title: Paagal

text: From there on he starts proposing to every girl but gets rejected. One day, he sees an elder girl who is dumped by her boyfriend and proposes to her. She rejects Prem as he is younger than her and is still studying without having a job and money. Realising this he studies very hard and after 7 years, Prem (now Vishwak Sen) gets hired in a big company with a high salary. He goes to the girl to propose but when he reaches her home, it turns out that she is married and has a child. This saddens him and once again his friend suggests he go to Vishakapatnam as girls there are known to accept love easily.


title: Paagal

text: Now in Vishakapatnam, Prem continues his search for a suitable girl. There, he encounters a gang teasing a girl, Radha. Prem saves her from the gang and he immediately proposes to her. This time, the girl likes him but doesn't reveal it. After spending a few days with him, she takes the initiative to propose in a cafe. While she is proposing, Prem watches Mogali Rekulu, a popular TV serial that he watched with his mother. Angry about this, Radha rejects him.


title: Paagal

text: This time his friend suggests finding a wealthy girl. As he is searching for such a girl, he comes across Sofie and tries to impress her. But Prem later learns that she already has a boyfriend and that she had just used Prem for money.


title: Paagal

text: This time his friend suggests finding an “unattractive” girl. He finds Mahalakshmi, who is dark and chubby, and proposes to her. Mahalakshmi accepts it but also uses this as an opportunity to show all the people who had teased her that she will not get any boyfriend due to her appearance. After a few days, she breaks up with Prem telling him that a marriage alliance has been fixed for her at home.


title: Paagal

text: With all of this happening, Prem is shattered. While he is sitting depressed he sees MLA contestant Raja reddy (Murali Sharma) and proposes to him. Raja Reddy gets creeped out and tries to ignore. But, Prem keeps troubling him to love. Frustrated, he plans to kill Prem. When Raja Reddy's goons are about to kill their target, Prem, the opposition party's leader also sends a few thugs over to kill Raja Reddy. But Prem saves him from those thugs even though he was badly injured by Raja Reddy's hooligans. Being touched by this, Raja Reddy starts developing feelings for Prem. After a few days, Prem is shown standing on top of a tall building trying to commit suicide and called Raja Reddy to propose (read: say I love you) him at the building. By then Raja Reddy comes there and proposed to Prem to save him but Prem shoots Raja Reddy instead. Shocked and sad, Raja Reddy asks Prem why he wants to kill him.


title: Paagal

text: The story then flashes back to Vishakapatnam when Prem decides to commit suicide as he was not successful in finding a girl who loves him like his mother. When he is about to fall from the flyover, a girl screams "I LOVE YOU" at him. He then goes searching for the girl and finds out that she is Theera(Nivetha Pethuraj). He asks Theera why she proposed to him. She tells him that to save him she told: "I Love You". But Prem tells her that he loves her now but Theera doesn't accept his proposal. To show his true love, he jumps from a running train, injuring himself. Then Theera reveals that she is already engaged and by loving him she doesn't want to break her promise to her father. Her father had adopted Theera from an orphanage and took care of her like his own daughter. But Prem declares that he will love her till her marriage day and then will disappear from her sight.


title: Paagal

text: They both start spending days together. They also act close in front of Prem's friends and his ex-girlfriends Radha, Sofie and Mahalakshmi to make them jealous and teach them a lesson. During these days Theera's friends find out that Theera is starting to have feelings for Prem and warn her to stay away from him as there are just 6 days left for her marriage.


title: Paagal

text: From there Theera starts avoiding Prem but Prem goes mad without meeting and talking with Theera. While searching for her, he meets with a minor accident in front of Theera. Finally seeing Theera he asks her where had she gone to. Theera then reveals to him that there are only 3 days left for her marriage. Prem is shattered at this news. Not wanting to hurt him, she tells him that in these 3 days she wants to make the most memorable moments of her life and goes to her pg.


title: Paagal

text: The next day she waits for Prem but he does not show up. Theera searches for Prem the whole day but with no avail as to where he went. Early morning the consequent day, Prem's friend informs her about Prem's location. She immediately goes there and finds Prem. She acts strangely and Prem tells her that she has feelings for him.


title: Paagal

text: Then Theera reveals to him that she does love him and that when they were young, she received one of the helium balloons, she had followed him wherever he was going. But she tells him she can't love and marry him without her father's acceptance.


title: Paagal

text: She goes to her house for the marriage but is not able to forget Prem. Simultaneously it is shown that her father is none other than Raja Reddy. Prem comes to her house but Theera tells him she cannot cheat her father. Meanwhile, Raja Reddy's goons sees them together and misunderstands that she is eloping with him. Raja Reddy goon informed this news to Raja Reddy, He decides to get his daughter killed.


title: Paagal

text: Theera then meets a car accident which was planned by Raja Reddy and she seems to have died from the injuries.


title: Paagal

text: The movie then comes back to the present and Prem is shown to teach Raja Reddy a lesson, and Raja Reddy realises his mistakes and regrets for his daughter's death. But Prem tells him that Theera is still alive but that she doesn't know that her father had plotted to kill her.


title: Paagal

text: In the ending credits, it is shown that Prem brings Raja Reddy to where Theera is staying. Both daughter and father exchange their happiness. Prem and Theera get married with a happy ending.


title: Paagal

text: Producer Bekkem Venugopal on 19 March 2020 announced the launch of their project titled "Paagal" with Vishwak Sen in the lead role and directed by debutant Naresh Kuppili. The film's crew members also included music director Radhan, cinematographer Manikandan and editor Garry BH. A pooja ceremony coinciding with a formal launch event was held on the same day, however production was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India. On her scenes in the film, Nivetha Pethuraj told that "Firstly I was not asked for on screen kiss for the film by the director. The script is so beautiful just the way it is."


title: Paagal

text: Principal photography commenced on 21 September 2020, post government permitted to resume film shootings adhering to the COVID-19 protocol. Initially he did not want to resume shooting for the film along with the sequel for "", with limited crew members as the scripts of both films demand a larger team. However, with a change of mind, he decided to go on with the shooting procedure with all necessary safety precautions. Vishwak joined the film's shooting sets in November 2020. With major portions being filmed in Hyderabad, the team headed to Pondicherry for a special song shoot at the end of November. Shooting for the film was wrapped up in December 2020. Sen completed his portions of dubbing in May 2021.


title: Paagal

text: The film's soundtrack is composed by Radhan and released by Aditya Music label. The first single from the film – the titular track was released on 10 March 2021. The song had lyrics written by Chandrabose and sung by Ram Miriyala. The second single "Saradaga Kasepaina" sung by Karthik and Purnima, with lyrics written by Ananta Sriram was released on 31 March 2021. The third single "Ee Single Chinnode" sung by Benny Dayal , with lyrics written by Krishna Kanth, was released on 2 June 2021. Full video version of the first track "Paagal" was released on 8 August 2021. The fourth single "Aagave Nuvvagave" was sung by Sid Sriram with the lyrics written by Krishna Kanthh was released on 11 August 2021. Another track "Kanapadava" was composed by Leon James and was sung by Anand Aravindakshan with the lyrics written by Prasanna Kumar Bezawada was released on 13 August 2021. Soundtrack album was released on 14 August 2021.


title: Paagal

text: A critic of "Asianet News Telugu" felt that soundtrack and film score are the highlights of the film. Another critic too opined the same and felt that film score composed by James, elevates the scenes.


title: Paagal

text: Dil Raju announced co-producing and presenting the film under the banner Sri Venkateswara Creations in February 2021. At the film's first look poster which released on 2 February 2021, the team announced a release date of 30 April 2021. However, on 18 March 2021, a new release date of 1 May 2021 was announced. The film was again postponed due to the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Paagal

text: As a part of a promotional strategy, the filmmakers announced that the trailer of the film will be screened only in theatres and will not be released online, despite the film's teaser which released online on 18 February 2021. Furthermore, the team planned for a 15-day promotional tour across Andhra Pradesh and Telangana as a part of the marketing purposes.


title: Paagal

text: "Paagal" generally received negative reviews criticising film's storyline, screenplay and dragged narration, but praised Vishwak Sen's performance and soundtrack of the film. Neeshita Nyayapati of "The Times of India" gave a rating of 2.5 out of 5, and stated that ""Paagal" is an over-drawn yet quirky love story with a flimsy storyline guiding you through it. And does have its redeemable qualities though." Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of "The Hindu" called it "bizarre romcom drama" and felt that "The story idea of a man seeking mother’s love from his life partner is contrived; it’s time the on-screen lover boys get real and grow up."


title: Paagal

text: A reviewer from "The Hans India" rated the film 2.5 out of 5, and praised performances of the cast, Sen in particlular. They, however, criticized the slow-placed narration and screenplay, writing "Overall, 'Paagal' is an average film with the same old storyline blended with some decent comedy scenes. A critic of "Pinkvilla" praised acting performances of Vishwak Sen and Murali Sharma and added that "The biggest flaw in 'Paagal' is that it has a very unevolved idea of love at its core." "Sakshi"'s Anji Shetty opined that acting performances of lead actors, music and cinematography are its positives, while film's screenplay is its negative. "Eenadu" criticized the film's screenplay and praised Vishwak's performance, film score and cinematography.


title: Paagal

text: In its review, "NTV" stated – "‘Paagal’ has got a strong premise. But the narration is too misguided to save the story from seeming frivolous." "Deccan Chronicle" called it "a half-baked romcom", adding that the film is "cheesy, unnatural, half-baked bag of borrowings".


title: Cerium

text: Cerium is a chemical element with the symbol Ce and atomic number 58. Cerium is a soft, ductile, and silvery-white metal that tarnishes when exposed to air. Cerium is the second element in the lanthanide series, and while it often shows the +3 oxidation state characteristic of the series, it also has a stable +4 state that does not oxidize water. It is also considered one of the rare-earth elements. Cerium has no known biological role in humans but is not particularly toxic, except with intense or continued exposure.


title: Cerium

text: Despite always occurring in combination with the other rare-earth elements in minerals such as those of the monazite and bastnäsite groups, cerium is easy to extract from its ores, as it can be distinguished among the lanthanides by its unique ability to be oxidized to the +4 state in aqueous solution. It is the most common of the lanthanides, followed by neodymium, lanthanum, and praseodymium. It is the 25th-most abundant element, making up 66 ppm of the Earth's crust, half as much as chlorine and five times as much as lead.


title: Cerium

text: Cerium was the first of the lanthanides to be discovered, in Bastnäs, Sweden, by Jöns Jakob Berzelius and Wilhelm Hisinger in 1803, and independently by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in Germany in the same year. In 1839 Carl Gustaf Mosander became the first to isolate the metal. Today, cerium and its compounds have a variety of uses: for example, cerium(IV) oxide is used to polish glass and is an important part of catalytic converters. Cerium metal is used in ferrocerium lighters for its pyrophoric properties. Cerium-doped YAG phosphor is used in conjunction with blue light-emitting diodes to produce white light in most commercial white LED light sources.


title: Cerium

text: Cerium is the second element of the lanthanide series. In the periodic table, it appears between the lanthanides lanthanum to its left and praseodymium to its right, and above the actinide thorium. It is a ductile metal with a hardness similar to that of silver. Its 58 electrons are arranged in the configuration [Xe]4f5d6s, of which the four outer electrons are valence electrons. The 4f, 5d, and 6s energy levels are very close to each other, and the transfer of one electron to the 5d shell is due to strong interelectronic repulsion in the compact 4f shell. This effect is overwhelmed when the atom is positively ionised; thus Ce on its own has instead the regular configuration [Xe]4f, although in some solid solutions it may be [Xe]4f5d. Most lanthanides can use only three electrons as valence electrons, as afterwards the remaining 4f electrons are too strongly bound: cerium is an exception because of the stability of the empty f-shell in Ce and the fact that it comes very early in the lanthanide series, where the nuclear charge is still low enough until neodymium to allow the removal of the fourth valence electron by chemical means.


title: Cerium

text: Cerium has a variable electronic structure. The energy of the 4f electron is nearly the same as that of the outer 5d and 6s electrons that are delocalized in the metallic state, and only a small amount of energy is required to change the relative occupancy of these electronic levels. This gives rise to dual valence states. For example, a volume change of about 10% occurs when cerium is subjected to high pressures or low temperatures. It appears that the valence changes from about 3 to 4 when it is cooled or compressed.


title: Cerium

text: With "E" of −2.34 V for the Ce/Ce) couple, cerium metal is a good reductant. Logically, it tarnishes in air, forming a passivating oxide layer like iron rust. A centimeter-sized sample of cerium metal corrodes completely in about a year. More dramatically, metallic cerium can be highly pyrophoric


title: Cerium

text: Being highly electropositive, cerium reacts with water. The reaction is slow with cold water but speeds up with increasing temperature, producing cerium(III) hydroxide and hydrogen gas:


title: Cerium

text: Four allotropic forms of cerium are known to exist at standard pressure, and are given the common labels of α to δ:


title: Cerium

text: At lower temperatures the behavior of cerium is complicated by the slow rates of transformation. Transformation temperatures are subject to substantial hysteresis and values quoted here are approximate. Upon cooling below −15 °C, γ-cerium starts to change to β-cerium, but the transformation involves a volume increase and, as more β forms, the internal stresses build up and suppress further transformation. Cooling below approximately −160 °C will start formation of α-cerium but this is only from remaining γ-cerium. β-cerium does not significantly transform to α-cerium except in the presence of stress or deformation. At atmospheric pressure, liquid cerium is more dense than its solid form at the melting


title: Cerium

text: Naturally occurring cerium is made up of four isotopes: Ce (0.19%), Ce (0.25%), Ce (88.4%), and Ce (11.1%). All four are observationally stable, though the light isotopes Ce and Ce are theoretically expected to undergo inverse double beta decay to isotopes of barium, and the heaviest isotope Ce is expected to undergo double beta decay to Nd or alpha decay to Ba. Additionally, Ce would release energy upon spontaneous fission. None of these decay modes have yet been observed, though the double beta decay of Ce, Ce, and Ce have been experimentally searched for. The current experimental limits for their half-lives are:


title: Cerium

text: All other cerium isotopes are synthetic and radioactive. The most stable of them are Ce with a half-life of 284.9 days, Ce with a half-life of 137.6 days, and Ce with a half-life of 32.5 days. All other radioactive cerium isotopes have half-lives under four days, and most of them have half-lives under ten minutes. The isotopes between Ce and Ce inclusive occur as fission products of uranium. The primary decay mode of the isotopes lighter than Ce is inverse beta decay or electron capture to isotopes of lanthanum, while that of the heavier isotopes is beta decay to isotopes of praseodymium. Some isotopes of neodymium can alpha decay or are predicted to decay to isotopes of cerium.


title: Cerium

text: The rarity of the proton-rich Ce and Ce is explained by the fact that they cannot be made in the most common processes of stellar nucleosynthesis for elements beyond iron, the s-process (slow neutron capture) and the r-process (rapid neutron capture). This is so because they are bypassed by the reaction flow of the s-process, and the r-process nuclides are blocked from decaying to them by more neutron-rich stable nuclides. Such nuclei are called p-nuclei, and their origin is not yet well understood: some speculated mechanisms for their formation include proton capture as well as photodisintegration. Ce is the most common isotope of cerium, as it can be produced in both the s- and r-processes, while Ce can only be produced in the r-process. Another reason for the abundance of Ce is that it is a magic nucleus, having a closed neutron shell (it has 82 neutrons), and hence it has a very low cross section towards further neutron capture. Although its proton number of 58 is not magic, it is granted additional stability, as its eight additional protons past the magic number 50 enter and complete the 1g proton orbital. The abundances of the cerium isotopes may differ very slightly in natural sources, because Ce and Ce are the daughters of the long-lived primordial radionuclides La and Nd, respectively.


title: Cerium

text: Cerium exists in two main oxidation states, Ce(III) and Ce(IV). This pair of adjacent oxidation states dominates several aspects of the chemistry of this element. Cerium(IV) aqueous solutions may be prepared by reacting cerium(III) solutions with the strong oxidizing agents peroxodisulfate or bismuthate. The value of "E"(Ce/Ce) varies widely depending on conditions due to the relative ease of complexation and hydrolysis with various anions, although +1.72 V is representative. Cerium is the only lanthanide which has important aqueous and coordination chemistry in the +4 oxidation state.


title: Cerium

text: Cerium forms all four trihaldies CeX (X = F, Cl, Br, I) usually by reaction of the oxides with the hydrogen halides. The anhydrous halides are pale-colored, paramagnetic, hygroscopic solids. Upon hydration, the trihalides convert to complexes containing aquo complexes [Ce(HO)]. Unlike most lanthanides, Ce forms a tetrafluoride, a white solid. It also forms a bronze-colored diiodide, which has metallic properties.


title: Cerium

text: Aside from the binary halide phases, a number of anionic halide complexes are known. Fluoride gives the Ce(IV) derivatives and . Chloride gives the orange .


title: Cerium

text: Cerium(IV) oxide ("ceria") has the fluorite structure, similarly to the dioxides of praseodymium and terbium. Ceria is a nonstoichiometric compound, meaning that the real formula is CeO, where x is about 0.2. Thus, the material is not perfectly described as Ce(IV). Ceria reduces to cerium(III) oxide with hydrogen gas.


title: Cerium

text: Many nonstoichiometric chalcogenides are also known, along with the trivalent CeZ (Z = S, Se, Te). The monochalcogenides CeZ conduct electricity and would better be formulated as CeZe. While CeZ are known, they are polychalcogenides with cerium(III): cerium(IV) derivatives of S, Se, and Te are unknown.


title: Cerium

text: The compound ceric ammonium nitrate ("CAN") is the most common cerium compound encountered in the laboratory. The six nitrate ligands bind as bidentate ligands. The complex is 12-coordinate, a high coordination number which emphasizes the large size of the Ce ion. CAN is popular oxidant in organic synthesis, both as a stoichiometric reagent and as a catalyst. It is inexpensive, easily handled. It operates by one-electron redox. Cerium nitrates also form 4:3 and 1:1 complexes with 18-crown-6 (the ratio referring to that between cerium and the crown ether).


title: Cerium

text: Classically CAN] is a primary standard for quantitative analysis. Cerium(IV) salts, especially cerium(IV) sulfate, are often used as standard reagents for volumetric analysis in cerimetric titrations.


title: Cerium

text: Due to ligand-to-metal charge transfer, aqueous cerium(IV) ions are orange-yellow. Aqueous cerium(IV) is metastable in water and is a strong oxidizing agent that oxidizes hydrochloric acid to give chlorine gas.


title: Cerium

text: In the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, cerium oscillates between the +4 and +3 oxidation states to catalyze the reaction.


title: Cerium

text: Organocerium chemistry is similar to that of the other lanthanides, often involving complexes of cyclopentadienyl and cyclooctatetraenyl ligands. Cerocene (Ce(CH)) adopts the uranocene molecular structure. The 4f electron in cerocene, , is poised ambiguously between being localized and delocalized and this compound is considered intermediate-valent.


title: Cerium

text: Alkyl, alkynyl, and alkenyl organocerium derivatives are prepared from the transmetallation of the respective organolithium or Grignard reagents, and are more nucleophilic but less basic than their precursors.


title: Cerium

text: Cerium was discovered in Bastnäs in Sweden by Jöns Jakob Berzelius and Wilhelm Hisinger, and independently in Germany by Martin Heinrich Klaproth, both in 1803. Cerium was named by Berzelius after the asteroid Ceres, discovered two years earlier. The asteroid is itself named after the Roman goddess Ceres, goddess of agriculture, grain crops, fertility and motherly relationships.


title: Cerium

text: Cerium was originally isolated in the form of its oxide, which was named "ceria", a term that is still used. The metal itself was too electropositive to be isolated by then-current smelting technology, a characteristic of rare-earth metals in general. After the development of electrochemistry by Humphry Davy five years later, the earths soon yielded the metals they contained. Ceria, as isolated in 1803, contained all of the lanthanides present in the cerite ore from Bastnäs, Sweden, and thus only contained about 45% of what is now known to be pure ceria. It was not until Carl Gustaf Mosander succeeded in removing lanthana and "didymia" in the late 1830s that ceria was obtained pure. Wilhelm Hisinger was a wealthy mine-owner and amateur scientist, and sponsor of Berzelius. He owned and controlled the mine at Bastnäs, and had been trying for years to find out the composition of the abundant heavy gangue rock (the "Tungsten of Bastnäs", which despite its name contained no tungsten), now known as cerite, that he had in his mine. Mosander and his family lived for many years in the same house as Berzelius, and Mosander was undoubtedly persuaded by Berzelius to investigate ceria further.


title: Cerium

text: The element played a role in the Manhattan Project, where cerium compounds were investigated in the Berkeley site as materials for crucibles for uranium and plutonium casting. For this reason, new methods for the preparation and casting of cerium were developed within the scope of the Ames daughter project (now the Ames Laboratory). Production of extremely pure cerium in Ames commenced in mid-1944 and continued until August 1945.


title: Cerium

text: Cerium is the most abundant of all the lanthanides, making up 66 ppm of the Earth's crust; this value is just behind that of copper (68 ppm), and cerium is even more abundant than common metals such as lead (13 ppm) and tin (2.1 ppm). Thus, despite its position as one of the so-called rare-earth metals, cerium is actually not rare at all. Cerium content in the soil varies between 2 and 150 ppm, with an average of 50 ppm; seawater contains 1.5 parts per trillion of cerium. Cerium occurs in various minerals, but the most important commercial sources are the minerals of the monazite and bastnäsite groups, where it makes up about half of the lanthanide content. Monazite-(Ce) is the most common representative of the monazites, with "-Ce" being the Levinson suffix informing on the dominance of the particular REE element representative. Also the cerium-dominant bastnäsite-(Ce) is the most important of the bastnäsites. Cerium is the easiest lanthanide to extract from its minerals because it is the only one that can reach a stable +4 oxidation state in aqueous solution. Because of the decreased solubility of cerium in the +4 oxidation state, cerium is sometimes depleted from rocks relative to the other rare-earth elements and is incorporated into zircon, since Ce and Zr have the same charge and similar ionic radii. In extreme cases, cerium(IV) can form its own minerals separated from the other rare-earth elements, such as cerianite (correctly named cerianite-(Ce)).


title: Cerium

text: Bastnäsite, LnCOF, is usually lacking in thorium and the heavy lanthanides beyond samarium and europium, and hence the extraction of cerium from it is quite direct. First, the bastnäsite is purified, using dilute hydrochloric acid to remove calcium carbonate impurities. The ore is then roasted in the air to oxidize it to the lanthanide oxides: while most of the lanthanides will be oxidized to the sesquioxides LnO, cerium will be oxidized to the dioxide CeO. This is insoluble in water and can be leached out with 0.5 M hydrochloric acid, leaving the other lanthanides behind.


title: Cerium

text: The procedure for monazite, , which usually contains all the rare earths, as well as thorium, is more involved. Monazite, because of its magnetic properties, can be separated by repeated electromagnetic separation. After separation, it is treated with hot concentrated sulfuric acid to produce water-soluble sulfates of rare earths. The acidic filtrates are partially neutralized with sodium hydroxide to pH 3–4. Thorium precipitates out of solution as hydroxide and is removed. After that, the solution is treated with ammonium oxalate to convert rare earths to their insoluble oxalates. The oxalates are converted to oxides by annealing. The oxides are dissolved in nitric acid, but cerium oxide is insoluble in HNO and hence precipitates out. Care must be taken when handling some of the residues as they contain Ra, the daughter of Th, which is a strong gamma emitter.


title: Cerium

text: Cerium has two main applications, both of which use CeO. The industrial application of ceria is for polishing, especially chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP). In its other main application, CeO is used to decolorize glass. It functions by converting green-tinted ferrous impurities to nearly colorless ferric oxides.


title: Cerium

text: Other automotive applications for the lower sesquioxide are as a catalytic converter for the oxidation of CO and NO emissions in the exhaust gases from motor vehicles, Ceria has also been used as a substitute for its radioactive congener thoria, for example in the manufacture of electrodes used in gas tungsten arc welding, where ceria as an alloying element improves arc stability and ease of starting while decreasing burn-off.


title: Cerium

text: The first use of cerium was in gas mantles, invented by Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach. In 1885, he had previously experimented with mixtures of magnesium, lanthanum, and yttrium oxides, but these gave green-tinted light and were unsuccessful. Six years later, he discovered that pure thorium oxide produced a much better, though blue, light, and that mixing it with cerium dioxide resulted in a bright white light. Cerium dioxide also acts as a catalyst for the combustion of thorium oxide.


title: Cerium

text: This resulted in commercial success for von Welsbach and his invention, and created great demand for thorium. Its production resulted in a large amount of lanthanides being simultaneously extracted as by-products. Applications were soon found for them, especially in the pyrophoric alloy known as "mischmetal" composed of 50% cerium, 25% lanthanum, and the remainder being the other lanthanides, that is used widely for lighter flints. Usually iron is added to form the alloy ferrocerium, also invented by von Welsbach. Due to the chemical similarities of the lanthanides, chemical separation is not usually required for their applications, such as the addition of mischmetal to steel as an inclusion modifier to improve mechanical properties, or as catalysts for the cracking of petroleum. This property of cerium saved the life of writer Primo Levi at the Auschwitz concentration camp, when he found a supply of ferrocerium alloy and bartered it for food.


title: Cerium

text: The photostability of pigments can be enhanced by the addition of cerium, as it provides pigments with lightfastness and prevents clear polymers from darkening in sunlight.


title: Cerium

text: An example of a cerium compound used on its own as an inorganic pigment is the vivid red cerium(III) sulfide (cerium sulfide red), which stays chemically inert up to very high temperatures. The pigment is a safer alternative to lightfast but toxic cadmium selenide-based pigments.


title: Cerium

text: The addition of cerium oxide to older cathode-ray tube television glass plates was beneficial, as it suppresses the darkening effect from the creation of F-center defects due to the continuous electron bombardment during operation.


title: Cerium

text: Cerium is also an essential component as a dopant for phosphors used in CRT TV screens, fluorescent lamps, and later white light-emitting diodes. The most commonly used example is (Ce:YAG) which emits green to yellow-green light (550–530 nm) and also behaves as a scintillator.


title: Cerium

text: Cerium salts, such as the sulfides CeS and CeS, were considered during the Manhattan Project as advanced refractory materials for the construction of crucibles which could withstand the high temperatures and strongly reducing conditions when casting plutonium metal. Despite desirable properties, these sulfides were never widely adopted due to practical issues with their synthesis.


title: Cerium

text: Cerium is used as alloying element in aluminum to create castable eutectic aluminum alloys with 6–16 wt.% Ce, to which Mg and/or Si can be further added. These Al-Ce alloys have excellent high temperature strength and are suitable for automotive applications "e.g." in cylinder heads. Other alloys of cerium include Pu-Ce and Pu-Ce-Co plutonium alloys, which have been used as nuclear fuel.


title: Cerium

text: The early lanthanides have been found to be essential to some methanotrophic bacteria living in volcanic mudpots, such as "Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum": lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium are about equally effective. Cerium is otherwise not known to have biological role in any other organisms, but is not very toxic either; it does not accumulate in the food chain to any appreciable extent. Because it often occurs together with calcium in phosphate minerals, and bones are primarily calcium phosphate, cerium can accumulate in bones in small amounts that are not considered dangerous. Cerium, like the other lanthanides, is known to affect human metabolism, lowering cholesterol levels, blood pressure, appetite, and risk of blood coagulation.


title: Cerium

text: Cerium nitrate is an effective topical antimicrobial treatment for third-degree burns, although large doses can lead to cerium poisoning and methemoglobinemia. The early lanthanides act as essential cofactors for the methanol dehydrogenase of the methanotrophic bacterium "Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum" SolV, for which lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium alone are about equally effective.


title: Cerium

text: Like all rare-earth metals, cerium is of low to moderate toxicity. A strong reducing agent, it ignites spontaneously in air at 65 to 80 °C. Fumes from cerium fires are toxic. Water should not be used to stop cerium fires, as cerium reacts with water to produce hydrogen gas. Workers exposed to cerium have experienced itching, sensitivity to heat, and skin lesions. Cerium is not toxic when eaten, but animals injected with large doses of cerium have died due to cardiovascular collapse. Cerium is more dangerous to aquatic organisms, on account of being damaging to cell membranes; this is an important risk because it is not very soluble in water, thus causing contamination of the environment .


title: Escape to Witch Mountain (1975 film)

text: Escape to Witch Mountain is a 1975 American fantasy science-fiction film, based on Alexander H. Key's 1968 novel of the same name and directed by John Hough. It was released on March 21, 1975 by Walt Disney Productions and Buena Vista Distribution Company. It is the first film of the "Witch Mountain" series.


title: Escape to Witch Mountain (1975 film)

text: The film centers upon the siblings Tony and Tia, whose surname they initially know only as that of their deceased adoptive parents, Malone. The children are placed in an orphanage, where they face difficulties stemming from their strange psychic/psionic abilities: Tony can psychokinetically move and control inanimate objects with the aid of his harmonica, while Tia can communicate telepathically to Tony, commune empathically with animals, and experience premonitions. Tia also possesses minor telekinetic abilities. She carries a "star case" with her at all times, which eventually reveals a strange map. Tia has fragmented memories of her early childhood, including an accident at sea and a man she later remembers as the children's Uncle Bené (), who they believe drowned during their rescue.


title: Escape to Witch Mountain (1975 film)

text: During a field trip, Tia experiences a premonition and warns wealthy attorney Lucas Deranian against a potentially dangerous accident. Deranian informs his employer, millionaire Aristotle Bolt, of the children's unique abilities. Bolt, obsessed with the paranormal, demands that Deranian retrieve the children at all costs. Deranian's detective work leads him to the orphanage, where he poses as Tia and Tony's uncle, though not under the name Bené, and takes them to Bolt's mansion. Though initially suspicious of Bolt's motives, Tia and Tony are lured in by the wealthy trappings of Bolt's home. Bolt eventually reveals that he has been monitoring the children via a closed-circuit television system and that he and Deranian are fully aware of their unusual powers. The night of this revelation, Tia and Tony make an escape, using their abilities to psionically control a wild mustang, guard dogs, and the security fence, as well as using Winkie, Tia's cat, to make the allergic security guard let them pass.


title: Escape to Witch Mountain (1975 film)

text: Bolt sends Deranian and a thug, Ubermann, after the children. Tia and Tony hide out in a green-and-white Winnebago motor home owned by a crotchety widower named Jason O'Day. Initially negative toward the children, Jason gradually begins to recognize their powers and the truth of their story; Tia's vague memories of a disaster at sea intrigue him. He agrees to take the children on the route indicated by Tia's star case, which leads them to a mountain known as Witch Mountain, home to unexplainable phenomena. Avoiding Bolt, the law, and an incited mob convinced the children are witches, they eventually make their way up Witch Mountain, pursued by Deranian and Ubermann, as well as by Bolt in a helicopter. As their memories begin to fully return, the children realize their accident at sea did not involve a boat but a spacecraft. Tony and Tia are actually of extraterrestrial origin; the double star emblem on the star case stands for a binary star system where their home planet was located.


title: Escape to Witch Mountain (1975 film)

text: Having come to Earth because their own planet was dying, survivors of the journey made their way to Witch Mountain and formed a community to await the surviving children, each pair in possession of a star case to help them find their way to their new home. Tony and Tia are the first to reach their destination. The children are reunited with their Uncle Bené (who survived after all, thanks to an "accommodating" shark whom he'd telepathically asked for help) and board another spacecraft. When Bolt and the others leave in defeat, Jason witnesses the spaceship's return as it flies over him to say a final goodbye then landing nearby where the inhabitants now live.


title: Escape to Witch Mountain (1975 film)

text: "Escape to Witch Mountain" is based on the novel by Alexander Key. Significant differences from the book include its tone and plot elements. For example, in the book, the children are befriended by Father O'Day, an athletic, young Catholic priest, rather than crusty widower Jason O'Day. The children's ship is shot down, rather than crashed, and the children are olive-skinned, though with light-colored hair, rather than fair-skinned and blonde-haired. In the book, Deranian is the main antagonist, and he is working for a shadowy European cabal who are trying to capture the children for their special powers, instead of for Aristotle Bolt. The novel is set along or near the Atlantic Coast of the United States, whereas the film was shot along the Pacific Coast in California.


title: Escape to Witch Mountain (1975 film)

text: The film earned a Total Lifetime Gross at the Domestic North American Box Office of $20,000,000. The film charted on the All time Domestic North American Box Office at Rank No. 145 for 'Rated G' films under the MPAA.


title: Escape to Witch Mountain (1975 film)

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" was positive, calling it "a scifi thriller that's fun, that's cheerfully implausible, that's scary but not too scary, and it works." Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" gave the film three stars out of four, calling it "a solid adventure for the under-12 set. That might sound like a back-handed compliment, but compared to other recent Disney live-action features, 'Witch Mountain' is something special. Only rarely is it juvenile." Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" wrote, "It's not very scary, but neither is it very exciting." Tom Shales of "The Washington Post" noted that the film "gives children plenty of what they want from a movie—and that includes, conspicuously, repeated instances of kids making adults look like monkeys." Geoff Brown was negative, writing that despite "a strong story line ... the Disney team seem content to fritter it away with silly comedy and footling displays of magic."


title: Escape to Witch Mountain (1975 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 77% based on 22 reviews, with an average grade of 6.1 out of 10.


title: Escape to Witch Mountain (1975 film)

text: "Escape to Witch Mountain" (1975), is the first film in the franchise of the "Witch Mountain" films. The second and sequel film, "Return from Witch Mountain", saw the return of Ike Eisenmann as Tony and Kim Richards as Tia. In September 1978, "Return from Witch Mountain" was released to theaters on a double feature with "Escape to Witch Mountain" (1975). In 1982, "Beyond Witch Mountain" was produced as a television movie and broadcast on CBS through "Walt Disney" and serves as the third and final film in the series. In 1995, "Escape to Witch Mountain" was produced as a television movie remake, with a different cast and several details changed or omitted, and released as part of "The Wonderful World of Disney". A reworked Disney live-action feature film "Race to Witch Mountain", with a new telling and directed by Andy Fickman, was theatrically released in March 2009.


title: Bravo (American TV network)

text: Bravo is an American basic cable television network, launched on December 8, 1980. It is owned by the NBCUniversal Television and Streaming division of Comcast's NBCUniversal through NBCUniversal Cable Entertainment. The channel originally focused on programming related to fine arts and film. It currently mainly focuses on lifestyle reality television series targeted at 25-to-54-year-old women as well as the LGBTQIA+ community.


title: Bravo (American TV network)

text: As of January 2016, approximately 89,824,000 American households (77% of households with TV) receive Bravo.


title: Bravo (American TV network)

text: Bravo originally launched as a commercial-free premium channel on December 8, 1980. It was originally co-owned by Cablevision's Rainbow Media division and Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment; the channel claimed to be "the first television service dedicated to film and the performing arts". The channel originally broadcast its programming two days a week and—like Bravo's former sister network Nickelodeon, which shared its channel space with Alpha Repertory Television Service—shared its channel space with the adult-oriented pay channel Escapade, which featured softcore pornographic films. In 1981, Bravo was available to 48,000 subscribers throughout the United States; this total increased four years later to around 350,000 subscribers. A 1985 profile of Bravo in "The New York Times" observed that most of its programming consisted of international, classic, and independent film. Celebrities such as E. G. Marshall and Roberta Peters provided opening and closing commentary to the films broadcast on the channel.


title: Bravo (American TV network)

text: Performing arts programs seen on Bravo included the show "Jazz Counterpoint". During the mid-1980s, Bravo converted from a premium service into a basic cable channel, although it remained a commercial-free service. Bravo signed an underwriting deal with Texaco in 1992 and within a month broadcast the first Texaco Showcase production, a stage adaptation of "Romeo and Juliet". By the mid-1990s, Bravo began to incorporate more PBS-style underwriting sponsorships, and then began accepting traditional commercial advertising by 1998.


title: Bravo (American TV network)

text: In the "Encyclopedia of Television", Megan Mullen perceived certain Bravo programs as "considered too risky or eclectic for mainstream channels". Those programs were "Karaoke" and "Cold Lazarus", the final serials by British playwright Dennis Potter shown by Bravo in June 1997, and Michael Moore's documentary series "The Awful Truth" from 1999.


title: Bravo (American TV network)

text: In 1999, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer acquired a 20% stake in the channel, which it subsequently sold back to Rainbow Media in 2001. NBC bought the network in 2002 for $1.25 billion; it had owned a stake in the channel and its sister networks for several years up to that point. NBC's then-parent company, General Electric, merged the network and its other broadcast and cable properties with Vivendi Universal Entertainment in May 2004 to form NBC Universal.


title: Bravo (American TV network)

text: Bravo saw a massive success in 2003 with the reality series "Queer Eye for the Straight Guy", which garnered 3.5 million viewers. The network began to add more reality shows to its lineup, some of them also very successful, including "Project Runway" in 2004, and "Million Dollar Listing", "The Real Housewives of Orange County" and "Top Chef", all in 2006. All spawned numerous spin-off shows, and some even turned into international franchises. The success of all these shows led Bravo to change its format from focusing on performing arts, drama, and independent film to being focused on reality series, pop culture, fashion and celebrities. In 2009, "Entertainment Weekly" put "Bravo reality shows" on its end-of-the-decade "best-of" list, saying, "From Queer Eye for the Straight Guy's Fab Five to Project Runway's fierce fashionistas to the kvetching, perma-tanned Real Housewives franchise, Bravo's quirky reality programming mixes high culture and low scruples to create deliciously addictive television."


title: Bravo (American TV network)

text: A study released in May 2008 ranked Bravo as the brand most identified as gay-friendly among gay consumers. Bravo's age demographic is people 18–54, according to the Cable Television Advertising Bureau's cable television profiles.


title: Bravo (American TV network)

text: Other successful reality series followed, including "Shahs of Sunset" (2012), "Vanderpump Rules" (2013), "Married to Medicine" (2013), "Below Deck" (2013), "Southern Charm" (2014), and "Summer House" (2017). Bravo's first ever scripted series, "Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce", premiered in 2014 and ran until 2018.


title: Bravo (American TV network)

text: On February 7, 2017, coinciding with the premiere of another scripted series, "Imposters", Bravo updated its imaging with a refresh to its speech bubble-inspired logo, with the letters now all rendered in lowercase (replacing the wordmark text based on the logos used by the channel between 1994 and 2005), and a neutralized imaging to attract more male viewers. The "...by Bravo" marketing tag was also phased out from general use.


title: Bravo (American TV network)

text: Bravo's programming schedule primarily includes originally produced programming, particularly reality content. Most popularly, the channel is known for its TV franchises "The Real Housewives" and "Inside the Actors Studio", as well as "Top Chef", "Project Runway", "Flipping Out", "Below Deck", and "Married to Medicine". The channel also airs reruns of series from parent network NBC and occasionally other NBCUniversal-owned networks, off-network series, including those from NBCUniversal Television Distribution, and feature films, primarily from the Universal Pictures catalog. Bravo utilizes block programming for both new shows and existing ones such as its "Fashion By Bravo" block.


title: Bravo (American TV network)

text: Following its acquisition by NBC, Bravo began to supplement NBC Sports coverage of the Olympic Games, airing live events during the overnight and morning hours during the 2004 Summer Olympics; this coverage continued with the 2006 Winter Olympics. The channel carried no coverage during the 2008 games, as NBCUniversal had acquired Oxygen, allowing Bravo to continue to carry its regular programming schedule during NBC coverage of the Games. In 2012, the network served as the near-exclusive home for the Games's tennis tournament at Wimbledon, with up to 56 hours of coverage except for the men's and women's singles finals, which aired on NBC. During the 2016 Rio Olympics, Bravo served as the exclusive home of the entire tennis tournament.


title: Bravo (American TV network)

text: Bravo is associated with the Peacock streaming service where much of its original content can be found.


title: Bravo (American TV network)

text: An Australian channel called Arena rebranded its on-air presentation in 2008 to align with Bravo as a result of an agreement with Bravo Media. Arena uses the now-former Bravo slogan "Watch What Happens" and has access to Bravo-produced programming. As of July 2020, the channel has rebranded with a new logo as Fox Arena and has added content from other providers such as WarnerMedia. In October 2022, it was announced that Australia's Seven Network will launch a local version of the network 7bravo in 2023, as part of a joint venture with NBCU.


title: Bravo (American TV network)

text: A Canadian version of Bravo was launched in 1995 by CHUM Limited. The channel originally aired much of the same genres of programming aired by its American counterpart, though it has diverged to carry more dramatic programming rather than the American network's reality focus due to its compliance with its original remit from the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to air programming related to arts. Current owners Bell Media relaunched the channel in 2012, complete with the adoption of a new logo; there is now essentially no connection between the two channels other than a shared name. The channel carried the few arts-related series aired by the American version (such as "Inside the Actors Studio" and ""), while Bravo's reality programs have been picked up by Corus Entertainment's Slice, Food Network Canada, HGTV Canada.


title: Bravo (American TV network)

text: MediaWorks New Zealand announced that it would close the youth-oriented free to air channel Four in July 2016 and replace it with Bravo as part of a deal with NBC Universal. As of December 2020, the New Zealand channel is co-owned by Discovery, Inc.


title: Bravo (American TV network)

text: A Brazilian version of Bravo was launched in 1996 by a partnership between TVA - then Grupo Abril's television arm -, TV Cultura and the original American network. The channel produced original programming like the Brazilian version of Inside Actors Studio called Studio Brasil. In August 1999, Bravo was rebranded as Film&Arts after Bravo Networks took the fully control of channel's administration. In 2000, Bravo Networks sold Film&Arts to Chellomedia's Pramer. AMC Networks acquired Chellomedia in 2014 putting Film&Arts in AMC International Networks' portfolio. As of 2016 the channel was no longer available in Brazil after being dropped out by several cable and satellite providers.


title: Mo Collins

text: Maureen Ann Collins (born July 7, 1965) is an American actress and comedian who was a member of the ensemble on FOX's sketch comedy series "Mad TV". Collins became well known for several characters during her tenure on the show.


title: Mo Collins

text: She was a cast member from the 4th season (1998) through the 9th season (2004); she only appeared in fourteen episodes during season nine due to contractual reasons. She returned to "Mad TV" in the 10th season for one episode, and again when she made an appearance on the 300th episode doing her popular character Lorraine Swanson. Her best known role following her departure from "Mad TV" was as morning talk show host Joan Callamezzo on the sitcom "Parks and Recreation".


title: Mo Collins

text: The nickname Mo was first given to Collins by the football/drama coach of her junior high school whom she credits with introducing her to improv comedy.


title: Mo Collins

text: Collins joined the cast of "Mad TV" at the beginning of season four and stayed until the end of season nine, though only appeared in 14 episodes during the ninth season. Her popular stint on the show led her to come back to guest star in 2005 during Season 10, in 2007 during the 300th episode on season 13, the final episode of season 14 in 2009 and the 20th anniversary reunion special in 2016.


title: Mo Collins

text: Her most featured and arguably most popular characters were Doreen, the screechy-voiced mother of overgrown toddler Stuart (when Mo Collins left the show, Doreen was written off as being asleep after her latest alcoholic bender or never mentioned); the odd, annoying, confused middle-aged woman Lorraine, and the perpetually unlucky Trina.


title: Mo Collins

text: Collins also did a multitude of celebrity impressions, including Pamela Anderson, Sandra Bullock, Barbara Bush, Bobbie Battista, Cher, Hillary Clinton, Courteney Cox, Celine Dion, Melissa Etheridge, Judy Garland (as Dorothy Gale from "The Wizard of Oz"), Jennifer Garner, Mary Hart, Teri Hatcher, Goldie Hawn,


title: Mo Collins

text: Jennifer Love Hewitt, Anne Heche, Catherine Hicks, Paris Hilton, Kate Hudson, Allison Janney, Jennifer Lopez, Angelina Jolie, Jenny Jones, Jane Kaczmarek (as Lois on a "Malcolm in the Middle" parody called "Malcolm X in the Middle"), Jewel, Dina Lohan,


title: Mo Collins

text: Andie MacDowell, Madonna, Penny Marshall (as herself and as Laverne DeFazio from "Laverne & Shirley"), Audrey Meadows, Mary Tyler Moore (in several "modern-day spin" parodies of "The Mary Tyler Moore Show"), Alanis Morissette, Cynthia Nixon, Sharon Osbourne, Pink, Meg Ryan, Diane Sawyer, Maria Shriver, Shakira, Martha Stewart, Sally Struthers, Marisa Tomei, Shania Twain, and Catherine Zeta-Jones.


title: Mo Collins

text: While attending St. Catherine University for visual arts, Collins was asked to leave in response to an act of graffiti she and her fellow art program friends had committed.


title: Mo Collins

text: Collins is in remission from a rare form of cancer known as gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). She was diagnosed in spring 2011 when she noticed an odd lump in her abdomen. Collins said, "I would have done nothing about it. I was 44, feeling healthy, everything was going great for me, but my fiancé, Alex said, ‘You need to get it checked out’". Collins learned she had a primary tumor in her duodenum and was able to find a doctor who knew enough about GIST to know that she needed to see a specialist.


title: Baekje

text: Baekje or Paekche (, ) was a Korean kingdom located in southwestern Korea from 18 BC to 660 AD. It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, together with Goguryeo and Silla.


title: Baekje

text: Baekje was founded by Onjo, the third son of Goguryeo's founder Jumong and So Seo-no, at Wiryeseong (present-day southern Seoul). Baekje, like Goguryeo, claimed to succeed Buyeo, a state established in present-day Manchuria around the time of Gojoseon's fall.


title: Baekje

text: Baekje alternately battled and allied with Goguryeo and Silla as the three kingdoms expanded control over the peninsula. At its peak in the 4th century, Baekje controlled most of the western Korean peninsula, as far north as Pyongyang, and may have even held territories in China, such as in Liaoxi, though this view is controversial. It became a significant regional sea power, with political and trade relations with China and Japan.


title: Baekje

text: Baekje was a great maritime power; its nautical skill, which made it the Phoenicia of East Asia, was instrumental in the dissemination of Buddhism throughout East Asia and continental culture to Japan.


title: Baekje

text: In 660, it was defeated by the Tang dynasty and Silla, and was ultimately submitted to Unified Silla.


title: Baekje

text: Baekje is mainly composed of the native Han (Hanja: 韓人) and the Koreanic Yemaek (Hanja: 濊貊族) from Goguryeo and Buyeo. Those from the Lelang Commandery (Korean: Nakrang, Hanja: 樂浪) came in through trade and conquest, and a small number of Jin (Hanja: 辰人) were also admitted into the polities of Baekje.


title: Baekje

text: Baekje was founded in 18 BC by King Onjo, who led a group of people from Goguryeo south to the Han River basin. According to the Chinese "Records of the Three Kingdoms", during the Samhan period, one of the chiefdoms of the Mahan confederacy was called already Baekje.


title: Baekje

text: The "Samguk Sagi" provides a detailed account of Baekje's founding. Jumong had left his son Yuri in Buyeo when he left that kingdom to establish the new kingdom of Goguryeo. Jumong became Divine King Dongmyeong, and had two more sons with So Seo-no, Onjo and Biryu. When Yuri later arrived in Goguryeo, Jumong promptly made him the crown prince. Realizing Yuri would become the next king, So Seo-no left Goguryeo, taking her two sons Biryu and Onjo south to found their own kingdoms with their people, along with ten vassals. She is remembered as a key figure in the founding of both Goguryeo and Baekje.


title: Baekje

text: Onjo settled in Wiryeseong (present-day Hanam), and called his country "Sipje" (십제, 十濟, meaning "Ten Vassals"), while Biryu settled in Michuhol (present-day Incheon), against the vassals' advice. The salty water and marshes in Michuhol made settlement difficult, while the people of Wiryeseong lived prosperously.


title: Baekje

text: Biryu then went to his brother Onjo, asking for the throne of Sipje. When Onjo refused, Biryu declared war, but lost. In shame, Biryu committed suicide, and his people moved to Wiryeseong, where King Onjo welcomed them and renamed his country "Baekje" ("Hundred Vassals").


title: Baekje

text: King Onjo moved the capital from the south to the north of the Han river, and then south again, probably all within present Seoul, under pressure from other Mahan states. King Gaeru is believed to have moved the capital north of the river to Bukhansanseong in 132, probably in present-day Goyang to the northwest of Seoul.


title: Baekje

text: Through the early centuries of the Common Era, sometimes called the Proto–Three Kingdoms Period, early Baekje gradually gained control over the other Mahan tribes.


title: Baekje

text: The Baekje Kingdom, which belongs to the Mahan confederacy, first integrates the Han River (Korea) basin area, then overthrows Mokji state (목지국, 目支國), the dominant country, and then integrates Mahan as a territorial state.


title: Baekje

text: During the reign of King Goi (234–286), Baekje became a full-fledged kingdom, as it continued consolidating the Mahan confederacy. In 249, according to the ancient Japanese text "Nihonshoki", Baekje's expansion reached the Gaya confederacy to its east, around the Nakdong River valley. Baekje is first described in Chinese records as a kingdom in 345. The first diplomatic missions from Baekje reached Japan around 367 (According to the "Nihon Shoki": 247).


title: Baekje

text: King Geunchogo (346–375) expanded Baekje's territory to the north through war against Goguryeo, while annexing the remaining Mahan societies in the south. During Geunchogo's reign, the territories of Baekje included most of the western Korean Peninsula (except the two Pyeongan provinces), and in 371, Baekje defeated Goguryeo at Pyongyang. Baekje continued substantial trade with Goguryeo, and actively adopted Chinese culture and technology. Buddhism became the official state religion in 384.


title: Baekje

text: Baekje also became a sea power and continued mutual goodwill relationships with the Japanese rulers of the Kofun period, transmitting continental cultural influences to Japan. The Chinese writing system, Buddhism, advanced pottery, ceremonial burial, and other aspects of culture were introduced by aristocrats, artisans, scholars, and monks throughout their relationship.


title: Baekje

text: In the 5th century, Baekje retreated under the southward military threat of Goguryeo, and in 475, the Seoul region fell to Goguryeo. Baekje's capital was located at Ungjin (present-day Gongju) from 475 to 538.


title: Baekje

text: Isolated in mountainous terrain, the new capital was secure against the north but also disconnected from the outside world. It was closer to Silla than Wiryeseong had been, however, and a military alliance was forged between Silla and Baekje against Goguryeo.


title: Baekje

text: Most maps of the Three Kingdoms period show Baekje occupying the Chungcheong and Jeolla provinces, the core of the country in the Ungjin and Sabi periods.


title: Baekje

text: In 538, King Seong moved the capital to Sabi (present-day Buyeo County), and rebuilt his kingdom into a strong state. Temporarily, He changes the official name of the country as the Nambuyeo (, ; lit. "Southern Buyeo"), a reference to Buyeo to which Baekje traced its origins. The Sabi Period witnessed the flowering of Baekje culture, alongside the growth of Buddhism.


title: Baekje

text: Under pressure from Goguryeo to the north and Silla to the east, Seong sought to strengthen Baekje's relationship with China. The location of Sabi, on the navigable Geum River, made contact with China much easier, and both trade and diplomacy flourished during his reign and continuing on into the 7th century.


title: Baekje

text: In the 7th century, with the growing influence of Silla in the southern and central Korean peninsula, Baekje began its decline.


title: Baekje

text: In 660, the coalition troops of Silla and Tang of China attacked Baekje, which was then allied with Goguryeo. A heavily outmanned army led by General Gyebaek was defeated in the Battle of Hwangsanbeol near Nonsan. The capital Sabi fell almost immediately thereafter, resulting in the annexation of Baekje by Silla. King Uija and his son Buyeo Yung were sent into exile in China while at least some of the ruling class fled to Japan. The fall of Sabi resulted in one of the infamous episodes in Korean history, as countless Baekje court ladies, concubines and women of the nobility committed suicide by jumping off a cliff near Sabi rather than be captured by the Silla-Tang Alliance. To memoralize this tragic event in history, a pavilion stands at the so-called “Rock of the Falling Flowers” commemorating Baekje's defeat and the suicide of the kingdom's court ladies and concubines who jumped off the cliff.


title: Baekje

text: Baekje forces attempted a brief restoration movement but faced Silla–Tang joint forces. A Buddhist monk Dochim (도침, 道琛) and the former Baekje general Buyeo Boksin rose to try to revive Baekje. They welcomed the Baekje prince Buyeo Pung back from Japan to serve as king, with Juryu (주류, 周留, in modern Seocheon County, South Chungcheong) as their headquarters. They put the Tang general Liu Renyuan (劉仁願) under siege in Sabi. Emperor Gaozong sent the general Liu Rengui, who had previously been demoted to commoner rank for offending Li Yifu, with a relief force, and Liu Rengui and Liu Renyuan were able to fight off the Baekje resistance forces' attacks, but were themselves not strong enough to quell the rebellion, and so for some time the armies were in stalemate.


title: Baekje

text: Baekje requested Japanese aid, and King Pung returned to Baekje with a contingent of 10,000 soldiers. Before the ships from Japan arrived, his forces battled a contingent of Tang forces in Ungjin County.


title: Baekje

text: In 663, Baekje revival forces and a Japanese naval fleet convened in southern Baekje to confront the Silla forces in the Battle of Baekgang. The Tang dynasty also sent 7,000 soldiers and 170 ships. After five naval confrontations, each of which the Silla-Tang joint fleet won, that took place in August 663 at Baekgang, considered the lower reaches of Geum River or Dongjin river, the Silla–Tang forces emerged victorious, and Buyeo Pung escaped to Goguryeo.


title: Baekje

text: The establishment of a centralized state in Baekje is usually traced to the reign of King Goi, who may have first established patrilineal succession. Like most monarchies, a great deal of power was held by the aristocracy. King Seong, for example, strengthened royal power, but after he was slain in a disastrous campaign against Silla, the nobles took much of that power away from his son.


title: Baekje

text: The Hae clan and the Jin clan were the representative royal houses who had considerable power from the early period of Baekje, and they produced many queens over several generations. The Hae clan was probably the royal house before the Buyeo clan replaced them, and both clans appear descended from the lineage of Buyeo and Goguryeo. The "Great Eight Families" (Sa, Yeon, Hyeop, Hae, Jin, Guk, Mok, and Baek) were powerful nobles in the Sabi era, recorded in Chinese records such as Tongdian.


title: Baekje

text: Central government officials were divided into sixteen ranks, the six members of the top rank forming a type of cabinet, with the top official being elected every three years. In the "Sol" rank, the first ("Jwapyeong") through the sixth ("Naesol") officials were political, administrative, and military commanders. In the "Deok" rank, the seventh ("Jangdeok") through the eleventh ("Daedeok") officials may have headed each field. "Mundok", "Mudok", "Jwagun", "Jinmu" and "Geuku" from the twelfth to the sixteenth, may have been military administrators.


title: Baekje

text: According to the "Samguk Yusa", during the Sabi period, the chief minister ("Jaesang") of Baekje was chosen by a unique system. The names of several candidates were placed under a rock (Cheonjeongdae) near Hoamsa temple. After a few days, the rock was moved and the candidate whose name had a certain mark was chosen as the new chief minister. Whether this was a form of selection by lot or a covert selection by the elite is not clear. This Council called Jeongsa Rock Council.


title: Baekje

text: The town leaders and its subjects participated in the military of Baekje on a local level, and was distributed of the loots and captives.The subjects usually worked in the supply division. The post of Jwajang led the military. Geunchogo established the division of central military and local militaries and the people of Baekje usually served the military for three years. As Baekje entered the sabi period, the military was divided into the royal private guard, the capital central military and the local military. The royal private guard handled matters such as protecting the palace. The weapons available to the soldiers were diverse.


title: Baekje

text: The first ever bone remains of Baekje people were found in the eungpyeongri tombs in buyeo, which made possible reconstructions of appearances of Baekje people possible, and the tombs seem to have no sign of being looted.


title: Baekje

text: Baekje was established by immigrants from Goguryeo who spoke what could be a Buyeo language, a hypothetical group linking the languages of Gojoseon, Buyeo, Goguryeo, and Baekje. In a case of diglossia, the indigenous Samhan people, having migrated in an earlier wave from the same region, probably spoke a variety of the same language. Kōno Rokurō has argued that the kingdom of Baekje was bilingual, with the gentry speaking a Puyŏ language and the common people a Han language.


title: Baekje

text: Buddhism, a religion originating in what is now India, was transmitted to Korea via China in the late 4th century. The Samguk yusa records the following 3 monks among first to bring the Buddhist teaching, or Dharma, to Korea: Malananta (late 4th century) - an Indian Buddhist monk who brought Buddhism to Baekje in the southern Korean peninsula, Sundo - a Chinese Buddhist monk who brought Buddhism to Goguryeo in northern Korea and Ado monk who brought Buddhism to Silla in central Korea.


title: Baekje

text: Baekje artists adopted many Chinese influences and synthesized them into a unique artistic tradition. Buddhist themes are extremely strong in Baekje artwork. The beatific Baekje smile found on many Buddhist sculptures expresses the warmth typical of Baekje art. Taoist influences are also widespread. Chinese artisans were sent to the kingdom by the Liang dynasty in 541, and this may have given rise to an increased Chinese influence in the Sabi period.


title: Baekje

text: The tomb of King Muryeong (501–523), although modeled on Chinese brick tombs and yielding some imported Chinese objects, also contained many funerary objects of the Baekje tradition, such as the gold crown ornaments, gold belts, and gold earrings. Mortuary practices also followed the unique tradition of Baekje. This tomb is seen as a representative tomb of the Ungjin period.


title: Baekje

text: Delicate lotus designs of the roof-tiles, intricate brick patterns, curves of the pottery style, and flowing and elegant epitaph writing characterize Baekje culture. The Buddhist sculptures and refined pagodas reflect religion-inspired creativity. A splendid gilt-bronze incense burner ( "Baekje Geumdong Daehyeongno") excavated from an ancient Buddhist temple site at Neungsan-ri, Buyeo County, exemplifies Baekje art.


title: Baekje

text: Little is known of Baekje music, but local musicians were sent with tribute missions to China in the 7th century, indicating that a distinctive musical tradition had developed by that time.


title: Baekje

text: In 372, King Geunchogo paid tribute to the Jin dynasty of China, located in the basin of the Yangtze River. After the fall of Jin and the establishment of Song dynasty in 420, Baekje sent envoys seeking cultural goods and technologies.


title: Baekje

text: Baekje sent an envoy to Northern Wei of Northern Dynasties for the first time in 472, and King Gaero asked for military aid to attack Goguryeo. Kings Muryeong and Seong sent envoys to Liang several times and received titles of nobility.


title: Baekje

text: To confront the military pressure of Goguryeo to its north and Silla to its east, Baekje ("Kudara" in Japanese) established close relations with Japan. According to the Korean chronicle Samguk Sagi, Baekje and Silla sent some princes to the Japanese court as hostages. Whether the princes sent to Japan should be interpreted as diplomats as part of an embassy or literal hostages is debated. Due to the confusion on the exact nature of this relationship (the question of whether the Baekje Koreans were family or at least close to the Japanese Imperial line or whether they were hostages) and the fact that the Nihon Shoki, a primary source of material for this relationship, is a compilation of myth, makes it difficult to evaluate. The Samguk Sagi, which also documents this, can also be interpreted in various ways and at any rate it was rewritten in the 13th century, easily seven or eight centuries after these particular events took place. Adding to the confusion is the discovery (in Japan) that the "Inariyama sword, as well as some other swords discovered in Japan, utilized the Korean 'Idu' system of writing". The swords "originated in Paekche and that the kings named in their inscriptions represent Paekche kings rather than Japanese kings". The techniques for making these swords were the apparently similar to styles from Korea, specifically from Baekje. In Japan, the hostage interpretation is dominant.


title: Baekje

text: Other historians, such as those who collaborated on 'Paekche of Korea and the Origin of Yamato Japan' and Jonathan W. Best, who helped translate what was left of the Baekje annals, have noted that these princes set up schools in Yamato Japan and took control of the Japanese naval forces during the war with Goguryeo, taking this as evidence of them being more along the lines of diplomats with some kind of familial tie to the Japanese imperial family and as evidence against any hostage status. In addition, the translation of the old documents is difficult because in the past, the term "Wa" was derogatory, meaning "midget" or "dwarf," which was a reference to the perceived smaller stature of the average Japanese in ancient times. As a result, it is difficult to assess what is truly being stated, particularly in records made in Korea after the fall of Baekje, as the reference to Yamato Wa (Japan) could have been a derogatory statement by a rival nation (specifically Silla).


title: Baekje

text: As is with many long-past histories and competing records, very little can be definitively concluded. Further research has been difficult, in part due to the 1976 restriction on the study of royal tombs in Japan (to include tombs such as the Gosashi tomb, which is allegedly the resting place of Empress Jingū). Prior to 1976, foreign researchers did have access, and some found Korean artifacts in Japanese dig sites. Recently in 2008, Japan has allowed controlled limited access to foreign archaeologists, but the international community still has many unanswered questions. National Geographic has written that Japan ""the agency has kept access to the tombs restricted, prompting rumors that officials fear excavation would reveal bloodline links between the "pure" imperial family and Korea—or that some tombs hold no royal remains at all.""


title: Baekje

text: In any case, these Koreans, diplomats and royal relatives or not, brought to Japan knowledge of the Chinese writing system, Buddhism, iron processing for weapons, and various other technologies. In exchange, Japan provided military support.</ref>


title: Baekje

text: According to mythical accounts in the controversial "Nihon Shoki", Empress Jingū extracted tribute and pledges of allegiance from the kings of Baekje, Silla, and Goguryeo. At the height of Japanese nationalism in the early 20th century, Japanese historians used these mythical accounts along with a passage in the Gwanggaeto Stele to establish ideological rationale to the imperialist outcry for invasion of Korea. Other historians have pointed out that there is no evidence of this Japanese account in any part of Korea, in addition to not being in any viable text in China or Korea. Regarding the Gwanggaeto Stele, because the lack of syntax and punctuation the text can be interpreted 4 different ways, one which states that Korea crossed the water and subjugated Yamato. Due to this problem in interpretation, nothing can be concluded. Also complicating the matter is that in the Nihongi a Korean named Amenohiboko is described in "Nihon Shoki" as a maternal predecessor of , This is highly inconsistent and difficult to interpret correctly.


title: Baekje

text: Scholars believe that the "Nihon Shoki" gives the invasion date of Silla and Baekje as the late 4th century. However, by this time, Japan was a confederation of local tribes without sophisticated iron weapons, while the Three Kingdoms of Korea were fully developed centralized powers with modern iron weapons and were already utilizing horses for warfare. It is very unlikely that a developing state such as Yamato had the capacity to cross the sea and engage in battles with Baekje and Silla. The "Nihon Shoki" is widely regarded to be an unreliable and biased source of information on early relations with Korea, as it mixes heavy amounts of supposition and legend with facts.


title: Baekje

text: Some Japanese scholars interpret the Gwanggaeto Stele, erected in 414 by King Jangsu of Goguryeo, as describing a Japanese invasion in the southern portion of the Korean peninsula. However, Mohan claims that Goguryeo fabricated the Japanese invasion in order to justify its conquest of Baekje. If this stele was a dedication to a Korean king, it can be argued that it would logically highlight Korea's conquests and not dedicate it to a strange incident regarding Japan. In any case, because of these various possible interpretations, the circumstances surrounding the stele are still highly debated and inconclusive.


title: Baekje

text: Chinese scholars participated in the study of the Stele during the 1980s. Wang Jianqun interviewed local farmers and decided that no intentional fabrication occurred, adding that the lime on the Stele was pasted by local copy-making workers to enhance readability. Xu Jianxin of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences discovered the earliest rubbed copy which was made before 1881. He also concluded that there was no evidence the Japanese had intentionally damaged any of the characters on the Stele.


title: Baekje

text: Today, most Chinese and Japanese scholars contradict the conspiracy theories, based on the study of the Stele itself and advocate Japanese intervention in the era, although its size and effect are disputed.


title: Baekje

text: In the project of writing a common history textbook, Kim Tae-sik of Hongik University (Korea) denied Japan's theory. But, Kōsaku Hamada of Kyushu University (Japan) reported their interpretations of the Gwanggaeto Stele text, neither of them adopting the intentionally damaged stele theory in their interpretations.


title: Baekje

text: Some members of the Baekje nobility and royalty emigrated to Japan even before the kingdom was overthrown. In response to Baekje's request, Japan in 663 sent the general Abe no Hirafu with 20,000 troops and 1,000 ships to revive Baekje with Buyeo Pung (known in Japanese as Hōshō), a son of Uija of Baekje who had been an emissary to Japan. Around August 661, 10,000 soldiers and 170 ships, led by Abe no Hirafu, arrived. Additional Japanese reinforcement, including 27,000 soldiers led by Kamitsukeno no Kimi Wakako (上毛野君稚子) and 10,000 soldiers led by Iohara no Kimi (廬原君) also arrived at Baekje in 662.


title: Baekje

text: This attempt, however, failed at the Battle of Baekgang, and the prince escaped to Goguryeo. According to the "Nihon Shoki", 400 Japanese ships were lost in the battles. Only half of the troops were able to return to Japan.


title: Baekje

text: The Japanese army retreated to Japan with many Baekje refugees. The former royal family members were initially treated as "foreign guests" (蕃客) and were not incorporated into the political system of Japan for some time. Buyeo Pung's younger brother Seon'gwang (Zenkō in Japanese) ( or ) used the family name "Kudara no Konikishi" ("King of Baekje") () (they are also called the Kudara clan, as Baekje was called Kudara in Japanese).


title: Baekje

text: Baekje was briefly revived in the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea period, as Unified Silla collapsed. In 892, General Gyeon Hwon established Hubaekje (“Later Baekje”), based in Wansan (present-day Jeonju). Hubaekje was overthrown in 936 by King Taejo of Goryeo.


title: Baekje

text: In contemporary South Korea, Baekje relics are often symbolic of the local cultures of the southwest, especially in Chungnam and Jeolla. The gilt-bronze incense burner, for example, is a key symbol of Buyeo County, and the Baekje-era Buddhist rock sculpture of Seosan Maaesamjonbulsang is an important symbol of Seosan City.


title: Baekje

text: Baekje is believed to have introduced the "man'yōgana" writing system to Japan, of which the modern hiragana and katakana scripts are descendants. "Kojiki" and the "Nihon shoki" both state this, and though direct evidence is hard to come by, most scholars tend to accept this idea.


title: Baekje

text: On 17 April 2009, Ōuchi Kimio (大內公夫) of Ōuchi clan visited Iksan, Korea to pay tribute to his Baekje ancestors. The Ōuchi are descendants of Prince Imseong.


title: Baekje

text: In 2010, Baekje Cultural Land was opened to visitors. The theme park aims to preserve Baekje architecture and culture.


title: Baekje

text: Baekje Historic Areas, which feature locations with remains of the period, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2015.


title: Will Zalatoris

text: William Patrick Zalatoris (born August 16, 1996) is an American professional golfer. He has competed primarily on the PGA Tour, where he has won once, at the 2022 FedEx St. Jude Championship . He also has three runner-up finishes in major championships.


title: Will Zalatoris

text: Representing Trinity Christian Academy in Addison, a suburb of Dallas, Texas, Zalatoris won the U.S. Junior Amateur title in 2014. He attended Wake Forest University in North Carolina, and was named ACC Player of the Year in 2017. In his junior year, Zalatoris was named All-ACC, First-Team GCAA All-American, First-Team Golf week All-American, Nicklaus Award finalist, Hogan Award semifinalist, played in all 12 events and had a scoring average of 70.14, third-best season average in school history. He was also a member of the U.S. Walker Cup team in 2017, teammates with future PGA Tour winners Collin Morikawa and Cameron Champ. He left school after his junior year to turn professional.


title: Will Zalatoris

text: Zalatoris turned professional in 2018 but failed to make it past First Stage of the Korn Ferry Tour Q School. With no status in 2019, Zalatoris relied on Monday qualifying and sponsor exemptions to play in Korn Ferry Tour events. He secured membership for the remainder of the season on July 7 after a tie for third at the LECOM Health Challenge, and finished the regular season 60th in points, earning full status for the 2020 season.


title: Will Zalatoris

text: Zalatoris' first professional victory came in July 2020, when he narrowly won the TPC Colorado Championship by one stroke. The win moved him to the leader on the Korn Ferry Tour points list and qualified him for the U.S. Open at Winged Foot. At the U.S. Open, he aced the par-3 seventh hole during the first round, very nearly replicating it six holes later, and tied for sixth place, at five-over par, alongside world number one Dustin Johnson; it was his first top-10 finish in a major championship. He followed it up with a T8 at the Corales Puntacana Resort and Club Championship, and secured Special Temporary Member status after the Bermuda Championship in early November.


title: Will Zalatoris

text: In April 2021, Zalatoris was second in the Masters Tournament with a score of 9-under-par, finishing one stroke behind champion Hideki Matsuyama, the first male Japanese player to win a major. Zalatoris was voted PGA Tour Rookie of the Year for the 2020–21 season.


title: Will Zalatoris

text: In October 2021, Zalatoris shot his career low round (61) on the PGA Tour at the Sanderson Farms Championship in Jackson, Mississippi.


title: Will Zalatoris

text: In January 2022, Zalatoris tied for the lead of the Farmers Insurance Open after 72 holes. He lost a sudden-death playoff to Luke List when List hit his approach shot to a foot away from the first playoff hole and made birdie.


title: Will Zalatoris

text: In May 2022, Zalatoris finished second in a major championship for the second time. He lost to Justin Thomas in a playoff in the PGA Championship at Southern Hills in Tulsa, Oklahoma.


title: Will Zalatoris

text: In June 2022, Zalatoris had another second place in a major championship. He finished tied with Scottie Scheffler at the U.S. Open behind Matt Fitzpatrick at The Country Club in Brookline, Massachusetts.


title: Will Zalatoris

text: On August 14, 2022, Zalatoris won his first PGA Tour event, winning the FedEx St. Jude Championship at TPC Southwind in Memphis, Tennessee on the third playoff hole against Sepp Straka. The event was the first of three events in the 2022 FedEx Cup Playoffs, With his win, Zalatoris moved to first in the FedEx Cup standings ahead of Scottie Scheffler.


title: Aviva Chomsky

text: Aviva Chomsky (born April 20, 1957) is an American teacher, historian, author, and activist. She is a professor of history and the Coordinator of Latin American, Latino and Caribbean Studies at Salem State University in Massachusetts. She previously taught at Bates College in Maine and was a research associate at Harvard University, where she specialized in Caribbean and Latin American history.


title: Aviva Chomsky

text: She is the eldest daughter of linguists Noam and Carol Chomsky. Her paternal grandfather, William Chomsky (1896–1977), was a Hebrew scholar at Gratz College, where he served as principal for many years.


title: Aviva Chomsky

text: Between 1976 and 1977, Chomsky worked for the United Farm Workers union. She credited this experience with sparking her "interest in the Spanish language, in migrant workers and immigration, in labor history, in social movements and labor organizing, in multinationals and their workers, in how global economic forces affect individuals, and how people collectively organize for social change". At the University of California at Berkeley, she earned a B.A. in Spanish and Portuguese in 1982, an M.A. in history in 1985, and a Ph.D. in history in 1990. She began teaching at Bates College, and became an associate professor of history at Salem State College in 1997, the Coordinator of Latin American Studies in 1999, and a full professor in 2002.


title: Aviva Chomsky

text: Chomsky's book "West Indian Workers and the United Fruit Company in Costa Rica 1870–1940" was awarded the 1997 Best Book Prize by the New England Council of Latin American Studies. It describes the history of the United Fruit Company, formed in 1899 from the merger of multiple U.S.-based companies that built railroads and cultivated bananas on the Atlantic Coast of Costa Rica. It also shows how the workers, including many Jamaicans of African descent, developed their own parallel socioeconomic system.


title: Aviva Chomsky

text: Chomsky has been active in Latin American solidarity and immigrants’ rights issues since the 1980s. She is a member of the North Shore Colombia Solidarity Committee. Her articles on immigration rights have appeared in "The Nation", "HuffPost" and "TomDispatch", a project of The Nation Institute, and she has delivered lectures across the world on labor rights and immigration rights.


title: A Haunted House

text: A Haunted House is a 2013 American horror satire film directed by Michael Tiddes, written by, produced by and starring Marlon Wayans. Although Wayans said the film was "not exactly a parody but rather a movie with funny characters doing the opposite of what typical people do in similar horror films," the film pokes fun at the "found footage" horror genre, such as "Paranormal Activity" and "The Devil Inside". It was released on January 11, 2013 and was panned by critics, but grossed $60 million against a budget of $2.5 million. A sequel, "A Haunted House 2", was released on April 18, 2014.


title: A Haunted House

text: In August 2012, a young couple, Malcolm and Kisha, move in together. As Kisha arrives, she accidentally kills Malcolm's dog named Shiloh by running him over with her car. On the first night, Malcolm is constantly awoken with Kisha farting loudly that eventually drives him out of the room. The next morning, when Kisha notices her keys on the floor, she tells Malcolm they might have a ghost. To prove to her wrong, Malcolm has security cameras installed by Dan the Security Man and his brother Bobby. Malcolm tries to have sex with the camera on, but Kisha tells him to turn it off. Before they really start, Malcolm turns the camera back on and records everything. In the morning, Malcolm and Kisha watch the video and notice the door moved. Malcolm suggests it was caused by his lovemaking.


title: A Haunted House

text: The next night, Malcolm notices the paranormal activity and tries to move out of the house and leave Kisha. Since he can't sell his house in the current market, they hire Chip, a psychic, to investigate; Chip immediately falls in love with Malcolm. Before Chip can leave, after finding nothing wrong, Kisha confesses to making a deal with the devil for a pair of shoes. Chip tells Kisha she is screwed and invites Malcolm to join his wrestling group. After Chip leaves, Kisha shows Malcolm a video of her eighth birthday, in which she began to experience paranormal activity by her imaginary friend, Tony. The next night, Kisha gets out of bed in the middle of the night, stands by the bed for several hours, and begins to dance. Malcolm wakes up and follows Kisha to the kitchen, where he catches her eating uncooked food and drinking old milk. She screams crazily when Malcolm restrains her. In the morning, Kisha remembers nothing.


title: A Haunted House

text: On another night, Kisha urges Malcolm to investigate a noise, but it turns out to be Rosa, his Hispanic housekeeper. Rosa quits, and Malcolm and Kisha smoke marijuana with the ghost to relieve their pain. The next day, Malcolm's friend Steve and his girlfriend Jenny bring over a ouija board to communicate with the ghost. When it misspells ghost as "gost", they all laugh at it, and it throws the ouija board across the room, scaring Jenny and Steve out of the house. That night, the ghost drags Malcolm out of the room and has sex with Kisha. When Malcolm finds out, he calls his cousin Ray Ray, who immediately flees when he sees the ghost's powers. That same night, Kisha waits for the ghost until it gets late and leaves. After Kisha leaves, the ghost rapes Malcolm.


title: A Haunted House

text: Malcolm and Kisha anger the ghost by ignoring it, so it attacks Kisha in the night while Malcolm listens to music, through headphones, on his computer. In the morning, Malcolm notices something is wrong with Kisha and calls Father Doug to do an exorcism. When it does not work, Malcolm calls Dan and Bobby to help. Chip also rushes into the house to help. During the exorcism, Kisha escapes into the living room. Before Malcolm and Doug find her, Doug accidentally shoots and kills Rosa, who had come to pick up her last check. When they all meet in the living room, Kisha behaves very strangely and flees to the basement. The group follows and finds her crying in a corner. When Malcolm reaches for her, she attacks him, and the whole group beats her up, apparently forcing the ghost out of her body.


title: A Haunted House

text: The next night, Malcolm and Kisha have sex with the camera on for about three hours. In the middle of the night, Kisha wakes up and stands next to the bed for a few hours before walking out of the room and making a big crash and screaming Malcolm's name. When Malcolm comes out of his room, Kisha throws him back, and he hits the camera, knocking him out. When Kisha enters the room her shirt is bloody. She crawls to Malcolm and sniffs his body until he farts in her face. As Kisha lunges at the camera, her face takes on a demonic appearance. A minute later, Malcolm wakes up telling everyone he survived and Kisha is behind him making him scream.


title: A Haunted House

text: "A Haunted House" grossed $40.4 million in North America and $20.1 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $60.5 million, against a budget of $2.5 million.


title: A Haunted House

text: The film grossed $18.1 million in its opening weekend, finishing second at the box office behind "Zero Dark Thirty" ($24.4 million).


title: A Haunted House

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 9% based on 53 reviews, with an average rating of 2.59/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""A Haunted House" seeks to offend every sensibility, but its greatest sin: not being funny!" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 20 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: A Haunted House

text: Joe Leydon of "Variety" wrote: "The hit-to-miss ratio is less than impressive throughout A Haunted House, a frenetic and freewheeling satirical comedy that only sporadically scores a bull's-eye while aiming at easy targets."


title: A Haunted House

text: Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter said the film "Too often settles for raunchiness instead of wit." Scheck praises Wayans and Atkins for their performances but concludes "the parody genre is as played out as the film styles being sent up."


title: A Haunted House

text: Nick Swardson was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor for his performance in the film.


title: A Haunted House

text: On April 8, 2013, it was confirmed that Wayans, Open Road, and IM Global Octane will produce a sequel due to the financial success of the first film. The sequel had begun shooting in early July 2013. On April 18, 2014 a sequel titled "A Haunted House 2" was released.


title: Gaalipata 2

text: Gaalipata 2 is a 2022 Indian Kannada-language romantic comedy film written and directed by Yogaraj Bhat. A sequel to 2008 Kannada film, "Gaalipata", it features an ensemble cast consisting of Ganesh, Anant Nag, Diganth, Pawan Kumar, Vaibhavi Shandilya, Samyuktha Menon and Sharmiela Mandre.


title: Gaalipata 2

text: Ganesh and Bhat were collaborating for the fourth time with this film, while it will be the fifth film for Diganth with the director. Director Pawan Kumar of "Lucia" fame, who has worked with Bhat earlier as a screenwriter and an actor in "Manasaare" (2009) and "Pancharangi" (2010) will also be facing the camera. It was released in theaters on 12 August 2022.


title: Gaalipata 2

text: Gani, "Mugilpete" Diganth and Bhushan are college friends, who return to Neer Kote, Malnad to visit their ailing Kannada teacher Kishore "Meshtru". Kishore seeks the trio's help to search for his longlost son Revanth aka Appu. How does the trio help Meshtru in finding Appu forms the crux of the plot.


title: Gaalipata 2

text: The film will be produced by Ramesh Reddy of Suraj Production. The cinematography will be done by Santhosh Rai Pathaje and the music was composed by Arjun Janya. The team started shooting on 2 December 2019, and had completed a major chunk of the shooting in and around Kudremukh over almost 30 days. Further production schedules were delayed due to COVID-19. Filming completed in October 2021.


title: Gaalipata 2

text: The film did a pre-release business of around ₹8 crore by the sale of digital, satellite and audio rights. The movie earned approximately ₹15 crore to ₹18 crore to ₹20 crore on the first day. The movie collected ₹10 crore on Day 2. The movie collected ₹5 crore each on Day 3 & Day 4 - taking the total gross 35 crore.


title: Tefnut

text: Tefnut ( ; ) is a deity of moisture, moist air, dew and rain in Ancient Egyptian religion. She is the sister and consort of the air god Shu and the mother of Geb and Nut.


title: Tefnut

text: The name Tefnut has no certain etymology but it may be an onomatopoeia of the sound of spitting, as Atum spits her out in some versions of the creation myth. Additionally, her name was written as a mouth spitting in late texts.


title: Tefnut

text: Like most Egyptian deities, including her brother, Tefnut has no single ideograph or symbol. Her name in hieroglyphs consists of four single phonogram signs t-f-n-t. Although the n phonogram is a representation of waves on the surface of water, it was never used as an ideogram or determinative for the word water ("mw"), or for anything associated with water.


title: Tefnut

text: Tefnut is a daughter of the solar deity Ra-Atum. Married to her twin brother Shu, she is mother of Nut, the sky and Geb, the earth. Tefnut's grandchildren were Osiris, Isis, Set, Nephthys, and, in some versions, Horus the Elder. She was also the great-grandmother of Horus the Younger. Alongside her father, brother, children, grandchildren, and great-grandchild, she is a member of the Ennead of Heliopolis.


title: Tefnut

text: There are a number of variants to the myth of the creation of the twins Tefnut and Shu. In every version, Tefnut is the product of parthenogenesis, and all involve some variety of body fluid.


title: Tefnut

text: In the Heliopolitan creation myth, Atum sneezed to produce Tefnut and Shu. Pyramid Text 527 says, "Atum was creative in that he proceeded to sneeze while in Heliopolis. And brother and sister were born - that is Shu and Tefnut."


title: Tefnut

text: In some versions of this myth, Atum also spits out his saliva, which forms the act of procreation. This version contains a play on words, the "tef" sound which forms the first syllable of the name Tefnut also constitutes a word meaning "to spit" or "to expectorate".


title: Tefnut

text: The Coffin Texts contain references to Shu being sneezed out by Atum from his nose, and Tefnut being spat out like saliva. The Bremner-Rind Papyrus and the Memphite Theology describe Atum as sneezing out saliva to form the twins.


title: Tefnut

text: Tefnut is a leonine deity, and appears as human with a lioness head when depicted as part of the Great Ennead of Heliopolis. The other frequent depiction is as a lioness, but Tefnut can also be depicted as fully human. In her fully or semi anthropomorphic form, she is depicted wearing a wig, topped either with a uraeus serpent, or a uraeus and solar disk, and she is sometimes depicted as a lion headed serpent. Her face is sometimes used in a double headed form with that of her brother Shu on collar counterpoises.


title: Tefnut

text: During the 18th and 19th Dynasties, particularly during the Amarna Period, Tefnut was depicted in human form wearing a low flat headdress, topped with sprouting plants. Akhenaten's mother, Tiye was depicted wearing a similar headdress, and identifying with Hathor-Tefnut. The iconic blue crown of Nefertiti is thought by archaeologist Joyce Tyldesley to be derived from Tiye's headdress, and may indicate that she was also identifying with Tefnut.


title: Tefnut

text: Heliopolis and Leontopolis (now ell el-Muqdam) were the primary cult centres. At Heliopolis, Tefnut was one of the members of that city's great Ennead, and is referred to in relation to the purification of the "wabet "(priest) as part of the temple rite. Here she had a sanctuary called the Lower Menset.


title: Tefnut

text: At Karnak, Tefnut formed part of the Ennead and was invoked in prayers for the health and wellbeing of the pharaoh.


title: Tefnut

text: Tefnut was connected with other leonine goddesses as the Eye of Ra. As a lioness she could display a wrathful aspect and is said to have escaped to Nubia in a rage, jealous of her grandchildren's higher worship. Only after receiving the title ""honorable"" from Thoth, did she return. In the earlier Pyramid Texts she is said to produce pure waters from her vagina.


title: Tefnut

text: As Shu had forcibly separated his son Geb from his sister-wife Nut, Geb challenged his father Shu, causing the latter to withdraw from the world. Geb, who was in love with his mother Tefnut, takes her as his chief queen-consort.


title: Glen Davis (basketball)

text: Ronald Glen "Big Baby" Davis (born January 1, 1986) is an American former professional basketball player. He played for the Boston Celtics, Orlando Magic, Los Angeles Clippers, and the St. John’s Edge.


title: Glen Davis (basketball)

text: After playing college basketball with LSU, Davis was selected by the Seattle SuperSonics with the 35th overall pick in the 2007 NBA draft. Shortly thereafter, he was traded to the Boston Celtics, with whom he won the 2008 NBA Finals.


title: Glen Davis (basketball)

text: Considered a five-star recruit by Rivals.com, Davis was listed as the No. 3 power forward and the No. 13 player in the nation in 2004.


title: Glen Davis (basketball)

text: The Southeastern Conference's coaches voted Davis the 2006 SEC Player of the Year, and he was also named to the All-SEC first team. In 2006 as a sophomore, Davis led the Tigers to their first Final Four appearance since 1986. In the crucial game of the national semifinals, LSU lost to UCLA, trailing by a wide margin in the first half and never managing a comeback. Davis scored 17 points and made 4 out of 10 free throws before eventually fouling out.


title: Glen Davis (basketball)

text: On March 20, 2007, Davis held a press conference to announce that he would forgo his senior season at LSU and enter his name into the 2007 NBA draft. On March 20, 2007, it was reported that he had signed with agent John Hamilton of Performance Sports Management to represent him.