, Pavel Krushevan, Pavel Bulatsel, Ivan Vostorgov, M. K. Shakhovskoy, Saint John of Kronstadt, Hieromonk Iliodor, Bishop Hermogen, and others.


title: Black Hundreds

text: When two Duma delegates, (Poltava province) and Mikhail Herzenstein (b. 1859, d. 1906 in Terijoki), both from the Constitutional Democratic Party, were assassinated by members of the Black Hundreds, their press organ "Russkoe Znamya" declared openly that "Real Russians assassinated Herzenstein and Iollos with knowledge of officials", and expressed regret that "only two Jews perished in the crusade against revolutionaries." The black hundred were known to have used violence and torture on anyone they believed was a threat to the Tsar.


title: Black Hundreds

text: Members of the Black Hundreds carried out raids (with unofficial government approval) against various revolutionary groups and pogroms, including inciting pogroms against Jews.


title: Black Hundreds

text: The historian of the Black Hundred movement Sergei Stepanov writes that after the 1905 Russian Revolution, fighting squads of the Union of the Russian People and other extremist right-wing organizations became the weapons of the Black Hundred terror.


title: Black Hundreds

text: Radical socialist parties organized revolutionary terror in retaliation to the Black Hundred activities. Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Bolshevik faction of the RSDLP wrote in 1905:


title: Black Hundreds

text: The fight against the Black Hundreds is an excellent type of military action, which will "train" the soldiers of the revolutionary army, give them their baptism of fire, and at the same time be of tremendous benefit to the revolution. Revolutionary army groups must at once find out who organises the Black Hundreds and where and how they are organised, and then, without confining themselves to propaganda (which is useful, but inadequate) they must act with armed force, beat up and kill the members of the Black-Hundred gangs, blow up their headquarters, etc., etc.On behalf of the St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP, an armed attack was carried out on the Tver tea house, where the workers of the Nevsky Shipbuilding Plant, who were members of the Union of the Russian People, gathered. First, two bombs were thrown by the Bolshevik militants, and then those who ran out of the teahouse were shot with revolvers. The Bolsheviks killed two and wounded fifteen people.


title: Black Hundreds

text: Revolutionary organizations carried out many other terrorist acts, mainly against the chairmen of local departments of the Union of the Russian People. So, according to the police department, only in March 1908 in one Chernigov province in the city of Bakhmach a bomb was thrown at the house of the chairman of the local union of the RNC, in the city of Nizhyn the house of the chairman of the union was set on fire, and the whole family died, in the village of Domyany the chairman of the department was killed, two chairmen of departments were killed in Nizhyn.


title: Black Hundreds

text: The Socialist-Revolutionaries also killed such prominent Black Hundreds as Nikolai Bogdanovich and Gavril Luzhenovsky.


title: Black Hundreds

text: The Black Hundreds classified Ukrainians as Russians, and attracted the support of many "Moscowphiles" who considered themselves Russian and rejected Ukrainian nationalism and identity. The Black Hundred movement actively campaigned against what it considered to be Ukrainian separatism, as well as against promoting Ukrainian culture and language in general, and against the works of Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko, in particular. In Odessa, the Black Hundreds shut down the local branch of the Ukrainian Prosvita society, an organization that was dedicated to spreading literacy in the Ukrainian language and Ukrainian cultural awareness.


title: Black Hundreds

text: The black-hundredists organized four all-Russian congresses with the purpose of uniting their forces. In October 1906, they elected the so-called "glavnaya uprava" (a kind of board of directors) of the new all-Russian black-hundredist organization ""Ob’yedinyonniy russkiy narod"" (Объединённый русский народ, or Russian People United). After 1907, however, this organization disintegrated, and the whole Black Hundreds movement became weaker as the membership rate steadily declined. During the February Revolution of 1917, the remaining black-hundredist organizations were officially abolished.


title: Black Hundreds

text: After emigrating abroad, many black-hundredists were among the main critics of the White movement. They blamed the movement for not only failing to stress monarchism as its key ideological foundation, but also supposedly being run under the influence of classical liberals and Freemasons. Boris Brasol (1885–1963), a former member of the Black Hundreds, was among those who later emigrated to the United States. There he befriended industrialist Henry Ford, who gave Brasol a job on "The Dearborn Independent" newspaper. Brasol also helped in the production of "The International Jew".


title: Black Hundreds

text: After the fall of the Soviet Union, the nationalist and monarchist movements were reborn in the Russian society. In 1992, Alexander Shtilmark (former member of Pamyat) decided to found a modern Black Hundred movement.


title: Black Hundreds

text: The movement maintains contacts with other Russian nationalist organizations (like the Russian Imperial Movement and the Union of Orthodox Banner-Bearers) and also participated in the early stages of the Russo-Ukrainian War on the side of pro-Russian separatists.


title: Joe Haden

text: Joseph Walter Haden III (born April 14, 1989) is a former American football cornerback who played twelve seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the University of Florida, was recognized as a unanimous All-American, and was a member of a BCS National Championship team. He was drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the first round of the 2010 NFL Draft and played for them for seven seasons. He also played for the Pittsburgh Steelers for five seasons.


title: Joe Haden

text: Haden attended Friendly High School in Fort Washington, Maryland, where he played safety and quarterback for the Friendly Patriots high school football team. He led the team to a 14–0 record and a MPSSAA Class 3A State Championship during his senior season in 2006. He set the Maryland state record with 7,371 career passing yards and tied the record for touchdown passes with 80. He was first discovered as an MVP at the National Underclassmen Combine camp in New Jersey alongside current NFL quarterback Tyrod Taylor. Haden was selected to play in the first Offense-Defense All-American Bowl.


title: Joe Haden

text: In addition to football, Haden was also the point guard on the basketball team that won two state titles.


title: Joe Haden

text: Considered a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, Haden was listed as the No. 3 athlete in the nation in 2007. He chose Florida over offers from Pittsburgh, Ohio State and Tennessee.


title: Joe Haden

text: Haden accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he played for coach Urban Meyer's Florida Gators football team from 2007 to 2009.


title: Joe Haden

text: As a true freshman in 2007, Haden started 12 games at cornerback, missing one game due to an ankle sprain. He became the first true freshman to start a game at cornerback for the Gators on opening day, and finished the season with 63 tackles and an interception. He was recognized as a freshman All-American by the "Sporting News" and Collegefootballnews.com and was an All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) freshman selection.


title: Joe Haden

text: As a sophomore in 2008, Haden started all 14 games, recording 87 tackles, and three interceptions—including an 88-yard interception return for a touchdown (the fourth longest in Gators history). In the Gators' 24–14 victory over the Oklahoma Sooners in the BCS Championship Game, he had 10 tackles and three pass break-ups.


title: Joe Haden

text: During his junior year in 2009, he had 68 tackles, four interceptions and three quarterback sacks. After the season, he was a first-team All-SEC selection, and was recognized as a unanimous first-team All-American. He also shared the Gators' most valuable player award with quarterback Tim Tebow, and was named the National Defensive Player of the Year by the "Sporting News".


title: Joe Haden

text: Coming out of Florida, Haden was projected to be a first-round pick by the majority of NFL draft experts and scouts. He received an invitation to the NFL Combine and completed all of the required combine and positional drills. Haden disappointed scouts with a 4.52-second time in the 40-yard dash, which is average for an NFL cornerback, but it was later revealed he had a sore back at that time.


title: Joe Haden

text: On March 17, 2010, he participated at Florida's pro day and opted to rerun the 40, 20, and 10-yard dash as well as the short shuttle. He was able to shorten his time in all, running a 4.43 in the 40-yard dash, a 2.60 in the 20, and a 1.53 in the ten-yard dash. Over 75 representatives from all 32 NFL teams attended including head coaches Eric Mangini (Browns), Mike Tomlin (Steelers), John Fox (Panthers), Raheem Morris (Buccaneers), and Tom Coughlin (Giants) He was ranked as the top cornerback prospect in the draft by NFLDraftScout.com and SI.com.


title: Joe Haden

text: On July 31, 2010, the Cleveland Browns signed Haden to a five-year, $50 million contract that includes $26 million guaranteed.


title: Joe Haden

text: Haden entered training camp competing with Sheldon Brown and Eric Wright for a starting cornerback position. He was named the third cornerback on the depth chart behind Brown and Wright to begin the regular season.


title: Joe Haden

text: Haden made his professional regular season debut in the Browns' season-opener against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, finishing with two combined tackles and a pass deflection during a 17–14 loss. He earned his first start during the game as the Browns' kick returner. On October 17, 2010, he made two combined tackles, a pass deflection, and made his first career interception, picking off Pittsburgh Steelers' quarterback Ben Roethlisberger during a 28–10 loss. On November 14, 2010, Haden made a season-high seven solo tackles and intercepted New York Jets' quarterback Mark Sanchez during a 26–20 overtime loss. The next game, he recorded three solo tackles, deflected three passes, and intercepted Jacksonville Jaguars' quarterback David Garrard during a 24–20 loss. On November 28, 2010, Haden earned his first start at cornerback and recorded three combined tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted Jimmy Clausen as the Browns defeated the Carolina Panthers, 24–23. During a Week 13 victory over the Miami Dolphins, Haden collected six combined tackles, four pass deflections, and intercepted Dolphins' quarterback Chad Henne for his fourth consecutive game with a pick. Haden became the first Browns player since 1968 to intercept a pass in four consecutive games. On December 26, 2010, he recorded five combined tackles and sacked Joe Flacco for the first of his career during a 20–10 loss to the Baltimore Ravens. He finished his rookie season with 64 combined tackles, 6 interceptions and one forced fumble.


title: Joe Haden

text: Haden entered as the starting cornerback, alongside Sheldon Brown. He started the Browns' season-opening 27–17 loss to the Cincinnati Bengals and recorded three combined tackles and a season-high five pass deflections. On December 8, 2012, Haden accumulated a season-high eight combined tackles, as the Browns were defeated by the Pittsburgh Steelers, 13–9. He finished the season with a total of 65 combined tackles (53 solo), 19 pass deflections, and a sack in 15 games and 15 starts.


title: Joe Haden

text: During the Browns' season-opening 17–16 loss to the Philadelphia Eagles, Haden recorded six combined tackles and a pass deflection, and intercepted Eagles' quarterback Michael Vick, returning it for 50-yards. On October 17, 2012, Haden collected seven combined tackles, a season-high three pass deflections, and intercepted Cincinnati Bengals' quarterback Andy Dalton, as the Browns defeated the Bengals, 34–24. In Week 8, he had a season-high eight combined tackles during a 7–6 victory over the San Diego Chargers.


title: Joe Haden

text: On September 10, 2012, the NFL announced that Haden would receive a four-game suspension after testing positive for Adderall. This resulted in him losing four game checks worth ($1.356 million) and missing Weeks 2–5. He completed the season with 51 combined tackles (40 solo), 10 pass deflections, and three interceptions in 11 games and 11 starts.


title: Joe Haden

text: In Week 3, Haden recorded a season-high eight combined tackles and deflected a pass during a victory over the Minnesota Vikings. During a Week 9 victory over the Baltimore Ravens, Haden made six combined tackles, two pass deflections, and intercepted Joe Flacco for his first interception of the season. On November 17, 2013, he collected two combined tackles, two pass deflections, and intercepted Cincinnati Bengals' quarterback Andy Dalton twice, as the Browns lost, 41–20. It was Haden's first career game with multiple interceptions and he also returned one of them for 44 yards to score his first career touchdown.


title: Joe Haden

text: On December 27, 2013, Haden was selected for his first Pro Bowl. On January 3, 2014, Haden received his first All-Pro selection, making the second team. He finished the season with 54 combined tackles (43 solo), 20 pass deflections, four interceptions, and a touchdown in 15 games and 15 starts.


title: Joe Haden

text: On May 13, 2014, the Cleveland Browns signed Haden to a five-year, $68 million contract extension with $45 million guaranteed.


title: Joe Haden

text: On November 16, 2014, he collected a career-high 13 combined tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted Houston Texans' quarterback Ryan Mallett, as the Browns lost, 23–7. The following game, Haden recorded five solo tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted Atlanta Falcons' quarterback Matt Ryan, helping the Browns win, 26–24. During a Week 13 loss to the Buffalo Bills, he made one tackle and two pass deflections, and intercepted Bills' quarterback Kyle Orton marking his third consecutive game with an interception.


title: Joe Haden

text: He finished the season with a career-high 73 combined tackles (58 solo), 20 pass deflections, and three interceptions in 15 games and 15 starts. Haden was also voted to his second consecutive Pro bowl.


title: Joe Haden

text: Haden began the season as the Browns' starting corner, along with Tramon Williams. In their season-opening loss against the New York Jets, Haden made a season-high six combined tackles and a pass deflection. On October 13, 2015, it was reported that Haden had suffered a groin injury during practice. The injury caused him to miss multiple games throughout the season.


title: Joe Haden

text: On December 14, 2015, Haden was placed on injured reserve with a concussion, ending his season. He finished the season with 22 combined tackles (18 solo) and two pass deflections while starting only five games and playing in five.


title: Joe Haden

text: New Browns head coach Hue Jackson named Haden and Tramon Williams their starting cornerbacks to begin the .


title: Joe Haden

text: On September 18, Haden recorded four combined tackles, found pass deflections, and intercepted Baltimore Ravens' quarterback Joe Flacco twice, as the Browns were defeated, 25–20. On October 9, he collected a season-high seven combined tackles in the Browns' 33–13 loss to the New England Patriots. During a Week 2 loss to the Ravens, he recorded a tackle and two pass deflections, and intercepted Ravens' quarterback Joe Flacco, as the Browns lost, 28–7. It marked his third interception of the season, all three coming off of Flacco. He finished the season with a total of 48 combined tackle (37 combined), 11 pass deflections, and three interceptions in 13 games and 13 starts.


title: Joe Haden

text: On August 30, 2017, Haden was released by the Browns after seven seasons with the team. The release took place after many attempts to trade him and Haden reportedly refused to take a reduced salary, from $11 million to $7 million, to stay with the Browns.


title: Joe Haden

text: On August 30, 2017, hours after being released, the Pittsburgh Steelers signed Haden to a three-year, $27 million contract with a signing bonus of $5.75 million. He reportedly turned down multiple richer contract offers from other teams. Unable to acquire jersey number 23 from starting strong safety Mike Mitchell, Haden switched his jersey number to 21 in honor of Deion Sanders after purchasing the number from Robert Golden.


title: Joe Haden

text: He was named the starting left cornerback opposite Artie Burns to begin the regular season. Haden earned his first start with the Pittsburgh Steelers in their season-opener against his former team, the Browns. He finished the 21–18 victory with six combined tackles, a pass deflection, and a sack on DeShone Kizer. On October 22, 2017, Haden recorded one tackle and made his first interception since joining the Steelers, intercepting Cincinnati Bengals' quarterback Andy Dalton in a 29–14 victory. On November 12, 2017, Haden suffered a fractured fibula during a 20–17 victory over the Indianapolis Colts. It was determined that he wouldn't have to undergo surgery and would miss five to six weeks. On December 25, 2017, he made his return after missing five games and recorded two solo tackles and a pass deflection during a 34–6 victory at the Houston Texans. Haden finished the season with 20 combined tackles (18 solo), seven pass deflections, a sack, and an interception in 11 games and 11 starts. Pro Football Focus gave Haden an overall grade of 79.2 for the 2017 season. His grade ranked 51st among all cornerbacks.


title: Joe Haden

text: The Pittsburgh Steelers finished the season atop the AFC North with a 13–3 record. On January 14, 2018, Haden started his first career playoff game and made four solo tackles and a pass deflection in a 45–42 loss to the Jacksonville Jaguars in the AFC Divisional Round.


title: Joe Haden

text: For the 2018 season, following the Steelers' release of Mitchell, Haden switched back to 23 with Sean Davis switching to 21 from 28 in honor of Sean Taylor.


title: Joe Haden

text: In Week 8 against the Cleveland Browns, Haden made 3 tackles and intercepted quarterback Baker Mayfield. In a week 15 matchup versus the New England Patriots, Haden recorded 12 tackles and made a leaping fourth-quarter interception in the red zone off a pass thrown by Tom Brady as the Steelers held on to a 14–10 lead. Haden went on to win the AFC Defensive Player of the Week award and the Steelers won the game 17–10.


title: Joe Haden

text: He received an overall grade of 70.9 from Pro Football Focus in 2018, which ranked as the 38th highest grade among all qualifying corner backs.


title: Joe Haden

text: On September 1, 2019, Haden signed a two-year, $22 million contract extension with the Steelers through the 2021 season.


title: Joe Haden

text: In Week 10 against the Los Angeles Rams, Haden recorded 7 tackles, made 5 pass deflections, intercepted a pass thrown by Jared Goff, and deflected a pass which was intercepted by teammate Minkah Fitzpatrick late in the fourth quarter in the 17–12 win.


title: Joe Haden

text: In Week 13 against his former team, the Cleveland Browns, Haden recorded an interception off a pass thrown by Baker Mayfield with one minute left in the game which sealed a 20–13 Steelers' win.


title: Joe Haden

text: In Week 14 against the Arizona Cardinals, Haden recorded 2 interceptions off rookie quarterback Kyler Murray, the latter of which occurred late in the fourth quarter to seal a 23–17 win.


title: Joe Haden

text: In Week 17 against the Baltimore Ravens, Haden intercepted a pass thrown by former teammate Robert Griffin III and recovered a fumble forced by T. J. Watt on running back Gus Edwards during the 28–10 loss.


title: Joe Haden

text: In Week 2 against the Denver Broncos, Haden recorded his first interception of the season off a pass thrown by Jeff Driskel during the 26–21 win. In Week 12 against the Baltimore Ravens, Haden intercepted a pass thrown by former Browns teammate Robert Griffin III and returned it for a 14 yard touchdown during the 19–14 win. This was Haden's second career pick six and his first as a member of the Steelers. He was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the team on January 2, 2021, and activated on January 18.


title: Joe Haden

text: On September 21, 2022, Haden announced his retirement and signed a one-day contract with the Cleveland Browns.


title: Joe Haden

text: Haden was born in Fort Washington, Maryland to parents Joe and Zakiya Haden. He is the eldest of five boys; his brother Josh was a running back for Boston College, his brother Jordan played safety for Toledo, and his brother Jonathan played running back for UAB. His brother Jacob suffers from a cognitive disorder and struggles to verbally communicate. Haden advocates on behalf of Spread the Word to End the Word to discourage pejorative use of the word "retarded."


title: Joe Haden

text: On June 29, 2013, Haden married Sarah Mahmoodshahi in Miami Beach, Florida. The couple resides in Marshall Township, Pennsylvania. Haden is a practicing Christian.


title: Goatee

text: A goatee is a style of facial hair incorporating hair on one's chin but not the cheeks. The exact nature of the style has varied according to time and culture.


title: Goatee

text: Until the late 20th century, the term "goatee" was used to refer solely to a beard formed by a tuft of hair on the chin—as on the chin of a goat, hence the term 'goatee'. By the 1990s, the word had become an umbrella term used to refer to any facial hair style incorporating hair on the chin but not the cheeks; there is debate over whether this style is correctly called a goatee or a Van Dyke.


title: Goatee

text: The style dates back to Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. The god Pan was traditionally depicted with goat-like features, including a goatee. When Christianity became the dominant religion and began copying imagery from pagan myth, Satan was given the likeness of Pan, leading to Satan traditionally being depicted with a goatee in medieval art and Renaissance art.


title: Goatee

text: The goatee would not enjoy widespread popularity again until the 1940s, when it became a defining trait of the beatniks in the post-World War II United States. The style remained popular amongst the counter-culture until the 1960s before falling out of favor again. In the 1990s, goatees with incorporated mustaches became fashionable for men across all socioeconomic classes and professions, and have remained popular into the 2010s.


title: Chambord (liqueur)

text: Chambord () is a 16.5% abv raspberry liqueur modelled after a liqueur produced in the Loire Valley of France during the late 17th century. The Chambord product brand has been owned and produced by the Brown-Forman Corporation since 2006.


title: Chambord (liqueur)

text: Chambord is made from red and black raspberries, Madagascar vanilla, Moroccan citrus peel, honey and cognac.


title: Chambord (liqueur)

text: The Chambord brand was developed in 1982 by Norton "Sky" Cooper at his family's cordial company, Charles Jacquin et Cie (later his son, Scott Cooper, would develop the elderflower liqueur, St-Germain). The drink was inspired by raspberry liqueur made in the Loire Valley in the late 1600s, said to have been introduced to Louis XIV during one of his visits to the château de Chambord. It was common during that time for liqueurs and cognac to be consumed with elegant meals.


title: Chambord (liqueur)

text: Chambord is produced in the Loire Valley from raspberries and blackberries, Madagascar vanilla, Moroccan citrus peel, honey and cognac. Whole raspberries and blackberries are steeped in French spirits for a period of several weeks to produce a fruit infusion.


title: Chambord (liqueur)

text: After the infusion is extracted, a second set of spirits is added to the fruit and allowed to rest for a few weeks. After this second infusion is drawn off, the remaining fruit is pressed to obtain the natural sugars and juice. The fruit-infused spirits and juices from the final pressing are then combined, and finally, the berry infusion is combined with a proprietary blend of cognac, natural vanilla extract, black raspberries, citrus peel, honey, and herbs and spices. The liqueur is 16.5% alcohol by volume.


title: Chambord (liqueur)

text: Chambord comes in a spherical bottle. Until mid-2010, the bottle came with a metallic gold plastic lettered 'belt' around the middle, and a crown atop its lid. The bottle was modelled after a globus cruciger.


title: Chambord (liqueur)

text: In the U.S. market, the manufacturer began using a different bottle design in summer 2010, with modifications to the belt, lid and other elements.


title: Chambord (liqueur)

text: In addition to redesigning the bottle for the traditional Chambord liqueur, the manufacturer has also begun using the Chambord brand name on a flavoured vodka.


title: Chambord (liqueur)

text: Common drinks made from Chambord include the raspberry margarita, French manhattan, Kir Impérial (Chambord and champagne), Chambord Daiquiri, Chambord royal spritzer, and the French martini. The French martini started the "cocktails as a martini" craze.


title: Chambord (liqueur)

text: Since 2007, Chambord has earned silver and bronze medals from the San Francisco World Spirits Competition. Other spirit ratings organizations have rated Chambord relatively highly as well. Based on Chambord's reviews from various professional raters, Proof66 has categorized Chambord as a "First Tier" liqueur.


title: Man! I Feel Like a Woman!

text: "Man! I Feel Like a Woman!" is a song by Canadian singer-songwriter Shania Twain from her third studio album, "Come On Over" (1997). Written by Twain and her longtime collaborator and then-husband Robert John "Mutt" Lange, who also produced the track, the song was released first to North American country radio stations in March 1999 as the eighth single from the album, and it was released worldwide later the same year. "Man! I Feel Like a Woman!" is a country pop song with lyrics about female empowerment.


title: Man! I Feel Like a Woman!

text: The song received generally favorable reviews from music critics, who praised the song's attitude and hook as well as Twain's vocals. Commercially, the song was also successful, reaching the top-ten in six countries, while reaching the top-twenty in Canada and number 23 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. It was even more successful on the Hot Country Songs chart, reaching the top-five and was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for 1,000,000 digital downloads. The song also won a Grammy for Best Female Country Vocal Performance in 2000.


title: Man! I Feel Like a Woman!

text: The accompanying music video for "Man! I Feel Like a Woman!" was released on March 3, 1999, and it pays homage to Robert Palmer's "Addicted to Love" music video, featuring Twain dancing with buffed and blank-eyed male models. It was the opener on both the Come On Over and Up! tours, as well as Twain's headline on the Super Bowl XXXVII Halftime show, and as the closer on the rest of her tours. It was also used to comic effect in a 2004 Chevrolet Colorado TV commercial, as well as being on the soundtrack of Brazilian telenovela "Laços de Família". The song was also performed by "American Idol" winner Carrie Underwood during the fourth season, and by Britney Spears in her first movie "Crossroads" (2002).


title: Man! I Feel Like a Woman!

text: The title and thus the lyrics of the song were based on Shania Twain's experience while working at Deerhurst Resort in Huntsville, Ontario to provide for her brothers and sisters after their parents died in a car crash. Twain recalls seeing some drag performers working at the resort and credits them as the source of her inspiration. Later in 1993, after being signed to Mercury Nashville and releasing her first album "Shania Twain", Twain met Robert John "Mutt" Lange, whom she would collaborate extensively with and marry at the end of the year. In 1994, while composing songs for what would become her second studio album "The Woman in Me", Lange played to Twain a riff he had been working on and Twain sang lyrics for what would become "Man! I Feel Like a Woman!". Speaking of the writing of the song, she stated "There was no time to waste on ideas that wouldn't make the album, but something like [the song] was just there. I was inspired right off the bat with that one, for example, by a riff Mutt had going, and the lyrics and phrasing just came out of the blue."


title: Man! I Feel Like a Woman!

text: After reaching domestic success in the United States, and selling over fifteen million copies with "The Woman in Me", Twain was determined to become an international star and decided to do whatever was necessary to achieve her goal. In order to achieve a worldwide success, Twain recorded her third studio album, "Come On Over", with the intention of being "international". After completing the album and delivering it to Mercury Records, Lange spent four months remixing 70 percent of the album for its international edition, diluting and removing the twang elements. While writing for the album, Twain and Lange revisited "Man! I Feel Like a Woman!" and insisted on having the track on the album. The track was then the final song recorded for "Come On Over". The song is the opening track of the U.S. edition of "Come On Over", however, the international edition starts with "You're Still the One", since the song has country elements. Initially, "Man! I Feel Like a Woman!" was only released to country radio as the album's seventh single in the United States in March 1999. After the song's success there, it was eventually released to mainstream radio in the U.S. In the United Kingdom, the song was issued as a CD single and cassette single on September 20, 1999.


title: Man! I Feel Like a Woman!

text: "Man! I Feel Like a Woman!" was written by Shania Twain and Robert John "Mutt" Lange, who also produced the track. According to the sheet music published at "Musicnotes.com" by Universal Music Publishing Group, the song starts in the key of B major and modulates to F major in the chorus, with a moderate tempo of 126 beats per minute. Twain's vocals span from the low-note of F to the high-note of D. "Man! I Feel Like a Woman!" is a country pop song, with a guitar riff that conjures Norman Greenbaum's "Spirit in the Sky", as noted by both Chuck Taylor of "Billboard" and J.D. Considine of "Entertainment Weekly". It begins with Twain exclaiming, "Let's go girls". Lyrically, the song is a female empowerment track, with Twain insisting that "the best thing about being a woman is the prerogative to have a little fun" as well as promising to wear a "men's shirt" with a "short skirt." In an interview for "Billboard", Twain further explained the song's lyrical meaning, elaborating:


title: Man! I Feel Like a Woman!

text: That song started with the title, then it kind of wrote itself. The whole expression is a celebration of being a woman these days, I think we're kind of spoiled in a lot of ways, with the advantages we have. Feminists may not feel that way, but I do. It's pretty darn fun to be a woman.


title: Man! I Feel Like a Woman!

text: A lot of the stuff I do has such a feminine, female perspective, but a powerful one. It's not only girl power, it's gay power. I think that song really stands for both.


title: Man! I Feel Like a Woman!

text: The song received generally favorable reviews from music critics. Writing for "Billboard", Chuck Taylor commented that "there's no reason that 'Man!', with its coquettish turn of phrase, shouldn't have the same kind of appeal as her earlier 'That Don't Impress Me Much'," also noting that the song has "plenty of tasty ingredients that radio traditionally searches out – great tempo, attitude, a hook that sells like ice cream in summer, and the instantly recognizable vocals of a woman who is a found acquaintance of so many millions out there now." Taylor ultimately called it "country crossover at its best." "Daily Record" stated that Twain "enjoys a change of direction with this brassy line-dancing hit." Chuck Eddy of "Rolling Stone" noted that "Man! I Feel Like a Woman!" and other high-gloss songs "open with a bubblegum-glam cheerleader shout, then blasts into radio-ready rapture with offhand vocal interjections – doot-doot-doot scatting, do-si-do rapping, sexy squeaks, sarcastic Alanis Morissette asides."


title: Man! I Feel Like a Woman!

text: The staff from the "Sputnikmusic" website praised the track, calling it "a high point of the album with it being a classic example of upbeat feel-good power-pop, which is notable both for the production, something that is notably strong throughout the album, but also for the instrumental quality present. It's possible almost to feel the enjoyment that was present in making this song when listening to it, and there's even a guitar solo, which again pulls the listener in." While reviewing both Twain's "Come on Over" and "Greatest Hits" albums, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of "Allmusic" picked the song as one of the compilation's highlights, while Nick Reynolds of "BBC Music" named it "the sound of a thousand Saturday nights in clubs all over the Western World." Brian James wrote for "PopMatters" that the song "has a title-word-to-exclamation-point ratio that would make the headline writer at 'The National Enquirer' blush."


title: Man! I Feel Like a Woman!

text: "Man! I Feel Like a Woman!" earned Shania Twain her second Grammy Award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance in its 42nd edition, which also saw her winning another award for Best Country Song for the song "Come On Over". The song also won both BMI Songwriter Awards and SOCAN'S for "One of the Most Performed Songs of the Year". Kay Savage of CMT picked the track as one of her "10 Prime Hits", asking: "Is there any better song to start a Friday night than 'Man! I Feel Like a Woman!'?." Savage also wrote that the "Grammy-winning song brings out [her] best Southern qualities for a really-go-wild, doing-it-in-style, country good time. Shania even took the pain out of girls' usual conferences of 'what should I wear tonight' by providing a simple answer: men's shirts and short skirts. Genius." Laura McClellan of "Taste of Country" picked the song as her "All-Time Best Song", writing that "the track's iconic intro lick and catchy singalong vibe won this song a Grammy and a No. 4 slot on the country charts. The most staunch pop purists can still sing along to this one years later, even if they mumble the chorus a bit in the middle."


title: Man! I Feel Like a Woman!

text: While listing the "Top 10 Girl Power Songs", "The Boot" website placed it at number ten, praising Shania for "embrac[ing] her inner feminist in this Grammy-winning single," calling it "music to any man's ears." In the same vein, Fatima Bhojani of "Mother Jones" magazine picked the line, "We don't need romance, we only wanna dance/We're gonna let our hair hang down," as the best lyric of the song. Writing for "NPR Music", Ann Powers commented that the song "connects crossover country to the rock world in no uncertain terms, expanding the genre's heritage in ways that directly reflect the eclectic tastes of its younger audience." "The A.V. Club" editors, while analysing the "17 well-intended yet misguided feminist anthems", concluded that:


title: Man! I Feel Like a Woman!

text: "Man! I Feel Like a Woman!" debuted on the US "Billboard" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart on March 6, 1999, at number 53, becoming the highest debut of the week. The single spent 20 weeks on the chart and climbed to a peak position of number four on June 12, 1999, where it remained for two weeks. The single became Twain's 11th (and seventh consecutive) Top 10 on the country charts. On the US "Billboard" Hot 100, it debuted at number 93 on the week of April 17, 1999. It spent 28 weeks on the chart and peaked at number 23 for one week on November 13, 1999. In the same week, the song peaked at number 18 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart. "Come on Over"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s fifth US adult contemporary release, "Man! I Feel Like a Woman!" debuted at number 29 the week of October 2, 1999, the highest debut of the week. The single spent 26 weeks on the chart and climbed to a peak position of number 16 on December 18, 1999, where it remained for one week. While on the Adult Top 40, it debuted at number 30 and peaked at number 12. On the Top 40 Tracks, the song debuted at number 32 and peaked at number 20. The song has sold 853,000 digital copies in the US as of September 2015.


title: Man! I Feel Like a Woman!

text: "Man! I Feel Like a Woman!" became Twain's second consecutive number-one in New Zealand, after "That Don't Impress Me Much". And like her previous number one this also debuted at the top spot, and was certified platinum, making it her biggest single in that country. In Australia, the song debuted at number 5 and peaked at number 4 a week later, becoming her fifth consecutive top-five single. In France, the song became her first and only top-ten single, spending 31 weeks on the charts, while spending 13 weeks inside the top-ten and three weeks at its peak position at number 3. In the UK, "Man! I Feel Like a Woman!" became Twain's second highest selling single, being certified Platinum. The song debuted at its peak position at number three, on October 2, 1999, where it remained for two weeks. It remained in the top ten for another two weeks. It remained on the entire chart for 18 weeks. "Man! I Feel Like a Woman!" became Twain's fourth top-ten (and third consecutive) in the UK.


title: Man! I Feel Like a Woman!

text: The music video for "Man! I Feel Like a Woman!" was shot in New York City and directed by Paul Boyd. It debuted on March 3, 1999, on CMT. The video is a role-reversed version of Robert Palmer's "Addicted to Love" and "Simply Irresistible" music videos. In the music video, Twain stands in front of a group of men, all dressed alike, one playing electric guitar, one playing bass, one playing drums, one playing the two neck guitar, and one playing keyboard, complete with buffed and blank-eye, meant to imitate the women from Palmer's videos. Twain starts the video dressed in a long coat and a veiled top hat, white dress shirt, black tie, but throughout the video she strips off items of clothing until she is left wearing a black corset, mini skirt, thigh-high boots, a black choker, and black gloves. Twain even has black eyeshadow on.


title: Man! I Feel Like a Woman!

text: The video won the MuchMoreMusic Video of the Year award at the MuchMusic Video Awards in 2000. The video uses the 'Alternate Mix', which tones down the guitar and synth parts and blends them into the background. The 'Alternate Mix' of the video is available on Twain's compilations "Come On Over: Video Collection" (1999) and "The Platinum Collection" (2001), though an alternate version of the video using the 'International Version' was used as a backdrop for Twain's performance of the song on her "Top of the Pops" special in 1999. On YouTube, "Man! I Feel Like a Woman!" is Twain's most-viewed video with 322 million views as of November 2022. On November 1, the music video of "Man I Feel Like A Woman" has been remastered in HD, to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the parental album "Come On Over".


title: Man! I Feel Like a Woman!

text: Shania Twain performed the song on her "Come On Over Tour" (1998), "Up! Tour" (2003), "" residency show (2012-2014), "Rock This Country Tour" (2015) and the "Shania Now Tour" (2018) . On the first two tours the song was the opening song, while during the residency show and on the last two tours it was featured in the encore. It was also the opening song of her "Shania Twain Live", "Winter Break" and "Up! Live in Chicago" live video albums, as well as on her headline on the Super Bowl XXXVII halftime show. The song was also performed by "American Idol" winner Carrie Underwood during the fourth season.


title: Man! I Feel Like a Woman!

text: The song was featured in a 2005 episode of "America's Funniest Home Videos" in a montage showing clips of women. The song was part of the soundtrack of Brazilian successful telenovela "Laços de Família". American recording artist Britney Spears and actresses Zoe Saldana and Taryn Manning sang along to the track during Spears' first movie "Crossroads" (2002). In that same year, it was performed by Molly Shannon in the form of a Christmas spoof in "The Santa Clause 2". It was used to comic effect in a 2004 Chevrolet Colorado TV commercial, in which a group of men are traveling in one of the vehicles, and one of them begins singing along very enthusiastically with Twain's recording (from the female narrative), much to the discomfort of his friends. It also appeared to comedic effect in an episode of "Limmy's Show", in which Limmy aka Brian Limond plays a woman dressed in leopard print halter top and leather skirt, attempting to corral the viewer into declaring "Let's Go Girls!" following the song's opening riff. On the third attempt, the camera appears to accelerate towards this character, striking her and propelling her across the Glasgow skyline. The woman finally falls to the ground after colliding with a tall building, revealing in the process that she is wearing a "strap on" dildo beneath her skirt. The scene ends with the woman lying in great pain and embarrassment.


title: Man! I Feel Like a Woman!

text: Japanese-British singer Rina Sawayama also references "Man! I Feel Like a Woman!" in her 2022 song "This Hell", which begins with the line "Let's go, girls".


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: The 2012–13 season was Futbol Club Barcelona's 113th in existence and the club's 82nd consecutive season in the top flight of Spanish football. The season marked the managerial debut of Tito Vilanova, who served as Pep Guardiola's longtime assistant. Vilanova assumed management of the club after Guardiola, who had managed Barcelona for the prior four seasons, declined to renew his contract.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: Barcelona finished first in La Liga but lost in the semi-finals of both the Copa del Rey and the UEFA Champions League. The club also set a record (later equaled by Real Madrid) by scoring in all 38 La Liga matches in the season.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 29 May, Barcelona announced their first pre-season match to be against Hamburger SV in occasion of the German outfit's 125th anniversary celebration. It will be Tito Vilanova's first match in charge of the first team. The second match will be on 28 July in Tangier, Morocco, versus an all-star starting XI from the Moroccan Football League at the Stade de Tanger. This will be their first appearance in Morocco in 38 years.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 1 June, Barcelona announced Brazilian defender Henrique will not return to team after both agreed to terminate the player's contract on 30 June. Henrique did not make an appearance with the first team and was on-loan in 2008–09 with German club Bayer Leverkusen, 2009–10, and 2010–11 with Racing de Santander and in 2011–12, with Brazilian club Palmeiras.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 28 June, Barcelona and Valencia CF reached an agreement on the transfer of left back Jordi Alba for €14 million. The player joined the team after UEFA Euro 2012 and signed a five-year deal.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 7 July, Barcelona announced that Seydou Keita would not renew his contract for the upcoming season. The Mali midfielder leaves after four years and 14 titles accumulated while at Barça.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 10 July, the Royal Spanish Football Federation released the fixture list for the 2012–13 season, with Barcelona opening the season at Camp Nou against Real Sociedad. President Ángel María Villar also confirmed that both Barcelona manager Tito Vilanova and Real Madrid manager José Mourinho will not have to serve their suspensions in the 2012 Supercopa de España for their altercation in last year's edition. Barça's Board Secretary Toni Freixa stated at a press conference that an "aggression can never go unpunished" and "we understand that an aggression on a coach deserves punishment. This measure doesn't make the aggressor innocent but it allows them to believe that they can keep on being aggressive without consequences. It's a bad example for Spanish football that this aggression hasn't been punished."


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 13 July, Barcelona announced that the pre-season match on 28 July would be played against Raja Casablanca instead of Moroccan All-Star XI as previously announced.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 24 July, Barcelona opened their pre-season with a 2–1 victory over Hamburg at the Imtech Arena. Goals scored by Dani Alves and Gerard Deulofeu to set off a victorious debut for Vilanova. Defender Marc Muniesa left the match with a torn ACL in his right knee in the 52nd minute that could possibly see him miss the rest of the season. The next day, Barcelona doctors confirmed that Muniesa will miss up to six months due to the injury picked up the day before.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 27 July, Barcelona informed the Catalan Football Federation that Barcelona B, instead of the first team, will dispute the Supercopa de Catalunya against Espanyol set for 31 July at the Olímpic Lluís Companys.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 28 July, Barcelona defeated Raja Casablanca 8–0 in Tangier with Lionel Messi supplying a hat-trick while Alexis Sánchez added another two goals while Dani Alves, Sergi Gómez, and Deulofeu scored one each.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 30 July, Barcelona announced they accepted the rescheduled date of the Supercopa de Catalunya after the Catalan Football Association proposed the match to be played on 26 September 2012. They also stated that they would play the strongest team possible as chosen by the manager.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 4 August, Barcelona defeated Paris Saint-Germain 4–1 in penalty shoot-out after a 2–2 draw in regular time for the Trophée de Paris in Paris. Rafinha and Lionel Messi scored the two goals which was kicked off by Eric Abidal, who took the ceremonial kick off.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 8 August, Barcelona defeated Manchester United 2–0 in a best-of-three penalty shoot-out after a 0–0 draw after regular time. Víctor Valdés saved a Wayne Rooney penalty in the first half of stoppage time, while Jordi Alba made his debut for Barcelona in the second half of the match.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 11 August, Barcelona defeated Dinamo București 2–0 with goals by Lionel Messi and Ibrahim Afellay. The two long-time injured Barça players, David Villa (fractured tibia) and Andreu Fontàs (torn ACL), made their returns.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 18 August, Barcelona and English club Arsenal reached an agreement on the transfer of Cameroon midfielder Alex Song for €19 million. The player signed a five-year deal with an €80 million release clause.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 19 August, Barcelona started their 2012–13 La Liga season with 5–1 home win over Real Sociedad with two goals by Lionel Messi and one each by Carles Puyol, Pedro and David Villa. It also marked a successful debut for Tito Vilanova's first league match as manager.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 20 August, Barcelona suffered their first defeat of the season at the hands of Sampdoria for the Joan Gamper Trophy by a score of 1–0. Sergi Roberto was named the best player of the match.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 23 August, Barcelona defeated Real Madrid in the first leg of the Supercopa de España, 3–2, with goals by Pedro, Lionel Messi and Xavi. It was Vilanova's first game and win in a Clásico as manager. Messi's 14th Clásico goal allowed him to equal César Rodríguez's record for Barcelona and marked the first time a player scored in four consecutive Spanish Super Cup matches.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 26 August, Barcelona came back from a 1–0 half-time deficit to defeat CA Osasuna in El Sadar with a 2–1 victory behind two goals from Lionel Messi in the last 15 minutes of the match. Carles Puyol finished with a broken cheekbone after a collision with Osasuna's forward Roland Lamah towards the end of the match, that also saw manager Vilanova ejected for the first time by referee Muñiz Fernández for excessive argument over a play the Barça manager deemed a foul not called in favour of his team.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 29 August, the RFEF Competition Committee suspended manager Tito Vilanova after he was ejected in the Osasuna match for what the referee deemed as "angrily protesting a play of the match, after he had been warned by the assistant referee." Barça are set to appeal the suspension. Later that day, Barça were defeated in the second leg of the Supercopa de España 2–1 at the Santiago Bernabéu and lost the tie on away goals. Real Madrid jumped out to a 2–0 lead within the first 20 minutes and the comeback was made even tougher for Barça after the sending off of Adriano in the 28th minute. Lionel Messi scored his sixth goal of the season off a free-kick and has scored in all four competitive matches to start the season for Barcelona. Alex Song made his debut for Barcelona with a perfect passing statistic.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 30 August, UEFA conducted the group stage draw for the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League in Monaco. Barcelona were drawn into Group G along with Portuguese club Benfica, Spartak Moscow from Russia, and Scottish champions Celtic. Barcelona midfielder Andrés Iniesta received the 2011–12 UEFA Best Player in Europe Award, beating out teammate Lionel Messi and Real Madrid forward Cristiano Ronaldo for the prize.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 31 August, Barcelona and Schalke 04 agreed on a loan of Ibrahim Afellay to the German club until 30 June 2013.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 2 September, Barcelona defeated Valencia 1–0 at the Camp Nou to start the league season unbeaten before the FIFA international break. Adriano scored the lone goal in the 23rd minute.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 12 September, Barcelona announced that midfielder Andrés Iniesta would be out 10–15 days with a pulled abductor in his right leg which he picked up during the Georgia–Spain match the day before.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 15 September, Barcelona defeated Getafe CF with a scoreline of 4–1 at the Coliseum Alfonso Pérez. Lionel Messi started his first match in over a year on the bench but came-on in the 59th minute to score two goals. David Villa added another one as he recovers to full match fitness from his fractured leg from December 2011. Not all was celebrations for Barça, however, as their captain, Carles Puyol, suffered a strained to the posterior cruciate ligament in his left leg in the 53rd minute. The player is expected to miss four-to-six weeks due to the knee injury.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 19 September, Barcelona made their Champions League debut for the season with a 3–2 home victory over Spartak Moscow. Cristian Tello contributed the opening goal and Lionel Messi the two winning goals, while Dani Alves scored an own goal for the visitors. Early in the first half, Barça's CB Gerard Piqué suffered a sprained left foot and will be out for two to three weeks.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 22 September, Barcelona defeated Granada at home 2–0 behind a goal from Xavi late in the 87th minute and an own goal in stoppage time to seal the victory.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 28 September, Lionel Messi won his third consecutive Onze d'Or presented by the French magazine "Onze Mondial". With 47.45% of the votes, Messi beat out Cristiano Ronaldo and Atlético Madrid forward Radamel Falcao for the trophy.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 29 September, Barcelona came from two goals down to claim a 3–2 victory over Sevilla at the Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium. After Sevilla took a 2–0 lead, two goals by Cesc Fàbregas and one by substitute David Villa in injury time kept Barça on their perfect start to the league season. In the same match, Thiago picked up a knee injury that will sideline him for up to eight weeks.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 2 October, Barcelona defeated Benfica at the Estádio da Luz with 2–0 scoreline to stay unbeaten at the top of the group. Alexis Sánchez and Cesc Fàbregas contributed the winning goals, while Sergio Busquets was sent off in the 89th minute. Late in the second half of the game, Carles Puyol suffered yet another injury when he landed awkwardly and dislocated his left elbow. He is expected to be out for eight weeks.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 7 October, Barcelona drew their first game of the season with a 2–2 at home against Real Madrid. Both goals came from Lionel Messi, bringing him just one goal short of the all time Clásico scoring record of 18 goals by Alfredo Di Stéfano. Early in the match, Dani Alves picked up a hamstring injury in his left leg and will be out for three weeks.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 15 October, Barcelona announced defender Andreu Fontàs would be loan out to Mallorca until the end of the season.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 20 October, Barcelona took a wild match in A Coruña, beating Deportivo de La Coruña 5–4 at the Estadio Riazor. A hat-trick by Lionel Messi gave the visitors all the hard earned three points in where they raced out to a three-goal lead within the first 20 minutes of the match.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 23 October, Barcelona defeated Celtic 2–1 at home. A goal by Andrés Iniesta at the end of the first half and a Jordi Alba goal in the closing seconds helped Barcelona to take away the win in Xavi's 150th international game with Barcelona.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 27 October, Barcelona defeated Rayo Vallecano with a dominating scoreline of 5–0 in Vallecas. Leo Messi scored a brace, while David Villa, Xavi and Cesc Fàbregas contributed with a goal each. This win equalled Barcelona's best start in the La Liga.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 30 October, Barcelona started their Copa del Rey defence with a victory in Vitoria-Gasteiz over Alavés in the first leg with a 3–0 win. Goals from David Villa, Andrés Iniesta and Cesc Fàbregas gave Barça the victory.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 3 November, Barcelona defeated Celta de Vigo 3–1 at home. With goals by Adriano, David Villa and Jordi Alba, Barça confirmed their best start in La Liga in club history. Adriano had to leave the game early with a muscle tear in his right thigh and will be out of action for three weeks.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 7 November, Barcelona suffered their first Champions League loss of the season with a 2–1 loss in Glasgow against Celtic. The lone goal by Lionel Messi came in the closing minutes of the game. This loss marked Barça's first away defeat in the Champions League Group Stage since 2006.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 11 November, Barcelona defeated Mallorca 4–2 at the Iberostar. Goals by Xavi, Cristian Tello and a brace by Lionel Messi helped equalizing the best ever La Liga start after the first 11 games of the season, previously archived by Real Madrid 1968–69 and 1991–92. With 76 goals to his name in 2012, Messi also overtook Pelé's record of 75 goals in a single calendar year from 1958 and is only nine goals from drawing with the all-time record from 1972 by Gerd Müller.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 16 November, Barcelona announced that Qatar Airways will be the new shirt sponsor starting the 2013–14 season, marking the first official commercial sponsor on the Barcelona shirt in team's history. President Sandro Rosell stated "(Qatar Airways) an ambitious brand with global aspirations, always committed to achieving the utmost excellence in its field. These are objectives with which FC Barcelona fully identifies."


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 17 November, Barcelona defeated Zaragoza with 3–1 at home with another brace by Lionel Messi and Alex Song's first goal for Barça.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 18 November, Marc Bartra pulled the adductor in his right leg during a training session and will be sidelined for 15–20 days.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 20 November, Barcelona defeated Spartak Moscow at the Luzhniki Stadium 3–0. One goal by Dani Alves and two by Lionel Messi helped Barça to qualify for the knockout phase of the Champions League with one game left to play.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 25 November, Barcelona defeated Levante in the Ciutat de València 4–0. A brace by Lionel Messi and one goal each by Cesc Fàbregas and Andrés Iniesta, the latter also contributing three assists, as well as a penalty save by Víctor Valdés kept Barça on top of La Liga. For over 60 minutes Barcelona played with only La Masia graduates, after Dani Alves came off injured after 13 minutes.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 28 November, Barcelona defeated Alavés with 3–1 at home. One goal by Adriano and two by David Villa helped Barça to advance to the Round of 16 of the Copa del Rey, where they will face Córdoba. With the brace, David Villa passed the 300 career goals mark to 301 goals as a professional, including club and country, Spain.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 29 November, FIFA announced the three finalists for the 2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or to be presented on 7 January 2013: Lionel Messi and Andrés Iniesta from Barcelona and Cristiano Ronaldo from Real Madrid. This marks the third season in a row that at least two finalist are from Barcelona and the six year in a row that Messi makes the final three.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 1 December, Barcelona defeated Athletic Bilbao 5–1 at home with two goals by Lionel Messi and one each by Gerard Piqué, Adriano, and Cesc Fàbregas. With this win Barça set up the best ever start of any team in La Liga. Messi's two goals made him equalize with César Rodríguez as Barcelona's top scorers in La Liga with 190 goals.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 5 December, Barcelona played their first goalless game of the season, drawing 0–0 against Benfica at home. Shortly after coming on, Lionel Messi had to be carried off on a stretcher after twisting his knee. It was later revealed that Messi picked up a contusion on the outside of his left knee.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 9 December, Barcelona defeated Real Betis in the Benito Villamarín 2–1. With two more goals by Lionel Messi, Barça continued their undefeated run in away games to start La Liga season to eight matches. Those goals also sent Messi's tally to 86 in 2012, overtaking German striker Gerd Müller's record of 85 goals in a calendar year in 1972. Early in the game, Cesc Fàbregas was subbed off with a torn biceps femoris in his left thigh and will be sidelined for three-to-four weeks.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 12 December, Barcelona defeated Córdoba at the Nuevo Arcángel 2–0. Both goals were scored by Lionel Messi in his first Copa del Rey game of the season.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 16 December, Barcelona defeated Atlético Madrid at home 4–1. Two goals by Lionel Messi and one each by Adriano and Sergio Busquets. This victory helped Barça to draw nine points clear at the top of the table, and Messi's goals brought his record up to 90 for the year.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 17 December, Cristian Tello extended his contract with Barcelona until 30 June 2016, with a set buyout clause of €10 million.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 18 December, Barcelona announced the renewal of contracts with Carles Puyol and Xavi until 2016 and Lionel Messi until 2018.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 19 December, Barcelona's Medical Services announced that manager Tito Vilanova was to undergo surgery on the following day after a routine check-up revealed that he suffered a parotid ailment relapse, which he was operated on a year previous. During the recovery time, assistant coach Jordi Roura will lead Barça.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 20 December, UEFA conducted the Round of 16 draw for the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League in Nyon. Barcelona were drawn to face Italian club Milan, who they last faced in the previous season's quarter-finals.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 22 December, Barcelona won their last match of the year at the José Zorrilla against Real Valladolid with a score of 3–1. Goals by Xavi, Lionel Messi and Cristian Tello helped to keep the nine point lead on top of the table intact.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 23 December, Barcelona announced that backup goalkeeper José Manuel Pinto came to an agreement with the club to extend his contract for another year until 30 June 2014.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 6 January, Barcelona won their first match of the year at home, against Espanyol 4–0. Two goals by Pedro and one each by Xavi and Lionel Messi were scored in the first 30 minutes of the game.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 7 January, Lionel Messi was announced the 2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or winner in Zürich. With 41.60% of the votes, Messi became the first player to win the award on four occasions, surpassing Johan Cruyff, Michel Platini and Marco van Basten, all with three. The win also gave Barcelona its tenth winner, the most all time of any European club. Barcelona also celebrated five players in the 2012 FIFA FIFPro World XI, as Messi was joined by teammates Gerard Piqué, Dani Alves, Andrés Iniesta and Xavi as the world's best for 2012.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 10 January, Barcelona beat Córdoba in the return leg of the Copa del Rey at home by 5–0, with one goal scored by Thiago and two each by David Villa and Alexis Sánchez. With an aggregate score of 7–0, Barça went through to the quarter-finals, where they will face Málaga. Early in the second half of the game, Sergi Roberto was subbed off with a tear in his left hamstring and will be out of action for four weeks.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 13 January, Barcelona beat Málaga at the La Rosaleda Stadium 3–1, with goals by Lionel Messi, Cesc Fàbregas and Thiago. With this win, Barça ended the first round of the season with a record-breaking 55 out of a possible 57 points.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 16 January, Barcelona drew 2–2 against Málaga at home in the first leg of the Copa del Rey quarter-finals. Goals by Lionel Messi and Carles Puyol were scored within one minute of each other.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 18 January, Barcelona announced that goalkeeper Víctor Valdés will not be extending his contract any further after his current contract expires on 30 June 2014.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 19 January, Barcelona lost their first league game away against Real Sociedad at the Anoeta Stadium, 3–2. After leading by two goals from Messi and Pedro, Gerard Piqué was sent off with a second yellow and Sociedad turned the game around and scored the winning goal in the dying minutes.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 24 January, Barcelona defeated Málaga in the La Rosaleda 4–2, with goals by Pedro, Piqué, Iniesta and Messi. With an aggregate score of 6–4, Barça went through to the Copa del Rey semi-finals, where they will face Real Madrid.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 27 January, Barcelona defeated Osasuna at home 5–1 with four goals by Messi and one from Pedro. With those goals, Messi broke the 200-goal barrier in La Liga, becoming the youngest player to archive that feat at just 25 years and 217 days of age.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 30 January, Barcelona drew 1–1 against Real Madrid in the Santiago Bernabéu in the first leg of the Copa del Rey semi-finals. The lone Barça goal was scored by Cesc Fàbregas.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 31 January, Barcelona and Ajax agreed on the loan of forward Isaac Cuenca to the Dutch club until 30 June 2013. On the same day, Barça announced that defender Marc Muniesa will join the B team for the rest of the season after having recovered from a torn ACL.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 3 February, Barcelona drew their second league match of the season and their second season match in a row. A 1–1 draw against Valencia at the Mestalla Stadium saw Messi scoring the only goal through a penalty. Xavi, who was substituted in injury time of the match, was diagnosed the following day with a hamstring injury and will be sidelined for 15 days. Barcelona faced Milan in the first leg of the Champions League round of 16 at the San Siro and lost 2–0, with goals coming from Kevin-Prince Boateng and Sulley Muntari.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 21 February, Barcelona announced that defender Eric Abidal is fit to play for the first time since receiving a liver transplant in April 2012. On 24 February, Barcelona defeated Sevilla 2–1 at Camp Nou with goals from David Villa and Lionel Messi. On 26 February, Barcelona were defeated by Real Madrid 3–1, 4–2 on aggregate, at the Camp Nou and were knocked out of Copa del Rey contention.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 2 March, Barcelona lost to Real Madrid at the Santiago Bernabéu by a score of 2–1. This was Barcelona's second loss against Real Madrid in a week. Four days later, Víctor Valdés was handed a four-match league ban after receiving a double yellow card for verbally abusing a referee following his team's defeat in the "Clásico" in the weekend fixture.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 9 March, Barcelona defeated Deportivo de La Coruña 2–0 with goals from Alexis Sánchez and Lionel Messi. On 12 March, Barcelona defeated Milan 4–0, 4–2 on aggregate, and entered the quarter-finals of the Champions League with goals from David Villa, Jordi Alba and a brace from Lionel Messi. On 17 March, Barcelona defeated Rayo Vallecano 3–1 at Camp Nou with Messi scoring two and Villa scoring one goal. On 30 March, Barça drew 2–2 with Celta de Vigo with Messi and Cristian Tello scoring one goal each.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 2 April, Barça drew 2–2 against Paris Saint-Germain in France in the first leg of the Champions League quarter-final, the goals coming from Messi and Xavi via a penalty.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 10 April, Barça drew 1–1 against PSG at home in the Camp Nou in the Champions League quarter-final second leg. Pedro scored the all-important equaliser, which put Barça through to the semi-finals on the away goals rule. The draw for the semi-finals of the Champions League was held on 12 April, with Barça drawing with Bayern Munich.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 23 April, Barcelona lost to Bayern 4–0 away at the Allianz Arena in Munich, their largest defeat in Europe in 16 years. On 1 May, in the second leg at home, they lost 3–0. With an aggregate score of 7–0, they were knocked out of the Champions League in the semi-finals.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 5 May, Barcelona defeated Real Betis 4–2 at home with two goals by Lionel Messi and one each by David Villa and Alexis Sánchez with one more win to secure the La Liga title.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 11 May, Barcelona clinched their 22nd La Liga title after Real Madrid's draw against Espanyol at the Cornellà-El Prat. The result gave Barcelona an eight-point lead with two matches remaining, which ensured that they would finish top of the table. Barcelona were at the top of the league table for the entirety of the season, and only lost two matches en route to winning the title. It was the first title for manager Vilanova.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: On 30 May, French defender Eric Abidal called a press conference to announce his departure from the club after six seasons. Although admitting he wanted to see out his career as a Barça player, the club ultimately decided not to renew his contract.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: Includes all competitive matches. Players listed below made at least one appearance for Barcelona first squad during the season.


title: 2012–13 FC Barcelona season

text: This award is given annually since 1999 to the team with the best fair play during the season. This ranking takes into account aspects such as cards, suspension of matches, audience behaviour and other penalties. This section not only aims to determine the best fair play, but also serves to break the tie in teams that are tied in all the other rules: points, head-to-head, goal difference and goals scored.


title: Sancerre (wine)

text: Sancerre is a French wine Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) for wine produced in the area of Sancerre in the eastern part of the Loire valley, southeast of Orléans. Almost all of the appellation lies on the left bank of the Loire, opposite Pouilly-Fumé. It is well regarded for and primarily associated with Sauvignon blanc. Some Pinot noir is also grown, accounting for around 20% of the region's production, making mostly light red wines under the designation of "Sancerre Rouge". A rosé style from Pinot noir is also produced in a style similar to Beaujolais, which is produced from the Gamay grape.


title: Sancerre (wine)

text: White Sancerre was one of the original AOCs awarded in 1936, with the same area being designated for red wines on 23 January 1959. The AOC area has expanded fourfold over the years, most recently on 18 March 1998. The town lies on an outcrop of the chalk that runs from the White Cliffs of Dover down through the Champagne and Chablis. A series of small valleys cut through the chalk, each with their own soils and microclimate and terroir. In the east are the "flints" that make minerally, long-lived wines. Between the town and Verdigny the soil consists of marl and gravel – "les caillottes" – producing fruity, well balanced wines. And in the southwest, away from the river towards Menetou-Salon, the chalky "terres blanches" (white ground) produce weightier wines. Most – but not all – of the Sauvignon Blancs are unoaked.


title: Sancerre (wine)

text: The area around Sancerre was likely first cultivated by the Romans, perhaps in the 1st century AD, though the exact date is unknown. The foundations of two separate Roman bridges across the Loire can be seen at the river village of St-Satur, the port for Sancerre, marking its ancient position along a major Roman route. The chalk hill outcrop was not only a distinctive landmark known in Roman times but it also fit the profile of terroir that was usually the first to be cultivated – it was near an important town and had easy access to a navigable river. Most importantly, however, the steep sloping hills could provide the grapes with enough direct sunlight and warmth to fully ripen while allowing cold air to flow off the slope and pool into the valleys below.


title: Sancerre (wine)

text: The region was historically linked to the Duchy of Burgundy, which may have played a role in the introduction of Pinot noir vines to this area. Sancerre's position as an administrative centre, and the large nearby cities of Orléans and Bourges (which was the capital of the powerful Duke of Berry) ensured healthy local markets for the Pinot Noir and Gamay wines traditional in the area. Demand further increased with the coming of the railway from Paris. In the late 19th century the phylloxera epidemic devastated the area wiping out the majority of the region's vines. While some Pinot noir vines were retained most of the Gamay was lost. They were replanted with Sauvignon Blanc, partly because it grafted better onto the American rootstocks. After World War II, the wines gained a reputation in the Paris bistro scene as an easy drinking white wine equivalent to Beaujolais. In the late 1970s and 1980s, a wave of quality consciousness helped elevate the reputation of Sancerre as an elegant and food friendly white wine that became a popular feature on restaurant lists across the globe.