title: S.W.A.T. (1975 TV series)

text: On February 10, 2012, it was announced that Shout! Factory had acquired the rights to the series; they subsequently released the second and final season on DVD on May 22, 2012.


title: S.W.A.T. (1975 TV series)

text: On January 16, 2018, Mill Creek Entertainment released "S.W.A.T.: The Complete Series" on DVD in Region 1.


title: S.W.A.T. (1975 TV series)

text: The violent television series premiered at a time when violence on television began to become a subject of controversy, and the actual Los Angeles SWAT team on which the fictional team had been modeled was harshly critical of its depiction of such teams.


title: S.W.A.T. (1975 TV series)

text: A film version of the series, "S.W.A.T.", was released in 2003 starring Colin Farrell and Samuel L. Jackson. Steve Forrest has a cameo role as a police truck driver and Rod Perry (the original TV series' "Deacon" Kay) plays the father of LL Cool J's character Deacon "Deke" Kaye.


title: S.W.A.T. (1975 TV series)

text: In 2011 and 2017, a direct-to-DVD sequels titled "" and "" were released; they bore little connection to the TV series, the 2003 film or even each other.


title: S.W.A.T. (1975 TV series)

text: On May 12, 2017, a new version of "S.W.A.T." starring Shemar Moore as Hondo was ordered to series by CBS. The new series premiered on November 2, 2017.


title: Bill Conti

text: William Conti (born April 13, 1942) is an American composer and conductor, best known for his film scores, including "Rocky" (and four of its sequels), "The Karate Kid" (and all of its sequels), "For Your Eyes Only", "Dynasty" (and its sequel "The Colbys"), "The Big Chill" and "The Right Stuff", which earned him an Academy Award for Best Original Score. He also received nominations in the Best Original Song category for "Gonna Fly Now" from "Rocky" and for the title song of "For Your Eyes Only". He was the musical director at the Academy Awards a record nineteen times.


title: Bill Conti

text: Conti, an Italian American, was born in Providence, Rhode Island, the son of Lucetta and William Conti. He graduated from North Miami High School in 1959. He is a past winner of the Silver Knight Award presented by the Miami Herald. He is a graduate of Louisiana State University School of Music, and also studied and gained honors at the Juilliard School of Music, including a master's degree.


title: Bill Conti

text: As early as 1971, Bill was orchestrating pop recordings by Italian artists, such as the album "Sì... incoerenza" ("Yes to Incoherence") by Italian singer Patty Pravo. He was also a ghostwriter of the scores for Spaghetti Westerns. Conti's big break into celebrity came in 1976, when United Artists hired him to compose the music for a small film called "Rocky". The film became a phenomenon and won three Oscars at the 49th Academy Awards, including Best Picture. The same ceremony was also the first time Conti served as musical director for the telecast, a role he reprised 19 times, more than any other person. His training montage tune, "Gonna Fly Now", topped the Billboard singles chart in 1977, and earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song.


title: Bill Conti

text: Conti also composed music for the sequels "Rocky II" (1979), "Rocky III" (1982), "Rocky V" (1990) and "Rocky Balboa" (2006).


title: Bill Conti

text: Conti also worked for some other films and, eventually, for television series. In 1981, he wrote the music for the James Bond film "For Your Eyes Only", when John Barry was unwilling to return to the United Kingdom for tax reasons, and provided the score for playwright Jason Miller's film version of his Pulitzer Prize-winning play "That Championship Season" the following year.


title: Bill Conti

text: In 1983, Conti composed the score for HBO's first film, "The Terry Fox Story". He then did "Bad Boys", "The Big Chill" and "Mass Appeal". In 1984, he won an Academy Award for composing the score to 1983's "The Right Stuff", after which he wrote the music for the TV series "North and South" in 1985. He also scored the "Masters of the Universe" live action film. Another score was the 1987 film "Happy New Year".


title: Bill Conti

text: In 1991, Conti composed for "Necessary Roughness", a college football film. In 1993, he wrote the music for "The Adventures of Huck Finn" starring Elijah Wood and directed by Stephen Sommers. In 1999, he composed the score for "The Thomas Crown Affair" remake, starring Pierce Brosnan and Rene Russo. That year, he scored "Inferno", starring Jean-Claude Van Damme.


title: Bill Conti

text: Conti composed the themes to television's "Dynasty", "The Colbys", "Falcon Crest" and "Cagney & Lacey." He wrote the theme song to the original version of "American Gladiators", worked with CBS on its 1980s film jingle, composed one of the early themes of "Inside Edition", and wrote the "Primetime Live" theme for ABC News. He composed the score to the studio-altered American version of Luc Besson's "The Big Blue".


title: Bill Conti

text: Two of Conti's previously composed works were reused for the show "Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous". These were the love theme "Come with Me Now", from the soundtrack for "Five Days from Home" (used for the show's main theme), and "Runaway", from "For Your Eyes Only" (used for in-show content).


title: Bill Conti

text: Conti has been nominated for three Academy Awards, winning one in the Best Original Score category for "The Right Stuff". He also received nominations in the Best Original Song category for "Gonna Fly Now" from "Rocky" and for the title song of "For Your Eyes Only".


title: Bill Conti

text: He had three Golden Globe nominations; two for Best Original Score for "Rocky" and "An Unmarried Woman", and one for Best Original Song for the title song of "For Your Eyes Only".


title: Bill Conti

text: Conti also received thirteen Emmy nominations, all but one for his role as musical director at the Academy Awards (the exception, his first nomination, was for his music for the 1985 series "North and South"). He won five Emmy Awards for Outstanding Musical Direction for the 64th, 70th and 75th Academy Award ceremonies.


title: Bill Conti

text: On April 22, 2008, at the LSU Union Theatre at Louisiana State University, Conti was inducted into the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame.


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: The is a Japanese expression referring to a sudden urge to defecate that is felt upon entering bookstores. The phenomenon is named after Mariko Aoki, a woman who described the effect in a magazine article published in 1985. According to Japanese social psychologist Shozo Shibuya, the specific causes that trigger a defecation urge in bookstores are not yet clearly understood (as of 2014). There are also some who are skeptical about whether such a peculiar phenomenon really exists at all, and it is sometimes discussed as one type of urban myth.


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: The series of processes through which being in a bookstore leads to an awareness of a defecation urge is something that cannot be explained from a medical perspective as a single pathological concept, at least at present. According to a number of discussions on the topic, even if it can be sufficiently found that this phenomenon actually exists, it is a concept that would be difficult to be deemed a specific pathological entity (such as a "Mariko Aoki disease", for example).


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: The term receives its name from Mariko Aoki, an otherwise little-known Japanese woman who contributed an essay in 1985 to the magazine "" (which means "Book Magazine"). In that essay, she related how she came to the realization that for some years, walking around a bookstore inevitably made her want to go to the restroom. The editors of the magazine received reports of other readers who had similar experiences, and named it the "Mariko Aoki phenomenon".


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: Possible theories behind the phenomena include the smell of paper or ink having a laxative effect, the association with reading on the toilet at home, and the posture of browsing making bowel movement easier. The evidence for these explanations however remains weak. The psychological hypothesis that the effect arises from feelings of nervous tension in the face of all the information represented on the bookshelves is supported by certain literary figures.


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: One known mention in Japan dating back many decades regarding a relationship between bookstores and the defecation urge is in Jun'nosuke Yoshiyuki's "Amidst the Hustle and Bustle" (1957), and similar mentions can be found in works by Jo Toyama (in 1972's "The Emperor and the Lieutenant") or Shoichi Nejime (in 1981's "Words, Too, Can Sweat—Literally"), but it is uncertain from exactly what point in time the phenomenon first began to be a topic of discussion. It appears to have already been raised in the media from as early as the 1980s. For example, the magazine "Common Man Weekly" (August 31, 1984 issue) records television newscaster Tetsuo Suda talking about a similar experience. Also, the radio program "Young Paradise" (on Nippon Broadcasting System from 1983 to 1990) had a corner for sharing bowel movement related episodes, and one time the defecation urge felt in bookstores was discussed by being referred to as the "Yoshiko Yamada syndrome".


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: Vol. 39 of "Book Magazine" (December 1984; Book Magazine Company) contains a man from Ikoma city in Nara prefecture discussing a similar experience. Although this man's account of his experience did not garner any particular attention at the time of Vol. 39's publication, the magazine's publisher Koji Meguro later conjectured that the phenomenon probably already existed "below the radar" even before "Mariko Aoki".


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: The name "Mariko Aoki phenomenon" had its beginnings in a real-life experience account sent in to the readers' letters column of the Japanese magazine "Book Magazine" (published by Book Magazine Company) in 1985. Printed in the magazine's 40th volume (in February 1985), the letter was by a woman from Suginami city in Tokyo who was 29 years old at the time, and stated that "I'm not sure why, but since about two or three years ago, whenever I go to a bookstore I am struck by an urge to move my bowels." The magazine's publisher Koji Meguro has recalled that at the time "Chief editor Makoto Shiina included the letter because he thought it was amusing." Although the letter itself was short in length and was not augmented by any particular editorial comments or the like, immediately upon the magazine's publication a large number of readers troubled by the same phenomenon sent opinions in to the editorial department. Due to the scale of the reaction, the next issue (Vol. 41 in April 1985) included a special feature article bearing the sensational title "The Phenomenon Currently Shaking the Bookstore Industry!", containing discussions on the issue from various perspectives. In the course of such discussion, the phenomenon (the sudden occurrence of a defecation urge when in bookstores) came to be named the "Mariko Aoki phenomenon", after the author of the original letter.　In relation to this, it has been noted that it was popular in late 1980s Japan to have words ending with "... phenomenon", an example being the use of the expression "Akira Asada phenomenon", which took the name of a central figure in the "new academism" that was a much-discussed topic at the time. Although the feature article ran very long at 14 pages, it did not ultimately offer any clarity regarding an explanation for the phenomenon. The name of the phenomenon was also displayed on the cover of that issue, which has been said to have led to the name's becoming known throughout Japan.


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: When the special feature article was published in 1985, the Mariko Aoki phenomenon received considerable coverage, with even one of Japan's leading magazines "Weekly Bunshun" (published by Bungeishunju Ltd.) being quick to feature the topic in its May 2, 1985 issue. "Book Magazine" publisher Koji Meguro believed that one of the reasons that the reaction was so considerable was that it was an ordinary, young woman who had divulged this concern regarding the delicate topic of her own defecation urge. Mariko Aoki herself has been interviewed multiple times by the "Book Magazine" editorial department since 1985, and has remarked that she is not particularly bothered by her name being used. The phenomenon has continued to be referred to sporadically in various media since 1985 and has given birth to a large amount of conjecture and speculation.


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: While there has at times been a tendency to view the connection between bookstores and the defecation urge as a preposterous urban legend, specialists have also appeared who have added detailed insight into the topic, such that in the latter half of the 1990s it came to be accepted as an actually existing phenomenon. This can be considered to be due to the impact of television programs that were broadcast during that time.


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: The topic was favorably introduced in 1995 on the television program "Lifestyle Refresh Morning" (in the episode broadcast on July 26, 1995 on NHKG).


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: In his book Seinlanguage, Jerry Seinfeld describes the experience and jokes that more bookstores should include a bathroom for this reason.


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: On the 1998 television program "The Real Side of Un'nan" (in the episode broadcast on October 28, 1998 on TBS Television), personalities claiming to have experienced the phenomenon—including Kiyotaka Nanbara, Maako Kido, Seiko Ito and Keisuke Horibe—carried out extensive tests that also featured experts. There was a big response to this broadcast, and the program featured special segments related to this topic on multiple occasions thereafter (such as in the episode broadcast on January 20, 1999).


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: From the year 2000 onward as the Internet grew, the Mariko Aoki phenomenon came to be even more widely known. In 2002, an Internet search using the keywords "bookstore, defecation urge" produced links to dozens of websites discussing the phenomenon. Another factor that increased its visibility was when, in 2003, the weekly magazine "Aera" (November 17, 2003 edition; The Asahi Shimbun Co.) compiled a comprehensive report on the phenomenon. According to one person from the bookstore industry, around that time university students could often be seen visiting bookstores to interview staff in order to research the phenomenon.


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: In 2012 on the television program "The Quiz God" (TBS; episode broadcast on June 29, 2012), the contestants were asked the question, "What is the name generally given to the phenomenon named after the woman who submitted a letter to a magazine in 1985 about the phenomenon of experiencing a defecation urge when one is in a bookstore for a long period of time?" Of the 20 contestants, 10 correctly answered, "The Mariko Aoki phenomenon". Quiz scholar and designer Hiroshi Nishino has observed that even when phrases—such as the "Mariko Aoki phenomenon" or the "Dylan effect" (a Japanese phrase referring to how a song or part of it can get stuck in one's head on an endless loop)—have not received academic consensus, "when they have an appealing sound to them they are increasingly being asked as quiz questions."


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: According to "Book Magazine"s publisher Shigeru Hamamoto, the magazine was still occasionally receiving inquiries from television programs or other magazines even in 2012. Hamamoto stated that the phenomenon was not just a one-time topic and is probably one that will continue to be talked about into the future.


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: While the phrase "Mariko Aoki phenomenon" is not one generally used in fields such as medicine or biology, due to its history of being a topic of interest such as in the examples set out above it is even sometimes introduced as being standard nomenclature. It has also been introduced in the same category as terminology from psychology and sociology such as "Peter Pan syndrome" and "empty-nest syndrome".


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: Persons with a history of experiencing the Mariko Aoki phenomenon were described as having a "book bowel" tendency (Japanese: 書便派 "sho'ben-ha") in Vol. 41 of "Book Magazine". No epidemiological research regarding people with a book bowel tendency had been reported as of 2012, and nor do any statistics exist regarding a detailed morbidity rate or the like.


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: According to one very small-scale study, while the fact that people with a book bowel tendency existed throughout all of Japan indicated a lack of any regional difference, a female bias was observed with a male to female ratio of between 1:4 to 1:2. It has also been posited that the tendency is uncommon in so-called "sporty males".


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: One report has estimated the prevalence as being between 1 in 10 to 1 in 20 people. It has also been approximated that at least a few million people in Japan have experienced the phenomenon. According to a Japanese online survey that was targeted at working women between the ages of 22 and 33, the number of responses answering "Yes" to the question "Have you ever felt a defecation urge when in a bookstore?" was 40 out of 150 (26.7%).


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: While there is no clear peak age of onset, instances of adult onset appear to be common, with the 20s and 30s age groups being prominent. On the other hand, instances of children who experience the phenomenon have also been reported.


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: It can be said to be a phenomenon that anyone could potentially experience, as there appears to be no difference in the rate of incidence depending on family history. Mariko Aoki's mother, however, had said that she feels there might be some kind of genetic factor involved in the phenomenon, given that her own younger brother (i.e., Mariko Aoki's uncle) experienced similar symptoms to those of Mariko. The phenomenon is also known to show a tendency to pass on from person to person.


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: There has been found to many affected individuals among people such as authors and those involved in publishing. On the other hand, a tendency can be seen for the phenomenon to not occur readily among people such as bookstore employees or the families of bookstore managers. But there is not a complete absence of cases among people related to bookstores. Plastic surgeon Kiyoshi Matsuo has noted that "it can occur to anyone".


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: It can be understood from the cases that have been reported that the phenomenon can present with a wide range of symptoms other than the typical pattern. The classic clinical picture can be defined based on Mariko Aoki's original letter as follows:


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: All variations of the phenomenon are expressed in the form of the symptom of "an inexplicable defecation urge related to bookstores". It is not the case that there is any one particular disease or disorder called the "Mariko Aoki phenomenon". The psychiatrists Masao Nagazawa (1985) and Kazuo Sakai (2003) have concluded that "it is unclear what the specific causes might be, but, at the least, experiencing a "defecation urge in a bookstore" is not a disease". However, Mariko Aoki's letter (constituting primary literature in this respect) contains the language "I ended up with the same disease (soon after my friend complained of her own symptoms)", and it is also a fact that in humorous contexts the phenomenon is likened to a disease. It is also the case that the editorial department of "Book Magazine" has used expressions such as "this ailment of sorts" (1958) and "a peculiar disease that is rampant throughout the world" (1994)".


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: In his book "What is Illness?" (1970, Chikuma Shobo), Yoshio Kawakita asserted that "illness is actually not a scientific concept but is a pragmatic concept based on an understanding between the patient side and the physician side", and this assertion was borrowed by clinical psychologist Toshio Kasahara (2010), who stated that since most of the people who experience the Mariko Aoki phenomenon do not seek medical attention at hospitals or medical clinics, he does not consider it an illness.


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: Psychiatrist Takashi Sumioka (1997), meanwhile, has noted the possibility that hidden behind the symptom of "wanting to go to the bathroom" may be a condition such as irritable bowel syndrome or anxiety disorder.


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: Mariko Aoki relates that "being in a bookstore for a long period of time" or "smelling the scent of new books for a long period of time" will set off the series of symptoms. According to Aoki, the symptoms can develop in such situations regardless of the type of book, whether "when cradling a high-brow literary tome" or "when standing to browse-read a "manga" comic". Aoki also notes that the phenomenon can be reproduced more readily "when a bit constipated" or "on the morning after having a nightcap".


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: As for locations where the phenomenon is experienced, reports include that "symptoms are particular strong when in a large bookstore", "it readily occurs at English language booksellers", "it can occur not just in bookstores that sell new books but also in secondhand bookstores or libraries", "it occurs only in libraries", and when the member of a magazine editorial team "is in the company's archives room". There are also cases where, once people exit a bookstore due to having perceived a defecation urge, before they know it the symptoms have subsided. Cases have also been identified where the phenomenon does not occur in bookstores, secondhand bookstores, or libraries, but in places such as CD stores, video rental stores, and video game stores. According to an online survey targeting working females aged 22 to 34 who were asked in what situations they tend to be confronted with a "sudden defecation urge", while responses were received of the likes of "when standing on the train on the way to work" and "when feeling nervous before a meeting", the response "when in a bookstore" stood out particularly.


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: The circumstances of the moment in which the defecation urge appears have been described as including "when reading the spine covers of books", "when looking through the bookshelves in bookstores", "when standing in bookstores while browse-reading", "when viewing the spine titles of the array of books laid out on bookshelves", "as soon as having entered a bookstore and being surrounded by bookshelves", "when selecting a book from the library", and "directly after doing a once-through of the new release books".


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: One opinion is that "it often happens when reading serious books such as literary works". The novelist Jiro Asada has said that the strength of the symptoms are proportionally related to the size of the bookstore and the degree of difficulty of the books he is looking for.


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: Another person who used to be struck by a defecation urge whenever going to a bookstore reported that the symptoms suddenly resolved themselves immediately upon starting a part-time job at a bookstore.


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: Persons who have experienced this phenomenon all share the same complaint: "a sudden awareness of an unbearable defecation urge". The "Book Magazine" reporting team listed features of this defecation urge that included urgency in the lower abdominal area, shivers across the entire body, facial pallor, cold sweat (greasy sweat), and a bow-legged gait. Borborygmus is cited as an objective symptom, described as "the belly making a gurgling noise" and "gurgle-gurgle gurrrrgle". The thinker Tatsuru Uchida has called these clinical presentations a "latrine-seeking" problem. People walking around looking for a bathroom have also been described as "wearing a vacant stare".


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: There are also known to be cases of not simply a defecation urge but also symptoms such as abdominal pain or diarrhea. There are also said to be cases where what presents is not an urge to defecate but an urge to urinate, or need to urinate frequently. Results from a survey of 30 people reported that, of 18 people who responded that they "have an experience of [being in a bookstore and] going to the bathroom and using the toilet", 7 people responded that they "experienced a defecation urge only" and another 7 that they "experienced a urination urge only", while 4 people responded that they experienced "both a defecation and a urination urge".


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: The defecation urge that is experienced has been explained to have characteristics such as "a kind of heaving sensation in the rectal passage", "a dull convulsive pain in the gut", "a filling-up sensation in the lower abdominal area", and "a focusing of all nervous energy on the anal area", and the intensity of the sensation has been variously described with expressions such as "enough to make one scared about going to a bookstore again", "hellish", and "Armageddon-class". Even in cases where the subject manages to remain continent, it is described as "a frustrating situation of half wanting to go to the bathroom and half feeling like one can put it off".


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: No prodromal symptoms are known, with the phenomenon said to "occur regardless of how good one's physical condition is".


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: The state of mind immediately prior to and following onset has been complained of as a deflating feeling "of sheer patheticness". There are also people who fall into a state of anticipatory anxiety about "whether it might happen again next time". Some people have talked of a peculiar experience of "a heightened feeling in the mind of deep, literary emotion".


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: When symptoms become severe, the phenomenon can even come to impact on quality of life, including people saying, "I can't take my time looking for books because I end up wanting to go to the bathroom", "I get other people to buy the books I need", "As soon as I've bought the book I need, I get outside the bookstore", "I can't go to a bookstore wearing white pants (because of the risk of incontinence)", and "Even just dreaming of entering a bookstore always makes me want to go to the bathroom". Although an extreme example, one company executive reported "I make sure never to get anywhere near a bookstore." Regarding the threat of incontinence, the thinker Tatsuru Uchida has expressed it as "in the worst case scenario, entailing a traumatic scene from which it would be difficult to restore one's honor as an adult member of society".


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: Although there has been much examination by numerous experts and thinkers as to the mechanisms of the phenomenon, a consensus of opinion has yet to be reached. The author Junichiro Uemae has commented that at first glance there appears to be no common thread, in a manner akin to the hypothetical concept of "the flap of a butterfly's wings in Brazil setting off a tornado in Texas".


title: Mariko Aoki phenomenon

text: To date there has been little attempt to scientifically validate the phenomenon, such that the state of observation currently does not extend much beyond experts and thinkers asserting their own theories among each other, theories which are based on subjective judgment.


title: Mahram

text: In Islam, a mahram is a family member with whom marriage would be considered permanently unlawful ("haram"). One's spouse is also a mahram. A woman does not need to wear hijab around her mahram, and an adult male mahram may escort a woman on a journey, although an escort may not be obligatory.


title: Mahram

text: (Note: A woman may marry her stepfather only if the stepfather has not consummated his marriage to her mother.)


title: Mahram

text: When a woman acts as a wetnurse (that is she breast feeds an infant that is not her own child for a certain amount of time under certain conditions), she becomes the child's "rada" mother. In English these can be referred to as milk brother, milk-mother, and so on. For a man, "mahram" women include his mother, grandmother, daughter, granddaughter, sister, aunt, grandaunt, niece, grandniece, his father's wife, his wife's daughter (step-daughter), his daughter-in-law (if previously married to his biological son. She's not "mahram" if she was married to his adopted son), his mother-in-law, his "rada" mother and "rada" sister. As the Prophet Mohamed said, "What is forbidden by reason of kinship is forbidden by reason of suckling."


title: Mahram

text: All of the man's female relatives mentioned in these two verses are considered his "maharim", because it is unlawful ("haram") for him to marry them, except the wife's sister, whom he can marry if he divorces her sister, or if his wife dies. The notion of "mahram" is reciprocal. All other relatives are considered non-"maharim".


title: Mahram

text: A woman may be legally escorted during a journey by her husband, or by any sane, adult male "mahram" by blood, although an escort may not be required, including:


title: Mahram

text: For a spouse, being "mahram" is a permanent condition. That means, for example, that a man will remain "mahram" to his ex-mother-in-law after divorcing her daughter.


title: 2019–20 Arsenal F.C. season

text: The 2019–20 season was Arsenal's 28th season in the Premier League, their 101st consecutive season in the top flight of English football and 110th season in the top flight overall. The club participated in the Premier League, FA Cup, EFL Cup and UEFA Europa League.


title: 2019–20 Arsenal F.C. season

text: Despite finishing eighth and enduring one of their most turbulent seasons in the modern history, Arsenal ended the season with silverware, winning the FA Cup for a record fourteenth time.


title: 2019–20 Arsenal F.C. season

text: Throughout the summer transfer window, Arsenal completed the signings of forwards Gabriel Martinelli and club-record signing Nicolas Pepe; midfielder Dani Ceballos on a one-year loan; and defenders Kieran Tierney, David Luiz, and William Saliba, the latter of which was sent back to former club AS Saint-Etienne on a one-year loan. What the Arsenal fanbase viewed as lack of budget and ambition from owner Stan Kroenke led many to protest his ownership with the social media hashtag "#WeCareDoYou". Arsenal released first-team players Stephan Lichtsteiner, Aaron Ramsey, and Danny Welbeck, sold David Ospina, Takuma Asano, Laurent Koscielny, Carl Jenkinson, Alex Iwobi, and Nacho Monreal, and loaned out Eddie Nketiah, Mohamed Elneny, Henrikh Mkhitaryan, Emile Smith Rowe, and Konstantinos Mavropanos.


title: 2019–20 Arsenal F.C. season

text: During the preseason, Arsenal competed in the International Champions Cup, finishing 3rd, and the Emirates Cup and the Joan Gamper Trophy finals, losing both. Arsenal started the Premier League with a 1–0 win against Newcastle United, and continued a consistent form of results, standing third at the table at the time of the October international break, as well as advancing to the fourth round of the EFL Cup. However, their results began to deteriorate, losing to Liverpool in the fifth round of the EFL Cup and winning only once in 9 games since the end of the international break. As a result, head coach Unai Emery was sacked on 29 November, and former player Freddie Ljungberg took over as caretaker manager. He led Arsenal to the round of 32 in the Europa League, but had only won once in 5 games, and was replaced on 20 December by Manchester City assistant coach and former captain Mikel Arteta.


title: 2019–20 Arsenal F.C. season

text: Results showed an improvement following Arteta's third game in charge against Manchester United, which Arsenal had won 2–0, and Arteta had signed defenders Pablo Mari and Cedric Soares on loans with options to buy in the winter transfer window. Arsenal beat Leeds United and Bournemouth to move to the fifth round of the FA Cup, and remained undefeated in all competitions in 2020 until 27 February, when Greek club Olympiacos knocked them out of the round of 32 of the Europa League on away goals by winning 2–1 at the Emirates. Arsenal remained consistent domestically, advancing to the quarter-finals of the FA Cup after defeating Portsmouth but remaining in roughly the same position in mid-table in the Premier League.


title: 2019–20 Arsenal F.C. season

text: The COVID-19 pandemic caused all competitions to be suspended from March until 17 June, when Arsenal played Manchester City in a game originally scheduled to take place on 11 March, and lost 3–0. Further defeats to Brighton, Tottenham Hotspur and Aston Villa condemned Arsenal to an eight-place finish, far from a European qualification spot. However, victories in the FA Cup against Sheffield in the quarter-finals and Manchester City in the semi-finals put Arsenal in the final, where they beat Chelsea 2–1 on 1 August to win their only silverware of the season and gain qualification to the Europa League.


title: 2019–20 Arsenal F.C. season

text: Adidas were announced as Arsenal's kit supplier as of the start of the season. This marked the first time since the 1993–94 season that Adidas have been the kit supplier to the club.


title: Caesar (cocktail)

text: A Caesar (also known as a Bloody Caesar) is a cocktail created and consumed primarily in Canada. It typically contains vodka, tomato juice and clam broth (such as in Mott's Clamato), hot sauce, and Worcestershire sauce, and is served with ice in a large, celery salt-rimmed glass, typically garnished with a stalk of celery and wedge of lime. What distinguishes it from a Bloody Mary is the inclusion of clam broth. The cocktail may also be contrasted with the Michelada, which has similar flavouring ingredients but uses beer instead of vodka.


title: Caesar (cocktail)

text: 'Bloody Mary a La Milo' in the 1951 Ted Saucier cocktail book titled 'Bottoms Up' (page 45), appears to be the first published cocktail recipe that includes vodka, tomato juice, clam juice, and Worcestershire sauce. Ted Saucier credits the recipe to Milo J. Sutliff, Publisher, New York. This pre-dates the version at the Polonaise nightclub in Manhattan by at least 2-3 years.


title: Caesar (cocktail)

text: The original cocktail of vodka with seasoned tomato and clam juice made its debut at the Polonaise nightclub in Manhattan in November 1953. The drink was introduced as the "Smirnoff Smiler" by owner Paul Pawlowski. In December 1953, columnist Walter Winchell reported that the drink was seasoned with "a dash of Wooooshhhtasheer Sauce".


title: Caesar (cocktail)

text: In 1959, cartoonist and creator of " The Addams Family" , Charles Addams (employed by the New Yorker magazine, a few blocks from the Polonaise nightclub in Manhattan) claimed he invented the "Gravel Gertie", a cocktail of clam/tomato juice and vodka seasoned with Tabasco sauce.


title: Caesar (cocktail)

text: In 1962, Carl La Marca, bar manager at the Baker Hotel in Dallas, invented the "Imperial Clam Digger", adding a basil garnish and dash of lime to an existing version of the "Smirnoff Smiler", called the "Clam Digger".


title: Caesar (cocktail)

text: In October 1968, Seagram president Victor Fischel and Mott's Clamato marketer Ray Anrig claimed to have invented the seasoned tomato/clam/vodka cocktail, the "Clamdigger" earlier in 1968, in Manhattan. Seagram, headquartered 2 blocks from the Polonaise nightclub, filed a trademark application on the name "Clamdigger" claiming first use on May 31, 1968. From late 1968 to the end of 1969, Seagram and Mott's ran a major advertising promotion of the "Clam Digger" cocktail recipe in national magazines.


title: Caesar (cocktail)

text: The Caesar was invented in 1969 by restaurant manager Walter Chell of the Calgary Inn (today the Westin Hotel) in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. He devised the cocktail after being tasked to create a signature drink for the Calgary Inn's new Italian restaurant. He mixed vodka with clam and tomato juice, Worcestershire sauce, and other spices, creating a drink similar to a Bloody Mary but with a uniquely spicy flavour.


title: Caesar (cocktail)

text: Chell said his inspiration came from Italy. He recalled that in Venice, they served Spaghetti alle vongole, spaghetti with tomato sauce and clams. He reasoned that the mixture of clams and tomato sauce would make a good drink, and mashed clams to form a "nectar" that he mixed with other ingredients.


title: Caesar (cocktail)

text: According to Chell's granddaughter, his Italian ancestry led him to call the drink a "Caesar". The longer name of "Bloody Caesar" is said to differentiate the drink from the Bloody Mary, but Chell said it was a regular patron at the bar who served as the inspiration. During the three months he spent working to perfect the drink, he had customers sample it and offer feedback. One regular customer, an Englishman, who often ordered the drink said one day "Walter, that's a damn good bloody Caesar".


title: Caesar (cocktail)

text: Chell said the drink was an immediate hit with the restaurant's patrons, claiming it "took off like a rocket". Within five years of its introduction, the Caesar had become Calgary's most popular mixed drink. It spread throughout Western Canada, then to the east. Coinciding with its 40th anniversary, a petition was launched in 2009 in the hopes of having the Caesar named the nation's official mixed drink. In Calgary, Mayor Dave Bronconnier celebrated the drink's anniversary by declaring May 13, 2009, as Caesar Day in the city.


title: Caesar (cocktail)

text: The Mott's company was independently developing Clamato, a mixture of clam and tomato juices, at the same time the Caesar was invented. Sales of Clamato were initially slow: Mott's sold only 500 cases of Clamato in 1970, but sales consistently increased after the company's distributors discovered Chell's drink. By 1994, 70% of Mott's Clamato sales in Canada were made to mix Caesars, while half of all Clamato sales were made in Western Canada. Motts claims that the Caesar is the most popular mixed drink in Canada, estimating that over 350 million Caesars are consumed every year.


title: Caesar (cocktail)

text: In the United States, the Caesar is typically available at bars along the Canada–United States border. Elsewhere, bartenders will frequently offer a Bloody Mary in its place. In Europe, the drink can be found wherever there are higher concentrations of Canadians. The drink's anonymity outside Canada has continued in spite of concerted marketing efforts. Producers of clam-tomato juices have speculated that their beverages have been hampered by what they describe as the "clam barrier". They have found that consumers in the United States fear that there is too much clam in the beverages.


title: Caesar (cocktail)

text: While Mott's Clamato continues to be synonymous with the cocktail, other producers have begun offering alternative Caesar mixes. Walter Caesar (named in honor of Chell) was launched in 2013 to offer an 'all-natural' alternative to Clamato. Walter Caesar also became the first Caesar mix in Canada to be approved by Ocean Wise by using ocean-friendly clam juice from the North Atlantic.


title: Caesar (cocktail)

text: The Caesar is popular as a hangover "cure", though its effectiveness has been questioned. A study by the University of Toronto released in 1985 showed that drinking a Caesar when taking aspirin could help protect a person's stomach from the damage aspirin causes, as compared with drinking plain tomato juice.


title: Caesar (cocktail)

text: Mott's holds an annual "Best Caesar in Town" competition as part of the Prince Edward Island International Shellfish Festival. Contests held across Canada to celebrate the cocktail's 40th anniversary in 2009 encouraged variants that featured the glass rimmed with Tim Hortons coffee grinds, Caesars with maple syrup, and Caesars with bacon-infused vodka.


title: Caesar (cocktail)

text: Basic preparation of a Caesar follows the "one, two, three, four" rule. The recipe calls for one shot of vodka, two dashes of hot sauce, three dashes of salt and pepper, four dashes of Worcestershire sauce and topped with of caesar mix and served with ice. The ingredients are poured into a glass rimmed with celery salt or a mixture of salt and pepper and garnished with a celery stalk and lime.


title: Caesar (cocktail)

text: The Caesar is an unusual drink in that it can be mixed in bulk and stored for a period of time before drinking.


title: Caesar (cocktail)

text: Though it was not one of Chell's original ingredients, Tabasco sauce is a frequent addition, as is horseradish. Vodka is occasionally replaced with gin, tequila or rum, though the Clamato may not be substituted. A variant that replaces vodka with beer is commonly called a "Red Eye", "Clam Eye", or "Saskatchewan Caesar" and one without alcohol is a "Virgin Caesar". The Toronto Institute of Bartending operates a "Caesar School" in various locations across Canada that teaches bartenders how to mix several variants of the drink.


title: Charles Atlas

text: Charles Atlas (born Angelo Siciliano; October 30, 1892 – December 24, 1972) was an Italian-born American bodybuilder best remembered as the developer of a bodybuilding method and its associated exercise program which spawned a landmark advertising campaign featuring his name and likeness; it has been described as one of the longest-lasting and most memorable ad campaigns of all time.


title: Charles Atlas

text: Atlas trained himself to develop his body from that of a "scrawny weakling", eventually becoming the most popular bodybuilder of his day. He took the name "Charles Atlas" after a friend told him that he resembled the statue of Atlas on top of a hotel in Coney Island and legally changed his name in 1922. He marketed his first bodybuilding course with health and fitness writer Dr. Frederick Tilney in November 1922. The duo ran the company out of Tilney's home for the first six months. In 1929, Tilney sold his half of the business to advertising man Charles P. Roman and moved to Florida. Charles Atlas Ltd. was founded in 1929 and, as of 2020, continues to market a fitness program for the "97-pound weakling" (44 kg). The company is now owned by Jeffrey C. Hogue.


title: Charles Atlas

text: Angelo Siciliano was born in Acri, Cosenza, on October 30, 1892. Angelino, as he was also called, moved to Brooklyn, New York, in 1904, and eventually became a leather worker. He tried many forms of exercise initially, using weights, pulley-style resistance, and gymnastic-style calisthenics. Atlas claimed that they did not build his body. He was inspired by other fitness and health advocates who preceded him, including world-renowned strongman Eugen Sandow and Bernarr MacFadden (a major proponent of "physical culture"). He was too poor to join the local YMCA, so he watched how exercises were performed, then performed them at home. He attended the strongman shows at Coney Island, and would question the strongmen about their diets and exercise regimens after the show. He would read Physical Culture magazine for further information on health, strength, and physical development, and finally developed his own system of exercises that was later called "Dynamic Tension", a phrase coined by Charles Roman.


title: Charles Atlas

text: A bully kicked sand into Siciliano's face at a beach when he was a youth, according to the story that he always told. At this time in his life, also according to the story, he weighed only . According to several stories and claims, he was at the zoo watching a lion stretch when he thought to himself, "Does this old gentleman have any barbells, any exercisers? ... And it came over me. ... He's been pitting one muscle against another!" None of the exercises in the Dynamic Tension course could be attributed to how lions use their bodies. Other exercise courses of the time contained exercises similar to Atlas's course, particularly those marketed by Bernarr McFadden and Earle E. Liederman.


title: Charles Atlas

text: Bernarr MacFadden, publisher of the magazine "Physical Culture," dubbed Siciliano "America's Most Handsome Man" in 1921, and "America's Most Perfectly Developed Man" in a 1922 contest held in Madison Square Garden He soon took the role of strongman in the Coney Island Circus Side Show. Atlas never actually won a title anywhere proclaiming him to be the 'world's most perfectly developed man'.


title: Charles Atlas

text: In 1922, 30-year-old Siciliano officially changed his name to Charles Atlas, as it sounded much more American. He met Dr. Frederick Tilney, a British homeopathic physician and course writer who was employed as publisher Bernarr MacFadden's "ideas man". Atlas and Tilney met through MacFadden, who was using Atlas as a model for a short movie titled "The Road to Health". Atlas wrote a fitness course and then asked Tilney to edit it. Tilney agreed and Atlas went into business in 1922.


title: Charles Atlas

text: Atlas' "Dynamic Tension" program consists of twelve lessons and one final perpetual lesson. Each lesson is supplemented with photos of Atlas demonstrating the exercises. Atlas' lesson booklets added commentary that referred to the readers as his friends and gave them an open invitation to write him letters to update him on their progress and stories. Among the people who took Atlas' course were Max Baer, heavyweight boxing champion from 1934 to 1935; Rocky Marciano, heavyweight boxing champion from 1952 to 1956; Joe Louis, heavyweight boxing champion from 1937 to 1949; British heavyweight weightlifting champion and Darth Vader actor David Prowse; and Allan Wells, the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games 100 meter champion.


title: Charles Atlas

text: Besides photographs, Atlas posed for many statues throughout his life. These included Alexander Stirling Calder's "Washington at Peace" (1917–18) on the Washington Square Arch, Manhattan; Pietro Montana's "Dawn of Glory" (1924) in Highland Park, Brooklyn (sometimes misreported as Prospect Park); and James Earle Frazer's "Alexander Hamilton" (1923) at the U.S. Treasury Building in Washington, D.C.


title: Charles Atlas

text: Atlas began to experience chest pains after exercising during his final years, resulting in his hospitalization in December 1972. He died from a heart attack in the hospital on December 24, 1972 in Long Beach, New York at age 80. He left behind a son, Charles Jr., and a daughter, Diana. His wife, Margaret, had died seven years before. Nunziato Siciliano, Atlas' father, who had returned to Italy shortly after arriving in the US in 1903, lived into his 90s. Atlas' son, Charles Jr., died in August 2008 at the age of 89.


title: Charles Atlas

text: The famous Charles Atlas print advertisements became iconic mostly because they were printed in cartoon form from the 1930s on, and in many comic books from the 1940s onwards – in fact continuing long after Atlas' death. The typical scenario, usually expressed in comic strip form, presented a skinny young man (usually accompanied by a female companion) being threatened by a bully. The bully pushes down the "97-pound weakling" and the girlfriend joins in the derision. The young man goes home, gets angry (usually demonstrated by his kicking a chair), and sends away for the free Atlas book. Shortly thereafter, the newly muscled hero returns to the place of his original victimization, seeks out the bully, and beats him up. He is rewarded by the swift return of his girlfriend and the admiration of onlookers.


title: Charles Atlas

text: The ad was said to be based on an experience the real Atlas had as a boy. With variations, it was a mainstay of comic books and boys' magazines for decades. The ads usually conclude with the words "As is true of all the exercises in Atlas's course, you can do these exercises almost anywhere."


title: Charles Atlas

text: Charles Atlas slogans used in advertising copyrighted in 1932 included "Battle Fought in Bed that made Fred a He-Man!", "Insult that Made a Man out of Mac", and "Let Me Give You a Body that Men Respect and Women Admire!". Slogans copyrighted the following year included "97 pound weakling... Who became the World's Most Perfectly Developed Man", and "Just Seven Days that's All I Need".


title: Charles Atlas

text: In this, the full-length version, the protagonist, "Mac", is accosted on the beach by a sand-kicking bully while his date watches. Humiliated, the young man goes home and, after kicking a chair and gambling a three-cent stamp, subscribes to Atlas's "Dynamic-Tension" program. Later, the now muscular protagonist goes back to the beach and beats up the bully, becoming the "hero of the beach". His girl returns while other women marvel at how big his muscles are. (An earlier but otherwise almost identical version, "How Joe's Body Brought Him Fame Instead of Shame", debuted in the 1940s.)


title: Charles Atlas

text: In this version, which debuted in 1941, "Joe" is at a fair with his girl when the bully (who has just shown his strength with the "Ring-the-Bell" game) insults and pushes him. Joe goes home, slams his fist on the table, and orders the free Atlas book. Joe then returns to the fair, rings the bell, and pushes down the bully while his girlfriend reappears to compliment him on his new, powerful physique.


title: Charles Atlas

text: The condensed, four-panel version stars "Joe", though it is otherwise identical to Mac's story. Instead of "Hero of the beach", the words floating above Joe's head are "What a man!"


title: Charles Atlas

text: Another version of the ad presents a scenario in which "Jack" is dancing with his girl, Helen. They are bumped into by a bully, who comments on how puny Jack is, not even worth beating up. Jack goes home, kicks a chair, and sends away for Atlas's "free book". Later, the muscular Jack finds the bully, punches him, and wins back the admiration of Helen. This time, the words "Hit of the party" float over his head as he basks in the admiration of the other dancers.


title: Mike Pondsmith

text: Michael Alyn Pondsmith is an American roleplaying, board, and video game designer. He is best known for founding the publisher R. Talsorian Games in 1982, where he developed a majority of the company's role-playing game lines. Pondsmith is the author of several RPG lines, including "Mekton" (1984), "Cyberpunk" (1988) and "Castle Falkenstein" (1994). He also contributed to the Forgotten Realms and Oriental Adventures lines of the "Dungeons & Dragons" role-playing game, worked in various capacities on video games, and authored or co-created several board games. Pondsmith also worked as an instructor at the DigiPen Institute of Technology.


title: Mike Pondsmith

text: Born into a military family, Mike Pondsmith was the son of a psychologist and an Air Force officer, who traveled around the world with the U.S. Air Force for the first 18 years of his life. He graduated from the University of California, Davis with a B.A. in graphic design and a B.S. in behavioral psychology. Pondsmith recalls that he had been designing games even as a child, but it was not until college that he was introduced to the idea of pen and paper roleplaying games when a friend got a copy of the original "Dungeons & Dragons" "(D&D)". Having a lot of naval wargaming experience, he became interested in the gameplay mechanics used by "D&D" but not in the fantasy setting it presented. His interest spiked, however, when he acquired a copy of "Traveller", a science fiction role-playing game published in 1977 by Game Designers' Workshop. Dissatisfied with its mechanics, Pondsmith rewrote the game for his personal use under the name "Imperial Star". Pondsmith later called "Traveller" the best roleplaying game he had encountered in the Green Ronin's award-winning .


title: Mike Pondsmith

text: Before he became a pen and paper game designer, Pondsmith worked in the video game industry as a graphic designer. His first job after college involved designing packaging and advertising materials for the now-defunct California Pacific Computer Company (CPCC). Repackaging Japanese games for the Western world market was the main focus of CPCC in its early days. He later moved on to create designs for the original titles produced by Bill Budge and for the early "Ultima" games designed by Richard Garriott, all of which were published by CPCC. Pondsmith's job at CPCC ended because of problems the owner encountered, and he started managing a typesetting house at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Pondsmith got his start in amateur game design in the early 1980s, designing a game for himself called "Imperial Star" as a result of trying to improve the combat system of "Traveller".


title: Mike Pondsmith

text: According to Pondsmith, there was not much to do in the area of video game design in the early 1980s due largely to the constraints of available technology. Most of the games released by CPCC were for Apple II machines. However, he was familiar with pen and paper games, which he played at the time, and became interested in paper game design. Thanks to his side-job in typesetting, he had access to very modern (for the time) computers with advanced software used in book and magazine layout. Taking advantage of this access, he wrote a game called "Mekton", a mecha game based on Japanese manga books he had stumbled upon in the past. Due to the interest his work on paper games generated, game design consumed his graphic design career (although he continued designing and laying out most of the R. Talsorian Games' books).


title: Mike Pondsmith

text: The first game Pondsmith designed from the ground up was "Mekton", a mecha game with heavy manga and anime influences, released in 1984. Pondsmith admitted that he was mostly basing his work on the "Mobile Suit Gundam" manga written in Japanese, which he had acquired. Not understanding the text, he inaccurately recreated the world dynamics purely from the imagery of the comic books. The game's first public testing occurred at a local convention. The initial public release of "Mekton" focused on its battle mechanics with no roleplaying elements at all; this made it a pure tactical war-game. The success of "Mekton" proved to Pondsmith that he could make a living out of game design, and he founded the company R. Talsorian Games (RTG) in 1985. In 1986, "Mekton" was re-released as a proper roleplaying game with Pondsmith and Mike Jones credited as authors. In 1987, RTG released another of Pondsmith's games inspired by Japanese manga, "Teenagers from Outer Space", (RPGA Gamer's Choice Award). In 1987, Pondsmith released "Mekton II", a new edition of the system, featuring mechanics based on the Interlock System, later used with slight modifications in the "Cyberpunk" line. "Teenagers from Outer Space" was re-released with significant changes to the mechanics in 1989. Games such as "Cyberpunk" (later "Cyberpunk 2020") and "Cyberpunk V3" were translated into 9 languages. "Castle Falkenstein" (Best Game of 1994), "Cybergeneration", and "" soon followed. He also collaborated with the Hero Games designers on the Fuzion system.


title: Mike Pondsmith

text: In 1988 R. Talsorian Games released Mike Pondsmith's "Cyberpunk The Roleplaying Game of the Dark Future". Set in the year 2013 (and often referred to as "Cyberpunk 2013"), the game was a boxed product consisting of three separate books penned by Pondsmith, with Mike Blum, Colin Fisk, Dave Friedland, Will Moss and Scott Ruggels as co-authors. Several expansions by Pondsmith and other authors followed and Pondsmith released "Cyberpunk 2020", a handbook with an updated story arc and mechanics, (although existing expansions remained compatible with the new game) in 1990.


title: Mike Pondsmith

text: Pondsmith designed "Cyberpunk 2013" as the second game to use the Interlock system. Pondsmith attributes creation of "Cyberpunk" to his interest in the genre sparked primarily by Ridley Scott's "Blade Runner" released in 1982. The motivation behind the "Cyberpunk" roleplaying game was his desire to recreate the technology and dark, film noir style of the movie. "Cyberpunk" is the most expansive line of products in the RTG library with forty-four sourcebooks containing over 4,700 pages. The game has had an estimated 5 million players to date.


title: Mike Pondsmith

text: In 1993, again under the RTG banner, Pondsmith released an alternate timeline for the "Cyberpunk" line. The sourcebook titled "Cybergeneration" was further enhanced by additional expansions and a second edition was released in 1995, that built further upon existing, explored themes. A license for the line was later acquired by Jonathan Lavallee, owner of Firestorm Ink, founded specifically to continue RTG's "CyberGeneration" product line in 2003.


title: Mike Pondsmith

text: In 1996, Wizards of the Coast licensed "Cyberpunk" for their collectible card game "Netrunner". Designed by Richard Garfield, "Netrunner" featured locations, entities, and characters familiar to "Cyberpunk 2020" players. The game was named one of The Millennium's Most Underrated Games in 1999 in "Pyramid" magazine published by the Steve Jackson Games. Mike Pondsmith is featured in the game's credits in the 'special thanks' section and makes a cameo appearance as "Omni Kismet, Ph.D." (character's name is an anagram of his). On May 10, 2012, Fantasy Flight Games announced that they would be releasing "", a new card game based on "Netrunner", under license from "Wizards of the Coast". Another short-lived card game based on Pondsmith's IP was "Cyberpunk CCG", designed by Peter Wacks, and published by Social Games in 2003.


title: Mike Pondsmith

text: In 1989 West End Games released a "Cyberpunk" and "Paranoia" crossover. The game, called "Alice Through the Mirrorshades", was designed by Edward Bolme and is compatible with both "Cyberpunk" and "Paranoia" games. At least two fan magazines were created around the time of "Cyberpunk"'s peak popularity with Pondsmith's approval: "Interface Magazine", which evolved from the unofficial "Cyberpunk Update" run by Chris Hockabout, and UK-published" 'Punk '21".


title: Mike Pondsmith

text: In 1994, R. Talsorian Games released Pondsmith's steampunk-themed fantasy role-playing game titled "Castle Falkenstein". The game's mechanics were based on playing cards, instead of dice, and geared towards live action role-playing. "Castle Falkenstein" remains Pondsmith's most critically acclaimed game to date with the 1994 Origins Award for Best Roleplaying Rules, and the 1995 Nigel D. Findley Memorial Award for Best Role-Playing Product recognitions. In 2000, "Castle Falkenstein" was adapted to the "GURPS" system by James Cambias and Phil Masters, and released by Steve Jackson Games.


title: Mike Pondsmith

text: Pondsmith was briefly associated with TSR, Inc., where he worked on "Buck Rogers XXVC", a science-fiction RPG, and two sourcebooks for the "Dungeons & Dragons": "" for "Oriental Adventures" in 1988 and "Hall of Heroes" for "Forgotten Realms" in 1989. He also made minor, uncredited contributions to the original "" released in 1987 by West End Games.


title: Mike Pondsmith

text: Pondsmith has also been president of the Game Manufacturers Association (GAMA), and in his role of GAMA President in 1993, he arbitrated an out-of-court settlement between Palladium Books and Wizards of the Coast over Wizards' use of Palladium system integration notes in "The Primal Order".


title: Mike Pondsmith

text: After encountering challenges in the role-playing game industry, on February 15, 1998, Pondsmith announced that R. Talsorian would only operate part-time. Putting the major game lines on hiatus at this time meant doing the same with Hero Games products, and in September 1998, Hero Games announced their separation from R. Talsorian Games. Late in the year 2000, Pondsmith accepted a job offer at Microsoft to produce games for Xbox. As a design manager at Microsoft, he contributed to various games (mostly to the lineup of the original Xbox console's exclusive titles) released by the company's Microsoft Game Studios. In "MechCommander 2", released in 2001, he played the role of Steel, a character featured in cut-scenes (he also voiced the character for the in-game chatter between characters). He was also credited in Stormfront Studios' "Blood Wake" released in the same year. The last Microsoft title he was credited with was "" (2003). In 2004 he left Microsoft to join Monolith Productions where he worked on "The Matrix Online" (2005). During his time at Microsoft, his wife Lisa Pondsmith kept R. Talsorian in business with limited publications.


title: Mike Pondsmith

text: The idea of a "Matrix" game was initially pitched internally at Microsoft by Pondsmith and one of his coworkers. Despite advanced talks with the Wachowskis, the film's producers, the project never came to fruition. Pitches to Shiny Entertainment did not succeed either and he later learned that a "Matrix" game was being worked on at Monolith. Given the opportunity to join the live team (responsible for maintaining the game and producing content post-launch) he decided to join Monolith. Pondsmith ended up doing mission design for the game under Online Creative Director and Lead Game Designer Toby Ragaini.


title: Mike Pondsmith

text: In 2000 Pondsmith announced that he was working on the third edition of "Cyberpunk". The work itself started even earlier, right after the release of the "" in 1999; and the third edition of "Cyberpunk" was expected to ship soon afterwards. Initially called "Cyberpunk 203X", the game was scheduled for a release in the spring of 2001. The first two-page preview of the game was released on August 20, 2001, marking the first pushback of the game's release date. During the prolonged development of the game, Pondsmith released another preview of the third edition of "Cyberpunk" on December 31, 2004. The game's early manuscript was previewed, and the first public playtesting took place during I-Con in Ronkonkoma, New York between April 8 and 10, 2005. The game was written by Pondsmith, Mike Blum, Colin Fisk, Dave Friedland, Will Moss, and Scott Ruggels and was finally released on December 13, 2005 to mixed reviews.


title: Mike Pondsmith

text: Illustrations in the game were criticized, for being photographs of slightly modified action figures of which Pondsmith was a collector at the time. The game was successful enough, however, to justify several accessories and supplements which were announced immediately after the core book's release. This included "DataPack" (initially called "Dossier Pak"), "FlashPak", "Gangbook" and "AltCult Insider". "Cyberpunk v3.0", much like its predecessors, was influenced by the classic cyberpunk books written by Neal Stephenson and William Gibson, but also incorporated ideas from new literary sources, Japanese animation, and movies. According to Pondsmith, it was designed to become a commentary on the 21st century, corporate influences on everyday life, ideologies of groups, the place of government, warfare and advancements in biotechnology.


title: Mike Pondsmith

text: In addition to working at RTG, Pondsmith contributed to the Hero Games' "Champions" line. Working mostly as an editorial assistant on books such as "Alliances" for the "", he was introduced to the Hero Games' mechanics (Hero System) which he later decided to merge with the Interlock System used by most of the RTG's games up to that point. The end result of this process was the "Fuzion" system used by the later RTG titles, most notably the third edition of the "Cyberpunk" game. In the foreword to the third edition of "Cyberpunk", Pondsmith justified these changes as necessary for streamlining the game, and attracting new players. But like the game itself these were met with mixed reviews. Pondsmith holds the rights to Fuzion jointly with Steve Peterson and Ray Greer of Hero Games.


title: Mike Pondsmith

text: R. Talsorian Games is a Washington-based roleplaying game publisher. Founded in 1985 in California by Mike Pondsmith, it was one of the first RPG publishers to embrace desktop publishing. Currently Lisa Pondsmith, Mike Pondsmith's wife, serves as a general manager of the company, with Mike Pondsmith remaining the owner, CEO and lead designer. Regarding the source of the name of the company, Pondsmith has stated that "R. Talsorian is a real person who never plays RPGs". In a 2016 interview he clarified that the name "R. Talsorian" derived from one of the company's investors, a "raisin farmer in Fresno." A fellow game designer, Warren Spector, advised him to avoid naming his company after himself; Pondsmith and his associates heeded that advice by naming their company after "the one person who would never show up at a convention ever," Talsorian.


title: Mike Pondsmith

text: Mike Pondsmith uses his alter-ego "Maximum Mike" across many of the "Cyberpunk" books. Unlike reoccurring characters like Morgan Blackhand, Johnny Silverhand or Nomad Santiago, Maximum Mike breaks the fourth wall and talks to the reader directly. Pondsmith's likeness and name, however, were used directly in the Cyberpunk world under different name; he is featured as "Omni Kismet, Ph.D.", one of the characters in the "Netrunner CCG" (character's name is an anagram of "Mike Pondsmith").


title: Mike Pondsmith

text: On May 30, 2012, it was confirmed that Pondsmith was working with CD Projekt Red on a video game set in the "Cyberpunk" universe. On October 18, 2012, the game's name and settings were revealed to be "Cyberpunk 2077". Immediately afterwards, Brian Crecente was able to confirm with the game's creators that Pondsmith was also working on a new edition of "Cyberpunk" pen and paper RPG game that would evolve the genre. In the interview for GameSpot, CD Projekt's Marcin Iwiński divulged that Pondsmith's involvement in the video game development mostly focuses on the game world aspect and mechanics and his input, though constant, does not happen on a daily basis due to the distance between the parties. Video game creators as well as Mike Pondsmith and other RTG designers will contribute on the newly formed cyberpunk.net blog.


title: Mike Pondsmith

text: Mike Pondsmith also voices two characters in "Cyberpunk 2077", one of them being Maximum Mike the DJ of Morro Rock Radio, a continuation of his persona from the Cyberpunk sourcebooks.


title: Mike Pondsmith

text: Pondsmith has a wife, Lisa, and a son, Cody who both work at RTG. Although Mike and Lisa had met earlier, their relationship began around 1977 while both were still in college. They were married in February 1982. Lisa serves as a general manager of RTG and has been credited in various titles, most notably as author alongside Jeff Grubb of "The Memoirs of Auberon of Faerie" sourcebook for the "Castle Falkenstein" system; and Cody is credited as a member of the production staff in the "Cyberpunk V3.0 "supplement "Flashpak". He was also involved in the promotion and community communications relating to RTG's steampunk title "Castle Falkenstein". Before designing games, Mike Pondsmith worked as an amateur paleontologist. In his spare time he collects plastic , prominently featured in "Cyberpunk v3.0" core rulebook, and enjoys outdoor activities, reading, as well as playing around with radio-controlled cars and planes.


title: Mike Pondsmith

text: Pondsmith has been very active in gaming communities and has appeared at many gaming conventions over the years. He was present at many of the Gen Cons which led to his memories of his experiences to be featured in Robin D. Laws' "40 Years of Gen Con" published in August 2007 by Atlas Games. He attended I-CON, A-Kon, Norwescon, Origins, DexCon, DunDraCon and others. Pondsmith was a guest of honor at Ropecon 1999, Astronomicon 2001 and I-CON 25 (March 24–26, 2006). Both Mike and his son Cody run various games during different gaming conventions. Pondsmith also appeared on stage to talk about the "Cyberpunk 2077" video game during two of CD Projekt Red's conferences.


title: Mike Pondsmith

text: Between years 2010 and 2011 Pondsmith was working in the "Department of Game Software Design and Production" at the DigiPen Institute of Technology in Redmond, where he taught game design classes. The two courses he taught were "Game History" (GAT 110) and "Game Mechanics I" (GAT 210).


title: Mike Pondsmith

text: On July 1, 2006, he was inducted into the Origins Awards Hall of fame, along with Jolly R. Blackburn, Rodger MacGowan, Dennis Mize (posthumously), Aaron Allston, and the game "Star Fleet Battles".


title: Mike Pondsmith

text: On September 12, 2020, Pondsmith was presented with the Jerry Lawson Lifetime Achievement Award at the fourth annual Black in Gaming awards.


title: Mike Pondsmith

text: In 1990, during his time with TSR, Pondsmith co-designed three, two-player board games for the publisher.


title: Mike Pondsmith

text: Additionally R. Talsorian Games released Pondsmith's board game "GoDice!" in 2006. The initial release of "Mekton" is also considered to be a board game.


title: Mike Pondsmith

text: Mike Pondsmith worked on or contributed to various R. Talsorian Games' and TSR's products over the years and wrote several articles in gaming magazines.


title: Christian Campbell

text: Christian Bethune Campbell (born May 12, 1972) is a Canadian actor. He is known for his roles as Gabriel in the film "Trick", Greg Ivey in the television series "Big Love" and on stage as Jimmy Harper in the musical "Reefer Madness".


title: Christian Campbell

text: Campbell was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Campbell's mother, Marnie (née Neve), is a yoga instructor and psychologist from Amsterdam, Netherlands, who also ran a theatre in Guelph, Ontario. His father, Gerry Campbell, a Scottish immigrant to Canada from the East End of Glasgow, Scotland, taught high school drama classes in Mississauga, Ontario — first at Westwood Secondary School (now Lincoln M. Alexander Secondary School), later at Lorne Park Secondary School, and now at Erindale Secondary School. Campbell's maternal grandparents ran a theatre company in the Netherlands and his paternal grandparents were also performers. On his mother's side, Campbell descends from Sephardi Jews who immigrated to the Netherlands and converted to Catholicism.


title: Christian Campbell

text: Campbell's parents divorced when he was three years old. His siblings are actress Neve Campbell, actor Alex Campbell, and Damian McDonald. He and his sister, Neve, resided largely with their father (who received custody of the two), with regular periods at their mother's home. Born into an acting family (his maternal grandparents having been actors in Amsterdam) and his father an acting teacher, Campbell began training at an early age. He was acting professionally by the age of fourteen and attended Claude Watson School for the Arts in Toronto, Ontario.


title: Christian Campbell

text: Campbell starred in the gay-themed romantic comedy "Trick" in 1999. The feature film was a Sundance Grand Jury Prize nominated film. It grossed the most per-screen average for a gay-themed film at the time. In celebration of the fifteenth anniversary of the picture, Campbell spoke of the social climate at the time and how he, a straight actor, had taken on a gay role. "Having been in that movie... opened up a community," he said. "The gay community was incredibly supportive of me."


title: Christian Campbell

text: In 2001, Campbell teamed up with "Trick" co-star John Paul Pitoc in the feature-film "Thank You, Good Night", co-starring with Mark Hamill and Sally Kirkland. He then starred in the 2004 short film "Pretty Dead Girl". In 2009, Campbell starred in the feature film "Neighbor" along with America Olivo, who would later become his wife. He played conservative American political activist Ralph Reed in the 2010 movie "Casino Jack".


title: Christian Campbell

text: Campbell starred along with Amy Smart in director Russell Friedenberg's 2014 feature film "Among Ravens".


title: Christian Campbell

text: At the age of 16, Campbell made his television debut on the Canadian television series "Degrassi High". Campbell's first starring role was in the television movie "City Boy", in which he starred alongside James Brolin and Sarah Chalke. Campbell then starred in the 1995 ABC telefilm "Picture Perfect". He moved to the United States in 1995 where he was soon cast as Teddy Delacourt in producer Aaron Spelling's primetime teen drama/soap opera Malibu Shores.


title: Christian Campbell

text: Campbell joined the cast of "The $treet" in 2000 as Tim Sherman. He then starred in the science fiction-action animated series Max Steel from 2000 to 2002, providing the voice of the protagonist, Josh McGrath, a 19-year-old fictional extreme sports star. Campbell joined "All My Children" as the recast Bobby Warner from 2004 to 2005, replacing Brian Gaskill for the role after a seven-year absence for the character. Along with Shannon Elizabeth, he starred in the 2008 made-for-TV movie "You Belong To Me".


title: Christian Campbell

text: In May 2010, Campbell had a guest-starring role as victim Ben Rooney in "" season 8, episode 21, "Meltdown".


title: Christian Campbell

text: In 2013, Campbell joined the cast of the Lifetime original movie "An Amish Murder", in which he played the brother of Kate Burkholder, who was played by his real life younger sister, Neve Campbell.


title: Christian Campbell

text: Campbell has a recurring role in the second season of HBO's "True Detective". He can also be seen playing the villain Pierce Peters in the 2015 Disney Channel Original Movie "Bad Hair Day".


title: Christian Campbell

text: Campbell's theatre training began early and was extensive due to his father being an acting teacher and his mother's acting background. His earliest acting roles were on the stage for his father's panto productions for the Association for Scottish Traditions and Arts in Etobicoke, Ontario. Campbell said of his early work with his father that "Dad was always throwing Neve and me on the stage. The pantos are comedies, sort of fantasies-sometimes fairy tales like Jack and the Beanstalk. In these shows there's a lot of humor, and always a cross-dresser. That's part of the genre." His first starring role on the stage was as the role of Nick in "A Thousand Clowns", which was held at his mother's dinner theatre. He then toured Europe in the early 1990s, acting in stage plays such as "Der Ritter Von Mirakel" and "A Clockwork Orange" at the Schaulspielhaus, Nürnberg.


title: Christian Campbell

text: Shortly after his move to Los Angeles in 1995, Campbell co-founded the theatre company Blue Sphere Alliance. He began producing stage plays while working as an actor. Campbell made his directorial debut with "Reach", a one-act play that starred Matthew Lillard and Sandra Thigpen.


title: Christian Campbell

text: In 2000, Campbell produced his first off-Broadway play, "Trust", in New York City. Campbell starred in "Reefer Madness" in 2001. He then joined ill-fated "Rent" playwright Jonathan Larson's "tick... tick... BOOM!" in 2002, in which he performed on a national tour of the United States and in London at the Menier Chocolate Factory (July – September 2005). Campbell went on to work on "Great Expectations" with Kathleen Chalfant in 2004.


title: Christian Campbell

text: In July 2015 it was announced that Campbell would lead the cast of Harold Chapin's "The New Morality" at the Mint Theater.


title: Christian Campbell

text: Campbell has been a photographer for the last two decades and showcases his work on his personal website.


title: Christian Campbell

text: He served as producer and director of the documentary concert series "Live from Gramercy Park" and is the producer and director of the "Broadway Dreams" documentary series. Both series are produced by Campbell and wife America Olivo's production company EsoteriCam Productions.


title: Christian Campbell

text: Campbell married Erin Matthews in 2001, divorcing in 2003. He was in a long term relationship with actress Nikki Snelson, from 2005 to 2007.


title: Christian Campbell

text: Campbell met his second wife, actress America Olivo, in 2009 on the set of the horror film "Neighbor". They were engaged after two weeks and married five months later, in a ceremony on Lake Como in Lombardy, Italy. Their first child, a daughter, was born in 2012, but died three days later due to the genetic condition Edwards syndrome. After facing infertility issues of their own, Campbell and his wife America Olivo decided to become spokespeople for the BabyQuest Foundation, a 501(c)(3) charitable organization that is "dedicated to helping couples and/or individuals build families through advanced fertility treatments".


title: Christian Campbell

text: Campbell became a U.S. citizen in 2008 and holds passports for Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States.


title: Théoneste Bagosora

text: Théoneste Bagosora (16 August 1941 – 25 September 2021) was a Rwandan military officer. He was chiefly known for his key role in the 1994 Rwandan genocide for which he was sentenced to life imprisonment by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). In 2011, the sentence was reduced to 35 years' imprisonment on appeal. He was due to be imprisoned until he was 89. According to René Lemarchand, Bagosora was "the chief organizer of the killings". On 25 September 2021, he died in a prison hospital in Mali, where he was being treated for heart issues.


title: Théoneste Bagosora

text: Bagosora was born in Giciye in what is now Nyabihu District, Western Province, Rwanda. In 1964 he graduated from the "École des officiers" (Officers' School) in Kigali with the rank of second lieutenant. In 1982, he graduated with a commendation from the Institut des hautes études de défense nationale in France. During his military career, he served as second-in-command of the "École supérieure militaire" (Superior Military School) in Kigali and as commander of Kanombe military camp.


title: Théoneste Bagosora

text: On 29 April 1970, he was promoted to the rank of captain. He became a full colonel in October 1989. He was appointed to the position of "directeur du cabinet" (chief of staff) in the Ministry of Defence in June 1992. Despite officially retiring from the military on 23 September 1993, he retained this post until fleeing the country in July 1994.


title: Théoneste Bagosora

text: Bagosora was born in the same northern region as Juvénal Habyarimana, the president of Rwanda from 1973 to 1994. He was linked to "le Clan de Madame", known later as the "akazu", a group associated with Agathe Habyarimana, the president's wife, who was at the nexus of the Hutu Power ideology.


title: Théoneste Bagosora

text: Although he was present at the negotiations of the Arusha Accords in August 1993, he never supported them. He is widely cited as saying, in the context of the Arusha Accords, that he was returning to Rwanda to "prepare for the apocalypse", but that is apocryphal. Luc Marchal, a Belgian officer, who served as Kigali sector commander in UNAMIR, reported that Bagosora told him that the only way to solve Rwanda's problems was to get rid of the Tutsi.


title: Théoneste Bagosora

text: Bagosora was responsible for establishing paramilitary "self-defense" units, the Interahamwe, that would operate in every commune in the country. These groups were to act in concert with the local police, militias, and military authorities. Bagosora was also responsible for distributing arms and machetes throughout Rwanda. Between January 1993 and March 1994, Rwanda imported more than 500,000 machetes, twice the number imported in previous years.


title: Théoneste Bagosora

text: At about 8:15 pm on the evening of 6 April 1994, President Habyarimana was flying back to Kigali after a meeting when his plane was struck by two missiles fired from the ground. The plane crashed, killing everyone on board. The position of the American and Rwandan governments is that the missiles were fired from the Kanombe barracks, which were controlled by the Presidential Guard, but that conclusion is disputed. News of the President's death was broadcast and the killings began.


title: Théoneste Bagosora

text: After the assassination, Colonel Bagosora along with Colonel Rwagafilita gathered supporters and convened a meeting of a Crisis Committee. Roméo Dallaire, the UN commander was invited, and arrived to find the senior leadership of the Rwandan army. Dallaire rejected Bagosora's proposal of having the military take control of the political situation until they could hand it over to the politicians and he reminded him that Rwanda still had a government headed by Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana. Bagosora responded that she was incapable of governing the nation. A few hours later, Madame Agathe was murdered with her husband by members of the Presidential Guard and the army. After Bagosora's failed attempt to have the military take over the role of government, the group proceeded to pick a provisional government. The interim government was a multiparty group, but all came from the hardliner sections of their respective parties.


title: Théoneste Bagosora

text: Massacres began all over the country. Many prominent Tutsis and moderate Hutus were killed right away, their names and addresses having been on lists. Radio Mille Collines broadcast incitements to murder. Trucks began arriving to pick up scores of bodies. On the morning of 7 April, ten Belgian peacekeepers who had been guarding Prime Minister Agathe and who were witnesses to the government troops laying siege to her residence were disarmed and taken to Camp Kigali, approximately 200 metres from where Colonel Bagosora was holding a meeting of military officers. The peacekeepers were murdered over the course of several hours by military personnel. During his testimony, Colonel Bagosora admitted attending to the scene while the murders were in progress, although claiming he could do nothing to stop the killings. As anticipated, the death of the ten Belgian peacekeepers prompted the withdrawal of most peacekeeping troops from Rwanda, effectively clearing the way for slaughter.


title: Théoneste Bagosora

text: Over the next 100 days, people were being killed at an astonishing rate. The number of dead in the genocide varies from 500,000 to more than 1,000,000 people, depending on the source.


title: Théoneste Bagosora

text: Upon the interference of Tutsi army in response to the genocide, Bagosora fled into neighbouring Zaire. "Fed and protected in refugee camps supported by millions of dollars in international aid, the Hutu Power leaders were able to hold regular planning meetings and to recruit new members." With Bagosora actively involved, they rebuilt their military structures with the purpose of wiping out the Tutsi population.


title: Théoneste Bagosora

text: Bagosora later moved to Cameroon with several other Hutu Power leaders. It was there that he was detained with André Ntagerura in 1996. In 1997, he first appeared before the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) in Arusha, Tanzania, to face thirteen counts of eleven different international crimes, based on the laws of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. The joint trial with three other senior military officers charged as co-conspirators opened on 2 April 2002.


title: Théoneste Bagosora

text: During his trial further evidence was submitted that in 1991 he and other co-accused helped to draft a document where they referred to the Tutsi ethnic group as the "principal enemy" which was widely distributed in the army. They were also accused of supporting the media outlets responsible for spreading hate messages and making lists of victims. The trial wrapped up on 1 June 2007, after five years, with Colonel Théoneste Bagosora still maintaining his innocence.


title: Théoneste Bagosora

text: On 18 December 2008, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda found Bagosora and two other senior Rwandan army officers, Major Aloys Ntabakuze and Colonel Anatole Nsengiyumva, guilty of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes and sentenced him to life imprisonment. In ruling that life imprisonment was the appropriate sentence for Bagosora the three trial judges concurred that "The toll of human suffering was immense as a result of crimes which could have only occurred with his orders and authorisation." The tribunal court stated that Bagosora had been "the highest authority in the Rwandan Defense Ministry, with authority over the military" in the aftermath of the assassination of President Habyarimana. The court ruled that Bagosora was responsible for the murders of Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana, the ten Belgian peacekeepers who had been guarding the Prime Minister at Camp Kigali, the president of the Constitutional Court Joseph Kavaruganda, and three major opposition leaders, Faustin Rucogoza, Frederic Nzamurambaho, and Landoald Ndasingwa. In addition, the court found Bagosora guilty of orchestrating the mass killings of Tutsis in Kigali and Gisenyi. However, the trial court held there was a reasonable doubt that events prior to 6 April could only be explained by Bagosora conspiring with others, so he was therefore acquitted on a charge of conspiracy to commit genocide prior to 7 April 1994.


title: Théoneste Bagosora

text: In the end result at trial, Bagosora was convicted of 10 counts of eight different crimes, including genocide, two counts of murder (one for Rwandans and one for peacekeepers), Extermination, Rape, Persecution, Other Inhumane Acts, two counts of Violence to Life (one for Rwandans and one for peacekeepers) as well as Outrages Upon Personal Dignity. On 1 April 2021, his request for parole was denied. Bagosora died five months later.


title: Théoneste Bagosora

text: In the 2005 film by HBO "Sometimes in April", a historical drama about the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, Bagosora is portrayed by Abby Mukiibi Nkaaga.


title: Théoneste Bagosora

text: In the 2007 film "Shake Hands with the Devil", a dramatisation of Canadian military officer Roméo Dallaire's book about his time as commander of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda, Bagosora is portrayed by Burundian actor Michel-Ange Nzojibwami.


title: Manzanar

text: Manzanar is the site of one of ten American concentration camps, where more than 120,000 Japanese Americans were incarcerated during World War II from March 1942 to November 1945. Although it has over 10,000 inmates at its peak, it was one of the smaller internment camps. The largest was the Tule Lake internment camp, located in northern California with a population of over 18,000 inmates. The smallest was Amanche, located southeastern Colorado, with over 7,000 inmates. It is located at the foot of the Sierra Nevada mountains in California's Owens Valley, between the towns of Lone Pine to the south and Independence to the north, approximately north of Los Angeles. Manzanar means "apple orchard" in Spanish. The Manzanar National Historic Site, which preserves and interprets the legacy of Japanese American incarceration in the United States, was identified by the United States National Park Service as the best-preserved of the ten former camp sites.


title: Manzanar

text: The first Japanese Americans arrived at Manzanar in March of 1942, just one month after President franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive order 9066, to build the camp their families would be staying in. Manzanar was in operation as an internment camp from 1942 until 1945. Since the last of those incarcerated left in 1945, former detainees and others have worked to protect Manzanar and to establish it as a National Historic Site to ensure that the history of the site, along with the stories of those who were incarcerated there, is recorded for current and future generations. The primary focus is the Japanese American incarceration era, as specified in the legislation that created the Manzanar National Historic Site. The site also interprets the former town of Manzanar, the ranch days, the settlement by the Owens Valley Paiute, and the role that water played in shaping the history of the Owens Valley.


title: Manzanar

text: Manzanar was first inhabited by Indigenous Americans nearly 10,000 years ago. Approximately 1,500 years ago, the area was settled by the Owens Valley Paiute, who ranged across the Owens Valley from Long Valley on the north to Owens Lake on the south, and from the crest of the Sierra Nevada on the west to the Inyo Mountains on the east. When European American settlers first arrived in the Owens Valley in the mid-19th century, they found a number of large Paiute villages in the Manzanar area. John Shepherd, one of the first of the new settlers, homesteaded of land north of Georges Creek in 1864. With the help of Owens Valley Paiute field workers and laborers, he expanded his ranch to .


title: Manzanar

text: In 1905, George Chaffey, an agricultural developer from Southern California, purchased Shepherd's ranch and subdivided it, along with other adjacent ranches. He founded the town of Manzanar in 1910, along the main line of the Southern Pacific. By August 1911, the town's population was approaching 200. The company built an irrigation system over an area of and planted about 20,000 fruit trees. By 1920, the town had more than 25 homes, a two-room school, a town hall, and a general store. Also at that time, nearly of apple, pear, and peach trees were under cultivation; along with crops of grapes, prunes, potatoes, corn and alfalfa; and large vegetable and flower gardens.


title: Manzanar

text: As early as March 1905, the City of Los Angeles began acquiring water rights in the Owens Valley. In 1913, it completed construction of its Los Angeles Aqueduct, In dry years, Los Angeles pumped ground water and drained all surface water, diverting all of it into its aqueduct and leaving Owens Valley ranchers without water. Without water for irrigation, the holdout ranchers were forced off their ranches and out of their communities; that included the town of Manzanar, which was abandoned by 1929. Manzanar remained uninhabited until the United States Army leased from the City of Los Angeles for the Manzanar War Relocation Center.


title: Manzanar

text: After the December 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States Government swiftly moved to begin solving the "Japanese Problem" on the West Coast of the United States. In the evening hours of that same day, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) arrested selected "enemy aliens", including more than 5,500 Issei men. Many citizens in California were alarmed about potential activities by people of Japanese descent.


title: Manzanar

text: On February 19, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, which authorized the Secretary of War to designate military commanders to prescribe military areas and to exclude "any or all persons" from such areas. The order also authorized the construction of what were later called "relocation centers" by the War Relocation Authority (WRA), to house those who were to be excluded. This order resulted in the forced relocation of more than 120,000 Japanese Americans, two-thirds of whom were native-born American citizens; the rest had been prevented from becoming citizens by federal law. Over 110,000 were incarcerated in the ten concentration camps located far inland and away from the coast.


title: Manzanar

text: Manzanar was the first of the ten concentration camps to be established, and began accepting detainees in March 1942. Initially, it was a temporary "reception center", known as the "Owens Valley Reception Center" from March 21, 1942, to May 31, 1942. At that time, it was operated by the US Army's Wartime Civilian Control Administration (WCCA).


title: Manzanar

text: The Owens Valley Reception Center was transferred to the WRA on June 1, 1942, and officially became the "Manzanar War Relocation Center." The first Japanese Americans to arrive at Manzanar were volunteers who helped build the camp. By mid–April, up to 1,000 Japanese Americans were arriving daily, and by July, the population of the camp neared 10,000. About 90 percent of the incarcerated were from the Los Angeles area, with the rest coming from Stockton, California; and Bainbridge Island, Washington. Many were farmers and fishermen. Manzanar held 10,046 adults and children at its peak, and a total of 11,070 were incarcerated there.


title: Manzanar

text: The Manzanar facility was located between Lone Pine and Independence. The weather at Manzanar caused suffering for the inmates, few of whom were accustomed to the extremes of the area's climate. While the majority of people were from the Los Angeles area, some were from places with much different climates (such as Bainbridge Island in Washington). The temporary buildings were inadequate to shield people from the weather. The Owens Valley lies at an elevation of about .


title: Manzanar

text: Summers on the desert floor of the Owens Valley are generally hot, with temperatures often exceeding . Winters bring occasional snowfall and daytime temperatures that often drop into the range. At night, temperatures are generally 30 to 40 °F (16.7 to 22.2 °C) lower than the daytime highs, and high winds are common day or night.


title: Manzanar

text: The area's mean annual precipitation is barely five inches (12.7 cm). The ever-present dust was a continual problem due to the frequent high winds; so much so that people usually woke up in the morning covered from head to toe with a fine layer of dust, and they constantly had to sweep dirt out of the barracks.


title: Manzanar

text: "In the summer, the heat was unbearable," said former Manzanar inmate Ralph Lazo. "In the winter, the sparsely rationed oil didn't adequately heat the tar paper-covered pine barracks with knotholes in the floor. The wind would blow so hard, it would toss rocks around."


title: Manzanar

text: The camp site was situated on at Manzanar, leased from the City of Los Angeles, with the developed portion covering approximately . Eight guard towers equipped with machine guns were located at intervals around the perimeter fence, which was topped by barbed wire. The grid layout used in the camp was standard, and a similar layout was used in all of the relocation centers.


title: Manzanar

text: The residential area was about one square mile (2.6 km), and consisted of 36 blocks of hastily constructed, by tarpaper barracks, with each family (up to eight people) living in a single by "apartment" in the barracks.


title: Manzanar

text: Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston, a Manzanar survivor, described the living conditions in her book: “After dinner we were taken to Block 16, a cluster of fifteen barracks that had just been finished a day or so earlier—although finished was hardly a word for it. The shacks were built of pine planking covered with tarpaper. They sat on concrete footings, with about two feet of open space between the floorboards and the ground. Gaps showed between the planks, and as the weeks passed and the green wood dried out, the gaps widened. Knotholes gaped in the uncovered floor.” ("Farewell to Manzanar" pg. 18) In the book, she goes on to explain the size and layout of the barracks. They were divided into six units that were sixteen long by twenty feet wide, and a single light bulb hung from the ceiling. They had an oil stove for heat as well as two army blankets each, some mattress covers and steel army cots.


title: Manzanar

text: These apartments consisted of partitions with no ceilings, eliminating any chance of privacy. Lack of privacy was a major problem, especially since the camp had communal men's and women's latrines. Former Manzanar inmate Rosie Kakuuchi said that the communal facilities were "[o]ne of the hardest things to endure", adding that neither the latrines nor showers had partitions or stalls.


title: Manzanar

text: Each residential block also had a communal mess hall (large enough to serve 300 people at one time), a laundry room, a recreation hall, an ironing room, and a heating oil storage tank, although Block 33 lacked a recreation hall. In addition to the residential blocks, Manzanar had 34 additional blocks that had staff housing, camp administration offices, two warehouses, a garage, a camp hospital, and 24 firebreaks.


title: Manzanar

text: The camp had school facilities, a high-school auditorium (that was also used as a theatre), staff housing, chicken and hog farms, churches, a cemetery, a post office, a hospital, an orphanage, two community latrines, an outdoor theater, and other necessary amenities that one would expect to find in most American cities. Some of the facilities were not built until after the camp had been operating for a while. The camp perimeter had eight watchtowers manned by armed military police, and it was enclosed by five-strand barbed wire. There were sentry posts at the main entrance. Many of the camp administration staff lived inside the fence at the camp, though the military police lived outside the fence.


title: Manzanar

text: Typical businesses such as a cooperative store and other shops and a camp newspaper were operated by the internees. A camouflage net factory, to provide the nets to various military units, was operated on the site. An experimental plantation for producing natural rubber from the Guayule plant was built and operated.


title: Manzanar

text: Before a hospital was built, doctors in the camp faced many difficulties, including treating internees for diseases such as measles, chickenpox, whooping cough, and diarrhea. Treatment facilities were often the barracks, which did not include running water or heating. Once the Manzanar Hospital was built, it included a kitchen, operating rooms, treatment wards, laboratories, and other facilities. All medical treatment in Manzanar was provided at no charge.


title: Manzanar

text: Manzanar Children's Village, an orphanage housing 101 Japanese American orphans from June 1942 to September 1945, operated within the camp. Children incarcerated there were from multiple orphanages in the Los Angeles area as well as locations in Washington, Oregon, and Alaska. Infants born to unmarried mothers in other WRA camps were also sent to Children's Village over the next three years.