title: Eutectic system

text: A eutectic system ( ) from the Greek ( 'well') and ( 'melting'), also known as a eutectic mixture, is a homogeneous mixture of substances that melts or solidifies at a single temperature that is lower than the melting point of any of the constituents. This temperature is known as the "eutectic temperature", and is the lowest possible melting temperature over all of the mixing ratios for the involved component species. On a phase diagram, the eutectic temperature is seen as the "eutectic point" (see plot on the right).


title: Eutectic system

text: Non-eutectic mixture ratios would have different melting temperatures for their different constituents, since one component's lattice will melt at a lower temperature than the other's. Conversely, as a non-eutectic mixture cools down, each of its components would solidify (form a lattice) at a different temperature, until the entire mass is solid.


title: Eutectic system

text: Not all binary alloys have eutectic points, since the valence electrons of the component species are not always compatible, in any mixing ratio, to form a new type of joint crystal lattice. For example, in the silver-gold system the melt temperature (liquidus) and freeze temperature (solidus) "meet at the pure element endpoints of the atomic ratio axis while slightly separating in the mixture region of this axis".


title: Eutectic system

text: This type of reaction is an invariant reaction, because it is in thermal equilibrium; another way to define this is the change in Gibbs free energy equals zero. Tangibly, this means the liquid and two solid solutions all coexist at the same time and are in chemical equilibrium. There is also a thermal arrest for the duration of the change of phase during which the temperature of the system does not change.


title: Eutectic system

text: The resulting solid macrostructure from a eutectic reaction depends on a few factors, with the most important factor being how the two solid solutions nucleate and grow. The most common structure is a lamellar structure, but other possible structures include rodlike, globular, and acicular.


title: Eutectic system

text: Compositions of eutectic systems that are not at the eutectic point can be classified as "hypoeutectic" or "hypereutectic". Hypoeutectic compositions are those with a smaller percent composition of species β and a greater composition of species α than the eutectic composition (E) while hypereutectic solutions are characterized as those with a higher composition of species β and a lower composition of species α than the eutectic composition. As the temperature of a non-eutectic composition is lowered the liquid mixture will precipitate one component of the mixture before the other. In a hypereutectic solution, there will be a proeutectoid phase of species β whereas a hypoeutectic solution will have a proeutectic α phase.


title: Eutectic system

text: Eutectic alloys have two or more materials and have a eutectic composition. When a non-eutectic alloy solidifies, its components solidify at different temperatures, exhibiting a plastic melting range. Conversely, when a well-mixed, eutectic alloy melts, it does so at a single, sharp temperature. The various phase transformations that occur during the solidification of a particular alloy composition can be understood by drawing a vertical line from the liquid phase to the solid phase on the phase diagram for that alloy.


title: Eutectic system

text: When the solution above the transformation point is solid, rather than liquid, an analogous eutectoid transformation can occur. For instance, in the iron-carbon system, the austenite phase can undergo a eutectoid transformation to produce ferrite and cementite, often in lamellar structures such as pearlite and bainite. This eutectoid point occurs at and 0.76 wt% carbon.


title: Eutectic system

text: A "peritectoid" transformation is a type of isothermal reversible reaction that has two solid phases reacting with each other upon cooling of a binary, ternary, ..., "n"-ary alloy to create a completely different and single solid phase. The reaction plays a key role in the order and decomposition of quasicrystalline phases in several alloy types. A similar structural transition is also predicted for rotating columnar crystals.


title: Eutectic system

text: Peritectic transformations are also similar to eutectic reactions. Here, a liquid and solid phase of fixed proportions react at a fixed temperature to yield a single solid phase. Since the solid product forms at the interface between the two reactants, it can form a diffusion barrier and generally causes such reactions to proceed much more slowly than eutectic or eutectoid transformations. Because of this, when a peritectic composition solidifies it does not show the lamellar structure that is found with eutectic solidification.


title: Eutectic system

text: Such a transformation exists in the iron-carbon system, as seen near the upper-left corner of the figure. It resembles an inverted eutectic, with the δ phase combining with the liquid to produce pure austenite at and 0.17% carbon.


title: Eutectic system

text: At the peritectic decomposition temperature the compound, rather than melting, decomposes into another solid compound and a liquid. The proportion of each is determined by the lever rule. In the Al-Au phase diagram, for example, it can be seen that only two of the phases melt congruently, AuAl and AuAl , while the rest peritectically decompose.


title: Eutectic system

text: The composition and temperature of a eutectic can be calculated from enthalpy and entropy of fusion of each components.


title: Eutectic system

text: The chemical potential formula_4 is calculated if we assume that the activity is equal to the concentration:


title: Eutectic system

text: The integration constant "K" may be determined for a pure component with a melting temperature formula_10 and an enthalpy of fusion formula_11:


title: Eutectic system

text: We obtain a relation that determines the molar fraction as a function of the temperature for each component:


title: Charlie Benante

text: Charles Lee Benante (born November 27, 1962) is an American musician best known as the drummer for thrash metal band Anthrax, as well as crossover thrash band Stormtroopers of Death. Alongside rhythm guitarist and band leader Scott Ian, Benante has composed the majority of the music throughout Anthrax's discography. He joined the reunited Pantera in 2022, filling-in for original drummer Vinnie Paul for their upcoming 2023 tour.


title: Charlie Benante

text: Benante joined Anthrax in 1983, prior to the recording of the band's debut album "Fistful of Metal", and has been the band's drummer ever since. He is known for having a very fast double kick technique and has been credited as one of the pioneers of double-bass, as well as with popularizing the blast beat technique with thrash metal.


title: Charlie Benante

text: He is also an accomplished guitarist, having contributed lead guitar to S.O.D.'s "Speak English or Die" album. Along with his musician duties, Benante is also a graphic artist and has created many of Anthrax's album covers and T-shirt designs.


title: Charlie Benante

text: In 2021, Benante released a solo album entitled "Silver Linings". Paul Stenning referred to the album as "a very worthy memento of attacking a crazy year with a positive outlook."


title: Charlie Benante

text: On July 14, 2022, it was announced that Benante had joined the reunited Pantera by filling in for original drummer, and his close friend, Vinnie Paul.


title: Charlie Benante

text: Benante is the uncle of Anthrax bassist Frank Bello, whose mother is Benante's older sister. His other nephew, Bello's younger brother, Anthony, was murdered in the Bronx, NYC, on March 25, 1996. To the grief of Benante, the murder was never solved.


title: Charlie Benante

text: Benante has stated in most of the old Anthrax interviews and videos that his favorite fictional character is Darth Vader.


title: Charlie Benante

text: Benante is an avid fan of the 1975 film "Jaws", and owns a sizeable collection of the film's merchandise. He was featured in the documentary "The Shark Is Still Working", which was included on the "Jaws" 2012 Blu-ray release.


title: Charlie Benante

text: Throughout the course of 2012, Benante faced several personal issues that forced him to miss several concerts with Anthrax. Early on in the year his mother died, which also resulted in Frank Bello (Benante's mother being Bello's grandmother) taking some time off during the band's tour in Argentina. Benante stepped out again during the summer's Rockstar Mayhem Fest run after suffering a "minor hand injury". Also during the summer, Benante was involved in a domestic dispute with his wife in front of his daughter which had them both arrested. Benante later missed the band's UK and European tour in order to take care of "personal stuff" according to Scott Ian. In 2013, it was announced that Benante would be sitting out Australian tour dates, also for personal reasons. Concern was raised in 2012 by MetalSucks over Benante's well-being and future with the band.


title: Charlie Benante

text: In 2020, Benante had a cameo in the music video for "Everything She Wants," a Wham!-cover performed by Alien Ant Farm.


title: Charlie Benante

text: Benante uses and endorses Tama drums and hardware, Paiste cymbals, Vic Firth sticks, Evans Drumheads, and Roland electronics.


title: Charlie Benante

text: Prior to switching to Tama's Speed Cobra pedals in 2010, Benante was one of the few drummers who used Tama's HP35 Camco chain-drive pedals, equipment he had used since 1984.


title: South Shields

text: South Shields () is a coastal town in South Tyneside, Tyne and Wear, England. It is on the south bank of the mouth of the River Tyne. Historically, it was known in Roman times as Arbeia, and as Caer Urfa by Early Middle Ages. According to the 2011 census, the town had a population of 75,337. It is the fourth largest settlement in Tyne and Wear; after Newcastle upon Tyne, Sunderland and Gateshead.


title: South Shields

text: The town became part of Tyne and Wear in 1974. It is within the historic county boundaries of County Durham.


title: South Shields

text: The first evidence of a settlement within what is now the town of South Shields dates from pre-historic times. Stone Age arrow heads and an Iron Age round house have been discovered on the site of Arbeia Roman Fort. The Roman garrison built a fort here around AD 160 and expanded it around AD 208 to help supply their soldiers along Hadrian's Wall as they campaigned north beyond the Antonine Wall. Divisions living at the fort included Tigris bargemen (from Persia and modern day Iraq), infantry from Iberia and Gaul, and Syrian archers and spearmen. The fort was abandoned as the Roman Empire declined in the fourth century AD. Many ruins still exist today and some structures have been rebuilt as part of a modern museum and popular tourist attraction.


title: South Shields

text: There is evidence that the site was used in the early post-Roman period as a British settlement. It is believed it became a royal residence of King Osric of Deira; records show that his son Oswin was born within 'Caer Urfa', by which name the fort is thought to be known after the Romans left. Furthermore, Bede records Oswin giving a parcel of land to St Hilda for the foundation of a monastery here in c.647; the present-day church of St Hilda, by the Market Place, is said to stand on the monastic site.


title: South Shields

text: In the ninth century, Scandinavian peoples made Viking raids on monasteries and settlements all along the coast, and later conquered the Anglian Kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia and East Anglia, who hailed from Angelnen in Denmark (modern day Germany). It is said in local folklore that a Viking ship was wrecked at Herd Sands in South Shields in its attempts to disembark at a cove nearby. Other Viking ships were uncovered in South Shields Denmark Centre and nearby Jarrow.


title: South Shields

text: The current town was founded in 1245 and developed as a fishing port. The name South Shields developed from the 'Schele' or 'Shield', which was a small dwelling used by fishermen. Another industry that was introduced, was that of salt-panning, later expanded upon in the 15th century, polluting the air and surrounding land. In 1864, a Tyne Commissioners dredger brought up a nine-pounder breech-loading cannon; more cannonballs have been found in the sands beside the Lawe; these artifacts belonged to the English civil war. At the outbreak of the war in 1642, the North, West and Ireland supported the King; the South East and Presbyterian Scotland supported Parliament. In 1644 Parliament's Scottish Covenanter allies, in a lengthy battle, seized the town and its Royalist fortification, the fortification was close to the site of the original Roman fort. They also seized the town of Newburn. These raids were done to aid their ongoing siege of the heavily fortified Newcastle upon Tyne, and in a bid to control the River Tyne, and the North, and the Shields siege helped cause their battalions to maneuver south to York; this may have also led to a brief winter skirmish on the outskirts of Boldon, though the topography is not favourable for a battle.


title: South Shields

text: In the 19th century, coal mining, alkaline production and glass making led to a boom in the town. The population increased from 12,000 in 1801 to 75,000 by the 1860s, bolstered by economic migration from Ireland, Scotland and other parts of England. These industries played a fundamental part in creating wealth both regionally and nationally. In 1832, with the Great Reform Act, South Shields and Gateshead were each given their own Member of Parliament and became boroughs, resulting in taxes being paid to the Government instead of the Bishops of Durham. However, the rapid growth in population brought on by the expansion of industry made sanitation a problem, as evident by Cholera outbreaks and the building of the now-listed Cleadon Water Tower to combat the problem. In the 1850s 'The Tyne Improvement Commission' began to develop the river, dredging it to make it deeper and building the large, impressive North and South Piers to help prevent silt build up within the channel. Shipbuilding (along with coal mining), previously a monopoly of the Freemen of Newcastle, became another prominent industry in the town, with John Readhead & Sons Shipyard the largest.


title: South Shields

text: During World War I, German Zeppelin airships bombed South Shields in 1916. Later during World War II, the German Luftwaffe repeatedly attacked the town and caused massive damage to industries which supported the war effort, killing many innocent residents. Particularly, a bomb shelter in the market place of South Shields, where the deceased were commemorated in a cobblestone of the British flag. Later controversially removed and the bodies interred elsewhere. Gradually throughout the late 20th century, the coal and shipbuilding industries were closed during the Thatcher political era, due to competitive pressures from more cost-effective sources of energy (including workers) and more efficient shipbuilding elsewhere in Eastern Europe (e.g. Poland) and in South East Asia. In the 21st century, the local economy primarily includes port-related, ship repair and offshore industries, manufacturing, retail (nearby Newcastle, Durham, Washington and Sunderland), the public sector and the ever-increasing role of tourism. This is illustrated by the new multi-million Haven centre, Dunes centre and seaside improvements in the coastal area and a new multimillion-pound library The Word.


title: South Shields

text: South Shields is situated in a peninsula setting, where the River Tyne meets the North Sea. It has six miles of coastline and three miles of river frontage, dominated by the massive North and South Piers at the mouth of the Tyne. These are best viewed from the Lawe Top, which also houses two replicas of cannon captured from the Russians during the Crimean War (the originals having been melted during World War II).


title: South Shields

text: The town slopes gently from Cleadon Hills down to the river. Cleadon Hills are made conspicuous by the Victorian Cleadon Water Tower and pumping station (opened in 1860 to improve sanitation) and a now derelict windmill, both of which are listed and can be seen from many miles away and also out at sea.


title: South Shields

text: South Shields boasts extensive beaches, sand dunes and coves, as well as dramatic Magnesian Limestone cliffs with grassy areas above known as The Leas, which cover three miles of the coastline and are a National Trust protected area. Marsden Bay, with its famous Marsden Rock and historic Grotto public house and restaurant set in the cliffs, is home to one of the largest seabird colonies in Britain.


title: South Shields

text: One of the most historic parts of the town is the quaint and beautiful Westoe village, which consists of a quiet street of first grade and second grade Georgian and Victorian houses, many of which had been built by business leaders from the coal and shipping industries in the town. Given its beautiful setting, parks and trees, this street was often the setting for a number of books by the novelist Catherine Cookson. Westoe village was once a separate village about a mile from South Shields, but urban sprawl has now consumed it, along with the village of Harton to the south on the main route towards Cleadon and Sunderland.


title: South Shields

text: Before 1820, South Shields was a predominantly sparse hamlet and village based rural economy with some small-scale shipbuilding, glass making and salt processing along the riverside. Beyond 1820 and into the Industrial Revolution, South Shields expanded into an Urban settlement built around shipbuilding and coal mining. Migration came from up the River Tyne, with other migrants from rural County Durham, Northumberland, Scotland and Ireland. The majority of the people living in South Shields are descendants of those who migrated and settled in the area during the Industrial Revolution in order to work in expanding coalmines and shipyards. Towards the end of the 19th century, with the British Navy needing seamen, Yemeni British sailors settled in the town, this resulted in the first roots of the Yemeni British community in the town.


title: South Shields

text: In South Shields, 6.7% of the population are from an ethnic minority (non white British), compared with 5.0% in the surrounding borough of South Tyneside. Most of the Asians in South Shields are Bangladeshi, with the Beacon and Bents ward that covers South Shields town centre, had 9.9% of the population registering as that ethnicity. The Bangladeshi community is the third largest in Tyne and Wear, after Newcastle upon Tyne and Sunderland with 1.7% of the town's population being Bangladeshi or 1300 people. Nearly all of the ethnic minority population in South Tyneside is concentrated in South Shields town centre and suburban areas immediately to the south such as Rekendyke and Westoe. There are hardly any in Jarrow, Hebburn which are the other two major areas in the borough. The population of the South Tyneside Metropolitan borough had decreased from 152,785 in 2001, to 148,127 in 2011. In 2001, the population of South Shields was 82,854. Population data from the 2011 United Kingdom Census return classifies South Shields as a medium-sized coastal town.


title: South Shields

text: South Shields has been home to a Yemeni British community since the 1890s. The main reason for the Yemeni arrival was the supply of seamen, such as engine room firemen, to British merchant vessels. Similar communities were founded in Hull, Liverpool and Cardiff. In 1909, the first Arab Seamen's Boarding House opened in the Holborn riverside district of the town. At the time of the First World War there was a shortage of crews due to the demands of the fighting and many Yemenis were recruited to serve on British ships at the port of Aden, then under British protection. At the end of the war, the Yemeni population of South Shields had swelled to well over 3,000. Shields lost one of the largest proportions of Merchant Navy sailors. Approximately 1 in 4 of these men was of Yemeni background. The port in South Shields employed men of Yemen, Aden, Somalia, African, Indian and Malaysian nationalities.


title: South Shields

text: Disputes over jobs led to race riots – also called the Arab Riots – in 1919 and 1930. However, over time, attitudes to Yemenis in the town were softened and there was no significant recurrence of this violence.


title: South Shields

text: After World War II, the Yemeni population declined, partly due to migrations to other industrial areas such as Birmingham, Liverpool and Sheffield. However, the main reason for the reduction in numbers was the end of the shipping industry and the need for sailors as coal-burning ships decreased in numbers. Today, the Yemeni population of South Shields numbers around 1,000. Many Yemeni sailors married local women and became integrated with the wider community, resulting with a migrant population less distinct than in other mixed communities across the UK. The Yemeni are the first, settled Muslim community in Britain and have been used to justify multiculturalism.


title: South Shields

text: There is a mosque at Laygate, including the Yemeni School, which was visited by American boxer Muhammad Ali in 1977. He had his marriage blessed at the Al-Azhar Mosque, one of the earliest mosques in UK. It is often noted that Al-Azhar in South Shields is the first purpose-built mosque in the UK, however, this is the Shah Jahan Mosque in Woking. This story is covered in a documentary film, "The King of South Shields". Throughout April and early May 2008, the BALTIC Arts Centre in Gateshead chronicled the Yemeni community of South Shields, including interviews with the last remaining survivors of the first Yemeni generation. The exhibition depicted the Yemeni story as an example of early successful multi-cultural integration in Britain, as well as showcasing the high-profile 1977 visit by Muhammad Ali.


title: South Shields

text: In 2005 the Customs House commissioned author Peter Mortimer to write a play on the subject of the 1930 Yemeni Riot. The resultant play RIOT was staged at the venue in 2005 and 2008.


title: South Shields

text: In 2008, South Shields resident and filmmaker Tina Gharavi unveiled plans for a plaque to mark Ali's visit.


title: South Shields

text: In 2008, a critically acclaimed exhibition about the South Shields Yemeni community was held entitled "The Last of the Dictionary Men – Stories from South Shields’ Yemeni Sailors", was held at the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art, Gateshead.


title: South Shields

text: In 2009, the detective series George Gently, based on the novels by Alan Hunter, portrayed the Yemeni integration in a 1960s setting.


title: South Shields

text: The Bangladeshi community is actually larger than the Yemeni community. However, Yemenis have been in South Shields a lot longer. The Bangladeshi community is the third largest in the North East of England.


title: South Shields

text: The last shipbuilder, John Readhead & Sons, closed in 1984 and the last pit, Westoe Colliery, closed in 1993. Today, the town relies largely on service industries, whilst many residents commute to work in nearby Newcastle, Gateshead, North Tyneside and Sunderland.


title: South Shields

text: Despite a skilled local workforce, for many years South Tyneside had the highest unemployment rate in mainland Britain, although between December 2002 and December 2008 unemployment in South Shields fell by 17.8%, and that of South Tyneside by 17.7%, the best performance in the North East region over that time period.


title: South Shields

text: The Port of Tyne is one of the UK's most important and is further developing its freight and passenger activities. In 2007, it imported two million tonnes of coal. Manufacturing and ship repair/engineering are other significant sectors.


title: South Shields

text: South Shields benefits from significant public and private sector investment. More recently this has included primarily the town centre, riverside and foreshore areas, given the decline of once-traditional heavy industries with the town's growing importance as a major commercial centre and tourist destination.


title: South Shields

text: As well as being the oldest and largest town in South Tyneside, South Shields is also one of the region's most popular seaside resorts. From 1985 to 2009 the area marketed itself as "Catherine Cookson Country", which attracted many visitors. Further improvements and developments to the seafront were announced in March 2007.


title: South Shields

text: Work on the North and South Tyne Piers was begun in 1854 by the newly formed Tyne Improvement Commission, for the protection of shipping entering and leaving the river. The principal architect and engineer was James Walker, until his death in 1862 (whereupon John F. Ure took over). Construction was delayed by storm damage in 1862, which led to parts of the foundations having to be rebuilt. The South Pier was finished in 1895 and its lighthouse was operational that same year (it was equipped with a third-order fixed optic and a clockwork occulting mechanism, by Chance Brothers & Co.). The lighthouse currently displays an occulting sector light with white, red and green sectors; the green sector is used to indicate safe waters near the coast to the north of Tynemouth, while red indicates an area with numerous wrecks to the east and south of the lighthouse. The pier is long (accessible from South Shields seafront, it is open to the public except in bad weather).


title: South Shields

text: It was originally intended that the North (Tynemouth) Pier and lighthouse would mirror their South Shields counterparts, but a series of breaches and collapses meant that the North Pier was completed much later and to a different design. Following completion of the North Pier, in January 1908 the South Pier Lighthouse was provided with a bell, which sounded once every thirty seconds during foggy weather (in contrast to the reed fog horn sounded from the North Pier light).


title: South Shields

text: There is a third lighthouse, just upstream of the pier, on the Herd Groyne at South Shields (which was constructed in 1861–67 to preserve Littlehaven Beach, then known as Herd Sands, which had begun to be washed away by the change of currents caused by the new piers). This very unusual lighthouse resembling a 1940s sci-fi movie space craft was built by Newcastle-upon-Tyne Trinity House in 1882 (ownership was passed to the Tyne Improvement Commission the following year). It consists of an upper hexagonal part (including the lantern) of wood and corrugated iron construction, sitting on twelve cylindrical steel legs. The whole structure is painted red and stands in height. The Groyne shows an occulting light which marks a safe entrance course between the piers, showing white to a vessel approaching from seaward on the correct course, green to a vessel off-course to the north, and red to one off-course to the south.


title: South Shields

text: In 1928 both the South Pier and the Groyne lights were converted from incandescent gas to automatic electric operation. They were run off mains electricity (the gas lights being retained as an emergency standby). At the same time each lighthouse was equipped with an electrically activated fog bell; these were switched on and off remotely from a control hut in the pier blockyard. In the event of a power cut, each bell was designed to keep ringing for a further six hours. In 1961 the Commissioners installed a groundbreaking system by which the two fog bells would be switched on and off by the keepers on duty in the Tynemouth Pier lighthouse, using an 'infra-red ray' beamed across the river. This was in turn replaced by a radio link to an automatic fog detector when the latter lighthouse was automated in 1967. At the same time the South Shields lights were themselves fully automated, with the addition of standby diesel alternators and automatic lamp changers.


title: South Shields

text: In 1999 the white sector of the light was intensified by the addition of a PEL sector light above the optic, with the same occulting characteristic but a range of 19 nautical miles (rather than 13, as previously). The installation of this powerful light (which is visible during the day as well as by night), rendered the High and Low Lights of North Shields redundant, and they were therefore decommissioned at the same time. The Herd Groyne lighthouse was refurbished and repainted in 2014, and still acts as a navigational aid to ships entering the River Tyne. In 2015 it was stated that the fog bells on the two lighthouses were no longer operational.


title: South Shields

text: A prominent landmark is South Shields Town Hall, built 1905–1910, a sumptuous building "the most convincing expression in the county of Edwardian prosperity". The architect was E. E. Fetch of London. Ornamentation includes several references to the town's nautical heritage: Britannia and other sculpted figures in the pediment above the front entrance, a figure of Mercury atop a globe on the dome of the Council chamber, fountains and nymph lampholders in the forecourt alongside a statue of Queen Victoria. The 145-foot clock tower contains a Potts chiming clock and five bells, and is topped by a weathervane in the shape of a galleon.


title: South Shields

text: The Old Town Hall, a square building of 1768, provides the centrepiece of the Market Place and closes the vista along King Street. The ground floor is open with arches on each side (and a central pillar which predates the rest of the structure); the enclosed first floor has pitched roof, topped by a wooden bell turret. Originally built and used by the Dean and Chapter of Durham, it was sold by them to the town Corporation in 1855.


title: South Shields

text: There is a good choice of restaurants, cafes, public houses and nightlife as well as hotels, guest houses and caravan parks. South Shields plays host to an annual free summer festival and each autumn the town is the seaside finish to the week as well as public gala shows at the Customs House. The culmination of the week is the Magic Convention – 3 days of lectures and shows by the world's best magicians.


title: South Shields

text: South Shields is home to South Tyneside College, one of the two leading maritime training centres in the UK, with facilities including a marine safety training centre and a simulated ship's bridge for the training of deck officers. The college was also home to the only planetarium in the region, and to an observatory; and in its time was a popular visitor attraction for local schools and visitors in general. The observatory was used for 20 years and in 2008 it was deemed redundant to the future curriculum needs of the college. The domed room that housed the planetarium is now a mosque. The college provides a wide range of other flexible vocational and training courses.


title: South Shields

text: Local schooling is generally regarded as being very good, which is reflected in continuing improvements to school results and independent inspections.


title: South Shields

text: In 2007, Brinkburn Comprehensive and King George V Comprehensive merged forming South Shields Community School. The new school was built at a cost of £19 million on the King George V School site and was opened in September 2011. However this school closed in 2020.


title: South Shields

text: St Mary's C of E Primary School was a Christian voluntary aided school educating children aged 3–11 located in South Shields. The school was founded in 1867 to provide education for the children of the labouring and manufacturing and poorer classes, with regard to the principles of the established church of the same name which was affiliated with the school. This school closed July 2008. Demolition of the school began early October 2016 and was finalised late November 2016.


title: South Shields

text: People born in South Shields are considered to be Geordies, a term commonly associated with all residents of Tyneside.


title: South Shields

text: A less commonly used colloquial term is Sandancer. It is presumed to originate from the town's beach and history.


title: South Shields

text: South Shields F.C. is the town's main football team. Originally formed during the first decade of the 20th century, the team played in the Football League during the 1920s. The club recently shot to fame with a run to win the FA Vase in 2017. The side currently play in the Northern Premier League's Premier Division after winning promotion to it in 2018, the seventh tier of English Football. They also have a women's team who play in the fifth tier of the Women's pyramid, the North East Regional Women's League Premier Division.


title: South Shields

text: Recently, the town were also represented by Harton & Westoe C.W. They played their games at the Harton & Westoe Miners Welfare near Whiteleas and spent the majority of their existence in the Wearside League before going out of existence in 2019.


title: South Shields

text: South Shields RFC have been playing at Grosvenor Road, South Tyneside College since they were formed in 1956. They currently play in the Durham & Northumberland 3rd Division, the ninth tier of the English rugby union pyramid


title: South Shields

text: Westoe RFC (now called South Shields Westoe), formed in 1875, still play at their original ground, Wood Terrace. In 2005 they had an Intermediate Cup run and got to Twickenham but were beaten by Morley R.F.C. from Yorkshire. They rose to the fourth tier National League Two. They now play in rugby's seventh Tier, the Durham & Northumberland 1st Division.


title: South Shields

text: For two seasons 1902–03 and 1903–04 the town also had a semi-professional rugby league club, South Shields who played at Horsley Hill while the club competed on the second division of the Northern Union. The club was voted out of the league at the end of their second season and the club disbanded shortly afterwards.


title: South Shields

text: South Shields is a safe Labour Party Parliamentary seat, the only constituency in existence since the Great Reform Act of 1832 never to have elected a Conservative MP. It is currently held by Emma Lewell-Buck who won the seat in a by-election held on 3 May 2013 which had been triggered by the retirement from politics of the previous incumbent David Miliband, who had served as Foreign Secretary in the government of Gordon Brown. Previous incumbents of the constituency's seat include former cabinet ministers like David Clark and Chuter Ede, the latter acting as Home Secretary in Clement Attlee's post-war government for 6 years.


title: South Shields

text: The town has a local independent political party, the Progressive Party. This broadly centre-right party was formed in the 1950s to address hostility towards the Conservative Party. The Progressives have no representation beyond South Shields. The party controlled the old County Borough of South Shields council until 1974.


title: South Shields

text: South Shields is bounded by the A19 trunk road to the West and situated close to the Tyne Tunnel at Jarrow. The town is well connected to other areas of Tyne & Wear and to the strategic road network – the A194(M) motorway provides a direct link between the Borough and the A1/A1(M).


title: South Shields

text: The Tyne and Wear Metro light rail system was introduced in the 1980s and replaced British Rail services over the same route. The Metro network serves South Tyneside, Gateshead, Newcastle, North Tyneside, Sunderland and Newcastle Airport. The platform at the former South Shields Metro station is situated on a bridge directly above King Street – the town's main shopping area. When Metro services were introduced, the railway line at the former High Shields LNER station at Laygate was re-routed eastwards to the then-new Chichester Metro and bus interchange. The former South Shields LNER station was also closed and the Victorian buildings survived as a secondary entrance to the Metro station until they were demolished in 1998. As well as in South Shields town centre and in Chichester, there are other Metro stations at Tyne Dock, Simonside and Brockley Whins. Long-term plans by Nexus to re-open the former Sunderland to South Shields line between Tyne Dock, Brockley Whins and East Boldon would create a direct rail service between South Shields and Sunderland, without the need for passengers to change trains at Pelaw in Gateshead. Nexus also plans to open two new stations at Harton and Cleadon, raising the number of metro stations within the town from four to six. There are no railway stations within the town (stations operated by National Rail) or in the surrounding borough. The new integrated bus and Metro interchange opened on 4 August 2019 on Keppel Street - across the road from the original Metro station at King Street - on the site of the former head post office and Royal Mail delivery office.


title: South Shields

text: There is a frequent pedestrian ferry service to North Shields on the opposite bank of the Tyne. The Shields Ferry carries tens of thousands of commuters and pleasure trippers each year. There has been a cross-river ferry service between the two towns since 1377.


title: South Shields

text: The Port of Tyne headquarters and international freight terminal are located at Tyne Dock in South Shields. The Port has a freight rail connection.


title: South Shields

text: Local bus routes are operated by Stagecoach North East and Go North East, which are planned to integrate with Metro services.


title: South Shields

text: The town's extensive network of strategic footpaths and cycle routes includes the Sea to Sea Cycle Route and National Cycle Route 1.


title: South Shields

text: Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).


title: Critical Role Productions

text: Critical Role Productions, LLC is a multimedia production company incorporated in 2015 by the members of the creator-owned streaming show "Critical Role". The first two shows from the company, "Critical Role" and "Talks Machina", originally premiered on Geek & Sundry. The company moved to their own studio space in 2018, and began putting out new shows on their own Twitch and YouTube channels. A split from Legendary Digital Networks was completed in early 2019, at which point Critical Role Productions took over production responsibility for the "Critical Role" and "Talks Machina" shows.


title: Critical Role Productions

text: Critical Role Productions was founded by the members of the creator-owned D&D streaming show "Critical Role" in 2015. The group had originally begun playing at home in 2012. Felicia Day approached the group about playing it in a live-streamed format for Geek & Sundry, after hearing about the group's private tabletop role-playing game from Ashley Johnson. In order to streamline gameplay for the show, the game's characters were converted from "Pathfinder" to "Dungeons & Dragons" 5th edition before the web series began airing on March 12, 2015. The company's first show, "Critical Role", was a huge success. The company's second show, "Talks Machina", then premiered on Geek & Sundry and Alpha, Legendary Digital Networks' subscription streaming service, in 2016.


title: Critical Role Productions

text: In June 2018, Critical Role launched its own Twitch and YouTube channels, with cast member Marisha Ray being announced as the creative director of the franchise. Critical Role then started to self-produce new shows and content which did not air on Geek & Sundry's channels. The sets for "Critical Role" and "Talks Machina" moved from Legendary Digital Network's studios to Critical Role's own studios in July 2018.


title: Critical Role Productions

text: , Travis Willingham serves as chief executive officer, Matthew Mercer as chief creative officer, and Marisha Ray as creative director. Several senior Legendary Digital staff members joined Critical Role during the split, with head of digital strategy and operations Ed Lopez becoming chief operating officer, vice president of marketing Rachel Romero becoming senior vice president of marketing at Critical Role, and Ben Van Der Fluit becoming senior vice president of business development.


title: Critical Role Productions

text: Critical Role's split from Geek & Sundry and Legendary Digital Networks completed in February 2019. From this point Critical Role took over production responsibility of the "Critical Role" and "Talks Machina" shows, with live broadcasts of their shows and VODs now airing exclusively on Critical Role's own channels. The disengagement from Legendary's streaming service Alpha would cancel "Talks Machina: After Dark", which had been exclusive to the service. Some "legacy episodes" (currently the entirety of Campaign 1, the first 19 episodes of Campaign 2, as well as the corresponding episodes of official discussion show "Talks Machina") remain available in Geek & Sundry's archives on YouTube and Twitch. Beginning in December 2019, some older content was migrated from Geek & Sundry to Critical Role's channels.


title: Critical Role Productions

text: On March 4, 2019, Critical Role launched a Kickstarter campaign to raise funds for a 22-minute animation called "Critical Role: The Legend of Vox Machina Animated Special". The final total raised by the Kickstarter when it closed on April 19, 2019, was $11.3M turning the intended animated special into a ten episode animated series. When the campaign closed, it was one of the most quickly funded in Kickstarter history, and was the most funded Kickstarter for TV and film projects. In November 2019, Amazon Prime Video announced that they had acquired the streaming rights to "The Legend of Vox Machina", and had commissioned 14 additional episodes (two additional episodes for season 1 and a second season of 12 episodes). The project was originally slated for release in late 2020, however the COVID-19 pandemic delayed release until 2022.


title: Critical Role Productions

text: In September 2019, Critical Role announced it had "entered into licensing agreements with Funko, McFarlane Toys, Penguin Random House, and Ripple Junction" to produce merchandise such as apparel and collectibles. Critical Role aired a sponsored one-shot using the "Feast of Legends" RPG system—developed by fast-food chain Wendy's—on October 3, 2019. Following a strong negative response from some Critical Role fans the Critical Role team removed the VOD, and announced via Twitter that they had donated their profits from the sponsorship. Shelly Jones, in an essay in the book "Watch Us Roll" (2021), commented that decision was "presumably" made by the show's "development team for purposes of branding and controlling the criticism circulating about the failed experiment". In the first half of 2020, a claim was made online that Critical Role had retained the services of a sensitivity reader but had not paid the individual. As a result, the company called in an outside counsel to investigate the claims. Whilst the investigation concluded the claims in Critical Role's favor; the person who made the original claim tweeted that they had not been contacted during the investigation.


title: Critical Role Productions

text: The coronavirus pandemic caused major scheduling changes for Critical Role Productions beginning in March 2020. This included a four month hiatus for "Critical Role" itself, the launch of new remote format shows such as "Narrative Telephone," and new remote formats for other shows including "Talks Machina". A number of other shows were placed on hiatus, including "Pub Draw, Mame Drop" and "All Work No Play". Darrington Press, a "new board and card game publishing brand", was announced by Critical Role in October 2020. In August 2021, Brian W. Foster, host of "Talks Machina" and other shows, left the company to pursue other "creative endeavors", a move which effectively ended "Talks Machina" and "Between the Sheets," the latter of which had been on hiatus since the pandemic. "Critical Role" returned to the pre-pandemic common table format with the launch of Campaign Three in October 2021, while a new aftershow launched in 2022 in the form of "4-Sided Dive".


title: Critical Role Productions

text: A leak of Twitch data in October 2021 revealed that Critical Role is among the highest earners on Twitch; the company received a total direct payout of $9,626,712 between September 2019 and September 2021 from Twitch in gross income from subscriptions and ad revenue. "BBC News" commented that this list of payments is unlikely to "account for tax paid on income" and that "many, if not all, of these top streamers are effectively large-scale media operations, with their own employees and business expenses - so the numbers do not represent 'take-home pay' for those listed". "Business Insider" highlighted that "Critical Role has grown into a full-fledged media company. [...] Its LinkedIn page lists employees in roles including marketing, business development, photography, editing, and even one person responsible for keeping track of the lore, or details in its fantasy world". "Variety" reported that, , the company has expanded to "about 40 employees (including the eight founders)" and it "has received no funding from outside investors".


title: Critical Role Productions

text: In June 2022, Critical Role launched a new record label, Scanlan Shorthalt Music, to release original music inspired by "Critical Role" and the Exandria setting. Along with the label announcement, they released their first album titled "Welcome to Tal'Dorei". The new project is led by Ray and Senior Producer Maxwell James.


title: Critical Role Productions

text: "Critical Role" is the "main series" of the studio. The series is broadcast on Thursdays at 19:00 PT on the Critical Role Twitch and YouTube channels, with the video on demand (VOD) being available to Twitch subscribers immediately after the broadcast. The VODs are made available for the public via the YouTube channel on the Monday after the live stream. As part of social distancing requirements during the COVID-19 pandemic the show has switched to a pre-recorded format. The show's third campaign premiered on October 21, 2021.


title: Critical Role Productions

text: An animated spinoff of "Critical Recap" hosted by Dani Carr. "Crit Recap Animated" is co-written by Carr, Kyle Shire and Marisha Ray with animation by Offworld Studios. The show retells Campaign 2 story arcs in short, 5- to 10-minute episodes. Episode 1 premiered in December 2020 and introduced the main characters of the Mighty Nein. New episodes have been released in 2021 on an irregular schedule.


title: Critical Role Productions

text: A show of no fixed format. Several "#EverythingIsContent" episodes have had sponsored content. The show can be something of a testbed for the studio too; with "Pub Draw" and "MAME Drop" originally piloted as episodes of "#EverythingIsContent".


title: Critical Role Productions

text: An anthology web series and spin-off of "Critical Role". The first season of "ExU" featured a canon "Critical Role" story set in the city of Emon on the continent of Tal'Dorei 30 years after Campaign One and 10 years after Campaign Two. Helmed by Aabria Iyengar as the Dungeon Master, it was originally broadcast from June 24 to August 12, 2021 with a two-part continuation released at the end of March 2022. The second season, titled "Exandria Unlimited: Calamity", premiered on May 26, 2022. It follows a group of heroes from the Age of Arcanum who attempt to prevent the Calamity and is led by Brennan Lee Mulligan as the Dungeon Master.


title: Critical Role Productions

text: Four "Critical Role" cast members answer fan submitted questions "pulled from a Tower of Inquiry, which is basically a Jenga tower". The host is randomly selected by the role of a d20 die. "4-Sided Dive" replaced "Talks Machina".


title: Critical Role Productions

text: Liam O'Brien and Sam Riegel catch up over a drink and try a new activity each episode. The show was developed from Liam and Sam's original AWNP podcast (2012–2017), which predates the home game that would become "Critical Role". Season one aired in 2018 and season two aired in 2020.


title: Critical Role Productions

text: A to-camera show starring Mica Burton and Matt Mercer. The hosts introduce and talk around topics relevant to the "Critter" community. Only the first episode of the show was aired before California's COVID-19 pandemic lockdown measures began. Two further episodes were broadcast in 2021.


title: Critical Role Productions

text: A show hosted by Will Friedle on how to improve painting techniques, specifically for Dungeons & Dragons miniatures. Season one aired in 2019, and was followed by a 2020 special under Talks Machina's "After Dark" branding.


title: Critical Role Productions

text: A playlist of songs curated to the aesthetic of one, or more, of the members of the Mighty Nein and Vox Machina. Songs play over a looped animation featuring said member. Sound clips recorded by the players of the featured character or characters are interspersed throughout the playlist.


title: Critical Role Productions

text: The "Critical Role" cast and guests play a socially distanced version of Telephone using pre-recorded video messages.


title: Critical Role Productions

text: Marisha Ray is taught how to improve her drawing by comic book artist, and Critter, Babs Tarr. Seasons one and two aired in 2019.


title: Critical Role Productions

text: The animated series based on events in campaign one. The first ten episodes of season one were financed through a Kickstarter campaign, with Amazon picking up distribution and green-lighting an additional 14 episodes (two additional episodes for the first season and a 12 episode second season). The COVID-19 pandemic delayed the release schedule from Fall 2020; it premiered on January 28, 2022.


title: Critical Role Productions

text: Sam Riegel and Liam O'Brien catch-up via video chat during the COVID-19 pandemic. Each episode after the first has also featured another "Critical Role" cast member, or a friend of the cast, as a guest (also joining via video chat). Andy Wilson, for "Bleeding Cool", highlighted the show as "a Zoom chat between friends, mostly about their dogs, their kids, and how they were dealing with the lockdown, and how much they missed each other. It was an exercise in human connection, and it was so beautifully simple. It also garnered hundreds of thousands of views every week".


title: Critical Role Productions

text: Brian W. Foster interviews a different guest each episode. Non-"Critical Role" guests included Logic and Amanda Palmer. Season one aired in 2018 and season two aired in 2019. Season 3 was scheduled to premiere on August 5, 2020, however, the show's production went on un-planned hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 and then Foster left the company in 2021.


title: Critical Role Productions

text: A look back on previous episodes of Critical Role hosted by Dani Carr, production coordinator for Critical Role. Starting with Episode 11 of Campaign two, "Critical Recap" aired on the Geek & Sundry Twitch channel before the "Critical Role" live stream on Thursdays. After Critical Role's split from Geek & Sundry, new episodes of "Critical Recap" premiered on Critical Role's YouTube channel every Tuesday, while a rebroadcast aired on the Critical Role Twitch channel immediately before the "Critical Role" live stream on Thursdays. On YouTube, "as a standalone stream", the show had "roughly 20-50,000 views per recap". The video format for "Critical Recap" was last used for episode 88 of Campaign two. Beginning 2020, the show was replaced by a written recap made available on the "Critical Role" website. An animated version of the show was launched in December 2020.


title: Critical Role Productions

text: A series of introductory to-camera videos on the different elements of Dungeons and Dragons hosted by different members of the Critical Role cast. The show's name is a parody of Hamburger Helper and a reference to the "Player's Handbook". Though not a requirement to watch, the "Critical Role" campaigns are often alluded to through inside jokes and other meta-references. A total of 42 episodes of "Handbooker Helper" were released before the series concluded in June 2019. In preparation for a Valentine's Day one-shot, an episode of "Handbooker Helper" explaining the basics of the "Monsterhearts 2" role-playing game was released February 6, 2020.


title: Critical Role Productions

text: A four-part limited series in which Brian W. Foster GMs a game based on the HBO series "Deadwood", using the "Deadlands" RPG system.


title: Critical Role Productions

text: An aftershow hosted by Brian W. Foster, in which he and a few cast members discussed the most recent installment of "Critical Role". The show aired live on Twitch at 18:45 PT on Tuesdays. In its original format, the cast answered fan questions on in-game events, decisions, or character development. Weekly competitions were held for fan content, with prizes for the winners, such as "fan art of the week" and "cosplay of the week". The winners were announced in interlude segments. Originally, the first 100 episodes of "Talks Machina" were broadcast on Geek & Sundry's channels. Beginning in February 2019, as part of Critical Role's split from Geek & Sundry, new episodes began airing on the "Critical Role" Twitch channel. The VODs were available to Twitch subscribers immediately after the initial broadcast, and were also uploaded to YouTube on the following Thursday. Beginning in December 2019, as part of the migration of older content to the "Critical Role" channels, some episodes of "Talks Machina" were deleted from Geek & Sundry's channels and re-uploaded to the official "Critical Role" channels. The show was on hiatus from March to September 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It returned in a biweekly, remote pre-recorded format until its cancelation shortly before the end of Campaign Two. YouTube views hovered "around 130-190,000 – or roughly 25 percent of the views of the ["Critical Role"] VOD itself".


title: Critical Role Productions

text: "An extended after show for our after show", which would air exclusively on Alpha shortly after the conclusion of "Talks Machina" each week. The cast would respond to questions directly from the chat. The show ended its run after Critical Role split from Legendary and disengaged from Alpha. It was announced that the "After Dark" suspension was temporary, though the show never returned. The "After Dark" branding was later applied to a Mini Primetime special in 2020.


title: Critical Role Productions

text: An at home version of "Travis Willingham's Yeehaw Game Ranch" starring Ashley Johnson and Brian W. Foster during the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Critical Role Productions

text: Critical Role Productions primarily broadcasts on the Critical Role Twitch and YouTube channels. This includes both livestreaming and video on demand (VOD). A number of shows formerly broadcast on Legendary's Alpha service from 2017-19.


title: Critical Role Productions

text: The "Critical Role" podcast was announced during the 100th episode of the first campaign. It is an audio version of the game sessions. As well as the Critical Role website, the podcast is available on iTunes, Google Play Music, and Spotify.


title: Critical Role Productions

text: The first campaign's podcast episodes were released in batches of 10–15, between June 8, 2017 and January 8, 2018. "Listened to at 1.5X speed, total listening time of the first campaign would be reduced to a little over 298 hours – at 2X speed, under 224 hours". The podcast episodes for the second campaign have been released on the Thursday after the episode streamed on Twitch. "Fans often recommend that a listener supplement their experience with strategic viewing of notable visual moments".


title: Critical Role Productions

text: "Talks Machina" was also released in a podcast format from episode 101 until its conclusion. Like the podcast version of "Critical Role"; there was a week's delay between the broadcast of "Talks Machina" on Twitch, and the corresponding podcast episode's release.


title: Critical Role Productions

text: "Critical Role"'s commercial success has led to many other related products, including a prequel comic series "", art books, a novel "", two campaign setting books ("" and "Explorer's Guide to Wildemount"), and an animated series. Hobby and toy stores sell miniatures and other collectibles related to "Critical Role".


title: Critical Role Productions

text: In March 2020, CNBC reported that "since amicably parting ways with Geek & Sundry in 2018, Critical Role has become its own media company, with hundreds of thousands of subscribers across several social media platforms, and more than 120 million views on YouTube. [...] Critical Role has offered a diverse line-up of D&D games. There’s the long-form fantasy campaign that the whole group participates in weekly and then there are shorter-form series like 'Undeadwood,' a western themed game, that may interest the same fan base, or entice new viewers who are more interested in that genre".


title: Critical Role Productions

text: By January 2021, Critical Role had 220 million views across the channel with 44,000 paid subscribers on Twitch that month and the first episode of Campaign One had been watched 15 million times on YouTube. During the last 10 months of Campaign Two, between August 2020 and May 2021, Twitch subscriptions averaged around 27,000 paid subscribers. "Business Insider" reported, before the premiere of Campaign Three in October 2021, that the official Twitch channel had 828,000 followers and 13,530 active subscribers while the official YouTube channel had 1.4 million subscribers. "Variety" reported "historically, C.R.’s Twitch channel has attracted 60,000-75,000 live viewers for each episode. Factoring in on-demand plays on Twitch and YouTube, the total per-episode audience has ranged from 1.2 million to 1.5 million, according to Willingham. In the past 12 months, the audience has grown more than 23% on Twitch and nearly 50% on YouTube year over year. That said, Critical Role remains relatively small compared with other popular creators and digital media properties: It has 818,000 followers on Twitch (the platform’s most popular streamers have 10 million or more)".


title: Critical Role Productions

text: Emily Friedman, in the book "Roleplaying Games in the Digital Age: Essays on Transmedia Storytelling, Tabletop RPGs and Fandom" (2021), highlighted that "while "Talks Machina" offers the potential for additional narrative details, its chief appeal is how it creates an informal, even chaotic space for the players within the social frame, and is a mediated space where fans are names and their labor showcased through the intermediaries of Foster and Carr, who are not players but viewers of the show, and who have become beloved in their own right. Other livestreams ("Game Ranch", "MAME Drop") have subsequently leaned into this parasocial pleasure, allowing for more time 'with' the cast".


title: Critical Role Productions

text: Critical Role Productions and Stephen Colbert teamed up for Red Nose Day for a special one-on-one adventure with Matthew Mercer as Dungeon Master that aired on May 23, 2019. Fans were able to donate to the cause and vote for elements of the adventure such as Colbert's companion, his class, his legendary weapon, and the villain. In the one-shot campaign, Colbert played a half-elf bard named Capo, and had a bee named Eric as a companion. The event raised $117,176.20 for the charity.


title: Critical Role Productions

text: Critical Role Productions launched a new 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, Critical Role Foundation, in September 2020 with the mission statement: "to leave the world better than we found it". Ashley Johnson has been named president of the organization with Matthew Mercer, Eduardo Lopez, Rachel Romero, and Mark Koro as officers and board members. Critical Role Foundation states that 85% of donation funds will go to partner non-profits, 10% will be allocated into an emergency fund, and 5% will be allocated to administrative fees and operating expenses. The emergency fund will allow the foundation "to donate funds in the event of natural disasters and other unforeseen events that require immediate humanitarian assistance". CBR reported that "Critical Role Foundation will partner with other organizations in the nonprofit sector that share the same values as "Critical Role" and its community, in addition to raising emergency relief funds to be put toward immediate humanitarian aid as needed".


title: Critical Role Productions

text: In an interview, Johnson said "We’ve worked with a handful of nonprofits over the years that focus on causes that "Critical Role" and the community care most about. These charities include 826LA, Red Nose Day, OSD, Pablove and OutRight International, and since we began streaming in 2015, the "Critical Role" community has raised well over half a million dollars for these organizations. [...] We wanted to go the 501(c)(3) route so that donors are able to do tax-deductible donations. [...] CRF is definitely going to have a presence within the wider "Critical Role" world, but it’s going to act as a separate entity tied to the main one".


title: Critical Role Productions

text: In 2022, the Critical Role Foundation was nominated for two Shorty Impact Awards – "Best Fundraising Campaign" and "Best Influencer & Celebrity Partnership" – for its Red Nose Day campaign with Colbert titled "Choose Stephen's Adventure… Again!". This campaign "raised over $423K for Red Nose Day" which is a "252% increase over the 2019" campaign.


title: Orcus

text: Orcus () was a god of the underworld, punisher of broken oaths in Etruscan and Roman mythology. As with Hades, the name of the god was also used for the underworld itself. In the later tradition, he was conflated with Dis Pater.


title: Orcus

text: A temple to Orcus may once have existed on the Palatine Hill in Rome. It is likely that he was transliterated from the Greek daemon Horkos, the personification of oaths and a son of Eris.


title: Orcus

text: The origins of Orcus may have lain in Etruscan religion. The so-called “Tomb of Orcus”, an Etruscan site at Tarquinia, is a misnomer, resulting from its first discoverers mistaking a hairy, bearded giant for Orcus; it actually depicts a Cyclops.


title: Orcus

text: The Romans sometimes conflated Orcus with other gods such as Pluto, Hades, and Dis Pater, all gods of the underworld. The name “Orcus” seems to have been given to the malicious and punishing side of the ruler of the underworld, as the god who tormented evildoers in their afterlife. Like the name Hades, “Orcus” could refer both to the underworld itself, as well as its ruling deity. In the charitable interpretation for such a place, it was believed to be an abode for purification of the souls of the deceased.


title: Orcus

text: Orcus was chiefly worshipped in rural areas; he had no official cult in the cities. This remoteness allowed for him to survive in the countryside long after the more prevalent gods had ceased to be worshipped. He survived as a folk figure into the Middle Ages, and aspects of his worship were transmuted into the wild man festivals held in rural parts of Europe through modern times. Indeed, much of what is known about the celebrations associated with Orcus come from medieval sources.


title: Orcus

text: From Orcus' association with death and the underworld, his name came to be used for demons and other underworld monsters, particularly in Italian where "orco" refers to a kind of monster found in fairy-tales that feeds on human flesh.


title: Orcus

text: The French word "ogre" (appearing first in Charles Perrault's fairy-tales) may have come from variant forms of this word, "orgo" or "ogro"; in any case, the French "ogre" and the Italian "orco" are exactly the same sort of creature.


title: Orcus

text: An early example of an "orco" appears in Ludovico Ariosto's "Orlando Furioso" (1516), as a bestial, blind, tusk-faced monster inspired by the Cyclops of the "Odyssey".


title: Orcus

text: The "orco" from "Orlando", along with the Old English word "orc" (in the sense of an ogre, like Grendel), was part of the inspiration for Tolkien's "orcs" in his "The Lord of the Rings" In other manuscripts Tolkien wrote a side-note on the word:


title: Orcus

text: From this use, countless other fantasy games and works of fiction have borrowed the concept of the orc.


title: Sharat Saxena

text: Sharat Saxena (born 17 August 1950) is an Indian actor who appears in Hindi films along with Telugu, Malayalam and Tamil films. He has acted in more than 250 Bollywood films.


title: Sharat Saxena

text: He has starred in some of the most successful films of Hindi cinema like "Mr. India", "Tridev", "Ghayal", "Khiladi", "Ghulam", "", "Duplicate", "Soldier", "Baghban", "Fanaa", "Krrish", "Ek Hi Raasta" (1993), Bajrangi Bhaijan and many more. His performances in these films have established him as one of the best supporting actors in Bollywood.


title: Sharat Saxena

text: He played the role of Kichaka in the television serial "Mahabharat". He is well known for his role of "Daaga" in the Hindi movie, "Mr. India" and "Totla Seth" in the popular comedy movie "Phir Hera Pheri" . He was also nominated for Filmfare Best Villain Award for "Ghulam" (1998).


title: Sharat Saxena

text: Sharat Saxena was born on 17 August 1950 in Satna, Madhya Pradesh. He spent most of his childhood in Bhopal. He is married to Shobha Saxena. He did his schooling from St. Joseph's Convent School, Bhopal, and Christ Church Boys' Senior Secondary School, Jabalpur. After doing Engineering in Electronics & Telecommunication from Jabalpur Engineering College, he wanted to become an actor. So, in 1972, he came to Mumbai. The going was tough because of his build, but eventually, he got the role of a henchman. "Benaam" was his first release. Then followed "Dil Dewana", "Agent Vinod", "Kaala Patthar" and others.


title: Sharat Saxena

text: He currently lives in Madh Island, a colony on the outskirts of Mumbai. He lives with his wife, Shobha, and two children, Veera and Vishal.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: Nauvoo ( ; from the ) is a small city in Hancock County, Illinois, United States, on the Mississippi River near Fort Madison, Iowa. The population of Nauvoo was 950 at the 2020 census. Nauvoo attracts visitors for its historic importance and its religious significance to members of several groups: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints; the Community of Christ, formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS); other groups stemming from the Latter Day Saint movement; and the Icarians. The city and its immediate surrounding area are listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Nauvoo Historic District.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: The area of Nauvoo was first called Quashquema, named in honor of the Native American chief who headed a Sauk and Fox settlement numbering nearly 500 lodges. By 1827, white settlers had built cabins in the area. By 1829 this area of Hancock County had grown sufficiently so that a post office was needed and in 1832 the town, by then called Venus, was one of the contenders for the new county's seat. However, the honor was awarded to a nearby city, Carthage. In 1834 the name Venus was changed to Commerce because the settlers felt the new name better suited their plans.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: In late 1839, arriving Latter Day Saints bought the small town and in April 1840 it was renamed Nauvoo by Joseph Smith, who led the Latter Day Saints to Nauvoo to escape conflict with the state government in Missouri. The name Nauvoo is derived from the traditional Hebrew language with an anglicized spelling. The word comes from Isaiah 52:7, "How beautiful upon the mountains..." By 1844 "Nauvoo's population had swollen to 12,000, rivaling the size of Chicago" at the time.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: After Joseph Smith's death in 1844, continued violence from surrounding non-LDS members forced most Latter-Day Saints to leave Nauvoo. Most of these followers, led by Brigham Young, emigrated to the Great Salt Lake Valley. In 1849, Icarians moved to the Nauvoo area to implement a utopian socialist commune based on the ideals of French philosopher Étienne Cabet. The colony had nearly 500 members at its peak, but Cabet's death in 1856 led some members to leave this parent colony.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: After the departure of the Icarians, Nauvoo became the largest German-speaking community in Illinois and remained so for fifty years. German was spoken widely in town and in the Catholic, Lutheran, Presbyterian and Methodist churches. During the Germanic era, wine-making and fruit production thrived in Nauvoo. Notable residents from this era include the Swiss memoirist Heinrich Lienhard. During World War I, most of Nauvoo's native-German speaking residents stopped using German in public, and the use of German entirely faded away by the Second World War.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: In the early and mid 20th century Nauvoo was primarily a Roman Catholic town. Today, a plurality of the population is Methodist or another Christian faith.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: On the city's higher ground are the temple, residential areas, and the business district along Mulholland Street (Illinois Route 96), much of it devoted to the needs of tourists and those interested in Latter Day Saint history. The flatlands are occupied by a small number of 19th-century brick houses and other buildings that have survived the city's vicissitudes, with large empty spaces between them where houses and whole neighborhoods have disappeared.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: Community of Christ owns much of the southern end of the flatlands and maintains several key historic sites in and around Nauvoo, including the Joseph Smith Homestead, the Nauvoo House, the Red Brick Store, the Mansion House, and the Smith Family Cemetery. Guided tours are available at the church's Joseph Smith Historic Site, at the south end of the town and accessible from Highway 96.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints owns most of the other historic sites in Nauvoo, including the homes of Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, and other early members of the church, as well as other significant buildings. Most of these sites are open to the public, with demonstrations and displays, and there are self-guided driving tours as well as wagon tours. These tours are free, as are the stage and riverside theatrical productions. There is a large visitors' center complete with two theaters and a relief map of 1846 Nauvoo.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: The creation of Nauvoo as a historical tourism destination was largely a result of the work of J. LeRoy Kimball (1901–1992). Kimball was a descendant of early LDS leader Heber C. Kimball, and bought his ancestor's home in 1954 with the intention of restoring it. He was the president of Nauvoo Restoration, Inc. from 1962 to 1986.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: A Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints congregation was established in Nauvoo in 1956, from its inception consisting largely of elderly LDS couples serving as missionaries and historical guides. The "City of Joseph" pageant, an outdoor musical produced by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, began to run each summer in 1976. A stake was organized with headquarters at Nauvoo in 1979. In addition to the many homes that had been restored, the Relief Society Memorial Garden was dedicated in 1978, featuring statues designed by Dennis Smith and Florence Hansen.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: In June 2002, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints completed construction of a new temple on the site of the original temple. The exterior, and much of the interior, is a copy of the original. The exterior matches the original exactly except in three ways: The temple was positioned south to allow for parking on the north side, there are two new exterior doors (with an entrance on the north for disabled persons and emergency exits in the basement on the east) and there is a standing Angel Moroni as is seen on most modern temples; the original was an unspecified flying angel, also with a horn in hand but in a horizontal position with the compass, square and flame above.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: The rebuilding of the Nauvoo Temple was an occasion of great joy and enthusiasm for members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. During the public open house prior to its dedication, 331,849 visitors toured the building. Following


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: The work to renovate various sites of historical significance in the area is coordinated by "Nauvoo Restoration, Incorporated". NRI is a nonprofit organization supported by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints and Community of Christ, as well as others interested in Nauvoo's history. Due to the work of NRI and its members, Nauvoo has been dubbed the "Williamsburg of the Midwest." In March 2007, Nauvoo was nominated to compete as one of the Seven Wonders of Illinois.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints sponsors numerous activities throughout the year in Nauvoo including The Nauvoo Pageant (July/August). The 2020 pageant was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The community sponsors the Grape Festival (Labor Day weekend) and Pumpkin Walk (October).


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: Because most of the city is well above flood level, Nauvoo has not historically had problems when the Mississippi river has risen. In both the floods of 1993 and 2008, very little damage was sustained within city limits.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: Nauvoo has many places of worship, among them: United Methodist Church, Christ Lutheran Church, St Peter & Paul Catholic Church, Cornerstone of Zion Church, Living Hope Church (Non-denominational), a Community of Christ (Formerly known as The Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints), and three wards of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: Nauvoo is at (40.5446, −91.3803). Situated on a wide bend in the Mississippi River, Nauvoo has most of the historic district in the lower flat lands (called the "flats") that are no more than a few feet above the water line. A prominent hill rises as one moves further east, at the apex of which stands the rebuilt Nauvoo Temple. Beginning with the temple, this elevated land (called the "uptown") continues flat for many miles eastward.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: According to the 2010 census, Nauvoo has a total area of , of which (or 70.17%) is land and (or 29.83%) is water.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: Non-census data indicates that the population of Nauvoo grew from 100 in 1839 to about 4,000 in 1842, 12,000 in 1844, and stood at about 11,000 in 1845.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: At the 2010 census, 1,149 people, 494 households, and 351 families resided in the city. The city's racial makeup was 97.7% White, 0.6% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.6% from other races, and 0.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.60% of the population.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: There were 494 households, of which 20.0% had children under the age of 18, 60.9% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present and 28.9% were non-families. 28.9% of households were one person and 12.5% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.70.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: The age distribution was 19.9% under the age of 18 and 29.9% 65 or older. The median age was 51.6 years. The population was 47.5% male and 52.5% female.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: The city's median household income was $37,216, and the median family income was $56,250. The city's per capita income was $26,210. About 6.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.5% of those between ages 18 and 64, and 6.3% of those age 65 or over.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: At the 2000 census 1,063 people, 403 households, and 276 families resided in the city. The population density was . There were 458 housing units at an average density of . The city's racial makeup was 97.08% White, 0.28% African American, 0.47% Native American, 0.19% Asian, 0.94% from other races, and 1.03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.60%.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: There were 403 households, of which 28.0% had children under the age of 18, 58.3% were married couples living together, 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present and 31.3% were non-families. 28.5% of households were one person and 16.4% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.04.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: The age distribution was 24.6% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 21.9% from 25 to 44, 24.0% from 45 to 64, and 23.0% 65 or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.8 males.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: The city's median household income was $39,519, and the median family income was $49,167. Males had a median income of $37,895 versus $24,250 for females. The city's per capita income was $18,150. About 5.6% of families and 12.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.2% of those under age 18 and 18.2% of those age 65 or over.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: The Nauvoo Blue Cheese company began to produce cheese in the 1930s. It was discovered the cool, moist wine cellars in the area were ideal for aging cheese. The wine cellars, and the wine-making business originally started by the Icarians, saw a decline in use because of prohibition. In 2003 the Nauvoo Cheese company went out of business when Saputo food company purchased it and relocated to other facilities.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: Nauvoo is also home to Baxter's Vineyards, a small family-owned winery begun in 1857 by Emile Baxter that is Illinois' oldest established winery.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: Tourism is the major industry in Nauvoo, with Nauvoo Restoration Inc., employing approximately 30, while an estimated 200 missionaries (unpaid) from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints also provide a boost to local businesses during the tourist season.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: Due to lack of sustainable industries, the city has lost several key businesses and services including the High School and multiple small businesses. In October 2018, a Dollar General opened in Nauvoo.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: Nauvoo City government consists of the Mayor and five city council members. The position of City Clerk is also elected. Additionally, there are appointed positions for City Treasurer, Chief of Police, and Public Works positions. As of April 2021, the mayor is Jason Skog. The aldermen are Tacy Anozie, Jim Boyles, Brenda Adkisson, Jeff Christensen, and Larry Nichol.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: Separate from the city are the Nauvoo Fire Protection District (FPD) and Nauvoo-Colusa School System. The Nauvoo FPD covers all of the city plus the surrounding five townships. The fire department currently provides both fire and EMS coverage for its district. In 1991 the Nauvoo FPD became a BLS non-transporting agency, relying on the county ambulance service to transport patients to local hospitals. Because of longer response times from county-run ambulances, the citizens of the Nauvoo FPD passed a referendum by 74% on April 17, 2007, for ambulance services that would transfer the ambulance tax money to the FPD that was being paid to the county. The Nauvoo FPD completed its fundraising efforts on November 30, 2007, to purchase its ambulance, which entered service in January 2008.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: The Nauvoo-Colusa Community Unit School District 325 runs the local elementary and junior high school. Prior to 2008 high school residents attended Nauvoo-Colusa High School from 1961 to 2008. Since 2008 residents have attended Warsaw Community Unit School District 316's Warsaw High School.


title: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: Nauvoo is also home to the private Sts. Peter & Paul Catholic School which provides a faith based education for students from preschool through 7th grade.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: The Volkswagen Type 3 is a compact car manufactured and marketed by Volkswagen from 1961-1973. Introduced at the 1961 Frankfurt Motor Show, "Internationale Automobil-Ausstellung (IAA)", the Type 3 was marketed as the Volkswagen 1500 and later as the Volkswagen 1600, in three body styles: two-door Notchback, Fastback and Variant, the latter marketed as the 'Squareback' in the United States.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: The Type 3 diversified Volkswagen's product range beyond the existing models – the Type 1 Beetles, Type 14 Karmann Ghia, Type 2 vans and pickups – while retaining Volkswagen's hallmark engineering features: the air-cooled rear-engine, rear-wheel drive train, body-on chassis construction with a backbone chassis integrated into the car's floorpan), as well as torsion bar front and rear suspension.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: Despite using the Beetle's wheelbase, the Type 3 was conceived as a larger car, offering a larger engine and increased cargo and passenger volume — the latter from its increased length and width as well as from its slab-sided, "Ponton" styling, maximizing the platform's footprint.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: The Type 3 emulated major features of the Type 1 Beetle, using a low-profile version of Volkswagen's rear-engined, 4-cylinder air-cooled engine, as well as body-on-chassis construction (the body bolts to a frame that includes the floor pan), retaining the same wheelbase – but using more contemporary and slab-sided "Ponton" styling, in contrast to the Type 1's articulated fenders and running boards. VW finalized the design by 1959 with prototypes ready for testing by 1960. Secrecy was such that even at the 1960 Geneva Auto Show, VW denied they were readying a new design. In 1961 VW announced the new line as the "VW 1500".


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: Production began in August 1961, a month before launch, of the Volkswagen 1500 Notchback, encompassing three-box styling in a notchback saloon body. Production of the Karmann Ghia 1500 (also known as the Type 34 Karmann Ghia) with a coupé body commenced in November 1961 and deliveries started in January 1962. The station wagon/estate-bodied Variant (marketed as the Squareback in the US) followed, with the first cars produced in February 1962. Two convertibles based on the 1500 Notchback were also announced with the original models, but did not enter production.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: The Fastback, or TL version, a fastback coupé, arrived in August 1965, along with the 1600 engine. Volkswagen's intention was that this model should replace the Notchback, which is what happened in the UK market. However, in other markets, including the German domestic market, the number of customers preferring the older Notchback shaped car was higher than foreseen, and in the end both Notchback and Fastback remained in production until July 1973. The Type 3 also featured full carpeting, and was ultimately available with an automatic transmission and air conditioning, the latter in the US.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: Volkswagen of America began marketing the Type 3 in 1966, in "Squareback" and "Fastback" configuraitons, but not the Notchback. The Type 3 was competing in the market with the Chevrolet Corvair that had been previously introduced in the United States in 1960, which incorporated a 6-cylinder rear-mounted air-cooled engine in notchback and station wagon body style, as well as a compact van derived from the platform. It also competed in the US with the Renault 8 which also offered a rear engine and rear drive sedan.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: In 1968, the Type 3 'E' ("Einspritzung") became the first German automobile in series production with electronic fuel injection (Bosch D-Jetronic) as standard equipment.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: For the 1968 model year, 1969 in the US, a three-speed fully automatic transaxle became available, noted for extremely low internal friction. With the automatic came CV-jointed independent rear suspension (IRS), replacing the swing axle (also IRS) set-up. For 1969, the CV-jointed rear axle was standard with both automatic and manual transmissions.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: Type 3 models received a facelift in 1970, with a revised front end, its nose extended by adding to the luggage capacity. At the same time Type 3s received revised square-section bumpers with integral rub strips, as well as larger tail lamps and front indicators.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: Volkswagen offered the Type 3 in a lower trim level in Europe, marketed as the 1600A trim level. In the US, and for 1973 only, Volkswagen of America offered two trim levels of the Type 3 Fastback in the US, marketed as the "Type 3 Sedan" and "Type 3 Basic Compact". The Basic Compact trim level featured reduced content, including limited color and upholstery availability; deletion of exterior belt line chrome trim, clock, and electric-heated rear window defogger — and using painted vent widow frames, a black cardboard front trunk liner over the gas tank without a liner on the sides of the trunk or over the firewall, and plain vinyl door panels without door pockets and rubber mats in lieu of interior carpet.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: While the Type 3 was a more modern design, it never reached the same level of popularity as the Beetle. As Volkswagen started to produce front-wheel-drive water-cooled designs, production ended in 1973 at the Wolfsburg plant. The Wolfsburg production facilities were then retooled to build the Golf, which eventually replaced the Type 1 as Volkswagen's best selling sedan. Production of the Type 3 moved to VW's new Emden plant, which was retooled later in 1973 to build the first generation Passat (marketed variously, also as the "Dasher").


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: The Type 3 was initially equipped with a 1.5 L (1493 cc) engine based on the air-cooled 1192 cc flat-4 found in the Type 1, but given a 69 mm stroke it became the basis for the 1300 cc and 1600 cc engines that followed in the later Beetle (Type 1) and Volkswagen Type 2 T1 and T2. While the long block remained the same as the Type 1, the engine cooling was redesigned by putting the fan on the end of the crankshaft instead of on the generator. This reduced the height of the engine profile, allowing greater cargo volume and earning its nicknames: the "pancake" or "suitcase" engine. The engine's displacement would eventually increase to 1.6 L (1584 cc).


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: The Type 3 used a similar transmission to the Beetle but with higher ratios (4.125 R&P v 4.375 R&P) and longer axles. Unlike the Beetle (Type 1), the Type 3 engine and transmission unit was mounted into a subframe (which contained the complete rear suspension), in turn rubber-mounted to the floorpan and body, thereby isolating vibration and road noise from the passenger space.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: The original Volkswagen 1500 used a single side-draught 32 mm Solex PHN carburetor. In August 1963 VW introduced single- and twin-carburetor versions, respectively the Volkswagen 1500 'N' (Normal), rated at , and the 1500 'S' (Super), which had high-compression (8.5:1) domed 83 mm pistons and twin downdraught 32 mm Solex PDSIT carburetors for more power.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: The Type 3 engine received a larger displacement (1.6 L) for 1966 (August '65) and in 1968 became the world's first volume production car to feature electronic fuel injection – pioneered by Bosch. The Bosch D-Jetronic system was offered on the Volkswagen 1600 TE & LE version (E designating ""Einspritzung"" or "injection" in German). A similar Bosch injection system was used in the later Type 4 VW 411, some models of the Porsche 914, Opel Admiral, Diplomat and Commodore, and available for the Volvo 1800E/ES, 142E, and certain 1972–75 140 and 164 series cars (see Volvo P1800)as well as certain Citroen DS21. Also introduced for 1968 was a fully automatic transmission.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: A notable advance from the Type 1 to the Type 3 was the front suspension – although similar to the Type 1, it was the first Volkswagen front suspension to incorporate transverse round torsion bars, as opposed to the Type 1's torsion leaves. The Type 3's torsion bars are cross-mounted in the lower tube, so that each individual torsion bar spans the full width of the car, the upper tube containing an anti-roll bar that connects the upper trailing links to each other. The complete front suspension unit is rubber-mounted to the car's floorpan. In 1968 the rear suspension was upgraded to double jointed CV joint semi trailing arm suspension (sometimes called "IRS" by VW enthusiasts to differentiate it from the previous IRS swing-axle type), a design feature that previously appeared on the VW Type 2 in 1967.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: The Type 3 offered both front and rear enclosed luggage areas, with cargo accessibile via both the boot (trunk) and the bonnet (hood). In each of the 3 variants (Notchback, Squareback, and Fastback) as well as the Type 2's from 1973 on, the engine was located under and accessed by a panel in the rear trunk.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: This engine placement was highlighted in a period Volkswagen television commercial for the American market. It featured a very young actor Dustin Hoffman showing the interior of the Fastback model and explaining the car's technical features but unable to locate the engine. The ad closed with the copy, "Your VW dealer will show you where the motor is."


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: The original Type 3 with 5-stud wheels (5 × 205 mm PCD) used twin leading shoe drum brakes at the front. In August '65 (the '66 model year) these were replaced by disc brakes, coinciding with the introduction of the Fastback and 1600 engine (Australian-built models retained drum front brakes until August 1967). These have 4-stud wheels (4 × 130 mm PCD) with 8 cooling slots. Rear brakes were always leading / trailing shoe drums.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: The Type 3 was manufactured at Clayton in Victoria, Australia, from 1963 in sedan, station wagon and sedan delivery body styles. In 1965, the fastback was introduced, fully imported from Germany.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: Panel van versions (based on the 1500 'N') feature a marine ply wood loading area with zinc plated steel protector strips, one sun visor (for the driver), a clock delete panel, and no side windows. All Australian-assembled panel vans were fitted with a metal ID tag behind the spare wheel with a prefix of PV, followed by the number, stamped by hand. There are approximately 10 known surviving panel vans from the estimated original production run of 500 and a further 10 to 15 from German manufacture.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: Following the cessation of all local manufacturing by Volkswagen Australasia in 1968, the Type 3 was assembled from CKD kits by Motor Producers Limited at the same Clayton facility through to 1973.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: In 1961, Volkswagen introduced the VW 1500 Karmann Ghia, or Type 34, based on its new Type 3 platform, featuring Volkswagen's new flat 1500 cc engine design, and styling by Italian engineer Sergio Sartorelli at Carrozzeria Ghia.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: Until it was replaced by the VW-Porsche 914, it was the most expensive, and most luxurious passenger car VW manufactured in the 1960s. 42,505 (plus 17 prototype convertibles) were manufactured from 1962–1969.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: Although the Type 34 was available in most countries, it was not offered officially in the U.S., VW's largest and most important export market.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: The three-box Type 3 was launched in Brazil in 1968 with unique styling (similar to the Brasilia) penned by Marcio Piancastelli, and four doors. It met with little success, nicknamed "Zé do Caixão" (meaning "Coffin Joe", after a popular Brazilian horror movie maker) for its boxy shape. It was discontinued in 1970.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: The fastback version, the Volkswagen TL, fared somewhat better, remaining in production from 1970 to 1976, originally as a two-door and later as a four-door version.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: As in Germany, the original Karmann Ghia was replaced with the Type 3-based Karmann Ghia TC (Touring Coupé), but with a distinct look from the German Karmann Ghia Type 34.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: Neither enjoyed as much success as its estate-bodied sibling, the Variant. The 3-door Variant was produced from 1969 to 1977, followed by an updated successor with squarer body, the Variant II, which was produced from 1977 to 1981.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: Brazilian Type 3s used the front suspension from the Type 1 with its laminated half-width torsion bars in top and bottom tubes and solidly mounted to the floorpan, unlike the German Type 3's rubber mounted unit with full-width crossed round bars in the lower tube and anti-roll bar in the top one. The only exception among the Brazilian Type 3s was the Variant II, which was equipped with a front MacPherson strut.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: A "Volkswagen 1500" unrelated to the Type 3 model 1500 was sold during the 1980s in Argentina based upon the Dodge 1500 manufactured in that country.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: In 1980, Volkswagen bought the Argentinian company "Chrysler Fevre Argentina SAIC", inheriting some Dodge / Chrysler models and renaming the company "Volkswagen Argentina SA". One of the models was the Dodge 1500 (also the Dodge 1800) which the newly taken-over company re-badged as Volkswagen 1500 for the Argentinian market. The estate was known as the Volkswagen 1500 Rural. Both variants continued to be sold until 1988.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: The car, which was based on the Hillman Avenger, had also been sold in Brazil, where it was known as the Dodge Polara. This version ceased in 1981, shortly after Volkswagen's purchase of the tooling in Argentina. The same car was available earlier in the 1970s in North America as the Plymouth Cricket.


title: Volkswagen Type 3

text: No parts of the Dodge 1500/"Volkswagen 1500" overlap with the Volkswagen Type 3 model 1500, or any other Volkswagen product.


title: Desmond Miles

text: Desmond Miles is a fictional character from Ubisoft's "Assassin's Creed" video game franchise. Introduced as the protagonist of the modern-day sections of the first game in the series, he has maintained this role for the next four installments, with his journey and development making up the frame story that unites the first five "Assassin's Creed" games. He has also been referenced or featured in a smaller capacity in subsequent games in the series, as well as various spin-off media. Desmond is voiced by actor Nolan North and modeled after Canadian fashion model Francisco Randez.


title: Desmond Miles

text: In the franchise, Desmond is a descendant of a long line of important characters, including Adam, Aquilus, Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad, Ezio Auditore da Firenze, Edward Kenway, Haytham Kenway, and . Born into the ancient Assassin Brotherhood (a fictional organization inspired by the real-life Order of Assassins) and raised to continue his family's heritage as an Assassin, Desmond eventually runs away from home to pursue a normal life elsewhere. However, he is tracked down and kidnapped by the Templar Order, the Assassins' mortal enemies, who force him into a machine called the "Animus" that allows Desmond to experience the genetic memories of his ancestors. In doing so, the Templars hope to locate powerful artifacts called "Pieces of Eden" and enslave all of humanity. Desmond manages to escape from the Templars before they succeed in their goal, and, after accepting his Assassin heritage, rejoins the Brotherhood to help them stop the Templars. In the process, he learns that he is destined to save humanity from an impending solar flare, and continues to explore his ancestors' memories to find the technology of a precursor race called the Isu, who were wiped out by a similar disaster.


title: Desmond Miles

text: Critical reception of the character has been mixed, with many reviewers and video game journalists criticizing Desmond as a dull and uninteresting protagonist, whose story arc does not match the quality of the historical plots featured in each of the games. More positive commentary focused on Nolan North's performance and Desmond's development from reluctant outsider to fully fledged member of the Assassin Brotherhood. The decision to have Desmond killed off in "Assassin's Creed III" also proved controversial, as both critics and players noticed a significant decrease in the importance of the series' modern-day storyline after Desmond's death. Nevertheless, he is considered to be a significant part of the franchise's identity.


title: Desmond Miles

text: According to his voice actor Nolan North, the original plan for Desmond was that he would feature in six games, acquiring the skills of his Assassin ancestors to become 'The Ultimate Assassin', and at some point would be able to time-travel between different time periods. North became greatly interested in the concept but it was unfortunately scrapped. Adding upon this, North personally noted Desmond as a 'boring' protagonist who ultimately had no direction to go forward, describing the character as 'a fork in the road'. He has been defined as a MacGuffin: "he exists to move the story forward, but he provides little substance".