title: Color vision

text: This system implies that for any hue or non-spectral color not on the boundary of the chromaticity diagram, there are infinitely many distinct physical spectra that are all perceived as that hue or color. So, in general, there is no such thing as "the" combination of spectral colors that we perceive as (say) a specific version of tan; instead, there are infinitely many possibilities that produce that exact color. The boundary colors that are pure spectral colors can be perceived only in response to light that is purely at the associated wavelength, while the boundary colors on the "line of purples" can each only be generated by a specific ratio of the pure violet and the pure red at the ends of the visible spectral colors.


title: Color vision

text: The CIE chromaticity diagram is horseshoe-shaped, with its curved edge corresponding to all spectral colors (the "spectral locus"), and the remaining straight edge corresponding to the most saturated purples, mixtures of red and violet.


title: Jim Beach

text: Henry James Beach (born 9 March 1942), known as Jim Beach or "Miami" Beach, is a British lawyer and band manager, best known for being the long-time manager of the rock band Queen, its individual members and the comedy group Monty Python. He was nicknamed "Miami" by Freddie Mercury, a play on his surname. He took over as manager of the band in 1978 after he had acted on their behalf as a lawyer.


title: Jim Beach

text: Beach is co-founder of Transistor Project, together with Blur's Dave Rowntree. Beach is also the co-founder of the Mercury Phoenix Trust, which promotes AIDS prevention worldwide. Beach lives in Montreux, Switzerland.


title: Jim Beach

text: Beach was born in Gloucester. He was educated at Cheltenham College and Queens' College, Cambridge, where he read law. He was a member of the Cambridge Footlights and in 1963 went on a road tour of England and Scotland with Monty Python's Eric Idle and Graeme Garden as the piano player.


title: Jim Beach

text: He is married to Claudia Beach and has a daughter, Matilda, and a son, Ol. Ol Beach is the frontman for the band Yellowire and was formerly the keyboard player for the rock band Wire Daisies, discovered by Queen's Roger Taylor.


title: Jim Beach

text: Beach was a producer in the 2018 film "Bohemian Rhapsody". He was portrayed in the film by Tom Hollander.


title: Arms trafficking

text: Arms trafficking or gunrunning is the illicit trade of contraband small arms and ammunition, which constitutes part of a broad range of illegal activities often associated with transnational criminal organizations. The illegal trade of small arms, unlike other organized crime commodities, is more closely associated with exercising power in communities instead of achieving economic gain. Scholars estimate illegal arms transactions amount to over US$1 billion annually.


title: Arms trafficking

text: To keep track of imports and exports of several of the most dangerous armament categories, the United Nations, in 1991, created a Register for Conventional Arms. Participation, however, is not compulsory, and lacks comprehensive data in regions outside of Europe. Africa, due to a prevalence of corrupt officials and loosely enforced trade regulations, is a region with extensive illicit arms activity. In a resolution to complement the Register with legally binding obligations, a Firearms Protocol was incorporated into the UN Convention on Transnational Organized Crime, which requires states to improve systems that control trafficked ammunition and firearms.


title: Arms trafficking

text: The 1999 Report of the UN Panel of Governmental Experts on Small Arms provides a more refined and precise definition, which has become internationally accepted. This distinguishes between small arms (revolvers and self-loading pistols, rifles and carbines, submachine guns, assault rifles, and light machine guns), which are weapons designed for personal use, and light weapons (heavy machine guns, hand-held under-barrel and mounted grenade launchers, portable anti-aircraft guns, portable anti-tank guns, recoilless rifles, portable launchers of anti-aircraft missile systems, and mortars of calibres less than 100 mm), which are designed for use by several persons serving as a unit. Ammunition and explosives also form an integral part of small arms and light weapons used in conflict.


title: Arms trafficking

text: Although arms trafficking is widespread in regions of political turmoil, it is not limited to such areas, and for example, in South Asia, an estimated 63 million guns have been trafficked into India and Pakistan.


title: Arms trafficking

text: The suppression of gunrunning is one of the areas of interest in the context of international law. In the United Nations, there has been widespread support to implement international legislation to prevent arms trafficking, however, it has been difficult to implement, due to many different factors that allow for arms trafficking to occur.


title: Arms trafficking

text: In the United States, the term "Iron Pipeline" is sometimes used to describe Interstate Highway 95 and its connector highways as a corridor for arms trafficking into the New York City Metro Area.


title: Arms trafficking

text: During the Mexican Revolution, gunrunning into Mexico reached rampant levels with the majority of the arms being smuggled from the United States. As Mexico manufactured no weapons of its own, acquiring arms and ammunition were one of the main concerns of the various rebels, intent on armed revolution. Under American law at the time, arms smugglers into Mexico could be prosecuted only if one was caught "in flagrante delicto" crossing the border as merely buying arms with the intention of gunrunning into Mexico was not a criminal offense. Given the length and often rugged terrain of the American-Mexican border, the undermanned American border service simply could not stop the massive gunrunning into Mexico.


title: Arms trafficking

text: In February 1913-February 1914, President Woodrow Wilson imposed an arms embargo on both sides of the Mexican civil war, and not until February 1914 was the embargo lifted on arms sales to the Constitutionalist rebels. Despite the arms embargo, there was much gunrunning into Mexico, as one American official complained in 1913: "our border towns are practically their commissary and quartermaster depots". Guns were smuggled into Mexico via barrels, coffins, and false bottoms of automobiles. General Huerta avoided the American arms embargo by buying weapons from Germany.


title: Arms trafficking

text: The civil war in Sierra Leone lasted from 1991–2002, and left 75,000 people dead. Gunrunning played a significant role in this conflict. Weapons of all sorts were shipped to all sides in both Sierra Leone, and Liberia from abroad. These included small arms, such as, pistols, assault rifles, grenades, Claymores, knives, machetes, etc. Larger weapons such as missiles, light machine guns, mortars, anti-tank missiles, tanks, and planes were also used. During this time a civil war was occurring in nearby Liberia. The Liberian Civil Wars took place from 1989 through 1997. The war was between the existing government and the National Patriotic Front. Leader of the National Patriotic Front of Liberia, Charles Taylor, helped to create the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) in Sierra Leone. Taylor was the recipient of thousands of illegally trafficked arms from eastern Europe (mostly Ukraine). Taylor then sold some of these weapons to the RUF in exchange for diamonds. President of Burkina Faso, Blaise Compaore, “directly facilitated Liberia’s arms-for-diamonds trade” with Liberia and Sierra Leone. Compaore would give guns to Taylor, who would then sell them to the RUF in exchange for diamonds. These blood diamonds would then be sold back to Compaore for more guns. The cyclical exchange allowed Compaore the ability to deny directly sending arms to Sierra Leone.


title: Arms trafficking

text: The Liberian government received arms through an elaborate front company in Guinea. The arms were intended to be shipped (legally) from Uganda to Slovakia. However, the arms were diverted to Guinea as a part of “an elaborate bait and switch.” Additionally the British government “encouraged Sandline International, a private security firm and non state entity, to supply arms and ammunitions to the loyal forces of the exiled government of President Kabbah.” Sandline proceeded 35 tons of arms from Bulgaria, to Kabbah's forces.


title: Arms trafficking

text: Ever since the South Sudanese civil war began in December 2013, gunrunning into that nation has reached rampant levels. As South Sudan has hardly any electricity and no manufacturing, both sides were entirely dependent upon buying arms from abroad to fight their war. President Salva Kiir Mayardit used shadowy networks of arms dealers from China, Uganda, Israel, Egypt and Ukraine to arm his forces. As oil companies paid rent for their concessions in South Sudan, the government was able to afford to buy arms on a lavish scale. In June 2014, the government's National Security Service signed a deal worth $264 million US dollars with a Seychelles-based shell company to buy 30 tanks, 50,000 AK-47 assault rifles and 20 million bullets. The owner of the shell company currently remains unknown. In July 2014, the Chinese arms manufacturer Norinco delivered a shipment to South Sudan of 95,000 assault rifles and 20 million rounds of ammunition, supplying enough bullets to kill every person in South Sudan twice over. The American arms dealer and private military contractor, Erik Prince, sold to the government for $43 million dollars three Mi-24 attack helicopters and two L-39 jets together with the services of Hungarian mercenary pilots to operate the aircraft. The majority of the arms supplied to South Sudan from Uganda originated from Romania, Bulgaria and Slovakia, all which are members of the European Union (EU), and were supposed to abide by an EU arms embargo placed on South Sudan in 2011.


title: Arms trafficking

text: Less is known about the very secretive arms dealers supplying the rebel Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition (SPLM-IO) led by Riek Machar other than that the majority of the gunrunners appeared to be European. A rare exception was with the Franco-Polish arms dealer Pierre Dadak who was arrested on 14 July 2016 at his villa in Ibiza on charges of gunrunning into South Sudan. At his villa, the Spanish National Police Corps allege that they found documents showing he was negotiating to sell Machar 40,000 AK-47 assault rifles, 30,000 PKM machine guns and 200,000 boxes of ammunition.


title: Arms trafficking

text: The United Nations Panel of Experts on South Sudan in a 2017 report declared: "Reports from independent sources indicate that the border areas between South Sudan and the Sudan and Uganda remain key entry points for arms, with some unsubstantiated reports of smaller numbers of weapons also crossing into South Sudan from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. There are also persistent reports and public accusations of shipments to forces affiliated with the leadership in Juba from further afield, specifically from Egypt". The same report stated that a Ukrainian Air Force IL-76 transport jet flew in two L-39 jets to Uganda on 27 January 2017 in the full knowledge the L-39 jets were intended to go on to South Sudan, thereby violating the arms embargo Ukraine had placed on arms sales to South Sudan. In 2018, the United Nations Security Council imposed a worldwide arms embargo on South Sudan, but the embargo has been widely ignored where despite a ceasefire signed the same year, both sides have continued to import arms on a massive scale, suggesting that they are preparing for another bout of the civil war.


title: Arms trafficking

text: Kimberly Thachuk and Karen Saunders argue that arms trafficking is no different from any other illegal business in their work "Under the Radar: Airborne Arms Trafficking Operations in Africa". Traffickers first need a headquarters, or somewhere to base their operations. A headquarters needs several aspects to make it an ideal place to traffic weapons. First, the headquarters should have appropriate infrastructure. For a weapons trafficking this would include a landing strip for both importation and exportation. Additionally, warehouses are needed to “store product awaiting delivery." Once the product has arrived and been stored it needs to be delivered to the customer, thus, the headquarters should be in somewhat of a central location near each customer. While not the primary reason traffickers choose Africa, it has multitudes of unoccupied land that can be used by traffickers, as is asserted by Thachuk and Saunders.


title: Arms trafficking

text: Physical space is important but the rules and regulations of said space are also relevant. Traffickers look for places with corrupt, supply side, officials that can either be bribed, or blackmailed. This allows the trafficker to “circumvent the regulatory and oversight systems” put in place by the government. Furthermore, a “lax financial system” is key so the large amounts of money moved by the trafficker are not seen as suspicious.


title: Arms trafficking

text: Thachuk and Saunders finish their argument, a stable, and highly centralized government, is important. They then point out that 10 different African countries have leaders that have been in power for more than 20 years, which they argue meets the criteria a highly centralized and stable government.


title: Arms trafficking

text: Since 1996, countries throughout Europe have taken notice of arms trafficking. Europe has been an overall large exporter of illicit weapons with the United Kingdom, Germany, and France in the national lead for the most exports. Imports to Europe in from 2004–2013 have decreased by 25%, with the United Kingdom importing the most overall in Europe. The firearms that are imported and passed around are commonly small arms and lighter weapons (SALW) compared to large machinery, such as tanks and aircraft. The SALW bought in Europe tends to be secondhand weapons that are cheap and regularly available. Gun cultures, such as in Germany, where the "taken-for-granted cultural practice of carrying a handgun," increases illicit SALW because guns are viewed as a way to enhance masculinity and status. In 2000, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) started on regional solutions and security measures to address the firearms trafficking problem.


title: Arms trafficking

text: Though one of the least profitable illegal trades, arms trafficking made an estimated $1.7-3.5 billion in 2014, making it the 9th largest criminal market, which was valued at $1.6-2.2 trillion.


title: Arms trafficking

text: The AK-47 is one of the most appealing weapons in the illegal weapons trade due to its low cost and reliability. In Iraq, a smuggled AK-47 typically costs $150–300. In the first sixth months of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the influx of new weapons lowered the AK-47's price, to the point the weapon was sold for as low as $25, or sometimes, nothing. Comparatively, AK-47s sold on the Dark web in the United States can cost as much as $3,600, as the price of illegal arms is increased greatly by the distance it must travel, due to the induced risk. A handgun trafficked from the United States to Canada can have its price increase by 560% from just crossing the border. Weapons smuggled overseas will usually take several, short trips with multiple companies to mask the country of origin and the original sellers.


title: Arms trafficking

text: In the United States, biker gangs have been connected to arms trafficking. United States law enforcement agencies started investigating bike gangs in the late 90s, and started classifying them as organized criminal organizations. This was mainly due to the fact that they were able to get control of the prostitution market and the smuggling of stolen goods such as weapons, motorcycles, and car parts.


title: Arms trafficking

text: Prosecuting arms traffickers and brokers has proven difficult due to loopholes in national laws. In 2000, Israeli arms dealer Leonid Minin was arrested in Italy for drug possession, and while serving his sentence, Italian police found over 1,500 pages of forged end-user certificates and transfers of money which implicated him in trafficking arms to the Revolutionary United Front in Sierra Leone. Minin was released in December 2002, as according to Italian law, he could not be tried because the weapons he had sold had never reached Italy. Additionally, some arms dealers will operate in countries where they cannot be extradited. Arms traffickers are also able to evade capture due to a lack of co-operation between nations, especially in Africa and ex-Soviet states.


title: Arms trafficking

text: In the international criminal scholarly community, rational choice theory is commonly referenced in explanations as to why individuals engage in and justify criminal activity. According to Jana Arsovska and Panos Kostakos, leading scholars on organized crime, the causes of arms trafficking are not solely based on rational choice theory but rather have been more closely linked to the intimacy of one's personal social networks as well as the "perception of risks, effort and rewards in violating criminal laws."


title: Morton's neuroma

text: Morton's neuroma is a benign neuroma of an intermetatarsal plantar nerve, most commonly of the second and third intermetatarsal spaces (between the second/third and third/fourth metatarsal heads; the first is of the big toe), which results in the entrapment of the affected nerve. The main symptoms are pain and/or numbness, sometimes relieved by ceasing to wear footwear with tight toe boxes and high heels (which have been linked to the condition). The condition is named after Thomas George Morton, though it was first correctly described by a chiropodist named Durlacher.


title: Morton's neuroma

text: Some sources claim that entrapment of the plantar nerve resulting from compression between the metatarsal heads, as originally proposed by Morton, is highly unlikely, because the plantar nerve is on the plantar side of the transverse metatarsal ligament and thus does not come into contact with the metatarsal heads. It is more likely that the transverse metatarsal ligament is the cause of the entrapment.


title: Morton's neuroma

text: Though the condition is labeled as a neuroma, many sources do not consider it a true tumor, but rather a perineural fibroma (fibrous tissue formation around nerve tissue).


title: Morton's neuroma

text: Symptoms include pain on weight bearing, frequently after only a short time. The nature of the pain varies widely among individuals. Some people experience shooting pain affecting the contiguous halves of two toes. Others describe a feeling akin to having a pebble in the shoe or walking on razor blades. Burning, numbness, and paresthesia may also be experienced. The symptoms progress over time, often beginning as a tingling sensation in the ball of the foot.


title: Morton's neuroma

text: Negative signs include a lack of obvious deformities, erythema, signs of inflammation, or limitation of movement. Direct pressure between the metatarsal heads will replicate the symptoms, as will compression of the forefoot between the finger and thumb so as to compress the transverse arch of the foot. This is referred to as Mulder's sign.


title: Morton's neuroma

text: There are other causes of pain in the forefoot that often lead to miscategorization as neuroma, such as capsulitis, which is an inflammation of ligaments that surround two bones at the level of the joint. If the ligaments that attach the phalanx (bone of the toe) to the metatarsal bone are impacted, the resulting inflammation may put pressure on an otherwise healthy nerve and produce neuroma-type symptoms. Additionally, an intermetatarsal bursitis between the third and fourth metatarsal bones will also give neuroma-type symptoms because it too puts pressure on the nerve. Freiberg disease, which is an osteochondritis of the metatarsal head, causes pain on weight-bearing or compression. Other conditions that could be clinically confused with a neuroma include stress fractures/reactions and plantar plate disruption.


title: Morton's neuroma

text: Microscopically, the affected nerve is markedly distorted, with extensive concentric perineural fibrosis. The arterioles are thickened and occlusion by thrombi are occasionally present.


title: Morton's neuroma

text: Though a neuroma is a soft-tissue abnormality and will not be visualized by standard radiographs, the first step in the assessment of forefoot pain is an X-ray to detect the presence of arthritis and exclude stress fractures/reactions and focal bone lesions, which may mimic the symptoms of a neuroma. Ultrasound (sonography) accurately demonstrates thickening of the interdigital nerve within the web space of greater than 3mm, diagnostic of a Morton’s neuroma. This typically occurs at the level of the intermetatarsal ligament. Frequently, intermetatarsal bursitis coexists with the diagnosis. MRI can distinguish conditions that mimic the symptoms of Morton's neuroma, but when more than one abnormality exists, ultrasound has the added advantage of determining the precise source of the patient’s pain by applying direct pressure with the probe. Ultrasound may also be used to guide treatment such as cortisone injections into the webspace, as well as alcohol ablation of the nerve.


title: Morton's neuroma

text: Orthotics and improved footwear are the first-line treatments for Morton’s neuroma. In addition to traditional orthotic arch supports, a small foam or fabric pad may be positioned under the space between the two affected metatarsals, immediately behind the bone ends. This pad helps to splay the metatarsal bones and create more space for the nerve so as to relieve pressure and irritation. However, it may also elicit mild uncomfortable sensations of its own, such as the feeling of having an awkward object under one's foot. Toe spreaders are another form of conservative orthotic treatment that may yield relief for Morton's neuroma symptoms. Footwear and orthotics are most effective in neuromas that have existed less than four and a half months and are smaller than . To prevent or treat Morton's neuroma, comfortable shoes that are sufficiently long and have a wide toe box, flat heel, and thick sole are recommended.


title: Morton's neuroma

text: Corticosteroid injections can relieve inflammation in some patients and help end the symptoms. For some patients, however, the inflammation and pain recur after some weeks or months, and corticosteroids may only be used a limited number of times because they cause progressive degeneration of ligamentous and tendinous tissues. About 30% of people who receive steroid injections go on to have surgery. According to a 2021 review, it is most effective in neuromas smaller than .


title: Morton's neuroma

text: Sclerosing alcohol injections are an increasingly available treatment alternative if other management approaches fail. Dilute alcohol (4%) is injected directly into the area of the neuroma, causing toxicity to the fibrous nerve tissue. Frequently, treatment must be performed two to four times, with one to three weeks between interventions. A 60–80% success rate has been achieved in clinical studies, equal to or exceeding the success rate for surgical neurectomy, with fewer risks and less significant recovery. If done with more concentrated alcohol under ultrasound guidance, the success rate is considerably higher and fewer repeat procedures are needed.


title: Morton's neuroma

text: Radiofrequency ablation is also used in the treatment of Morton's neuroma. The outcomes appear to be similar to, or even more reliable than, alcohol injections, especially if the procedure is performed under ultrasound guidance.


title: Morton's neuroma

text: A 2019 systematic review of randomised controlled trials found that corticosteroid injections or manipulation/mobilisation reduced pain more than control, extracorporeal shockwave therapy or varus/valgus foot wedges (which did not reduce pain more than control or comparison treatment, and pain reduction was not reported in any wider foot/metatarsal padding studies). The review also found no randomised controlled trials for sclerosing alcohol injections, radiofrequency ablations, cryoneurolysis or botulinum toxin injections. These treatments have only been assessed with pre-test/post-test case series, which do not measure the benefit of treatment beyond any placebo effect, sham treatment or any natural improvement over time.


title: Morton's neuroma

text: If non-surgical interventions fail, patients are commonly offered neurectomy, a surgery that involves removing the affected piece of nerve tissue. Postoperative scar tissue formation (known as stump neuroma) can occur in approximately 20–30% of cases, causing a return of neuroma symptoms. Neurectomy may be performed using one of two general methods. Making the incision from the dorsal side (the top of the foot) is the more common method but requires cutting the deep transverse metatarsal ligament that connects the third and fourth metatarsals in order to access the nerve beneath it. This results in exaggerated postoperative splaying of the third and fourth digits (toes) resulting from the loss of the supporting ligamentous structure. This has aesthetic concerns for some patients and possible, though unquantified, long-term implications for foot structure and health. Alternatively, making the incision from the ventral side (the sole of the foot) allows more direct access to the affected nerve without cutting other structures. However, this approach requires a greater post-operative recovery time in which the patient must avoid weight-bearing on the affected foot, because the ventral aspect of the foot is more highly enervated and impacted by pressure when standing. It also carries an increased risk of scar-tissue formation in a location that causes ongoing pain.


title: Morton's neuroma

text: When a patient has multiple neuromas in the same foot, the most common surgical approach is to remove them all using a single incision.


title: Morton's neuroma

text: Cryogenic neuroablation (also known as cryoinjection therapy, cryoneurolysis, cryosurgery or cryoablation) is a lesser-known alternative to neurectomy surgery. It involves the destruction of axons to prevent them from carrying painful impulses. This is accomplished by making a small incision (~3 mm) and inserting a cryoneedle that applies extremely low temperatures of between −50 °C to −70 °C to the nerve/neuroma, resulting in degeneration of the intracellular elements, axons and myelin sheath (which houses the neuroma) with wallerian degeneration. The epineurium and perineurium remain intact, thus preventing the formation of stump neuroma. The preservation of these structures differentiates cryogenic neuroablation from surgical excision and neurolytic agents such as alcohol. An initial study showed that cryoneuroablation is initially equal in effectiveness to surgery but does not have the risk of stump neuroma formation.


title: Morton's neuroma

text: An increasing range of procedures are being performed at specialist centers to treat Morton's neuroma under ultrasound guidance. Studies have examined the treatment of the condition with ultrasound-guided sclerosing alcohol injections, radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation.


title: Xia Li

text: Zhao Xia (; born July 28, 1988) is a Chinese professional wrestler. She is currently signed to WWE, where she performs on the SmackDown brand under the ring name Xia Li ().


title: Xia Li

text: In January 2017, Li joined the WWE Performance Center after she had impressed talent scouts at a tryout in Shanghai, China. On July 13, she made her debut for WWE competing in the inaugural Mae Young Classic, making her the first Chinese woman to ever compete in a WWE ring. She was eliminated in the first round by Mercedes Martinez. On September 19, 2018, Li competed in her second Mae Young Classic, defeating Karen Q in the first round, but was eliminated in the second round by Deonna Purrazzo. Throughout 2017 and 2018, Li only wrestled at NXT live events outside of the Mae Young Classic.


title: Xia Li

text: On January 27, 2019, at the Royal Rumble, Li made her first appearance on a main roster pay-per-view by entering the women's Royal Rumble match at number 11, lasting 4:48 before being eliminated by Charlotte Flair. She made her television debut on the February 20 episode of "NXT", losing in a singles match to Mia Yim. On the May 1 episode of "NXT", she picked up her first televised win by defeating Rachel Evers. In mid-November, she got into a feud with Aliyah and Vanessa Borne, getting singles victories over the duo on the November 13 and 27 episodes of "NXT" respectively, the latter of which saw her get attacked by NXT Women's Champion Shayna Baszler, Marina Shafir and Jessamyn Duke afterwards. It led to a non-title match the following week, with Li losing to Baszler by submission.


title: Xia Li

text: Li would compete in the women's Royal Rumble match again at the namesake event on January 26, 2020, entering at number 24 and lasting 10:49, before being eliminated by Shayna Baszler. Li fought with Mia Yim again on the February 26 episode of "NXT", this time winning the match with a roll-up after a distraction from Dakota Kai and Raquel González. On the March 25 episode of "NXT", Li was set to face Aliyah in a qualifier to compete in a Ladder match to determine the number one contender for the NXT Women's Championship, but was injured by her backstage before the match started. This led to a brief match between the two on the April 15 episode of "NXT", with Li getting revenge by defeating Aliyah. On the May 6 episode of "NXT", Li had a match with Chelsea Green, which she lost due to a distraction from Aliyah. This led to another match between the two on the June 17 episode of "NXT", with Aliyah getting the victory after Robert Stone distracted Li by vomiting in the ring.


title: Xia Li

text: On the September 16 episode of "NXT", Li teamed up with Jessi Kamea in a losing effort against Kayden Carter and Kacy Catanzaro, with Li refusing to shake hands with them after the match. The following week, she competed in a battle royal to determine the number one contender for the NXT Women's Championship, which was won by Candice LeRae. Li went against Carter on the September 30 episode of "NXT", losing the match and pushing her to the mat after being extended a hand. The following week, after losing a match against Shotzi Blackheart, she was approached by Boa who gave her a letter and followed him afterwards. On the October 21 episode of "NXT", Li lost a match against Catanzaro. After the match, she attacked her and Carter, thus turning heel.


title: Xia Li

text: On the November 25 episode of "NXT," a vignette aired of Li and fellow "NXT" superstar Boa, both haggard in appearance, entering the backseat of a vehicle together before being driven to an unknown location. The same elderly man who handed Boa a letter on the November 11 episode of "NXT" appeared outside of the building, appearing to be waiting for them. Weekly vignettes began airing of both Li and Boa being brutally "punished for their failures", all while being watched over by the elderly man and a mysterious woman in black-and-white face paint. A transformed Li returned on January 6, 2021 during NXT's special, squashing Katrina Cortez in dominant fashion. The following week, she defeated another jobber in two strikes, but then was wordlessly given an order by her master on the stage, resulting in Li tying up the opponent and taking more shots at her. On the February 10 episode of "NXT", Li defeated Cora Jade in quick fashion. During and after the match, Kacy Catanzaro and Kayden Carter came out to the ring to reason with her but she attacked them both for disrespecting her master Mei Ying. Li went on to defeat both Catanzaro and Carter in singles bouts on the February 24 and March 10 episodes of "NXT" respectively, and beat them again in a handicap match three weeks later.


title: Xia Li

text: In June, Li went on to feud with Mercedes Martinez over losing to her in the inaugural Mae Young Classic, defeating her in a match at . On the June 29 episode of "NXT", she teamed with Boa to defeat Martinez and Jake Atlas in a mixed tag team match. On the July 20 episode of "NXT", Li challenged Raquel González for the NXT Women's Championship but failed to win. During the match, she suffered an injury following a springboard senton splash, but appeared to be okay afterwards.


title: Xia Li

text: As part of the 2021 Draft, Li was drafted to the SmackDown brand. She made her main roster debut on the December 10 episode of "SmackDown" as a face, protecting Naomi as she fought off Sonya Deville, Natalya, and Shayna Baszler. On the February 25, 2022 episode of "SmackDown", Li made her in-ring debut by defeating Natalya. After weeks of inactivity, Li turned heel in a segment on the April 22 episode of "SmackDown", stating that no one was worthy of protecting and that she was only focused on protecting herself. On the June 3 episode of "SmackDown", Li competed in a six-pack challenge to determine the number one contender to the SmackDown Women's Championship, which was won by Natalya. The following week, she failed to qualify for the Women's Money in the Bank ladder match after losing to Lacey Evans. Li made her debut on the Raw brand on the June 27 episode, competing in a Last Chance six-way elimination match to qualify for the Women's Money in the Bank ladder match, but was eliminated first by Becky Lynch.


title: Xia Li

text: On the August 5 episode of "SmackDown", Li competed in a gauntlet match to determine the number one contender to Liv Morgan's SmackDown Women's Championship, which was won by Baszler. The following week, she teamed with Shotzi to participate in the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship Tournament for the vacant tag titles, but were eliminated by Raquel Rodriguez and Aliyah. On the August 26 episode of "SmackDown", Li teamed with Shotzi again to compete in a "Last Chance" Fatal 4-Way to be in the semifinal match of the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship Tournament later that night, which was won by Natalya and Sonya Deville. On the September 9 episode of "SmackDown", she competed in a five-way elimination match to determine the number one contender to Morgan's SmackDown Women's Championship at Extreme Rules, which was won by Ronda Rousey. On the November 11 episode of "SmackDown", Li competed in a six-pack challenge to determine the number one contender to Rousey's SmackDown Women's Championship at Survivor Series WarGames, which was won by Shotzi.


title: Xia Li

text: Before joining WWE, Li was a lifelong combat-sport athlete, fighting in the martial art of wushu. She was the co-founder of her own fitness studio and achieved multiple first place finishes in various martial arts and fitness competitions including: the second World Traditional Chinese Wushu Championship, Nike Challenge Competition and first China Throw Down: Battle on the Bund.


title: Fabio Borini

text: Fabio Borini (; born 29 March 1991) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Turkish club Fatih Karagümrük.


title: Fabio Borini

text: He started his career at Bologna, before moving to Chelsea in 2007. In 2011, Borini joined Championship side Swansea City on loan, and eventually signed for Roma, before moving to Liverpool in 2012. He spent the 2013–14 season on loan at Sunderland, and after a season back at Liverpool he joined Sunderland permanently in August 2015.


title: Fabio Borini

text: Borini made his senior international debut in 2012, and was an unused member of the Italian squad that reached the Euro 2012 final.


title: Fabio Borini

text: Borini first started playing football at the age of eight and was raised supporting the local club Bologna. He joined Bologna in 2001, as a youth player.


title: Fabio Borini

text: Borini joined Chelsea in the summer of 2007 from Bologna. During the 2008–09 season, he was made first choice striker for reserves. He was the top scorer for the reserves with 10 goals from 11 appearances. Borini scored against Manchester United in the FA Youth Cup. On 1 September 2009, he was added to Carlo Ancelotti's Champions League squad and he made the bench against FC Porto. He made the substitutes bench again a few days later on 20 September, replacing Nicolas Anelka in the 89th minute to make his first team debut for Chelsea against Tottenham Hotspur. His full debut came against Queens Park Rangers in the League Cup third round. On 8 December 2009, Borini made his Champions League debut in the 2–2 draw against APOEL. He played his first FA Cup game against Watford in the third round, coming on in the 70th minute for Daniel Sturridge as the Blues won 5–0. Borini underwent a hernia operation which put him out of action for quite some time.


title: Fabio Borini

text: Captain Borini scored five times to bring Chelsea Reserves back from 0–3 against West Bromwich Albion Reserves on 20 October 2010. Chelsea Reserves won the match 5–4.


title: Fabio Borini

text: On 17 March 2011, Borini joined Championship side Swansea City on loan until the end of the 2010–11 season. He linked up with his former Chelsea youth team boss Brendan Rodgers. Borini began his loan spell with the Swans by scoring a brace against Nottingham Forest. On 9 April 2011, he opened the scoring against Norwich City, with a free kick in a match which the Swans went on to win 3–0. He scored again during the Swans 2–1 loss to Burnley at Turf Moor and bagged another brace during the 4–1 defeat of Ipswich Town at the Liberty Stadium.


title: Fabio Borini

text: On 18 May 2011, Borini confirmed that he would not be coming back to Chelsea at the end of his loan spell with Swansea. He insisted he would not make a decision on his future until after the Championship play-off final. In the Championship play-off final, Borini won the penalty which secured a 4–2 lead and a return to English football's top flight for the Swans.


title: Fabio Borini

text: It emerged in the days following the play-off final that Borini had signed a pre-contract agreement with Serie A side Parma, in his home region of Emilia-Romagna, before he had even joined Swansea on loan. According to his agent, Marco De Marchi, Borini has secured a five-year contract with the club. Parma confirmed the deal on 2 July 2011. Parma also paid Chelsea a training compensation of €347,500. Chelsea sued Parma to FIFA Dispute Resolution Chamber, which on 28 August 2012 the chamber ordered Parma to pay €337,500 plus 5% interests counting from 31 August 2011. A scheduled payment was agreed on 18 April 2013.


title: Fabio Borini

text: On 31 August 2011, Borini signed for Italian club Roma on loan for €1.25 million, with an option to buy for €7 million. Borini signed a 1+4-year contract, which he would earn €1 million in gross in first season but increased to €2.3 million in 2012–13 and ultimately €3.4 million in 2015–16. He made his first official appearance for Roma in the 2–1 loss at home to Cagliari, replacing Pablo Osvaldo in the 80th minute. The following week, he made his first start against Internazionale in the 0–0 draw at the San Siro. He scored his first goal with his new team in the 2–1 away loss against Genoa. He then scored his first goal in the Coppa Italia against Fiorentina in Roma's 3–0 victory. Borini scored his second goal as a Roma player against Cesena in Roma's 5–1 victory. Borini was bought from Parma on a co-ownership deal for €2.3 million on 23 January 2012. Moreover, Roma also paid agent Andrea Rosso €150,000 who broke the deal, as well as sent Stefano Okaka to Parma in a temporary deal with the option to sign half of the "card" for €300,000. On 5 February, he scored two goals against Inter in a 4–0 victory. He scored an equaliser in a derby against Lazio, and he scored a winner against Palermo on 12 March. On 23 June, Roma paid Parma €5.3 million on blind auction, and signed the other 50% of Borini's rights.


title: Fabio Borini

text: On 9 July 2012, it was reported that Borini would become Brendan Rodgers' first signing as Liverpool manager, with the player expected to join before a pre-season tour of North America. On 12 July, it was reported that a deal had been reached between the two clubs, and on 13 July Borini officially completed his transfer to Liverpool, and requested to wear the number 29 shirt. On 13 July, Roma announced the fee was €13.3 million including bonuses (equivalent to about £10.5 million). After his move, Borini revealed that Italy teammate Mario Balotelli was responsible for urging him to join Liverpool, because Balotelli claimed the club [Liverpool] has the most exciting fans.


title: Fabio Borini

text: On 9 August, Borini scored his first goal for Liverpool during his first game at Anfield, in the second leg of a Europa League match against FC Gomel, in the 21st minute.


title: Fabio Borini

text: He made his Premier League debut on 18 August 2012, starting in a 3–0 loss against West Bromwich Albion at The Hawthorns.


title: Fabio Borini

text: In October 2012, Liverpool confirmed that Borini would miss the next three months due to a broken foot which he initially suffered in a game against Manchester United. Borini made his comeback for Liverpool on 9 January 2013, replacing Raheem Sterling as a second-half substitute away to Manchester United.


title: Fabio Borini

text: On 17 February 2013, Borini suffered a dislocated shoulder after a collision with Swansea City's Kyle Bartley only eight minutes after being brought on as a substitute for Luis Suarez. Brendan Rodgers' post-match comments suggested that Borini would be out for the remainder of the 2012–13 season. He returned to the team on 27 April 2013, coming off the bench in the 72nd minute to score his first Premier League goal and


title: Fabio Borini

text: Liverpool's fifth in a 6–0 away win against Newcastle United. In his first season with Liverpool, he played 20 games, scoring twice.


title: Fabio Borini

text: Borini signed on a season-long loan with Sunderland on 2 September 2013. He made his Sunderland debut in a 1–3 home defeat to Arsenal, coming on as a 71st-minute substitute for Charis Mavrias. He made his full debut in a 3–0 away defeat at West Bromwich Albion, but was subbed off in the 59th minute for Jozy Altidore in a match that proved to be then manager Paolo Di Canio's last game in charge after he was sacked a day later. Kevin Ball was put in caretaker charge of Sunderland's League Cup tie at home to Peterborough United, Borini was again put on the substitutes bench, but was subbed on 13 minutes from full-time for Emanuele Giaccherini; Sunderland won the match 2–0.


title: Fabio Borini

text: On 27 October 2013, Borini scored his first goal for Sunderland in the Tyne-Wear derby against Newcastle United, providing the winning goal in their 2–1 victory. Borini scored a late equaliser in the League Cup quarter-final against Chelsea, and later assisted Ki Sung-Yeung's extra time winner. On 28 December 2013, Borini was taken hospital after playing the first half of Sunderland's draw with Cardiff City, due to illness, but was released later that day.


title: Fabio Borini

text: On 7 January 2014, Borini scored Sunderland's winning goal from the penalty spot as they beat Manchester United 2–1 at the Stadium of Light in the League Cup semi-final first leg. On 1 February, he scored in Sunderland's 3–0 victory against Newcastle United at St James' Park to give the "Black Cats" a double over their North East rivals.


title: Fabio Borini

text: On 2 March 2014, he scored the opening goal in the 3–1 2014 Football League Cup Final defeat to Manchester City.


title: Fabio Borini

text: On 19 April, Borini scored Sunderland's winning goal in a 2–1 win away at his former club Chelsea to inflict José Mourinho's first ever home league defeat as manager of the club. The result kept his parent club Liverpool two points clear of Chelsea at the top of the Premier League table. In the following days, Borini was named as Sunderland's "Young Player of the Year". Borini scored another penalty on 27 April, which was Sunderland's second goal in a 4–0 home win over Cardiff City, a result which saw them move out of the relegation zone. On 7 May, he scored in a 2–0 win against West Bromwich Albion, to ensure the team would not be relegated from the Premier League. He scored in Sunderland's only goal in a 1–3 defeat to Swansea on the final day of the season.


title: Fabio Borini

text: On 14 May 2014, in his first match since his return from Sunderland, Borini scored in a 4–0 friendly win over Shamrock Rovers at the Aviva Stadium in Dublin. During the pre-season, he was substituted after 12 minutes in a 1–0 friendly defeat to Roma at Fenway Park on 24 July 2014 following a heavy fall. Rodgers acknowledged that Borini would require treatment, but insisted that the injury was not serious.


title: Fabio Borini

text: It was confirmed that Liverpool accepted a £14 million bid from Sunderland, however he decided against the switch, instead choosing to fight for his place in the Liverpool first team.


title: Fabio Borini

text: On 21 December 2014, Borini was sent off for two yellow cards in a 2–2 draw against Arsenal at Anfield, despite only playing 16 minutes as a substitute. The second was given for a high challenge on Santi Cazorla which tore the Arsenal player's shirt open. He scored his second Premier League goal for Liverpool, against Aston Villa on 17 January 2015, from a cross by Jordan Henderson in a 2–0 win.


title: Fabio Borini

text: On 31 August 2015, Borini joined Sunderland on a four-year deal, for a reported fee of £8 million, potentially rising to £10 million. After struggling for form and fitness, Borini scored his first goal of the season in a 3–1 away defeat to Chelsea.


title: Fabio Borini

text: On 1 March 2016, Borini scored a stoppage time equaliser, as Sunderland salvaged a 2–2 draw at home to Crystal Palace. Manager Sam Allardyce labelled the strike as goal of the season. On 15 April 2016, Borini opened the scoring from the penalty spot in a crucial 0–3 away victory over fellow strugglers Norwich, a result which moved Sunderland within one point of safety. On 7 May 2016, Borini scored in a home match against Chelsea to level the score at 2–2, in a match which Sunderland went on to win 3–2 due to a Jermain Defoe goal three minutes later, to move out of the relegation zone. Sunderland's survival was confirmed in a 3–0 victory over Everton later that week.


title: Fabio Borini

text: Borini started Sunderland's first game of the season against Manchester City. On 27 August 2016, he suffered the torn ligament while taking a free-kick in the 1–1 draw with Southampton which he was substituted later. He was out due to the injury for three months. He returned to the starting line-up on 14 December in the 1–0 loss against Chelsea. His first goal of the season was a last minute stunner against Manchester United on 26 December. His second goal of the season was a last minute equaliser against West Ham United. He scored the goal just two minutes after coming on the field. He finished the season with two goals in 26 appearances in all competitions as Sunderland finished bottom of the table and was relegated.


title: Fabio Borini

text: On 30 June 2017, Borini joined Serie A club Milan on loan, with an obligation to buy. On 11 July, he made his debut in friendly match against FC Lugano. He made his official debut for the club on 27 July, in a 1–0 away win against CS U Craiova in the first leg of Milan's Europa League third-round qualifier. He scored his first goal for the club in Milan's 6–0 Europa League play-off win against Shkëndija on 17 August. On 28 September, he provided two assists in a 3–2 home against Rijeka in the Europa League.


title: Fabio Borini

text: On 14 January 2020, he signed with Verona until the end of the 2019–20 season. He played for the first time, five days later against Bologna, and he scored the equalising goal for his team.


title: Fabio Borini

text: On 15 December 2020, Borini signed for Süper Lig club Fatih Karagümrük. Borini got off to a good start at the club, scoring multiple goals including a right footed curled effort into the top corner against Fenerbahçe in a 2–1 loss on 13 February.


title: Fabio Borini

text: On 13 November 2009, he made his debut with the Italy U-21 squad in a 2–0 loss against Hungary. Borini was named captain of the Italian team for the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Championship. On 29 March 2011, he scored his first goal for the U21 team in a friendly game against Germany.


title: Fabio Borini

text: On 26 February 2012, Borini was called up to the senior national team by head coach Cesare Prandelli. He made his debut on 29 February 2012, in the friendly match against the United States. He was included in the Italian squad for UEFA Euro 2012, but did not come off the bench.


title: Fabio Borini

text: In May 2013 he was included in Italy U-21 squad for the 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship held in Israel. On 15 June 2013 he scored a winning goal in semi-finals of the competition against the Netherlands and a consolation goal in the final against Spain. Following the competition's completion he was announced in UEFA's official team of the tournament.


title: Fabio Borini

text: Initially regarded as one of the most promising young Italian forwards of his generation in his youth, in 2012, Borini was named one of the top players born after 1991 by Don Balón. Borini is a quick, agile, and hardworking striker, with good technique, movement off the ball, and an accurate shot; he is capable of playing in several other offensive positions, and he has also been deployed as a winger, or as a supporting striker.


title: Fabio Borini

text: A versatile player, during his time at A.C. Milan, he was used by both Vincenzo Montella and Gennaro Gattuso in more defensive roles such as an attacking wing-back or wide midfielder in a 3–5–2 formation or even as a full-back in a 4–3–3 formation, on either side of the pitch. His all-time favorite position is, however, as a supporting striker in a 4–4–2 formation. Under his Milan coach Marco Giampaolo during the 2019–20 season, Borini made several appearances in a new role, which saw him deployed as a right-sided, offensive-minded central midfielder in a 4–3–1–2 formation, known as the "mezzala" role, in Italian football jargon.


title: Hariprriya

text: Shruthi Chandrasena, known professionally as Hariprriya, is an Indian actress and model who chiefly works in Kannada films, in addition to a few Tamil and Telugu films. Hariprriya is currently engaged to Kannada actor Vasista.N. Simha.


title: Hariprriya

text: Hariprriya was born on 29 October 1991 in Chikkaballapur, India. After completing her schooling, she went to Bharatanatyam where she received training in dance. Later, her family moved to Bangalore, where she completed pre-university courses. In 2013, her mother urged Shruthi to alter spelling from Haripriya to Harriprriya for numerological reasons, however, she declined the reports, citing "My mother insisted that I change my spelling."


title: Hariprriya

text: Hariprriya used to participate in a number of cultural programmes. When she was studying in 12th class, director Richard Castelino saw stills of her from the programmes and offered her the female lead role in the Tulu film "Badi". She then made her Kannada film debut in "Manasugula Mathu Madhura" (2008), following which she was part of "Vasanthakala". Her performance in the political satire "Kallara Santhe" (2009) opposite Yash earned her a Filmfare nomination for Best Kannada actress, while her next film "Cheluveye Ninne Nodalu" which starred Shiva Rajkukar received a number of positive reviews, making Hariprriya popular in Karnataka. In 2010, she also forayed into the Tamil and Telugu film industries with "Kanagavel Kaaka", and Bhumika Chawla's maiden production, "Thakita Thakita", opposite Harshvardhan Rane respectively, with the latter emerging a moderate success. After that, Hariprriya shifted her focus to Tamil and Telugu projects, working on Cheran's "Muran" in Tamil and "Pilla Zamindar" in Telugu which had Nani in a male lead role, was a big superhit movie. She was also part of the political drama "Mukhyamantri I Love You", produced in 2008, which has not been released.


title: Hariprriya

text: She debuted in Malayalam with "Thiruvambadi Thamban"." In her third Telugu film "Abbayi Class Ammayi Mass", she played a call girl, which required a two-week long immersion workshop to get into character.


title: Hariprriya

text: In 2014, she returned to Kannada cinema with the gangster film "Ugramm". Shraddhaa of "The New Indian Express" wrote that it was "a strong performance by Hariprriya, who is natural in her act". The film went on to become a major commercial success and she was said to have made a "sensational comeback to Kannada films". Sify wrote that "Ugramm" "did wonders to Hariprriya" as she subsequently offered more Kannada projects. After the success of Ugram, she gained popularity in the Kannada film industry and she became one of the most wanted heroines in the industry. She became part of the big banner films, "Ranna" and Ricky as well as the comedy film "Bullet Basya". She started 2015 with "Ranna" where she was paired with Indian actor Sudeep for the first time. The movie went on to become hit at the box office.


title: Hariprriya

text: Her second release in the year is "Bullet Basya" where she was paired opposite Sharan and received a positive response for her role as Kaveri in the film. In 2016, her first release was "Ricky" opposite Rakshit Shetty where she played as Radha a Naxalite, for which she had reduced her weight by half. The critics wrote that "The performance of Hariprriya in the film was appreciated." Her next release in the year was "Ranatantra" where she was paired opposite Vijay Raghavendra. She was also seen in a special appearance in a song in "Bhale Jodi". Her next release in the year was in hit movie, "Neer Dose" where she played the character Kumudha a bar dancer. The critics wrote that "Hariprriya has essayed a powerful role in her career. Her performance in the movie is phenomenal". The movie turned out to be a turning point in her film career.


title: Hariprriya

text: After the success of "Neer Dose" movie, she became one of the prominent actresses of the Kannada film industry. In 2017, she played Haasini's role, a North Karnataka girl in "Bharjari," film. After "Ranna", she and Rachita Ram were seen together onscreen for the second time. The New Indian Express described "Hariprriya has a good role in the movie. Her character is the main turning point for the story." She also appeared in a cameo appearance in "Anjaniputra" film.


title: Hariprriya

text: In 2018, she returned to Telugu cinema with "Jai Simha" film playing a mechanic's role in "Manga" character. The movie became a blockbuster hit. Her next release was a Kannada film "Kanaka". Her next release along with Chiranjeevi Sarja was Samhara, in which she essayed a negative character. The New Indian Express wrote that "Hariprriya's performance as a negative character is phenomenal. She got a chance to prove her versatility of acting in the movie." Her next release for the year was "Life Jothe Ondh Selfie". "The Times of India" wrote "Hariprriya has played the modern girl Rashmi who has lots of pains from her past. She has essayed the character very well."


title: Hariprriya

text: Her first release of 2019 was "Bell Bottom" that became the biggest blockbuster film of 2019. The writers of The New Indian Express wrote "Hariprriya's character as the innocent but intelligent love interest is well placed". Publication writers of described "Hariprriya delivers yet another solid act, showing why she is considered as one of the most versatile actresses around right now". The Deccan Chronicle wrote "It is Hariprriya, who yet again finds a perfect character and is at her charming best playing Kusuma." Her next release of 2019 was "Soojidara" directed by Mounish Badiger. Her next film was "D/O Parvathamma". Her 25th Kannada film was Naganna's "Kurukshetra", starring Sumalatha Ambareesh, Suraj Gowda and Prabhu Mundukar as the lead roles.


title: Hariprriya

text: Her next in 2019 is film with Tejaswi's movie "Ellide Illi Tanaka". The Chitraloka described "it is Hariprriya who steals the show with yet another sensible character. It makes the audience fall in love with her portrayal of Nandini's character on screen." Her next release of 2019 was Mayura Raghavendra's film "Kannad Gothilla", starring Sudharani and other actors. During the same year, she acted in "Katha Sangama" directed by Rishab Shetty.


title: Hariprriya

text: After a gap of a year her first release in 2022 was Vijay Prasad's comedy drama film "Petromax" where she was paired opposite Satish Ninasam. The film met with negative reviews upon release from both audience and critics and was a commercial failure at the box office. Her next release was her Tamil comeback film "Naan Mirugamai Maara"where she was paired opposite Sasikumar where she played the role of a housewife named Anandi. The film met with negative reviews from both audience and critics and it was a box-office bomb


title: Hariprriya

text: As of November 2022, Hariprriya has seven releases such as Vijay Kiran's "Happy Ending" that features Gurunandhan, "Amruthamathi", K.Madesh's "Lagaam" that features Upendra, "Evaru" remake with Diganth, Jayathertha's "Bell Bottom 2" with Rishab Shetty, Shashank's untitled film with Upendra, Baragur Ramachandrappa's "Thaayi Kasthoor Gandhi" and


title: Hariprriya

text: In 2019, Kannada film "Soojidara's" director Mounesh Badiger accused Hariprriya for defaming his film. He later lodged a complaint with the Karnataka Film Chamber of Commerce, accusing her of portraying the film in a negative way.


title: General Packet Radio Service

text: General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data standard on the 2G and 3G cellular communication network's global system for mobile communications (GSM). GPRS was established by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in response to the earlier CDPD and i-mode packet-switched cellular technologies. It is now maintained by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).


title: General Packet Radio Service

text: GPRS is typically sold according to the total volume of data transferred during the billing cycle, in contrast with circuit switched data, which is usually billed per minute of connection time, or sometimes by one-third minute increments. Usage above the GPRS bundled data cap may be charged per MB of data, speed limited, or disallowed.


title: General Packet Radio Service

text: GPRS is a best-effort service, implying variable throughput and latency that depend on the number of other users sharing the service concurrently, as opposed to circuit switching, where a certain quality of service (QoS) is guaranteed during the connection. In 2G systems, GPRS provides data rates of 56–114 kbit/s. 2G cellular technology combined with GPRS is sometimes described as "2.5G", that is, a technology between the second (2G) and third (3G) generations of mobile telephony. It provides moderate-speed data transfer, by using unused time-division multiple access (TDMA) channels in, for example, the GSM system. GPRS is integrated into GSM Release 97 and newer releases.


title: General Packet Radio Service

text: The GPRS core network allows 2G, 3G and WCDMA mobile networks to transmit IP packets to external networks such as the Internet. The GPRS system is an integrated part of the GSM network switching subsystem.


title: General Packet Radio Service

text: GPRS extends the GSM Packet circuit switched data capabilities and makes the following services possible:


title: General Packet Radio Service

text: If SMS over GPRS is used, an SMS transmission speed of about 30 SMS messages per minute may be achieved. This is much faster than using the ordinary SMS over GSM, whose SMS transmission speed is about 6 to 10 SMS messages per minute.


title: General Packet Radio Service

text: When TCP/IP is used, each phone can have one or more IP addresses allocated. GPRS will store and forward the IP packets to the phone even during handover. The TCP restores any packets lost (e.g. due to a radio noise induced pause).


title: General Packet Radio Service

text: Because a Class A device must service GPRS and GSM networks together, it effectively needs two radios. To avoid this hardware requirement, a GPRS mobile device may implement the dual transfer mode (DTM) feature. A DTM-capable mobile can handle both GSM packets and GPRS packets with network coordination to ensure both types are not transmitted at the same time. Such devices are considered pseudo-Class A, sometimes referred to as "simple class A". Some networks have supported DTM since 2007.


title: General Packet Radio Service

text: USB 3G/GPRS modems have a terminal-like interface over USB with V.42bis, and data formats. Some models include an external antenna connector. Modem cards for laptop PCs, or external USB modems are available, similar in shape and size to a computer mouse, or a pendrive.


title: General Packet Radio Service

text: A GPRS connection is established by reference to its access point name (APN). The APN defines the services such as wireless application protocol (WAP)


title: General Packet Radio Service

text: access, short message service (SMS), multimedia messaging service (MMS), and for Internet communication services such as email and World Wide Web access.


title: General Packet Radio Service

text: In order to set up a GPRS connection for a wireless modem, a user must specify an APN, optionally a user name and password, and very rarely an IP address, provided by the network operator.


title: General Packet Radio Service

text: GSM module or GPRS modules are similar to modems, but there's one difference: the modem is an external piece of equipment, whereas the GSM module or GPRS module can be integrated within an electrical or electronic equipment. It is an embedded piece of hardware. A GSM mobile, on the other hand, is a complete embedded system in itself. It comes with embedded processors dedicated to provide a functional interface between the user and the mobile network.


title: General Packet Radio Service

text: The multiple access methods used in GSM with GPRS are based on frequency-division duplex (FDD) and TDMA. During a session, a user is assigned to one pair of up-link and down-link frequency channels. This is combined with time domain statistical multiplexing which makes it possible for several users to share the same frequency channel. The packets have constant length, corresponding to a GSM time slot. The down-link uses first-come first-served packet scheduling, while the up-link uses a scheme very similar to reservation ALOHA (R-ALOHA). This means that slotted ALOHA (S-ALOHA) is used for reservation inquiries during a contention phase, and then the actual data is transferred using dynamic TDMA with first-come first-served.


title: General Packet Radio Service

text: The channel encoding process in GPRS consists of two steps: first, a cyclic code is used to add parity bits, which are also referred to as the Block Check Sequence, followed by coding with a possibly punctured convolutional code. The Coding Schemes CS-1 to CS-4 specify the number of parity bits generated by the cyclic code and the puncturing rate of the convolutional code. In Coding Schemes CS-1 through CS-3, the convolutional code is of rate 1/2, i.e. each input bit is converted into two coded bits. In Coding Schemes CS-2 and CS-3, the output of the convolutional code is punctured to achieve the desired code rate. In Coding Scheme CS-4, no convolutional coding is applied. The following table summarises the options.


title: General Packet Radio Service

text: The least robust, but fastest, coding scheme (CS-4) is available near a base transceiver station (BTS), while the most robust coding scheme (CS-1) is used when the mobile station (MS) is further away from a BTS.


title: General Packet Radio Service

text: Using the CS-4 it is possible to achieve a user speed of 20.0 kbit/s per time slot. However, using this scheme the cell coverage is 25% of normal. CS-1 can achieve a user speed of only 8.0 kbit/s per time slot, but has 98% of normal coverage. Newer network equipment can adapt the transfer speed automatically depending on the mobile location.


title: General Packet Radio Service

text: In addition to GPRS, there are two other GSM technologies which deliver data services: circuit-switched data (CSD) and high-speed circuit-switched data (HSCSD). In contrast to the shared nature of GPRS, these instead establish a dedicated circuit (usually billed per minute). Some applications such as video calling may prefer HSCSD, especially when there is a continuous flow of data between the endpoints.


title: General Packet Radio Service

text: The following table summarises some possible configurations of GPRS and circuit switched data services.


title: General Packet Radio Service

text: The multislot class determines the speed of data transfer available in the Uplink and Downlink directions. It is a value between 1 and 45 which the network uses to allocate radio channels in the uplink and downlink direction. Multislot class with values greater than 31 are referred to as high multislot classes.


title: General Packet Radio Service

text: A multislot allocation is represented as, for example, 5+2. The first number is the number of downlink timeslots and the second is the number of uplink timeslots allocated for use by the mobile station. A commonly used value is class 10 for many GPRS/EGPRS mobiles which uses a maximum of 4 timeslots in downlink direction and 2 timeslots in uplink direction. However simultaneously a maximum number of 5 simultaneous timeslots can be used in both uplink and downlink. The network will automatically configure for either 3+2 or 4+1 operation depending on the nature of data transfer.


title: General Packet Radio Service

text: Some high end mobiles, usually also supporting UMTS, also support GPRS/EDGE multislot class 32. According to 3GPP TS 45.002 (Release 12), Table B.1, mobile stations of this class support 5 timeslots in downlink and 3 timeslots in uplink with a maximum number of 6 simultaneously used timeslots. If data traffic is concentrated in downlink direction the network will configure the connection for 5+1 operation. When more data is transferred in the uplink the network can at any time change the constellation to 4+2 or 3+3. Under the best reception conditions, i.e. when the best EDGE modulation and coding scheme can be used, 5 timeslots can carry a bandwidth of 5*59.2 kbit/s = 296 kbit/s. In uplink direction, 3 timeslots can carry a bandwidth of 3*59.2 kbit/s = 177.6 kbit/s.


title: General Packet Radio Service

text: The different multislot class specification is detailed in the Annex B of the 3GPP Technical Specification 45.002 (Multiplexing and multiple access on the radio path)


title: General Packet Radio Service

text: The maximum speed of a GPRS connection offered in 2003 was similar to a modem connection in an analog wire telephone network, about 32–40 kbit/s, depending on the phone used. Latency is very high; round-trip time (RTT) is typically about 600–700 ms and often reaches 1s. GPRS is typically prioritized lower than speech, and thus the quality of connection varies greatly.


title: General Packet Radio Service

text: Devices with latency/RTT improvements (via, for example, the extended UL TBF mode feature) are generally available. Also, network upgrades of features are available with certain operators. With these enhancements the active round-trip time can be reduced, resulting in significant increase in application-level throughput speeds.


title: General Packet Radio Service

text: GPRS opened in 2000 as a packet-switched data service embedded in the channel-switched cellular radio network GSM. GPRS extends the reach of the fixed Internet by connecting mobile terminals worldwide.


title: General Packet Radio Service

text: The CELLPAC protocol developed 1991–1993 was the trigger point for starting in 1993 the specification of standard GPRS by ETSI SMG. Especially, the CELLPAC Voice & Data functions introduced in a 1993 ETSI Workshop contribution anticipate what was later known to be the roots of GPRS. This workshop contribution is referenced in 22 GPRS-related US patents. Successor systems to GSM/GPRS like W-CDMA (UMTS) and LTE rely on key GPRS functions for mobile Internet access as introduced by CELLPAC.


title: General Packet Radio Service

text: According to a study on history of GPRS development, Bernhard Walke and his student Peter Decker are the inventors of GPRS — the first system providing worldwide mobile Internet access.


title: Daniel Jacobs (boxer)

text: Daniel Jacobs (born February 3, 1987) is an American professional boxer. He is a two-time middleweight world champion, having held the IBF title from 2018 to 2019 and the WBA (Regular) title from 2014 to 2017. Nicknamed the "Miracle Man," Jacobs' career was almost cut short in 2011 due to osteosarcoma, a rare form of bone cancer. He went on to make a full recovery after spending 19 months out of the sport, meanwhile recovering from severe operation-induced injuries generally perceived as crippling.


title: Daniel Jacobs (boxer)

text: As of September 2021, Jacobs is ranked as the world's eighth best active super middleweight by "The Ring" magazine, sixth the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board and third by BoxRec. He is particularly known for his exceptional punching power, with an 82.8% knockout-to-win ratio, and is stylistically considered an all-around fighter with good movement and hand speed.


title: Daniel Jacobs (boxer)

text: Jacobs was born and raised in Brownsville, Brooklyn. He was raised by his mother, Yvette Jacobs, his grandmother, Cordelia Jacobs, and his aunts. Jacobs graduated from Erasmus High School.


title: Daniel Jacobs (boxer)

text: As an amateur boxer, Jacobs recorded 137 wins and 7 losses. In 2003, Jacobs won the Junior Olympics national championship at 154 pounds. In 2004, Jacobs won the United States national champion in the 19–and–under division, a PAL national championship, and a National Golden Gloves welterweight championship. In 2005, he won his second PAL national championship and also won the National Golden Gloves middleweight championship. In July 2005 he faced Russian Matvey Korobov at the preliminaries of the 2005 Boxing World Cup, and lost via a third round stoppage. In 2006, Jacobs won the United States Amateur middleweight championship, decisioning Shawn Porter in the finals, 32–21. During his amateur career, Jacobs won four New York Golden Gloves championships. He almost qualified for the U.S. Olympic team for the 2008 Summer Olympics, beating Dominic Wade and Shawn Porter (twice) en route, but twice lost the North American Olympic Qualifier Super Middleweight finale to Shawn Estrada.


title: Daniel Jacobs (boxer)

text: Jacobs made his professional boxing debut on the undercard of Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Ricky Hatton, which took place on December 8, 2007, at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas, Nevada. In that fight, he defeated Jose Jesus Hurtado by first round technical knockout in just 29 seconds. Jacobs signed with Golden Boy Promotions and often fought on the undercard of super-fights. He was regarded as a blue-chip prospect.


title: Daniel Jacobs (boxer)

text: On April 27, 2009, Jacobs agreed to replace junior middleweight James Kirkland, who was arrested on a gun charge, to fight Mike Walker, who was coming off a victory over two-time world title challenger Antwun Echols. The fight took place on May 2, 2009, at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas, and Jacobs won by unanimous decision with scores of 80–72 from two judges and 79–73 from the other. On August 22, 2009, Jacobs defeated Ishe Smith by unanimous decision to win the NABO middleweight title.


title: Daniel Jacobs (boxer)

text: On July 31, 2010, Jacobs faced undefeated Russian Dmitry Pirog for the vacant WBO middleweight championship. The belt had last belonged to Sergio Martínez, who was stripped due to not complying with the WBO's rules. The fight took place at the Mandalay Bay Events Center. Pirog was a 3-1 underdog going into the fight. Jacobs was up on the cards when he was caught with a massive right hand against the ropes and knocked out in the 5th round, handing him his first career loss. After the fight, Pirog said "After the second round, I knew I was good. I hurt him in the second and I knew I could come back and do it again."


title: Daniel Jacobs (boxer)

text: On October 20, 2012, having fully recovered from cancer, Jacobs made a successful return to professional boxing with a first-round knockout victory over Josh Luteran.


title: Daniel Jacobs (boxer)

text: ESPN.com reported that the scheduled February 9, 2013 bout between Danny Garcia and Zab Judah at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York was moved to April 27, 2013 because of a rib injury sustained by Garcia. With Jacobs penciled in on the undercard fight for this event, his fight moved to April 27 as well. Jacobs defeated Keenan Collins with a round 4 knockout on that date.


title: Daniel Jacobs (boxer)

text: On August 19, 2013, Jacobs captured the WBC Continental Americas middleweight title via third-round knockout of Giovanni Lorenzo during the premiere of Golden Boy Live! on Fox Sports 1.


title: Daniel Jacobs (boxer)

text: On August 9, 2014, Jacobs won the vacant WBA (Regular) middleweight title with a 5th-round TKO over Jarrod Fletcher at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York. Jacobs dropped Fletcher in round 1 with a left hook and in round 5 with a right cross. With the win, Jacobs became a world champion. "It feels so great to win this belt," Jacobs said. "It's the greatest moment in my life." Jacobs stated that he wanted to fight Peter Quillin next.


title: Daniel Jacobs (boxer)

text: Jacobs' first defense came against Caleb Truax, whom he comfortably outboxed for eleven rounds, until he scored a knockdown and got a stoppage on round 12.


title: Daniel Jacobs (boxer)

text: Jacobs' then fought former light middleweight titlist Sergio Mora. Jacobs started the fight tentatively, but was able to time and counter Mora with a right hook that put the latter on the canvas. Mora was able to return the favor when Jacobs tried to apply pressure to get a quick stoppage. The fight would then be stopped when Mora retired after injuring his right foot in round 2. After the fight, Jacobs once again said he was looking to fight Quillin.


title: Daniel Jacobs (boxer)

text: On December 5, 2015 Jacobs beat Peter Quillin by TKO in the first round. Jacobs landed a lead right hand that caught Quillin flush on the temple and heavily rocked him. Jacobs then attempted to finish the fight landing non stop hard combinations the whole round. He landed another big punch that saw Quillin staggering over to the ropes, at which point the referee saw that Quillin was highly disorientated and waved the fight off with no complaint from Quillin. Many, including Floyd Mayweather, felt that the fight was halted too early.


title: Daniel Jacobs (boxer)

text: In September 2016, Jacobs rematched Sergio Mora. He complained that the fight was a step back for him, as he thought he'd beaten Mora convincingly the first time. On fight night, Jacobs scored two flash knockdowns in rounds 4 and 5 before getting a dominant TKO win. Mora went down three times in round 7 before the referee halted the contest.


title: Daniel Jacobs (boxer)

text: Jacobs was engaged in negotiations with WBC, IBF, IBO and WBA (Super) middleweight champion Gennady Golovkin through 2016. Jacobs was Golovkin's mandatory as both fighters held WBA belts, as part of the WBA's stated plan to unify their belts. WBA president Gilberto Mendoza confirmed in an email to RingTV that a deal had to be made by 5pm on December 7 or a purse bid would be held on December 19 in Panama. Later that day, the WBA announced a purse bid would be scheduled with a minimum bid of $400,000, with Golovkin receiving 75% and Jacobs 25%. Although purse bids were announced, Loeffler stated he would carry on negotiations, hopeful that a deal would be reached before the purse bid. On December 17, terms were finally agreed and it was officially announced that the fight would take place at Madison Square Garden in New York City on March 18, 2017. The fight would be shown on HBO PPV.


title: Daniel Jacobs (boxer)

text: At the official weigh-in, a day before the fight, Golovkin tipped the scales at 159.6 lb, while Jacobs weighed 159.8 lb. Jacobs declined to compete for the IBF title by skipping a fight-day weight check. Unlike other major sanctioning bodies, the IBF requires participants in title fights to submit to a weight check on the morning of the fight, as well as the official weigh-in the day before the fight; at the morning weight check, they can weigh no more than above the fight's weight limit. Jacobs weighed 182 lb on fight night, 12 more than Golovkin.


title: Daniel Jacobs (boxer)

text: In front of a sell out crowd of 19,939, the fight went the full 12 rounds. This was the first time that Golovkin fought 12 rounds in his professional career. Golovkin's ring control, constant forward pressure and effective jab lead to a 115–112, 115–112, and 114–113 unanimous decision victory, ending his 23 fight knockout streak which dated back to November 2008. In the fourth round, Golovkin dropped Jacobs with a short right hand along the ropes for a flash knockdown. Jacobs recovered, but Golovkin controlled most of the middle rounds. Jacobs was effective in switching between orthodox and southpaw stance, but remained on the back foot. Both boxers were warned once in the fight by referee Charlie Fitch for rabbit punching. According to Compubox punch stats, Golovkin landed 231 of 615 punches (38%) which was more than Jacobs who landed 175 of 541 (32%). Jacobs thought he had won the fight by two rounds and attributed the loss due to the potential big money fight that is Golovkin vs. Canelo Álvarez. Jacobs also stated after being knocked down, he told Golovkin, "he'd have to kill me." In the post-fight interview, Golovkin said, “I’m a boxer, not a killer. I respect the game.” Before revenue shares, it was reported that Golovkin would earn at least $2.5 million compared to Jacobs $1.75 million.


title: Daniel Jacobs (boxer)

text: In September 2017, it was announced that Jacobs had signed with promotional outfit Matchroom Boxing. Jacobs had worked without a promotional outfit since his return. The deal would see Jacobs' fights be televised on HBO. It was later announced that Jacobs would face Luis Arias on November 11 at the Nassau Coliseum. Jacobs dominated Arias from beginning to end and scored a flash knockdown in round 11 to win a unanimous decision 118–109, 119–108, and 120–107. This was Jacobs' first decision win in a 12-round bout. According to CompuBox Stats, Jacobs landed 184 of 581 punches thrown (32%), while Arias landed 88 of 318 (28%). Jacobs outlanded Arias in every single round. The bout averaged 706,000 and peaked at 765,000 viewers.


title: Daniel Jacobs (boxer)

text: In February 2018, after weeks of speculation, it was officially announced that Jacobs would fight Polish boxer Maciej Sulęcki (26-0, 10 KOs) on April 28 at the Barclays Center in New York City on HBO. On March 30, the WBA elevated the fight to be an eliminator for their middleweight title. Jacobs won 116-111, 117-110 and 115-112 on three judges' scorecards.


title: Daniel Jacobs (boxer)

text: On April 27, the IBF ordered Gennady Golovkin to defend his title against Ukrainian contender Sergiy Derevyanchenko (12-0, 10 KOs). This came after the Golovkin vs. Alvarez rematch broke down and Golovkin decided to fight Vanes Martirosyan on May 5. The IBF allowed Golovkin to fight Martirosyan as long as he would fight Derevyanchenko afterwards. On June 6, Golovkin was stripped of his IBF world title due to not adhering to the IBF rules. The IBF granted Golovkin an exception to fight Martirosyan although they would not sanction the fight, however told Golovkin's team to start negotiating and fight mandatory challenger Derevyanchenko by August 3, 2018. The IBF released a statement in detail. On June 25, the IBF ordered a purse bid to take place for Jacobs vs. Derevyanchenko on June 11. On July 20, according to Ringtv, the fight would take place for the vacant IBF middleweight title on November 10, 2018 at the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum, Uniondale, New York.


title: Daniel Jacobs (boxer)

text: In his next fight, Jacobs faced pound-for-pound great Canelo Alvarez, in a bid to unify his IBF title with the WBA, WBC and The Ring middleweight titles. In a mostly tactical bout, both fighters managed to avoid a lot of punches. Canelo proved to be the more elusive and efficient of the two, winning the fight via unanimous decision, 116-112, 115-113 and 115-113 to unify the middleweight belts.


title: Daniel Jacobs (boxer)

text: On December 20, 2019, Jacobs faced Julio Cesar Chavez Jr. Chavez Jr started the fight well, but after two rounds Jacobs figured out his own plan of attack, and started to land on Chavez Jr and to hurt him. This prompted Chavez Jr to quit after five rounds, due to an alleged nose and hand injury.


title: Daniel Jacobs (boxer)

text: In his following bout, Jacobs faced Gabriel Rosado. In a largely underwhelming fight, Jacobs, who came in as the heavy favorite, had a rough time against Rosado, and scored a narrow split-decision win. Two of the judges had it 115-113 for Jacobs, while the third judge had it 115-113 for Rosado.


title: Daniel Jacobs (boxer)

text: In May 2011, Jacobs was diagnosed with osteosarcoma, a life-threatening form of bone cancer. After receiving successful treatment at NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital he returned to the ring. Jacobs has a son.


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: Rock of Ages is a jukebox musical built around classic rock songs from the 1980s, especially from the famous glam metal bands of that decade. The musical features songs from Styx, Journey, Bon Jovi, Pat Benatar, Twisted Sister, Steve Perry, Poison and Europe, among other well-known rock bands. It was written by Chris D'Arienzo, directed by Kristin Hanggi and choreographed by Kelly Devine with music supervision, arrangements and orchestrations by Ethan Popp.


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: During the show, the performers frequently break the "fourth wall", directly addressing the audience and seemingly forgetting (or perhaps reminding the audience) that they are actors in a musical. Despite the musical's title, the Def Leppard song of the same name is not included in the musical.


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: The original Broadway production ran for 2,328 performances, closing on January 18, 2015 tied as the 32nd-longest running show in Broadway history. Since debuting on the Great White Way in 2009, it has spawned replica productions worldwide in Japan, Australia and the United Kingdom among others, as well as several touring productions.


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: Lonny Barnett, who serves as the show's narrator, sets up the story: In 1987, an aspiring rocker named Drew Boley works as a busboy in the Hollywood bar/club called the Bourbon Room, owned by Dennis Dupree and assisted by Lonny ("Just Like Paradise/Nothin' But a Good Time"). He falls instantly for a girl, Sherrie Christian, who just arrived from Paola, Kansas, hoping to make it big in acting ("Sister Christian"). Drew convinces Dennis to hire Sherrie as a waitress.


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: A pair of German developers, Hertz Klinemann and his son Franz, persuade the city's mayor to abandon the "sex, drugs and rock-n-roll" lifestyle of the Sunset Strip and introduce "clean living" into the area, much to the anger of the City Planner, Regina ("We Built This City"). When Dennis learns that part of the plan involves demolishing The Bourbon Room, he believes the club can generate more money by having rock star Stacee Jaxx and his band Arsenal, who recently announced their break-up, perform their last show at the Bourbon ("Too Much Time on My Hands"). He calls Stacee and convinces him to play the band's last show in the club where he had begun. As Drew struggles to write new lyrics, Sherrie urges him to go after his dreams ("I Wanna Rock"). Regina begins protesting Hertz and Franz's redevelopment plans ("We're Not Gonna Take It").


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: Later, after arguing with her parents during a phone call, Sherrie begins to discover feelings for Drew, who supports her dream. Also, Drew, auditioning to open for Arsenal, finds the lyrics he has been searching for and realizes that they have come from his feelings for Sherrie ("More Than Words/Heaven/To Be with You"). After obtaining the opening slot for Arsenal, Drew invites Sherrie to have a picnic in the hills overlooking Los Angeles ("Waiting For a Girl Like You"). There, he suggests that the two are merely friends to calm their nerves, disappointing both of them and ruining the date.


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: Stacee Jaxx arrives at the Bourbon and gives an interview about his life ("Wanted Dead or Alive"). Sherrie is immediately smitten with him, and believing she means nothing to Drew, has sex with Stacee in the men's room ("I Want to Know What Love Is"). While Stacee and Sherrie are copulating, Drew opens for Stacee and Arsenal, not knowing a record producer is in the audience. After their tryst, Stacee tells Dennis to dismiss Sherrie before the concert begins. His guitarist realizes what Stacee did and knocks him out. The record producer in the club was impressed with Drew's performance and suggests he take over for Stacee. He then offers Drew a contract, which he accepts. Sherrie seeks comfort from Drew after she is fired, but having seen her go into the men's room with Stacee, he dismisses her ("Cum on Feel the Noize"). In the midst of these events, Regina continues her protest ("We're Not Gonna Take It [Reprise]").


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: An upset and unemployed Sherrie meets Justice Charlier, the owner of the nearby Venus Club, which Justice prefers to call a "gentleman's club." She relates to Sherrie's story, saying that many of the small-town girls hoping to hit it big in LA end up making a living as strippers. Grudgingly, Sherrie accepts Justice's offer to work in her club ("Harden My Heart/Shadows of the Night"). As the act closes, everyone is alone – Drew, as a soon-to-be rock star; Sherrie, fending for herself as an exotic dancer; Regina protesting the redevelopment; and Dennis, trying to save his club ("Here I Go Again").


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: Hertz and Franz begin demolition on the Sunset Strip, alienating them from each other as Franz falls for Regina and sees "the error of their ways." Dennis and Lonny join the fight with little success ("The Final Countdown"). Drew's rocker image is upsetting the record producer, and Sherrie is learning how things work at the Venus Club ("Any Way You Want It/I Wanna Rock [Reprise]"). When they meet on the street, Sherrie is embarrassed about her job and Drew is upset that his record company is attempting to reshape him into part of a hip-hop boy band, "Street Boyz," as Joshy J. They argue and Sherrie admits that she was crazy about Drew, but failed to make a move because he said they were friends. They part ways more troubled by these new revelations ("High Enough").


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: A drunken Stacee arrives at the Venus Club and is pleased to see Sherrie. After being forced to give him a lap-dance, she beats him up while dancing ("I Hate Myself for Loving You/Heat of the Moment"). Drew arrives to admit his feelings to her, but becomes angry when he sees the two in a suggestive position and storms off. Justice later tells Drew that as soon as he left, Sherrie punched Stacee in the jaw.


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: Regina continues her protest against the destruction of the Strip, but it yields no success. She convinces Franz to stand up to his father if he does not believe in his father's vision. Franz admits that he has his own dream: to open a confectioner's store in Germany. He rebels against his father and admits his love for Regina ("Hit Me with Your Best Shot"). Meanwhile, Dennis and Lonny, upset at the loss of The Bourbon Room, admit that they have feelings for each other ("Can't Fight This Feeling").


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: Sherrie decides to leave the Venus Club after the scene with Drew, and Justice tells her that she had a similar experience with her first love. Everyone is in turmoil as they attempt to move on with their lives ("Every Rose Has Its Thorn"). Franz leaves for Germany and Hertz begins to regret the hurtful way he treated his son ("Keep on Loving You"). Regina arrives and explains to Hertz that Franz does "not" hate him; he simply wants his father to support his dream. Hertz decides to return the deed to the Bourbon Room to Dennis and invest in Franz's confectionery store.


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: Drew, now a pizza delivery boy, realizes none of his dreams have come true—he still is not a rock star, and Sherrie is leaving on a midnight train. Lonny arrives and breaks the fourth wall by explaining to Drew that his life is so miserable because they are all characters in a musical and that it was their book writer who made it so. He also reveals to Drew that he serves as the show's "dramatic conjurer" and that if Drew wants a happy ending, it is up to "him" to get the girl. After hearing this, Drew realizes that he does not need fame to make him happy, only Sherrie ("Oh Sherrie"). He reaches her at the train station in time, where they realize that their love has survived all their trials and reconcile ("The Search Is Over").


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: In the epilogue, The Bourbon Room is spared from demolition and Stacee Jaxx, now a washed-up has-been who has been charged with statutory rape, flees to Uruguay ("Renegade"). Franz opens his confectionery store in Germany and has a long-distance relationship with Regina, who becomes the new mayor of West Hollywood. Dennis passes away, leaving the Bourbon Room to Lonny, and Sherrie and Drew move to Glendale and start a family. Lonny notes that on The Strip, sometimes the dreams with which you enter are not always the dreams with which you leave, but they still rock ("Don't Stop Believin'").


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: The musical premiered on July 27, 2005 in Los Angeles at King King, a club on Hollywood Boulevard where it ran for a limited engagement. It later moved to the Vanguard Hollywood in January 2006 for a second short run.


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: The musical opened Off-Broadway at New World Stages on October 16, 2008 and ran through January 4, 2009. Kelly Devine was the new choreographer, and Ethan Popp was brought in to music supervise, as well as create new arrangements and orchestrations for the production.


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: The musical then transferred to Broadway. Previews began March 17, 2009 at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre, officially opening on April 7, 2009. The Broadway production temporarily closed on January 9, 2011 and moved to the Helen Hayes Theatre, where it resumed performances March 24, 2011.


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: The UK premiere of the show began previews on August 31, 2011 at the Shaftesbury Theatre in the West End. Opening night took place on September 27, 2011. Amy Pemberton was originally cast as Sherrie but due to illness was forced to withdraw from the show. She performed for the first week of previews and at "West End Live 2011". She remained on extended leave while her understudy Natalie Andreou played the role. Pemberton later decided that she would not be returning to the role and Andreou was given it permanently. Andreou performed on opening night.


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: Following its West End closure, the musical began a national tour of the U.K. and Ireland. Performances began at the Palace Theatre, Manchester on May 3, 2014. It is scheduled to visit 27 venues, before concluding at the New Theatre, Wimbledon, London on November 22, 2014.


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: A second national tour began on 25 September 2018 in Manchester and was supplied to finish on 27 July 2019, with the final shows in Sunderland. Instead, the tour extended by one week and went to Leeds and the tour concluded there on 3 August 2019. A return tour has been slated to start on 6 May 2021 in Portsmouth at the Kings Theatre, Southsea


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: Previews for the Canadian production began April 20, 2010 at the Royal Alexandra Theater in Toronto, Ontario, with the official opening on May 11, 2010. An open casting call was held to find new talent. The run lasted for eight months, with closing night taking place on January 2, 2011.


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: The first national touring production of North America began performances at the Bank of America Theatre in Chicago, Illinois on September 21, 2010 and ran for ten months, closing at the National Theater in Washington, D.C. on July 24, 2011. The tour visited sixty additional venues.


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: A second national tour launched on October 4, 2011 in Providence, Rhode Island. It features a Non-AEA cast.


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: At the second national tour's 2012 stop in Austin, TX, critic Jeff Davis of "BroadwayWorld.com" gave the show a glowing review, calling it "the funniest, and often filthiest, jukebox musical" and gave high praise to the entire cast, saying "In addition to a stellar cast of principals, "Rock of Ages" features one of the hardest-working ensembles I’ve ever seen. They have more energy than a cokehead groupie, and they clearly have fun as the belt out rock standards, making the six-year-old show still feel fresh and new".


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: After nearly three years touring the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico, the Second National tour closed at Resorts World Sentosa in Singapore. The two-and-a-half-week sit ran from August 6, 2014 through August 24, 2014.


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: The musical made its Australian premiere in April 2011 at the Comedy Theatre in Melbourne, with previews from March 2011. The production moved to the Lyric Theatre, QPAC in Brisbane from November 2011, where it closed on December 4, 2011.


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: "Rock of Ages" made its Asian English-language premiere with Atlantis Productions in Manila, Philippines. In this production, Mig Ayesa reprised the role of Stacee Jaxx, along with Nyoy Volante as Drew and Vina Morales as Sherrie. Also of note was Aiza Seguerra as Regina. The initial production was performed in the Carlos P. Romulo Theater at the RCBC Plaza in Makati from June 15, 2012 to July 8, 2012.


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: In 2013, "Rock of Ages" returned to Manila for a repeat run. Most of the original cast returned with the most notable exception being Rachel Alejandro replacing Jinky Llamanzares as Justice. This second run was also performed at the Carlos P. Romulo Theater from July 12, 2013 to July 28, 2013.


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: At the June 1, 2012, opening of the Bourbon Room on the casino floor at The Venetian, Las Vegas, it was announced that "Rock of Ages" would be coming to one of the resort's theaters beginning in December 2012. A “surprise” flashmob was deployed at the grand opening as the Venetian's president, John Caparella, announced the musical's new residency. The Venetian features an actual replica of “The Bourbon Room” complete with 1980s video music hosted by VJ Marvellous Mark and professional dancers, known as The Bourbon Babes.


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: "Rock of Vegas" closed at Venetian on January 3, 2016 and transferred to the Rio Hotel and Casino. The show played its final performance at the Rio on January 1, 2017.


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: In July 2017 it was announced that a non-replica production of "Rock of Ages" was to open in November 2017 at the Lyric Theatre at Gold Reef City, South Africa.


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: The musical has had various international productions including Mexico City, Panama City, Guatemala City, Germany, Malta, Quebec, Trois Rivières and Montreal.


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: In March 2019 it was announced that a production of "Rock of Ages" was to open in December 2019 at Le Théâtre, Emmen, Switzerland.


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: In 2019, It was announced that "Rock of Ages" would celebrate its tenth anniversary by going on a North American Tour in the U.S. and Canada for the first time since 2011. An off-Broadway revival production premiered on June 19, 2019, at New World Stages. Originally slated for a 16-week run, the show became an open-ended production on November 13, 2019. The anniversary production off-Broadway featured Dot-Marie Jones as the first female Dennis. As of March 12, production was suspended through June 7, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This suspension was extended and the show was closed permanently on June 7, 2021.


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: The film rights for "Rock of Ages" were sold to Warner Bros. and New Line Cinema. The film is directed by Adam Shankman and was originally expected to begin production in the summer of 2010, but started shooting in May 2011, for a June 15, 2012, theatrical release.


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: Tom Cruise plays Stacee Jaxx in the film. Shankman knew Cruise was in when he heard him during a voice lesson, confirming he "has a fantastic voice." Cruise sang five hours a day to prepare for his role. "It's this brilliant mashup, it seems, of Axl Rose, Keith Richards and Jim Morrison." Shankman said of Cruise's performance.


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: On February 14, 2011, it was announced that Mary J. Blige had signed on to play Justice Charlier in the film. On March 3, 2011, it was confirmed that Julianne Hough would play the role of Sherrie. On March 6, 2011, it was confirmed that Alec Baldwin would play the role of Dennis Dupree. On March 24, 2011, it was announced that Paul Giamatti would be in the film, playing the manager of Stacee Jaxx.


title: Rock of Ages (musical)

text: Constantine Maroulis, Broadway's original Drew, makes a cameo appearance in the film. Joel Hoekstra and David Gibbs also make appearances, as do Broadway producers Matt Weaver and Barry Habib.