title: Desmond Miles

text: In the first game in the series, Desmond is introduced as a former Assassin leading a simple life as a bartender in New York City. In order to hide his identity, he lives under assumed names and uses only cash to protect himself. However, he is eventually tracked down and captured by Abstergo Industries, a front for the modern-day Templar Order. Once inside Abstergo's facility in Rome, Desmond is forced to enter the Animus, which allows him to relive the memories of his ancestors stored in his DNA. It enables him to separate Desmond's consciousness from his body and to infuse his mind with his ancestors, all under the watch of Abstergo scientist Dr. Warren Vidic and his assistant Lucy Stillman. They explain that they are searching the memories of Desmond's ancestors, specifically those of Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad (1165–1257; Syria), for specific information, which they refuse to disclose. Without much choice, Desmond begrudgingly agrees to help them.


title: Desmond Miles

text: After recovering the information for which Vidic was searchinga map showing the locations of various "Pieces of Eden", artifacts with the power to control humans believed to have been created by a Precursor race Abstergo's executives order Desmond to be killed. Lucy's quick thinking saves him, as she persuades Vidic to keep him alive until they know he is of no further use. Upon returning to his room, Desmond, suffering from the "Bleeding Effect" due to prolonged exposure to the Animus, discovers he has gained Altaïr's "Eagle Vision". This allows him to discern friend from foe and to read cryptic messages written on walls and floors by Subject 16, the previous Animus test subject that Lucy and Vidic occasionally mention.


title: Desmond Miles

text: "Assassin's Creed II" continues from where the first game left off, as Desmond escapes from the Abstergo facility with the help of Lucy, revealed to be an undercover Assassin. He enters the "Animus 2.0", supervised by Lucy and her team of Assassins Shaun Hastings and Rebecca Crane, to be quickly trained as an Assassin via the "Bleeding Effect". He relives the memories of Ezio Auditore da Firenze (1459–1524; Italy), his ancestor from the Renaissance. After successfully navigating Ezio's early memories, Desmond is extracted from the Animus to avoid the mental degradation that Subject 16 suffered as a side-effect of the Bleeding Effect. Shortly after extraction, Desmond flashes back to one of Altaïr's memories, despite not being linked to the Animus.


title: Desmond Miles

text: After spending more time in Animus 2.0, Desmond begins to adjust to his newly developed skills and becomes agile and expert fighter, similarly to Altaïr and Ezio. The last segment of Ezio's memories brings an astonished Ezio and Desmond to a futuristic chamber underneath the Sistine Chapel, where they are met by a hologram of Minerva, a member of the Precursor race that created humanity and the Pieces of Eden known as the Isu. Minerva addresses Desmond by name, knowing that he is reliving Ezio's memories, and talks about a cataclysm which wiped out most of her race thousands of years ago, and which is set to occur again by the end of that year if Desmond does not prevent it. Desmond is then pulled from the Animus as Abstergo discovers the Assassins' hideout. As the team escapes to a new hideout, Desmond re-enters the Animus, knowing Ezio and perhaps Subject 16 may have the answers they seek.


title: Desmond Miles

text: In "", Desmond, Lucy, Shaun, and Rebecca arrive at Monteriggioni, where they set up a safe house in the Villa Auditore's sanctuary. Desmond re-enters the Animus 2.0 to discover the location of the Apple of Eden obtained by Ezio, hoping to use the artifact to defeat the Templars and stop the cataclysm Minerva warned Desmond about. Through Ezio's memories, Desmond and the others learn the Apple is hidden under the Colosseum and head there to retrieve it. Desmond takes the Apple, and through it, another Isu named Juno takes control of his body and forces him to stab Lucy, claiming that she would have betrayed him if he allowed her to accompany him any further. Desmond then falls into a coma, and is placed back into the Animus by two unknown Assassins in a bid to preserve his consciousness.


title: Desmond Miles

text: In "", Desmond awakens within the Black Room, a "safe mode" area for the Animus. In the Black Room's "Animus Island", he meets the digital construct of Subject 16, Clay Kaczmarek, who explains that Desmond must find a memory that links him with Altaïr and Ezio so he can reintegrate his shattered subconscious and awaken from his coma. While in this state, Desmond can hear conversations between Shaun, Rebecca, and his father, William Miles. When the Animus begins to delete Animus Island, Clay sacrifices himself to prevent Desmond's consciousness from being deleted, but not before transferring his own genetic memories onto Desmond. Afterwards, Desmond is approached by a third Isu, Jupiter, who tells him where to find the Grand Temple that contains most of the data collected by his race over the years, so that he may prevent the cataclysmic solar flare set to occur in a few weeks. After awakening from his coma, Desmond sees Shaun, Rebecca, and William sitting around him. When his father asks if he is alright, Desmond simply states that he knows what they have to do.


title: Desmond Miles

text: While in the Black Room, there are five sequences where Desmond talks about his life prior to his abduction by Abstergo. In "Desmond Sequence 1", he expresses regret for running away from "The Farm", where he grew up in secrecy among other Assassins, and also wishes that he could apologize to his parents. In "Desmond Sequences 2" and "3", Desmond explains his early life on the Farm and the training he went through. He also describes his escape, which happened at the age of 16. He ran away into the Black Hills, before running into girls from Illinois who drove him to Chicago. After this, he moved to New York City. During "Desmond Sequence 4", Desmond talks of his life in New York, and the job he got at a high-end bar. In the last sequence, "Desmond Sequence 5", Desmond describes how Abstergo eventually found him in 2012 and how much he regretted not taking his parents' warnings and training more seriously, and finally accepts his role as an Assassin.


title: Desmond Miles

text: "The Lost Archive" DLC for "Revelations" expands upon Desmond's time in the Black Room, as he involuntarily experiences Clay's memories prior to the latter's death. Through these memories, he learns that Lucy was, in fact, a double agent for the Templars, and that his escape from Abstergo was staged, as Vidic had ordered Lucy to extract Desmond to a place where he would feel safe so that he would willingly enter the Animus. After finding Ezio's Apple of Eden, Lucy was to steal it and bring it back to the Templars, so that they could send it to space via satellite and enslave all of humanity.


title: Desmond Miles

text: In "Assassin's Creed III", Desmond, who is noticeably thinner and frail after a long time in Animus, arrives at the Isu's Grand Temple, located in a cave system in New York, and accesses it using Ezio's Apple of Eden. With the help of his father and friends, Desmond relives the memories of his ancestors Haytham Kenway (1725–1781; Kingdom of Great Britain) and (1756–unknown; Colonial America) using the new Animus 3.0, hoping to find the Key to the Temple's Central Vault. Occasionally, Desmond leaves the Animus to explore the Temple and speak with Juno, who tells him more of her race's history, as well as to retrieve Isu power cells, which are also required to access the Central Vault. While searching for the power cells in Manhattan and São Paulo, Desmond is hunted by the Templar Daniel Cross, dispatched by Abstergo. After William is captured while trying to recover the last power cell, Desmond storms Abstergo's facility in Rome, kills Cross and Vidic, and rescues his father.


title: Desmond Miles

text: After finding the Key and all the power cells, Desmond and his allies enter the Central Vault, whereupon Minerva and Juno appear to speak with Desmond. Minerva warns Desmond that if he touches the pedestal in the center of the room, he will be killed and Juno will be released, allowing her to conquer humanity, but the world will be saved. Juno shows Desmond how his divinity among the survivors of the catastrophe would end with the world going through another cycle of political and religious war. Desmond ultimately decides to use the device and save the world, believing it has a better chance of fighting Juno. As Shaun, Rebecca, and William exit the Temple, Desmond touches the pedestal and releases Juno, dying in the process.


title: Desmond Miles

text: According to lead designer Steve Masters, Desmond's story ends in "Assassins Creed III": "What we're trying to do is bring some finality to Desmond's story. To actually wrap up what you've opened and experienced with him." The creative director of the series, Jean Guesdon, said that Desmond is an important character in the "Assassin's Creed" series, and would be playing an important role in .


title: Desmond Miles

text: Despite his physical death, Desmond is still a powerful asset for the Templars and Assassins in "". Shortly after Desmond's death, a recovery team from Abstergo is sent to collect samples from his body for their new "Sample 17 Project". Desmond's DNA is stored in Abstergo Entertainment's servers, where a crew of analysts is tasked with reliving his copied genetic memories and learning about his ancestors. One of them, the player character, is tasked with reliving the memories of Edward Kenway (1693–1735; Wales), Haytham Kenway's father and Connor's grandfather, during his time operating as a pirate in the West Indies. While this is ostensibly to gather data for an Animus-powered interactive feature film about Edward's life, in reality Abstergo seeks to find the Observatory, an Isu structure hosting an advanced tracking device and several vials of the Isu's blood samples.


title: Desmond Miles

text: The analyst steals and sends back to the Assassins several recordings left by Desmond detailing his initial doubts of leaving the Farm, his acceptance of the role he had been chosen to play, and his love for his parents. Because Abstergo can now collect anyone's genetic memories without having to use blood-related analysts, Desmond's body gives Abstergo full knowledge about his family life.


title: Desmond Miles

text: In 2015, during the events of "Assassin's Creed Syndicate", a boy named Elijah is brought by his mother to an Abstergo clinic in New York City. Abstergo analysts discover that the boy shares exactly the same patrilineal lineage of Desmond Miles, indicating that he may have been unknowingly conceived by Desmond a few years after his escape from the Farm. On top of that, it is also revealed that the boy is a Sage, the reincarnation of a member of the Isu species. An Abstergo researcher proposes to kidnap the boy and conduct vivisection on him. However, another researcher, Isabelle Ardant, opposes the idea, claiming that it would be better to abduct the boy when he is older and place him in the Animus for 50 years so that Abstergo can study his lineage.


title: Desmond Miles

text: In "Assassin's Creed Valhalla", it is revealed that when Desmond sacrificed himself in 2012 to save the Earth, only his physical form was killed, as his mind was transported into a computer simulation created by the Isu known as "The Grey". During his time there, he forgot his original identity and was transformed into a being of pure light called The Reader, whose task is to analyze various branching timelines to determine ways of preventing future cataclysms. In 2020, the Assassin Layla Hassan enters the Grey via a supercomputer from an Isu temple in Norway in an attempt to slow the magnetism of the global aurora borealis device, which was activated by Desmond when he died. Here, Layla meets the Reader and shows him more possibilities and calculations based on timelines he had not explored. The Reader then tells Layla she has a minute to live, as the radiation from the chamber where the computer is located is killing her body. Layla accepts her fate and decides to stay in the Grey with the Reader to help him explore more timelines.


title: Desmond Miles

text: Desmond Miles received mixed reviews from critics, primarily due to his uneven characterization and development. He was voted the twentieth top character of the 2000s by "Game Informer" readers. PlayStation Universe rated him as one of the PlayStation 3's worst characters, saying, "While voiced admirably by the ubiquitous Nolan North, it's impossible to shake the feeling of pure monotony when stepping into Desmond's shoes when all you want to do is hop back in time and stab people in the face".


title: Desmond Miles

text: Desmond's significance as an atypical video game protagonist and as a character study on posthumanism is analyzed by Aubrie Adams in the 2017 publication "100 Greatest Video Game Characters". Adams noted that as Desmond's mind travel through time and experiences the memories of his ancestors, aided by the technological innovations of science fiction plot devices like the Animus, his body appears to have become increasingly unnecessary throughout the franchise. From Adams' view, the technology that enables him to transcend the biological limitations of his frail body taps into a cultural zeitgeist that desire the idea of extending life throughout technology. Adams noted that the character's continued presence in the storylines of later games in spite of his apparent death in "Assassin's Creed III", along with fan theories and official in-game lore which confirm the persistence of Desmond's consciousness in the virtual environment, is indicative of his conclusive change into a posthuman character who transcended his trivial need for a physical form.


title: Desmond Miles

text: Adams also highlighted the significance of Desmond's introduction during a time period when white hypermasculine player characters were the norm in the video game industry, emphasizing in particular his depiction as a subdued protagonist who is psychologically complex, and of an ambiguous ethnicity as the result of his diverse ancestral heritage. Desmond's story arc in the early "Assassin's Creed" titles, where his identity gradually evolves from a blank state who subsumes the characteristics and skills of others into a highly skilled Master Assassin, is also marked by his evolving individuality as he comes to terms with his shifting personal identity and acceptance that he is part of a lineage that is bigger then the sum of its parts. Adams concluded that there is a compelling depth to Desmond's character, but only if players are willing to engage in the largely optional experiences that follow his psychological journey and illuminate the details of his past.


title: Range Rover (L405)

text: The Range Rover (L405) is a mid-size to full-size luxury 4x4 / sport utility vehicle, made under the Land Rover brand by Jaguar Land Rover. It is the fourth generation of the original, main Range Rover series. It uses an all-aluminium monocoque unitary body structure, instead of the third generation's steel unibody — making it the first production 4x4 to do so, resulting in a weight reduction of compared to its predecessor.


title: Range Rover (L405)

text: The vehicle was unveiled at the 2012 Paris Motor Show. Sales of Range Rover began in late 2012 as 2013 models.


title: Range Rover (L405)

text: Early models include a choice of two petrol (5.0-litre 375 PS LR-V8 and 510PS LR-V8 Supercharged) and two diesel (3.0-litre 258PS TDV6 and 4.4-litre 339PS SDV8) engines, all with an eight-speed automatic transmission.


title: Range Rover (L405)

text: Japan models went on sale in January 2013. Early models include 5.0 V8 Vogue (375PS), 5.0 V8 Supercharged Vogue (510PS), Autobiography (510PS), and SVAutobiography Dynamic (550PS).


title: Range Rover (L405)

text: The 4th generation (L405) Range Rover again uses a unitary monocoque body-shell, but contrary to the previous model, it is made from all-aluminium rather than steel, including unique high-strength alloy, up to 50% recycled aluminium; and production takes place in an all new aluminium facility at Land Rover's Solihull site.


title: Range Rover (L405)

text: The all-aluminium monocoque body structure is a first for a 4x4 SUV platform, according to Land Rover, resulting in a remarkable 39 percent lighter body-shell, and a reduction of compared to its predecessor. The Range Rover has a new version of Terrain Response, dubbed "Terrain Response2".


title: Range Rover (L405)

text: All engines use an eight-speed automatic transmission. Gears are selected from the Drive Select rotary shifter on the centre console or the driver can also manually select gears via the paddle shift controls on the steering wheel.


title: Range Rover (L405)

text: The car has permanent four-wheel drive with 50/50 torque split and a two-speed transfer case for high and low range options.


title: Range Rover (L405)

text: The Range Rover has electronic cross-linked air suspension with variable ride height. Multiple suspension modes are provided as standard, including: access, normal on-road, off-road and extended height. The car has an automated load leveling mechanism.


title: Range Rover (L405)

text: Adaptive dynamics continuously analyse vehicle movements over 500 times per second, reacting instantaneously to road conditions and driver actions. Variable dampers adjust to maintain a composed and balanced ride. The dynamic response system independently adjusts and monitors front and rear suspension units, reducing the amount of body roll during cornering, as well as enhancing control and stability at higher speeds.


title: Range Rover (L405)

text: The Range Rover's all-terrain capability features a new second generation Terrain Response system. The system monitors ground conditions to determine the most appropriate response to the terrain and automatically optimises vehicle settings. The system provides settings for grass, gravel, snow, mud, sand, and rock crawl, Terrain Response technology instantly reconfigures transmission, suspension, and traction settings. Controlled Acceleration Control prevents excessive speeds downhill, and Hill Start Assist prevents the vehicle from inadvertently rolling backwards.


title: Range Rover (L405)

text: The Range Rover has driver and passenger airbags (side, seat-front, thorax and pelvis), plus airbags to protect rear-seat passengers.


title: Range Rover (L405)

text: Other safety aids include cornering brake control, which helps to maintain stability when cornering by adjusting the driver's generated brake pressure, along with dynamic stability control to maintain control by reducing engine torque and applying braking to the appropriate wheel and correcting understeer or oversteer.


title: Range Rover (L405)

text: The vehicles were unveiled at the 2013 Los Angeles Auto Show. Deliveries of long-wheelbase Range Rover models were set to begin in late Q1 2014.


title: Range Rover (L405)

text: The Range Rover Long-Wheelbase Autobiography Black is a limited version of the 2014 Range Rover Long-Wheelbase for the US market, with the first 25 units in Valloire White pearlescent body colour.


title: Range Rover (L405)

text: Changes include front grille and side vents and badging in black enamel and chrome, signature rear lamps, a chrome accent finish to the tailgate and auxiliary vents to the front and new exclusive 7-spoke 21-inch wheels with a high gloss polished finish.


title: Range Rover (L405)

text: More changes are individualized front and rear seating package, bespoke seat cover design, adjustable 18-way front seat, two individual fully adjustable rear seats, new rear center console (electrically deployable tables covered in black leather), 10.2-inch rear seat entertainment screens, tread plates with an illuminated 'Autobiography Black' script, a choice of 3 interior colour schemes (Ebony/Lunar, Espresso/Tan, Dark Cherry/Ivory).


title: Range Rover (L405)

text: Early models included Supercharged and Autobiography trim levels with either a three-across bench seat or individual rear seats with a center console.


title: Range Rover (L405)

text: In 2018, Land Rover unveiled the limited edition Range Rover SV Coupe at the 2018 Geneva Auto Show. The variant would seat four passengers and be the fastest Range Rover ever built. The vehicle was expected to go on sale in 2020 with availability limited to 999 units. However, in January 2019, Land Rover announced that Range Rover SV Coupe had been cancelled due to financial constraints and the vehicle containing many expensive, unique parts that were incompatible with other Range Rover variants. Land Rover notified all customers that placed orders and reservations that development had been cancelled. Land Rover stated that funding and investments towards development for the cancelled vehicle would instead be spent on developing electric crossovers and SUVs, as part of efforts to return to profitability.


title: MACD

text: MACD, short for moving average convergence/divergence, is a trading indicator used in technical analysis of securities prices, created by Gerald Appel in the late 1970s. It is designed to reveal changes in the strength, direction, momentum, and duration of a trend in a stock's price.


title: MACD

text: The MACD indicator (or "oscillator") is a collection of three time series calculated from historical price data, most often the closing price. These three series are: the MACD series proper, the "signal" or "average" series, and the "divergence" series which is the difference between the two. The MACD series is the difference between a "fast" (short period) exponential moving average (EMA), and a "slow" (longer period) EMA of the price series. The average series is an EMA of the MACD series itself.


title: MACD

text: The MACD indicator thus depends on three time parameters, namely the time constants of the three EMAs. The notation "MACD("a","b","c")" usually denotes the indicator where the MACD series is the difference of EMAs with characteristic times "a" and "b", and the average series is an EMA of the MACD series with characteristic time "c". These parameters are usually measured in days. The most commonly used values are 12, 26, and 9 days, that is, MACD(12,26,9). As true with most of the technical indicators, MACD also finds its period settings from the old days when technical analysis used to be mainly based on the daily charts. The reason was the lack of the modern trading platforms which show the changing prices every moment. As the working week used to be 6-days, the period settings of (12, 26, 9) represent 2 weeks, 1 month and one and a half week. Now when the trading weeks have only 5 days, possibilities of changing the period settings cannot be overruled. However, it is always better to stick to the period settings which are used by the majority of traders as the buying and selling decisions based on the standard settings further push the prices in that direction.


title: MACD

text: The MACD and average series are customarily displayed as continuous lines in a plot whose horizontal axis is time, whereas the divergence is shown as a bar chart (often called a histogram).


title: MACD

text: A fast EMA responds more quickly than a slow EMA to recent changes in a stock's price. By comparing EMAs of different periods, the MACD series can indicate changes in the trend of a stock. It is claimed that the divergence series can reveal subtle shifts in the stock's trend.


title: MACD

text: Since the MACD is based on moving averages, it is a lagging indicator. As a future metric of price trends, the MACD is less useful for stocks that are not trending (trading in a range) or are trading with unpredictable price action. Hence the trends will already be completed or almost done by the time MACD shows the trend.


title: MACD

text: Over the years, elements of the MACD have become known by multiple and often over-loaded terms. The common definitions of particularly overloaded terms are:


title: MACD

text: The formula for the MACD line is based on two exponential moving averages of the close prices, usually with the periods of 12 and 26:


title: MACD

text: In signal processing terms, the MACD series is a filtered measure of the derivative of the input (price) series with respect to time. (The derivative is called "velocity" in technical stock analysis.) MACD estimates the derivative as if it were calculated and then filtered by the two low-pass filters in tandem, multiplied by a "gain" equal to the difference in their time constants. It also can be seen to approximate the derivative as if it were calculated and then filtered by a single low pass exponential filter (EMA) with time constant equal to the sum of time constants of the two filters, multiplied by the same gain. So, for the standard MACD filter time constants of 12 and 26 days, the MACD derivative estimate is filtered approximately by the equivalent of a low-pass EMA filter of 38 days. The time derivative estimate (per day) is the MACD value divided by 14.


title: MACD

text: The average series is also a derivative estimate, with an additional low-pass filter in tandem for further smoothing (and additional lag). The difference between the MACD series and the average series (the divergence series) represents a measure of the second derivative of price with respect to time ("acceleration" in technical stock analysis). This estimate has the additional lag of the signal filter and an additional gain factor equal to the signal filter constant.


title: MACD

text: The MACD can be classified as an absolute price oscillator (APO), because it deals with the actual prices of moving averages rather than percentage changes. A percentage price oscillator (PPO), on the other hand, computes the difference between two moving averages of price divided by the longer moving average value.


title: MACD

text: While an APO will show greater levels for higher priced securities and smaller levels for lower priced securities, a PPO calculates changes relative to price. Subsequently, a PPO is preferred when: comparing oscillator values between different securities, especially those with substantially different prices; or comparing oscillator values for the same security at significantly different times, especially a security whose value has changed greatly.


title: MACD

text: Another member of the price oscillator family is the detrended price oscillator (DPO), which ignores long term trends while emphasizing short term patterns.


title: MACD

text: Exponential moving averages highlight recent changes in a stock's price. By comparing EMAs of different lengths, the MACD series gauges changes in the trend of a stock. The difference between the MACD series and its average is claimed to reveal subtle shifts in the strength and direction of a stock's trend. It may be necessary to correlate the signals with the MACD to indicators like RSI power.


title: MACD

text: Some traders attribute special significance to the MACD line crossing the signal line, or the MACD line crossing the zero axis. Significance is also attributed to disagreements between the MACD line or the difference line and the stock price (specifically, higher highs or lower lows on the price series that are not matched in the indicator series).


title: MACD

text: A "signal-line crossover" occurs when the MACD and average lines cross; that is, when the divergence (the bar graph) changes sign. The standard interpretation of such an event is a recommendation to buy if the MACD line crosses up through the average line (a "bullish" crossover), or to sell if it crosses down through the average line (a "bearish" crossover). These events are taken as indications that the trend in the stock is about to accelerate in the direction of the crossover.


title: MACD

text: A "zero crossover" event occurs when the MACD series changes sign, that is, the MACD line crosses the horizontal zero axis. This happens when there is no difference between the fast and slow EMAs of the price series. A change from positive to negative MACD is interpreted as "bearish", and from negative to positive as "bullish". Zero crossovers provide evidence of a change in the direction of a trend but less confirmation of its momentum than a signal line crossover.


title: MACD

text: A "positive divergence" or "bullish divergence" occurs when the price makes a new low but the MACD does not confirm with a new low of its own. A "negative divergence" or "bearish divergence" occurs when the price makes a new high but the MACD does not confirm with a new high of its own. A divergence with respect to price may occur on the MACD line and/or the MACD Histogram.


title: MACD

text: The MACD is only as useful as the context in which it is applied. An analyst might apply the MACD to a weekly scale before looking at a daily scale, in order to avoid making short term trades against the direction of the intermediate trend. Analysts will also vary the parameters of the MACD to track trends of varying duration. One popular short-term set-up, for example, is the (5,35,5).


title: MACD

text: Like any forecasting algorithm, the MACD can generate false signals. A false positive, for example, would be a bullish crossover followed by a sudden decline in a stock. A false negative would be a situation where there is bearish crossover, yet the stock accelerated suddenly upwards.


title: MACD

text: A prudent strategy may be to apply a filter to signal line crossovers to ensure that they have held up. An example of a price filter would be to buy if the MACD line breaks above the signal line and then remains above it for three days. As with any filtering strategy, this reduces the probability of false signals but increases the frequency of missed profit.


title: MACD

text: A MACD crossover of the signal line indicates that the direction of the acceleration is changing. The MACD line crossing zero suggests that the average velocity is changing direction.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: Amazonas () is a state of Brazil, located in the North Region in the northwestern corner of the country. It is the largest Brazilian state by area and the 9th largest country subdivision in the world, and the largest in South America, being greater than the areas of Uruguay, Paraguay, and Chile combined. Mostly located in the Southern Hemisphere, it is the third largest country subdivision in the Southern Hemisphere after the Australian states of Western Australia and Queensland. Entirely in the Western Hemisphere, it is the fourth largest in the Western Hemisphere after Greenland, Nunavut and Alaska. It would be the sixteenth largest country in land area, slightly larger than Mongolia. Neighbouring states are (from the north clockwise) Roraima, Pará, Mato Grosso, Rondônia, and Acre. It also borders the nations of Peru, Colombia and Venezuela. This includes the Departments of Amazonas, Vaupés and Guainía in Colombia, as well as the Amazonas state in Venezuela, and the Loreto Region in Peru.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: Amazonas is named after the Amazon River, and was formerly part of the Spanish Empire's Viceroyalty of Peru, a region called Spanish Guyana. It was settled by the Portuguese moving northwest from Brazil in the early 18th century and incorporated into the Portuguese empire after the Treaty of Madrid in 1750. It became a state under the First Brazilian Republic in 1889.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: Most of the state is tropical jungle; cities are clustered along navigable waterways and are accessible only by boat or plane. The capital and largest city is Manaus, a modern city of 2.1 million inhabitants in the middle of the jungle on the Amazon River, 1,500 km upstream from the Atlantic Ocean. Nearly half the state's population lives in the city; the other large cities, Parintins, Manacapuru, Itacoatiara, Tefé, and Coari are also along the Amazon River in the eastern half of the state.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: The name was originally given to the Amazon River that runs through the state by the Spaniard Francisco de Orellana in 1541. Claiming to have come across a warlike tribe of Natives, with whom he fought, he likened them to the Amazons of Greek mythology, giving them the same name of "Río de las Amazonas".


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: At one time the Amazon River flowed westward, perhaps as part of a proto-Congo (Zaïre) river system from the interior of present-day Africa when the continents were joined as part of western Gondwana. Fifteen million years ago, the Andes were formed by the collision of the South American Plate with the Nazca Plate (eastern Pacific oceanic) plate. The rise of the Andes and the linkage of the Brazilian and Guyana bedrock shields, blocked the river and caused the Amazon to become a vast inland sea. Gradually this inland sea became a massive swampy, freshwater lake and the marine inhabitants adapted to life in freshwater. For example, over 20 species of stingray, most closely related to those found in the Pacific Ocean, can be found today in the fresh waters of the Amazon.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: About ten million years ago, waters worked through the sandstone to the west and the Amazon began to flow eastward. At this time the Amazon rainforest was born. During the Ice Age, sea levels dropped and the great Amazon lake rapidly drained and became a river. Three million years later, the ocean level receded enough to expose the Central American isthmus and allow mass migration of mammal species between the Americas.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: The Ice Ages caused tropical rainforest around the world to retreat. Although debated, it is believed that much of the Amazon reverted to savanna and montane forest. Savanna divided patches of rainforest into "islands" and separated existing species for periods long enough to allow genetic differentiation (a similar rainforest retreat took place in Africa. Delta core samples suggest that even the mighty Congo watershed was void of rainforest at this time). When the ice ages ended, the forest was again joined, and the species that were once one, had diverged significantly enough to be designated as separate species, adding to the tremendous diversity of the region. About 6,000 years ago, sea levels rose about 130 meters, once again causing the river to be inundated like a long, giant freshwater lake.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: The pre-Columbian Amazonas was inhabited by seminomadic peoples whose livelihood mixed occasional agriculture with a fishing and hunter-gatherer lifestyle. Because of Christopher Columbus' misunderstanding of the continent at which he had arrived, the native population were and are denominated "índios" by the Portuguese. Approximately two thousand Indian tribes lived in the region in the sixteenth century, perhaps amounting to some millions of people, but phenomena such as disease and assimilation to Brazilian culture caused their numbers to fall to approximately three hundred thousand, and two hundred tribes, by the end of the twentieth century. Certain uncontacted tribes still exist in the region.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: In the colonial time, the territory which today belongs to the State of Amazonas, was a combination of treaties, expeditions, evangelism and military occupations. Scarce but recorded claims and indigenous uprisings in the region, were initially made by the Spanish Empire through the Treaty of Tordesillas and after the Portuguese Empire by the First Treaty of San Ildefonso. The State also includes territory from failed attempts at colonization by the European powers, such as England and the Dutch empire.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: The first Spanish expedition was by Francisco de Orellana in conjunction with Catholic priest Gaspar de Carvajal, who documented the expedition. He reported a conflict against indigenous women which led to the current name of the river, and then to the current name of the region and the state (Amazonas in English: Amazons). The second Spanish expedition was by Pedro de Ursúa, intending to prove the previous expedition, but resulted in the Spanish Kingdom dropping the attempt to colonize the region.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: After the unification of the Iberian kingdoms, Portugal launched an expedition on the river [but in reverse from Francisco de Orellana, at the mouth of the river to the site of the present-day city of Quito, capital of Ecuador], with the intention of attaching Spanish lands (comprising the current territory of the Brazilian Amazon) to the Portuguese Kingdom. After the dissolution of the Iberian Union, Portuguese and Spanish possessions in the region were undefined, resulting in internal conflicts in the region between Portugal and Spain. The Portuguese Crown later asserted the principle of uti possidetis, with respect to the region. This was the first assertion of the principle from Roman law of "uti possidetis, ita possideatis", (Latin, "who has possession, has dominion"), analogous to English common law ""Squatters rights"". Due account may have been taken of John Locke's labour theory of property.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: Conflicting issues arose between what was granted by law in the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), and the subsequent reality of colonial expansion: the Spanish, eastward from the Pacific coastal plains (though restrained by the Andes), and the Portuguese, westward (aided by the waterways and lowlands of the mighty Amazon). The Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750) – that determined the border between the Spanish possessions and southern Portuguese Brazil – had first enunciated the principle that new states, at the time of their creation shall have dominion over the lands that were settled as colonies. It implicitly opened the door to claims by prior possession in the vast lands of the north.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: After the independence of Brazil in 1822, the current borders of the Amazonas State were still undefined – at that time being with Gran Colombia. The internal conflicts within that neighbour country resulted in the emergence of Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela and Panama. Brazil signed the Treaty Vásquez Cobo–Martins (1908) (with those countries) finally entitling those possessions in the north to Brazil. One region is marked by the geodesic line Apóporis-Tabatinga; and the other is the municipal area of São Gabriel da Cachoeira, on the Brazil-Colombia border.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: By the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), the whole Amazon basin was in the area of the Spanish Crown. The mouth of a great river was explored by Spanish "conquistador" Vicente Yáñez Pinzón, who reached it in February 1500, with his cousin Diego de Lepe. He called the river "Río Santa María de la Mar Dulce" (River of Saint Mary of the Sweet Sea) on account of the large freshwater estuary extending into the sea at its mouth.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: In 1541, Spanish "conquistadores" Gonzalo Pizarro and Francisco de Orellana, from Quito, Ecuador, crossed the Andes Mountains and explored the course of the river to the Atlantic Ocean. The indigenous people called this river the "Conoris". The myth of women warriors on the river has spread in the accounts and books, without any popular scope, still making those regions to receive names of warriors of Greek mythology, the Amazons — among them the largest river in the region that became known as the Amazon River. Early publications, as was the style of the day, called the river after its European explorer, the "Orellana".


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: Also in the 16th century, there were the expeditions of "conquistadores" Pedro de Ursúa and Lope de Aguirre in search of the legendary "El Dorado", the Lost City of Gold (1559–1561)


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: Spanish Jesuit missions were the first settlements upstream on the Amazon. As many as 30 missions were founded in Amazon territory, seven in Brazil, between 1638 and 1727. The municipality of Silves on an island of Lake Saracá is one of the oldest in the Amazon, originating in a Mercedarian Indian mission founded in 1663. By the early 18th century, they were destroyed by the Portuguese, depopulated by smallpox, or their indigenous residents taken away as slaves by Portuguese Bandeirantes. A few were taken over by Portuguese Carmelites. The destruction of the missions was the end of Spanish claims in western Amazonia. Only one is a populated place today, San Pablo, now the municipality of São Paulo de Olivença.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: Starting about 1580, without effective occupation, English, Dutch, French (and even some Irish) searching for so-called "Drogas do Sertão" (spices of the backlands) had established some outposts upstream of the mouth of the Amazon.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: From at least the time of the Tordesillas Treaty in 1494 until the Treaty of Madrid in 1750, the region of the upper Amazon was part of the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru (Viceroyalty of New Granada after 1717). Everything north of the Amazon (Solimões) and west of the Nhamundá River (Yamundá, in Spanish), an affluent of the left bank of the Amazon that forms the boundary of Amazonas with Pará, was known as Spanish Guyana.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: Portuguese expansion westward and northward of the Torsedillas Line began from the frontier of the northernmost captaincy of Maranhão with the expulsion of the French from São Luis in 1615, and the founding of Belém at the mouth of the Amazon in 1616. Exploration and colonization thence followed the waterway upstream.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: There are accounts of Portuguese Carmelite missionaries active in the Solimões area, upstream of the Rio Negro, as early as the 1620s, but permanent settlements weren't established for another 80 years, so the records are nebulous.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: The first documented Portuguese foray into upper Amazonia was the expedition of Portuguese explorer and military officer Pedro Teixeira, who followed the great river from the Atlantic Ocean to Quito, Ecuador with 70 soldiers and 1,200 Indians in forty-seven great canoes (1637–1639). He returned by the same route, arriving back in Belem in 1639. According to the Portuguese, Pedro Teixeira placed a possession marker at the upper Japurá River in 1639. Soon after that the Portuguese "bandeirante" António Raposo Tavares, whose "bandeira", leaving the captaincy of São Vicente travelling overland, reached the Andes, and following the Amazon River, returned to Belém, visiting a total of about , between 1648 and 1651.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: Tropical jungle is hostile and impenetrable as well as European settlements were exclusively along the waterways. Portuguese expansion generally was east to west, and from the main channel, the Solimões, north and south along the tributaries. The character of the settlements was of three kinds: defense and occupation ("fortes"), economic ("feitorias"), and evangelical ("missões"). The first permanent Portuguese settlements in the region were Itacoatiara 176 km east of Manaus, founded in 1655 by Portuguese Jesuit Padre António Vieira as Mission of Aroaquis on the island of Aibi near the mouth of Lake Arauató, followed by São Gabriel, founded in 1668 as by Franciscan Friar Teodózio [or Teodósio] da Veiga and Captain Pedro da Costa Favela on the Rio Negro, near the mouth of the Rio Aruím. In 1761, a fort was built on the location, and the settlement became the town of São Gabriel da Cachoeira. The first missionary "aldea" of the Portuguese in the Negro was that known as Santo Elias dos Tarumas (originally aldeia of Nossa Senhora da Conceição, and later called Airão), dating from 1692.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: the capital Manaus, was founded in 1669 as the Fort of São José do Rio Negro (later called Lugar da Barra do Rio Negro or "place on the shore of Rio Negro") on the confluence of the Rio Negro and Solimões Rivers.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: The Royal Charter of 1693 divided Amazonia among the Jesuits, Carmelites, Capuchines and Franciscans: the Jesuits restricted their activities to the south bank of the Amazon upstream to the mouth of the Madeira; the north shore of the Amazon as far as the Trombetas fell to the Franciscans, to the mouth of the Rio Negro to the Mercedarians, and the Negro itself and the Solimoes to the Carmelites.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: The Portuguese Carmelites got a later start than the Spanish Jesuits, but their impact was more durable. Between 1697 and 1757, they established eight missions on the Solimões and nine on the Rio Negro. In addition, there were a few Portuguese Jesuit missions in the Solimões. In 1731, Portuguese Jesuits received orders from the Governor Luiz de Vasconcellos Lobo to establish two "aldeias" above the mouth of the Rio Negro, one on the right bank of the Orellana Solimões, between the eastern mouth of the Javari and the Carmelite "aldeia" of São Pedro; the other at the western mouth of the great river Japurá. This was the beginning of what came to be called the Jesuit–Carmelite War.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: Antidote to settlement was disease: fierce smallpox epidemics in 1661, 1695, 1724, and 1743/49 left the region nearly depopulated. A Carmelite Friar had notable success with the method of variolation in 1729, but the technique was not propagated. The Jenner cowpox vaccine was not introduced in Brazil until 1808. Variolation was prohibited in 1840, and vaccination was mandated in 1854. But epidemics got worse until finally petering out around the turn of the century.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: Within the project of occupying the Amazon hinterland, was formed the royal captaincy of São José do Rio Negro subordinate to Para, in Mar. 1755, with headquarters in the village of Mariuá, (now Barcelos).


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: The boundary between the Portuguese and Spanish domination of the Amazon was eventually fixed at the Rio Javari (river that rises on the border between Amazonas state, Brazil, and Loreto department, Peru) by the Treaty of Madrid in 1750.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: By the mid-18th century, the effective boundary between the two empires, the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru and Portuguese Brazil, had shifted to the area of the confluence of the Rio Negro and Amazon Rivers, in upper Amazonia.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: While the Treaty of Madrid in 1750 implicitly recognized the principle of "uti possiditis", it did not actually specify the northern borders of the country. At that time, the border of contention between Spanish and Portuguese domains was in the upper Solimões, at the junction of the Rio Negro. In the upper Salomoes, Spanish missionary influence was being displaced, and the Viceroy was indifferent to colonization, but Portuguese settlements were not yet established.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: Part of the northern boundary between Brazil and what was then British Guyana, was set by the Spanish Boundary-line Commission of Yturriaga and Solano (1757–1763). After two indecisive wars between Portuguese and Spanish colonial forces 1761–1763 and 1776–1777, the border between the Spanish and Portuguese possessions, the Viceroyalty of Peru (and successor states) and Grão-Pará region of Brazil, was set between 1781 and 1791 by negotiation.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: In 1821, Grão-Pará and Rio Negro provinces became the unified "Grão-Pará". The following year, Brazil proclaimed its independence and Grão-Pará became the Province of Pará of state of Brazil.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: At the time of the independence in Brazil in 1822, residents of the village proclaimed themselves independent, establishing a provisional government.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: When Emperor Pedro I declared independence from Portugal, in 1822, he had to fight also the provinces of Grão-Pará and Maranhão. In 1823, a ship commanded by British officer John Pascoe Grenfell arrived at the port of Belém, to combat rebels. Only in August 1824 did the new governor swear loyalty to the Brazilian Emperor.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: The Province of Pará, including the "comarca" of Rio Negro, the upper Amazon region, was incorporated into the Empire of Brazil in 1824.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: A revolt in 1832 demanded the autonomy of the Amazonas region as a separate province of Pará. The rebellion was suppressed, but the Amazons were able to send a representative to the Imperial Court, Friar José dos Santos Inocentes, who got up the creation of the District of the Upper Amazon. During Cabanagem in 1835–40, the Amazon remained loyal to the imperial government and not joined the revolt.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: As a sort of reward for loyalty, the Province of Amazonas was officially created by Emperor Pedro II in 1850.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: From the mid-19th century, the territory began to receive migrants from the northeast seeking a better life. Attracted by the rubber boom, they settled in important Amazonian cities such as Manaus, Tabatinga, Parintins, Itacoatiara and Barcelos, the first capital of Amazonas.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: The state had an era of splendor in the 1890s, at the peak of the rubber boom. However, the economic gains were largely the result of great human suffering: untold thousands of enslaved Amerindian seringueiros (rubber tappers) died through disease and overwork.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: Manaus, which already boasted as the capital administrative of the State, experienced a great population growth and the economic advancement, resulting mainly from exports of raw materials until then exclusively from Amazon Region. With the wealth generated by the production and export of natural rubber ("Hevea brasiliensis"), the amazonian capital received large works such as the port of Manaus, the Amazonas Opera House, Palace of Justice, Reservoir of Mocó, the first network of electric energy and public transport services as trams. Vista as a reference, your headquarters became a symbol of prosperity and civilization for the Amazonas State, being the center of important artistic and cultural events. Bloomed so trade in luxury products and superfluous, with men and women from all over the world parading its streets and avenues, at purchase of the so-called ""black gold"", as was dubbed the natural rubber, to resell big profits in the main capitals of Europe and in the United States from 1910, difficult times began, due to the strong competition of natural rubber planted in rubber plantations the Asian continent, to European and American markets with superior advantages, which ultimately enact bankruptcy of Amazonian economy.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: By the late 19th century, the Brazilian rubber monopoly was slowly dying, as British and Dutch plantations in South-East Asia were producing cheaper, superior quality rubber, and by 1900 the Amazonas state had fallen into serious economic decline.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: Free trade zone of Manaus (also called Manaus Industrial Pole or Industrial Pole of the Brazilian Amazon) was an economic development project implemented by Act number 3 173 of 3 June 1957, that reframed, enlarged and established tax incentives for deployment of an industrial, commercial and agricultural pole in a physical area of 10 000 km, with headquarters in the city of Manaus. Despite the adoption in 1957, that project has only been in fact deployed, by Decree-Law number 288 of 28 February 1967.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: The project was implemented by the Brazilian military government, at first, the benefits of this project was extended to the Western Amazon, formed by the States of Amazonas, Acre, Rondônia and Roraima. On August 20, 2008, the free trade area of Macapá, which was included in the Council of Manaus by Free Zone Superintendence (Suframa) and thus, the Amapá received the same benefit given for other Amazonian Brazilian States. The creation of the Manaus free trade zone aimed at promoting the occupation of this region population and raise the level of security to maintain your integrity in addition, brake deforestation in the region and recoup the preservation and sustainability of biodiversity present in the state. In its years of existence, the story of the Manaus Free Trade Zone is divided into four phases: the first, from 1967 to 1975, characterized the reference in the country's industrial policy for the import substitution of final goods and formation of the internal market; the second, from 1975 to 1990, was characterized by the adoption of measures promoting the domestic industry inputs, especially in the State of São Paulo (largest consumer at the time); the third, in 1991 and 1996, came into force on new Industrial policy and foreign trade, marked by the opening of the Brazilian economy, reducing the import tax for the rest of the country and emphasis on quality and productivity, with the implementation of the Brazilian policy quality and productivity (PBPQ in Portuguese) and Industrial competitiveness program; and the fourth and last, of the 1996–2002, marks its adaptation to a globalized economy scenarios and the adjustments demanded by the effects of the Real plan, as the movement of privatization and deregulation.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: Characterized by being the largest of the States of Brazil, with an area of . Amazonas has most of its land occupied by forest reserves and water. The access to the region is mainly made by waterway or by plane. It is located in the North of Brazil, bordering the States of Mato Grosso, Rondônia, and Acre to the South; Pará and Roraima, in the North East beyond the republics of Peru, Colombia and Venezuela to the Southwest and Northwest respectively. Most of its territory is in the time zone UTC−4 (with 4 hours unless the Greenwich mean time (GMT), and 1 hour less in relation to GMT). Thirteen municipalities in the West of the State are in the time zone UTC−5; it is one of the States of Brazil that contains two time zones in its territory. Amazonas is split by the Amazon river, the largest river by volume of water in the world. In the state, the river has several tributaries: Negro, Madeira, Purus, Japurá, Juruá, Içá or Putumayo and many other confluent. Most rivers are navigable for large ships.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: The average temperature varies very little by season, between , the rainfall varies from 50 to 250 mm per month, averaging 2100 mm per year.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: Most of the state is in the tropical rainforest climate zone, a type of tropical climate in which there is no dry season—all months have mean precipitation values of at least 60 mm. Its latitude is within five degrees of the equator—which is dominated by the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The equatorial climate is denoted Af in the Köppen climate classification.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: The relief of the state is relatively low, since in the region, 85% does not surpass of altitude. The highest points of the state are the Pico da Neblina, with an approximate height of , followed by Pico Phelps or Pico 31 of March of , located in the border between Venezuela and Brazil, both mountains are in the municipality of Santa Isabel do Rio Negro and ironically, are the highest in Brazil.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: Amazonas is almost entirely covered by the Amazon Rainforest, 98% according to officials, and it is divided into three types of habitat, viz:


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: The Amazon represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests and comprises the largest and most species-rich tract of tropical rainforest in the world. Wet tropical forests are the most species-rich biome, and tropical forests in the Americas are consistently more species-rich than the wet forests in Africa and Asia. As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in the Americas, the Amazonian rainforests have unparalleled biodiversity. More than of all species in the world live in the Amazon Rainforest. and species are discovered on an almost daily basis.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: The largest biodiversity of the planet is present across the State of Amazonas, generating great surprise in its visitors.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: The chief commercial cities are Barcelos, Benjamin Constant, Eirunepe, Itacoatiara, Lábrea, Manacapuru, Manicoré, Parintins, and Tefé.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: The state achieved a very great population growth in the early 20th century, due to the golden period of rubber, and after installation of the Industrial Pole of Manaus, in the 1960s. The state still maintains population rates above the national average. In the 1950s the state had a population growth of 3.6% per year, while Brazil has maintained a growth of 3.2%. In the period between the years 1991 and 2000, Amazon grew by 2.7% per annum while the national average remained at 1.6%. For 2018, the estimate is 4,080,611 inhabitants.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: The composition of Amazonian population by gender shows that for every 100 female residents of the state there are 96 men; this small imbalance between the sexes is because women have a life expectancy of eight years higher than that of men. However, the migration to the state is mostly male.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: The capital, Manaus is the largest city in the northern region, with about 2,145,444 inhabitants. 52% of the state's population lives in the city.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: Amazonas is the second largest precinct in northern Brazil, with 2,428,098 voters, according to the Superior Electoral Court.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: The last PNAD (National Research for Sample of Domiciles) census revealed the following numbers: "Pardo" (Multiracial) people (68.98%), White people (21.21%), Indigenous people (4.80%), Black people (4.09%), and Asian people (0.91%).


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: According to a 2013 genetic study, the ancestry of the inhabitants of Manaus is 45.9% European, 37.8% Native American and 16.3% African.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: Portuguese is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. But English and Spanish are part of the official high school curriculum.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: Nheengatu, an indigenous Tupian language, also has official status in the municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira and has a few thousand speakers in that region.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: The industrial sector is the largest component of GDP at 69.9%, followed by the service sector at 23.93% (2012). Agriculture represents 3.6% of GDP (2004). Amazonas exports: mobile phones 48.7%, others electronics 19.5%, motorcycles 7.7% (2002).


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: Amazonas economy was once reliant almost entirely upon rubber; today it has wide and varied industries, including the farming of cassava, oranges, and other agricultural products.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: Recently the Brazilian government is pursuing the development of industries whose main focus will be the exporting of consumer goods. Due to its geographical proximity to the markets in the northern hemisphere and Amazon countries, like Venezuela, they believe this move will have a great economic impact not only in the north region of Brazil but in the entire country.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: Over the last decades, a system of federal investments and tax incentives have turned the surrounding region into a major industrial center (the Free Economic Zone of Manaus). The mobile phone and game console companies Flextronics, LG and Sony run manufacturing plants in Manaus. Other major electronics and motorcycle manufacturers such as Samsung Electronics, Honda and Yamaha have plants as well.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: Tourism is now focused on ecotourism, centered in the cities of Barcelos, Manaus, Parintins, Presidente Figueredo, and Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: Eduardo Gomes International Airport(MAO) in Manaus employs roughly 3,300 people, among employees of Infraero, public agencies, concession holders, airlines and auxiliary services. The airport has two passenger terminals, one for scheduled flights and the other for regional aviation. It also has three cargo terminals: Terminal I was opened in 1976, Terminal II in 1980 and Terminal III in 2004. Eduardo Gomes International Airport is Brazil's third largest in freight movement, handling the import and export demand from the Manaus Industrial Complex.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: The state also holds one of the greatest folkloric festivals of the country: Parintins Folklore Festival, which combines music, dance and all the cultural roots of the state, and the Amazonas Opera Festival.


title: Amazonas (Brazilian state)

text: The Amazonia Arena is the largest stadium in the Amazonas, it was built to host some matches of the FIFA World Cup of 2014 and to host some football matches of the 2016 Summer Olympics.


title: Talking Dead

text: Talking Dead is a live television aftershow in which host Chris Hardwick discusses episodes of the AMC television series "The Walking Dead", "Fear the Walking Dead" and "" with guests, including celebrity fans, cast members, and crew from the series.


title: Talking Dead

text: The series features host Chris Hardwick discussing the latest episode with guests who are fans of the series. Cast and crew from "The Walking Dead" and "Fear the Walking Dead" also appear on the talk show. Segments on "Talking Dead" include an "In Memoriam" highlighting the deaths from the episode, an online poll, episode trivia, behind-the-scenes footage, and questions from fans via phone, from the audience, Facebook, Twitter, or from the official "Talking Dead" website. After the on-air episode ends, a bonus 15– 20-minute segment continues online for the 30-minute episodes; there would be a bonus 5- to 10-minute online segment for the 60-minute episodes; Hardwick refers to this bonus segment as "Talking Talking Dead".


title: Talking Dead

text: The series premiered on October 16, 2011, following the encore presentation of the second-season premiere of "The Walking Dead". When the series returned on February 10, 2013, from the season three mid-season finale, the series moved to 10:00 pm, directly following "The Walking Dead" and expanded to one hour. Hardwick stated that having the show go an hour as opposed to half an hour allowed more "breathing room" and more time to discuss the topics with the guests/fans.


title: Talking Dead

text: Producers that were regular guests of "Talking Dead" include: creator of "The Walking Dead" Robert Kirkman, seasons 2–3 showrunner Glen Mazzara, director and executive producer Greg Nicotero, executive producer Gale Anne Hurd, and seasons 4–8 showrunner Scott M. Gimple. Guests listed after "with" were surprise guests for the episode. Robert Kirkman and Greg Nicotero have the most appearances of any crew member at 10 episodes each. Lauren Cohan is the most featured cast member with 7 episodes. Yvette Nicole Brown is the outside guest with the most appearances at 10 episodes.


title: Talking Dead

text: On three of the episodes at the end of season 2 of "Talking Dead", musicians featured on "The Walking Dead"'s soundtrack performed at the end of the show. On the first half of season 3 of "Talking Dead", the "Kill of the Week" feature was included; in addition, the show took questions from the studio audience. In season 3 of "Talking Dead", "fan of the week" was introduced for fans who used the "Dead Yourself" mobile app. The show also introduced "Survival Tips", which gave tips on how to survive if a hypothetical zombie apocalypse really happened. Season 5 began showcasing fan art.


title: Talking Dead

text: The series became known for often having members of the cast appear after the episode in which their characters were killed (for example, Laurie Holden for "Welcome to the Tombs"). Recognizing that this may spoil viewers, the show now tries its best to avoid this, though the trend still appears from time to time. Notably Emily Kinney was not announced as the guest actor for the episode following "Coda" until the program's airtime due to her character's sudden death at the end of the accompanying episode.


title: Talking Dead

text: "Talking Dead" also began airing after episodes of "Fear the Walking Dead"s second season, which premiered on April 10, 2016.


title: Talking Dead

text: On July 13, 2018, it was announced that longtime guest Yvette Nicole Brown would temporarily take over Hardwick's role as host for "Talking Dead" beginning on August 5 for "The Walking Dead" season 9 preview special. The decision was made to replace Hardwick because AMC was completing their assessment related to Hardwick who was accused of sexual harassment by his ex-girlfriend Chloe Dykstra. On July 25, AMC announced that Hardwick would be reinstated as host beginning with the August 12 broadcast, and that Brown would guest host the August 5 broadcast. AMC made the following statement, "Following a comprehensive assessment by AMC, working with Ivy Kagan Bierman of the firm Loeb & Loeb, who has considerable experience in this area, Chris Hardwick will return to AMC as the host of "Talking Dead" and "Talking with Chris Hardwick". We take these matters very seriously and given the information available to us after a very careful review, including interviews with numerous individuals, we believe returning Chris to work is the appropriate step."


title: Talking Dead

text: In June 2019, it was confirmed that "Talking Dead" would not be broadcast after every episode of "Fear the Walking Dead"s fifth season. An episode was broadcast following the season premiere, and it returned after the mid-season finale of "Fear the Walking Dead".


title: Talking Dead

text: AMC officially counts the first season of "Talking Dead" as season 2 and each subsequent season one number higher than is listed here. This is so that the season numbers for episodes of "Talking Dead" match the season numbers for episodes of "The Walking Dead" that they discuss.


title: Talking Dead

text: For the 67th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards, the series was nominated for Outstanding Interactive Program. It was nominated again the year after.


title: Debashree Roy

text: Debashree Roy (born 8 August 1962), also known as Debasree Roy, is an Indian actress, dancer, choreographer, politician and animal rights activist. As an actress, she is known for her work in Hindi and Bengali cinema. She has been cited as the reigning queen of Bengali commercial cinema. She acted in more than a hundred films and won over forty awards, including a National Award, three BFJA Awards, five Kalakar Awards and an Anandalok Award. As a dancer, she is known for her stage adaptations of the various forms of Indian folk dances as well as her innovative dance forms imbued with elements from Indian classical, tribal and folk dance. She runs Natraj dance troupe. She is the founder of Debasree Roy Foundation, a non-profit organisation that works for the cause of stray animals. Roy was a Member of the Legislative Assembly from Raidighi constituency since 2011 till 2021.


title: Debashree Roy

text: Her first acting assignment was Hiranmoy Sen's Bengali devotional film "Pagal Thakur" (1966) where she was cast as an infant Ramakrishna Paramhansa. Her first leading role in Bengali came with Arabinda Mukhopadhyay's film "Nadi Theke Sagare" (1978). However she acted opposite to Prem Nazir in Malayalam movie Ee Ganam Marakkumo (January 1978) even before this. She shot to wider recognition for her role in Aparna Sen's National Award winning directorial debut "36 Chowringhee Lane" (1981) and Kanak Mishra's "Jiyo To Aise Jiyo" (1981) under Rajshri Productions. She also appeared in several other Hindi films such as "Bura Aadmi" (1982), "Justice Chaudhury" (1983), "Phulwari" (1984), "Kabhie Ajnabi The" (1985), "Seepeeyan" (1986) and "Pyar Ka Sawan" (1989). After her Bengali film "Troyee" (1982) became a major success at box office, she concentrated more in Bengali cinema. Her other major hits at the box office include films such as "Bhalobasa Bhalobasa" (1985), "Lalmahal" (1986), "Chokher Aloy" (1989), "Jhankar" (1989), "Ahankar" (1991) and "Yuddha" (2005) to name a few. She made her small screen debut in Soumitra Chatterjee starrer Bengali tv series "Dena Paona". Her other famous roles from Bengali TV series are that of "Louhakapat", "Ratnadeep", "Nagarpare Roopnagar" and "Biraj Bou" to name a few. In 1988, she appeared as Satyavati in B.R.Chopra's "Mahabharat". In 1997, she gave birth to speculation and controversy for her role as Tishyarakshita in Nitish Roy's "Samarpan" aired on Zee Tv.


title: Debashree Roy

text: Roy was conferred with BFJA Award for Best Actress (1992) for the first time for her performance in Indar Sen's Bengali film "Thikana" (1991). She was conferred with the National Film Award for Best Actress (1995) as well as BFJA Award for Best Actress (1997) for her role in Rituparno Ghosh's National Award winning Bengali film "Unishe April" (1994). She collaborated with Rituparno Ghosh for the second time in his National Award winning Bengali film "Asukh" (1999) which once again earned her the BFJA Award for Best Actress (2000). She was also critically acclaimed for her performances in films such as "Anutap" (1992), "Sandhyatara" (1994), "Kaal Sandhya" (1997), "Prohor" (2002) and "Shilpantar" (2004).


title: Debashree Roy

text: Roy was trained in Odissi by Kelucharan Mahapatra. She was exposed to the various forms of Indian folk dances as well by Mahapatra and took a sincere interest to adapt them on stage. In 1991, she formed the dance troupe Natraj and their first venture "Vasavdatta" went on to receive full seat occupancy every time it was staged. She, onwards ventured into an attempt to manifest the forms of folk dance of Bengal in "Swapner Sandhane", an acclaimed production of Natraj. She was most applauded for her wider attempt to present the various forms of Indian folk dance in "Bichitro", the first abroad production of Natraj. In "Navras", she exhibited an innovative dance form imbued with elements from Indian classical, tribal and folk dance.


title: Debashree Roy

text: Roy was born and brought up in a Bengali family in Kolkata. Her father Birendra Kishore Roy was an employee at West Bengal Finance Corporation. Her mother Arati Roy is the principal of Sai Natraj Shikshayatan. She is the youngest and sixth child after Purnima Lahiri, Krishna Mukherjee, Ramendra Kishore Roy, Mrigen Roy and Tanushree Bhattacharya. Purnima Lahiri, her eldest sister is a former actor. Her second eldest sister Krishna Mukherjee is a former playback singer. Her deceased brother Ramendra Kishore Roy was a cinematographer of South Indian cinema. Mrigen Roy is an event manager and executive producer of Bengali cinema. Her sister Tanushree Bhattacharya, popularly known as Jhumki Roy is a former actress of Bengali cinema and a playback singer. She is married to director Sanjay Bhattacharya. Initially, she took her dancing lessons from her mother, her eldest sister and then Bandana Sen. later on, she was trained by Kelucharan Mahapatra.


title: Debashree Roy

text: Roy was an infant when she was introduced to cinema. She was cast in the role of an infant Ramkrishna Paramhansa in Hiranmoy Sen's devotional film "Pagal Thakur" (1966) alongside Chhaya Devi playing Chandramani Devi, mother of Ramakrishna. She was credited as "Chumki Roy" in the film. She was noted for the first time for her role in Hiranmoy Sen's another devotional film "Balak Gadadhar" (1969), her second film assignment where she was once again cast as a young Ramkrishna Paramhansa. Hiranmoy Sen also zeroed in on her to play the role of Devi Kanya Kumari in the film. During this time Tarun Majumdar was looking for a pretty but expressive little face for the role of Ranu in his new Thriller "Kuheli" (1971). Chhaya Devi who was also a part of that venture suggested Chumki's name for that role. She was cast alongside veterans like Biswajit Chatterjee and Sandhya Roy in the film. Roy portrayed Ranu who, every night, stealthily goes out to meet a mysterious woman whom she believes to be her mother. The film was a prominent success at box office and Chumki became a starlet.


title: Debashree Roy

text: Following the success of "Kuheli" (1971), Tarun Majumdar gave his word that he would introduce Roy as a leading actress when she hit her teens. Hence Arati Roy, her mother refused to let Roy play any other supporting roles in order to retain her daughter's exclusivity. In 1975 Roy was finally summoned for the titular role in Majumdar's "Balika Badhu". The film was the Hindi remake of his 1967 Bengali film "Balika Badhu" (1967). After she appeared for a look test, Majumdar changed his mind considering her imperfect for this role and she got replaced by Rajni Sharma. An upset Roy, then accepted a role in Sushil Mukherjee's Bengali drama "Sudur Niharika" (1976) where she was credited as "Rumki Roy". She, then featured in Kushali Goshthi's "Aguner Phulki" (1978) alongside veterans like Anil Chatterjee and Sabitri Chatterjee. During this time Arabinda Mukhopadhyay was looking for a young actress for the female lead opposite Mithun Chakraborty in "Nadi Theke Sagare" (1978). Sandhya Roy who played the another female lead in the film suggested the director to cast Roy in the lead opposite Chakraborty. As described by the director, the film narrates the ebb and flow of the life of two unfathered individuals played by Roy and Chakraborty. Roy played the unfathered daughter to Sandhya Roy. Upon its release, the film received favourable review. Roy was critically appreciated for her gaze in the film. She had to enact the adolescence as well as the adulthood of the character she was given. A perfectionist, director Arabinda Mukhopadhyay wanted her gaze to be mature enough for the adult role while practically, she was not an adult at that time. To shed off her juvenile, impulsive look, He instructed her not to undergo any conversation or any kind of playful activity for a long time before shooting. The film was a major success at box office. She then featured opposite Anil Dhawan in Kuldeep Pandey's Hindi film "Ghata" (1978). The film won critical favour but failed to create any ripple at box office. She acted opposite Prem Nazir in N. Sankaran Nair's Malayalam film "Ee Ganam Marakkumo" (1978) where she was credited as "Rugmini Roy". The film was a major failure at box office.


title: Debashree Roy

text: She, then featured in Nirmal Sarbanga's road film "G. T. Road" (1980). The film did not perform well at box office. During this time Tarun Majumdar came up with the offer for his romantic drama film "Dadar Kirti" (1980) and suggested to change her name into "Debashree Roy". Her mother never objected to it. She was cast alongside Sandhya Roy, Kali Banerjee, Ruma Guha Thakurta, Tapas Paul and Mahua Roychoudhury in the film. She portrayed the character of Bini, the innocent sibling of Saraswati portrayed by Mahua Roychoudhury. The film became a remarkable box office success and her role and vibrant appearance was loved by the audience, alongside the reverse and solemn appearance of Mahua Roychoudhury.


title: Debashree Roy

text: She was again cast in the role of the chirpy sibling of Mahua Roychoudhury in Manu Sen's blockbuster Bengali film "Subarnagolak" (1981). She featured in Dilip Mukherjee's Bengali film "Father" (1981) alongside Soumitra Chatterjee, Ranjit Mallick, Haradhan Banerjee, Sumitra Mukherjee, Mithu Mukherjee and Mahua Roychoudhury. After Moon Moon Sen declined the role of Nandita, Aparna Sen proposed Roy to play the part in her directorial debut "36 Chowringhee Lane" (1981). Nandita along with her boyfriend Samaresh exploits her former teacher's apartment for making love to each other. The film was a major failure at box office, still Roy was applauded by media personalities due to her good looks and unlaboured screen presence. She, then appeared in Kanak Mishra's Hindi film "Jiyo To Aise Jiyo" (1981), under Rajshri Productions. She played Vidya, the love interest of Kundan played by Arun Govil. The film became a jubilee hit at box office. The next year, she appeared in Desh Gautam's "Bura Aadmi" (1980) which was a major box office debacle. In 1982, she appeared in Tarun Majumdar's Bengali film "Meghmukti". The same year, she featured opposite Mithun Chakraborty in Goutam Mukherjee's love triangle "Troyee" which became a major success at box office. "Aparupa", her another release of the same year was a flop at the box office.


title: Debashree Roy

text: Roy featured opposite Tapas Paul in Bijoy Bose's Bengali drama "Samapti" (1983). She featured in K. Raghavendra Rao's multistarrer Hindi film "Justice Chaudhury" (1983) alongside Jeetendra, Hema Malini, Moushumi Chatterjee, Sridevi and Raj Kiran. The film was a major success at box office.


title: Debashree Roy

text: In 1984, she appeared in Mukul Dutt's Hindi film "Phulwari", under Rajshri Productions. In the film, Roy portrayed the character of Lali, a beautiful, conceited and pampered girl who insults her boyfriend Rajiv on the day of their engagement and discloses to everyone present at her engagement party that she has given consent to marry him because she wanted to avenge an earlier incident when he humiliated her in front of the public. She was paired with Shashi Puri in this film. She featured alongside Kanowaljit Singh and Om Puri in Akash Jain's film "Seepeeyan" (1984), where she portrayed the role of a beautiful woman who flings herself into water after her boyfriend refused to marry her and is saved by another man whom she later marries. In 1984, she was cast in the role of "Kundanadinee" in Ajay Kar's Bengali period film "Bishabriksha", based on the veteran Bengali novelist Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay's novel of the same name. She then, featured in Dipranjan Bose's Bengali drama film "Parabat Priya" (1984), alongside Tapas Paul and Mahua Roychoudhury. The film was a major success at the box office. She played the character of Piyali, a highly pampered girl who decides to poison a glass of milk that her husband was supposed to take.


title: Debashree Roy

text: In 1985, she was paired with Sandeep Patil in "Kabhi Ajnabi The" (1985), directed and produced by Vijay Singh. She played the character of Geeta, who decides to sacrifice her love for the sake another woman who had previously been her boyfriend's ladylove. The film was over-hyped regarding the Bollywood debut of Sandeep Patil and Roy's sensuous enacting with him in the song sequence "Geet Mere Hothon Ko De Gaya Koi". Filmfare wrote: "With those kohl eyes and her figure scantily covered with, she looked enthralling, yet she looked coy enough." Her performance in this film earned her the Calcutta and National Unity Award for Best Supporting Actress in Hindi Cinema. The film theatrically opened with 80% seat occupancy, but ultimately proved itself to be a major commercial failure due to its poor screenplay. In 1985, she was cast opposite Tapas Paul in Tarun Majumdar's romantic drama "Bhalobasa Bhalobasa". This film established Roy's pairing with Tapas Paul as the leading on-screen pairing of the nineteen eighties. Her other major hits with Paul are "Uttar Lipi" (1986), "Arpan" (1987), "Shankhachur" (1988), "Surer Sathi" (1988), "Surer Akashe" (1988), "Nayanmani" (1989), "Chokher Aloy" (1989), "Shubha Kamana" (1991), "Mayabini" (1992), "Phire Paoa" (1993), "Tobu Mone Rekho" (1994) and "Putrabadhu" (1998).


title: Debashree Roy

text: Roy also delivered hits with Prosenjit Chatterjee and Chiranjeet Chakraborty. She was paired with Chiranjeet Chakraborty for the first time in "Madhumoy" (1986), which also stars Prosenjit Chatterjee and Mahua Roychoudhury. Her pairing with Chakraborty conveyed major hits such as "Mouna Mukhar" (1987), "Heerer Shikal" (1988), "Papi" (1990), "Tomar Rakte Amar Sohag" (1993), "Bhoy" (1996), "Beyadap" (1996), "Jiban Jouban" (1997), "Joddha" (1987) and "Debanjali" (2000).


title: Debashree Roy

text: In 1987, she was paired with Prosenjit Chatterjee in Bimal Ray's "Samrat O Sundari". The film was a hit and gave acknowledgement to Roy's pairing with Prosenjit Chatterjee as a bankable one. Her other hits with Chatterjee are "Ora Charjon" (1988), "Jhankar" (1989), "Ahankar" (1991), "Raktelekha" (1992), "Purushottam" (1992), "Rakter Swad" (1993), "Shraddhanjali" (1993) and "Nati Binodini" (1994). Srikanta Guhathakurata's "Ahankar" (1991) opened with 90% seat occupancy and grossed more than 1 crore at the box office.


title: Debashree Roy

text: Roy further received critical acclaim in her role in the Drama "Anutap" (1992) which was directed by Prabhat Roy as well as rave reviews for her performance in "Thikana" for which she won her first BFJA Award for Best Actress . She featured in "Rakte Lekha" (1992) where the number "Ami Kolkatar Rosogolla" became very popular. Following the success of the film, she earned the sobriquet, Kolkatar rosogolla. Roy was paired with Chatterjee for the last time in Rituparno Ghosh's much acclaimed film "Unishe April" (1994). Roy essayed the role of Aditi, who decides to commit suicide after her boyfriend refused her to marry, but gets interrupted by her mother. India Today described her performance as an "inspired performance by Roy, who has so far been mired in Bengali commercial cinema." Filmfare appreciated her performance. The film won her the National Film Award for Best Actress category. She also garnered critical acclaim for her roles in "Sandhyatara" (1994) and "Cinemay Jeman Hoy" (1994).


title: Debashree Roy

text: After Roy separated from Chatterjee, she refused to play any female lead opposite the actor. Which in turn leaves an ample scope to her two strong rivals Rituparna Sengupta and Satabdi Roy who became choices opposite Chatterjee in most of his films in late 1990s. In 1997, Roy had two releases opposite Chiranjit Chakraborty Prabhat Roy's "Jiban Jouban" and Dulal Bhowmik's "Yoddha" both of which were commercially successful. She gave birth to speculation and controversy for her role as Tishyarakshita in Nitish Roy's "Samarpan" aired on Zee Tv.


title: Debashree Roy

text: She portrayed the role of Sarada Devi in "Swami Vivekananda" (1998). She appeared in Tapan Sinha's Bengali film "Ajab Ganyer Ajab Katha" (1998), under the banner of Shree Venkatesh Films. She appeared in a cameo role in Tapan Sinha's Hindi film "Daughters of This Century" (1999). In 1999, she appeared in Rituparno Ghosh's "Asukh", landing the character of Rohini Choudhury, an actress who is suspicious by nature and begins to suspect her father to be an HIV positive due to some illegitimate relation she is not aware of.


title: Debashree Roy

text: The film became a commercial as well as a major critical success. It won her Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Actress Award in 2000.


title: Debashree Roy

text: She appeared in Subrata Sen's "Ek Je Achhe Kanya" (2001), which was major commercial success. She was paired with Sabyasachi Chakrabarty in this film. She appeared in Goutam Ghose's much acclaimed Bengali film "Dekha" (2001), alongside Soumitra Chatterjee. She featured in Prashant Bal's "Hindustani Sipahi" (2002). In 2002, she appeared in Bappaditya Bandopadhyay's much acclaimed film "Shilpantar." She played the character of a woman who works in a circus and draws masses by her act of eating raw live snakes or hens. In the same year, she played the character of Kadambari Devi in Sukanta Ray's film "Chhelebela", alongside Jisshu Sengupta playing Rabindranath Tagore.


title: Debashree Roy

text: In 2003, Roy featured in Shantimoy Bandopadhyay's "Mejdidi" where she portrayed the titular role. The film failed to receive favourable reviews from critics but performed well at the box office.


title: Debashree Roy

text: She featured in Subhadro Chowdhury's National Award winning film "Prohor", where she played the protagonist Nandita, who donates her blood for a man who raped her earlier.


title: Debashree Roy

text: Roy featured as the titular protagonist in Bratya Basu's "Teesta (2005)." It is inspired by Basu's play "Mukhomukhi Bosibar". She portrayed Teesta who fails to communicate with the world of people and finds solace in nature. Though the film became a critical and commercial failure, she won critical favour for her performance. It earns her Anandalok Award for Best Actress in 2005. She had a series of flops such as "Satabdir Golpo" (2004), "Sagar Kinare" (2004), "Ami Je Ke Tomar" (2004) and "Teesta" (2005). She featured opposite Mithun Chakrabarty in Ravi Kinagi's "Yuddho" (2005). The film was released with 41 prints across West Bengal. It grossed 1.2 crore in the first week and grossed 3 crore overall. She then featured in "MLA Fatakesto" (2006) and "Mahaguru" (2007). She featured in Je Jon Thake Majhkhane (2006).


title: Debashree Roy

text: She made her small screen debut in Soumitra Chatterjee starrer Bengali tv series "Dena Paona". Her other famous roles from Bengali TV series are that of "Louhakapat", "Nagarpare Roopnagar" and "Biraj Bou" to name few.


title: Debashree Roy

text: Roy choreographed most of her dance numbers in Bengali films. Her dance to the popular song Ami "Kolkatar Rosogolla" from "Raktelekha" (1992) was accredited as the biggest factor for the film achieving an enormous success at box office. Several of her other memorable choreographies includes her dance numbers such as "Aar Koto Raat Eka Thakbo" from "Chokher Aloy" (1989), "Baje Dhol Tak Dhina Dhin" from "Aakrosh" (1989) and "Bajlo Je Ghungru" from "Jhankar" (1989).


title: Debashree Roy

text: From 2008, Roy made some impolitic choices of selecting films that did not equalise her stature and led her career into a major setback. She featured in Nilanjan Bhattacharya's directorial debut "Lal Ronger Duniya" (2008) where she played Dalia Karmakar, a former sex worker who tries save the women who are entangled in their lives of prostitution. The film is based on Lal Ronger Prithibi, a Bengali novel by Rupak Saha. It emerged as a major critical and commercial failure. The Telegraph stated that the film failed to stand up for too many characters. The dialogues never won any critical favour as well. Roy was appreciated for her performance. The Indian Express wrote, "Debasree Roy as Dalia gives one of her best performances in recent times". It ran for two weeks and was then withdrawn.


title: Debashree Roy

text: She then featured in Tapas Chandra's "Anubhav" (2009). The film is based on a short story by Dibyendu Palit. She plays Purnima who tries to rescue the women mired in the profession of prostitution. The film became a box office debacle. She was appreciated for her performance in Goutam Sen's Bengali feature film "Pakhi" (2009). The Times of India wrote, "Debasree Roy gives a stellar performance with her act of a blind girl." The Telegraph wrote, "Debasree stands out as a sensitive, vulnerable woman who secretly nurses a sense of betrayal." The film failed to create any ripples at the box office. She featured in "Rahasya — The Bhoutik". The film was a major critical failure.


title: Debashree Roy

text: She featured in Suhasish Mukherjee's drama "Antarbas" (2010). The film was both critically and commercially unsuccessful. She also featured in Gaurav Pandey's "Shukno Lanka" (2010) which was a critical and commercial success. She portrayed the character of a loving woman whose husband is indifferent to her. The film was publicised on her dance to the popular number "Sundari Kamala". She featured in "Thikana Rajpath" (2010) directed by Kanoj Das. She played Padma who is insisted by Manisha played by Indrani Halder to surrogate for the latter but left in lurch when Manisha becomes pregnant. Roy's performance in the film was appreciated by critics. The film was a moderate grosser at box office.


title: Debashree Roy

text: In 2011, Roy had four releases "Bhalo Meye Mondo Meye" , "Ei Aranya", "Ekdin Thik" and "Jibon Rang Berang". She featured as Siddha in Nirmalya Banerjee's "Ekdin Thik" (2011). The film revolves around the protagonist Nikhilesh who gets to know that he has won a prestigious award not for the merit of his literary performance but his father's influence.


title: Debashree Roy

text: During an interview conducted by Ei Samay newspaper in May 2021, she was asked why she was missing from the silver screen even though a number of good films had been being made. She stated that she is not favourite of any producer or any director who prefers to cast in all his films some other actors who are his favourites.


title: Debashree Roy

text: She featured in "Antare Bahire" (2012), and "Life in Park Street" (2012). Both the films met debacle at box office.


title: Debashree Roy

text: In 2013, Roy featured in a role of a gynaecologist in Benoy Mittra's "Antaraal". When Mittra narrated the plot to her, she loved the plot as well as her character. She was up on her feet regarding the promotion of the film. The film met critical as well as commercial success. Times of India wrote, "After a long time Debasree seems to have taken a genuine interest both in the plot and her character." Her next turn was Ujjal Chatterjee's "Swabhoomi" (2013) which was based on Mahasweta Devi's novel "Adhaba". She portrayed Saraswati whose husband goes missing. The film turned out to be a major critical as well as commercial failure. Her two other releases of that year were Sukanta Roy's Jakhan Esechhilem (2013) and Ashis Roy's "Lattoo" (2013) both of which became major critical as well as commercial failures.


title: Debashree Roy

text: After a brief hiatus Roy accepted a role in Reshmi Mitra's Indo-Bangladesh collaboration "Hothat Dekha" (2017). She had to share her screen with Ilias Kanchan who she described as a delight to work with. Based on the poem of the same name by Tagore, the film narrates the story of two estranged lovers who, coincidentally meet on a journey by a train after a long time. The film was shot in Chittagong.


title: Debashree Roy

text: She was slated to be seen in Anup Sengupta's new venture "Tumi Ki Sei". But the film did not happen. In January 2021, there arises a speculation in media that she would feature opposite Prosenjit Chatterjee in a film by Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee. She later changed her mind and refused to star opposite Chatterjee. After she quit politics, she was offered the titular role in "Sarbojaya," a Bengali TV series directed by Snehashish Chakraborty. She portrays a woman who has sacrificed all her longing for the sake of her in-laws. Once the promo of the TV series was released, netizens started to compare the TV series to the Indrani Halder starrer TV series "Sreemoyee". She received backlash from a part of netizens who claimed that she had lost all her charm and splendour to portray a female lead. Once broadcast, the series grasped the 3rd position in TRP having attained 8.5 rating point. Though she faces strong rivalry from young actresses such as Soumitrisha Kundu, Shweta Bhattacharya and Susmita Dey, she manages to retain her position in the top ten bracket. In 5th week of 2022, the series lost its position in the top ten countdown.


title: Debashree Roy

text: Roy's mother, initially, wanted Roy to become a dancer. She alongside her sister Tanushree Bhattacharya, made a career in dance at a very young age after she became popular for her role in "Balak Gadadhar" (1969). Barin Dhar, a famous impresario at that time named her "Rumki" and her sister Tanushree "Jhumki". She was trained in Odissi by Kelucharan Mohapatra. In 1991, she formed her troupe "Natraj". In 1991, she was hailed for "Vasavdatta", a production by Natraj. It was a dance-drama where she translated classical Indian dance forms and their iconography into a solemn contemporary dance movements. It was based on "Abhisar", a poem by Rabindranath Tagore. She enacted the role of Vasabdatta, a celebrated courtesan who meets a young mendicant on her way and pleads him to accept her hospitality at her home. The mendicant assures her that he will accept only when the right time will come. Later, Vasavdatta is banished and left alone outside of her city as she has contracted a contagious disease. The mendicant comes, takes her into his arms and says that the time has come. Roy was careful enough regarding the sobriety and delicacy while rehearsing it. Vasavdatta got full seat occupancy every time it was staged.


title: Debashree Roy

text: Roy was exposed to Indian folk dances as well by Kelucharan Mohapatra and took a keen and sincere interest to adapt them on stage. She ventured into an attempt to manifest the forms of folk dances of Bengal in "Swapner Sandhane", the much acclaimed production of Natraj. She was most applauded for her wider attempt to present the various forms of Indian folk dance in "Bichitro", the first abroad production of Natraj. The project was critically acclaimed in western media. It was regarded as a valuable workshop on south-eastern Asian culture by Pariscope. Bhashyo wrote: "She created a jugglery with those rapid change in posture and movement."


title: Debashree Roy

text: Roy had an interrupted dance career due to her commitment to film industry. She was always in a dilemma regarding which to focus primarily on between dance and film. After the major success of "Bichitro", Roy was persuaded by some of her close ones to pay priority to her dance over her film career as she was regarded as much more excellent as a dancer than an actress. As Roy was, at that time, the most bankable female star of Bengali cinema, directors and producers did not want her to focus less on her film career. Besides, Roy was getting offered to essay a lot of substantial roles and she did not want to refuse them for the sake of her stage career.


title: Debashree Roy

text: In 1998, Subarna Bharati was staged for the first time. The production glorified amelioration of India since Independence till Kargil war. The Telegraph wrote that the show upheld rich multicultural heritage of India. Later on, she ventured into Fusion art and collaborated with Taaltantra in some of their tours. She rendered the nine moods of Bharata Muni's Natya Shastra in "Navaras", where she exhibited an innovative dance form imbued with elements from Indian classical, tribal and folk dance. She has been acclaimed for her vigour while dancing and to sustain this she has always been careful enough regarding the selection of the colour for her costumes, which ranged from tint, tone and shade to exotic ones. She was also acclaimed for her use of mirrors and curtains on stage, which she claimed to have been used to vivify her presentation.


title: Debashree Roy

text: Roy, as a Member of the Legislative Assembly from All India Trinamool Congress, successfully contested the West Bengal assembly elections 2011 and 2016 against CPI(M) candidate and former minister Kanti Ganguly, from the Raidighi.


title: Debashree Roy

text: On 15 March 2021, she quit TMC after being denied a ticket for the upcoming West Bengal legislative election.


title: Debashree Roy

text: Roy is the founder of Debasree Roy Foundation, an NGO which works for the welfare of the stray animals. The object of this NGO is to set up a good relation between mankind and animals. It also enlightens people about the various steps that one can take to prevent animal cruelty and take ample care of the animals. It also organises vaccination camps in different locations of Kolkata. Eminent veterinary professionals are assigned to preside over these camps. She gave her backing to Humane Society International's campaign against testing cosmetics on animals.


title: Debashree Roy

text: In 1983, Roy met Sandeep Patil on the set of "Kabhie Ajnabi The" and reportedly, the actress got involved into an affair with the cricketer who was already married at that time. She was rumoured to be the sole reason for the failure of Patil's first marriage. She claimed that she was a good friend to Patil and nothing beyond that. She filed a lawsuit against an article on her, published in the September 1983 edition of Stardust magazine since the article claimed that she was married to Patil. In 1985, soon after the release of "Kabhie Ajnabi The", they discontinued their relationship and never publicly discussed anything about their separation.


title: Debashree Roy

text: During an interview conducted by "The Telegraph", Prosenjit Chatterjee said that Roy had been one of his close friends since childhood; he also said that it was actually Roy who proposed to get married and decided to separate. Insiders from Bengali film industry claimed that Chatterjee wanted her to quit her acting career and pursue maternity. Roy could not accept his suggestion to quit acting career since she was at the peak of her career at that time. Roy claimed that Chatterjee was professionally jealous of her.


title: Debashree Roy

text: In February 2021, she filed a defamation case at Alipore Court, against Sovan Chatterjee and Baishakhi Banerjee who claimed that Roy deceived the people of Raidighi constituency.


title: Davinson Sánchez

text: Davinson Sánchez Mina (born 12 June 1996) is a Colombian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for club Tottenham Hotspur and for the Colombian national team.


title: Davinson Sánchez

text: Despite initially coming through América de Cali's youth academy, Sánchez relocated to Medellín and made his professional debut for Atlético Nacional in 2013; collectively, he acheieved four domestic league titles, two Copa Colombia's, a Superliga Colombiana, and a Copa Libertadores during his time with Nacional. Sánchez made the leap to European football in 2016, joining Eredivisie side AFC Ajax. In his first season with the club, he won the Ajax Player of the Year Award and reached the 2017 UEFA Europa League Final. Sánchez became Tottenham Hotspur's club-record signing in 2017, costing them around £42 million, a record that was topped by Tanguy Ndombélé who signed for Spurs in 2019.