title: Liturgical colours

text: The Sarum Rite was a medieval liturgical rite used in England before the Reformation which had a distinct set of liturgical colours. After the Anglo-Catholic Revival of the 19th century, certain Church of England churches began adopting Sarum liturgical colours as an attempt to produce something that was an English expression of Catholicism rather than a Roman expression. One of the chief advocates behind this was Percy Dearmer. The exact colours used by the mediaeval Sarum rite are a matter of dispute, but colours adopted by contemporary churches claiming to use the Sarum scheme include in particular deep blue for Advent, which may be popularly referred to as "Sarum blue", and unbleached linen for Lent. The Sarum rite has never received official approval in the Church of England or Episcopal Church (United States), but has influenced a number of cathedrals and parish churches.


title: Liturgical colours

text: Methodists use a colour scheme similar to those used by Lutherans and Roman Catholics. The United Methodist Church, prior to the early-1990s, used red solely for Pentecost, even including the Sundays after Pentecost Sunday, with the use of green being reserved for the season of Kingdomtide, which usually lasted from late August/early September until Christ the King (the last Sunday in Kingdomtide). Since the publication of the 1992 Book of Worship, the UMC has followed the ELCA practice of wearing red only for Pentecost, Holy Week and Reformation Sunday and green for the rest of the Pentecost season.


title: Liturgical colours

text: The Presbyterian Church (USA), or its predecessor denominations, has sanctioned the use of liturgical colours and promoted their use in The Worshipbook of 1970, the 1993 Book of Common Worship and the 2018 Book of Common Worship. Advent and Lent are periods of preparation and repentance and are represented by the colour purple. The feasts of Christmas Day and Christmastide, Epiphany Sunday, Baptism of the Lord Sunday, Transfiguration Sunday, Easter Season, Trinity Sunday, and Christ the King Sunday are represented by white. Green is the colour for periods of Ordinary Time. Red is for Pentecost Sunday, but may also be used for ordinations, church anniversaries, and memorial services for ordained clergy. Red or purple are appropriate for Palm Sunday. During Holy Week, purple is used until the church is stripped bare on Maundy Thursday; the church remains stripped bare on Good Friday and Holy Saturday, though in some places black might be used on those days.


title: Liturgical colours

text: Similarly, the United Church of Christ includes indications of which liturgical colour to use for each Sunday in its annual calendar. The general Western pattern is followed, with either purple or blue recommended for Advent.


title: Lombok

text: Lombok is an island in West Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia. It forms part of the chain of the Lesser Sunda Islands, with the Lombok Strait separating it from Bali to the west and the Alas Strait between it and Sumbawa to the east. It is roughly circular, with a "tail" (Sekotong Peninsula) to the southwest, about across and a total area of about including smaller offshore islands. The provincial capital and largest city on the island is Mataram.


title: Lombok

text: Orang Lombok is some what similar in size and density, and shares some cultural heritage with the neighboring island of Bali to the west. However, it is administratively part of West Nusa Tenggara, along with the larger and more sparsely populated island of Sumbawa to the east. Lombok is surrounded by a number of smaller islands locally called Gili.


title: Lombok

text: The island was home to some 3,168,692 Indonesians as recorded in the decennial 2010 census and 3,758,631 in the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2021 was 3,808,900.


title: Lombok

text: Lombok is under the administration of the Governor of the province of West Nusa Tenggara ("Nusa Tenggara Barat"). The province is administered from the provincial capital of Mataram in West Lombok.


title: Lombok

text: The island is administratively divided into four "kabupaten" (regencies) and one "kota" (city). They are as follows, with their areas and populations at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census:


title: Lombok

text: The 14th century Majapahit manuscript Nagarakretagama canto 14 mentioned "Lombok Mirah" as one of island identified under Majapahit suzerainty. Other than the "Babad Lombok" document which records the 1257 Samalas eruption, little is known about Lombok before the seventeenth century. Before this time it was made up of numerous competing and feuding petty states each of which were presided over by a Sasak 'prince'. This disunity was taken advantage of by the neighbouring Balinese who took control of western Lombok in the early seventeenth century.


title: Lombok

text: The Makassarese meanwhile invaded eastern Lombok from their colonies in neighbouring Sumbawa. The Dutch had first visited Lombok in 1674 and the Dutch East India Company concluded its first treaty with the Sasak Princess of Lombok. The Balinese had managed to take over the whole island by 1750, but Balinese infighting resulted in the island being split into four feuding Balinese kingdoms. In 1838, the Mataram kingdom brought its rivals under control.


title: Lombok

text: Relations between the Sasak and Balinese in western Lombok were largely harmonious and intermarriage was common. In the island's east, however, relations were less cordial and the Balinese maintained control from garrisoned forts. While Sasak village government remained in place, the village head became little more than a tax collector for the Balinese. Villagers became a kind of serf and Sasak aristocracy lost much of its power and land holdings.


title: Lombok

text: During one of the many Sasak peasant rebellions against the Balinese, Sasak chiefs sent envoys to the Dutch in Bali and invited them to rule Lombok. In June 1894, the governor general of the Dutch East Indies, Van der Wijck, signed a treaty with Sasak rebels in eastern Lombok. He sent a large army to Lombok and the Balinese raja capitulated to Dutch demands. (see Dutch intervention in Lombok) The younger princes however overruled the raja and attacked and pushed back the Dutch. The Dutch counterattacked overrunning Mataram and the raja surrendered. The entire island was annexed to the Netherlands East Indies in 1895. The Dutch ruled over Lombok's 500,000 people with a force of no more than 250 by cultivating the support of the Balinese and Sasak aristocracy. The Dutch are remembered in Lombok as liberators from Balinese hegemony.


title: Lombok

text: During World War II a Japanese invasion force comprising elements of the 2nd Southern Expeditionary Fleet invaded and occupied the Lesser Sunda Islands, including the island of Lombok. They sailed from Soerabaja harbour at 09:00 hrs on 8 March 1942 and proceeded towards Lombok Island. On 9 March 1942 at 17:00 hrs the fleet sailed into port of Ampenan on Lombok Island. The Dutch defenders were soon defeated and the island occupied.


title: Lombok

text: Following the cessation of hostilities the Japanese forces occupying Indonesia were withdrawn and Lombok returned temporarily to Dutch control. Following the subsequent Indonesian independence from the Dutch, the Balinese and Sasak aristocracy continued to dominate Lombok. In 1958, the island was incorporated into the province of West Nusa Tenggara with Mataram becoming the provincial capital. Mass killings of communists occurred across the island following the abortive coup attempt in Jakarta and Central Java. During President Suharto's New Order administration (1967–1998), Lombok experienced a degree of stability and development but not to the extent of the boom and wealth in Java and Bali. Crop failures led to famine in 1966 and food shortages in 1973. The national government's "transmigrasi" program moved a lot of people out of Lombok. The 1980s saw external developers and speculators instigate a nascent tourism boom although local's share of earnings was limited. Indonesia's political and economic crises of the late 1990s hit Lombok hard. In January 2000, riots broke out across Mataram with Christians and ethnic Chinese the main victims, with alleged "agents provocateur" from outside Lombok. Tourism slumped, but in recent years has seen a renewed growth.


title: Lombok

text: The July 2018 Lombok earthquake killed 20 people and injured hundreds more. The earthquake caused significant damage to Lombok island and was the foreshock of a larger earthquake that followed eight days later. The 5 August 2018 Lombok earthquake had a moment magnitude of 7.0, and it caused catastrophic damage to North Lombok and also caused damage to nearby Bali. In total, it caused over 550 deaths and more than 7000 were injured. Another Lombok earthquake occurred on 19 August 2018, killing 13 people and damaging 1800 buildings.


title: Lombok

text: Initially, the Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management refused international aid, claiming "earthquakes did not constitute a national emergency" and that locals were capable enough to respond without help. However, the infrastructure for disaster management and relief was not adequately in place in and around Lombok; therefore, the first responders to the disaster were stretched local government agencies such as police & military personnel, domestic volunteers and business owners in the parts of Lombok that were less affected by the quakes, including the Gili islands. Small scale international fundraising initiatives were organised through social networks and the web to help source basic resources such as food & clean water, and begin assisting with temporary and permanent shelter. This was vital in the early stages of the disaster, before larger scale government assistance arrived.


title: Lombok

text: The island is to the immediate east of the Lombok Strait which marks the biogeographical division between the fauna of the Indomalayan realm and the distinctly different fauna of Australasia; this distinction, known as the "Wallace Line" (or "Wallace's Line") takes its name from Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913). Wallace was the first person to comment on the division between the two regions, as well as on the abrupt boundary between the two biomes. Lombok is part of the Lesser Sundas deciduous forests ecoregion.


title: Lombok

text: To the east of Lombok lies the Alas Strait, a narrow body of water separating the island of Lombok from the nearby island of Sumbawa.


title: Lombok

text: The island's topography is dominated by the centrally-located stratovolcano Mount Rinjani, the second-highest volcano in Indonesia, which rises to , making Lombok the 8th-highest island. The most recent eruption of Rinjani occurred in September 2016 at Gunung Barujari. In a 2010 eruption, ash was reported as rising into the atmosphere from the Barujari cone in Rinjani's caldera lake of Segara Anak. Lava flowed into the caldera lake, raising its temperature, while ash fall damaged crops on the slopes of Rinjani. The volcano and its crater lake, Segara Anak (child of the sea), are protected by the Gunung Rinjani National Park established in 1997. Recent evidence indicates an ancient volcano, Mount Samalas, of which now only a caldera remains, was the source of the 1257 Samalas eruption, one of the largest volcanic eruptions in recorded history, which caused worldwide changes in weather.


title: Lombok

text: The highlands of Lombok are forest-clad and mostly undeveloped. The lowlands are highly cultivated. Rice, soybeans, coffee, tobacco, cotton, cinnamon, cacao, cloves, cassava, corn, coconuts, copra, bananas and vanilla are the major crops grown in the fertile soils of the island. The southern part of the island is fertile but drier, especially toward the southern coastline.


title: Lombok

text: The water supply in Lombok is stressed and this places strain both upon the water supply of the provincial capital, Mataram, and upon that of the island in general. The southern and central areas are reported to be the most critically affected. West Nusa Tenggara province in general is threatened with a water crisis caused by increasing forest and water table damage and degradation. 160 thousand hectares of a total of 1960 thousand hectares are thought to have been affected. The Head of Built Environment and Security Forest Service Forest West Nusa Tenggara Andi Pramari stated in Mataram on Wednesday, May 6, 2009, that, "If this situation is not addressed it can be expected that within five years it may be difficult for people to obtain water in this part of NTB (West Nusa Tenggara). Not only that, the productivity of agriculture in value added will fall, and the residents are experiencing water deficiency in their wells". High cases of timber theft in the region of NTB are contributing to this problem.


title: Lombok

text: In September 2010 in Central Lombok, some villagers reportedly walked for several hours to fetch a single pail of water. Nieleando, a small coastal village about 50 kilometers from the provincial capital, Mataram, has seen dry wells for years. It has been reported that occasionally the problem escalates sufficiently for disputes and fighting between villagers to occur. The problems have been reported to be most pronounced in the districts of Jonggat, Janapria, Praya Timur, Praya Barat, Praya Barat Daya and Pujut. In 2010 provincial authorities declared all six districts drought areas. Sumbawa, the other main island of the province, also experienced severe drought in 2010, making it a province-wide issue.


title: Lombok

text: Areas in southern Lombok Island were classified as arid and prone to water shortages due to low rainfall and lack of water sources. In May 2011, groundbreaking began on Pandanduri dam construction, which will span about 430 hectares and cost an estimated Rp.800 billion ($92.8 million). When finished, the dam will accommodate about 25.7 million cubic meters of water and be able to irrigate 10,350 hectares of farmland. Project construction was expected to last five years.


title: Lombok

text: The island's inhabitants are 85% Sasak, whose ancestors are thought to have migrated from Java in the first millennium BC. Other residents include an estimated 10–15% Balinese, with the small remainder being Chinese-peranakan Indonesians, Javanese, Sumbawa and Arab Indonesians.


title: Lombok

text: The Sasak population are culturally and linguistically closely related to the Balinese, but unlike the Hindu Balinese, the majority are Muslim and the landscape is punctuated with mosques and minarets. Islamic traditions and holidays influence the Island's daily activities.


title: Lombok

text: The 2020 census recorded a population of 5,320,092 people in the province of NTB, of which 70.65% reside on Lombok, giving it a population of 3,758,631 at that date.


title: Lombok

text: The island's indigenous Sasak people are predominantly Muslim however before the arrival of Islam Lombok experienced a long period of Hindu and Buddhist influence that reached the island through Java. A minority Balinese Hindu culture remains in Lombok. Islam may have first been brought to Lombok by traders arriving from Sumbawa in the 17th century who then established a following in eastern Lombok. Other accounts describe the first influences arriving in the first half of the sixteenth century. The palm leaf manuscript Babad Lombok which contains the history of Lombok describes how Sunan Prapen was sent by his father The Susuhunan Ratu of Giri on a military expedition to Lombok and Sumbawa in order to convert the population and propagate the new religion. However, the new religion took on a highly syncretistic character, frequently mixing animist and Hindu-Buddhist beliefs and practices with Islam.


title: Lombok

text: A more orthodox version of Islam increased in popularity in the early twentieth century. The Indonesian government religionization programs (acquiring of a religion) in Lombok during 1967 and 1968 led to a period of some considerable confusion in religious allegiances and practices. These religionization programs later led to the emergence of more conformity in religious practices in Lombok. The Hindu minority religion is still practised in Lombok alongside the majority Muslim religion.


title: Lombok

text: Hinduism is followed by ethnic Balinese and by a minority of the indigenous Sasak. All the main Hindu religious ceremonies are celebrated in Lombok and there are many villages throughout Lombok that have a Hindu majority population. According to local legends two of the oldest villages on the island, Bayan, and Sembalun, were founded by a prince of Majapahit. According to the 2010 population census declared adherents of Hinduism numbered 101,000 people with the highest concentration in the Mataram Regency where they accounted for 14% of the population. The Ditjen Bimas Hindu (DBH)/ Hindu Religious Affairs Directorate's own analysis conducted in close association with Hindu communities throughout the country found that the number of Hindus in the population is much higher than counted in the government census. The survey carried out in 2012 found the Hindu population of Lombok to be 445,933. This figure is more in line with the commonly stated view that 10–15% of the Islands population is Hindu.


title: Lombok

text: The Nagarakertagama, the 14th-century palm leaf poem that was found on Lombok places the island as one of the vassals of the Majapahit empire. This manuscript contained detailed descriptions of the Majapahit Kingdom and also affirmed the importance of Hindu-Buddhism in the Majapahit empire by describing temple, palaces and several ceremonial observances.


title: Lombok

text: Christianity is practised by a small minority including some ethnic Chinese and immigrants from Bali and East Nusa Tenggara. There are Roman Catholic churches and parishes in Ampenan, Mataram, Praya and Tanjung. There is a catholic hospital in Mataram as well. Two Buddhist temples can be visited in and around Tanjung where about 800 Buddhists live.


title: Lombok

text: The history of a small Arab community in Lombok has history dating back to early settlement by traders from Yemen. The community is still evident mainly in Ampenan, the old Port of Mataram. Due to the siting of a UNHCR refugee centre in Lombok some refugees from middle eastern countries have intermarried with Lombok people.


title: Lombok

text: A non-orthodox Islamic group found only on Lombok are the Wektu Telu ("Three times"), who pray three times daily, instead of the five times stipulated in the Quran. Waktu Telu beliefs are entwined with animism, and is influenced not only by Islam, but also Hinduism and pantheistic beliefs. There are also remnants of Boda who maintain native Sasak beliefs and could be representative of an original Sasak culture, undiluted by later Islamic influences.


title: Lombok

text: Many influences of animist belief prevail within the Sasak people, most of whom believe in the existence of spirits or "ghosts". They regard both food and prayer as indispensable whenever they seek to communicate with spirits, including the dead and ritualistic traditional practices endure. Traditional magic is practised to ward off evil and illness and to seek solutions to disputations and antipathy. Magic may be practised by an individual alone but normally a person experienced in such things is sought out to render a service. Normally money or gifts are made to this person and the most powerful practitioners are treated with considerable respect.


title: Lombok

text: Many of the visitors to Lombok and much of the islands goods come across the Lombok Strait by sea or air links from Bali. Only separate the two islands. Lombok is often marketed as "an unspoiled Bali," or "Bali's sister island." With support from the central government, Lombok and Sumbawa are being developed as Indonesia's second destination for international and domestic tourism. Lombok has retained a more natural, uncrowded and undeveloped environment, which attract travelers who come for its relaxed pace and the opportunity to explore the island's unspoiled natural environment. The more contemporary marketing campaigns for Lombok/Sumbawa seek to differentiate from Bali and promote the island of Lombok as a standalone destination. The opening of the Lombok International Airport on 1 October 2011 assisted in this endeavor.


title: Lombok

text: Nusa Tenggara Barat and Lombok may be considered economically depressed by First World standards and a large majority of the population live in poverty. Still, the island is fertile, has sufficient rainfall in most areas for agriculture, and possesses a variety of climate zones. Consequently, food in abundant quantity and variety is available inexpensively at local farmer's markets, though locals still suffer from famine due to drought and subsistence farming. A family of 4 can eat rice, vegetables, and fruit for as little as US$0.50. Even though a family's income may be as small as US$1.00 per day from fishing or farming, many families are able to live a contented and productive life on a low income. However, the people of Lombok are coming under increasing pressure from rising food and fuel prices. Access to housing, education and health services remains difficult for many of the island's indigenous population although public education is free throughout the province and elementary schools are tried to be present in even remote areas.


title: Lombok

text: The percentage of the population living in poverty in urban areas of Nusa Tenggara Barat in 2008 was 29.47% and in 2009 it was 28.84%. For those living in rural areas in 2008 it was 19.73% and in 2009 it reduced marginally to 18.40%. For combined urban and village the figures were 23.81% and in 2009 it fell slightly to 22.78%.


title: Lombok

text: In Mataram in 2008 the percentage of the population that was unmarried was 40.74%, married 52.01%, divorced 2.51% and widowed 4.75%.


title: Lombok

text: Illegal cage bird trade has been observed in the city of Mataram and during five market visits in 2018 and 2019, 10,326 birds of 108 species were observed, with 18 of these species being nationally protected and many others harvested from the wild in violation of national harvest and trade quotas.


title: Lombok

text: Tourist development started in the mid-1980s when Lombok attracted attention as an 'unspoiled' alternative to Bali. Initially, low budget bungalows proliferated at places like the Gili islands and Kuta, Lombok on the South Coast. These tourist accommodations were largely owned by and operated by local business entrepreneurs. Areas in proximity to the airport, places like Senggigi, experienced rampant land speculation for prime beachfront land by big businesses from outside Lombok.


title: Lombok

text: In the 1990s the national government in Jakarta began to take an active role in planning for and promoting Lombok's tourism. Private organizations like the Bali Tourism Development Corporation (BTDC) and the Lombok Tourism Development Corporation (LTDC) were formed. LTDC prepared detailed land use plans with maps and areas zoned for tourist facilities. Large hotels provide primary employment for the local population. Ancillary business, ranging from restaurants to art shops have been started by local businessmen. These businesses provide secondary employment for local residents.


title: Lombok

text: The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis and the fall of Suharto regime in 1998 marked the beginning a decade of setbacks for tourism. Spurred by rapid devaluation of the currency and the transition to true democracy caused all of Indonesia to experience a period of domestic unrest. Many of Indonesian Provinces struggled with elements of the population desiring autonomy or independence from the Republic of Indonesia. At the same time, fanatical Islamic terrorism in Indonesia further aggravated domestic unrest across the archipelago.


title: Lombok

text: In January 2000, radical Islamic agitators from the newly formed Jemaah Islamiyah provoked religious and ethnic violence in the Ampenan area of Mataram and the southern area of Senggigi. Many foreign expatriates and tourists were temporarily evacuated to Bali. Numerous foreign embassies issued Travel Warnings advising of the potential danger of traveling to Indonesia.


title: Lombok

text: Subsequently, the 2002 Bali bombings, the 2005 Bali bombings and the Progress of the SARS outbreak in Asia all dramatically impacted tourism activities in Lombok. Tourism was slow to return to Lombok, provoked in part by a worldwide reluctance to travel because of global tensions. Only since 2007–2008, when most developed countries lifted their Travel Warnings has tourism recovered to pre-2000 levels.


title: Lombok

text: The years leading up to 2010 saw a rapid revival and promotion of tourism recovery in the tourism industry. The number of visitors far surpassed pre-2000 levels.


title: Lombok

text: The Indonesian government has actively promoted both Lombok and neighboring Sumbawa as Indonesia's number two tourist destination after Bali. In 2009. then President of Indonesia, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, the Ministry of Cultural and Tourism and the regional Governor had made public statements supporting the development of Lombok as a tourism destination and setting a goal of 1 million visitors annually by the year 2012 for the combined destination of Lombok and Sumbawa. This has seen infrastructure improvements to the island including road upgrades and the construction of a much delayed new International airport in the islands south. Bali Tourism Development Corporation (BTDC) has been empowered to develop Mandalika Resort Area at southern part of the island, extending from Kuta along of sandy beach.


title: Lombok

text: Tourism is an important source of income on Lombok. The most developed tourism area of the island is on the west coast of the island and is centered about the township of Senggigi. The immediate surrounds of the township contain the most developed tourism facilities. The west coast coastal tourism strip is spread along a strip following the coastal road north from Mataram and the old airport at Ampenan. The principal tourism area extends to Tanjung in the northwest at the foot of Mount Rinjani and includes the Sire and Medana Peninsulas and the highly popular Gili Islands lying immediately offshore. These three small islands are most commonly accessed by boat from Bangsal near Pemenang, Teluk Nare a little to the south, or from further south at Senggigi and Mangsit beach. Many hotels and resorts offer accommodations ranging from budget to luxurious. Recently direct fast boat services have been running from Bali making a direct connection to the Gili islands. Although rapidly changing in character, the Gili islands still provide both a lay-back backpacker's retreat and a high-class resort destination.


title: Lombok

text: Other tourist destinations include Mount Rinjani, Gili Bidara, Gili Lawang, Narmada Park and Mayura Park and Kuta (distinctly different from Kuta, Bali). Sekotong, in southwest Lombok, is popular for its numerous and diverse scuba diving locations.


title: Lombok

text: The Kuta area is also famous for its largely deserted, white sand beaches. The Smalltown is rapidly developing since the opening of the International airport in Praya. Increasing amounts of surfers from around the globe come here seeking out perfect surf and the slow and rustic feel of Lombok. South Lombok surfing is considered some of the best in the world. Large polar lows push up through the Indian Ocean directing long range, high period swell from as far south as Heard Island from late March through to September or later. This coincided with the dry season and South-East trade winds that blow like clockwork. Lombok is famous for its diversity of breaks, which includes world-renowned "Desert Point" at Banko Banko in the southwest of the island.


title: Lombok

text: The northern west coast near Tanjung has many new upmarket hotel and villa developments centered about the Sire and Medana peninsular nearby to the Gili islands and a new boating marina at Medana Bay. These new developments complement the already existing five-star resorts and a large golf course already established there.


title: Lombok

text: In 2019, Lombok received a score of 70, the highest among the assessed top 10 halal tourist destinations in Indonesia in study conducted by the Tourism Ministry. The Indonesian Government was hoping to attract some of the anticipated 230 million Muslim travellers across the world in 2026, with potential spending of up to .


title: Lombok

text: According to the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, halal (or Islamic) tourism components are halal hotels (no alcohol, gambling, etc.; Quran, prayer mats and arrows indicating the direction of Mecca in every room), halal transport (cleanliness; non-alcoholic drinks; publications coherent with Islam), halal food premises, halal (Islamic-themed) tour packages and halal finance(the financial resources of the hotel, restaurant, travel agency and the airlines have to fit with Islamic principles).


title: Lombok

text: Lombok International Airport ("Bandara Internasional Lombok") is south west of the small regional city of Praya in South central Lombok. It commenced operations on 1 October 2011. It replaced Selaparang airport near Ampenan. It is the only operational international airport within the province of West Nusa Tenggara ("Nusa Tenggara Barat").


title: Lombok

text: Selaparang Airport in Ampenan was closed for operations on the evening of 30 September 2011. It previously provided facilities for domestic services to Java, Bali, and Sumbawa and international services to Singapore to Kuala Lumpur via Surabaya and Jakarta. It was the island's original airport and is situated on Jalan Adi Sucipto on the north western outskirts of Mataram. The terminals and basic airport infrastructure remain intact but it is closed to all civil airline traffic.


title: Lombok

text: Lembar Harbor seaport in the southwest has shipping facilities and a ferry for road vehicles and passenger services. In 2013, the gross tonnage is 4.3 million Gross Tonnages or increase by 72 percent from 2012 data means in Lombok and West Nusa Tenggara the economy progress significantly.


title: Lombok

text: Labuhan Lombok ferry port on the east coast provides a ferry for road vehicles and passenger services to Poto Tano on Sumbawa.


title: Lombok

text: Pelni Shipping Line provides a national network of passenger ship services throughout the Indonesian archipelago. Pelni have offices in Ampenan.


title: Lombok

text: Flights from Ngurah Rai International Airport to Lombok "Zainuddin Abdul Madjid" International Airport take about 40 minutes. Lombok International Airport is located in southwest Lombok, 1.5 hours drive to Senggigi main tourist areas in the west Lombok, 2 hours drive to the jetty of Teluk Nara before you cross to Gili Islands and about 30 minutes drive to Kuta south Lombok.


title: Lombok

text: Public ferries depart from Padang Bai (Southeast Bali) and Lembar (Southwest Lombok) every hour, taking a minimum of 4–5 hours make the crossing in either direction.


title: Lombok

text: Fast boat services are available from various departure points on Bali and principally serve the Gili Islands, with some significant onward traffic to the Lombok mainland. Arrival points on Lombok are dependent upon the operator, at either Teluk Nare/Teluk Kodek, Bangsal harbour or the township of Senggigi, all on the northwest coast. Operating standards vary widely.


title: Lombok

text: A traditional event called the Nyale Festival, or Bau Nyale (meaning "to catch the sea worms), is held between February and March. The event focuses on catching the spawning parts of "Palola viridis", which are known as "nyale" or "wawo". In local legend, nyale are believed to be the reincarnation of the beautiful Princess Mandalika, who had jumped into the sea to drown herself off Seger beach, after her father had set up a contest for potential suitors to fight one another to win her hand in marriage.


title: The Wife (2017 film)

text: The Wife is a 2017 drama film directed by Björn L. Runge and written by Jane Anderson, based on the 2003 novel of the same name by Meg Wolitzer. It stars Glenn Close, Jonathan Pryce, and Christian Slater, and follows an aging woman (Close) who questions her life choices as she travels to Stockholm with her husband (Pryce), who is set to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature.


title: The Wife (2017 film)

text: The film premiered at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival on September 12, 2017, and was theatrically released in the United States on August 17, 2018, by Sony Pictures Classics. It received generally positive reviews from critics, with Close's performance garnering widespread acclaim. She won the Golden Globe Award, Screen Actors Guild Award, Independent Spirit Award and Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress for her performance, and was also nominated for the Academy Award and BAFTA Award for Best Actress.


title: The Wife (2017 film)

text: In 1958, young Joan Archer, a college student at Smith College, is awed by her professor Joseph Castleman, a handsome, young, married man, and his force of personality and advice. Later, Joan meets a published alumna female author whose cynical view of opportunities available to female writers disheartens her.


title: The Wife (2017 film)

text: Two years later, Joseph has been fired for having an affair with Joan, his marriage is failing, and his first attempt at writing a novel turns out very poorly. Joan, a secretary at a publishing house, observes how the all-male editors dismiss women writers. When Joan criticizes Joseph's work, he threatens to end his relationship with her, claiming she cannot love "a hack." Joan agrees to fix Joseph's novel for him. The work, titled "The Walnut," is published and becomes a bestseller. By 1968, Joseph and Joan are married and living in a large seaside home in Connecticut. Joan is hard at work on a novel to be published under Joseph's name, while Joseph supports her by cooking, cleaning, and caring for their first child, David. As Joseph and Joan converse, it is apparent that Joan's novel reflects their life together, which bores Joan. A narcissist, Joseph has several adulterous affairs over the next four decades and tells everyone that Joan "does not write."


title: The Wife (2017 film)

text: By 1992, an elderly Joseph has become a celebrated author. He wins the Nobel Prize in Literature, about which Joan is less than happy. David, who idolizes his father but is unaware that Joan has written all of Joseph's books, seeks critique of his first short story. The trio flies to Stockholm as Nathaniel Bone, a biographer with a taste for scandal, tries to ingratiate himself with the Castlemans. Joan's unhappiness worsens as adulation is heaped on Joseph. His attempts to publicly thank her for supporting him embitter her further.


title: The Wife (2017 film)

text: Nathaniel, sensing Joan's emotional state, induces her to talk with him over drinks and says that he knows that Joan has ghostwritten a major portion or even all of each of Joseph's novels. Joan does not admit the truth, but Nathaniel is convinced by their conversation that he is correct. Meanwhile, Joseph begins to seduce a young photographer assigned to him, but just as he begins his seduction, his watch alarm goes off for him to take his heart pills, cooling the moment, and she leaves the room. Joseph accuses Joan of abandoning him, while Joan expresses outrage over his attempted affair. The argument ceases when they learn that their daughter Susannah has given birth.


title: The Wife (2017 film)

text: On the night of the Nobel ceremony, David confronts his parents after being told by Nathaniel that Joan is the only writer in the family. Joseph and Joan deny everything. At the ceremony and the banquet which follows, Joan feels increasingly humiliated because Joseph praises her as his support, his muse, his soul. She flees, and Joseph follows her. He demands that she take his prize, but she refuses. At their hotel, Joan tells Joseph she is divorcing him. They argue violently, and Joseph has a heart attack. Prostrate on the bed, he begs for Joan's love. She tells him she loves him; he calls her a good liar and dies moments later. On the Concorde flight back to the US, Nathaniel offers his condolences to Joan. She tells him that if he tries to print anything that undermines Joseph's reputation as a writer, she will sue him. David overhears her. Joan says she will tell David and his sister the truth when they get home. She then turns the page to the journal she had opened, runs her hand over a blank page, and looks up.


title: The Wife (2017 film)

text: On May 16, 2014, it was reported that Glenn Close would star in an adaptation of the Meg Wolitzer novel "The Wife". The film was directed by Björn Runge and written by Jane Anderson. On January 30, 2015, Frances McDormand, Logan Lerman, Brit Marling, Jonathan Pryce, and Christian Slater were announced as having also been cast. On October 19, 2016, Pryce and Slater's involvement was confirmed, and Elizabeth McGovern, Max Irons, and Close's daughter Annie Starke joined the cast, playing the roles originally set with McDormand, Lerman, and Marling, respectively; Harry Lloyd was also added. Close approached Gary Oldman for the part of Joe Castleman but he was unavailable for the role. "The Wife" shot scenes in Glasgow, Edinburgh, and Arbigland Estate in Dumfries.


title: The Wife (2017 film)

text: "The Wife" grossed $9.6 million in the United States and Canada, and $8.8 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $18.4 million.


title: The Wife (2017 film)

text: In its first weekend of limited release, "The Wife" grossed $111,137 from four theaters, for an average of $27,784, the best of the weekend. It expanded to 18 theaters in its second weekend, making $212,714.


title: The Wife (2017 film)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 86% based on 232 reviews, and an average rating of 7.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""The Wife" relies on the strength of Glenn Close's performance to drive home the power of its story—and she proves thoroughly, grippingly up to the task." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 77 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."


title: The Wife (2017 film)

text: Peter Travers gave the film four out of five stars in "Rolling Stone", calling Close's acting a "tour-de-force," and saying she "takes it to the next level with a powerfully implosive performance that doubles as an accumulation of details that define a marriage. She never telegraphs Joan’s feelings, letting them unravel slowly as we watch her attend parties as a buildup to the big night." The chief film critic for "The Observer" Mark Kermode described the movie as a "Stockholm syndrome with a twist," while Glenn Close, interviewed by Robbie Collin for "The Daily Telegraph", described it as "part-period piece, part-love story, part-Bergmanesque drama—so much so the latter that it could have been called "Scenes from a Marriage"." Citing the screening coordinator Peggy Siegal, Bill McCuddy of the Gold Derby called "The Wife" "the perfect '#MeToo' film" and defined it as Oscar bait.


title: The Wife (2017 film)

text: "San Diego Reader" writer Scott Marks gave the film one out of five stars and criticized the film's simplicity, writing: "It might not have been so bad had the road to the big reveal been paved with insight and originality, but other than the performances, there is nothing here audiences haven't seen more times than they have their own feet." Writing for the "Chicago Reader", Ben Sachs wrote: "Because the performances are so calculated, the emotional outbursts on which the story hinges fail to make a dramatic impact. And for a film about a novelist, "The Wife" conveys very little sense of what it's like to read or write."


title: Sasha Velour

text: Alexander "Sasha" Hedges Steinberg (born June 25, 1987), known professionally as Sasha Velour, is an American drag queen, artist, actor, and stage and television producer, based in Brooklyn, New York. Velour is known for winning the ninth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race," her drag revue "NightGowns," and her one-queen theatrical work, "Smoke & Mirrors."


title: Sasha Velour

text: Born in Berkeley, California, Velour was raised in Connecticut until the age of nine when her family moved to Urbana, Illinois. Velour is the only child of Mark Steinberg, a scholar of Russian history and professor in the Department of History at University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, and Jane Hedges, who served as editor at Yale University Press and managing editor of the "Slavic Review". Velour is of Russian Jewish descent on her father's side, and identifies with her father's faith. Her grandmother emigrated from the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic via Manchuria.


title: Sasha Velour

text: Velour graduated from University Laboratory High School in Champaign-Urbana in 2004. After high school, she spent a year abroad with family and worked as a part-time security guard at the Russian State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia, and interned at the Staatsoper (State Opera) in Berlin, Germany.


title: Sasha Velour

text: Velour obtained a BA from the Independent Program (with a focus on Modern Literatures) from Vassar College in 2009. In 2010, she was a Fulbright Scholar in Moscow and completed a project that aimed to understand the role of different art forms in contemporary Russian society. She received an MFA in cartooning in 2013 from the Center for Cartoon Studies in White River Junction, Vermont. Prior to pursuing drag as a full-time career, Velour worked as a freelance graphic designer and illustrator, an English language tutor, and as head of production for the children's book publisher, Toon Books.


title: Sasha Velour

text: Velour moved to New York with her partner John Jacob Lee (known professionally as Johnny Velour) in 2013. She created comics and zines that she self-published and sold at conventions. Velour's work was also published in "The Nib", "InkBRICK", "Comics Workbook Magazine", "QU33R", Cicada Magazine and others, under the names Sasha Velour and Sasha Steinberg. Velour also created a comic entitled "Stonewall", which attempted to tell the story of the Stonewall riots using real and fictional characters. The work was called "a smart, beautiful and artful take on a significant and difficult historical event" by Highlow Comics. Velour's visual art has been the subject of two solo gallery shows. A show entitled “What's Your Drag” was on display at Be Gallery NYC in spring 2014 (in connection with BeFluent, the English school where she taught), and another solo show entitled "Nightrooms", was held at the Black Box Gallery (located in Bizarre Bushwick) in Brooklyn in March 2016. Velour's cut paper work was part of the group show "Coney Island Babies, Visual Artists from the Brooklyn Drag Scene" at the Bureau of General Services Queer Division that opened in Manhattan in November 2012. In March 2017, Velour designed a long sleeve T-shirt for "Contemporary Drag", a limited-edition fashion line for the New Art Dealers Alliance's (NADA) in collaboration with Print All Over Me and she performed at the NADA show that month.


title: Sasha Velour

text: Velour started performing in drag while studying at The Center for Cartoon Studies in Vermont. She also met her partner John Jacob Lee (known as Johnny Velour) in Vermont when he was acting in a production of "Annie". In the spring of 2013, Velour and her partner staged "Whatever She Wants, A Drag Musicale" at the Main Street Museum featuring local residents. She called producing the show a "milestone" of her drag career and moved to Brooklyn later that year.


title: Sasha Velour

text: Velour began performing in New York City in early 2014. She founded "Velour, The Drag Magazine" (originally named "Vym"), a magazine about drag, alongside partner Johnny in the summer of 2014. The magazine included interviews as well as varied art forms such as photography, poetry, and illustration that address the power, beauty, and purpose of drag. Three issues were published over two years and the magazine was compiled into a 300 page hardcover book in 2018.


title: Sasha Velour

text: Velour began producing a monthly drag show, "NightGowns", in August 2015, at Bizarre Bushwick. The show has been regularly hosted at Bizarre Bushwick and National Sawdust, both in Brooklyn New York. The shows have been celebrated as "beautiful and funny and politically charged" by "The New York Times". It was later adapted into a TV series for Quibi.


title: Sasha Velour

text: Velour auditioned for "RuPaul's Drag Race"s eighth season but was not selected to participate. In 2017, she competed in and ultimately won the ninth season of the show. Velour's lip sync to Whitney Houston's "So Emotional" in the season finale was named “performance of the year” by The A.V. Club and was also named one of "TV's Best Musical Moments" by Entertainment Weekly. The lip-sync was later referenced on "Saturday Night Live", during Kate McKinnon's impression of Elizabeth Warren.


title: Sasha Velour

text: During the airing of the show, Velour starred in the music video for the non-record single "C.L.A.T." alongside fellow New York City drag artists Peppermint, Aja and Alexis Michelle, all of whom also appeared on the ninth season of "Drag Race".


title: Sasha Velour

text: Velour founded The House of Velour in 2017, a production company that she uses to produce stage, film work and merchandise. KC Ifeyani at Fast Company said the company was "disrupting the business of drag". Velour expanded her drag showcase "NightGowns", moving it from Bizarre Bushwick to National Sawdust in April 2017. The show also toured to Los Angeles, London, and played at Terminal 5 in New York City, with Janet Jackson in attendance.


title: Sasha Velour

text: In 2018, Velour partnered with Opening Ceremony to host and direct their New York Fashion Week show. Velour selected 40 LGBTQ+ models to walk, creating the first all queer show in New York Fashion Week history. The show featured other notable drag performers (Lypsinka, Shea Couleé, Jiggly Caliente, Miss Fame, Farrah Moan, Hungry, and more) as well as a surprise performance from Christina Aguilera.


title: Sasha Velour

text: In 2017, Google commissioned Velour to create a Google Doodle of German singer-actress Marlene Dietrich which appeared on Google's homepage on December 27, 2017, the 116th anniversary of Deitrich's birth. Velour impersonated Dietrich in the Snatch Game challenge on season 9 of "RuPaul's Drag Race". For the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall uprising in 2019, Velour published a detailed history comic about the events of that night titled "Three Dollar Riot". She had first begun working on the comic years before for her thesis project at the Center for Cartoon Studies; a previous version of the comic was published in 2012 under the name "Stonewall".


title: Sasha Velour

text: "Variety" featured Velour in the "Power of New York List 2019", and she appeared in "Out"s annual OUT100 list twice (2017 and 2019). In June 2019, a panel of judges from "New York" magazine placed Velour 12th on their list of "the most powerful drag queens in America", a ranking of 100 former "Drag Race" contestants.


title: Sasha Velour

text: During a period of isolation brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic in the summer of 2021, Velour produced a series of papier-mâché masks called "Faces of Drag", which honors ten pioneers in "the world history of drag". Those highlighted by the series include Izumo no Okuni, Rebecca and Her Daughters, William Dorsey Swann, Mei Lanfang, Barbette, Josephine Baker, Coccinelle, José Sarria, and Divine.


title: Sasha Velour

text: Velour has spoken at the Teen Vogue Summit (June 2018), The Long Conversation at the Smithsonian in Washington, D.C. (Dec. 2018) and for colleges including Purdue, The University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Columbia, Oakland University, and more. Velour has spoken on panels hosted by Lyft, Netflix, Mercedes Benz, Fast Company, Jewish Queer Youth, and more.


title: Sasha Velour

text: Velour has appeared on the covers of "Wussy Mag", "Plastik Magazine", "Bricks", "GayTimes", and she art-directed her pet Italian Greyhound, Vanya's, cover shoot of "Dog Magazine" which featured an interview with Velour. Her home was featured in "People" magazine.


title: Sasha Velour

text: In 2018, Velour self-produced a short film entitled "Pirate Jenny", which included Velour performing her own translation of the famous "The Threepenny Opera" song of the same name. The work was shown as part of the group art show "Bona Drag: An Incomplete History of Drag and Cross-Gender Performance in Film and Video Art (Part 1)" at the Rhode Island School of Design that opened in November 2018.


title: Sasha Velour

text: In 2019, Velour appeared as herself on episodes of the television shows "The Bold Type" and "Broad City".


title: Sasha Velour

text: Velour adapted her stage show "NightGowns" into an 8-episode docu-series for the short-form platform Quibi, and it premiered on April 6, 2020. She was executive producer and starred in the show, and produced it with the Documentary Group and music video director Sophie Muller. "NightGowns" followed Velour and a cast of drag performers across eight episodes as she transforms "NightGowns" into a full-blown stage act. The New York Times said it was "among the most life-affirming shows you could find on any platform". A second season was ordered in August 2020, but Quibi ceased operations in late 2020. In 2021, "NightGowns" won the RealScreen Award for "Digital Content, Short Form Content, Non-Fiction”.


title: Sasha Velour

text: In March 2021, Velour starred in Angélica Negrón's "The Island We Made", a short art-opera film commissioned by Opera Philadelphia. The film was directed by Matthew Placek.


title: Sasha Velour

text: On January 9, 2019, Velour premiered her first evening-length solo theater show, "Smoke & Mirrors", in Canberra, Australia during a seven-city tour of Australia and New Zealand produced by ITD Events. The US premiere of "Smoke & Mirrors" was held on March 21, 2019 at New York Live Arts where it played eight sold-out shows. In May 2019, Velour performed the show at The Theatre At The Ace in Los Angeles, and on August 9 and 10, 2019, she performed two sold-out shows at the O Shepherd's Bush Empire in London. The show was also performed at Purdue University and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign that fall.


title: Sasha Velour

text: A 23-city (24 show) tour of the US and Canada opened in San Antonio, Texas on October 21, 2019 and closed in San Francisco, California on November 30, 2019. A 16-city tour of the United Kingdom and the European Union opened on March 2, 2020, in Birmingham, England. After seven performances, the tour was cut short due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The last performance was played in Dublin, Ireland on March 11, 2020. The European tour resumed in February 2022, playing in often sold-out theaters in 36 cities in 17 countries, reaching from Ireland to Poland.


title: Sasha Velour

text: , Velour resides in Brooklyn, New York, with partner Johnny Velour and her pet Italian greyhound, Vanya. Velour is gender-fluid and uses she/they pronouns when not in drag. Her drag persona, Sasha Velour, is referred to as "she".


title: Sasha Velour

text: Velour has a shaved head. She often performs in drag bald, as a tribute to her mother, Jane Hedges, who died of cancer in 2015 and had lost her hair during treatment for the disease.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The Volvo Engine Architecture (VEA) is a family of straight-three and straight-four automobile petrol and diesel engines produced by Volvo Cars in Skövde, Sweden, since 2013, Zhangjiakou, China since 2016 and Tanjung Malim, Malaysia since 2022 by Proton. Volvo markets all engines under the "Drive–E" designation, while Geely groups the three-cylinder variants with its other engines under the "G-power" name. These engines are some of the few ever put into production as twincharged engines, in the company of the Lancia Delta Integrale and concept Jaguar CX-75.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: Development of the new engine family began in 2006, with the decision to only produce four-cylinder engines being finalised in 2007. The intention was to produce smaller, more economical and environmentally friendly engines that would be fitted to every Volvo model. In 2008 Volvo began to upgrade its Skövde engine plant and invested roughly 2 billion SEK into development and tooling for the VEA.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: In the autumn of 2013, the first cars with the new engines were delivered to customers, starting with the S60 II and V60 models. At the same time, Volvo began to phase out the five-cylinder petrol and diesel engines, the six-cylinder petrol engines as well as any four-cylinder engines from other manufacturers. Until the end of 2015, nearly all other engines had been phased out, with only a few non VEA engines remaining in production for select models.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: In December 2014, Volvo introduced the first hybrid variant of a VEA engine with the launch of the XC90 T8. It uses an electric rear axle drive (ERAD) for both electric propulsion and AWD capabilities. Hybrid engines are equipped with a crankshaft integrated starter generator (CISG) that is used to start the engine, capture otherwise lost energy when slowing down and reduce lag at low rpm by acting as an additional supercharger. Volvo refers to this type of hybrid implementation as "Twin Engine".


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: In 2015 no three-cylinder engines were released, instead four-cylinder variants with 1.5 L capacity were introduced as base engines on some models.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: Volvo nearly completed the phaseout in 2016 with only two variants of the five-cylinder diesel remaining in production for the 60-series models.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: With the introduction of Volvo's new flagship sedan in 2016, the S90, the "PowerPulse" anti-lag system for the top of the range diesel engines was unveiled. It uses a small tank of compressed air that can instantaneously be released into the turbocharger to help with spool up, thereby reducing turbo lag.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: Volvo began testing of three-cylinder variants in mid 2014, it had been planned to introduce these engines in 2015. With their smaller capacity and less power they were meant to be used as base engines. In the second half of 2017, the first production VEA three-cylinder engine was released with the debut of the LEVC TX, where it is used as a range extender. The first Volvo three-cylinder VEA was slated for introduction in 2018 for the XC40 under the "T3" engine designation, however it saw only limited release.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: Due to stricter emissions laws, additional and improved emissions control equipment was introduced, beginning in the second half of 2017 for the 2018 model year. Diesel engines gained a SCR-catalyst to decrease NOx emissions, petrol engines received a particle filter. These changes are referred to as VEA GEN2. This improved the emissions rating to Euro 6c and for some engines to Euro 6d-TEMP. The improvements were rolled out in stages and some engines, particularly the hybrid variants, remained in Euro 6 configuration until the second quarter of 2018. By model year 2019 all engines had been updated to achieve Euro 6d-TEMP certification, with some engines getting discontinued. All diesel engines are now equipped with Ad-Blue and all petrol engines with a particle filter.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: Volvo has been developing a major update for all its engines since 2017. It is code-named VEA GEN3 (with VEP GEN3 and VED GEN3 respectively) and part of Volvo's effort to hybridize all of its engines. The MHEV variants will have a 48V network separate from the high-voltage battery system.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: New "B" badging for hybrid vehicles. Deviating from the previously introduced T<some number> (1994 with the T-5, without the dash in 1996 for X70) and D<some number> (2002 with the D5 engine, expanded in ~2009 with D4 and D3 subdivision) naming/badging scheme. The system uses kinetic energy recovery via a belt driven integrated starter generator (BISG) which is stored in a 48V 0.25 kWh lion battery. Under heavy load or rapid acceleration the BISG is used as an power adder. P0 hybridization.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The engine codes consist of a series of letters and digits. The actual, broadly used engine code is 7 or 8 characters long. Hybrid models can have a second engine code that is 7 characters long, mild hybrids engine codes are 6 characters long. Different, more general engine codes are used for some certification and approval documents and are 6 to 8 characters long. An additional 2 characters are used to identify each specific engine variant with an "MP" or "HP" suffix to differentiate performance.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: All three-cylinder 1.5 L (1,498 cc) petrol engines have a bore of and a stroke of with a compression ratio of 10.5:1. All engines are turbocharged and intercooled with direct injection. All engines are equipped with an electric water pump, but no balancer shafts.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B3154T" is usually only referred to as range extender. It delivers at 4000 rpm and . When running it only recharges the high voltage battery, thus functioning as a range extender giving approx. 300 miles of additional range. Single turbocharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B3154T" (11 or 14 for standard transmission and 15 for automatic) delivers at 5000 rpm and of torque between 1850–3850 rpm with standard transmission or of torque between 1850–3850 rpm with automatic. Engine variant for cars equipped with a manual or automatic gearbox. Single turbocharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: This engine is only available with a six-gear gearbox made by Volvo Cars or the Toyota AW8G30 gearbox.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: It was replaced by the newer engine "B3154T7" which retains the same ID code of 11 but not 14; automatic was changed to "B3154T2" which retains the same ID code of 15.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B3154T2" (15) delivers at 5500 rpm and of torque between 1500–3000 rpm. Engine variant for cars equipped with an automatic gearbox. Single turbocharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B3154T5" (BB) delivers at 5800 rpm and of torque between 1500–3000 rpm. The front electric motor (EFAD) delivers and of torque. Single turbocharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B3154T7" (11) delivers at 5500 rpm and of torque between 1850–3000 rpm. Engine variant for cars equipped with a manual gearbox. Single turbocharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B4154T2" (32) delivers at 5000 rpm and of torque between 1800–4000 rpm. Engine variant for cars equipped with an automatic gearbox. Single turbocharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B4154T3" (33) delivers at 5000 rpm and of torque between 1800–3500 rpm. Engine variant for cars equipped with an automatic gearbox. Single turbocharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B4154T4" (29) delivers at 5000 rpm and of torque between 1700–4000 rpm. Engine variant for cars equipped with an automatic gearbox. Single turbocharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B4154T5" (28) delivers at 5000 rpm and of torque between 1600–3500 rpm. Engine variant for cars equipped with an automatic gearbox. Single turbocharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: All 2.0 L (1,969 cc) petrol engines have a bore of and a stroke of with a compression ratio of 10.3:1. All engines are turbocharged and intercooled with direct injection. More powerful versions are equipped with a roots type supercharger in addition to being turbocharged and intercooled.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B4204T5" delivers at 5800 rpm and of torque between 1500–3000 rpm. The front electric motor (EFAD) delivers at 4000 rpm and of torque at 3500 rpm. Single turbocharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B4204T10" (27) delivers at 5700 rpm and of torque between 2100–4500 rpm. Turbocharger and supercharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B4204T11" (40) delivers at 5500 rpm and of torque between 1500–4800 rpm. The compression ratio was changed to 10.8:1. Single turbocharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B4204T14" (13) delivers at 5500 rpm and of torque between 1800–4800 rpm. The compression ratio was changed to 10.8:1. Single turbocharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B4204T15" delivers at 5500 rpm and of torque between 1500–4000 rpm. The compression ration was changed to 10.8:1. Single turbocharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B4204T17" (36) delivers at 5000 rpm and of torque between 1200–3500 rpm. The compression ratio was changed to 11.3:1. Single turbocharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B4204T19" (41) delivers at 4700 rpm and of torque between 1350–4000 rpm. The compression ratio was changed to 11.3:1. Single turbocharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B4204T26" (25) delivers at 5500 rpm and of torque between 1800–4800 rpm. The compression ratio was changed to 11.8:1. Single turbocharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B4204T27" (A2) delivers at 5700 rpm and of torque between 2200–5400 rpm. Turbocharger and supercharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: Emissions level Euro 6, upgraded to Euro 6b for model year 2017, beginning with model year 2018 emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B4204T28" (BC), later "B4204T28" (B1FPHEV) (BR), delivers at 5700 rpm and of torque between 2200–5400 rpm. The rear electric motor (ERAD) delivers and of torque. Turbocharger and supercharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: Battery capacity was for model years 2016 and 2017. It was increased to beginning with model year 2018.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B4204T29" (A3) delivers at 5700 rpm and of torque between 2200–5400 rpm. Turbocharger and supercharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: In the S60 III and V60 II, and for all other models from and including model year 2020, it delivers at 5700 rpm and of torque between 2200–5100 rpm. Turbocharger and supercharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B4204T31" (AK) delivers at 5000 rpm and of torque between 1600–4000 rpm. The compression ratio was changed to 11.8:1. Single turbocharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B4204T32" delivers at 5700 rpm and of torque between 1500–4500 rpm. The rear electric motor (ERAD) delivers and of torque. Turbocharger and supercharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B4204T34" (BM) delivers at 5700 rpm and of torque between 2200–5400 rpm. The rear electric motor (ERAD) delivers and of torque. Turbocharger and supercharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: In the newly released S60 III and V60 II, and for all other models from and including model year 2020, it delivers at 6000 rpm and of torque between 2200–4800 rpm. The rear electric motor (ERAD) delivers and of torque. Turbocharger and supercharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B4204T35" (B1APHEV) (BA) delivers at 5700 rpm and of torque between 2200–5400 rpm. The rear electric motor (ERAD) delivers and of torque. Turbocharger and supercharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: In Europe emissions level Euro 6, upgraded to emissions level Euro 6b, from model year 2018 on Euro 6d-TEMP.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B4204T37" (37) delivers at 5000 rpm and of torque between 1300–4000 rpm. The compression ratio was changed to 11.3:1. Engine variant for cars equipped with a manual gearbox. Single turbocharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B4204T38" (21) delivers at 5000 rpm and of torque between 1500–4800 rpm. The compression ratio was changed to 11.3:1. Engine variant for cars equipped with a manual gearbox. Single turbocharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: This engine was only available with the M66H gearbox until model year 2017, afterwards it was only available with the M76 gearbox.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B4204T41" delivers at 5500 rpm and of torque between 1500–4800 rpm. The compression ratio was changed to 8.6:1. Single turbocharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B4204T43" (A0) delivers at 6000 rpm and of torque between 3100–5100 rpm. The compression ratio was changed to 8.6:1. Turbocharger and supercharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B4204T44" (AL) delivers at 5000 rpm and of torque between 1400–4000 rpm. The compression ratio was changed to 10.8:1. Single turbocharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B4204T45" (??) delivers at 5500 rpm and of torque between 1700–5000 rpm. The rear electric motor (ERAD) delivers and of torque. Turbocharger and supercharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B4204T46" (BF) delivers at 5500 rpm and of torque between 1700–5000 rpm. The rear electric motor (ERAD) delivers and of torque. Turbocharger and supercharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B4204T47" (AC) delivers at 4700 rpm and of torque between 1400–4000 rpm. The compression ratio was changed to 11.3:1. Single turbocharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "B4204T48" (BT) delivers 318 PS at 5800–6100 rpm and of torque at 4500 rpm. The rear electric motor (ERAD) delivers 87 PS (64 kW; 86 hp) and 240 N⋅m (180 lb⋅ft) of torque. Turbocharger and supercharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: All 2.0 L (1,969 cc) diesel engines have a bore of and a stroke of with a compression ratio of 15.8:1. All engines are turbocharged and intercooled, certain variants are twin turbocharged. Some variants additionally are equipped with Variable Nozzle Turbine (VNT) turbochargers. In order to achieve injection pressures of up to 2500 bar all engines are equipped with a belt driven fuel pump. High power variants are equipped with balancer shafts and all variants have a mechanical water pump.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "D420T2 / D4204T2" (K2) delivers at 4000 rpm and of torque between 1750–2250 rpm. The BISG delivers at 3000 rpm and of torque between 0–2300 rpm. Twin turbochargers.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "D420T8 / D4204T8" (K5) delivers at 4000 rpm and of torque between 1750–2750 rpm. The BISG delivers at 3000 rpm and of torque between 0–2300 rpm. Twin turbochargers.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "D4204T4" (AR) originally delivered at 4250 rpm, and of torque between 1500–2500 rpm. Upgraded to at 4250 rpm, and of torque between 1500–2500 rpm. Twin turbochargers.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "D4204T8" (74) delivers at 3750 rpm and of torque between 1500–2250 rpm. The compression ratio was changed to 16.0:1. Single turbocharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: This engine was available with the M66 gearbox until model year 2017, afterwards it was available with the M76 gearbox. All model years are available with the AW TF-71SC gearbox.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "D4204T9" (79) delivers at 3750 rpm and of torque between 1750–3000 rpm. The compression ratio was changed to 16.0:1. Single turbocharger with VNT.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: This engine was available with the M66F gearbox until model year 2017, afterwards it was available with the M76 gearbox. All model years are available with the AW TF-71SC gearbox.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: Emissions level Euro 6 for CC models, non CC models Euro 6b for model years 2016 to 2018 and for the XC60 II, V60 II emissions level Euro 6d-TEMP.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "D4204T16" (72) delivers at 3750 rpm and of torque between 1750–3000 rpm. The compression ratio was changed to 16.0:1. Single turbocharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The engine is equipped with a SCR system that has a 11.5 L AdBlue tank for SPA models or 14.5 L AdBlue tank for CMA models.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "D4204T20" (78) delivers at 3750 rpm and of torque between 1500–2250 rpm. Engine variant for cars equipped with an automatic gearbox. Single turbocharger.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: The "D4204T23" (65) delivers at 4000 rpm and of torque between 1750–2250 rpm. Twin turbochargers, one with VNT. Equipped with PowerPulse.


title: Volvo Engine Architecture

text: Starting with model year 2018 the engine is equipped with a SCR system that has a 11.5 L AdBlue tank.


title: Grey Owl

text: Archibald Stansfeld Belaney (; September 18, 1888 – April 13, 1938), commonly known as Grey Owl, was a British-born conservationist, fur trapper, and writer who disguised himself as a Native American man. While he achieved fame as a conservationist during his life, after his death, the revelation that he was not Indigenous, along with other autobiographical fabrications, negatively affected his reputation.


title: Grey Owl

text: Belaney rose to prominence as a notable author and lecturer, primarily on environmental issues. In working with the National Parks Branch, Grey Owl became the subject of many films, and was established as the "'caretaker of park animals' at Riding Mountain National Park in Manitoba" in 1931. Together with his numerous articles, books, films and lectures, his views on conservation reached audiences beyond the borders of Canada. His conservation views largely focused on humans' negative impact on nature through their commodification of nature's resources for profits, and a need for humans to develop a respect for the natural world.


title: Grey Owl

text: Recognition of Belaney has included biographies, a historic plaque at his birthplace, and a 1999 biopic about his life by the director Richard Attenborough.


title: Grey Owl

text: Archibald Stansfeld Belaney was born in September 1888, in Hastings, Sussex, England. Born to George Belaney and his wife Katherine "Kittie" Cox, he was mostly of English descent on both sides; his paternal grandfather had come from Scotland and married in England.


title: Grey Owl

text: Kittie was his father's second wife. Years before Archie's birth, George Belaney had emigrated to the United States with his then-wife Elizabeth Cox and her younger sister, Kittie. After Elizabeth's early death, George persuaded Kittie, not yet 20, to marry him, a marriage that would have been illegal back home because it was prior to the Deceased Wife's Sister's Marriage Act 1907. Within the year they returned to Britain in time for the birth of their son Archie. The family lived together near Hastings until Kittie became pregnant for a second time. George and Kittie Belaney left to return to the United States, where he abandoned her. Archie remained in England in the care of his father's mother Juliana Belaney and his father's two younger sisters, Julia Caroline Belaney and Janet Adelaide Belaney, who the boy would know as Aunt Carry and Aunt Ada. Kittie visited him a few times.


title: Grey Owl

text: Belaney later told his publisher his father was Scottish. The Belaney name does have roots in Scotland. One of his biographers documented that Archie's paternal grandfather had moved from Scotland to England, where he became a successful merchant.


title: Grey Owl

text: Belaney attended Hastings Grammar School, where he excelled in subjects such as English, French and chemistry. While outside school, he spent much time reading, or exploring St Helen's Wood near his home.


title: Grey Owl

text: As a boy, Belaney was known for pranks, such as using his grammar school chemistry to make small bombs. He called them "Belaney Bombs". Fascinated by Native Americans, Belaney read about them and drew them in the margins of his books. Belaney left Hastings Grammar School and started work as a clerk with a timber company located behind St Helen's Wood. There Belaney and his friend George McCormick perfected the arts of knife throwing and marksmanship. Belaney turned his creativity to pursuits other than work. His last event there was lowering fireworks down the chimney of the timber company's office. The fireworks exploded and nearly destroyed the building. After the timber yard fired him, Belaney's aunts let him move to Canada, where he sought adventure.


title: Grey Owl

text: On March 29, 1906, Belaney boarded SS "Canada" and sailed from Liverpool, England for Halifax, Nova Scotia. He emigrated ostensibly to study agriculture. After a brief time in Toronto, he moved to Temagami ("Tema-Augama"), Northern Ontario, where he worked as a fur trapper, a wilderness guide at Keewaydin camp, and a forest ranger. He then fabricated a Native American identity, though he varied the details of his new parentage, at times telling people that he was the child of a Scottish father and Apache mother, and to have emigrated from the U.S. to join the Ojibwa in Canada.


title: Grey Owl

text: Belaney went to Toronto to earn money in the retail industry with aims of travelling farther north. Before heading to Northern Ontario to stay with the Guppy family in Lake Timiskaming, Belaney was keen to become a guide and continued to educate himself in nature. Before becoming a trapper, Belaney sought first-hand experience to learn the basic skills of a woodsman and apprenticed himself to Bill Guppy, who taught Belaney how to use snow-shoes and the basics of trapping, including how to place several types of trap. Following the Guppy family, he moved to Lake Temagami (Tema-Augama), Northern Ontario, where he worked as a chore boy at the Temagami Inn. For two years, Belaney worked as a chore boy and also made a trip back to Britain.


title: Grey Owl

text: Upon his return to Lake Temagami, Belaney's fascination with the Anishinaabe people increased. Belaney set about studying their language and lore while conducting a relationship with Ojibwa co-worker Angele Egwuna. Egwuna furthered Belaney's knowledge of trapping and fish nets, and also provided access to a network of Ojibwe people. Belaney claims he passionately embraced the cause of the Ojibwe, and that in turn the Ojibwe treated Belaney as one of their own. In 1909, Belaney spent a winter with the Ojibwa trappers, and said he had been adopted as an Ojibwa trapper. In Donald B. Smith's "From the Land of Shadows", it is said that Belaney's greatest lesson was the fragility of the environmental ecosystem, which was influential in forming his conservationist views. On August 23, 1910, he and Angele Egwuna married.


title: Grey Owl

text: Belaney enlisted with the Canadian Overseas Expeditionary Force (CEF) on May 6, 1915 during the First World War. His Regimental number with the CEF was 415259. On his attestation papers, he claimed to be born in Montreal on September 18, 1888, and listed no next of kin. When asked about his marital status, it appears some confusion may have occurred; the word 'yes' was written and then crossed out, then the word 'no' was written and crossed out, leaving his marital status unclear to the military at the time of enlistment. He stated his trade was a 'trapper' and that he previously served as a 'Mexican Scout' with the 28th Dragoons, although this is unclear since the U.S. was not in any significant military actions in the region (other than small operations, in which he could not have served; he would have had to serve between 1904 and 1915). Belaney joined the 13th (Montreal) Battalion of the Black Watch. His unit was shipped to France, where he served as a sniper. His comrades accepted his self-presentation as Indian and generally praised his conduct. Belaney was wounded by a gunshot to the wrist in January 1916, and then more seriously on April 23, 1916, with a shot through the foot. When the wounded limb developed gangrene, Belaney was shipped to Britain for treatment, and by coincidence billeted in a Canadian hospital in his home town of Hastings.


title: Grey Owl

text: While doctors tried to heal his foot, they moved Belaney from one British infirmary to another for a full year. In Britain, Belaney met again with childhood friend, Florence (Ivy) Holmes, and they married. Their marriage failed in a short time, without his having told Holmes that he was still married to Angele Egwuna, whom he had abandoned but not divorced. (See Marriage "à la façon du pays".)


title: Grey Owl

text: Belaney was shipped back to Canada in September 1917, where he received an honourable discharge on November 30, with a disability pension.


title: Grey Owl

text: In 1925, 37-year-old Belaney (now calling himself "Grey Owl", at least in some situations, and telling people he was Native American) met 19-year-old Gertrude Bernard (aka Anahareo, or Pony), a Mohawk Iroquois teenager who was to be very influential in his life. The story they presented is that she encouraged him to stop trapping and to publish his writing about the wilderness. They had an eight-year affair. When it began, Belaney was still legally married to his first wife Angele Egwuna, and Anahareo was a teenager. But Belaney and Bernard told people they had married each other anyway, with Anahareo saying that their marriage was "informal". Belaney wrote that it was Anahareo's influence that led him to think more deeply about conservation, and that she encouraged his writing and influenced him by saving and raising a pair of beaver kits.


title: Grey Owl

text: After accompanying him on a trapline, Anahareo attempted to make him see the torture that animals suffered when they were caught in traps. According to Grey Owl's "Pilgrims of the Wild", he hunted down a beaver home where he knew a mother beaver to be and set a trap for her. When the trap caught the mother beaver, Belaney began to canoe away to the cries of kitten beavers which greatly resemble the sound of human infants. Anahareo begged him to set the mother free, but he could not be swayed from his position because they needed the money from the beaver's pelt. The next day, he went back for the baby beavers which the couple adopted. As Albert Braz stated in his article "St. Archie of the Wild", "Indeed, primarily because of this episode, Belaney comes to believe that it is 'monstrous' to hunt such creatures and determines to 'study them' rather than 'persecuting them further.


title: Grey Owl

text: Belaney's first journal article, "The Falls of Silence", was published under the name A.S. Belaney in "Country Life", the English sporting and society magazine. He also published articles on animal lore as "Grey Owl" in "Forest & Outdoors", a publication of the Canadian Forestry Association. He became increasingly known in Canada and the United States. In 1928, the National Park Service made a film featuring Grey Owl and Anahareo, which showed them with two beavers which they had taken in as kits and raised after their mother was killed. As Grey Owl, he wrote twenty-five articles for "Canadian Forest and Outdoors" magazine between 1930 and 1935, published while he was in the midst of writing his first book.


title: Grey Owl

text: His first book as Grey Owl was called "The Men of the Last Frontier", published in 1931, and it traced the devastating story of the beaver as well as posed some very valid concerns about the future of Canada and its forests. Beaver pelts had become such a hot commodity in Canadian industry that the beaver was on the verge of extinction when Anahareo helped him understand the desperate need for protecting the animal instead of trapping it. According to Grey Owl in "The Men of the Last Frontier", trappers swarmed to the forests in higher numbers than ever before in 1930 because of the beaver's scarcity, and he argued that the only way to save this animal was to remove all of the trappers from the forests. This was an extremely difficult feat however because their pelts were so valuable and the job economy was so poor in the 1930s that he described their role in the economy as "beavers [being] to the north what gold was to the west". Though much of his focus in his writings were on the beaver, he also believed that this animal could be used as a symbol for the disappearing future of Canadian wilderness in a broader sense. He believed that Canada's wilderness and vastly open nature was what made it unique from other countries of the world, and this was disappearing at an extremely fast rate due to consumerism and the modernist emphasis on capital. He also discussed in "The Men of the Last Frontier" how the Canadian government and logging industry were working together to project a false image of forest preservation in order to gain possession of Canada's forests and rid them of their resources, burn down what remained, and attempt to replant "synthetic forests" in their places. His "The Men of the Last Frontier" was a call of desperation for the people of Canada to awaken from their immobility and resist the destruction of their country as the forests were being turned into deserts for profit.


title: Grey Owl

text: Grey Owl's relationship with Parks Canada, known in the 1930s as Dominion Parks Branch, began when he published stories through the Canadian Forestry Association. His publications in Canadian Forest and Outdoors brought him into contact with Gordon Dallyn, the then editor of Canadian Forest and Outdoors, who introduced him to James Harkin, the Parks Branch Commissioner. Sharing similar concerns over wilderness conservation, the Parks Branch agreed to make a film with Grey Owl and Jelly Roll (his pet beaver) with the goal of "provid[ing] a living argument for conservation." W. J. Oliver, who at the time was under contract with the Parks Branch, was the prominent cameraman of the films commissioned by Parks Branch; along with filming Grey Owl, Oliver also took many pictures of him looking "consciously Indian." These photographs were used as illustrations in "The Men of the Last Frontier" among other works by Grey Owl and as publicity for his lecturing tours. The film received good reception from the Forestry Association. Thinking it would bring increased tourism to the national park which Grey Owl would be working at, along with serving as a platform where Grey Owl could promote his work, James Harkin offered Grey Owl a job at the Riding Mountain National Park in early 1931.


title: Grey Owl

text: In 1931, Grey Owl and Anahareo moved briefly (with their beavers) to a cabin in Riding Mountain National Park to find a sanctuary for them. Riding Mountain National Park was found to be an unsuitable habitat for the beavers, as a summer drought resulted in the lake water level sinking, and becoming stagnant. Both the beavers and Grey Owl were unhappy with the situation, causing Grey Owl to search, with the support of the Dominion Parks Branch, for better living conditions. The Parks Branch suggested Prince Albert National Park, situated 450 miles north-west of Riding Mountain National Park. Grey Owl and Anahareo found the park suitable for their needs as it was isolated, teeming with wildlife, heavily wooded, and Grey Owl had a favourable impression of the Superintendent of the Park, Major J.A. Wood. The greater sized waterway of Prince Albert National Park was found to be a more suitable beaver habitat, as the lake at Riding Mountain National Park had a risk of freezing to the bottom during winter.


title: Grey Owl

text: Grey Owl told his publisher and future biographer, Lovat Dickson, the following story about his origins:


title: Grey Owl

text: He was the son of a Scottish father and Apache mother. He claimed his father was a man named George MacNeil, who had been a scout during the 1870s Indian Wars in the southwestern United States. Grey Owl said his mother was Katherine Cochise of the Apache, Jicarilla band. He further said that both parents had been part of the Wild Bill Hickok Western show that toured England. Grey Owl claimed to have been born in 1888 in Hermosillo, Mexico, while his parents were performing there.


title: Grey Owl

text: In the 1930s Grey Owl wrote many articles for the Canadian Forestry Association (CFA) publication "Forests and Outdoors", including the following:


title: Grey Owl

text: His article, "A Description of the Fall Activities of Beaver, with some remarks on Conservation", was collected in Harper Cory's book "Grey Owl and the Beaver" (London: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd, 1935).


title: Grey Owl

text: In 1935–36 and 1937–38, Grey Owl toured Canada and Britain (including Hastings) to promote his books and lecture about conservation. His popularity attracted large, interested audiences, as "Pilgrims in the Wild" at one point was selling 5,000 copies a month. Grey Owl appeared in traditional Ojibwa clothing as part of his First Nations identity. Although his aunts recognised him at his 1935 appearance in Hastings, they did not talk about his true, British origins until 1937.


title: Grey Owl

text: Between 1936 and his death he was informally visited at his base by the then Governor-General, Lord Tweedsmuir, an admirer of Grey Owl's writings on wildlife, an event photographed by Shuldham Redfern.


title: Grey Owl

text: During a publication tour of Canada, Grey Owl met Yvonne Perrier, a French Canadian woman. In November 1936 they married.


title: Grey Owl

text: Following his return from service in the First World War, Belaney's use of alcohol increased, and it was not unusual for him to appear drunk in public. On the ship back to Canada from his 1935 British tour, it was noted that he "drank heavily, ate only onions and was noticeably ill." Excessive alcohol consumption compromised Grey Owl's position with the Dominion Parks Branch in Ottawa. He was supposed to meet a group of important governmental officials at the studio of Yousuf Karsh, who had organised a dinner in his honour. However, as the dinner began, Grey Owl was absent. Karsh later found him "raising a drunken row in the bar." This public display of a Parks Branch employee drunk in public caused James Harkin to have to defend Grey Owl's position within Parks Branch to the Assistant Deputy Minister Roy A. Gibson. His consumption of alcohol at Prince Albert National Park created more friction between himself and Parks Branch as he was seen to "indulge too freely in liquor."


title: Grey Owl

text: Initially, Grey Owl's efforts and conservation were focused towards the beaver up North; however, with the publication of "The Men of the Last Frontier", his conservation efforts came to include all wild animals. While he had at one time been a fur trapper, he came to believe that "the trap, the rifle, and poison" would some day result in "the Dwellers in the forest to come to an end too." He expressed in "Pilgrims of the Wild" how humanity's rush to exploit natural resources for commercial value overlooks "the capabilities and possibilities of the wild creatures involved in it." It was this "commodification of all living things that was responsible for the destruction from the beaver." Grey Owl expressed that if there were "temporary at least" protection for fur bearing animals, then humanity would "see the almost human response to kindness" from animals. He called for people to remember "you belong to Nature, not it to you." "Men of the Last Frontier" was first called "The Vanishing Frontier", and subsequently named "Men of the Last Frontier" by the publishers, which he felt "missed the entire point of the book" as he "spoke of nature, not men." The changing of the title exemplified for him the conception of people "that man governs the powers of nature."


title: Grey Owl

text: The tours were fatiguing for Grey Owl and his years of alcoholism weakened him. In April 1938, he returned to Beaver Lodge, his cabin at Ajawaan Lake. Five days later, he was found unconscious on the floor of the cabin. Although taken to Prince Albert hospital for treatment, he died of pneumonia on April 13, 1938. He was buried near his cabin.


title: Grey Owl

text: His first wife Angele proved her marriage and, although she had not seen him for several years, inherited most of his estate. After their deaths, Anahareo and Shirley Dawn (died June 3, 1984) in turn were buried at Ajawaan Lake.


title: Grey Owl

text: Doubts about Grey Owl's supposed First Nation identity had been circulating and stories were published immediately after his death. The "North Bay Nugget" newspaper ran the first exposé the day of his death, a story which they had been holding for three years. This was followed up by international news organisations, such as "The Times". His publisher Lovat Dickson tried to prove Belaney's claimed identity, but had to admit that his friend had lied to him. His popularity and support for his causes led "The Ottawa Citizen" to conclude, "Of course, the value of his work is not jeopardized. His attainments as a writer and naturalist will survive." This opinion was widely shared in the UK national press.


title: Grey Owl

text: While his writings showed his deep knowledge and concern about the environment, Belaney's account of his origins as "Grey Owl" was fictional. The consequences of the revelation were dramatic. Publishers immediately ceased producing his books under the name "Grey Owl". In some cases, his books were withdrawn from publication. This in turn affected the conservation causes with which Belaney had been associated, resulting in a decrease in donations.


title: Grey Owl

text: In 1972 the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) produced a documentary special on Grey Owl, directed by Nancy Ryley. In 1999, the film "Grey Owl" was released. It was directed by Richard Attenborough and starred Pierce Brosnan. The film received mixed reviews and received no theatrical release in the United States.


title: Grey Owl

text: In June 1997, the mayor of Hastings and the borough's Member of Parliament (MP) (Michael Foster) unveiled a plaque in his honor on the house at 32 St. James Road, Hastings, East Sussex, where he was born.


title: Grey Owl

text: The ranger station at Hastings Country Park, 4 miles to the east of Hastings, also has a commemorative plaque to Grey Owl. A full-size replica of his Canadian lakeside cabin is in Hastings Museum at Summerfields. An exhibition of memorabilia and a commemorative plaque are at the house at 36 St. Mary's Terrace where he lived with his grandmother and aunts.


title: Grey Owl

text: The cabin in Riding Mountain National Park where he resided for six months in 1931 has been designated as a Federal Heritage Building and was restored in June 2019.


title: Grey Owl

text: The cabin he had built in the 1930s still stands in Prince Albert National Park and can be reached by foot (20 kilometer hike) or by canoe (a 16 km paddle).


title: Grey Owl

text: Belaney had relationships with at least five women. He deserted his first wife and child, later committing bigamy by marrying Florence Holmes in England. He had a daughter with his first wife and another with his third, and was known to have fathered a boy as well.


title: Grey Owl

text: Grey Owl's first three books, "The Men of the Last Frontier", "Pilgrims of the Wild" and "Sajo and her Beaver People", have been collected and reprinted as "Grey Owl: Three Complete and Unabridged Canadian Classics" (2001: ). Excerpts from all four of his books were collected in "The Book of Grey Owl: Selected Wildlife Stories" (1938; 1989 reprint: ).


title: Aparna Nancherla

text: Aparna Nancherla (born August 22, 1982) is an American comedian and actress of Indian descent. She has appeared on "Inside Amy Schumer" and has written for "Late Night with Seth Meyers" and "Totally Biased with W. Kamau Bell". Nancherla released her debut comedy album "Just Putting It Out There" through Tig Notaro's Bentzen Ball Records on July 8, 2016.


title: Aparna Nancherla

text: Aparna Nancherla was born in Washington, D.C., United States into an Indian Telugu Hindu family; her parents immigrated to the United States from Hyderabad, India in the 1970s. She has an older sister, Bhavana. She grew up outside Washington, attending Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology in Fairfax County, Virginia. Nancherla attended Amherst College in Amherst, Massachusetts and studied psychology.


title: Aparna Nancherla

text: After graduating from college she returned to Washington, D.C., where she began her standup career. Nancherla moved to Los Angeles, then to New York City to write for "Totally Biased" until the show's cancellation in 2013. Nancherla was subsequently a staff writer for "Late Night with Seth Meyers" in 2015.


title: Aparna Nancherla

text: Nancherla's credits also include several web series, including "Your Main Thing" with John Early, and co-created and starred in "Womanhood," a satirical advice series with comedian Jo Firestone.


title: Aparna Nancherla

text: In 2019 she was featured in "Laughing Matters", a 30-minute YouTube documentary created by SoulPancake in collaboration with Funny or Die wherein a variety of comedians discuss mental health.


title: Aparna Nancherla

text: Nancherla has appeared on "Conan" and Comedy Central's "The Meltdown with Jonah and Kumail". "Variety" named her to its list of "Top 10 Comics to Watch for 2016" and "The New York Times" said that Nancherla "has become a comic in demand for her quirky, relatable and punchy humor." She is also the co-host of "Blue Woman Group", which the "Daily Beast" calls "a hilarious podcast about depression."


title: Aparna Nancherla

text: In seasons four, five and six of "BoJack Horseman", Nancherla had a recurring voice role as BoJack's alleged daughter, but actual half-sister, Hollyhock Manheim-Mannheim-Guerrero-Robinson-Zilberschlag-Hsung-Fonzerelli-McQuack. She also plays a ramen blogger in season two of "Master of None", has a recurring role in the first two seasons of the HBO series "Crashing", and plays Grace in the Comedy Central series "Corporate".


title: Aparna Nancherla

text: In "Steven Universe", she voiced Nephrite, the uncorrupted form of the Centipeetle Mother, in the season 5 episode "Legs from Here to Homeworld"; and the Jades in "Together Alone".


title: Aparna Nancherla

text: In the "Bob's Burgers" season 9 episode "UFO No You Didn't" she voices Susmita, Tina’s science partner. She returned to voice Susmita in the "Fast Time Capsules at Wagstaff School" episode.


title: Aparna Nancherla

text: In 2020, she appeared on Netflix's series, "Space Force" and voices the recurring character Meena in the Disney Junior series "Mira, Royal Detective".


title: Finnmark

text: Finnmark (; ; ; ; ) was a county in the northern part of Norway, and it is scheduled to become a county again in 2024.


title: Finnmark

text: On 1 January 2020, Finnmark was merged with the neighbouring county of Troms to form the new Troms og Finnmark county. On 1 January 2024, the county will be demerged back to the counties Finnmark and Troms, after a decision made by parliament on 15 June 2022.


title: Finnmark

text: By land, it bordered Troms county to the west, Finland (Lapland region) to the south, and Russia (Murmansk Oblast) to the east, and by water, the Norwegian Sea (Atlantic Ocean) to the northwest, and the Barents Sea (Arctic Ocean) to the north and northeast.


title: Finnmark

text: The county was formerly known as "Finmarkens amt" or "Vardøhus amt". Starting in 2002, it had two official names: Finnmark (Norwegian) and Finnmárku (Northern Sami). It was part of the Sápmi region, which spans four countries, as well as the Barents Region, and is the largest and least populated county of Norway.


title: Finnmark

text: Situated at the northernmost part of continental Europe, where the Norwegian coastline swings eastward, Finnmark is an area "where East meets West," in culture as well as in nature and geography. Vardø, the easternmost municipality in Norway, is located farther east than the cities of Saint Petersburg and Istanbul.


title: Finnmark

text: Four municipalities (of the district's 18) had population increases during Q1 in 2021: Alta, Tana, Berlevåg, Loppa.


title: Finnmark

text: The name, Finnmark, derives from the Old Norse form of the name was "Finnmǫrk". The first element is "finn(ar)", the Norse name for the Sámi people. The last element is "mǫrk" which means "woodland" or "borderland". In Norse times the name referred to the land of the Sami people, or any places where Sámi people were living.


title: Finnmark

text: The coat of arms is black with a gold-colored castle tower, technically described as "Sable, a single-towered castle Or". The design is from 1967 and shows the old Vardøhus Fortress, historically on the eastern border with Russia.


title: Finnmark

text: Finnmark is the northernmost and easternmost county in Norway (Svalbard is not considered a county). By area, Finnmark is Norway's largest county, even larger than the neighboring country of Denmark. However, with a population of about 75,000, it is also the least populated of all Norwegian counties. Finnmark has a total coastline of , including of coastline on the islands. Nearly 12,300 people or 16.6 percent of the county's population in 2000 was living in the 100-meter belt along the coastline.


title: Finnmark

text: Knivskjellodden in Nordkapp Municipality (on the island of Magerøya) sometimes considered the northernmost point of Europe (on an island); Kinnarodden on Nordkinn Peninsula in Lebesby Municipality is the northernmost point on the European mainland. Honningsvåg in Finnmark claims to be the northernmost city of the world, and Vardø is the easternmost town in Norway and is farther east than Istanbul.


title: Finnmark

text: The coast is indented by large fjords, many of which (in a strict sense) are false fjords, as they are not carved out by glaciers. Some of Norway's largest sea bird colonies can be seen on the northern coast, the largest are "Hjelmsøystauran" on the island of Hjelmsøya in Måsøy Municipality and "Gjesværstappan" in Nordkapp Municipality. The highest point is located on the top of the glacier Øksfjordjøkelen, which has an area of , and it is located in Loppa Municipality. Both Øksfjordjøkelen and Seiland Glacier are located in the western part of Finnmark.


title: Finnmark

text: The Øksfjord plateau glacier calved directly into the sea ("Jøkelfjorden") until 1900, the last glacier in mainland Norway to do so. The central and eastern part of Finnmark is generally less mountainous, and has no glaciers. The land east of Nordkapp is mostly below .