title: Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS

text: Three months after Hanoi's fall, Ai discovers the Cyberse World destroyed and his friends nowhere to be found, prompting him to return to Yusaku. Meanwhile, Yusaku once again fights as Playmaker after the consciousness of the younger brother of his friend, Cal Kolter, is stolen by a mysterious enemy named Bohman. In pursuit of Bohman, Yusaku and Ai are joined by Theodore Hamilton, a victim of the Lost Incident like Yusaku who uses the alias of Soulburner online and Ai's Fire Ignis friend based on Theodore, Flame. Aqua, the Water Ignis, follows soon after by becoming Skye's partner. At the same time, Varis revives Knights of Hanoi to fight against the new enemies. It's revealed that Bohman is a sentient AI created by the Light Ignis, Lightning, who reveals that he's the one who destroyed the Cyberse World and steals Cal's brother's consciousness. Deeming Ignis superior, he decides to destroy humanity. The Wind Ignis, Windy, also assists Lightning after his program was forcefully rewritten. To defeat Lightning's team, Yusaku and his friends join forces with Hanoi and enter Lightning's stronghold. Both sides fight until only Playmaker, Ai, and Bohman are left with the latter having absorbed all other Ignis. Before perishing, both Flame and Aqua give Ai the last of their powers, allowing him and Playmaker to defeat Bohman.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS

text: After the fight against Bohman, LINK VRAINS is shut down and Ai disappear together with Yusaku's robot, Roboppi. Replacing LINK VRAINS, SOL Technology develops a humanoid robot SOLtis, which Ai and Roboppi uses to infiltrate SOL Technology and attack its high executive, Queen. Knowing he'll be the next target, Skye's older brother, Akira, enlists the help of Playmaker and his friends as well as Hanoi once more to protect him. Ai and Roboppi manage to defeat everyone except Playmaker, Soulburner, and Varis, who are forced to fight decoys. After defeating Akira and taking over SOL Technology, Ai reopens LINK VRAINS and delivers a message for Playmaker that tells the whereabout of his location. Yusaku confronts Ai alone, leading the two of them to duel. Ai explains that Lightning left behind a simulation that shows the world will be destroyed if Ai is the only Ignis left. Fearing that he'll become like Lightning and Bohman, Ai decides to end his life by either by Playmaker's hand if he lose or by scattering his data into the SOLtis if he win. Despite Playmaker's attempt to dissuade Ai, he still refuses to back down, forcing Playmaker to defeat him. In his last moment, Ai reveals that within the simulations, Yusaku always ends up dying protecting him, which is a future that he wishes to avoid. Months after the final battle, everyone moves on with their lives and Yusaku goes on a journey. Somewhere within the network, Ai is revealed to be alive.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS

text: "Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS" was first announced on December 16, 2016. It began airing on TV Tokyo in Japan on May 10, 2017. The series is being directed by Masahiro Hosoda at Studio Gallop with screenplay by Shin Yoshida and character design by Ken'ichi Hara. The series ended on September 25, 2019.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS

text: The series is being simulcast with English subtitles outside of Asia by Crunchyroll. This makes it the first series in the "Yu-Gi-Oh!" franchise to receive an official simulcast alongside its Japanese broadcast.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS

text: A localized English adaptation was produced by Konami Cross Media NY. The pilot episode was previewed along with a digitally remastered screening of "" on March 11, 2018 and March 12, 2018 in the US, and on June 13, 2018 in the UK. The English dub began airing on Teletoon in Canada on September 1, 2018, and on 9Go! in Australia on April 6, 2019.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS

text: In November 2020, Cinedigm announced that the streaming service Pluto TV has secured exclusive rights in multiple territories, including the United States and Latin America, to "VRAINS". Pluto TV would launch a channel dedicated to the "Yu-Gi-Oh!" franchise, featuring episodes from the entire "Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters" metaseries, including "VRAINS", available in English and dubbed in multiple languages.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS

text: "Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS" introduces new gameplay elements to the "Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game". With the release of the "Link Strike Starter Deck", it introduced the New Master Rules (also known as Master Rule 4 in some countries) to the competitive field of play. Now, only one monster can be summoned directly from each player's Extra Deck at a time, which is placed in one of the two new zones in the middle of the field called the "Extra Monster Zone". Complementing this new gameplay element are the new Link Monsters, honey-comb blue colored monsters that go into your Extra Deck. They do not have "Levels" or "Ranks", but instead have a "Link Rating", which indicates the number of arrows on the card and the required number of monsters required to summon them. A Link Monster's Link Rating can also be used as a number of materials for a Link Summon depending on their rating, subtracted from the Link Monster the player wishes to summon. Link Monsters have a number of Link Arrows equal to their Link Rating that point either vertically, horizontally, and/or diagonally. These Link Arrows that point to an empty Main Monster Zone allow the player to summon monsters from the Extra Deck, which include face-up Pendulum Monsters. The two Pendulum Zones have been moved to the far ends of the Spell & Trap Zones, though they also double as regular Spell & Trap Zones should the player wish not to use them.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS

text: In 2019, a new format exclusive to the TCG was introduced separate from the main game, known as Speed Duels. The rules are similar to the main game and parallel the formatting used in the mobile game Duel Links. A format meant as a beginner's introduction to the basics, both the field and each player's decks have been drastically simplified to reflect that. Decks contain only 20-30 cards, each player gets only three Main Monster zones, and a turn will immediately end following the Battle Phase. Exclusive to Speed Duels, each player is allowed one Skill Card, which a player places face down during the beginning of a duel and can use anytime.


title: Operating theater

text: An operating theater (also known as an operating room (OR), operating suite, or operation suite) is a facility within a hospital where surgical operations are carried out in an aseptic environment.


title: Operating theater

text: Historically, the term "operating theater" referred to a non-sterile, tiered theater or amphitheater in which students and other spectators could watch surgeons perform surgery. Contemporary operating rooms are usually devoid of a theater setting, making the term "operating theater" a misnomer in those cases.


title: Operating theater

text: Operating rooms are spacious, in a cleanroom, and well-lit, typically with overhead surgical lights, and may have viewing screens and monitors. Operating rooms are generally windowless, though windows are becoming more prevalent in newly built theaters to provide clinical teams with natural light, and feature controlled temperature and humidity. Special air handlers filter the air and maintain a slightly elevated pressure. Electricity support has backup systems in case of a black-out. Rooms are supplied with wall suction, oxygen, and possibly other anesthetic gases. Key equipment consists of the operating table and the anesthesia cart. In addition, there are tables to set up instruments. There is storage space for common surgical supplies. There are containers for disposables. Outside the operating room, or sometimes integrated within, is a dedicated scrubbing area that is used by surgeons, anesthetists, ODPs (operating department practitioners), and nurses prior to surgery. An operating room will have a map to enable the terminal cleaner to realign the operating table and equipment to the desired layout during cleaning. Operating rooms are typically supported by an anaesthetic room, prep room, scrub and a dirty utility room.


title: Operating theater

text: Several operating rooms are part of the operating suite that forms a distinct section within a health-care facility. Besides the operating rooms and their wash rooms, it contains rooms for personnel to change, wash, and rest, preparation and recovery rooms, storage and cleaning facilities, offices, dedicated corridors, and possibly other supportive units. In larger facilities, the operating suite is climate- and air-controlled, and separated from other departments so that only authorized personnel have access.


title: Operating theater

text: Temperature and surgical site infections (SSI). The current operating room design temperature is between . Operating rooms are typically kept below 73.4 °F (23 °C) & room temperature is the most critical factor in influencing heat loss. Surgeons wear multiple layers (surgical gowns, lead aprons) and may perspire into an incision if not kept cool; excessive heat may also decrease concentration and increase the frequency of errors. Higher temperatures increased subjective physical demand and frustration of the surgical staff. One option is to heat the patient to prevent surgical site infections (SSI) and keep the surgical team cool. There is a 3 fold increase in infection for every 1.9 degree Celsius body temperature decrease because of weakened immune response at lower body temperatures. Radiation is the major cause of heat loss in patients, and convection (through air) is the second cause of heat loss. In the first hour, it is common for a healthy patient’s temperature to decrease 0.5-1.5 °C as anesthesia causes rapid decrease in core temperature. One study found that the most efficient method of maintaining normothermia included using warm wraps and a heating blanket (commercially known as a Bair Hugger) [6]. Additionally, pre-warming for thirty minutes may prevent hypothermia.


title: Operating theater

text: People in the operating room wear PPE (personal protective equipment) to help prevent bacteria from infecting the surgical incision. This PPE includes the following:


title: Operating theater

text: The surgeon may also wear special glasses that help him/her to see more clearly. The circulating nurse and anesthesiologist will not wear a gown in the OR because they are not a part of the sterile team. They must keep a distance of 12-16 inches from any sterile object, person, or field.


title: Operating theater

text: Early operating theaters in an educational setting had raised tables or chairs at the center for performing operations surrounded by steep tiers of standing stalls for students and other spectators to observe the case in progress. The surgeons wore street clothes with an apron to protect them from blood stains, and they operated bare-handed with unsterilized instruments and supplies.


title: Operating theater

text: The University of Padua began teaching medicine in 1222. It played a leading role in the identification and treatment of diseases and ailments, specializing in autopsies and the inner workings of the body.


title: Operating theater

text: In 1884 German surgeon Gustav Neuber implemented a comprehensive set of restrictions to ensure sterilization and aseptic operating conditions through the use of gowns, caps, and shoe covers, all of which were cleansed in his newly invented autoclave. In 1885 he designed and built a private hospital in the woods where the walls, floors and hands, arms and faces of staff were washed with mercuric chloride, instruments were made with flat surfaces and the shelving was easy-to-clean glass. Neuber also introduced separate operating theaters for infected and uninfected patients and the use of heated and filtered air in the theater to eliminate germs. In 1890 surgical gloves were introduced to the practice of medicine by William Halsted. Aseptic surgery was pioneered in the United States by Charles McBurney.


title: Operating theater

text: The oldest surviving operating theater is thought to be the 1804 operating theater of the Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia. The 1821 Ether Dome of the Massachusetts General Hospital is still in use as a lecture hall. Another surviving operating theater is the Old Operating Theatre in London. Built in 1822, it is now a museum of surgical history. The Anatomical Theater at the University of Padua, in Italy, inside Palazzo Bo was constructed and used as a lecture hall for medical students who observed the dissection of corpses, not surgical operations. It was commissioned by the anatomist Girolamo Fabrizio d'Acquapendente in 1595.


title: Vorenus and Pullo

text: Lucius Vorenus and Titus Pullo were two Roman centurions mentioned in the personal writings of Julius Caesar. Although it is sometimes stated they were members of the 11th Legion (Legio XI Claudia), in fact Caesar never states the number of the legion concerned, giving only (in the reference cited below) the words "in ea legione", 'in that legion'. The legion concerned is never specified and therefore are several possibilities, for example Legio IX Hispana. All that we learn is that the legion in which they served under Caesar was one commanded at the time by Quintus Cicero.


title: Vorenus and Pullo

text: Vorenus and Pullo appear in Caesar's "Commentarii de Bello Gallico," Book 5, Chapter 44. The episode describes the two as centurions, approaching the first ranks, who shared a bitter personal rivalry, and takes place in 54 BC when the Nervii attacked the legion under Quintus Cicero in their winter quarters in Nervian territory.


title: Vorenus and Pullo

text: In an effort to outdo Vorenus, Pullo charged out of the fortified camp and attacked the enemy. Pullo cast his javelin into one of the enemies from a short distance, but his belt was simultaneously pierced by a spear, preventing him from drawing his sword, and he was surrounded by other Nervii. Just then, Vorenus, following Pullo from the fortifications, reached the site of the mêlée and engaged the enemy in hand-to-hand combat. After slaying one of the enemy and driving back the rest, Vorenus lost his footing on the irregular terrain. As the Nervii drew closer to him, Pullo came to his aid. After slaying many of their opponents, the two retreated to the fortifications amidst roaring applause from their comrades, or "covered with glory," as described by Caesar.


title: Vorenus and Pullo

text: Vorenus then disappears from history. However, it is known that in the Civil War of 49 BC, Pullo was assigned to the XXI Victrix Rapax, a new Italian legion commanded by the legate Gaius Antonius. In 48 BC, Antonius was blockaded on an island and forced to surrender; Pullo was apparently responsible for most of his soldiers switching sides to fight for Pompey. Later that year, he is recorded bravely defending Pompey's camp in Greece from Caesar's attack shortly before the Battle of Pharsalus.


title: Arooj Aftab

text: Arooj Aftab (; born March 11, 1985) is a Pakistani singer, composer, and producer based in the United States. She works in various musical styles and idioms, including jazz, minimalism, and neo-Sufi.


title: Arooj Aftab

text: Aftab was nominated for the Best New Artist award and won the Best Global Music Performance award for her song "Mohabbat" at the 64th Annual Grammy Awards in April 2022. She became the first-ever Pakistani artist to win a Grammy Award.


title: Arooj Aftab

text: On the 75th diamond jubilee anniversary of Pakistan, President Arif Alvi awarded to Aftab, the Pride of Performance Award, the highest literary award for showing excellence in the field of art and music.


title: Arooj Aftab

text: Aftab was born to Pakistani parents expatriated in Saudi Arabia. When she was about 10 years old, they returned to their native Lahore, Pakistan. She learned to play the guitar in autodidact and gradually acquired her singing style while listening to Billie Holiday, Hariprasad Chaurasia, Mariah Carey, and Begum Akhtar. At that time, Aftab lived in a country where access to Western online platforms was difficult, and the infrastructure for independent music was lacking. In this context, however, she promoted her music in Pakistan, being one of the first musicians to use the Internet in the early 2000s; her renditions of "Mera Pyaar" and "Hallelujah" went viral and launched the Pakistani indie scene.


title: Arooj Aftab

text: Aftab moved to the United States at the age of 19 in 2005 and earned a degree in music production and engineering at Boston's Berklee College of Music. She moved to New York in 2010 and began working as an editor and scoring films. Since her graduation, Aftab has lived there, being part of the city's jazz and "new music" scene.


title: Arooj Aftab

text: In April 2011, Aftab was included in the "100 Composers Under 40" selection launched by NPR and WQXR-FM's Q2 (a contemporary classical music internet radio station).


title: Arooj Aftab

text: Aftab's first album, "Bird Under Water", was released independently in 2014. It received critical acclaim from David Honigmann of the "Financial Times", who gave the album four out of five stars in March 2015.


title: Arooj Aftab

text: She worked as an editor on the documentary "Armed With Faith" (2017), winning a 2018 Emmy Award afterward.


title: Arooj Aftab

text: Her second album, "Siren Islands", was released on June 12, 2018, through New Amsterdam Records. NPR included the album in their "Favorite Electronic and Dance Music of 2018" list. "The New York Times" listed the song "Island No. 2", which represented the album, in their "25 Best Classical Music Tracks of 2018" list. In mid-July 2018, the song "Lullaby", taken from "Bird Under Water", was ranked number 150 on the NPR's "200 Greatest Songs By 21st Century Women" list.


title: Arooj Aftab

text: In 2020, Aftab sang, among other vocalists, on Residente's Latin Grammy Award-winning single "Antes Que El Mundo Se Acabe". That year, she composed the music for the Student Academy Award-winning film "Bittu" (narrative category) by Karishma Dube.


title: Arooj Aftab

text: An anticipated release, Aftab's third studio album, "Vulture Prince", was released on April 23, 2021, via New Amsterdam Records. Thematically, the album discusses stories of people, relationships, and lost moments and is dedicated to the memory of her younger brother, Maher. "Vulture Prince" received praise from publications such as "Pitchfork", NPR, and the Al Jazeera English-language news channel. Barack Obama selected the song "Mohabbat" from this album as one of his summer playlist favorites for 2021. "Mohabbat" was called one of the best songs of 2021 by "Time" and "The New York Times". "Vulture Prince" was named the best album of 2021 by Netherlands newspaper "de Volkskrant", topping their year-end list. Brenna Ehrlich ranked the album sixth on "Rolling Stone"s "Best Music of 2021" staff list. It was ranked number twenty by "The Guardian" on their list of the "50 best albums of 2021", and Laura Snapes named Aftab "[t]he year's biggest musical revelation". While "Vulture Prince" did not rank on the "Los Angeles Times" top ten "Best Albums of 2021", it was, however, included on their "15 deserving albums" list. In late 2021, Aftab signed with Verve Records.


title: Arooj Aftab

text: She has collaborated with artists such as Meshell Ndegeocello, Badi Assad, Jace Clayton, Vijay Iyer, Rafiq Bhatia, Shahzad Ismaily, Leo Genovese, Toshi Reagon, Maeve Gilchrist, Petros Klampanis, Magda Giannikou, and Gyan Riley.


title: Arooj Aftab

text: Aftab has performed her music at notable music venues such as the Barbican, the Chan Centre, the Lincoln Center, the Andy Warhol Museum, Haus der Kulturen der Welt, The Kitchen, (Le) Poisson Rouge, and the Museum of Modern Art.


title: Arooj Aftab

text: She has also performed at international music festivals such as Coachella, Glastonbury, Primavera Sound Barcelona, Roskilde Festival, Big Ears Festival, The Ecstatic Music Festival, the San Francisco Jazz Festival, Montreal Jazz Festival, Pitchfork Music Festival and the Newport Folk Festival. In 2018 she opened for Mitski at The Brooklyn Steel.


title: Arooj Aftab

text: In September 2022, Aftab will perform at the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Temple of Dandur, and at The Broad's 2022 Summer Happenings series.


title: Arooj Aftab

text: Aftab's music has been described as a blend of jazz fusion, jazz, electronica, neo-Sufi, folk, Hindustani classical, classical music, indie pop, minimalism, and acoustic music. Aftab told the "Los Angeles Times" that she had aspired that "Vulture Prince" would "transcend boundaries".


title: Arooj Aftab

text: She has mentioned Abbey Lincoln, Abida Parveen, Anoushka Shankar, Begum Akhtar, Esperanza Spalding, Jeff Buckley, Julius Eastman, Meshell Ndegeocello, Morton Feldman, and Terry Riley as her influences. Aftab also expressed her admiration for Billie Eilish. Lyrically, Aftab has cited Asian poets as influences such as Rumi, Mirza Ghalib, and Hafeez Hoshiarpuri and uses Urdu Ghazal. Her vocals have been described as "meditative". "Vulture Prince" revolves around themes of grief and longing.


title: Counterfeit money

text: Counterfeit money is currency produced without the legal sanction of a state or government, usually in a deliberate attempt to imitate that currency and so as to deceive its recipient. Producing or using counterfeit money is a form of fraud or forgery, and is illegal. The business of counterfeiting money is nearly as old as money itself: plated copies (known as Fourrées) have been found of Lydian coins, which are thought to be among the first Western coins. Before the introduction of paper money, the most prevalent method of counterfeiting involved mixing base metals with pure gold or silver. Another form of counterfeiting is the production of documents by legitimate printers in response to fraudulent instructions. During World War II, the Nazis forged British pounds and American dollars. Today some of the finest counterfeit banknotes are called "Superdollars" because of their high quality and imitation of the real US dollar. There has been significant counterfeiting of Euro banknotes and coins since the launch of the currency in 2002, but considerably less than that of the US dollar.


title: Counterfeit money

text: Some of the ill-effects that counterfeit money has on society include a reduction in the value of real money; and an increase in prices (inflation) due to more money getting circulated in the economy—an unauthorized artificial increase in the money supply; a decrease in the acceptability of paper money; and losses, when traders are not reimbursed for counterfeit money detected by banks, even if it is confiscated. Traditionally, anti-counterfeiting measures involved including fine detail with raised intaglio printing on bills which allows non-experts to easily spot forgeries. On coins, "milled" or "reeded" (marked with parallel grooves) edges are used to show that none of the valuable metal has been scraped off.


title: Counterfeit money

text: Counterfeiting is sufficiently prevalent throughout history that it has been called "the world's "second"-oldest profession". Coinage of money began in the region of Lydia around 600 B.C. Before the introduction of paper money, the most prevalent method of counterfeiting involved mixing base metals with pure gold or silver. A common practice was to "shave" the edges of a coin. This is known as "clipping". Precious metals collected in this way could be used to produce counterfeit coinage. A fourrée is an ancient type of counterfeit coin, in which a base metal core has been plated with a precious metal to resemble its solid metal counterpart.


title: Counterfeit money

text: When paper money was introduced in China in the 13th century, wood from mulberry trees was used to make money. To control access to the paper, guards were stationed around mulberry forests, while counterfeiters were punished by death.


title: Counterfeit money

text: In the 13th century, Mastro Adamo was mentioned by Dante Alighieri as a counterfeiter of the Florentine fiorino, punished with death by hanging. The English couple Thomas and Anne Rogers were convicted on 15 October 1690 for "Clipping 40 pieces of Silver". Thomas Rogers was hanged, drawn, and quartered while Anne Rogers was burnt alive. Evidence supplied by an informant led to the arrest of the last of the English Coiners ""King"" David Hartley, who was executed by hanging in 1770. The extreme forms of punishment were meted out for acts of treason against the State or Crown rather than a simple crime.In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Irish immigrants to London were particularly associated with the spending (uttering) of counterfeit money, while locals were more likely to participate in the safer and more profitable forms of currency crime, which could take place behind locked doors. These include producing the false money and selling it wholesale.


title: Counterfeit money

text: Similarly, in America, Colonial paper currency printed by Benjamin Franklin and others often bore the phrase "to counterfeit is death". Counterfeiting nevertheless became so prevalent by the early nineteenth century that contemporary accounts like those from author John Neal claimed that as much as half of the US currency in circulation was counterfeit. By the 1830s, American newspapers began listing instructions for identifying counterfeits. Because currency was issued by individual banks, there were approximately 5,400 types of counterfeit bills in the US by the 1860s.


title: Counterfeit money

text: Nations have used counterfeiting as a means of warfare. The idea is to overflow the enemy's economy with fake banknotes so that the real value of the money plummets. Great Britain did this during the American Revolutionary War to reduce the value of the Continental Dollar. The counterfeiters for the British were known as "shovers", presumably for the ability to "shove" the fake currency into circulation. Two of the most well-known shovers for the British during the Revolutionary War were David Farnsworth and John Blair. They were caught with 10,000 dollars in counterfeits when arrested. George Washington took a personal interest in their case and even called for them to be tortured to discover further information. They were eventually hanged for their crimes.


title: Counterfeit money

text: During the American Civil War, the Confederate States dollar was heavily counterfeited by private interests on the Union side, often without the sanction of the Union government in Washington. The Confederacy's access to modern printing technology was limited, while many Northern-made imitations were printed on high-quality banknote paper procured through extralegal means. As a result, counterfeit Southern notes were often equal or even superior in quality compared to genuine Confederate money.


title: Counterfeit money

text: In 1834, counterfeit copper coins manufactured in the United States were seized from several ships with American flags in Brazil. The practice appeared to end after.


title: Counterfeit money

text: A form of counterfeiting is the production of documents by legitimate printers in response to fraudulent instructions. An example of this is the Portuguese Bank Note Crisis of 1925, when the British banknote printers Waterlow and Sons produced Banco de Portugal notes equivalent in value to 0.88% of the Portuguese nominal Gross Domestic Product, with identical serial numbers to existing banknotes, in response to a fraud perpetrated by Alves dos Reis. Similarly, in 1929 the issue of postage stamps celebrating the millennium of Iceland's parliament, the Althing, was compromised by the insertion of "1" on the print order, before the authorized value of stamps to be produced (see Postage stamps and postal history of Iceland).


title: Counterfeit money

text: In December 1925 a high-profile counterfeit scandal came to light, when three people were arrested in the Netherlands while attempting to disseminate forged French 1000-franc bills which had been produced in Hungary. Subsequent investigations uncovered evidence that plot had received widespread support in Hungarian and German nationalist circles including the patronage of high ranking military and civilian officials. Twenty-four of the conspirators were tried in Budapest in May 1926. Most received light sentences in what is believed to have been a deliberate cover up by Hungarian Prime Minister István Bethlen. The affair facilitated the adoption of the International Convention for the Suppression of Counterfeiting Currency in April 1929 and formalized the role of the International Criminal Police Commission.


title: Counterfeit money

text: During World War II, the Nazis attempted to implement a similar plan (Operation Bernhard) against the Allies. The Nazis took Jewish artists to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp and forced them to forge British pounds and American dollars. The quality of the counterfeiting was very good, and it was almost impossible to distinguish between the real and fake bills. The Nazis were unable to carry out planned aerial drops of the counterfeits over Britain, so most notes were disposed of and not recovered until the 1950s.


title: Counterfeit money

text: Today some of the finest counterfeit banknotes are called "Superdollars" because of their high quality, and likeness to the real US dollar. The sources of such supernotes are disputed, with North Korea being vocally accused by US authorities. The amount of counterfeit United States currency is estimated to be less than $3 per $10,000, with less than $3 per $100,000 being difficult to detect.


title: Counterfeit money

text: There has been a rapid growth in the counterfeiting of euro banknotes and coins since the launch of the currency in 2002. In 2003, 551,287 fake euro notes and 26,191 bogus euro coins were removed from EU circulation. In 2004, French police seized fake €10 and €20 notes worth a total of around €1.8 million from two laboratories and estimated that 145,000 notes had already entered circulation.


title: Counterfeit money

text: In the early years of the 21st century, the United States Secret Service has noted a substantial reduction in the quantity of forged U.S. currency, as counterfeiters turn their attention towards the euro.


title: Counterfeit money

text: As a result of their rarity, gold and silver certificates have sometimes been erroneously flagged as counterfeits in the United States when they have, in fact, been genuine. Due to the fact that these banknotes carry significant numismatic value and are sought after by collectors, counterfeit examples have surfaced on eBay via unscrupulous sellers.


title: Counterfeit money

text: A batch of counterfeit A$50 and A$100 notes was released into the Australian city of Melbourne in July 2013. As of July 12, 2013, 40 reports had been made between the northern suburbs of Heidelberg and Epping. Police spokespersons explained to the public in media reports that the currency notes were printed on paper (Australia introduced polymer banknotes in 1988) and could be easily detected by scrunching up the note or tearing it. Additionally, the clear window within the notes was also an easy way to identify fake versions, as the "window appears to have been cut out with two clear plastic pieces stuck together with stars placed in the middle to replicate the Southern Cross". Police also revealed that fake notes had been seized in June 2013 in Melbourne's eastern and western suburbs. According to the Australian RBA figures, during 2014–15, the number of counterfeit $50 currency detected in circulation has more than doubled from the previous year, and more than 33,000 fake notes were removed from circulation. The officials believe this likely a fraction of the number of fake currencies currently flooding through in Victoria and NSW states. On 31 May 2016, the ACT police have warned people to keep an eye out for fake $50 notes, which is circulating throughout Canberra in recent months. The officers have been called out to more than 35 businesses over the past two months in connection to counterfeit $50 notes. Australian Federal Police have charged two persons alleging to have produced $16,465 notes of counterfeit currency and charged them with various offences under the Crimes (Currency) Act 1981. The police said that while Australian notes are hard to counterfeit, featuring many security features, they nonetheless urged people to take a close look each time they spend cash.


title: Counterfeit money

text: At the same time, in countries where paper money is a small fraction of the total money in circulation, the macroeconomic effects of counterfeiting of currency may not be significant. The microeconomic effects, such as confidence in the currency, however, may be large.


title: Counterfeit money

text: Traditionally, anti-counterfeiting measures involved including fine detail with raised intaglio printing on bills which would allow non-experts to easily spot forgeries. On coins, "milled" or "reeded" (marked with parallel grooves) edges are used to show that none of the valuable metal has been scraped off. This detects the "shaving" or "clipping" (paring off) of the rim of the coin. However, it does not detect "sweating", shake coins in a bag, and collect the resulting dust. Since this technique removes a smaller amount, it is primarily used on the most valuable coins, such as gold. In early paper money in Colonial North America, one creative means of deterring counterfeiters was to print the impression of a leaf in the bill. Since the patterns found in a leaf were unique and complex, they were nearly impossible to reproduce.


title: Counterfeit money

text: In the late twentieth century, advances in computer and photocopy technology made it possible for people without sophisticated training to copy currency easily. In response, national engraving bureaus began to include new, more sophisticated anti-counterfeiting systems such as holograms, multi-colored bills, embedded devices such as strips, raised printing, microprinting, watermarks, and color-shifting inks whose colors changed depending on the angle of the light, and the use of design features such as the "EURion constellation" which disables modern photocopiers. Software programs such as Adobe Photoshop have been modified by their manufacturers to obstruct manipulation of scanned images of banknotes. There also exist patches to counteract these measures.


title: Counterfeit money

text: Recently, there has been a discovery of new tests that could be used on U.S. Federal Reserve Notes to ensure that the bills are authentic. These tests are done using intrinsic fluorescence lifetime. This allows for the detection of counterfeit money because of the significance in difference of fluorescence lifetime when compared to authentic money.


title: Counterfeit money

text: The redesigned $100 bill was unveiled on April 21, 2010, and the Federal Reserve Board was to begin issuing the new bill on February 10, 2011, but the release was delayed until October 2013.


title: Counterfeit money

text: The Treasury had made no plans to redesign the $5 bill using colors but recently reversed its decision after learning some counterfeiters were bleaching the ink off the bills and printing them as $100 bills. The new $10 bill (the design of which was revealed in late 2005) entered circulation on March 2, 2006. The $1 bill and $2 bill are seen by most counterfeiters as having too low a value to counterfeit, and so they have not been redesigned as frequently as higher denominations.


title: Counterfeit money

text: In the 1980s, counterfeiting in the Republic of Ireland twice resulted in sudden changes in official documents: in November 1984, the £1 postage stamp, also used on savings cards for paying television licences and telephone bills, was invalidated and replaced by another design at a few days' notice, because of widespread counterfeiting. Later, the £20 Central Bank of Ireland Series B banknote was rapidly replaced because of what the Finance Minister described as "the involuntary privatization of banknote printing".


title: Counterfeit money

text: In the 1990s, the portrait of Chairman Mao Zedong was placed on the banknotes of the People's Republic of China to combat counterfeiting, as he was recognised better than the generic designs on the renminbi notes.


title: Counterfeit money

text: In 1988 the Reserve Bank of Australia released the world's first long-lasting and counterfeit-resistant polymer (plastic) banknotes with a special Bicentennial $10 note issue. After problems with this bill were discovered and addressed, in 1992, a problem-free $5 note was issued. In 1996 Australia became the first country to have a full series of circulating polymer banknotes.


title: Counterfeit money

text: On 3 May 1999, the Reserve Bank of New Zealand started circulating polymer banknotes printed by Note Printing Australia Limited. The technology developed is now used in 24 countries. As of 2009, Note Printing Australia was printing polymer notes for 18 countries.


title: Counterfeit money

text: The Swiss National Bank had a reserve series of notes for the Swiss franc in case widespread counterfeiting were to take place; this was discontinued in the mid-1990's with the introduction of the eighth series of banknotes.


title: Counterfeit money

text: Money art is a subject related to counterfeiting that incorporates currency designs or themes. Some of these works of art are similar enough to actual bills that their legality is in question. While a counterfeit is made with deceptive intent, money art is not; however, the law may or may not differentiate between the two. J.  S.  G.  Boggs was an American artist best known for his hand-drawn, one-sided copies of US banknotes, which he sold for the face value of the note.


title: Counterfeit money

text: Parodies of banknotes, often produced for humorous, satirical or promotional purposes, are called 'skit notes'. (The term 'skit note' has been used since around the mid-19th century. Prior to that, the term 'flash note' was used.)


title: Counterfeit money

text: The street artist Banksy is known for making 10-pound notes that feature Princess Diana's portrait in place of the Queen, while "Bank of England" is replaced by "Banksy of England". The artist's original intent was to throw them off a building, but after some of the notes were dropped at a festival, he discovered that they could pass for legal tender and changed his mind. As of 2012, Banksy is still in possession of all one hundred million pounds' worth of the currency.


title: Counterfeit money

text: In 2006, American artist Jack Daws hired metalsmiths to make a mold of a 1970 U.S. penny and cast it in 18-karat gold. He then hired another metalsmith to copper-plate it, after which it looked like an ordinary penny. On March 28, 2007, Daws intentionally put the "penny" in circulation at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). The sculpture was discovered in Brooklyn two-and-a-half years later by Jessica Reed, a graphic designer and coin collector, who noticed it while paying for groceries at a local store. Reed eventually communicated with Daws' Seattle art dealer, the Greg Kucera Gallery, and Daws confirmed that she had discovered the Counterfeit Penny sculpture.


title: Counterfeit money

text: In May 2017, Australian currency training notes (used in-house by Chinese banks in the training of bank tellers) were circulated briefly in Darwin, Northern Territory, with seven cases reported by the Northern Territory Police of notes being offered and taken as real money. The $100 (Australian dollar) notes had Chinese language characters printed on them but otherwise had the color and feel of real notes, and the Chinese characters can be disguised when the note is folded. They had been sold through eBay, with the disclaimer of not being for circulation. China also has an equivalent $50 (U.S. dollar) "training money", that has previously appeared in the USA.


title: Old Delhi

text: Old Delhi or Purani Dilli is an area in the Central Delhi district of Delhi, India. It was founded as a walled city named Shahjahanabad in 1648, when Shah Jahan (the Mughal emperor at the time) decided to shift the Mughal capital from Agra. The construction of the city was completed in 1648, and it remained the capital of the Mughal Empire until its fall in 1857, when the British Raj took over as paramount power in India.


title: Old Delhi

text: It was once filled with mansions of nobles and members of the royal court, along with elegant mosques and gardens.


title: Old Delhi

text: It serves as the symbolic heart of metropolitan Delhi and is known for its bazaars, street food, shopping locations and its Islamic architecture; Jama Masjid being the most notable example, standing tall in the midst of the old city. Only a few havelis are left and maintained.


title: Old Delhi

text: Upon the 2012 trifurcation of the Municipal Corporation of Delhi, Old Delhi became administered by the North Delhi Municipal Corporation


title: Old Delhi

text: The site of "Shahjahanabad" is north of earlier settlements of Delhi. Its southern part overlaps some of the area that was settled by the Tughlaqs in the 14th century when it was the seat of Delhi Sultanate. The sultanates ruled from Delhi between 1206 and 1526, when the last was replaced by the Mughal dynasty. The five dynasties were the Mamluk dynasty (1206–90), the Khalji dynasty (1290–1320), the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414), the Sayyid dynasty (1414–51), Lodi dynasty (1451–1526) and the Suri dynasty (1540-1556)


title: Old Delhi

text: Delhi remained an important place for the Mughals, who built palaces and forts. Most importantly, Shah Jahan had the walled city built from 1638 to 1649, containing the Lal Qila and the Chandni Chowk. Delhi was one of the original twelve subahs (imperial Mughal provinces), renamed Shahjahanabad in 1648, bordering Awadh, Agra, Ajmer, Multan and Lahore subahs. Daryaganj had the original cantonment of Delhi, after 1803, where a native regiment of Delhi garrison was stationed, which was later shifted to Ridge area. East of Daryaganj was Raj ghat Gate of the walled city, opening at Raj Ghat on Yamuna River. The first wholesale market of Old Delhi opened as the hardware market in Chawri Bazaar in 1840, the next wholesale market was that of dry fruits, spices and herbs at Khari Baoli, opening in 1850. The "Phool Mandi" (Flower Market) of Daryaganj was established in 1869, and even today, despite serving a small geographical area, it is of great importance due to dense population.


title: Old Delhi

text: After the fall of the Mughal Empire post 1857 revolt, the British Raj shifted the capital of British controlled territories in India to a less volatile city, Calcutta in Bengal, where it remained until 1911. After the announcement of the change, the British developed Lutyens' Delhi (in modern New Delhi) just south-west of Shahjahanabad. At this point, the older city started being called "Old" Delhi, as New Delhi became the seat of a national government. It was formally inaugurated as such in 1931.


title: Old Delhi

text: After the construction of the city, many people from Rajasthan, Awadh, Haryana, Punjab, Western Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir arrived for job opportunities and better living standards. The population of Old Delhi remains a mix of many different ethnic groups from the Indian subcontinent. While most areas are Muslim-dominated, Hindi is the most spoken language.


title: Old Delhi

text: It is approximately shaped like a quarter cìrcle, with the Red Fort as the focal point. The old city was surrounded by a wall enclosing about , with 14 gates:


title: Old Delhi

text: The surrounding walls, wide and tall, originally of mud, were replaced by red stone in 1657. In the Mughal period, the gates were kept locked at night.


title: Old Delhi

text: The walls have now largely disappeared, but most of the gates are still present. The township of old Delhi is still identifiable in a satellite image because of the density of houses.


title: Old Delhi

text: The Khooni Darwaza, south of Delhi Gate and just outside the walled city, was originally constructed by Sher Shah Suri.


title: Old Delhi

text: The main street, now termed Chandni Chowk, runs from the Red Fort to Fatehpuri Masjid. Originally a canal ran through the middle of the street.


title: Old Delhi

text: South of the street is Dariba Kalan, a dense residential area, beyond which is Jama Masjid. Daryaganj is a section that used to border the river at Rajghat and Zeenat-ul-Masjid.


title: Old Delhi

text: The Urdu language emerged from the Urdu Bazaar section of Old Delhi. The Din Dunia magazine and various other Urdu publications are the reason for this language staying alive.


title: Old Delhi

text: Of the two streets described by François Bernier, the longer extended from the Lahore Gate of the city to the Lahore Gate of the citadel, and the other from the Delhi Gate of the city to the Lahore Gate of the fort. Both these streets were divided into several sections, each of which was known by a different name.


title: Old Delhi

text: The section between the Lahore Gate of the fort and the entrance of the street called the Dariba, known as the "Khuni Darwazah", was called the Urdu or the Military Bazaar; owing, very probably, to the circumstances of a portion of the local garrison having been once quartered about the place. Between the Khuni Darwazah and the present Kotwali, or the Head Police Station of the city, the street has the name of "Phul ka Mandi" or the flower market. The houses in front of the Kotwali were built at a short distance from the line of the rest of the houses in the street, to form a square.


title: Old Delhi

text: Between the Kotwali and the gate known as the Taraiah, was the Jauhari or the Jewellers' Bazaar; between the Taraiah and the neighborhood is known as "Asharfi ka Katra", was, par excellence, the Chandni Chowk. There was a tank in the center of the Chowk the site of which is now occupied by the Municipal Clock Tower, and beyond this to the Fatehpuri Masjid was the Fatehpuri Bazaar. The houses around Chandni Chowk were of the same height, and were ornamented with arched doors and painted verandahs. To the north and south of the square, there were two gate-ways, the former leading to the Sarai of Jehan Ara Begum, and the latter to one of the most thickly populated quarters of the city. Round the tank, the ground was covered with vegetable, fruit, and sweetmeat stalls. Over time the whole of this long street came to be known as the Chandni Chauk.


title: Old Delhi

text: This grand street was laid out by Jahanara Begum, daughter of Shah Jahan. From the Lahore Gate of the fort to the end of the Chandni Chauk the street was about 40 yards wide and 1,520 yards long. Through the center of this street ran the canal of 'Ali Mardan, shaded on both sides by trees. On the eastern end of the Chandni Chauk stands the Lahore Gate of the Fort, and on the opposite end the handsome mosque of Fatehpuri Begam.


title: Old Delhi

text: The clock tower no longer exists, although the location is still called Ghantaghar. The Sarai of Jehan Ara Begum has been replaced by the city hall. The kotwal is now adjacent to Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib.


title: Old Delhi

text: The engraving accompanying Letitia Elizabeth Landon's poem "The City of Delhi", appears to show the Jama Masjid with an elephant on the open ground before it. She associates the city's past glories with tales of enchantment, namely James Ridley's "The Tales of the Genii" (Sir Charles Mansell).


title: Old Delhi

text: Many of the historical attractions are in the Chandni Chowk area and the Red Fort. In addition, Old Delhi also has:


title: Old Delhi

text: Old Delhi is well known for its cuisine. Karim's, a restaurant described as the city's most famous culinary destination, is near the Jama Masjid. The Gali Paranthe Wali and Ghantewala halwai are also situated here. Chawri Bazaar is one of the oldest markets in Delhi, dating back to the 17th century and was before known as a hardware market, but is known nowadays for its wholesale paper products.


title: Old Delhi

text: Old Delhi is also known for its street food. Chandni Chowk and Chawri Bazaar areas have many street joints that sell spicy chaat (tangy and spicy snacks).


title: Old Delhi

text: Pandit Gaya Prasad shifted from Agra to Delhi in 1876, in search of a better life. In Delhi, he set up a single shop business selling hot paranthas. The product gained popularity to an extent where he has required the aid of his family members for help in the production. Eventually, Paranthe wali Gali, the lane in which the original shop was came to house 16 of them. It is now run by the families of Pandit Gaya Prasad and his relatives. The sixth-generation continues to run the four of the sixteen original shops that remain.


title: Old Delhi

text: Having been in the business of catering to Mughal Emperors, the family that runs it was displaced following the Revolt of 1857. In 1911, Haji Karimuddin moved back to Delhi with inspiration to open a Dhaba to cater to people coming to witness the coronation from all across the country. It was in 1913 that he established the Karim Hotel in Gali Kababian, Jama Masjid. Karim's exists here today to cater to the wants of people from all over the country and the world, being a major tourist attraction.


title: Old Delhi

text: Nihari is a traditional meat stew that is slowly cooked to preserve its taste and the tenderness of its ingredients. Kallu Nihari is a shop in Old Delhi that has served the dish exclusively since it was opened by the late Mohammed Rafiquddin (better known as Kallu Mian) in 1990. The shop, which is well known in the area, has served millions of portions.


title: Old Delhi

text: Harnarain Gokalchand was a pickle and murabba shop that was originally established in Khari Baoli by the name Harnarain Gopinath in 1857. It is often considered to be one of India's first commercially available pickle brands and was at the time India's largest food preservers. Their pickles and sharbat have been a household delicacy for over a century and a half, and have even served Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi. Having started from a small shop in Khari Baoli, Old Delhi, it has now become a global brand that goes by the name Harnarains International.


title: Old Delhi

text: Characterised by a codd-neck bottle, Banta is a drink that has survived in Old Delhi since 1872. The glass bottle in which this comes has a marble stopper, which is pushed into the bulbous neck of the bottle to unseal it. Engineer Hiram Codd patented the design of the bottle in 1872 in London to effectively seal fizzy drinks.


title: Old Delhi

text: The Banta bottles even contributed to the Indian National movement. This was so as protestors and rioters would often use these bottles as improvised cannons by adding calcium hydroxide to the mix. Thus, the bottles were banned in many cities across the country at some point before 1947.


title: Old Delhi

text: Located on Church Mission Road in the busy Fatehpuri Market of Old Delhi, Giani di Hatti was started by Giani Gurcharan Singh in 1951. Following partition, Giani Gurcharan Singh migrated from Layalpur, now in Pakistan, to Delhi. He came while leaving an eatery there to start one here.


title: Old Delhi

text: Arriving with his recipe for iced rabdi falooda, large crowds still flock to the shop to get a taste of that unique flavor. Apart from this, the shop also sells various fruit juices and an assortment of main dishes, not to mention over 50 flavors of ice cream.


title: Old Delhi

text: Change in times can be recorded just by studying this shop as the same rabri falooda that was sold for 4 annas in 1951 is today sold for 80 Rupees.


title: Old Delhi

text: The third generation of the family looks after the establishment now, which remains popular as ever, with visitors coming all the way to the market just to eat here. It's a great place.


title: Old Delhi

text: Moti Mahal was founded by Kundan Lal Gujral, Thakur Dass and Kundan Lal Jaggi, in Delhi in 1947. Initially, they worked at a small eatery called Moti Mahal, owned by a man named 'Mokha Singh' in Peshawar, British India, from 1920s to 1947.Moti Mahal was the first to dig up a tandoor right in the middle of the eatery and since then Peshawar was introduced to the culinary art of tandoori chicken by them. This was a success and soon there was in demand for Tandoori Chicken at social gatherings and wedding feasts where they would use an improvised tandoor.


title: Old Delhi

text: Kundan Lal Jaggi, Kundan Lal Gujral and Thakur Dass, the founders of the restaurant, are credited with the invention of the dish. After the partition of India in 1947, they fled to Delhi with their family. In Delhi, the three partners bought a thara (booth) in Daryaganj area, then considered a newer part of Old Delhi and then they started Moti Mahal, Daryaganj Moti Mahal further went on to invent butter chicken and dal makhani. This brought about a revolution in taste and a place on the International Gourmet Map. Thus was born the Moti Mahal Restaurant, which contributed significantly to putting India on the food map of the world. Indian leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi, Zakir Hussain among various foreign dignitaries like Richard Nixon, John F. Kennedy, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the Delahousse family.


title: Old Delhi

text: This jalebi shop in Old Delhi, aptly named, 'Old Famous Jalebi Wala', has been around since 1884; having been in operation for the past four generations of the family now. The jalebi shop was established by Late Sh. Lala Nem Chand Jain in the year 1884. He was a native of Agra's Hari Ki Garhi village. He migrated to Delhi with just INR 2 in his pocket that he got as a dowry in his marriage and opened a shop with that money. He experimented with many recipes before finally making and selling the jalebis that have such a fan following now. It is his secret recipe that is followed until today. This Chandni Chowk based shop has piping hot, thick and juicy, freshly made jalebis that they offer. Their USP is that they use desi khandsari sugar for making the syrup instead of regular sugar, and the jalebis are prepared using desi ghee, cooked over coal-fire. The view of the jalebis being made is a visual delight as it is done live right in front in a small shop at the corner of Dariba Kalan Road.


title: Old Delhi

text: Old Delhi has markets running through its streets. The area is vast and multiple products are being sold. Most of them are wholesale sellers and have been selling their products for many years. One such business is Gulab Singh Johrimal was established in Dariba Kalan in 1816 mainly as an attar (perfume) manufacturing business. Since then they have diversified into compounding, incense and toilet soap manufacture. Their retail outlet in Chandni Chowk was started later on. Another such shop is Harnarains manufacturers of pickles and preserves, located in Khari Baoli. Under operation since 1944, it is one of the older shops currently located in Old Delhi. Some migrants sell products like clothes, fruits etc. The sellers of one product often form an association to serve their interests and negotiate with the local government and other official bodies. The Old Delhi area and its markets are governed by the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD).


title: The Duke of Death and His Maid

text: Written and illustrated by Koharu Inoue, "The Duke of Death and His Maid" was serialized on Shogakukan's "Sunday Webry" website from October 3, 2017, to May 17, 2022. Shogakukan collected its chapters in sixteen "tankōbon" volumes, released from January 12, 2018, to July 12, 2022.


title: The Duke of Death and His Maid

text: On July 2, 2021, Seven Seas Entertainment announced they licensed the series for English publication.


title: The Duke of Death and His Maid

text: An anime television series adaptation by J.C.Staff was announced on February 2, 2021. The CGI-heavy series is directed by Yoshinobu Yamakawa, with Hideki Shirane overseeing the series' scripts, Michiru Kuwabata designing the characters, and Gen Okuda and Takeshi Watanabe composing the series' music. The opening theme song, "Mangetsu to Silhouette no Yoru" (Full Moon and Silhouette's Night), is performed by Natsuki Hanae and Ayumi Mano, while the ending theme song, "Nocturne", is also performed by Mano. It aired from July 4 to September 19, 2021, on Tokyo MX, BS11, and ytv. Funimation licensed the series outside of Asia. Following Sony's acquisition of Crunchyroll, the series was moved to Crunchyroll. Plus Media Network Asia licensed the series in Southeast Asia and will air it on Aniplus Asia. Medialink licensed the series in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macau and streaming it in their YouTube channel, Ani-One Asia.


title: The Duke of Death and His Maid

text: At the end of the series' final episode, it was announced that a second season has been green-lit. It is set to premiere in 2023.


title: FamilyOFive

text: FamilyOFive, originally known as DaddyOFive, was a controversial YouTube channel and online alias of Michael Christopher "Mike" Martin (born December 17, 1982), which focused on daily vlogging and "prank" videos. At its peak, the channel's videos featured Martin, his wife Heather Martin—also known by her online alias MommyOFive—and their children. In 2017, following a series of "prank" videos showing the parents physically and emotionally abusing their children, the channel became the center of a public controversy, as outrage grew over their mistreatment of their children.


title: FamilyOFive

text: Created in 2015, the channel achieved success earning up to 176 million video views and around 750,000 subscribers at its peak. However, after the aforementioned controversy, all videos on the channel were removed, and Mike and Heather stopped producing videos on the channel, aside from a formal public apology video. Mike and Heather took an Alford plea in September 2017 in regards to two counts per person of Maryland state child neglect charges and received supervised probation for five years.


title: FamilyOFive

text: Mike and Heather ceased creating content on Mike's channel DaddyOFive as a result of court-ordered probation, but began producing similar content on the family's new channel called FamilyOFive, which was terminated by YouTube in July 2018 following renewed interest in the family. However, Mike and Heather have an official website, and a gaming channel on Twitch.


title: FamilyOFive

text: Rose Hall, the biological mother to Mike's two children Emma and Cody, said that she had not seen Cody since July 2014, when she was duped into signing court papers.


title: FamilyOFive

text: The channel was created on August 13, 2015; the channel's about page stated, "we as a FAMILY DECIDED to make this YouTube channel just for fun." The channel focused on Mike, Heather and their five children, whose names are Jake, Ryan, Emma, Cody, and Alex. Mike and Heather Martin have since had a child together since the channel's termination. Jake, Ryan and Alex are Heather's children from a previous marriage. Cody and Emma are Mike and his ex-girlfriend Rose Hall's children. The channel accumulated around 750,000 subscribers and 176 million views, prior to Mike removing the videos from public viewing. "The Guardian" and "New York Magazine" reported the videos had been made private, while "Time" and "The Washington Post" reported that the videos had been deleted.


title: FamilyOFive

text: The family became the center of abuse claims following these prank videos which became gradually more extreme, with many videos involving Mike encouraging his eldest child, Jake, to physically and mentally abuse his younger siblings, often to the point of severe injury and intense psychological distress. One such video involved Cody, the second youngest child, being thrown through a doorway by Jake and against a bookcase by Mike; he was left with what appeared to be injuries to his face. Another video involved Alex, the youngest, being instructed by Mike to slap, Emma, the middle child (who is Cody's biological sister) across the face for failing to perform a water bottle flip correctly; he was never reprimanded, despite leaving Emma visibly hurt. American YouTube personality and news commentator Philip DeFranco released a series of videos covering the channel and sharing his distaste for the content they created, starting with "WOW... We Need To Talk About This..." on April 17, 2017. He primarily focused on a video involving invisible ink being spilled, with Cody and Alex being falsely accused of making the mess. In the video, Cody cries and pleads hysterically after being screamed and sworn at and accused of lying, with Alex also facing a similar treatment from Mike and Heather. DeFranco's first video covering the channel was uploaded on April 17, and is credited by many news outlets for shining a light on the channel's extreme content. Andrew Griffin of "The Independent" wrote, "[DeFranco's] video was viewed more than three million times and brought widespread condemnation of the DaddyOFive channel." The video has led to debates about sharenting and children being minor celebrities on social media. Emma and Cody were removed from their custody and returned to their biological mother. The creators also issued a public apology for the videos and said they were "a loving, close-knit family."


title: FamilyOFive

text: Mike's channel DaddyOFive released a video on July 7, 2017, showing text expressing that it is not a dead channel and asking viewers to subscribe to Heather's MommyOFive channel for new videos and updates. In July 2017, Mike's channel and Heather's channel had both around 730,000 subscribers and 4.7 million video views, and around 110,000 subscribers and 2.1 million video views, respectively. Later, they changed their channel name to FamilyOFive after receiving the YouTube Creator Award's Silver Play Button for Heather.


title: FamilyOFive

text: Prosecutors from the Frederick County Circuit Court filed criminal charges against Mike and Heather in August 2017, with them facing two counts of "neglect of a minor" apart. On September 11, 2017, Mike and Heather pleaded guilty by way of an Alford plea and were sentenced to five years of supervised probation.


title: FamilyOFive

text: The FamilyOFive channel, a new outlet for Mike and Heather's videos created while they were on probation, re-instituted the questionable pattern of behavior regarding abuse of Jake, Ryan, Emma, Cody and Alex featured in the videos. The channel was subsequently terminated on July 18, 2018, for violating YouTube's Community Guidelines, according to several news sources, and YouTube now requires videos featuring children to comply with local child labor laws.


title: FamilyOFive

text: Despite their second attempt at publishing content on YouTube being met with termination, for a limited time, Mike and Heather continued to post videos on their official website behind a monthly $5 subscription fee, and continued streaming gaming videos on their Twitch channel. As of January 2019, Mike and Heather have deleted all of the videos on their website, stating "In order to move on with the healing process from the 2017 events, we have AGREED WILLINGLY to remove our videos, from even this site. For the sake and well being of our family Mike and I feel it is best that we take a long break from the public spotlight."


title: FamilyOFive

text: On January 8, 2019, Mike was accused of uploading a video in August 2018, which featured Cody. Despite breaking a major probation rule, Mike and Heather's supervised probation was reduced to probation before judgement.


title: FamilyOFive

text: In June 2019, it was reported that Mike had started a SoundCloud channel, uploading his music as "Mikey M".


title: Jake Shears

text: Jake Shears (born October 3, 1978) is an American singer and songwriter. He is best known as the male lead singer of pop-rock band Scissor Sisters.


title: Jake Shears

text: Shears was born in Mesa, Arizona, the son of an entrepreneur father and a Baptist mother (Freida Sellards). He grew up on San Juan Island, Washington, where he attended school at Friday Harbor High School and was bullied. His "first real concert was Siouxsie and the Banshees". At the age of 18, he moved into a dorm at the Northwest School in Seattle, Washington, to finish high school. Shears later attended Occidental College in Los Angeles, California. At the age of 19, he traveled to Lexington, Kentucky, to visit a classmate, who introduced him to Scott Hoffman. Shears and Hoffman hit it off immediately and moved to New York a year later.


title: Jake Shears

text: Shears attended New York's Eugene Lang College of Liberal Arts, where he studied fiction writing and was a classmate of Travis Jeppesen. He also wrote pieces for the gay magazine "HX". In 2000, he worked as a music reviewer for "Paper" magazine.


title: Jake Shears

text: Shears and Hoffman formed Scissor Sisters in 2001 as a performance art stunt, playing outrageous shows in clubs like Luxx, the heart of the electroclash scene in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, where Shears lived. After a couple years struggling in New York (working with the record label A Touch of Class, who produced "Comfortably Numb" and "Filthy/Gorgeous"), Scissor Sisters finally found success in the United Kingdom and Ireland, ending 2004 with the biggest-selling album of the year in the UK. In concert, Shears is known for provocative dancing, flamboyant outfits, and near nudity. (During his early years while he was struggling to make it in New York, he would often earn extra money as a Go-go dancer and male erotic dancer at male strip clubs.)


title: Jake Shears

text: Shears' musical influences include The Bee Gees, Leo Sayer, ABBA, Blondie, David Bowie, Duran Duran, Roxy Music, The New York Dolls, Queen, Cher, Cyndi Lauper, Madonna, Paul McCartney, Pet Shop Boys, The Beatles, and Dolly Parton. The Scissor Sisters video for "Filthy/Gorgeous" was directed by John Cameron Mitchell after Shears met him at a gathering of the Radical Faeries. Shears attended Sir Elton John's "stag" party before John's civil partnership ceremony with David Furnish in 2005. John and Shears discussed each other in "The Observer" in 2006.


title: Jake Shears

text: Shears performed with Erasure's Andy Bell on "Thought It Was You", on Bell's 2005 album "Electric Blue". He has also collaborated with Tiga on "Hot in Herre", "You Gonna Want Me", and "What You Need" from Tiga's album "Ciao!". He also worked on Finnish house musician Luomo's "If I Can't". Together with Babydaddy, he co-wrote with Kylie Minogue on her hit single "I Believe in You" for her greatest hits compilation "Ultimate Kylie". Shears and Minogue also co-wrote "Too Much" with Calvin Harris for Minogue's number one album "Aphrodite". In 2011, Shears collaborated with John Garden to write the music for a musical version of the book "Tales of the City". The show is directed by Jason Moore. Shears was featured on the track "Metemya" of Amadou and Mariam's 2012 album "Folila". Shears also wrote the foreword to the award-winning '80s 7-inch vinyl cover art book "Put the Needle on the Record". In 2013, he appeared on the Queens of the Stone Age album "...Like Clockwork", providing backing vocals on the song "Keep Your Eyes Peeled". He duetted with Cher on the track "Take it Like a Man" for her 2013 album "Closer to the Truth".


title: Jake Shears

text: In January 2018, Shears made his Broadway debut starring in "Kinky Boots." The next month Shears published his autobiography, "Boys Keep Swinging". Shears released his eponymous debut solo album on August 10, 2018.


title: Jake Shears

text: In January 2020 he appeared as the "Unicorn" on ITV's "The Masked Singer", finishing in 6th place. Shears released the single "Meltdown" in February 2020.


title: Jake Shears

text: Shears came out as gay to his parents at the age of 15 at the urging of Dan Savage, who later called his advice "the worst I've ever given" due to the negative reaction of Shears' parents. In 2010, Shears participated in Savage's It Gets Better Project. In 2012, Shears was interviewed about his experience. He spoke about his good friend Anderson Cooper and said he felt gay celebrities "at least have the responsibility to come out". Shears was in a relationship with Chris Moukarbel from 2004 to 2015. At Brighton Pride 2022, Shears announced live that he had received a 5 year visa to live in the UK.


title: Stephanie Sheh

text: Stephanie Sheh is an American voice actress, ADR director, writer and producer who has worked for several major companies, including Cartoon Network and Sony. She is often involved with work in English dubs of anime, cartoons, video games and films. Her notable voice roles include Hinata Hyuga in the "Naruto" franchise, Orihime Inoue in "Bleach", Usagi Tsukino/Sailor Moon in the Viz Media redub of "Sailor Moon", Yui Hirasawa in "K-On!", Eureka in "Eureka Seven", "Katana" in DC Super Hero Girls, Mikuru Asahina in "The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya", Mona and Kat in "WarioWare Gold", Yui in "Sword Art Online", Illyasviel von Einzbern in "Fate/stay night", Mamimi Samejima in "FLCL", and Mitsuha Miyamizu in "Your Name".


title: Stephanie Sheh

text: She spent much of her childhood in Taiwan, where half of her relatives still live and speak Mandarin Chinese and Taiwanese Hokkien. Sheh became interested in being an actress after acting out a school play when she was in her early years in Monta Vista High School in Cupertino, California. While at the University of California, Los Angeles she was involved in anime clubs. After graduating from UCLA in 1999, she took a job as a producer while she pursued her acting career. She got her training and studying on acting, voice acting and improvisation at the Second City Training Center, East West Players, Susan Blu Voiceover Workshop and UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television. Sheh has also recorded radio spots for United States Cellular Corporation.


title: Stephanie Sheh

text: Under the moniker of Jennifer Sekiguchi, Sheh made her voice acting debut as Silky in "I'm Gonna Be An Angel!" in 2001. During that time, she worked at Synch-Point, which produced English dubs for anime, in which she produced the dub for "I'm Gonna Be An Angel!", besides voicing Silky. She was working with Synch-Point when she brought in Marc Handler to ADR direct and write for "FLCL", which she played as one of the main characters, Mamimi.


title: Stephanie Sheh

text: She would later land starring voice roles as Orihime Inoue in "Bleach" and Eureka in "Eureka Seven". She also voiced supporting character Hinata Hyuga in the hit series "Naruto" in which her character had a major role in the storyline. The three shows have aired on Cartoon Network with varied success. She describes Hinata's issues with self-esteem as very relatable.


title: Stephanie Sheh

text: Sheh has been involved in voicing characters in video games such as "BioShock 2", "", "Devil May Cry 4", "Grand Theft Auto V", and "Resident Evil 5" as the current voice of Rebecca Chambers on the "Resident Evil" franchise. Beyond using her voice, Stephanie was flown to Japan to provide the motion capture for the character Cereza in Sega's video game "Bayonetta". She also voiced Mlle Blanche de Grace in "BioShock 2" and Orihime Inoue in the "Bleach" series.


title: Stephanie Sheh

text: Sheh has appeared several times on G4's "Attack of the Show!" as "Tiny Olivia Munn". In 2012, she was a host in the 2011 Talk-Show TV series "BPM: Beats Per Mnet".


title: Stephanie Sheh

text: In 2011, she formed the fundraising organization "We Heart Japan" in response to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.


title: Stephanie Sheh

text: In July 2014, Viz Media revealed details behind its upcoming "Sailor Moon" Blu-ray release and the series' new dub cast at its panel at the 2014 Anime Expo in Los Angeles. Sheh was cast to voice Usagi Tsukino/Sailor Moon in Viz's redub of the first anime series, as well as "Crystal".


title: Stephanie Sheh

text: On February 2, 2017, upon the release of "Fire Emblem Heroes", Sheh voiced as Tharja from "Fire Emblem Awakening". Sheh later went on to voice later iterations of Tharja herself.


title: Stephanie Sheh

text: On June 11, 2021, Netflix released the film "Wish Dragon", Sheh voiced the audio description provided by Post Haste Digital.


title: Stephanie Sheh

text: In 2022, Netflix released the film "Anittinha's Club: The Movie", Sheh also voiced the audio description provided by Post Haste Digital.


title: A Little Less Conversation

text: "A Little Less Conversation" is a 1968 song recorded by American singer Elvis Presley, written by Mac Davis and Billy Strange and published by Gladys Music, Inc., originally performed in the film "Live a Little, Love a Little". The song became a minor hit in the United States when released as a single with "Almost in Love" as the A-side. A 2002 remix by Dutch musician Junkie XL of a later re-recording of the song by Presley became a worldwide hit, topping the singles charts in nine countries and was awarded certifications in ten countries by 2003.


title: A Little Less Conversation

text: "A Little Less Conversation" was first recorded on March 7, 1968, at Western Recorders in Hollywood, California, and released on a single backed by "Almost in Love", another song from the movie. The song was not released on an LP until November 1970, when it was included on the RCA Camden budget label LP "Almost in Love". There are several different takes that were made of the song in the session on March 7. The single version used take 16, which was also used for the soundtrack of the film. The version released on the "Almost in Love" album is take 10, which is 1 second longer in duration.


title: A Little Less Conversation

text: The musicians on the March 7 recording session included Hal Blaine, drums; Al Casey, guitar and Larry Knechtel, bass.


title: A Little Less Conversation

text: The backing vocalists on the March 7 recording session and alternate version were BJ Baker, Sally Stevens, Bob Tebo, and John Bahler. Many think that The Blossoms sang background vocals on this song but that was listed on the liner notes by mistake. There was one session where alternate versions were recorded using the same vocalists.


title: A Little Less Conversation

text: It was thought Presley re-recorded the song in June 1968 for the soundtrack of his 1968 comeback special, with the intent of performing it during the program (in part due to "Live a Little, Love a Little" being scheduled for release about a month before the special's broadcast date). Ultimately, it was decided not to use this recording, and the song was dropped from the planned special. The newer version transposed the key of A major recording of three months earlier into E major and featured a vocal and heavy reverb with backup vocals from The Blossoms. In the mid-1990s, Joseph A. Tunzi sold this recording to Bertelsmann Music Group and it was initially included on the 1998 release "". Tunzi had been the first to document this recording in his 1996 book "Elvis Sessions II: The Recorded Music of Elvis Aron Presley 1953-1977".


title: A Little Less Conversation

text: After the tapes from the original session were rediscovered, it is now known to be take 2, recorded on March 7, 1968.


title: A Little Less Conversation

text: Following the song's use in the 2001 film "Ocean's Eleven", "A Little Less Conversation" was remixed by Dutch musician Tom Holkenborg, better known as Junkie XL (billed as JXL). The electronic remix featured Elvis with his baritone voice, and added emphasis to the 1968 guitars, horns, and a funk drum beat. Holkenborg is the first artist outside the Presley organization to receive authorization from the Presley estate to remix a Presley song. (in the 1980s, Elvis' longtime producer Felton Jarvis had overseen remixes of a number of Elvis recordings that saw new backing added to Presley's original vocals, the first of which were released as the album "Guitar Man" in 1981). The electronic version of the song became a number-one hit in the UK in 2002. The song also became a top 10 hit in upwards of 17 other countries, reaching number-one in 13 of them.


title: A Little Less Conversation

text: In 2002, the TV special version of "A Little Less Conversation" remixed by Junkie XL was used for Nike's 2002 FIFA World Cup advertising campaign, titled ""Secret Tournament"". A single, credited to "Elvis vs. JXL", was issued and went on to become a number-one hit in over 20 countries.


title: A Little Less Conversation

text: At about the same time, a compilation of Presley's US and UK number-one chart hits, titled "", was being prepared for release. At the last minute, "A Little Less Conversation (Junkie's remix version)" was added as the album's 31st and final track, just before its release in October 2002. The full 6:09 version was edited slightly and extended to 6:22, and this version was featured on the US version of Junkie XL's 2003 album "".


title: A Little Less Conversation

text: In the United States, the song peaked at number 50 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It also spent four consecutive weeks at number-one on the UK Singles Chart, which is the only number-one hit by Elvis Presley to be released after his death in 1977. The song was re-released as a single in the United Kingdom in 2005, and reached No. 3.


title: A Little Less Conversation

text: An uptempo Eurodance remix was recorded by CJ Crew, appearing on the 2002 dance compilation "Dancemania Speed 10". There are three very exclusive releases in Spanish, the film "Live a Little, Love a Little" and two mixes played by Marco T., a Colombian rockabilly musician. In addition, Dolph Lundgren performed this song at Melodifestivalen 2010. In "Glee", Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) sings a combination of a Spanish and English version of the song. The song is covered by Trisha Paytas on her "Fat Chicks EP".


title: Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1968

text: This list is of "Billboard" magazine's Top Hot 100 songs of 1968. The Top 100, as revealed in the edition of "Billboard" dated January 11, 1969 is based on Hot 100 charts from the issue dates of January 6 through December 14, 1968.


title: OpenCL

text: OpenCL (Open Computing Language) is a framework for writing programs that execute across heterogeneous platforms consisting of central processing units (CPUs), graphics processing units (GPUs), digital signal processors (DSPs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and other processors or hardware accelerators. OpenCL specifies programming languages (based on C99, C++14 and C++17) for programming these devices and application programming interfaces (APIs) to control the platform and execute programs on the compute devices. OpenCL provides a standard interface for parallel computing using task- and data-based parallelism.


title: OpenCL

text: OpenCL is an open standard maintained by the non-profit technology consortium Khronos Group. Conformant implementations are available from Altera, AMD, ARM, Creative, IBM, Imagination, Intel, Nvidia, Qualcomm, Samsung, Vivante, Xilinx, and ZiiLABS.


title: OpenCL

text: OpenCL views a computing system as consisting of a number of "compute devices", which might be central processing units (CPUs) or "accelerators" such as graphics processing units (GPUs), attached to a "host" processor (a CPU). It defines a C-like language for writing programs. Functions executed on an OpenCL device are called "kernels". A single compute device typically consists of several "compute units", which in turn comprise multiple "processing elements" (PEs). A single kernel execution can run on all or many of the PEs in parallel. How a compute device is subdivided into compute units and PEs is up to the vendor; a compute unit can be thought of as a "core", but the notion of core is hard to define across all the types of devices supported by OpenCL (or even within the category of "CPUs"), and the number of compute units may not correspond to the number of cores claimed in vendors' marketing literature (which may actually be counting SIMD lanes).


title: OpenCL

text: In addition to its C-like programming language, OpenCL defines an application programming interface (API) that allows programs running on the host to launch kernels on the compute devices and manage device memory, which is (at least conceptually) separate from host memory. Programs in the OpenCL language are intended to be compiled at run-time, so that OpenCL-using applications are portable between implementations for various host devices. The OpenCL standard defines host APIs for C and C++; third-party APIs exist for other programming languages and platforms such as Python, Java, Perl, D and .NET. An implementation of the OpenCL standard consists of a library that implements the API for C and C++, and an OpenCL C compiler for the compute device(s) targeted.


title: OpenCL

text: In order to open the OpenCL programming model to other languages or to protect the kernel source from inspection, the Standard Portable Intermediate Representation (SPIR) can be used as a target-independent way to ship kernels between a front-end compiler and the OpenCL back-end.


title: OpenCL

text: More recently Khronos Group has ratified SYCL, a higher-level programming model for OpenCL as a single-source eDSL based on pure C++17 to improve programming productivity. People interested by C++ kernels but not by SYCL single-source programming style can use C++ features with compute kernel sources written in "C++ for OpenCL" language.


title: OpenCL

text: Not every device needs to implement each level of this hierarchy in hardware. Consistency between the various levels in the hierarchy is relaxed, and only enforced by explicit synchronization constructs, notably barriers.


title: OpenCL

text: Devices may or may not share memory with the host CPU. The host API provides handles on device memory buffers and functions to transfer data back and forth between host and devices.


title: OpenCL

text: The programming language that is used to write compute kernels is called kernel language. OpenCL adopts C/C++-based languages to specify the kernel computations performed on the device with some restrictions and additions to facilitate efficient mapping to the heterogeneous hardware resources of accelerators. Traditionally OpenCL C was used to program the accelerators in OpenCL standard, later C++ for OpenCL kernel language was developed that inherited all functionality from OpenCL C but allowed to use C++ features in the kernel sources.


title: OpenCL

text: OpenCL C is a C99-based language dialect adapted to fit the device model in OpenCL. Memory buffers reside in specific levels of the memory hierarchy, and pointers are annotated with the region qualifiers , , , and , reflecting this. Instead of a device program having a function, OpenCL C functions are marked to signal that they are entry points into the program to be called from the host program. Function pointers, bit fields and variable-length arrays are omitted, and recursion is forbidden. The C standard library is replaced by a custom set of standard functions, geared toward math programming.


title: OpenCL

text: OpenCL C is extended to facilitate use of parallelism with vector types and operations, synchronization, and functions to work with work-items and work-groups. In particular, besides scalar types such as and , which behave similarly to the corresponding types in C, OpenCL provides fixed-length vector types such as (4-vector of single-precision floats); such vector types are available in lengths two, three, four, eight and sixteen for various base types. Vectorized operations on these types are intended to map onto SIMD instructions sets, e.g., SSE or VMX, when running OpenCL programs on CPUs. Other specialized types include 2-d and 3-d image types.


title: OpenCL

text: The kernel function computes, in each invocation, the dot product of a single row of a matrix and a vector :


title: OpenCL

text: To extend this into a full matrix–vector multiplication, the OpenCL runtime maps the kernel over the rows of the matrix. On the host side, the function does this; it takes as arguments the kernel to execute, its arguments, and a number of work-items, corresponding to the number of rows in the matrix .


title: OpenCL

text: This example will load a fast Fourier transform (FFT) implementation and execute it. The implementation is shown below. The code asks the OpenCL library for the first available graphics card, creates memory buffers for reading and writing (from the perspective of the graphics card), JIT-compiles the FFT-kernel and then finally asynchronously runs the kernel. The result from the transform is not read in this example.


title: OpenCL

text: The actual calculation inside file "fft1D_1024_kernel_src.cl" (based on Fitting FFT onto the G80 Architecture):


title: OpenCL

text: In 2020, Khronos announced the transition to the community driven C++ for OpenCL programming language that provides features from C++17 in combination with the traditional OpenCL C features. This language allows to leverage a rich variety of language features from standard C++ while preserving backward compatibility to OpenCL C. This opens up a smooth transition path to C++ functionality for the OpenCL kernel code developers as they can continue using familiar programming flow and even tools as well as leverage existing extensions and libraries available for OpenCL C.


title: OpenCL

text: The language semantics is described in the documentation published in the releases of OpenCL-Docs repository hosted by the Khronos Group but it is currently not ratified by the Khronos Group. The C++ for OpenCL language is not documented in a stand-alone document and it is based on the specification of C++ and OpenCL C. The open source Clang compiler has supported C++ for OpenCL since release 9.


title: OpenCL

text: C++ for OpenCL has been originally developed as a Clang compiler extension and appeared in the release 9. As it was tightly coupled with OpenCL C and did not contain any Clang specific functionality its documentation has been re-hosted to the OpenCL-Docs repository from the Khronos Group along with the sources of other specifications and reference cards. The first official release of this document describing C++ for OpenCL version 1.0 has been published in December 2020. C++ for OpenCL 1.0 contains features from C++17 and it is backward compatible with OpenCL C 2.0. In December 2021 a new provisional C++ for OpenCL version 2021 has been released which is fully compatible with the OpenCL 3.0 standard. A work in progress draft of the latest C++ for OpenCL documentation can be found on the Khronos website.


title: OpenCL

text: C++ for OpenCL supports most of the features (syntactically and semantically) from OpenCL C except for nested parallelism and blocks. However, there are minor differences in some supported features mainly related to differences in semantics between C++ and C. For example, C++ is more strict with the implicit type conversions and it does not support the type qualifier. The following C++ features are not supported by C++ for OpenCL: virtual functions, operator, non-placement / operators, exceptions, pointer to member functions, references to functions, C++ standard libraries. C++ for OpenCL extends the concept of separate memory regions ("address spaces") from OpenCL C to C++ features - functional casts, templates, class members, references, lambda functions,  operators. Most of C++ features are not available for the kernel functions e.g. overloading or templating, arbitrary class layout in parameter type.


title: OpenCL

text: The following code snippet illustrates how kernels with complex-number arithmetic can be implemented in C++ for OpenCL language with convenient use of C++ features.


title: OpenCL

text: C++ for OpenCL language can be used for the same applications or libraries and in the same way as OpenCL C language is used. Due to the rich variety of C++ language features, applications written in C++ for OpenCL can express complex functionality more conveniently than applications written in OpenCL C and in particular generic programming paradigm from C++ is very attractive to the library developers.


title: OpenCL

text: C++ for OpenCL sources can be compiled by OpenCL drivers that support "cl_ext_cxx_for_opencl" extension. Arm has announced support for this extension in December 2020. However, due to increasing complexity of the algorithms accelerated on OpenCL devices, it is expected that more applications will compile C++ for OpenCL kernels offline using stand alone compilers such as Clang into executable binary format or portable binary format e.g. SPIR-V. Such an executable can be loaded during the OpenCL applications execution using a dedicated OpenCL API.


title: OpenCL

text: Binaries compiled from sources in C++ for OpenCL 1.0 can be executed on OpenCL 2.0 conformant devices. Depending on the language features used in such kernel sources it can also be executed on devices supporting earlier OpenCL versions or OpenCL 3.0.


title: OpenCL

text: Aside from OpenCL drivers kernels written in C++ for OpenCL can be compiled for execution on Vulkan devices using clspv compiler and clvk runtime layer just the same way as OpenCL C kernels.


title: OpenCL

text: C++ for OpenCL is an open language developed by the community of contributors listed in its documentation.  New contributions to the language semantic definition or open source tooling support are accepted from anyone interested as soon as they are aligned with the main design philosophy and they are reviewed and approved by the experienced contributors.


title: OpenCL

text: OpenCL was initially developed by Apple Inc., which holds trademark rights, and refined into an initial proposal in collaboration with technical teams at AMD, IBM, Qualcomm, Intel, and Nvidia. Apple submitted this initial proposal to the Khronos Group. On June 16, 2008, the Khronos Compute Working Group was formed with representatives from CPU, GPU, embedded-processor, and software companies. This group worked for five months to finish the technical details of the specification for OpenCL 1.0 by November 18, 2008. This technical specification was reviewed by the Khronos members and approved for public release on December 8, 2008.


title: OpenCL

text: OpenCL 1.0 released with Mac OS X Snow Leopard on August 28, 2009. According to an Apple press release:


title: OpenCL

text: Snow Leopard further extends support for modern hardware with Open Computing Language (OpenCL), which lets any application tap into the vast gigaflops of GPU computing power previously available only to graphics applications. OpenCL is based on the C programming language and has been proposed as an open standard.


title: OpenCL

text: AMD decided to support OpenCL instead of the now deprecated Close to Metal in its Stream framework. RapidMind announced their adoption of OpenCL underneath their development platform to support GPUs from multiple vendors with one interface. On December 9, 2008, Nvidia announced its intention to add full support for the OpenCL 1.0 specification to its GPU Computing Toolkit. On October 30, 2009, IBM released its first OpenCL implementation as a part of the XL compilers.


title: OpenCL

text: Acceleration of calculations with factor to 1000 are possible with OpenCL in graphic cards against normal CPU.


title: OpenCL

text: Some important features of next Version of OpenCL are optional in 1.0 like double- or half-precision operations.


title: OpenCL

text: OpenCL 1.1 was ratified by the Khronos Group on June 14, 2010 and adds significant functionality for enhanced parallel programming flexibility, functionality, and performance including:


title: OpenCL

text: On November 15, 2011, the Khronos Group announced the OpenCL 1.2 specification, which added significant functionality over the previous versions in terms of performance and features for parallel programming. Most notable features include:


title: OpenCL

text: On November 18, 2013, the Khronos Group announced the ratification and public release of the finalized OpenCL 2.0 specification. Updates and additions to OpenCL 2.0 include:


title: OpenCL

text: The ratification and release of the OpenCL 2.1 provisional specification was announced on March 3, 2015 at the Game Developer Conference in San Francisco. It was released on November 16, 2015. It introduced the OpenCL C++ kernel language, based on a subset of C++14, while maintaining support for the preexisting OpenCL C kernel language. Vulkan and OpenCL 2.1 share SPIR-V as an intermediate representation allowing high-level language front-ends to share a common compilation target. Updates to the OpenCL API include:


title: OpenCL

text: OpenCL 2.2 brings the OpenCL C++ kernel language into the core specification for significantly enhanced parallel programming productivity. It was released on May 16, 2017. Maintenance Update released in May 2018 with bugfixes.


title: OpenCL

text: The OpenCL 3.0 specification was released on September 30, 2020 after being in preview since April 2020. OpenCL 1.2 functionality has become a mandatory baseline, while all OpenCL 2.x and OpenCL 3.0 features were made optional. The specification retains the OpenCL C language and deprecates the OpenCL C++ Kernel Language, replacing it with the C++ for OpenCL language based on a Clang/LLVM compiler which implements a subset of C++17 and SPIR-V intermediate code.


title: OpenCL

text: Version 3.0.7 of C++ for OpenCL with some Khronos openCL extensions were presented at IWOCL 21. Actual is 3.0.11 with some new extensions and corrections.


title: OpenCL

text: NVIDIA, working closely with the Khronos OpenCL Working Group, improved Vulkan Interop with semaphores and memory sharing.


title: OpenCL

text: When releasing OpenCL 2.2, the Khronos Group announced that OpenCL would converge where possible with Vulkan to enable OpenCL software deployment flexibility over both APIs. This has been now demonstrated by Adobe's Premiere Rush using the clspv open source compiler to compile significant amounts of OpenCL C kernel code to run on a Vulkan runtime for deployment on Android. OpenCL has a forward looking roadmap independent of Vulkan, with 'OpenCL Next' under development and targeting release in 2020. OpenCL Next may integrate extensions such as Vulkan / OpenCL Interop, Scratch-Pad Memory Management, Extended Subgroups, SPIR-V 1.4 ingestion and SPIR-V Extended debug info. OpenCL is also considering Vulkan-like loader and layers and a ‘Flexible Profile’ for deployment flexibility on multiple accelerator types.


title: OpenCL

text: OpenCL consists of a set of headers and a shared object that is loaded at runtime. An installable client driver (ICD) must be installed on the platform for every class of vendor for which the runtime would need to support. That is, for example, in order to support Nvidia devices on a Linux platform, the Nvidia ICD would need to be installed such that the OpenCL runtime (the ICD loader) would be able to locate the ICD for the vendor and redirect the calls appropriately. The standard OpenCL header is used by the consumer application; calls to each function are then proxied by the OpenCL runtime to the appropriate driver using the ICD. Each vendor must implement each OpenCL call in their driver.


title: OpenCL

text: The Apple, Nvidia, ROCm, RapidMind and Gallium3D implementations of OpenCL are all based on the LLVM Compiler technology and use the Clang compiler as their frontend.


title: OpenCL

text: RustiCL is a new implementation for Gallium compute with Rust instead of C for better code. In Mesa 22.2 experimental implementation will be available with openCL 3.0-support and image extension implementation for programs like Darktable.


title: OpenCL

text: As of 2016, OpenCL runs on graphics processing units (GPUs), CPUs with SIMD instructions, FPGAs, Movidius Myriad 2, Adapteva Epiphany and DSPs.


title: OpenCL

text: All standard-conformant implementations can be queried using one of the clinfo tools (there are multiple tools with the same name and similar feature set).


title: OpenCL

text: All hardware with OpenCL 1.2+ is possible, OpenCL 2.x only optional, Khronos Test Suite available since 2020-10


title: OpenCL

text: "None yet": Khronos Test Suite ready, with Driver Update all Hardware with 2.0 and 2.1 support possible


title: OpenCL

text: A key feature of OpenCL is portability, via its abstracted memory and execution model, and the programmer is not able to directly use hardware-specific technologies such as inline Parallel Thread Execution (PTX) for Nvidia GPUs unless they are willing to give up direct portability on other platforms. It is possible to run any OpenCL kernel on any conformant implementation.


title: OpenCL

text: However, performance of the kernel is not necessarily portable across platforms. Existing implementations have been shown to be competitive when kernel code is properly tuned, though, and auto-tuning has been suggested as a solution to the performance portability problem, yielding "acceptable levels of performance" in experimental linear algebra kernels. Portability of an entire application containing multiple kernels with differing behaviors was also studied, and shows that portability only required limited tradeoffs.


title: OpenCL

text: A study at Delft University from 2011 that compared CUDA programs and their straightforward translation into OpenCL C found CUDA to outperform OpenCL by at most 30% on the Nvidia implementation. The researchers noted that their comparison could be made fairer by applying manual optimizations to the OpenCL programs, in which case there was "no reason for OpenCL to obtain worse performance than CUDA". The performance differences could mostly be attributed to differences in the programming model (especially the memory model) and to NVIDIA's compiler optimizations for CUDA compared to those for OpenCL.


title: OpenCL

text: Another study at D-Wave Systems Inc. found that "The OpenCL kernel’s performance is between about 13% and 63% slower, and the end-to-end time is between about 16% and 67% slower" than CUDA's performance.