title: Economy of Europe

text: Europe's agricultural sector is in general highly developed. The process of improving Central Europe's agriculture is ongoing and is helped by the accession of Central European states to the EU. The agricultural sector in Europe is helped by the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which provides farmers with a minimal price for their products and subsidizes their exports, which increases competitiveness for their products. This policy is highly controversial as it hampers free trade worldwide (protectionism sparks protectionism from other countries and trade blocs: the concept of trade wars) and is violating the concept of "fair trade".


title: Economy of Europe

text: This means because of the protectionist nature of the CAP, agricultural products from developing countries are rendered uncompetitive in both Europe (an important export market for developing countries) and on their home markets (as European agricultural products are dumped on developing countries' markets with help from European agricultural subsidies). This controversy surrounds every system of agricultural subsidies (the United States' policy of subsidizing farmers is also controversial). The CAP is also controversial because 40% of the EU's budget is spent on it, and because of the overproduction caused by it.


title: Economy of Europe

text: The Common Fisheries Policy is surrounded by an extensive system of rules (mainly consisting of quotas) to protect the environment from overfishing. Despite these rules, the cod is becoming increasingly rare in the North Sea resulting in drastic shortages in countries such as Canada and the United Kingdom. Strict fishing rules are the main reason for Norway and Iceland to stay out of the European Union (and out of the Common Fisheries Policy). Price guarantees and subsidizations of fishermen are implemented in the same way as agricultural subsidies are. Bluefin tuna is also a problem. Global stocks of the species are overfished with extinction in the wild a possibility in the near future. This also has the negative effect of threatening their traditional, natural predators.


title: Economy of Europe

text: Europe has a thriving manufacturing sector, with a large part of the world's industrial production taking place in Europe. Most of the continent's industries are concentrated in the 'Blue Banana' (covering Southern England, the Benelux, western Germany, eastern France, Switzerland, and northern Italy). However, because of the higher wage level and hence production costs, Europe is suffering from deindustrialization and offshoring in the labour-intensive manufacturing sectors. This means that manufacturing has become less important and that jobs are moved to regions with cheaper labour costs (mainly China and Central and Eastern Europe).


title: Economy of Europe

text: Central Europe (Berlin, Saxony, the Czech Republic and Little Poland) was largely industrialised by 1850 but Eastern Europe (European Russia) begun industrialisation between 1890–1900 and intensified it during the communist regime (as the USSR), but it suffered from contraction in the 1990s when the inefficient heavy-industry-based manufacturing sector was crippled after the collapse of communism and the introduction of the market economy.


title: Economy of Europe

text: In the 21st century the manufacturing sector in Central and Eastern Europe picked up because of the accession of ten formerly Communist European states to the EU and their resulting accession to the European Common Market. This caused firms within the European Union to move jobs from their manufacturing sector to Central European countries such as Poland (see above), which sparked both Central and Eastern European industrial growth and employment.


title: Economy of Europe

text: According to Fortune Global 500, 195 of the top 500 companies are headquartered in Europe. The main products in European industry are automobiles, bicycles, rail, machinery, marine, aerospace equipment, food, chemical and pharmaceutical goods, software and electronics.


title: Economy of Europe

text: Europe has a well-developed financial sector. Many European cities are financial centres with London being the largest. The financial sector of the Eurozone is helped by the introduction of the euro as common currency. This has made it easier for European households and firms to invest in companies and deposit money in banks in other European countries. Exchange rate fluctuations are now non-existent in the Eurozone. The financial sector in Central and Eastern Europe is helped by economic growth in the region, European Regional Development Fund and the commitment of Central and Eastern European governments to achieve high standards.


title: Economy of Europe

text: According to the Global Financial Centres Index, , four European cities rank among the 20 largest financial centres in the world: London (2nd), Zurich (14th), Frankfurt (15th), and Paris (17th).


title: Economy of Europe

text: European banks are amongst the largest and most profitable in the world, such as HSBC, BNP Paribas, Crédit Agricole, Grupo Santander, Société Générale, Barclays, Groupe BPCE, Deutsche Bank, Intesa Sanpaolo, Lloyds Banking Group, ING Group, Crédit Mutuel, UBS and UniCredit.


title: Economy of Europe

text: At the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in the economy, aggregate investment levels fell in the second quarter of 2020. The corporate sector was the most responsible for this reduction. Investment appeared to be increasing in early 2021, coinciding with the relaxation of COVID-19 restrictions.


title: Economy of Europe

text: 30% of EU firms reported in the European Investment Bank's Investment Survey 2021 that they adjusted their investment expectations to fit the COVID-19 pandemic. This is reported as more than the US where the positive revision of investment plans was more common, with 25% of firms reporting. 72% of EU enterprises state that the COVID-19 pandemic will have a long-term influence on investment requirements and priorities.


title: Economy of Europe

text: Businesses in Europe received governmental support following the economic crisis. Governments ensured that enterprises had access to financing, with some governments covering labour expenses so that people could remain employed. This initiative targeted enterprises experiencing the greatest revenue loss, and the companies who got assistance were more likely to stick to their investment goals.


title: Economy of Europe

text: Mid-2021, the European Union's gross saving rate was still 18% of gross disposable income, higher above the average of 11-13%, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Economy of Europe

text: 63% of large firms, 61% of infrastructure firms and 58% of firms in the service sector are the largest share expecting long term effects of COVID-19.


title: Economy of Europe

text: Across the European Union, the most commonly mentioned investment barrier is the lack of trained labor. 75% of businesses in transitional regions found this to be problematic. In less developed and non-cohesion regions, it is 79%. Demographics and rising demand for skills that are less common on the market, such as those needed to support digitalization activities, might contribute to the lack of competent workers.


title: Economy of Europe

text: Companies that are located in the countries under the European cohesion policy are less likely to spend money on the types of intangible assets, like R&D or training. Businesses in cohesion regions tend to concentrate their investments more on purchasing real estate, machinery, and other tangible assets. Only 28% of investments are made in intangible activity in areas considered less developed, compared to 35% in transition areas and 39% in more developed areas.


title: Economy of Europe

text: In all regions, bank loans are the most prevalent type of external financing. In less developed regions, they account for 49% of finance, in more developed regions, 58%, and in transitional regions, 69%. Grants make up a larger portion of the financing in less developed areas.


title: Economy of Europe

text: Transport in Europe provides for the movement needs of over 700 million people and associated freight. The political geography of Europe divides the continent into over 50 sovereign states and territories. This fragmentation, along with increased movement of people since the industrial revolution, has led to a high level of cooperation between European countries in developing and maintaining transport networks. Supranational and intergovernmental organisations such as the European Union (EU), Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe have led to the development of international standards and agreements that allow people and freight to cross the borders of Europe, largely with unique levels of freedom and ease.


title: Economy of Europe

text: Rail networks in Western and Central Europe are often well maintained and well developed, whilst Eastern, Northern and Southern Europe often have less coverage and/or infrastructure problems. Electrified railway networks operate at a plethora of different voltages AC and DC varying from 750 to 25,000 volts, and signalling systems vary from country to country, hindering cross-border traffic. EU rail subsidies amounted to €73 billion in 2005.


title: Economy of Europe

text: Despite an extensive road and rail network, most long-distance travel within Europe is by air. A large tourism industry also attracts many visitors to Europe, most of whom arrive into one of Europe's many large international airports. London is the second busiest airport in the world by number of international passengers, only trailing Dubai. The advent of low cost carriers in recent years has led to a large increase in air travel within Europe. Air transportation is now often the cheapest way of travelling between cities. This increase in air travel has led to problems of airspace overcrowding and environmental concerns. The Single European Sky is one initiative aimed at solving these problems.


title: Economy of Europe

text: The bulk of the EU's external trade is done with China, Mercosur and the United States, Japan, Russia and non-member European states.


title: Economy of Europe

text: The EU is involved in a few minor trade disputes. It had a long running dispute with the USA of allegedly unfair subsidies the US government gives to several companies, such as Boeing. The EU has a long running ban prohibiting arms trade with the Chinese. The EU issued a brief accusing Microsoft of predatory and monopolistic practices.


title: Lazard

text: Lazard Ltd (formerly known as Lazard Frères & Co.) is a financial advisory and asset management firm that engages in investment banking, asset management and other financial services, primarily with institutional clients. It is the world's largest independent investment bank, with principal executive offices in New York City, Paris and London.


title: Lazard

text: Lazard was founded in 1848 and operates from more than 41 cities across 26 countries in North America, Europe, Asia, Australia, and Central and South America. The firm provides advice on mergers and acquisitions, strategic matters, restructuring and capital structure, capital raising and corporate finance, as well as asset management services to corporations, partnerships, institutions, governments and individuals. In 2023, Lazard celebrates its 175th year in business.


title: Lazard

text: On July 12, 1848, three brothers, Alexandre Lazard, Lazare Lazard, and Simon Lazard, founded Lazard Frères & Co. as a dry goods merchant store in New Orleans, Louisiana. By 1851, Simon and two more brothers, Maurice and Elie, had all moved to San Francisco, California, while Alexandre moved to New York. Lazard Frères began to serve miners engaged in the California Gold Rush, and soon expanded into banking and foreign exchange.


title: Lazard

text: In 1854, Alexandre Lazard moved to Paris, France, where he opened an office to complement the U.S. business. The firm began advising the French government on gold buying. In 1870, the firm continued to expand its international operations, opening an office in London as well.


title: Lazard

text: The name "Lazard Freres" means "Lazard Brothers" or "the Brothers Lazard" in French. It refers to associations of the Lazard brothers to form various financial services institutions with world-wide offices and investments.


title: Lazard

text: In the late 1800s and early 1900s, the firm evolved into three “Houses of Lazard” in the United States, France, and the United Kingdom, separately managed but allied. The Lazard partners advised clients on financial matters and built a cross-border network of high-level relationships in business and government. Noted financial advisor George Blumenthal rose to prominence as the head of the U.S. branch of Lazard Frères and was a partner of Lazard Frères in France.


title: Lazard

text: In the economic boom following World War II, the American operations of Lazard expanded significantly under the leadership of the financier André Meyer. Meyer and Lazard partner Felix Rohatyn have been credited with virtually inventing the modern mergers and acquisitions (M&A) market.


title: Lazard

text: In 1953, Lazard Investors Ltd began an asset management business in London, which is the origin of today's Lazard Asset Management.


title: Lazard

text: In 1977, as the health of Meyer began to deteriorate, the firm came to be controlled by Michel David-Weill. Under his leadership, the three houses of Lazard were formally united in 2000 as Lazard LLC.


title: Lazard

text: In 2002, David-Weill hired Bruce Wasserstein to be CEO. Lazard became a public company in 2005, with nearly two-thirds of its shares owned by current and former employees. Wasserstein became its first Chairman and CEO. In connection with the initial public offering (IPO), Lazard spun off its broker-dealer business, Lazard Capital Markets.


title: Lazard

text: Following Wasserstein's death in 2009, Lazard's Board of Directors elected Kenneth M. Jacobs as Chairman and CEO.


title: Lazard

text: Lazard invested in a startup investment bank, Independence Point Advisors, in late 2021. Independence Point Advisors was founded by Anne Clarke Wolff, previously a Bank of America executive and banker, and aspires to remain owned by women and minorities. The bank was nicknamed "Salomon Sisters" prior to its launch, in a reference to the defunct investment bank Salomon Brothers.


title: Lazard

text: Lazard advises clients on a wide range of strategic and financial issues. These may include advising on the potential acquisition of another company, business or certain assets, or on the sale of certain businesses, assets or an entire company. The firm also advises on alternatives to a sale such as recapitalizations, spin-offs, carve-outs and split-offs. For companies in financial distress or their creditors, Lazard advises on all aspects of restructuring. The firm has advised on many of the largest restructuring assignments in the wake of the global financial crisis that began in mid-2007. Lazard also advises on capital structure and capital raising. Capital structure advice includes reviewing and analyzing structural alternatives and assisting in long-term planning. Capital raising advice includes private and public market financing. Lazard's Sovereign Advisory group advises governments and sovereign entities on policy and financial issues.


title: Lazard

text: Lazard's asset management business provides investment management and financial advisory services to institutional clients, financial intermediaries, private clients, and investment vehicles around the world. The firm manages assets on behalf of institutional clients (corporations, labor unions, public pension funds, endowments, foundations, insurance companies, and banks; and through sub-advisory relationships, mutual fund sponsors, broker-dealers and registered advisors) and individual clients (principally family offices and high-net-worth individuals).


title: Lazard

text: In Paris, the Lazard offices were located successively at 17, boulevard Poissonnière (1885-1907); 5-7, rue Pillet-Will (1907-1979); 141, boulevard Haussmann (1979-2020); and 175, boulevard Haussmann (since September 2020).


title: Lazard

text: Lazard's New York City headquarters spans the top floors of 30 Rockefeller Plaza, including what used to be Room 5600, the former offices of the Rockefeller family dynasty.


title: Habilitation

text: Habilitation is the highest university degree, or the procedure by which it is achieved, in many European countries. The candidate fulfills a university's set criteria of excellence in research, teaching and further education, usually including a dissertation. The degree, abbreviated "Dr. habil." or "PD" (for "Privatdozent"), is a qualification for professorship in those countries. The conferral is usually accompanied by a lecture to a colloquium as well as a public inaugural lecture.


title: Habilitation

text: The term "habilitation" is derived from the Medieval Latin , meaning "to make suitable, to fit", from Classical Latin "fit, proper, skillful". The degree developed in Germany in the seventeenth century (). Initially, habilitation was synonymous with "doctoral qualification". The term became synonymous with "post-doctoral qualification" in Germany in the 19th century "when holding a doctorate seemed no longer sufficient to guarantee a proficient transfer of knowledge to the next generation". Afterwards, it became normal in the German university system to write two doctoral theses: the inaugural thesis (), completing a course of study; and the habilitation thesis (), which opens the road to a professorship.


title: Habilitation

text: A habilitation thesis can be either cumulative (based on previous research, be it articles or monographs) or monographical, i.e., a specific, unpublished thesis, which then tends to be very long. While cumulative habilitations are predominant in some fields (such as medicine), they have been, since about a century ago, almost unheard of in others (such as law).


title: Habilitation

text: The level of scholarship of a habilitation is considerably higher than for a doctoral dissertation in the same academic tradition in terms of quality and quantity, and must be accomplished independently, without direction or guidance of a faculty supervisor. In the sciences, publication of numerous (sometimes ten or more) research articles is required during the habilitation period of about four to ten years. In the humanities, a major book publication may be a prerequisite for defense.


title: Habilitation

text: It is possible to get a professorship without habilitation, if the search committee attests the candidate to have qualifications equaling those of a habilitation and the higher-ranking bodies (the university's senate and the country's ministry of education) approve of that. However, while some subjects make liberal use of this (e.g., the natural sciences in order to employ candidates from countries with different systems and the arts to employ active artists), in other subjects it is rarely done.


title: Habilitation

text: The habilitation is awarded after a public lecture, to be held after the thesis has been accepted, and after which the venia legendi (Latin: "permission to read", i.e., to lecture) is bestowed. In some areas, such as law, philosophy, theology and sociology, the "venia", and thus the habilitation, is only given for certain sub-fields (such as criminal law, civil law, or philosophy of science, practical philosophy etc.); in others, for the entire field.


title: Habilitation

text: Although disciplines and countries vary in the typical number of years for obtaining habilitation after getting a doctorate, it usually takes longer than for the American academic tenure. For example, in Poland until 2018, the statutory time for getting a habilitation (traditionally, although not obligatorily, relying on a book publication) is eight years. Theoretically, if an assistant professor does not succeed in obtaining habilitation in this time, they should be moved to a position of a lecturer, with a much higher teaching load and no research obligations, or even be dismissed. In practice, however, on many occasions schools extend the deadlines for habilitation for most scholars if they do not make it in time, and there is evidence that they are able to finish it in the near future.


title: Habilitation

text: In Austria the procedure is currently regulated by national law (Austrian University Act UG2002 §103). The graduation process includes additionally to the sub-commission of the senate (including students representatives for a hearing on the teaching capabilities of the candidate) an external reviewer. Holding a Habilitation allows academics to do research and supervise (PhD, MSc, ...) on behalf of this university. As it is an academic degree, this is even valid if the person is not enrolled (or not enrolled anymore) at this institution ("Habilitation ad personam"). Appointment to a full professorship with an international finding commission includes a "venia docendi" (UG2002 §98(12)), which is restricted to the time of the appointment (UG2002 §98(13) – "Habilitation ad positionem").


title: Habilitation

text: While the Habilitation ensures the rights of the independent research and the supervision, it is on behalf of the statute of the universities to give those rights also to, e.g., associate professors without Habilitation. Currently the major Austrian universities do that only for master's level students, but not for PhD programs.


title: Habilitation

text: Livre-docência is a title (similar to Habilitation in Germany) granted to holders of doctorate degrees upon submission of a cumulative thesis followed by a "viva voce" examination. It has practically disappeared amongst Brazilian Federal HEIs. It is still required at a few institutions for admissions as a full Professor (Professor Titular), most notably in the three state universities of the state of São Paulo, as well as at the Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP).


title: Habilitation

text: The degree of Docteur d'État (State Doctor; abbreviated DrE) or Doctorat d'État (State Doctorate), called "Doctorat ès lettres" (Doctor of Letters) before the 1950s, formerly awarded by universities in France had a somewhat similar purpose. Following the submission of two theses (primary thesis, "thèse principale", and secondary thesis, "thèse complémentaire") to the Faculty of Letters at the University of Paris, the doctoral candidate was awarded the "Doctorat d'État". In 1984, "Docteur d'État" was replaced by the (or French Habilitation).


title: Habilitation

text: The award of the French Habilitation is a general requirement for being the main supervisor of PhD students and to be eligible for Full Professor positions. The official eligibility named "Qualification" is granted by the French Conseil National des Universités (CNU). Members of Directeur de Recherche corps who are assimilated to Full Professors by the CNU do not require the French Habilitation to supervise PhD students. Depending on the field, the French Habilitation requires consistent research from 5 to 10 years after appointment as an Assistant Professor (Maître de Conférences), a substantial amount of significant publications, the supervision of at least one PhD student from start to graduation, a successful track record securing extramural funding as a principal investigator, as well as a sound, ambitious, and feasible 5-year research project. Outstanding postdoctoral researchers who are not yet appointed to a university could also obtain the Habilitation if they meet the requirements. The French Habilitation committee is constituted by a majority of external and sometimes foreign referees. The French Habilitation entitles Assistant Professors (Maîtres de Conférences) to apply for Full Professor positions (Professeur des Universités). As such, the French Habilitation is similar to the promotion to Associate Professor in North America. In other words, the North American ranks of assistant professor, Associate Professor, and Full Professor are equivalent to Maître de Conférences, French Habilitation/Qualification, and Professeur des Universités, respectively, in France.


title: Habilitation

text: In order to hold the rank of a Full Professor within the German university system, it is necessary to have obtained the Habilitation (or "habilitation-equivalent achievements"). This can be demonstrated by leading a research group, being a junior professor, or other achievements in research and teaching as a post-doctoral researcher. The Habilitation in Germany is usually earned after several years of independent research and teaching, either "internally" while working at a university or "externally" as a research and teaching-oriented practitioner. Once the Habilitation thesis (Habilitationsschrift, often simply Habilitation) and all other requirements are completed, the candidate (called "Habilitand/in" in German) "has habilitated him- or herself" and receives an extension to his/her doctoral degree, namely "Dr. habil." (with the specification, such as "Dr. rer. nat. habil."). The Habilitation is thus an additional qualification at a higher level than the German doctoral degree. Only those candidates receiving the highest (or second-highest) grade for their doctoral thesis are encouraged to proceed with a Habilitation.


title: Habilitation

text: A typical procedure after completing the Habilitation is that the successful researcher officially receives the so-called "Venia legendi" (Latin for "permission for lecturing") for a specific academic subject at universities (sometimes also referred to as "Venia docendi", Latin for "right of teaching"). Someone in possession of the "Venia legendi" but not a professorship has the right to carry the title "Privatdozent" (for men) or "Privatdozentin" (for women), abbreviated "PD" or "Priv.-Doz.". The status as a PD requires doing some (generally unpaid) teaching in order to keep the title ("Titellehre" or titular teaching).


title: Habilitation

text: Regarding university habilitations, the so-called "Gelmini Reform" of the research and university teaching system (Italian Law 240 of year 2010 and subsequent modifications) has established the national scientific habilitation for the calls in the role of associate professor and full professor (called ""abilitazione scientifica nazionale"", or ASN). This means that, as a prerequisite for being able to be selected by a university committee to fill these roles, it is necessary to have obtained the scientific qualification for the relative kind of teaching.


title: Habilitation

text: For STEM fields (so called "bibliometric fields"), the qualifications requires a two-steps evaluation:


title: Habilitation

text: (1) first a quantitative assessment, as each candidate for and ASN as associate or full professor must have at least 2 out of these 3 requirements: having published more papers than most associate or full professors in Italian universities, having received more citations than most associate or full professors in Italian universities, having an h-index higher than most associate or full professors in Italian universities;


title: Habilitation

text: (2) then, a specific committee (one for each scientific sub-field) will qualitatively evaluate the scientific CV of the candidates, considering funding, mobility, autonomy of the research, awards won, and so on.


title: Habilitation

text: The successful candidate will then receive his or her ASN habilitation as associate or full professor (or, in some instances, for both) and may thus apply for those vacancies in Italian universities.


title: Habilitation

text: The ASN habilitation also allows to compete for 3-years tenure-track assistant professorship positions (called RTDb in the Italian system, as for ""ricercatore a tempo determinato di tipo b""). At the end of the 3-years contract the assistant professor must have a valid ASN habilitation in order to become a permanent associate professor, otherwise he or she is permanently laid off.


title: Habilitation

text: To prevent this (which may be disastrous to already undermanned Italian departments), it is common practice to award RTDb positions to people "already" habilitated as associate or full professors, which is in "practical" contrast with the "spirit" of the "Gelmini-reform".


title: Habilitation

text: The ASN habilitation is valid for 6 years, but a candidate can apply again to renew his or her habilitation 4 years after having received it.


title: Habilitation

text: If an ASN habilitation application fails, the candidate can apply again, but only after a 12 months hiatus.


title: Habilitation

text: Due to extreme scarcity of tenure track positions in Italy, the ASN habilitation validity has been recently increased to 9 years through a government's decree in October 2019.


title: Habilitation

text: In the field of free regulated professions, protected by a professional body (architects, lawyers, engineers, doctors, pharmacists, journalists, etc.), it identifies the state examination, more properly called "state examination for the qualification for the exercise of professions" that allows the already graduated students or the ones having the necessary titles to register in the list of professionals and work. Many state exams include the possession of a specific qualification among the requirements. For example, to participate in the exam for the habilitation for the profession for an architect or an engineer, you must have already graduated from a university. However, in order to actually practice the profession it is necessary to register with the relevant professional association and, if the profession is exercised independently, it is necessary to have a VAT number. These exams are usually organized by the professional orders with the collaboration of the universities in the area.


title: Habilitation

text: In other cases, especially in the case of the health professions or of the childcare professional, not protected by a professional nature, the degree itself is a qualifying title.


title: Habilitation

text: Finally, some habilitations, since their activities can't be done autonomously, need to be hired in a suitable structure in order to effectively carry out the profession in question. This is for example the case of the education sector: once the qualifying examination has been passed, a public competition must be won for recruitment in an upper or lower secondary school.


title: Habilitation

text: In the Portuguese legal system, there are two types of habilitation degree. The first is normally given to university professors and is named agregação (Decree of Law 239/2007) while the second is named habilitação and is used by doctoral researchers working in institutes outside universities (Decree of Law 124/99). Legally, they are equivalent and are required for a professor (agregação) or a researcher (habilitação) to reach the top of their specific careers (Full Professor or Coordinator Researcher). Both degrees aim to evaluate if the candidate has achieved significant outputs in terms of scientific activity, including activities in postgraduation supervision.


title: Habilitation

text: The process to obtain any of the degrees is very similar, with minor changes. Any PhD holder can submit a habilitation thesis to obtain the degree. For "Agregação", the thesis is composed by a detailed CV of the achievements obtained after concluding the PhD; a detailed report of an academic course taught at the university (or a proposed course to be taught); and the summary of a lesson to be given. For "Habilitação", the academic course report is replaced by a research proposal or a proposal for advanced PhD studies.


title: Habilitation

text: After the candidate submits the habilitation thesis, a jury composed from 5 to 9 Full Professors or Coordinator Researchers, first evaluates the submitted documents and the majority needs to approve the request by the candidate. If approved, the candidate then needs to defend his thesis in a 2-day public defense. During each day, the public defense has a duration of 2 hours. On the first day, the curriculum of the candidate is discussed (for both degrees) and in the case of "agregação", the candidate also needs to present the academic course selected. In the second day, the candidate needs to present a lecture ("agregação") or a proposal of a research project ("habilitação").


title: Habilitation

text: The Doctor of Science in Russia and some other countries formerly part of the Soviet Union or the Eastern bloc is equivalent to a Habilitation. The cumulative form of the habilitation can be compared to the higher doctorates, such as the D.Sc. (Doctor of Science), Litt.D. (Doctor of Letters), LL.D. (Doctor of Laws) and D.D. (Doctor of Divinity) found in the UK, Ireland, and some Commonwealth countries, which are awarded on the basis of a career of published work. However, higher doctorates from these countries (except Russia) are often not recognized by any German state as being equivalent to the habilitation. In 1999, Russia and Germany signed a Statement on Mutual Academic Recognition of Russian Academic Degrees and German Academic Qualifications, including the equivalence of the Russian Doctor of Science and the German Habilitation qualification.


title: Habilitation

text: Furthermore, the position or title of an Associate Professor (or higher) at a European Union-based university is systematically translated into or compared to titles such as "Universitätsprofessor (W2)" (Germany), "førsteamanuensis" (Norway), or "Doktor hab." (Poland) by institutions such as the "European Commission Directorate-General for Research", and therefore usually implies the holder of such title has a degree equivalent to habilitation.


title: Habilitation

text: In 2004, the habilitation was the subject of a major political debate in Germany. The former Federal Minister for Education and Science, Edelgard Bulmahn, aimed to abolish the system of the habilitation and replace it by the alternative concept of the junior professor: a researcher should first be employed for up to six years as a "junior professor" (a non-tenured position roughly equivalent to assistant professor in the United States) and so prove his/her suitability for holding a tenured professorship.


title: Habilitation

text: Many, especially researchers in the natural sciences, as well as young researchers, have long demanded the abandonment of the habilitation as they think it to be an unnecessary and time-consuming obstacle in an academic career, contributing to the brain drain of talented young researchers who think their chances of getting a professorship at a reasonable age to be better abroad and hence move, for example, to the UK or USA. Many feel overly dependent on their supervising Principal Investigators (the professor heading the research group) as superiors have the power to delay the process of completing the habilitation. A further problem comes with funding support for those who wish to pursue a habilitation where older candidates often feel discriminated against, for example under the DFG's Emmy-Noether programme. Furthermore, internal "soft" money might be only budgeted to pay for younger postdoctoral scientists. Because of the need to chase short-term research contracts, many researchers in the natural sciences apply for more transparent career development opportunities in other countries. In summary, a peer-reviewed demonstration of a successful academic development and international out-look is considered more than compensation for an habilitation where there is evidence of grant applications, well-cited publications, a network of collaborators, lecturing and organisational experience, and experience of having worked and published abroad.


title: Habilitation

text: On the other hand, amongst many senior researchers, especially in medicine, the humanities and the social sciences, the habilitation was—and still is—regarded as a valuable instrument of quality control ("venia legendi") before giving somebody a tenured position for life.


title: Habilitation

text: Bavaria, Saxony and Thuringia, three states with conservative governments, filed suit at the German Constitutional Court against the new law replacing the habilitation with the junior professor. The Court concurred with their argument that the Bundestag (the federal parliament) cannot pass such a law, because the German constitution explicitly states that affairs of education are the sole responsibility of the states and declared the law to be invalid in June 2004. In reaction, a new federal law was passed, giving the states more freedom regarding habilitations and junior professors. The junior professor has since been legally established in all states, but it is still possible—and encouraged—for an academic career in many subjects in Germany to pursue a habilitation.


title: Bobby (1973 film)

text: Bobby is a 1973 Indian Hindi-language musical romance film, produced and directed by Raj Kapoor, and written by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas. The film stars Raj Kapoor's son, Rishi Kapoor, in his first leading role, opposite Dimple Kapadia in her debut role. The film became a blockbuster, the top-grossing Indian hit of 1973, the second-top-grossing hit of the 1970s at the Indian box office, and one of the top 20 highest-grossing Indian films of all time (when adjusted for inflation). It also became an overseas blockbuster in the Soviet Union, where it drew an audience of 62.6 million viewers, making it one of the top 20 biggest box office hits of all time in the Soviet Union.


title: Bobby (1973 film)

text: The film became a trend-setter. It was wildly popular and widely imitated. It introduced to Bollywood the genre of teenage romance with a rich-versus-poor clash as a backdrop. Numerous films in the following years and decades were inspired by this plot. "Indiatimes Movies" ranks "Bobby" amongst the 'Top 30 Must See Bollywood Films'. The film was remade in Persian as "Parvaz dar Ghafas" in 1980. "Bobby" was Dimple Kapadia's first and only film of the 70s era. As she left the film industry following her early marriage, before returning back to proper movies in the mid-80s till the present date.


title: Bobby (1973 film)

text: The story is about the love between two Bombay teenagers of different classes—Raja 'Raj' Nath (Rishi Kapoor), the son of a rich Hindu businessman Ram Nath (Pran), and Bobby Braganza (Dimple Kapadia), the daughter of a poor Goan Christian fisherman Jack Braganza (Prem Nath).


title: Bobby (1973 film)

text: Raj returns from his boarding school. Upon his return, his parents throw a party to celebrate his birthday. Raj's former governess Mrs. Braganza (Durga Khote) comes by with her granddaughter Bobby to give him a present, but Raj's mother Sushma Nath (Sonia Sahni) ignores Mrs. Braganza, which leads her to leave the party with Bobby in a rush.


title: Bobby (1973 film)

text: Raj opens his gifts the next day and finds Mrs. Braganza's gift, so he decides to meet her in person. Reaching there, Bobby opens the door for him, and it is love at first sight for him. During that visit, he mixes his book with Bobby's, so he goes to meet her at the library to exchange the books, and from that, both start their friendship. Raj and Bobby decide to go to see a movie, but find out it is a full house. Then Raj gets an idea to go to a party. At the party, Bobby sees Raj talking to Sushma's dance partner Nima (Aruna Irani) privately and thinks he is in love with her, so she breaks off her relationship before running off to Kashmir. However, Raj comes by to Kashmir and clears up the misunderstanding, prompting Bobby to resume her relationship with him. Despite Jack and Mrs. Braganza being very supportive of Raj and Bobby's relationship due to Raj's friendly nature, Raj learns that the matter is not taken kindly by Ram, who abhors the idea of his son falling in love with the daughter of a poor fisherman. Upon Raj's insistence, Ram invites Jack over to initiate talks of Raj and Bobby's relationship. But instead, a feud ignites when Ram insults Jack and accuses him of using Bobby's beauty and charm to trap Raj for his money; he even offered Jack a bribe of cash to stop Bobby from seeing Raj. Jack gets offended by this accusation and retaliates by insulting Ram before leaving in a huff with Bobby, forbidding her to hang out with Raj again. To ensure of Bobby's safety, Jack sends her and Mrs. Braganza to live in Goa.


title: Bobby (1973 film)

text: Raj gets angry at Ram for driving Bobby away; this was further intensified when he learns that Ram intends to have him marry a mentally-challenged wealthy girl named Alka 'Nikki' Sharma (Farida Jalal) to establish business ties with her rich father Mr. Sharma (Pinchoo Kapoor) without even consulting Raj; even Sushma and Nima aren't supportive of the idea as well. On the advice from Nima (who sympathizes with Raj on the issue), Raj cuts off all ties to his father and drives off to Goa to reunite with Bobby, who runs away with him. As Sushma blames Ram for driving Raj away, the latter advertises a reward of $25,000 for anyone who can help find Raj. Upon spotting Raj and Bobby while seeing the reward on a local newspaper, a local greedy goon named Prem Chopra (Prem Chopra) decides that he wants the money so he and his goons kidnap Raj and Bobby. When the teens try to escape, Prem starts beating up Raj while having his goons to restrain Bobby. Eventually, Jack comes to the rescue by attacking Prem, who orders his goons to beat up Jack in retaliation. However, this was witnessed by an arriving Ram and the police, who furiously beat up and arrest Prem and his goons while Raj and Bobby escape. Deciding that they don't want their fathers to interfere in their relationship anymore, Raj and Bobby attempted to commit suicide by jumping over a waterfall after chewing out Ram for antagonizing Jack and starting the feud in the first place. However, a horrified Ram and Jack dive in and rescue both teens from being drowned.


title: Bobby (1973 film)

text: Having realized the folly of the feud that almost drove both teens to death, a remorseful Ram and Jack agreed to end the feud by giving their blessings to Raj and Bobby's relationship, promising never to interfere with it again. With their relationships reconciled, the teens and their fathers happily head back home to their families.


title: Bobby (1973 film)

text: Raj Kapoor launched his second son Rishi Kapoor in this film; he wanted a new heroine to complement the young love story. Dimple Kapadia and Neetu Singh were auditioned for the role of Bobby Braganza, but Dimple was finally selected.


title: Bobby (1973 film)

text: In an interview in 2012, Rishi Kapoor stated, "There was a misconception that the film was made to launch me as an actor. The film was made to pay the debts of "Mera Naam Joker". Dad wanted to make a teenage love story and he did not have money to cast Rajesh Khanna in the film".


title: Bobby (1973 film)

text: Some scenes were shot in Gulmarg. One scene was shot in a hut in Gulmarg, which became famous as the 'Bobby Hut'. A few scenes towards the end of the movie were shot on Pune-Solapur highway near Loni Kalbhor where Raj Kapoor owned a farm.


title: Bobby (1973 film)

text: The film's music was composed by the Laxmikant-Pyarelal duo. The lyrics were written by Anand Bakshi, Rajkavi Inderjeet Singh Tulsi, and Vithalbhai Patel. Lyrics penned by Anand Bakshi except where noted.


title: Bobby (1973 film)

text: In India, "Bobby" was the highest-grossing film of 1973, earning 11 crore. It was also the second-highest-grossing film at the Indian box office in the 1970s, second only to "Sholay" (1975). Adjusted for inflation, it grossed 398 crore in 2011 value, equivalent to in 2016 value. As of 2011, it is one of the top 20 highest-grossing films of all time in India.


title: Bobby (1973 film)

text: Overseas, "Bobby" was very successful in the Soviet Union when it released there in 1975, due to Raj Kapoor's popularity in the country. "Bobby" drew 62.6million admissions at the Soviet box office, making it the second-best-selling film on the Soviet box office charts in 1975, the most popular Indian film of the 1970s, the second-biggest foreign film of the decade, the sixth-biggest box office hit of the decade, the second-most-viewed Indian film of all time (after Raj Kapoor's "Awaara"), the sixth-biggest foreign hit of all time, and one of the top 20 biggest box office hits of all time. The film's success launched Rishi Kapoor into an overnight movie star in the Soviet Union, much like "Awaara" had done for his father Raj Kapoor.


title: Bobby (1973 film)

text: Similarly, the film was very successful in Southeast Asian countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. It was popular among non-Indian audiences in these countries, despite a lack of local language dubbing or subtitles upon its initial Malaysian release. It was among the most popular foreign films in Malaysia at the time, along with Bruce Lee films such as "The Big Boss" (1972). In China, the film was released in 1990.


title: Bobby (1973 film)

text: "The Illustrated Weekly of India" wrote upon release that despite a new style, "the story formula remains the same as ever". The review further noted that despite some gimmicks, the film's commercial appeal may be attributed to the "two fresh-faced, delightful youngsters", later praising the performances, including the lead pair who "act with natural ease and freshness", Premnath who is "outstanding as the expansive, volatile Mr. Braganza", but accused Pran of being typecast.


title: Bobby (1973 film)

text: In his 2017 autobiography "Khullam Khulla: Rishi Kapoor Uncensored", Rishi Kapoor revealed that he paid someone to win him an award for Best Actor. Although it is inferred as Filmfare Award, he said in an interview that "I did not write a Filmfare Award [in the book]. I have not said any names. I have said I bought 'an award'".


title: Motherland Monument

text: The Motherland Monument () is a monumental statue in Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine. The sculpture is a part of the National Museum of the History of Ukraine in the Second World War.


title: Motherland Monument

text: The stainless steel statue stands tall upon the museum main building with the overall structure measuring including its base and weighing 560 tonnes. The sword in the statue's right hand is long weighing 9 tonnes, with the left hand holding up a shield emblazoned with the hammer and sickle emblem of the Soviet Union. Initially, the statue was drawn by the sculptor Yevgeny Vuchetich. Vuchetich based the statue on the Ukrainian painter Nina Danyleiko.


title: Motherland Monument

text: The memorial hall of the Museum displays marble plaques with carved names of more than 11,600 soldiers and over 200 workers of the home-front honored during the war with the title of the Hero of the Soviet Union and the Hero of Socialist Labour. On the hill beneath the museum, traditional flower shows are held. The sword of the statue was cut because the tip of the sword was higher than the cross of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra.


title: Motherland Monument

text: In the 1950s, a plan circulated of building on the spot of the current statue twin monuments of Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, nearly tall each. However, this did not go ahead. Instead, according to legend, in the 1970s, a group of Communist Party officials and Soviet sculptor Yevgeny Vuchetich looked across at the hills by the Lavra and decided the panorama needed a war memorial. Vuchetich had designed the other two most famous giant Soviet war memorials, "The Motherland Calls" in Volgograd and the Soviet soldier carrying German infant constructed after the war in East Berlin. The statue was modeled after one of his coworkers, Mila Hazinsky, however after Vuchetich died in 1974, the design of the memorial was substantially reworked and only the eyes and eyebrows remained from the original face. It was then completed under the guidance of Vasyl Borodai.


title: Motherland Monument

text: Final plans for the statue were made in 1978, with construction beginning in 1979. It was controversial, with many criticising the costs involved and claimed the funds could have been better spent elsewhere. When director of construction Ivan Petrovich was asked to confirm the costs of 9 million rubles, he responded that this was a conservative estimate. The statue was opened in 1981 in a ceremony attended by Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev, himself a Ukrainian.


title: Motherland Monument

text: In modern-day Kyiv, the statue remains controversial, with some claiming it should be pulled down and its metal used for more functional purposes. Financial shortages mean that the flame, which uses up to of gas per hour, can only burn on the biggest national holidays, and rumours persist that the statue is built on unstable foundations, something strongly denied by the Kyiv local government.


title: Motherland Monument

text: In April 2015, the parliament of Ukraine outlawed Soviet and communist symbols, street names and monuments, in an attempt to decommunize Ukraine. However, World War II monuments are excluded from these laws. Director of the Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance Volodymyr Viatrovych stated in February 2018 that the Soviet hammer and sickle on the shield of the monument should be removed to comply with the country's decommunization laws and replace it with the Ukrainian trident. , despite the derussification and decommunization occurring in Ukraine in response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the monument has not been modified.


title: Motherland Monument

text: A scene in the 2006 novel "World War Z" depicts a Ukrainian tank commander and his surviving men fleeing in their vehicles from an abandoned and burning Kyiv under the watchful gaze of the monument.


title: Motherland Monument

text: The monument is prominently featured in the music video for the song "Get Out" by the Scottish band Frightened Rabbit.


title: Fremantle (company)

text: Fremantle (; formerly FremantleMedia) is a British multinational television production and distribution company based in London. Fremantle takes its name from Fremantle International, acquired by predecessor company All American Television in 1994. Pearson Television was renamed FremantleMedia on 20 August 2001, following the 2000 merger of Pearson Television and Bertelsmann's CLT-UFA to form the RTL Group.


title: Fremantle (company)

text: Fremantle owns non-scripted formats, including the British talent competitions "Idols" (created by Simon Fuller), "Got Talent" and "The X Factor" (both created by Simon Cowell), shows which have been sold around the world. Since 1994, Fremantle has distributed American game shows in the US and internationally.


title: Fremantle (company)

text: In 1994, after a bidding war, Pearson plc bought Thames Television and placed it under Pearson Television. In 1995, it acquired Australian company Grundy Television. ACI, a U.S.-based distributor of TV movies, was purchased later that year. In 1996, Pearson Television bought the British production company SelecTV PLC, and merged into it.


title: Fremantle (company)

text: Pearson Television announced on 1 October 1997 that it would launch a $373 million cash tender offer for publicly traded U.S. television company All American Communications Inc. On 5 November, Pearson completed its tender offer, and All American was merged into Pearson Television the following year. This acquisition gave Pearson worldwide rights to various game show formats as well as drama series in the U.S. such as "Baywatch".


title: Fremantle (company)

text: Pearson Television acquired Italian drama production company Mastrofilm on 3 November 1998, and European animation financer and distributor EVA Entertainment on 2 February 1999. In April 2000, Pearson TV decided to take over Smith & Jones' UK production company Talkback Productions.


title: Fremantle (company)

text: The first incarnation of Fremantle, known as Fremantle International was founded in 1952 by Paul Talbot as Fremantle Overseas Radio and Television and later renamed as Fremantle International in 1958, named after the city in Western Australia. It was involved in the production of television series, movies, and specials from 1964 to 1994 and owned game show formats from Mark Goodson-Bill Todman Productions, Stewart Television, Barry & Enright Productions, Kline and Friends, Hatos-Hall Productions, and Chuck Barris Productions internationally. By the 1980s, Fremantle had become the largest producer of game shows in Europe. In 1989, The Interpublic Group of Companies bought a 49% minority interest in Fremantle International. On 20 May 1991, Interpublic Group increased its ownership stake in Fremantle International to 80%, with Paul Talbot retaining a 20% holding in the company.


title: Fremantle (company)

text: Interpublic Group agreed to sell assets of Fremantle International to All American Communications Inc. for $63 million in cash and stock on 7 July 1994. All American acquired Fremantle International in August. Paul Talbot continued to own The Fremantle Corporation, the international distributor of All American's "Baywatch" and other programs until his death in 2005 and the company's assets was later acquired by Canadian-based Kaleidoscope Entertainment in June 2006. All American Fremantle International managed and distributed Mark Goodson Productions' game show formats worldwide. In 1998, All American Television and All American Fremantle International were renamed Pearson Television North America and Pearson Television Licensing, and operated under those names until being renamed in 2001.


title: Fremantle (company)

text: In 2000, German conglomerate Bertelsmann announced that it would form a joint venture between its CLT-UFA group (itself a merger of Luxembourg's CLT and German studio UFA GmbH) with Pearson Television (whose library included former British ITV franchise Thames Television, All American Television—who owned the libraries of Lexington Broadcast Services and game show producers Mark Goodson Productions and Fremantle International, and Australia's Reg Grundy Organisation) to create a multinational media group and content business—eventually known as RTL Group—to consolidate their broadcasting and production activities, and provide a European competitor to American-owned media conglomerates.


title: Fremantle (company)

text: The content business would be renamed FremantleMedia in 2001, while Bertelsmann would later increase its stake in RTL Group to achieve majority ownership.


title: Fremantle (company)

text: In July 2018, FremantleMedia North America CEO Jennifer Mullin was named the new CEO of the worldwide company, replacing the outgoing Cecile Frot-Coutaz.


title: Fremantle (company)

text: In September 2018, the company rebranded as "Fremantle", introducing a new handwritten logo. However, the FremantleMedia brand name is still used as the legal name for Fremantle, as seen in their shows' closing credits.


title: Fremantle (company)

text: On 13 July 2020, Fremantle spun off Storyglass into an independent company within Bertelsmann. On 9 September, Fremantle merged Boundless and Naked Entertainment to form Naked Television.


title: Fremantle (company)

text: On 10 May 2022, Fremantle acquired a majority stake in Element Pictures, an Irish film studio and television drama production company known for producing films such as "The Guard", "Frank", "Room", "The Lobster", "The Favourite", and "The Nest" and television series such as "Normal People" and "Conversations with Friends", both for Hulu, BBC Three, and RTÉ as well as "Red Rock" for TV3 (co-produced with All3Media-owned Company Pictures), in addition to owning the Light House Cinema in Dublin and Pálás Cinema in Galway, Irish film video on demand service Volta (named after the first cinema in the Republic of Ireland) and a theatrical distribution arm (Element Pictures Distribution). In November 2022, it was announced Fremantle had acquired a majority stake in the Tel Aviv-based independent production company, Silvio Productions.


title: Fremantle (company)

text: Fremantle is known for its ownership of a number of non-scripted formats, including the talent competitions "Idols", "Got Talent", and "The X Factor" (the latter two with Simon Cowell's Syco Entertainment), and game shows via its ownership of the libraries of U.S. producer Goodson-Todman Productions, Australian producer Reg Grundy, and others, which includes formats such as "Family Feud", "The Price is Right", and "Sale of the Century", among others.


title: Fremantle (company)

text: Via the Reg Grundy library, Fremantle Australia owns a number of notable Australian dramas and soap operas, including the long-running "Neighbours" and "Prisoner".


title: Fremantle (company)

text: In the mid-2010s, Fremantle began to increasingly pursue a strategy of producing "high-end" scripted dramas to diversify its output, including "American Gods", "Beecham House", "Charité", "Deutschland 83", "Picnic at Hanging Rock", "The Rain", "The Young Pope", and "The Mosquito Coast". The strategy proved successful for the company, with international dramas having accounted for increasing portions of Fremantle's overall revenue.


title: Fremantle (company)

text: Fremantle has production units across its global offices and network of production companies and labels on the ground in over 26 territories.


title: Fremantle (company)

text: In the United States, Fremantle's largest production and distribution division, Fremantle North America is based in Burbank, California, and includes a portfolio of companies. Fremantle North America produces and distributes scripted and alternative programs for broadcast and cable networks, syndication, and streaming platforms.


title: Fremantle (company)

text: In addition, Fremantle North America owns several other smaller production companies; among these are Thom Beers' Original Productions (responsible for creation and production of numerous reality shows such as "Deadliest Catch", "Ax Men", and "Ice Road Truckers") and Amygdala Music, Leslie Beers' production and composition firm that writes themes, incidental, and featured music for Original Productions shows.


title: The Bye Bye Man

text: The Bye Bye Man is a 2017 American supernatural horror film directed by Stacy Title (in her final directed film before her death) and written by Jonathan Penner, based on the chapter "The Bridge to Body Island" in Robert Damon Schneck's book "The President's Vampire". The film stars Douglas Smith, Lucien Laviscount, Cressida Bonas, Doug Jones, Carrie-Anne Moss, Faye Dunaway, and Jenna Kanell.


title: The Bye Bye Man

text: Principal photography began on November 2, 2015, in Cleveland, Ohio. STXfilms released the film on January 13, 2017. The film received negative reviews from critics, and grossed $29 million worldwide on a budget of $7.4 million.


title: The Bye Bye Man

text: In 1968, a mass murder occurs in Madison, Wisconsin, during which a man kills people on his block. As he shoots the neighbors, he continuously asks if anyone spoke about "the name" that cannot be said. He repeats over and over: "Don't say it, don't think it; don't think it, don't say it".


title: The Bye Bye Man

text: In the present day, Elliot, his girlfriend Sasha, and friend John move into an off-campus house not far from their college. Soon, mysterious things start to happen, such as Sasha developing a strange cough and Elliot finding coins in a nightstand that continually reappear. Elliot also finds writing consisting of "don't think it, don't say it", and a name - the Bye Bye Man. During a séance involving their friend Kim, the name is mentioned.


title: The Bye Bye Man

text: Sasha continues to become sick as Elliot and John start experiencing hallucinations and stranger activity. Elliot begins to suspect that Sasha is cheating on him with John, as Elliot's brother Virgil had said at the party before the Bye Bye Man was released. A librarian shows Elliot a dossier about the Bye Bye Man. A teenager killed his family and told a reporter that the Bye Bye Man made him do it. The same reporter later became a mass shooter during the '60s, who killed himself after realizing people knew about the Bye Bye Man. Kim is killed when she is struck by a train. Elliot is taken in for questioning by Detective Shaw, and is released when Kim's suicide note reveals she killed her roommate and was planning on killing Elliot, Sasha, and John.


title: The Bye Bye Man

text: Elliot also visits the widow of the reporter, who reveals that the curse causes insanity, hallucinations, and eventually, death. Signs of his coming are coins mysteriously appearing, sounds of a train, and a large, skinless hound. The only way to prevent it is to not think of his name or speak of him. If someone already knows, they must be killed. The librarian is hit by Elliot's car by accident after she killed everyone in her home, coming for Elliot next.


title: The Bye Bye Man

text: Sasha and John are also suffering from hallucinations. Elliot finds John stabbing Sasha. He shoots John, but after he picks up the corpse, Sasha is revealed to have been stabbing John. The Bye Bye Man appears and Elliot hallucinates. Elliot keeps Virgil and his daughter Alice away long enough for him to kill himself with a gun. Virgil and Alice get away before the entire house goes up in flames.


title: The Bye Bye Man

text: While riding home, Alice reveals she found the coins from the nightstand near the trash, along with the writing, but she could not read it in the dark. Detective Shaw arrives at the scene, where John is found to be alive, but wounded. John then whispers the name to Shaw, allowing the Bye Bye Man's curse to spread again.


title: The Bye Bye Man

text: On September 11, 2014, TWC-Dimension acquired the worldwide distribution rights to the then-forthcoming supernatural thriller film "The Bye Bye Man". Jonathan Penner adapted the script from "The Bridge to Body Island", a chapter in Robert Damon Schneck's fiction book "The President's Vampire" (Anomalist Books 2005; later retitled "The Bye-Bye Man and Other Strange-But-True Tales" when reprinted by Penguin-Random House in 2016.) "The Bridge to Body Island" tells an allegedly true story that was related to Schneck.


title: The Bye Bye Man

text: Stacy Title directed the film, which Intrepid Pictures produced, with its founder Trevor Macy. On June 23, 2015, Los Angeles Media Fund came on board to finance and co-produce the film. Jeffrey Soros and Simon Horsman also produced the film through LAMF. On November 4, 2015, STX Entertainment acquired the worldwide distribution rights to the film, and also co-financed the film. David Prior also adapted the book, along with Penner. Melinda Nishioka was a co-producer.


title: The Bye Bye Man

text: Principal photography on the film began on November 2, 2015, in Cleveland, Ohio, and wrapped on December 11, 2015.


title: The Bye Bye Man

text: The Newton Brothers composed the music for the film. Sony Classical Records has released the soundtrack featuring a song performance by the composers and Richard Patrick.


title: The Bye Bye Man

text: "The Bye Bye Man" was released on January 13, 2017. It had originally been scheduled for October 14, 2016, before being moved up to June 3, 2016, and later pushed back to December 9, 2016.


title: The Bye Bye Man

text: "The Bye Bye Man" grossed $22.4 million in the United States and Canada and $4.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $26.7 million, against a production budget of $7.4 million.


title: The Bye Bye Man

text: In North America, the film was released alongside the openings of "Monster Trucks" and "Sleepless", as well as the wide releases of "Silence", "Patriots Day", and "Live by Night," and was expected to gross around $10 million from 2,220 theaters in its opening weekend. It ended up opening to $13.2 million, finishing above expectations and 4th at the box office.


title: The Bye Bye Man

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 19% based on 89 reviews and an average rating of 3.70/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""The Bye Bye Man" clumsily mashes together elements from better horror films, adding up to a derivative effort as short on originality as it is on narrative coherency or satisfying scares." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 37 out of 100 based on 22 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C" on an A+ to F scale.


title: The Bye Bye Man

text: A. A. Dowd of "The A.V. Club" said, "on top of the general hoariness, this is also an uncommonly, at times unbelievably inept movie; from its acting to its script to most of its technical aspects, it feels barely fit for the big screen. "The Bye Bye Man" is so bad, in fact, that it retroactively improves the half-assed Hollywood horror that it’d be lucky to better resemble." Kalyn Corrigan, writing for Bloody Disgusting, said the film had "poorly developed characters", a "muddled mythology", and "horribly shoddy editing", ultimately giving the film a 2/5 rating. Jake Dee for JoBlo.com said "in a room full of 200 or so public patrons, the film drew far more auditory laughs than terrified gasps," and awarded it a 3/10 rating.


title: Richa Pallod

text: Richa Pallod is an Indian model and actress who predominantly appears in Hindi films.besides Hindi, she has been featured in Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam language films. After appearing as a child artiste in "Lamhe" (1991), she appeared in an award-winning role in "Nuvve Kavali" (2000), her first film in Telugu.


title: Richa Pallod

text: Her most notable Hindi film include Yashraj Films' "Neal 'N' Nikki" (2005). Her roles in Tamil films "Shahjahan" (2001) and "Unakkum Enakkum" (2006) are noted whilst she has also featured in Kannada and Malayalam language films.


title: Richa Pallod

text: Richa Pallod made her entry into films with a minute role as a child artiste in the film "Lamhe" (1991) and "Pardes" (1997). She started modelling at the age of 16, has featured in over five hundred commercials and appeared in Falguni Pathak's music videos "Yaad Piya Ki Aane Lagi" and "Piya Se Mil Ke Aaye Nain". Richa made her film debut in the Telugu film, "Nuvve Kavali" (2000), opposite Tarun, whom she had previously appeared with in a commercial shot by Rajiv Menon. The film, which portrayed love between two childhood friends in college, became a huge commercial success and won favourable reviews with claims that Richa "did not seem like a debutant" in her role. Furthermore, the role led to Richa securing the Filmfare Best Telugu Actress Award for 2000.


title: Richa Pallod

text: She made her debut in Tamil cinema, playing the lead role opposite Vijay in "Shajahan". The film was appreciated by critics and Richa's performance was noted to have "done little good". Her second Tamil film was "Alli Arjuna", directed by noted film maker Saran featuring Manoj Bharathiraja. Richa played the role of an independent girl being romantically pursued by Manoj, but once again received unfavourable reviews with reviewers citing that "you do not feel for Richa".


title: Richa Pallod

text: Her first Hindi film as a lead artiste was opposite Fardeen Khan in "Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein", one of the best movie but with the film becoming a failure. Richa claimed that the lack of promotion of the project might have been the reason for the dull response towards the film. Her subsequent Hindi films within the next two years, including two films opposite actor Rakesh Bapat, were low-budget projects and did not fare well at the box office. Similarly, her projects in Kannada, "Cheppale" and "Jootata", opposite Sameer Dattani also failed commercially, with reviews criticising Richa's performance in the latter. Richa went on to appear in Yashraj Films' "Neal 'N' Nikki", featuring Uday Chopra and Tanisha, playing the role of Sweety. After several of her previous ventures failed to succeed, Richa was forced to appear in a supporting role in "Unakkum Enakkum".


title: Richa Pallod

text: Richa went on to claim that poor public relations and lack of promotion led to her disappearance from films before returning in 2009, with her first appearance in a Malayalam film in the Mammootty starrer, "Daddy Cool". Playing the role of Annie Simon, mother of an eight-year-old, her role won critical acclaim and the film was a commercial success. In 2010 she appeared in the Telugu language film, "Inkosaari" alongside Raja and Manjari Phadnis. However the film failed to succeed commercially as it was released alongside the hit film, "Ye Maaya Chesaave", which went on to attract more viewers. Towards the end of her career as a lead actress, Richa featured in the making of two low-budget unreleased Tamil films, "Nalvaravu" and "Kadhal Kalvan".


title: Richa Pallod

text: In 2011, she was chosen to be one of the Hindi-dubbing artistes for the Hindi dubbed version of the Hollywood film, "", when it was released in theatres, shortly after its North American release, dubbing for Rose Byrne's role as Moira MacTaggert.


title: Richa Pallod

text: Richa took a sabbatical from acting for a few years after her wedding, before appearing in "Yagavarayinum Naa Kaakka / Malupu" (2015) in a supporting role.


title: Patrol Boat, River

text: Patrol Boat, Riverine, or PBR, is the United States Navy designation for a small rigid-hulled patrol boat used in the Vietnam War from March 1966 until 1975. They were deployed in a force that grew to 250 boats, the most common craft in the River Patrol Force, Task Force 116, and were used to stop and search river traffic in areas such as the Mekong Delta, the Rung Sat Special Zone, the Saigon River and in I Corps, in the area assigned to Task Force Clearwater, in an attempt to disrupt weapons shipments. In this role they frequently became involved in firefights with enemy soldiers on boats and on the shore, were used to insert and extract Navy SEAL teams, and were employed by the United States Army's 458th Transportation Company, known as the 458th Sea Tigers. The PBR was replaced by the Special Operations Craft – Riverine (SOC-R)


title: Patrol Boat, River

text: The PBR was a versatile boat with a fiberglass hull and water jet drive which enabled it to operate in shallow, weed-choked rivers. It drew only of water fully loaded. The drives could be pivoted to reverse direction, turn the boat in its own length, or come to a stop from full speed in a few boat lengths.


title: Patrol Boat, River

text: The PBR was manufactured in two versions, the first with length and 10-foot, 7-inch beam. The Mark II version long and wider beam had improved drives to reduce fouling and aluminum gunwales to resist wear.


title: Patrol Boat, River

text: The PBR was designed by Willis Slane and Jack Hargrave of Hatteras Yachts, located in High Point, NC at the time, and its hull was based on an existing Hatteras Yacht hull. Just seven days after a meeting with US Navy officials, Slane and Hargrave had a prototype ready.


title: Patrol Boat, River

text: The 11 PBRs delivered in March 1966 and the approximately 300 delivered over the next few years to the U.S. and South Vietnamese military were based on a pleasure boat design constructed by Uniflite, a boatyard in Bellingham, Washington, on the northern end of Puget Sound near the Canadian border.


title: Patrol Boat, River

text: In October 1965, the Navy awarded a contract to the company for construction of 140 PBRs. The first craft off the assembly line, called the Mark I, was 31 feet long with a hull constructed entirely of fiberglass, a technology developed in the early 1950s.


title: Patrol Boat, River

text: The PBR was usually manned by a four-man crew. Typically, a First Class Petty Officer served as boat captain, with a gunner's mate, an engineman and a seaman on board. Each crewman was cross-trained in each other's jobs in the event one became unable to carry out his duties. Generally, PBRs operated in pairs under the command of a patrol officer who rode on one of the boats.


title: Patrol Boat, River

text: The boats were powered by dual 180 hp (115 kW) Detroit Diesel 6V53N engines with Jacuzzi Brothers pump-jet drives. The boats reached top speeds of 28.5 knots (53 km/h 32 mph).


title: Patrol Boat, River

text: Typical armament configuration included twin M2HB .50 caliber (12.7 mm) machine guns forward in a rotating shielded tub, a single rear M2HB, one or two M60 7.62 mm light machine guns mounted on the port and starboard sides and a Mk 19 grenade launcher. There was also a full complement of M16 Rifles, shotguns, .45 ACP handguns and hand grenades. Some had a "piggyback" arrangement, a .50 cal machine gun on top of an 81mm mortar; others had a bow-mounted Mk16 Mod 4 Colt 20 mm automatic cannon, derived from the AN/M3 version of the Hispano-Suiza HS.404 and also found on the LCMs and PBRs.


title: Patrol Boat, River

text: What the boats possessed in heavy firepower they lacked in armor or shielding. Although the .50 cal machine guns had some ceramic armor shielding and the Coxswain's flat had some quarter-inch thick steel armor plate, the boats were designed to rely on rapid acceleration, maneuverability, and speed to get out of tight situations.


title: Patrol Boat, River

text: From 1966 to 1972 PBRs were operated by the Navy as the principal component of Task Force 116. PBRs were operating with the U.S. Naval Reserve up until 1995 at Mare Island, California, prior to the base's closure due to BRAC action that year. During the Vietnam War, Mare Island was home to the U.S. Navy's Repair Facilities, Mothballing Operations, Submarine Operations, and Riverine Training Operations for both Patrol Craft Inshore (PCF) Swift Boats, PBRs and the River Assault Boats of the Mobile Riverine Force.


title: Patrol Boat, River

text: The training areas for the PBRs and Swift Boats still exist today within the Napa Sonoma Marsh state wildlife area. Sloughs such as Dutchman Slough, China Slough, Napa Slough, Devil's Slough, Suisun marshland and the Napa River all run through the former training area.


title: Patrol Boat, River

text: Since the Navy was busy patrolling the rivers, the U.S. Army had to secure the waters around its military ports. So, it converted the 458th Transportation Company (LARC) into a PBR company in early 1968 under the 18th Military Police Brigade. With the company headquarters at Cat Lai, the company assigned pairs of PBRs to each of the Army ports. The crews consisted of two army mariners, coxswain and engineman, and two Military Police as gunners.


title: Patrol Boat, River

text: In the late 1990s, what remained of the U.S. Navy's PBR force was solely in the Naval Reserve (Swift Boats had been retired from the active duty U.S. Navy immediately following the Vietnam War during the early 1970s), and was moved further inland towards Sacramento, California, the state capital, which is also intertwined with rivers. From Sacramento, PBRs can still transit directly to and through San Francisco Bay and into the Pacific Ocean, if need be. The waters of the State Wildlife Area, next to the former U.S. Navy (Riverine) training base at Mare Island, are still available for U.S. Navy PBR usage.


title: Patrol Boat, River

text: James "Willie" Williams was a United States Navy sailor commanding PBR 105. During a patrol operation on 31 October 1966, an engagement between two PBRs (105 and one other) and two sampans escalated into a three-hour running battle involving more than 50 enemy vessels, numerous VC ground troops, and US Navy attack helicopter support. For his role in this battle, Williams received the Medal of Honor. According to the citation, "the patrol accounted for the destruction or loss of 65 enemy boats and inflicted numerous casualties on the enemy personnel." Williams is considered the most heavily decorated enlisted sailor in US Navy history. The US Navy posthumously named a guided missile destroyer, USS "James E. Williams", after him.


title: Patrol Boat, River

text: Patrick Osborne Ford was a United States Navy sailor serving on a PBR patrol boat who was killed in South Vietnam after he saved the lives of two of his shipmates. The US Navy posthumously awarded him the Navy Cross and later named a frigate, USS "Ford" (FFG-54), after him.


title: Patrol Boat, River

text: A major part of the action in the 1979 movie "Apocalypse Now" takes place on a fictional United States Navy PBR by the code name of "Street Gang".


title: Patrol Boat, River

text: An unarmed PBR Mk. II replica called "Boat Machine" or "Du Ma" was used in the "Seamen" special of the television show "The Grand Tour" by Jeremy Clarkson, who claimed that as there were no surviving PBRs the replica had to be built completely from scratch and so cost £100,000. "Du Ma" was as authentic as possible, using the same jacuzzi drive jets as the original design, but powered by two 350 horsepower V8 petrol engines of unspecified make.


title: Autobiography of a Yogi

text: Autobiography of a Yogi is an autobiography of Paramahansa Yogananda (5 January 1893 – 7 March 1952) first published in 1946.


title: Autobiography of a Yogi

text: Paramahansa Yogananda was born as Mukunda Lal Ghosh in Gorakhpur, India, into a Bengali Hindu family. "Autobiography of a Yogi" introduces the reader to his life and his encounters with spiritual figures of both the Eastern and the Western world. The book begins with his childhood family life and follows-on to his finding his guru, to becoming a monk and establishing his teachings of Kriya Yoga meditation. The book continues in 1920 when Yogananda accepts an invitation to speak at a religious congress in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. He then travels across America lecturing and establishing his teachings in Los Angeles, California. In 1935, he returns to India for a yearlong visit. When he returns to America, he continues to establish his teachings, including writing this book.


title: Autobiography of a Yogi

text: The book is an introduction to the methods of attaining God-realization and to the spiritual wisdom of the East, which had only been available to a few in 1946. The author claims that the writing of the book was prophesied long ago by the nineteenth-century master Lahiri Mahasaya (Paramguru of Yogananda).


title: Autobiography of a Yogi

text: The book has been in print for seventy years and translated into over fifty languages by Self-Realization Fellowship, a spiritual society established by Yogananda. It has been highly acclaimed as a spiritual classic, including being designated by Philip Zaleski, while he was under the auspices of HarperCollins Publishers, as one of the "100 Most Important Spiritual Books of the 20th Century." It is included in the book "50 Spiritual Classics: Timeless Wisdom from 50 Great Books of Inner Discovery, Enlightenment and Purpose" by Tom Butler-Bowdon. According to Project Gutenberg, the first edition is in the public domain and at least five publishers are reprinting it and four post it free for online reading.


title: Autobiography of a Yogi

text: "Autobiography of a Yogi" examines the life and spiritual development of Paramahansa Yogananda. The book describes Yogananda's childhood family life, his search for his guru, Swami Sri Yukteswar Giri, the establishment of his first school, Yogoda Satsanga Brahmacharya Vidyalaya, and his journey to America where he lectured to thousands, established Self-Realization Fellowship and visited Luther Burbank, a renowned botanist to whom the book is dedicated. The book then describes Yogananda's return visit to India in 1935, where he encountered leading spiritual figures such as Therese Neumann in Bavaria, the Hindu saint Ananda Moyi Ma, Mahatma Gandhi, Rabindranath Tagore, Nobel Prize-winning physicist Sir C. V. Raman, and Giri Bala, "the woman yogi who never eats." Finally, Yogananda describes his return to the West, where he continued to establish his teachings in America, including the writing of the "Autobiography".


title: Autobiography of a Yogi

text: The preface was written by anthropologist Walter Evans-Wentz, a writer who was a pioneer in the study of Tibetan Buddhism in the west, most notably through his translations of "The Tibetan Book of the Dead" and "Tibet's Great Yogi Milarepa." In the preface he wrote, "His unusual life-document is certainly one of the most revealing of the depths of the Hindu mind and heart, and of the spiritual wealth of India, ever to be published in the West."


title: Autobiography of a Yogi

text: Yukteswar Giri, Yogananda's guru, told him about a significant prediction made by Lahiri Mahasaya, Yukteswar's guru. Yukteswar heard him say, "About fifty years after my passing," he said, "my life will be written because of a deep interest in yoga which the West will manifest. The yogic message will encircle the globe, and aid in establishing that brotherhood of man which results from direct perception of the One Father." In 1945, fifty years after Lahiri Mahasaya's passing in 1895, the Autobiography was complete and ready for publication.


title: Autobiography of a Yogi

text: In 1999, "Autobiography of a Yogi" was designated one of the "100 Most Important Spiritual Books of the 20th Century" by a panel of theologians and luminaries convened by HarperCollins publishers. According to Philip Goldberg, who wrote "American Veda", "... the Self-Realization Fellowship, which represents Yogananda's Legacy, is justified in using the slogan, "The Book that Changed the Lives of Millions." It has sold more than four million copies and counting ..." "Autobiography of a Yogi" is the most popular of Yogananda's books and SRF has published the book into over fifty languages.


title: Autobiography of a Yogi

text: "Autobiography of a Yogi" has introduced meditation and yoga to many Westerners since its publication. The book has many famous advocates, particularly in the business and entertainment communities.


title: Autobiography of a Yogi

text: One of the most famous advocates of the book was Steve Jobs, the co-founder, and formerly Chairman and CEO of Apple Inc. Jobs "first read "Autobiography of a Yogi" as a teenager, then re-read [the book] ... once a year ever since." Marc Benioff, CEO of Salesforce.com, told his story of attending Steve Jobs' memorial service, where the attendees were handed a small brown box on their way out. "This is going to be good," he thought. "I knew that this was a decision he made, and whatever it was, it was the last thing he wanted us all to think about." The box contained a copy of the book.


title: Autobiography of a Yogi

text: George Harrison, lead guitarist of the Beatles, received his first copy of "Autobiography of a Yogi" from Ravi Shankar in 1966 and, according to Shankar, "that was where his (George Harrison's) interest in Vedic culture and Indian-ness began." Gary Wright, who wrote the song "Dream Weaver", wrote: "In 1972, my friend George Harrison invited me to accompany him on a trip to India. A few days before we left, he gave me a copy of the book "Autobiography of a Yogi" by Paramahansa Yogananda. Needless to say the book inspired me deeply, and I became totally fascinated with Indian culture and philosophy. My trip was an experience I will never forget."


title: Autobiography of a Yogi

text: Elvis Presley was introduced to "Autobiography of a Yogi" in 1965 by his hair dresser-turned-guru, Larry Geller. Elvis continued to study the book throughout the 1970s. He left a copy of the book behind in a Nashville hotel room on 21 January 1977. Later on this book was auctioned off with a letter of authenticity


title: Autobiography of a Yogi

text: The actress Mariel Hemingway says that she was introduced to the "Autobiography of a Yogi" by Peter Evans, a direct disciple of Yogananda. She was "mesmerized by the "Autobiography of a Yogi" and loved the whole great Hindu tradition of spiritual seeking ..."


title: Autobiography of a Yogi

text: The actor Dennis Weaver gave a copy of the book to Linda Evans, saying that it had changed his life. Evans says that, "Because of Dennis, I took the first step in what would become a life long spiritual journey."


title: Autobiography of a Yogi

text: Andrew Weil, director of the program in Integrative Medicine at University of Arizona, wrote the book "Eating Well for Optimum Health". He mentioned reading the "Autobiography of a Yogi", which he said, "awakened in me an interest in yoga and Indian religious philosophies." He continued, "It is filled with wondrous tales from an exotic land, none more amazing than that of Giri Bala, 'a woman yogi who never eats.'"


title: Autobiography of a Yogi

text: The work has also attracted less favourable comments. Srinivas Aravamudan has described its contents as "miracle-infested territory" whose "single most memorable feature ... is a repetitive insistence on collocating the miraculous and the quotidian. ... The autobiography is an eclectic directory of sorts that might be dubbed a hitchhiker's guide to the paranormal galaxy". Aravamudan notes the "aggressive marketing" of the Yogoda Satsang and Self-Realization Fellowship, that Yogananda himself "worked the mass media" and used a technique described as "Guru English". He notes that Yogananda was the collator of the testimonials that purport to validate the miracles described, which appear at a rate of around one per page.


title: Autobiography of a Yogi

text: According to Chris Welch and the liner notes on the album, "Tales From Topographic Oceans", a concept album recorded by Yes, the progressive rock group, was inspired by "a lengthy footnote on page 83" of "Autobiography of a Yogi". The footnote describes four Shastric scriptures that cover religion, art, social life, medicine, music and architecture. On 3 March 1973, Jon Anderson was given a copy of "Autobiography of a Yogi" by Jamie Muir at Bill Bruford's wedding. Anderson became particularly fascinated by the footnote on page 83, which inspired him to write much of the material for "Tales from Topographic Oceans".


title: Autobiography of a Yogi

text: Cholo-goth icon Rafael Reyes credits the book with saving his life and opening him to spiritual self-awareness.


title: Autobiography of a Yogi

text: James Dudley, in his book "Library Journal: Autobiography of a Yogi", wrote: "Yogananda's masterly storytelling epitomizes the Indian oral tradition with its wit, charm, and compassionate wisdom.


title: Autobiography of a Yogi

text: Phil Goldberg, in his book "The Life of Yogananda", states that "Autobiography of a Yogi" is "the book that changed the lives of millions".


title: Autobiography of a Yogi

text: Today, reading "Autobiography of a Yogi" has become an unofficial prerequisite for prospective students of the Self-Realization Fellowship's "Lessons for Home Study," a set of lessons, reflections, and assignments that one may read and apply before being initiated into Kriya Yoga.


title: Autobiography of a Yogi

text: The "Autobiography of a Yogi" was first printed in December 1946 by Philosophical Library, who printed it until 1953. In October 1953, Self-Realization Fellowship, Yogananda's organization, acquired the rights to the book and have been printing the book ever since, including translating it into over fifty languages. According to Project Gutenberg, the first edition of "Autobiography of a Yogi" is in the public domain in the USA.


title: Autobiography of a Yogi

text: Self-Realization Fellowship has published the book in the United States since the fifth edition in 1954.


title: Autobiography of a Yogi

text: The first edition, which is in the public domain according to Project Gutenberg, has more recently been reprinted by a number of publishers.


title: Autobiography of a Yogi

text: The "Autobiography" is now available in a Kindle edition. An unabridged audio book (15 CDs) version narrated by Ben Kingsley and published by Self-Realization Fellowship (2004) is available in English and German (). It is also offered as a download from iTunes.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group A

text: The 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification UEFA Group A was one of the ten UEFA groups in the World Cup qualification tournament to decide which teams would qualify for the 2022 FIFA World Cup finals tournament in Qatar. Group A consisted of five teams: Azerbaijan, Luxembourg, Portugal, the Republic of Ireland and Serbia. The teams played against each other home-and-away in a round-robin format.


text: The group winners, Serbia, qualified directly for the World Cup finals, while the runners-up, Portugal, advanced to the second round (play-offs).


text: Qatar were partnered with the five-team Group A, which enabled the 2022 FIFA World Cup hosts to play centralised friendlies against these countries on their "spare" match dates. However, these friendlies did not count in the qualifying group standings. Qatar played their "home" matches in Europe in order to allow short travel times for their opponents.


text: The fixture list was confirmed by UEFA on 8 December 2020, the day following the draw. Times are CET/CEST, as listed by UEFA (local times, if different, are in parentheses).


title: James McArdle

text: James John McArdle (born 3 April 1989) is a Scottish actor from Glasgow. He won the Ian Charleson Award for his role as Mikhail Platonov in "Platonov" and was nominated for an Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for portraying Louis Ironson in "Angels in America".


title: James McArdle

text: McArdle was born in Glasgow, growing up in the city's Darnley neighbourhood and attending St Ninian's High School, Giffnock. As a child he attended PACE Theatre Company in nearby Paisley. Having worked as a child actor in films, at 17 he made the decision to travel by bus to London to train as a professional without informing his parents; he was accepted to RADA after initially fluffing his audition lines but managing to return and impress the selectors. He left the course towards its end in 2010, and in the same year he appeared in "Macbeth" at The Globe and starred in the summer smash hit "Spur of the Moment" by Anya Reiss at the Royal Court Theatre in London. He was also well received in his role in "A Month in the Country" by Ivan Turgenev at the Chichester Festival Theatre.


title: James McArdle

text: In 2011, McArdle played the role of Agathon in "Emperor and Galilean" by Henrik Ibsen at the National Theatre. He was also Robin Hood in the 2011 RSC production of "The Legend", adapted by Ella Hickson.


title: James McArdle

text: In 2012, he starred as Harold Abrahams in "Chariots of Fire", Mike Bartlett's stage adaptation of the film of the same title, which opened at London's Hampstead Theatre on 9 May and transferred to the West End on 23 June, running through to 5 January 2013.


title: James McArdle

text: In 2014, he played King James I of Scotland in Rona Munro's "King James I", which was presented at the Edinburgh International Festival and the National Theatre.


title: James McArdle

text: In 2016, McArdle won the Ian Charleson Award for his 2015 performance as Platonov in "Platonov" at the Chichester Festival Theatre


title: James McArdle

text: In 2017, McArdle's performance as Louis Ironson in "Angels in America" at National Theatre Lyttleton in London earned him a nomination for the Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. In March 2018 he stayed with the production when it transferred to Broadway for an 18-week engagement at the Neil Simon Theatre and was nominated for the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Play.


title: Coalition of the Gulf War

text: Under United Nations Security Council Resolution 678, a coalition of 35 countries, led by the United States, fought Iraq in the Gulf War from 1990–1991.


title: Fool's Gold Loaf

text: Fool's Gold Loaf is a sandwich made by the Colorado Mine Company, a restaurant in Denver, Colorado. It consists of a single warmed, hollowed-out loaf of bread filled with the contents of one jar of creamy peanut butter, one jar of grape jelly, and a pound of bacon.


title: Fool's Gold Loaf

text: The sandwich's connection to the singer Elvis Presley is the source of its legend and prolonged interest. According to "The Life and Cuisine of Elvis Presley", Presley and his friends took his private jet from Graceland, purchased 30 of the sandwiches, and spent two hours eating them and drinking Perrier and champagne before flying home. The story became legend and the sandwich became the subject of continued media interest and part of numerous cookbooks, typically focused on Presley's love of food.


title: Fool's Gold Loaf

text: There are two accounts on the origin of Fool's Gold Loaf. According to Graeme Wood, it was created by Cindy and Buck Scott, owners of the Colorado Mine Company restaurant. Wood writes that Presley obtained the recipe from the Scotts so his personal chef could make it, but noted that "the Fool's Gold Loaf never made a recorded encore".


title: Fool's Gold Loaf

text: According to Nick Andurlakis, he helped create the sandwich while he was a chef at the Colorado Mine Company and suggested the dish to Presley. Andurlakis said that he personally delivered the sandwiches to Presley on the famous night.


title: Fool's Gold Loaf

text: The sandwich was named to fit the restaurant's mining motif. At the time of Presley's famous outing, it cost $49.95 ().


title: Fool's Gold Loaf

text: The recipe has been repeated by numerous sources, including "The Life and Cuisine of Elvis Presley" and Andurlakis, a chef at the Colorado Mine Company.


title: Fool's Gold Loaf

text: The Fool's Gold Loaf begins with a loaf of French white bread that is covered in two tablespoons of margarine and baked in the oven at until brown. One pound of sliced bacon is fried in oil until crispy and drained. The loaf is sliced lengthwise, hollowed out, and filled with peanut butter, grape jelly and bacon.


title: Fool's Gold Loaf

text: According to Andurlakis, he personally served Presley the Fool's Gold Loaf with bacon, peanut butter, and blueberry preserves on a loaf of French bread. The specific type of preserves was allegedly Dickinson's blueberry preserves.


title: Fool's Gold Loaf

text: David Adler's book contains a detailed account of the event that made the Fool's Gold Loaf sandwich famous. On the night of February 1, 1976, Elvis Presley was at his home at Graceland in Memphis, entertaining Captain Jerry Kennedy of the Denver Police Department, and Ron Pietrafeso of Colorado's Strike Force Against Crime. The three men began discussing the sandwich, and Presley decided he wanted one right then. Presley had been to the restaurant before, while in Denver.


title: Fool's Gold Loaf

text: Kennedy and Pietrafeso were friends of the owners, so they were driven to the Memphis airport and boarded Presley's private Convair 880 jet, the "Lisa Marie", and flew the two hours to Denver. When they arrived at Stapleton International Airport at 1:40 AM, the plane taxied to a special hangar where the passengers were greeted by Buck Scott, the owner of the Colorado Mine Company, and his wife Cindy, who had brought 22 fresh Fool's Gold Loaves for the men. They spent two hours in the hangar eating the sandwiches, washing them down with Perrier and champagne. Presley invited the pilots of the plane, Milo High and Elwood Davis, to join them. When they were done, they flew back to Memphis without ever leaving the Denver airport.


title: Fool's Gold Loaf

text: The Fool's Gold Loaf connection to Elvis Presley dominates the media's coverage of the subject. It was widely reported as "legend" by the media; including the NBC's "Today", "The Joplin Globe", and the "Gloucester Daily Times". Doug Clark, a columnist for "The Spokesman-Review", recounts the popular story and writes that the Fool's Gold Recipe is "surprisingly tasty" and notes that it contains around . The popular legend and sandwich were also noted by the "Smithsonian".


title: Fool's Gold Loaf

text: The recipe has been included in numerous publications and cookbooks, including David Alder's book "The Life and Cuisine of Elvis Presley". Alder's work continued with the television documentary "The Burger and The King". Another publication by Alder, "Eating the Elvis Presley Way," was later released.


title: Fool's Gold Loaf

text: The Fool's Gold Loaf has been detailed in "Ramble Colorado: The Wanderer's Guide to the Offbeat, Overlooked, and Outrageous". "The Peanut Butter and Co. Cookbook" refers to the Fool's Gold Loaf legend and ties it to the peanut butter, banana and bacon sandwich, also known as the "Elvis sandwich".


title: Fool's Gold Loaf

text: In addition, the sandwich and its connection to Presley is featured in the 2013 romantic comedy "The F Word (What If)", with "The Last Leg" showing it off as well, in order to promote the film.


title: Fool's Gold Loaf

text: A Fool's Gold Loaf was one of the ingredients used in the 2018 "Grill Masters: Memphis" episode of "Chopped".


title: Fool's Gold Loaf

text: A 3-pound version of the Fool's Gold Loaf, known as the "Elvis Challenge", was prepared by Kansas City, Missouri restaurant Succotash during a 2019 episode of the Cooking Channel's "Man v. Food".


title: Jacqueline Roque

text: Jacqueline Picasso or Jacqueline Roque (24 February 1927 – 15 October 1986) was the muse and second wife of Pablo Picasso. Their marriage lasted 12 years until his death, during which time he created over 400 portraits of her, more than any of Picasso's other loves.


title: Jacqueline Roque

text: Born in 1927 in Paris, France, she was only two when her father abandoned her mother and her five-year-old brother. Her mother raised her in cramped concierge's quarters near the Champs Elysées, while also working long hours as a seamstress. Jacqueline was 18 when her mother died of a stroke. In 1946, Jacqueline married André Hutin, an engineer, with whom she had a daughter, Catherine Hutin-Blay. The young family moved to Africa, where Hutin worked, but four years later Jacqueline divorced Hutin and returned to France with Cathy in 1952. She settled down on the French Riviera and took a job at her cousin's shop, the Madoura Pottery in Vallauris.