title: Literary genre

text: The genre of semi-fiction includes works that mix elements of both fiction and nonfiction. A semi-fictional work may be the retelling of a true story with only the names changed; at the other end of the spectrum, it may present fictional events with a semi-fictional protagonist, as in Jerry Seinfeld.


title: Literary genre

text: Often, the criteria used to divide up works into genres are not consistent, and can be subject to debate, change and challenge by both authors and critics. However, some basic distinctions are widely accepted. For example, it is commonly accepted that the genre of fiction ("literature created from the imagination, not presented as fact, though it may be based on a true story or situation") is not applied to all fictitious literature, but instead encompasses only prose texts (novels, novellas, short stories) and not fables.


title: Literary genre

text: There are other ways of categorizing books that are not usually considered "genre". Notably, this can include age categories, by which literature may be classified as adult, young adult, or children's literature. There is also classification by format, where the structure of the work is used: graphic novels, picture books, radio plays, and so on.


title: HouseBroken

text: HouseBroken is an American animated sitcom created by Jennifer Crittenden, Clea DuVall, and Gabrielle Allan that premiered on Fox on May 31, 2021. In August 2021, the series was renewed for a second season which premiered on December 4, 2022.


title: HouseBroken

text: "HouseBroken" follows an anthropomorphic therapy dog named Honey, who explores human dysfunctions and neurosis by applying her knowledge of psychiatry through leading a group of other anthropomorphic neighborhood animals in group therapy sessions.


title: HouseBroken

text: The show's early working title was "Therapy Dog". On December 19, 2019, Fox ordered the show to series. "HouseBroken" is created by Clea DuVall, Jennifer Crittenden, and Gabrielle Allan who were expected to executive produce alongside Sharon Horgan, Clelia Mountford, Aaron Kaplan, and Dana Honor. On August 9, 2021, Fox renewed the series for a second season.


title: HouseBroken

text: Alongside the initial series announcement, Lisa Kudrow, Clea DuVall, Nat Faxon, Will Forte, Tony Hale, Sharon Horgan, Jason Mantzoukas, and Sam Richardson were cast as series regulars.


title: HouseBroken

text: "HouseBroken" premiered on May 31, 2021, on Fox. In Canada, it airs on CTV 2 and streams on Amazon Prime Video. In Australia, it streams on Paramount+. The second season premiered on December 4, 2022, with two Christmas themed episodes.


title: HouseBroken

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds an approval rating of 50% based on 10 critic reviews, with an average rating of 4.5/10. The website's critics consensus reads, ""Housebroken" boasts an insanely talented voice cast—if only its basic writing would learn some new narrative tricks." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 66 out of 100, based on 7 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Joe Absolom

text: Joe Absolom (born 16 December 1978) is an English actor known for his roles as Matthew Rose in the BBC soap opera "EastEnders" and Al Large in the ITV comedy drama "Doc Martin".


title: Joe Absolom

text: Absolom was born in Lewisham, London. A former pupil of Forest Hill School, he made early appearances in the Sun-Pat peanut butter advertisements before making his acting debut with the 1991 film "Antonia and Jane".


title: Joe Absolom

text: Absolom joined the BBC soap opera "EastEnders" in 1997 portraying Matthew Rose. He had few storylines in his first year on the show. The storyline which gained him recognition was the murder of Saskia Duncan, which began in February 1999. His character was framed for the murder by the real culprit, Steve Owen (played by Martin Kemp). After getting revenge on Steve Owen, his character's last appearance aired in February 2000. Absolom won Best Actor at The British Soap Awards that same year.


title: Joe Absolom

text: After leaving "EastEnders", Absolom played the leading role in the 2002 British horror film "Long Time Dead", and a supporting role in the ITV series "Vincent". He soon became best known for his role in "Doc Martin" playing Bert Large's son, Al. The part, since the series began, has won him critical acclaim ever since the series began.


title: Joe Absolom

text: Absolom guest starred in "The Bill" between 1992 and 2009 in different roles, and as Benny, a violent loan shark in "Casualty". He appeared as a criminal in the internet crime thriller "Girl Number Nine", also starring Tracy Ann Oberman and Gareth David Lloyd. More recently, he played the part of Ivan in the 2013 horror film 'I Spit on Your Grave 2'. He won a celebrity version of TV show "Total Wipeout" which aired on 18 September 2010, receiving £10,000 for charity. He played the real life murderer Christopher Halliwell in the drama "A Confession" in 2019. He starred in the ITV drama "The Bay" in 2021.


title: Joe Absolom

text: Absolom is also a radio actor, and has appeared in a BBC Radio 4 Play of the day "Bringing Eddie Home" by John Peacock, based on a true story of the fight by East End couple Edna and Jack Wallace to get their son's body brought home from Aden, and the ensuing fight for the rights of British Service personnel. Absolom played the role of Eddie Wallace and the play also included other ex-"EastEnders" actors Bill Treacher, Edna Doré, Todd Carty and Tilly Vosburgh.


title: S. D. Burman

text: Sachin Dev Burman (1 October 1906 – 31 October 1975) was an Indian music director and singer. A member of the Tripura royal family, he started his career with Bengali films in 1937. He later began composing for Hindi movies and became one of the most successful and influential Indian film music composers. Burman composed the soundtracks for over 100 movies, including Bengali films and Hindi. Apart from being a versatile composer, he also sang songs in the light semi-classical and folk style of Bengal. His son, R. D. Burman, was also a celebrated music composer for Bollywood films.


title: S. D. Burman

text: Burman's compositions were sung by the leading singers of the era, including Kishore Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar, Mohammed Rafi, Geeta Dutt, Manna Dey, Hemant Kumar, Asha Bhosle, Shamshad Begum, Mukesh and Talat Mahmood. As a playback singer, Burman sang 14 Hindi and 13 Bengali film songs.


title: S. D. Burman

text: Burman was born on 1 October 1906, in Comilla, Bengal Presidency (in present-day Bangladesh) to Rajkumari Nirmala Devi, the royal princess of Manipur and Mahamanyabar Rajkumar Nabadwipchandra Dev Burman of Tripura, son of Maharaja Ishan Chandra Manikya Dev Burman, the Maharaja of Tripura. Sachin was the youngest of the five sons of his parents, who had nine children in all. His mother died when he was just two years of age.


title: S. D. Burman

text: S. D. Burman's first school was at Kumar Boarding in Agartala, Tripura. It was a boarding school for sons of the royalty and the very rich. Burman's father, Raja Nabadweepchandra Deb Burman noticed the teachers were more busy with pampering the sons of the nobility than educating them. Burman's father took him from Kumar Boarding and admitted him at Yusuf School in Comilla, before he was admitted in Class V in Comilla Zilla School. He completed his Matriculation in 1920 at the age of 14. He then got admitted at Victoria College, Comilla, which is presently Comilla Victoria Government College from where he passed his IA in 1922 and then BA in 1924. Burman left for Kolkata to start an MA in Calcutta University, which he did not finish as music got the better of him for good. He started his formal music education by training under the musician K. C. Dey from 1925 to 1930; thereafter in 1932 he came under the tutelage of Bhishmadev Chattopadhyay, who was only three years his senior. This was followed by training from Khalifa Badal Khan, the sarangi maestro, and Ustad Allauddin Khan, the sarodist. He brought K.C. Dey, Khalifa Badal Khan and Allauddin Khan to Agartala. The noted Bengal poet laureate, Kazi Nazrul Islam also spent time in their family home in Comilla in the early '20s.


title: S. D. Burman

text: Burman started working as a radio singer on Calcutta Radio Station in the late 20s, when his work as a singer-composer was based on Bengali folk and light Hindustani classical music. Consequently, his compositions were mainly influenced by his huge repertoire of folk-tunes from present Bangladesh and later other parts of India and around the world. His first record was also released in 1932 (Hindustan Musical Product), with "Khamaj" (semi classical), "E Pathey Aaj Eso Priyo" on one side and the folk "Dakle Kokil Roj Bihane" on the reverse side, on 78 rpm for Hindustan Records. In the following decade, he reached his peak as a singer, cutting as many as 131 songs in Bengali, and also sang for composers like Himangsu Dutta (8), RC Boral (1), Nazrul Islam (4), Sailesh Das Gupta (2) and Subal Das Gupta (1). He also sang for Madhavlal Master (1) and his son R.D. Burman (1).


title: S. D. Burman

text: In 1934, he attended the All India Music Conference, at the invitation of Allahabad University, where he presented his Bengali Thumri, all to an illustrious audience, with the likes of Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit and the inimitable Abdul Karim Khan of Kirana Gharana. Later in the year, he was invited to Bengal Music Conference, Kolkata, which was inaugurated by Rabindranath Tagore, here again he sang his Thumri, and was awarded a Gold Medal.


title: S. D. Burman

text: He built a house in Southend Park, Ballygunge, Kolkata. He married his student, Meera Das Gupta (1920–2007), the granddaughter of Magistrate Raibahadur Kamalnath Dasgupta from Dhaka on 10 February 1938 in Calcutta (now Kolkata), though according to some, having married a non-royal, created a furore within the royal family, and subsequently he severed ties with his family, and forfeited his inheritance. According to some others, S.D. Burman severed ties with his royal family because he was frustrated with the unjust and unfair treatment meted out to his father and his brothers by the royal family of Tripura. The couple's only child, Rahul Dev Burman was born in 1939, and later, both Meera Devi and Rahul assisted S.D. Burman with some of the musical compositions. S. D. Burman also did a singing role in the Urdu film "Selima" (1934) and another role in Dhiren Ganguli's film "Bidrohi" (1935).


title: S. D. Burman

text: As a music composer, he started with the Bengali plays "Sati Tirtha" and "Janani", and eventually gave his first score in the film "Rajgee". In 1937, his second film "Rajkumarer Nirbashan" (1940) became a hit. He gave music in Bengali films such as "Protishodh" (1941), "Abhoyer Biye" (1942) and "Chaddobeshi" (1944) and only one Bengali film in 1969/70 after he permanently moved to Mumbai in 1946. He composed for over 20 Bengali films and 89 Hindi films in all.


title: S. D. Burman

text: He made his film debut singing in "Yahudi ki Ladki" (1933) but the songs were scrapped and re-sung by Pahari Sanyal. His first film as a singer was finally "Sanjher Pidim" (1935).


title: S. D. Burman

text: In 1944, Burman moved to Mumbai, at the request of Sasadhar Mukherjee of Filmistan, who asked him to give score for two Ashok Kumar starrers, "Shikari" (1946) and "Aath Din", but his first major breakthrough came the following year with the company's "Do Bhai" (1947). The song "Mera Sundar Sapna Beet Gaya" sung by Geeta Dutt was his breakthrough song into the film industry. In 1949 came "Shabnam", his biggest hit yet with Filmistan, especially noticeable for its multi-lingual hit song "Yeh Duniya Roop ki Chor", by Shamshad Begum, which became a rage in those days.


title: S. D. Burman

text: Disillusioned with the materialism of Mumbai, Burman left the Ashok Kumar starred "Mashaal" (1950) incomplete and decided to board the first train back to Calcutta. Fortunately, he was dissuaded from doing so.


title: S. D. Burman

text: In the 1950s, Burman teamed up with Dev Anand's Navketan Films to create musical hits like "Taxi Driver", "Nau Do Gyarah" (1957) and "Kala Pani" (1958). In addition, he gave music for "Munimji" (1955) and "Paying Guest" (1957). His songs sung by Kishore Kumar and Mohammed Rafi became popular. Burman composed the music for "Afsar" (1950). With the success of their second film "Baazi" (1951), he made it to the top and a long association with Navketan and Dev Anand was on its way. "Baazi"'s jazzy musical score revealed a new facet of singer Geeta Dutt, who was mainly known for melancholy songs and bhajans. One song from the film stood out – "Tadbeer Se Bigdi Hui Taqdeer", a ghazal that was occidentalised into a seductive song. The "Jaal" song "Yeh Raat Yeh Chandni" sung by Hemant Kumar is an all-time great classic. The song "Thandi Hawain" from the film "Naujawan" (1951) sung by Lata Mangeshkar was one of his first major hits. It made Lata very famous as also poet Sahir.


title: S. D. Burman

text: He also wrote music for Guru Dutt's films "Pyaasa" (1957) and "Kaagaz Ke Phool" (1959). The soundtracks of "Devdas" (1955), "House No. 44" (1955), "Funtoosh" (1956), and "Solva Saal" (1958) were other S. D. Burman hits. In 1959 came "Sujata", and S. D. created magic again with "Jalte hai Jiske Liye" by Talat Mahmood.


title: S. D. Burman

text: When Guru Dutt made comparatively light-weight films like "Baazi" and "Jaal" (1952), Burman reflected their mood with compositions like "Suno Gajar Kya Gaye" or "De Bhi Chuke Hum" and when Guru Dutt made his sombre masterpieces – "Pyaasa" (1957) and "Kaagaz Ke Phool" (1959), he was right on target with "Jinhe Naaz Hai Hind" and "Waqt Ne Kiya Kya Haseen Sitam." In 2004, the soundtrack "of Pyaasa" was chosen as one of "The Best Music in Film" by "Sight & Sound", the British Film Institute magazine.


title: S. D. Burman

text: In 1957, S. D. Burman fell out with Lata Mangeshkar and adopted her younger sister Asha Bhosle as his lead female singer. The team of S. D. Burman, Kishore Kumar, Asha Bhosle and lyricist Majrooh Sultanpuri became popular for their duet songs. Bhosle later became his daughter-in-law after her marriage to R. D. Burman.


title: S. D. Burman

text: In 1958, S. D. Burman gave music for Kishore Kumar's house production "Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi". The same year, he was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for his compositions in "Sujata" and remains the only music director to have won this prestigious award. S. D. Burman often took inspiration from folk music, Hindustani classical music as well as the more mundane day to day sounds of life. For example, in a later interview, he discussed how he had composed the "Kala Pani" tune for the Majrooh Sultanpuri / Md. Rafi / Dev Anand song "Hum bekhudi mein tum" based upon the Hindustani Raga "Raag Chayyanat" and the Muslim Muezzin's call for prayers that one hears daily near a mosque.


title: S. D. Burman

text: Early on in his career, Burman refused to allow his voice to be lip-synced on film by actors; as a result, even later on, in Hindi cinema, his thin yet powerful voice was often used as bardic commentary to haunting results, as in "O Re Majhi Mere Sajan Hai Us Paar" from "Bandini" (1963), "Wahan Kaun Hai Tera" from "Guide" (1965), and "Saphal Hogi Teri Aradhana" from "Aradhana" (1969), for which he received the National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer in 1970.


title: S. D. Burman

text: Ill health caused a slump in his career in the early 1960s, but he gave many hit films in the late 1960s. In 1961, Burman and Lata Mangeshkar came together during the recording of R.D. Burman's first song for the movie "Chhote Nawab" (1961). They reconciled their differences and started working again in 1962.


title: S. D. Burman

text: The Dev Anand-S. D. Burman partnership, under the Navketan banner, continued to churn out musical hits like "Bombai Ka Babu" (1960), "Tere Ghar Ke Samne" (1963), "Guide" (1965) and "Jewel Thief" (1967). In 1963, he composed the soundtrack of "Meri Surat Teri Aankhen" (1963), in which Manna Dey sang the song "Poocho Na Kaise Maine" in raga Ahir Bhairav. This song was inspired by the song "Arun kanti ke go yogi", a masterpiece that was created by Bidhrohi Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam and a Ustad Mushtaq Hussain Khan's Khayal which was based on raga Ahir bhairav (morning ragaa). That movie also had a song "Nache Mon Mora Magan", sung by Mohammad Rafi; these became landmarks in Hindi film songs.


title: S. D. Burman

text: Other S. D. Burman hits from this period were "Bandini" (1963), "Ziddi" (1964), and "Teen Devian" (1965). In "Bandini", Sampooran Singh (well known as Gulzar), made his debut as a lyricist with the song "Mora Gora Ang Lai Le", though the other songs were written by Shailendra. "Guide" (1965) starring Dev Anand, was probably the best of his work during the time with all the songs super-hits as well as the film; however, it did not receive the Filmfare Award in the best music director category for that year, which remained always a discussion among the Bollywood film pandits.


title: S. D. Burman

text: "Aradhana" (1969) is considered another landmark score in Bollywood history. The music of the movie shaped the careers of singer Kishore Kumar, lyricist Anand Bakshi and filmmaker Shakti Samanta. According to the director Shakti Samanta, originally, Mohammed Rafi was supposed to have sung all the songs in the film (he sang only two song), but he was on 2 month long tour and they didn't want to wait for 2 months. So, he suggested Burman to use Kishore Kumar instead as Rajesh Khanna was a newcomer and he agreed. All the songs became chartbuster which made Kishore Kumar an overnight sensation.


title: S. D. Burman

text: References For the song "Mere Sapno ki raani", Sachin Dev made R. D. play the mouth organ. Dev Anand and S. D. Burman continued their musical partnership in "Prem Pujari" (1969).


title: S. D. Burman

text: "Tere Mere Sapne" (1971), "Ishq Par Zor Nahin" (1970), "Sharmeelee" (1971), "Abhimaan" (1973), "Prem Nagar" (1974), "Sagina" (1974), "Chupke Chupke" (1975), and "Mili" (1975) are some of Burman's classics from this decade.


title: S. D. Burman

text: S. D. Burman married Bengali Film Lyricist and Musician, Meera Dasgupta on 10 February 1938. They had only one son, famous music composer, R. D. Burman who was born on 27 June 1939.


title: S. D. Burman

text: Burman was the only composer who had used both Kishore and Rafi in an almost equal number of songs. He regarded Kishore as his second son. Kishore confessed that it was Sachin Da, who had given him the first chance. Even after the rehearsal of "Badi Sooni Sooni" from "Milli", when Sachin had a stroke, Kishore went up to the hospital and said to him "Dada, please don't worry, your recording is after three days, you just see how well it goes." The song is considered one of the best of Kishore Kumar. Sachin also used to telephone Kishore in the dead of night, and on the telephone, he would start to sing the new tunes which he composed and ask Kishore to sing with him.


title: S. D. Burman

text: S. D. Burman went into a coma soon after rehearsing the song "Badi Sooni Sooni Hai" (sung by Kishore Kumar) for the film Mili. After lingering in a coma for some days, he died on 31 October 1975 in Mumbai.


title: S. D. Burman

text: British singer of South Asian heritage Najma Akhtar, recorded a Shanachie Records CD of Burman's work, "Forbidden Kiss: The Music of S.D. Burman," an album of covers of Burman compositions.


title: S. D. Burman

text: The Indian cricketer Sachin Tendulkar was named after the composer by Sachin's father, who was an ardent fan of Burman.


title: S. D. Burman

text: The singer and mimicry artist Sudesh Bhonsle frequently parodies the nasal high-pitched voice and quixotic singing style of S. D. Burman.


title: S. D. Burman

text: Burman paired with tabla maestro late Brajen Biswas for his Bengali songs. The beats or "thekas" created by Brajen Babu for these songs are unique and no one in the world can sing these songs in the original "thekas". All the "thekas" are according to the mood of the songs. But recently, painter, sculptor and singer Ramita Bhaduri sang the tough songs of Burman such as "Ami chhinu aka", "Rangeela", "Aankhi Duti Jhare" etc. in the original "theka" on the taleem of Brajen Biswas. The CD from "Raga Music" (Symphony) was released at Kolkata Press Club. The CDs are available in M. Biswas & Symphony.


title: S. D. Burman

text: Burman had a unique style of composing film songs. While most of the composers used a harmonium or piano to compose the tune, he composed tunes using rhythm such as clapping hands. He was very fond of "Paan" which was specially made by his wife with a piece of dried orange peel and "kevda" flower (Odoratissimus flower) for flavour and taste. In addition, there were his chosen paanwalas (paan vendors) near Khar Station, his bungalow "The Jet" and Bharati Vidya Bhavan from where he could get paans to his liking. That was the reason that he would not share his paan with anyone as he will run short of his paans. He would carry only few extra paana which he would give as a reward to the one whom he appreciated for his work.


title: S. D. Burman

text: SD Burman's first biography in English is "Incomparable Sachin Dev Burman". Written by HQ Chowdhury. It was published by Toitoomber from Dhaka, Bangladesh.


title: S. D. Burman

text: On 1 October 2007, marking his 101st birth anniversary, the Indian Postal Service released a commemorative postage stamp, in Agartala, where an exhibition on his life and work was also inaugurated; the state government of Tripura also confers the yearly "Sachin Dev Burman Memorial Award" in music.


title: S. D. Burman

text: Sachin Dev Barman Memorial Government Music college was built in Agartala, Tripura in memory of him which is also affiliated by Tripura University and recognised by University Grant Commission.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: Fox Sports, also referred to as Fox Sports Media Group and stylized in all caps as FOX Sports, is the sports programming division of the Fox Corporation that is responsible for sports broadcasts carried by the Fox broadcast network, Fox Sports 1 (FS1), Fox Sports 2 (FS2), and the Fox Sports Radio network.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: The division was formed in 1994 with Fox's acquisition of broadcast rights to National Football League (NFL) games. In subsequent years, Fox has televised the National Hockey League (NHL) (1994–1999), Major League Baseball (1996–present), NASCAR (2001–present), the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) (2007–2010), Major League Soccer (MLS) (2003–2011, 2015–2022), the U.S. Open golf tournament (2015–2019), the National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) (2016–present), WWE programming (2019–present), the XFL (2020), and the United States Football League (USFL) (2022-present).


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: On December 14, 2017, The Walt Disney Company announced plans to acquire then-parent company 21st Century Fox for $52.4 billion, which included key assets such as the regional Fox Sports Networks (which were later sold by Disney to the Sinclair Broadcast Group), FX Networks, and Fox Sports International. Under the terms of the proposed acquisition, Fox Sports 1, Fox Sports 2, and other assets were spun off into the division's current parent company, which is independently owned by 21st Century Fox's current shareholders.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: When the Fox Broadcasting Company launched in October 1986, the network's management, having seen how sports programming (in particular, soccer events) played a critical role in the growth of the British satellite service BSkyB, determined that sports would be the type of programming that would ascend Fox to a major network status the quickest; as a result, Fox tried to attract a professional football package to the network. In 1987, after ABC initially hedged on renewing its contract with the National Football League (NFL) for the television rights to "Monday Night Football", Fox made an offer for the package at the same price that ABC had been paying at the time – about $13 million per game. However, partly due to the fact that Fox had yet to establish itself as a major network, the NFL decided to resume negotiations with ABC, with the two parties eventually agreeing to a new contract, keeping what was the crown jewel of the league's television broadcasts on that network (where it remained until 2006, when "MNF" moved to sister network ESPN as part of a contract that also saw NBC gain the "Sunday Night Football" package).


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: Six years later, as the league's television contracts for both the National Football Conference and American Football Conference divisions, and for the Sunday and Monday primetime football packages were up for renewal, Fox placed a bid for $1.58 billion to obtain the broadcast rights to the National Football Conference. On December 17, 1993, the NFL selected Fox's bid and signed a four-year contract with the network to award it the rights to televise regular season and playoff (as well as select preseason) games from the NFC, beginning with the 1994 season; the initial contract also included the exclusive U.S. television rights to broadcast Super Bowl XXXI in 1997. The deal stripped CBS of football telecasts for the first time since 1955.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: Fox also lured commentators Pat Summerall, John Madden, Dick Stockton, Matt Millen, James Brown and Terry Bradshaw as well as many behind-the-scenes production personnel from CBS Sports to staff the network's NFL coverage.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: In order to bolster viewership for the NFL telecasts, Fox parent News Corporation decided to strike affiliation deals with broadcasting companies that owned stations affiliated with ABC, NBC and CBS in order to raise the profile of Fox's affiliate body, which at the time mainly consisted of UHF stations that (with some exceptions) had little to no prior history as a major network affiliate, had weaker signals and largely did not carry as much value with advertisers as the Big Three's affiliates. During the late spring and summer of 1994, Fox reached separate agreements with New World Communications (a media company controlled by investor Ronald Perelman, which Fox's station group Fox Television Stations would purchase in July 1996) and SF Broadcasting (a joint venture between Fox and Savoy Pictures that purchased four stations from Burnham Broadcasting through separate deals in July and August 1994) to switch a total of sixteen stations to Fox between September 1994 and September 1996 as affiliation contracts with those stations' existing network partners expired. The NFL television rights and affiliation deals firmly established Fox as the nation's fourth major network. The network's relationship with the NFL would expand in 1997, when it began airing games from NFL Europe, an agreement which ended when the European league folded in 2005.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: With a sports division now established, Fox decided to seek broadcast rights agreements with other major sports leagues. On September 9, 1994, Fox was awarded the broadcast television rights to the National Hockey League in a $155 million bid (amounting to $31 million annually); as a result, it became the first broadcast network to be awarded a national television contract to carry NHL games, which longtime NHL Commissioner John Ziegler had long thought to be unattainable (NHL games had not aired regularly on a national broadcast network – outside of select championship and All-Star games, and time buy basis airings of ESPN telecasts on ABC from 1992 to 1994 – since NBC's telecast of the 1975 Stanley Cup Finals, as networks were not willing to commit to broadcasting a large number of games due to low viewership). Again, Fox outbid CBS, which wanted to secure the rights as a result of losing the NFL to Fox, for the NHL package. Fox lost the NHL rights to ABC Sports and ESPN in 1999.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: On November 7, 1995, Fox was awarded partial broadcast rights to Major League Baseball games, in a shared deal with NBC (which had carried the league's telecasts since 1947). Through the deal, which Fox paid a fraction of the amount ($115 million) that CBS paid to obtain the rights effective with the 1990 season, Fox would broadcast approximately 16 regular season Saturday afternoon games per season (unlike the previous Baseball Network deal between NBC and ABC) and offered different game broadcasts shown on a regionalized basis (usually up to three per week). As part of a six-year renewal of this deal – valued at $2.5 billion – in September 2000, Fox Sports became the exclusive over-the-air broadcaster of Major League Baseball, giving it the exclusive rights to the World Series beginning with the 2000 edition, as well as rights to the All-Star Game, select Division Series games and exclusive coverage of the League Championship Series. Under a clause in the contract (which has not been exercised as there has not been a labor dispute during the term of rights while Fox Sports has held the contract), if some of the scheduled games were cancelled by a strike or lockout, Fox would still pay Major League Baseball for a full slate of annual games, while the league in turn had to compensate Fox with additional telecasts.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: In 1998, Fox obtained the broadcast rights to the Cotton Bowl Classic college football game. In 2007, Fox began airing most of the games of the Bowl Championship Series, including the BCS National Championship Game, in a deal worth close to $20 million per game. Due to a separate arrangement between ABC and the Pasadena Tournament of Roses Association, events in the series that were held at the Rose Bowl stadium – such as the Rose Bowl Game and the 2010 BCS Championship – were excluded from the contract.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: On November 11, 1999, Fox and sister cable channel FX were awarded rights to the NASCAR Winston Cup Series and Busch Series as part of NASCAR's first centralized television rights deal, beginning in the 2001 season. The contract covered the first half of the season, with the second half of the season being aired by NBC and TNT. Rights to the Daytona 500 and Pepsi 400 alternated annually, with Fox airing the 500 in odd-numbered years, and the 400 in even-numbered years. Fox's first telecast was the 2001 Daytona 500—an event that would be marred by a final-lap crash that resulted in the death of Dale Earnhardt. Later that year, Fox acquired the motorsports cable network Speedvision, and rebranded it in February 2002 as Speed Channel. Fox intended to use the network as an outlet for ancillary NASCAR content. In September 2002, Speed Channel bought out ESPN's contract to televise the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: Fox lost the broadcasting rights to the Bowl Championship Series to ESPN beginning in 2010. In response, Fox introduced a Saturday "game of the week" on FX in 2011, featuring games from the Pac-12, the Big 12 and Conference USA (the rights to which were later assumed by Fox and Fox Sports 1); Fox also signed deals to carry two new championship games created through conference realignments that occurred in 2010 and 2011: the Big Ten Conference Championship through 2016 (as part of Fox Sports' involvement with the Big Ten Network), and the Pac-12 Championship through 2017 on an alternating basis with ESPN. With the replacement of the BCS with the College Football Playoff, Fox lost the broadcasting rights to the 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic onwards again to ESPN.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: In May 2010, Fox aired the final of the UEFA Champions League, marking the network's first ever soccer broadcast.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: In August 2011, Fox Sports announced it had reached a seven-year broadcast agreement with the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), ending the mixed martial arts promotion's relationship with Spike. The deal included the rights to broadcast four live events in prime time or late night annually, as well as other UFC programming that would air on various Fox properties, including the Fox network (which aired its first UFC match in November 2011, the first time that the UFC aired an event on broadcast television), FX and Fuel TV. The contract expired in 2019, with the UFC moving its broadcast rights to ESPN.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: On October 22, 2011, FIFA announced that Fox Sports had acquired rights to air its tournaments beginning in 2015, including the 2015 and 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup, and the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup. In February 2015, Fox's contract was extended to 2026 (which was ultimately awarded to a joint North American bid led by the United States), in what was reported to be compensation for the rescheduling of the 2022 tournament to late-November/mid-December (which will compete with the regular seasons of the NFL).


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: On August 6, 2013, Fox Sports announced a 12-year deal to broadcast the championships of the United States Golf Association (USGA), including the U.S. Open, beginning in 2015. In 2016, Fox began to air NHRA drag racing events—primarily on Fox Sports 1 and 2, and with selected flagship events airing on Fox proper.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: On July 24, 2017, the Big Ten Conference announced that it had reached six-year deals with Fox Sports and ESPN to hold rights to its football games beginning in the 2017 season, with Fox's package expanding on its involvement in BTN. As part of the contract, Fox's contract to run BTN was extended through 2032.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: On January 31, 2018, the NFL announced that Fox had acquired the sub-license for its "Thursday Night Football" package under a five-year deal, beginning in the 2018 NFL season. The deal is reportedly worth an average of more than $660 million per year. On May 6, 2019, Fox Sports announced a multi-year broadcast deal with the XFL, which itself would cease operations less than a year later.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: In May 2019, Fox Sports partnered with The Stars Group to launch co-branded sports betting operations, including Fox Bet (which offers real-money sports betting where legal), as well as the free football prediction game "Fox Sports Super 6". As part of the partnership, Fox Corporation acquired a 4.99% minority stake in the company for $236 million, with an option to increase its stake to up to 50% within the next 10 years. The partnership made Fox the first major U.S. sports broadcaster to establish a sports betting operation, taking advantage of the repeal of the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act of 1992. With the company's sale to Flutter Entertainment, Fox would have an option in 2021 to acquire an 18.5% stake in its U.S. subsidiary FanDuel Group.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: In June 2020, Fox exited its contract with the USGA and sold the remainder to previous rightsholder NBC.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: In June 2021, it was announced that Fox would be a minority investor in a new iteration of the United States Football League (USFL), which would operate as a successor to The Spring League.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: In November 2021, it was announced that Fox Sports had acquired English-language rights to UEFA national team matches under a six-year deal from 2022 to 2028, replacing ESPN. This includes the UEFA Nations League beginning in June 2022, tournaments such as UEFA Euro 2024 and 2028, UEFA qualifiers for Euro and the FIFA World Cup, and UEFA-organized friendlies. In January 2022, Fox announced that it would sub-license portions of this package to FuboTV, focusing on the Nations League and selected matches from the European Championships.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: In addition to the broadcast division, Fox Sports Media Group owns numerous regional and national cable sports channels and radio network in the United States, which include:


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: Fox Sports Media Group formally announced the replacement of Speed with Fox Sports 1 on March 5, 2013, with the network eventually launching on the tentative date of August 17, 2013. The network would air content from Major League Baseball, the UFC, NASCAR, soccer (including the FIFA World Cup) and multiple college sports events (including owning rights to Big East basketball and its annual postseason basketball tournament at Madison Square Garden). The network launched "Fox Sports Live" as a competitor to ESPN's "SportsCenter", with the former described as a "24/7 news franchise providing around-the-clock coverage through regularly scheduled programs, hourly updates and an information-rich ticker that provides a network agnostic sports event television schedule." Notable personalities on FS1 include Regis Philbin, Mike Tyson, Michael Strahan, Erin Andrews, as well as many others. The international feed of Speed would eventually be replaced with Fox Sports Racing on February 20, 2015.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: On August 17, 2013, the extreme sports-focused Fuel TV was rebranded as Fox Sports 2, a companion network serving primarily as an overflow channel for Fox Sports 1, along with providing supplementary sports coverage.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: On September 2, 2013, Fox Soccer was replaced by FXX, an entertainment-based sister network to FX with a focus on comedy programming. With the concurrent shutdown and replacement of the network, Fox Soccer's sports programming was shifted over to Fox Sports 1 and Fox Sports 2. As a result, outside of very rare sports conflicts on both Fox Sports networks, FX no longer carries any sports programming. Fox Soccer's companion premium service, Fox Soccer Plus, continues to exist and supplements soccer coverage on Fox Sports 1 and Fox Sports 2.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: Prior to its acquisition by the Sinclair Broadcast Group, Fox Sports Networks operated as a slate of regional sports networks with broadcasting agreements that follow league market distribution rules. For example, cable and satellite subscribers in Kansas City, Missouri receive Kansas City Royals games on Fox Sports Midwest, while viewers in Milwaukee, Wisconsin see Milwaukee Brewers games on Fox Sports Wisconsin. The regionalized coverage frequently restricts broadcasts of live sporting events outside of a team's home market.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: In addition to game coverage, the regional networks also air regionally-based news, analysis, magazine, and documentary programming, as well as some common national programming.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: In some markets, the regional Fox Sports network operates one or multiple overflow feeds that carry additional programs that cannot be carried on the main feed due to event conflicts.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: For Super Bowl XXXVI in 2002, Fox Sports produced its first telecast in a 16:9, 480p enhanced-definition format marketed as "Fox Widescreen"; while promoted as having better quality than standard definition, and being the first U.S. sporting event produced completely in a widescreen format, it was not true high definition, but still matched the aspect ratio of HDTV sets.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: Fox Sports began producing selected events in 720p high definition, starting on July 3, 2004 with the Pepsi 400, select NFL games, the 2004 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, and that year's postseason.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: During the following years, Fox would produce more sports telecasts in HD, but still fell back on using 480p widescreen for events not televised in HD.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: As of late July 2010, all sports programming broadcast by Fox-owned networks began transitioning to a format optimized for 16:9 widescreen displays, with graphics framed within a widescreen safe area rather than the 4:3 safe area, intended to be shown in a letterboxed format on standard definition feeds.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: From 2016 until selling its virtual reality division FoxNext to Disney in 2019, Fox Sports produced a limited number of game telecasts in 360-degree virtual reality, mostly college football. A TV Everywhere login was required to access the broadcast.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: In 2017, Fox Sports began to produce selected telecasts in 4K ultra-high-definition television, beginning with selected NASCAR and college basketball events, and for the 2017 season, a college football game per-week. They are primarily available via DirecTV and other supported providers.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: Fox began televising its "Thursday Night Football" games in 1080p upconverted to 4K with HLG HDR on September 26, 2019.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: The graphics and scoring bugs used by Fox Sports have won awards and changed how sports broadcasts are presented on United States television. The opening notes of the theme used on the Fox network's NFL broadcasts are incorporated in iterations of other themes used on Fox Sports broadcasts. Originally, when the scoring bugs are upgraded, the previous versions were retained for one of the division's other properties for about a year; however, this practice ended in 2009. The first score bug was used for Fox's NFL coverage, and was then expanded to the network's baseball and hockey broadcasts.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: One segment of the Scott Schreer-composed theme, coincidentally or otherwise, echoes the notes for the "giddyup, giddyup, giddyup, let's go" line from the Leroy Anderson-composed song, "Sleigh Ride". Although, the rhythm of that segment of both tunes is similar to that of the first four bars of both the first and second figures of the Johann Strauss Sr.-composed "Radetzky March", which itself is similar to that of the finale of Gioachino Rossini's overture to his opera "William Tell". During sports broadcasts aired during the Christmas holiday season, Fox Sports broadcasts will sometimes acknowledge this fact by seguéing from the one tune into the other during the commercial break outcue.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: Beginning in October 2010, the "NFL on FOX" theme became uniform for all Fox Sports properties beginning with the National League Championship Series that year and NASCAR races with the 2011 Budweiser Shootout. However, NASCAR and MLB broadcasts reinstated their own theme music in 2016 and 2020, respectively, and the "CBB on FOX" telecasts were switched over to "Roundball Rock", which was formerly used by the "NBA on NBC", in 2019. In 2022 USFL on FOX uses the NFL theme.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: By 2001, the score bug was restructured as a banner positioned at the top of the screen, and was simpler than the version used today. It was first utilized that year on Fox's NASCAR coverage with the introduction of a new updated graphics package that was based on the 1998 design; the banner and updated graphics were then utilized on the network's Major League Baseball and NFL telecasts. It featured a translucent black rectangle, a baseball diamond graphic for baseball broadcasts on the far left, the team abbreviations in white with their scores in yellow boxes (the boxes were white for NFL broadcasts until Super Bowl XXXVI, when the coloring was changed to yellow), then the quarter or inning, time or number of outs, pitch count/speed (used for baseball broadcasts), and the logo of the Fox Sports event property whose game is being telecast (such as "NFL on Fox" or "MLB on Fox") on the far right.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: Beginning with the 2003 NFL season, the banner was upgraded as part of a new graphics package. At first, the team abbreviations were replaced with team logos, and the scores were rendered in white within black parallelograms. Unlike the previous version, the FoxBox would alternate between a black rectangle and several black parallelograms; however, it reverted to being a black rectangle beginning with the 2004 NFL season, and the team logos would later be replaced with abbreviations in the respective teams' primary colors (the colorized team abbreviations would first be utilized on postseason baseball broadcasts that year). Whenever a team scores a point or a run, the team's score and logo would flash a few times.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: During baseball broadcasts, the entire banner would flash with the words "HOME RUN" and the team's name in the team's color zooming in to the center from both left and right. In late 2005, a new white banner resembling a chrome finish was introduced, and the team abbreviations became rendered in white letters in the team's main color; the new banner would then be expanded to NFL and NASCAR broadcasts. The baseball broadcasts continued to use the 2001 scoring banners and graphics in 2004 until the network's coverage of that year's postseason.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: During NASCAR telecasts from 2007–2011, this graphic package was briefly used to weather delay updates and also used for merchandise for the Digger cam.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: Beginning with the 2006 NFL season, the scoring banner was upgraded again. This time, real-time scores from around the league were included as a permanent fixture on the extreme right side of the bar, while the banner's coloring changed to the colors of the team currently in possession of the ball (this coloring scheme was seen only on football broadcasts). The banner no longer flashed after the scoring of runs, touchdowns or field goals. During baseball broadcasts, the diamond graphic appeared in middle-justification and was slimmed down to just the three main bases, unlike other implements which included home plate. This banner, after first being used for NFL broadcasts in 2006, was eventually expanded to Bowl Championship Series, NASCAR and MLB; baseball telecasts, however, continued to use the late-2005 scoring banners and graphics in 2007. In 2008, Fox NASCAR introduced a new camera embedded between turns one and two on the various tracks; it was soon known as "Digger Cam", unveiled alongside a gopher mascot named Digger. For the 2009 season, the 2006 graphics package was dropped entirely for Fox's baseball telecasts and replaced with the then-current Fox Sports Net graphics, which had debuted on baseball telecasts across FSN's affiliates that season. These were later repositioned for widescreen in July 2010, when Fox Sports began presenting all of its high definition programming content in the aspect ratio, with letterboxing on standard definition feeds relayed to pay television providers.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: At the beginning of the 2010 NFL pre-season, Fox debuted a new graphics package for its football coverage – an upgraded version of the 2006 design with a "much more colorful 3D look." The new graphics also marked a migration to Vizrt hardware for CG, providing producers with a more streamlined workflow for graphics. The new design would be rolled out for Fox's racing coverage and the Speed network in 2011, at the start of the 2011 MLB season (where both Fox and the FSN networks would begin using it as well, excluding SportSouth games simulcast by WPCH-TV and Root Sports – which used the previous FSN appearance), and on Fox Soccer.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: Starting with the 2010 National League Championship Series, Fox began using its football theme music for its Major League Baseball broadcasts, to the confusion and dismay of some viewers. Division president Eric Shanks gave a rationale for the change, stating that the NFL theme music was more energetic than the previous theme; Shanks then announced that the NFL theme would be used for all Fox Sports telecasts going forward.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: A new graphics package for Fox Sports broadcasts was introduced for Fox's NASCAR coverage leading up to the 2014 Daytona 500. Fox Sports Midwest producer Max Leinwand described the look as being "cleaner" than the previous design. The design has also been used to introduce new design conventions for some of Fox's graphics; for NASCAR, the running order ticker was replaced by a leaderboard-style display that was initially displayed as a vertical sidebar. MLB uses a score bug at the bottom-right (initially at the bottom-left) of the screen instead of the top-left, while NFL utilized a top-left score bug with a vertical layout.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: A new graphics package was launched on August 27, 2017 for Fox's first NFL preseason broadcast, featuring a dark flat design scheme, and shifting football to a horizontal scoreboard along the bottom of the screen (in line with all other NFL broadcasters). Upon its debut, the new football scoreboard was widely panned by viewers for its basic appearance and small text size. This package was also adopted by Big Ten Network (which had previously used its own separate packages), and was deployed for MLB coverage on Fox and FS1 starting with the 2017 MLB postseason. Fox continues to use Vizrt software, and began to increasingly utilize laptops to run its on-air graphics as opposed to full systems (maintained as backups).


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: The introduction of the package to NASCAR for the 2018 season saw Fox once again adopt a vertical leaderboard for the running order, initially within an opaque sidebar before switching to a translucent design for the Daytona 500.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: In 2020, as part of a move to give its individual properties distinct brand recognition, Fox began to phase out the previous, flat graphics in favor of dedicated graphics packages for each sport (the flat graphics continue to be used on sports properties that do not have a dedicated package). The football package, which features a theme based on parallelograms, a centered, pod-like scoreboard, and stylized illustrations of key players, debuted during Super Bowl LIV, and was adopted full-time by subsequent football telecasts (including the XFL, USFL and the 2020 NFL and college football seasons). A new Major League Baseball package debuted during the 2021 postseason, with a larger focus on showcasing in-game statistics and events. A new college basketball package debuted the following month in November 2021, while a new NASCAR package debuted in the 2022 season, carrying over some design elements from the NFL package (such as the stylized illustrations of drivers) with a "comic book"-inspired appearance.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: In February 2008, Fox Sports announced a new charitable foundation called Fox Sports Supports, which provides grants and marketing support for health-related causes. Each organization is tied to a specific events package seen on Fox Sports.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: In May 2019, amid the state-by-state legalization of sports betting in the United States following the repeal of the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act of 1992, Fox Corporation entered into a joint venture with The Stars Group to develop gaming products under the brand Fox Bet. They include free-to-play games such as "Fox Bet Super 6", and real-money mobile sportsbook operating in several states where they are legal. The services and games are co-promoted on Fox Sports properties, including the Fox Sports 1 studio program "Fox Bet Live" (formerly "Lock it In"). As part of the agreement, Fox Corporation acquired a 4.99% stake in The Stars Group, which was later acquired by Flutter Entertainment. Fox holds a 2.6% minority stake in Flutter, and was given an option to acquire up to 18.5% of its U.S. division FanDuel in 2021.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: Although the amount of sports content on the network has gradually expanded since Fox Sports was founded in 1994 (particularly since 2013), Fox's sports schedule on weekend afternoons has remained very inconsistent to this day as the majority of its sports contracts are with professional leagues and collegiate conferences associated with more widely known sporting events, with very limited supplementary coverage of amateur, extreme or winter sports (unlike NBC or CBS) that can be aired during the daytime even when major events are not broadcast – leaving absences in daytime sports coverage on either a Saturday, a Sunday or both on certain weeks. Syndicated programming (either in the form of feature films, series or both) and/or infomercials scheduled by the network's owned-and-operated stations and affiliates, as well as occasional Fox Sports-produced specials and Fox-supplied preview specials for upcoming primetime shows fill Fox stations' weekend afternoon schedules on days with limited to no sports programming.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: Some of the network's sports telecasts (most frequently, college football and Sunday afternoon NFL games, and the World Series) delay or outright pre-empt regularly scheduled local evening newscasts on Fox stations due to typical overruns past a set time block or pre-determined later start times; a few Fox affiliates that maintain news departments (such as WBRC in Birmingham, Alabama and WVUE-DT in New Orleans) have opted not to air or have cancelled early evening newscasts on Saturdays and Sundays due to frequent sports preemptions in that daypart, while others (such as WDAF-TV in Kansas City, Missouri) instead reschedule their weekend early evening news programs to an earlier timeslot if possible when Fox is scheduled to air an evening game or race.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: Conversely, some Fox Sports programming (though never major sports, NASCAR, or college football) is delayed for later airing for several reasons. WSVN in Miami traditionally delays Fox Sports' Sunday lower-tier racing programming to late night in order to maintain their revenue on Sunday afternoons for paid programming, while several stations often disregarded the pregame shows for the 2018 FIFA World Cup to reduce schedule disruption. In November 2018, WITI in Milwaukee opted to move the final of that year's Las Vegas Invitational college basketball tournament on that year's Black Friday to their secondary Antenna TV subchannel in order to avert disruption to their news schedule before a primetime airing of that year's Apple Cup football game. Fox's "NFL Kickoff", preceding "Fox NFL Sunday", is often aired on a secondary subchannel in several markets due to both official team programming and E/I programming burdens needing to be satisfied by Fox affiliates.


title: Fox Sports (United States)

text: As is done with CBS, Fox offers a flex schedule for its NFL, NCAA and Major League Baseball telecasts, featuring a selection of up to four games that vary on a regional basis, allowing either one or (often) two consecutive telecasts to air on a given day depending on the Fox station's designated market.


title: Anabasis (Xenophon)

text: Anabasis (; ; an "expedition up from") is the most famous work of the Ancient Greek professional soldier and writer Xenophon. It narrates the expedition of a large army of Greek mercenaries hired by Cyrus the Younger to help him seize the throne of Persia from his brother, Artaxerxes II, in 401 BC.


title: Anabasis (Xenophon)

text: The seven books making up the "Anabasis" were composed circa 370 BC. Though as an Ancient Greek vocabulary word, "ᾰ̓νᾰ́βᾰσῐς" means "embarkation", "ascent" or "mounting up", the title "Anabasis" is rendered in translation as The March Up Country or as The March of the Ten Thousand. The narration of the army's journey across Asia Minor and Mesopotamia is Xenophon's best known work, and "one of the great adventures in human history".


title: Anabasis (Xenophon)

text: Xenophon, in his "Hellenica", did not cover the retreat of Cyrus but instead referred the reader to the "Anabasis" by "Themistogenes of Syracuse"—the tenth-century Suda also describes "Anabasis" as being the work of Themistogenes, "preserved among the works of Xenophon", in the entry Θεμιστογένεης. (Θεμιστογένης, Συρακούσιος, ἱστορικός. Κύρου ἀνάβασιν, ἥτις ἐν τοῖς Ξενοφῶντος φέρεται: καὶ ἄλλα τινὰ περὶ τῆς ἑαυτοῦ πατρίδος. J.S. Watson in his "Remarks on the Authorship of Anabasis" refers to the various interpretations of the word "φέρεται", which give rise to different interpretations and different problems.) Aside from these two references, there is no authority for there being a contemporary "Anabasis" written by "Themistogenes of Syracuse", and indeed no mention of such a person in any other context.


title: Anabasis (Xenophon)

text: By the end of the first century, Plutarch had said, in his "Glory of the Athenians", that Xenophon had attributed "Anabasis" to a third party in order to distance himself as a subject from himself as a writer. While the attribution to Themistogenes has been raised many times, the view of most scholars aligns substantially with that of Plutarch, and certainly that all the volumes are written by Xenophon.


title: Anabasis (Xenophon)

text: Xenophon accompanied the Ten Thousand (words that Xenophon does not use himself), a large army of Greek mercenaries hired by Cyrus the Younger, who intended to seize the throne of Persia from his brother, Artaxerxes II. Though Cyrus' mixed army fought to a tactical victory at Cunaxa in Babylon (401 BC), Cyrus was killed, rendering the actions of the Greeks irrelevant and the expedition a failure.


title: Anabasis (Xenophon)

text: Stranded deep in Persia, the Spartan general Clearchus and the other Greek senior officers were then killed or captured by treachery on the part of the Persian satrap Tissaphernes. Xenophon, one of three remaining leaders elected by the soldiers, played an instrumental role in encouraging the 10,000 to march north across foodless deserts and snow-filled mountain passes, towards the Black Sea and the comparative security of its Greek shoreline cities. Now abandoned in northern Mesopotamia, without supplies other than what they could obtain by force or diplomacy, the 10,000 had to fight their way northwards through Corduene and Armenia, making ad hoc decisions about their leaders, tactics, provender and destiny, while the King's army and hostile natives barred their way and attacked their flanks.


title: Anabasis (Xenophon)

text: Ultimately this "marching republic" managed to reach the shores of the Black Sea at Trabzon (Trebizond), a destination they greeted with their famous cry of exultation on the mountain of Theches (now Madur) in Hyssos (now Sürmene): ""Thalatta! Thalatta!", "The sea, the sea!". "The sea" meant that they were at last among Greek cities but it was not the end of their journey, which included a period fighting for Seuthes II of Thrace and ended with their recruitment into the army of the Spartan general Thibron. Xenophon related this story in "Anabasis" in a simple and direct manner.


title: Anabasis (Xenophon)

text: The Greek term "anabasis" referred to an expedition from a coastline into the interior of a country. While the journey of Cyrus is an anabasis from Ionia on the eastern coast of the Aegean Sea, to the interior of Asia Minor and Mesopotamia, most of Xenophon's narrative is taken up with the return march of Xenophon and the Ten Thousand, from the interior of Babylon to the coast of the Black Sea. Socrates makes a cameo appearance, when Xenophon asks whether he ought to accompany the expedition. The short episode demonstrates the reverence of Socrates for the Oracle of Delphi.


title: Anabasis (Xenophon)

text: Xenophon's account of the exploit resounded through Greece, where, two generations later, some surmise, it may have inspired Philip of Macedon to believe that a lean and disciplined Hellene army might be relied upon to defeat a Persian army many times its size.


title: Anabasis (Xenophon)

text: Besides military history, the "Anabasis" has found use as a tool for the teaching of classical philosophy; the principles of statesmanship and politics exhibited by the army can be seen as exemplifying Socratic philosophy.


title: Anabasis (Xenophon)

text: Traditionally, "Anabasis" is one of the first unabridged texts studied by students of classical Greek, because of its clear and unadorned prose style in relatively pure Attic dialect—not unlike Caesar's "Commentarii de Bello Gallico" for Latin students. Perhaps not coincidentally, they are both autobiographical tales of military adventure, told in the third person.


title: Anabasis (Xenophon)

text: Since the narrative mainly concerns a marching army, a common term used in "Anabasis" is ἐξελαύνω ("exelauno"), meaning "march out, march forth". Throughout the work, this term is used 23 times in the 3rd person singular present indicative active (ἐξελαύνει) and five additional times in other forms. In the late 19th century, a tongue-in-cheek tradition arose among American students of Greek who were all too familiar with Xenophon's usage of this vocabulary item: March 4 (a date phonetically similar to the phrase "march forth") became known as "Exelauno Day". The origin of this niche holiday is connected with the Roxbury Latin School in Massachusetts.


title: Anabasis (Xenophon)

text: "The Anabasis of Alexander", by the Greek historian Arrian (86 – after 146 AD), is a history of the campaigns of Alexander the Great, specifically his conquest of the Persian Empire between 334 and 323 BC.


title: Anabasis (Xenophon)

text: The Akhbār majmūʿa fī fatḥ al-Andalus ("Collection of Anecdotes on the Conquest of al-Andalus"), compiled in 11th century Al-Andalus, makes use of the Anabasis as a literary embellishment, recording how, during the Abbasid Revolution, an army of ten thousand under a certain Balj marched to al-Andalus to support the Umayyad emir Abd ar-Rahman I.


title: Anabasis (Xenophon)

text: Shane Brennan's memoir "In the Tracks of the Ten Thousand: A Journey on Foot through Turkey, Syria and Iraq" (2005) recounts his 2000 journey to re-trace the steps of the Ten Thousand.


title: Anabasis (Xenophon)

text: The cry of Xenophon's soldiers when they reach the sea ("Thalatta! Thalatta!") is mentioned in the second English translation of Jules Verne's "Journey to the Center of the Earth" (1864) when the expedition discovers an underground ocean (though the reference is absent from the original French text). The famous cry also provides the title of Iris Murdoch's Booker Prize-winning novel, "The Sea, the Sea" (1978).


title: Anabasis (Xenophon)

text: Harold Coyle's novel "The Ten Thousand" (1993) shows the bulk of the US Forces in modern Europe fighting their way across and out of Germany, instead of laying down their weapons, after the Germans steal nuclear weapons that are being removed from Ukraine. The operational concept for the novel was based on Xenophon's account of the Ten Thousand.


title: Anabasis (Xenophon)

text: Paul Davies' novella "Grace: A Story" (1996) is a fantasy that details the progress of Xenophon's army through Armenia to Trabzon.


title: Anabasis (Xenophon)

text: Michael Curtis Ford's novel "The Ten Thousand" (2001) is a fictional account of this group's exploits.


title: Anabasis (Xenophon)

text: Jaroslav Hašek's dark comedy novel, "The Good Soldier Švejk" (1921–1923), uses the term in describing Švejk's efforts to find his way back to his regiment.


title: Anabasis (Xenophon)

text: Paul Kearney's novel "The Ten Thousand" (2008) is loosely based on the historical events, taking place in a fantasy world named Kuf, where 10,000 Macht mercenaries are hired to fight on the behalf of a prince trying to usurp the throne of the Assurian Empire. When he dies in battle, the Macht have to march home overland through hostile territory.


title: Anabasis (Xenophon)

text: Valerio Massimo Manfredi's novel "The Lost Army" (2008) is a fictional account of Xenophon's march with the Ten Thousand.


title: Anabasis (Xenophon)

text: Sol Yurick's novel "The Warriors" (1965) borrows characters and events from "Anabasis". It was adapted as a 1979 cult film, directed by Walter Hill.


title: Anabasis (Xenophon)

text: The first three novels of David Weber and John Ringo's science fiction series Empire of Man—"March Upcountry" (2001), "March to the Sea" (2001), and "March to the Stars" (2003)—are modeled after "Anabasis". In Ringo's stand-alone novel "The Last Centurion" a Stryker company repeats the March of the Ten Thousand from Iran to the sea.


title: Anabasis (Xenophon)

text: The historical manga "Historie", a fictional biography of Alexander the Great's secretary Eumenes, recounts an incident where the main character searches in vain for an intact copy of "Anabasis".


title: Anabasis (Xenophon)

text: Famous Polish poet Zbigniew Herbert wrote the poem “Anabasis” depicting the March of the Ten Thousand (published 1983 in the volume “A Report from the Besieged City and Other Poems”).


title: The Bacchae

text: The Bacchae (; , "Bakchai"; also known as The Bacchantes ) is an ancient Greek tragedy, written by the Athenian playwright Euripides during his final years in Macedonia, at the court of Archelaus I of Macedon. It premiered posthumously at the Theatre of Dionysus in 405 BC as part of a tetralogy that also included "Iphigeneia at Aulis" and "Alcmaeon in Corinth", and which Euripides' son or nephew is assumed to have directed. It won first prize in the City Dionysia festival competition.


title: The Bacchae

text: The tragedy is based on the Greek myth of King Pentheus of Thebes and his mother Agave, and their punishment by the god Dionysus (who is Pentheus's cousin). The god Dionysus appears at the beginning of the play and proclaims that he has arrived in Thebes to avenge the slander, which has been repeated by his aunts, that he is not the son of Zeus. In response, he intends to introduce Dionysian rites into the city, and he intends to demonstrate to the king, Pentheus, and to Thebes that he was indeed born a god. At the end of the play, Pentheus is torn apart by the women of Thebes and his mother Agave bears his head on a pike to her father Cadmus.


title: The Bacchae

text: "The Bacchae" is considered to be not only one of Euripides's greatest tragedies, but also one of the greatest ever written, modern or ancient. "The Bacchae" is distinctive in that the chorus is integrated into the plot and the god is not a distant presence, but a character in the play, indeed, the protagonist.


title: The Bacchae

text: "The Bacchae" has been the subject of widely varying interpretations regarding what the play as a whole means, or even indeed whether there is a “moral” to the story.


title: The Bacchae

text: The extraordinary beauty and passion of the poetic choral descriptions indicate that the author certainly knew what attracted those who followed Dionysus. The vivid gruesomeness of the punishment of Pentheus suggests that he could also understand those who were troubled by religion.


title: The Bacchae

text: At one time the interpretation that prevailed was that the play was an expression of Euripides’ religious devotion, as though after a life of being critical of the Greek gods and their followers, the author finally repented of his cynicism, and wrote a play that honors Dionysus and that carries a dire warning to nonbelievers.


title: The Bacchae

text: Then, at the end of the 19th century the opposite idea began to take hold: it was thought that Euripides was doing with "The Bacchae" what he had always done, pointing out the inadequacy of the Greek gods and religions.


title: The Bacchae

text: The Dionysus in Euripides' tale is a young god, angry that his mortal family, the royal house of Cadmus, has denied him a place of honor as a deity. His mortal mother, Semele, was a mistress of Zeus; while pregnant she was killed by Hera, who was jealous of her husband's affair. When Semele died, her sisters said it was Zeus' will and accused her of lying; they also accused their father, Cadmus, of using Zeus as a coverup. Most of Semele's family refused to believe Dionysus was the son of Zeus, and the young god was spurned by his household. He traveled throughout Asia and other foreign lands, gathering a cult of female worshipers, the Maenads. At the play's start he has returned, disguised as a stranger, to take revenge on the house of Cadmus. He has also driven the women of Thebes, including his aunts, into an ecstatic frenzy, sending them dancing and hunting on Mount Cithaeron, much to the horror of the young Pentheus, king of Thebes who also is Dionysius' cousin. Complicating matters, Pentheus has declared a ban on the worship of Dionysus throughout Thebes.


title: The Bacchae

text: The play begins before the palace at Thebes, with Dionysus telling the story of his birth and his reasons for visiting the city. Dionysus explains he is the son of a mortal woman, Semele, and a god, Zeus. Some in Thebes, he notes, don't believe this story. In fact, Semele's sisters—Autonoe, Agave, and Ino—claim it is a lie intended to cover up the fact that Semele became pregnant by some mortal. Dionysus reveals that he has driven the women of the city mad, including his three aunts, and has led them into the mountains to observe his ritual festivities. He has disguised himself as a mortal for the time being, but he plans to vindicate his mother by appearing before all of Thebes as a god, the son of Zeus, and establishing his permanent cult of followers.


title: The Bacchae

text: Dionysus exits to the mountains, and the chorus (composed of the titular Bacchae) enters. They perform a choral ode in praise of Dionysus. Then Tiresias, the blind and elderly seer, appears. He calls for Cadmus, the founder and former king of Thebes. The two old men start out to join the revelry in the mountains when Cadmus’ petulant young grandson Pentheus, the current king, enters. Disgusted to find the two old men in festival dress, he scolds them and orders his soldiers to arrest anyone engaging in Dionysian worship, including the mysterious "foreigner" who has introduced this worship. Pentheus intends to have him stoned to death.


title: The Bacchae

text: The guards soon return with Dionysus himself in tow. Pentheus questions him, both skeptical of and fascinated by the Dionysian rites. Dionysus's answers are cryptic. Infuriated, Pentheus has Dionysus taken away and chained to an angry bull in the palace stable. But the god now shows his power. He breaks free and razes the palace with an earthquake and fire. Dionysus and Pentheus are once again at odds when a herdsman arrives from the top of Mount Cithaeron, where he had been herding his grazing cattle. He reports that he found women on the mountain behaving strangely: wandering the forest, suckling animals, twining snakes in their hair, and performing miraculous feats. The herdsmen and the shepherds made a plan to capture one particular celebrant, Pentheus' mother. But when they jumped out of hiding to grab her, the Bacchae became frenzied and pursued the men. The men escaped, but their cattle were not so fortunate, as the women fell upon the animals, ripping them to shreds with their bare hands. The women carried on, plundering two villages that were further down the mountain, stealing bronze, iron and even babies. When villagers attempted to fight back, the women drove them off using only their ceremonial staffs of fennel. They then returned to the mountain top and washed up, as snakes licked them clean.


title: The Bacchae

text: Dionysus, still in disguise, persuades Pentheus to forgo his plan to defeat and massacre the women with an armed force. He says it would be better first to spy on them, while disguised as a female Maenad to avoid detection. Dressing Pentheus in this fashion, giving him a thyrsus and fawn skins, Dionysus leads him out of the house. At this point, Pentheus seems already crazed by the god's power, as he thinks he sees two suns in the sky, and believes he now has the strength to rip up mountains with his bare hands. He has also begun to see through Dionysus' mortal disguise, perceiving horns coming out of the god's head. They exit to Cithaeron.


title: The Bacchae

text: A messenger arrives to report that once the party reached Mount Cithaeron, Pentheus wanted to climb an evergreen tree to get a better view and the stranger used divine power to bend down the tall tree and place the king in its highest branches. Then Dionysus, revealing himself, called out to his followers and pointed out the man in the tree. This drove the Maenads wild. Led by Agave, his mother, they forced the trapped Pentheus down from the tree top, ripped off his limbs and his head, and tore his body into pieces.


title: The Bacchae

text: After the messenger has relayed this news, Agave arrives, carrying her son's bloodied head. In her god-maddened state, she believes it is the head of a mountain lion. She proudly displays it to her father, Cadmus, and is confused when he does not delight in her trophy, but is horrified by it. Agave then calls out for Pentheus to come marvel at her feat, and nail the head above her door so she can show it to all of Thebes. But now the madness begins to wane, and Cadmus forces her to recognize that she has destroyed her own son. As the play ends, the corpse of Pentheus is reassembled as well as is possible, and the royal family is devastated and destroyed. Agave and her sisters are sent into exile, and Dionysus decrees that Cadmus and his wife Harmonia will be turned into snakes and leads a barbarian horde to plunder the cities of Hellas.


title: The Bacchae

text: Greek theater was a form of religious expression and worship. "The Bacchae" re-enacts how Dionysus had come to be a god. In ancient Greek theatre, "role-playing is a well-known feature of ritual liminality."


title: The Bacchae

text: As an actor, religious worship is a direct experience. The actor would have experienced a "stepping out" of himself to become a representation of Dionysus. As a spectator, the experience comes from what is acted onstage, arousing emotions that sympathize with Dionysus. Collectively, through Dionysiac acting, there is a reintegration of the "other" into the "self," that is to say that Dionysus has been accepted and will be worshipped by the Greek people.


title: The Bacchae

text: Jesus's interrogation by Pontius Pilate from The Bible has been compared to Dionysus' interrogation by King Pentheus regarding his claim to divinity.


title: The Bacchae

text: In the play's climactic plot construction, Dionysus the protagonist instigates the unfolding action by simultaneously emulating the play's author, costume designer, choreographer and artistic director. Helene P. Foley, writing of the importance of Dionysus as the central character and his effect on the play's structure, observes: "The poet uses the ritual crisis to explore simultaneously god, man, society, and his own tragic art. In this protodrama Dionysus, the god of the theatre, stage-directs the play."


title: The Bacchae

text: At the play's start, Dionysus' exposition highlights the play's central conflict: the invasion of Greece by an Asian religion.


title: The Bacchae

text: Until the late 19th century, the play's themes were considered too gruesome to be studied and appreciated. It was Nietzsche's "Birth of Tragedy" in 1872 that re-posed the question of Dionysus's relation with the theatre and awakened interest in "The Bacchae". In the 20th century, performances became quite fashionable—particularly in opera, due in part to the dramatic choruses found throughout the story. In 1948, R.P. Winnington-Ingram said of Euripides' handling of the play: "On its poetical and dramatic beauties, he writes with charm and insight; on more complex themes, he shows equal mastery." Recent criticism has been provided by P.E. Easterling, "et al." in "The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy."


title: The Bacchae

text: "The Bacchae" had an enormous impact on ancient literature, and its influence can be seen in numerous Greek and Roman authors. It seems to have been one of Horace's favorite tragedies. Beyond antiquity, dramatists and filmmakers of all ages have been greatly impacted by it. The tragedy's influence can be seen in the writings of Henrik Ibsen, as well as Thomas Mann's 1912 novella "Death in Venice" and Oliver Stone's 2004 film "Alexander". The Renaissance Venetian painter Titian may have illustrated the arrest of Bacchus in his painting "Il Bravo" in Vienna's Kunsthistorisches Museum. (Source:Nine reasons why Titian's "Il Bravo" should be re-titled "The Arrest of Bacchus"by Sutherland, Bruce D., Published in: Venezia Cinquecento 3.1993(1994), 6, 35-52, an image of this painting can be seen on WikiArt.)


title: The Bacchae

text: Donna Tartt's 1992 novel "The Secret History" is about six students of classical languages who go in search of the rapture described by Euripides in "The Bacchae".


title: Attack of the Show!

text: Attack of the Show! (AOTS) is an American live television program and that aired on G4. AOTS features segments on pop culture, video games, and movies. After an initial run from 2005 to 2013 (which originally aired from 2005 until 2013, weeknights on G4, G4 Canada, Fuel TV, HOW TO Channel, and Maxxx), the show was revived in 2021 and canceled again when the network closed in 2022. The second incarnation of the program featured an ensemble cast, including returning original host Kevin Pereira, Kassem G, Fiona Nova, Gina Darling, Will Neff, and Austin Creed.


title: Attack of the Show!

text: The show premiered on March 28, 2005, as a replacement for "The Screen Savers". The show originally aired live five days a week; the week of January 2, 2006, the show was truncated to air for only four days a week. Fridays featured a "Mash Up" that compiled segments from the week's four live shows. These segments often include skits, reviews, and general discussions. The show returned to live shows five days a week in September 2008, but G4 announced as of March 2, 2009, "Attack of the Show!" would go to four days a week with a "best of" show running in the Friday time-slot. "Attack of the Show!" aired its 1,000th episode in July 2009. "Attack of the Show!" upgraded to high-definition on April 5, 2010, to coincide with its first-ever "Epic April" event of new premieres and stunts. Along with the addition of Candace Bailey, on January 1, 2011, "Attack of the Show" "respawned" with new graphics and a new set.


title: Attack of the Show!

text: On October 26, 2012, G4 canceled "Attack of the Show!" due to low ratings, five months after Kevin Pereira canceled his contract. The series taped its final scenes on December 21, 2012.


title: Attack of the Show!

text: On January 23, 2013, the final episode from the original run of "Attack of the Show!" aired. After a brief montage of clips from "AOTS" history and final goodbyes from the show's hosts and staff, the series ended with former "Screen Savers" hosts Patrick Norton and Leo Laporte in a coffee shop, acting as if the entire run of "AOTS" had been a dream. They then don "rocket packs" and fly off to work in a skyscraper adorned with the old TechTV logo, as the theme song of "The Screen Savers" plays. Afterwards, text came up on the screen against a gray background that read, "To our fans, our haters, and the Internet, thanks for seven kick-ass years. TTYL, Attack of the Show," with the "Attack of the Show!" theme playing at the end.


title: Attack of the Show!

text: On February 8, 2013, the first run of "Attack of the Show!" aired for the final time as a scheduled program on G4, with the final original episode being re-aired.


title: Attack of the Show!

text: On December 29, 2019, NBC's San Francisco-owned station KNTV aired a 30-minute special titled "Best of Attack of the Show" at 2:00am. While a slate at the top of the special said "This program originally aired on May 31, 2012," the special itself did not air on G4 that day, and it contained various clips from episodes past this date. NBC.com later put this special online, incorrectly citing that the special first aired on December 26, 2019.


title: Attack of the Show!

text: On January 28, 2021, a relaunching G4 announced that "Attack of the Show!" would be returning as well. Kevin Pereira was announced to be returning as host in February. The new incarnation of "Attack of the Show!" premiered on the network on November 18, 2021. A long-form-interview-only version called "Attack of the Show: The Loop" premiered on November 17, 2021, featuring Adam Savage as guest. This version of the show was streamed on Wednesdays. Another version called "Attack of the Show: Vibe Check" premiered on November 23, 2021, which featured a rotating selection of hosts sitting at a table discussing various topics and answering viewer questions; this edition was streamed live on Tuesdays.


title: Attack of the Show!

text: The original hosts of "Attack of the Show!" were Kevin Pereira, Kevin Rose, Sarah Lane, and Brendan Moran, who were carried over from their roles on "The Screen Savers". Kevin Rose left G4 and "AOTS" on May 27, 2005. The show announced a search for a new host among the show's audience to replace Rose, and for several months various candidates auditioned on the air. In the end none of the candidates were actually selected, although this was never actually announced on the air. Sarah Lane, who had previously been a co-host and segment contributor, gradually took the role previously held by Rose alongside Pereira. She continued in this capacity until April 6, 2006, when she and Moran announced their engagement and stated that they would be leaving the show. Lane and Moran appeared on the show, via satellite, on July 13, 2006, to talk about their adventures.


title: Attack of the Show!

text: Olivia Munn was hired to replace Lane and began hosting with Pereira on April 10, 2006. Zach Selwyn, the runner up on ESPN's "Dream Job", was hired to replace Moran and started his hosting duties a week later on April 17, 2006. In 2006, Layla Kayleigh also joined the show as a correspondent for "The Feed", a daily news segment. At this time, the hosts of "AOTS" were Pereira, Munn, Selwyn, and Kayleigh. Kayleigh left "AOTS" in 2009. At Comic-Con 2010, Munn said that she would not be leaving "AOTS", though she only occasionally appeared on the show for the rest of that year. She was still featured in the opening credits and other "AOTS" set pieces and transitions until December 6, 2010.


title: Attack of the Show!

text: After the departure of Munn, "AOTS" featured several guest co-hosts including: Candace Bailey, Jessica Chobot, Alison Haislip, Carrie Keagan, Alessandra Torresani, Sara Underwood, Milynn Sarley, and Morgan Webb. Bailey became the new co-host with Pereira on January 11, 2011.


title: Attack of the Show!

text: "AOTS" has also featured Chris Hardwick, Chris Gore, and Blair Herter in the occasional absence of Pereira. In addition to the interim cohosts, Grace Helbig has also filled in for Bailey.


title: Attack of the Show!

text: On May 9, 2012, Pereira announced on-air that he was officially leaving "AOTS" to pursue work in television production. He stated, "I plan to turn my attention to full-time with my production company Super Creative and live touring nerd-carnival leetUP." His last day on "AOTS" was May 31. Beginning August 28, 2012, the show debuted a final new opening credit, with no reference to permanent or guest hosts. Kevin Pereira would host the game show "Let's Ask America", which premiered on September 17, 2012. The final regular hosts of the first run of "AOTS" were Candace Bailey and Sara Underwood.


title: Attack of the Show!

text: Pereira was announced to be returning to host the second run of "Attack of the Show!" on February 12, 2021. Kassem G, Fiona Nova, Gina Darling, and Will Neff were announced as co-hosts on November 11, 2021. They are regularly joined by Austin Creed, with other network hosts like Ovilee May, Alex "Goldenboy" Mendez, Jirard "The Completionist" Khalil, and AustinShow occasionally making appearances.


title: Attack of the Show!

text: As "Attack of the Show" was a Weekday show in its original incarnation, and thus never split into seasons, the current incarnation's Season 1 ended on August 11, 2022, announced as a Season Finale, with the new season beginning on August 31. Kevin Pereira's last day as a full-time host of Attack of the Show was on September 22, 2022, with an official handoff to new main host, Austin Creed.


title: Acid–base reaction

text: An acid–base reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs between an acid and a base. It can be used to determine pH via titration. Several theoretical frameworks provide alternative conceptions of the reaction mechanisms and their application in solving related problems; these are called the acid–base theories, for example, Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory.


title: Acid–base reaction

text: Their importance becomes apparent in analyzing acid–base reactions for gaseous or liquid species, or when acid or base character may be somewhat less apparent. The first of these concepts was provided by the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, around 1776.


title: Acid–base reaction

text: It is important to think of the acid-base reaction models as theories that complement each other. For example, the current Lewis model has the broadest definition of what an acid and base are, with the Brønsted-Lowry theory being a subset of what acids and bases are, and the Arrhenius theory being the most restrictive.


title: Acid–base reaction

text: The concept of an acid-base reaction was first proposed in 1754 by Guillaume-François Rouelle, who introduced the word "base" into chemistry to mean a substance which reacts with an acid to give it solid form (as a salt). Bases are mostly bitter in nature.


title: Acid–base reaction

text: The first scientific concept of acids and bases was provided by Lavoisier in around 1776. Since Lavoisier's knowledge of strong acids was mainly restricted to oxoacids, such as (nitric acid) and (sulfuric acid), which tend to contain central atoms in high oxidation states surrounded by oxygen, and since he was not aware of the true composition of the hydrohalic acids (HF, HCl, HBr, and HI), he defined acids in terms of their containing "oxygen", which in fact he named from Greek words meaning "acid-former" (from the Greek ὀξύς ("oxys") meaning "acid" or "sharp" and γεινομαι ("geinomai") meaning "engender"). The Lavoisier definition held for over 30 years, until the 1810 article and subsequent lectures by Sir Humphry Davy in which he proved the lack of oxygen in , HTe, and the hydrohalic acids. However, Davy failed to develop a new theory, concluding that "acidity does not depend upon any particular elementary substance, but upon peculiar arrangement of various substances". One notable modification of oxygen theory was provided by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, who stated that acids are oxides of nonmetals while bases are oxides of metals.


title: Acid–base reaction

text: In 1838, Justus von Liebig proposed that an acid is a hydrogen-containing compound whose hydrogen can be replaced by a metal. This redefinition was based on his extensive work on the chemical composition of organic acids, finishing the doctrinal shift from oxygen-based acids to hydrogen-based acids started by Davy. Liebig's definition, while completely empirical, remained in use for almost 50 years until the adoption of the Arrhenius definition.


title: Acid–base reaction

text: The first modern definition of acids and bases in molecular terms was devised by Svante Arrhenius. A hydrogen theory of acids, it followed from his 1884 work with Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald in establishing the presence of ions in aqueous solution and led to Arrhenius receiving the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1903.


title: Acid–base reaction

text: This causes the protonation of water, or the creation of the hydronium (HO) ion. Thus, in modern times, the symbol H is interpreted as a shorthand for HO, because it is now known that a bare proton does not exist as a free species in aqueous solution. This is the species which is measured by pH indicators to measure the acidity or basicity of a solution.


title: Acid–base reaction

text: The Arrhenius definitions of acidity and alkalinity are restricted to aqueous solutions and are not valid for most non-aqueous solutions, and refer to the concentration of the solvent ions. Under this definition, pure HSO and HCl dissolved in toluene are not acidic, and molten NaOH and solutions of calcium amide in liquid ammonia are not alkaline. This led to the development of the Brønsted-Lowry theory and subsequent Lewis theory to account for these non-aqueous exceptions.


title: Acid–base reaction

text: The reaction of an acid with a base is called a neutralization reaction. The products of this reaction are a salt and water.


title: Acid–base reaction

text: In this traditional representation an acid–base neutralization reaction is formulated as a double-replacement reaction. For example, the reaction of hydrochloric acid, HCl, with sodium hydroxide, NaOH, solutions produces a solution of sodium chloride, NaCl, and some additional water molecules.


title: Acid–base reaction

text: The modifier (aq) in this equation was implied by Arrhenius, rather than included explicitly. It indicates that the substances are dissolved in water. Though all three substances, HCl, NaOH and NaCl are capable of existing as pure compounds, in aqueous solutions they are fully dissociated into the aquated ions H, Cl, Na and OH.


title: Acid–base reaction

text: When combined with water, the sodium bicarbonate and acid salts react to produce gaseous carbon dioxide.


title: Acid–base reaction

text: Whether commercially or domestically prepared, the principles behind baking powder formulations remain the same. The acid-base reaction can be generically represented as shown:


title: Acid–base reaction

text: The real reactions are more complicated because the acids are complicated. For example, starting with baking soda and monocalcium phosphate, the reaction produces carbon dioxide by the following stoichiometry:


title: Acid–base reaction

text: A typical formulation (by weight) could call for 30% sodium bicarbonate, 5–12% monocalcium phosphate, and 21–26% sodium aluminium sulfate.


title: Acid–base reaction

text: Alternately, a commercial baking powder might use sodium acid pyrophosphate as one of the two acidic components instead of sodium aluminium sulfate.


title: Acid–base reaction

text: The Brønsted–Lowry definition, formulated in 1923, independently by Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted in Denmark and Martin Lowry in England, is based upon the idea of protonation of bases through the deprotonation of acids – that is, the ability of acids to "donate" hydrogen ions (H)—otherwise known as protons—to bases, which "accept" them.


title: Acid–base reaction

text: An acid–base reaction is, thus, the removal of a hydrogen ion from the acid and its addition to the base. The removal of a hydrogen ion from an acid produces its "conjugate base", which is the acid with a hydrogen ion removed. The reception of a proton by a base produces its "conjugate acid", which is the base with a hydrogen ion added.


title: Acid–base reaction

text: Unlike the previous definitions, the Brønsted–Lowry definition does not refer to the formation of salt and solvent, but instead to the formation of "conjugate acids" and "conjugate bases", produced by the transfer of a proton from the acid to the base. In this approach, acids and bases are fundamentally different in behavior from salts, which are seen as electrolytes, subject to the theories of Debye, Onsager, and others. An acid and a base react not to produce a salt and a solvent, but to form a new acid and a new base. The concept of neutralization is thus absent. Brønsted–Lowry acid–base behavior is formally independent of any solvent, making it more all-encompassing than the Arrhenius model. The calculation of pH under the Arrhenius model depended on alkalis (bases) dissolving in water (aqueous solution). The Brønsted–Lowry model expanded what could be pH tested using insoluble and soluble solutions (gas, liquid, solid).


title: Acid–base reaction

text: where HA represents the acid, B represents the base, BH represents the conjugate acid of B, and A represents the conjugate base of HA.


title: Acid–base reaction

text: For example, a Brønsted–Lowry model for the dissociation of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in aqueous solution would be the following:


title: Acid–base reaction

text: The removal of H from the HCl produces the chloride ion, Cl, the conjugate base of the acid. The addition of H to the HO (acting as a base) forms the hydronium ion, HO, the conjugate acid of the base.


title: Acid–base reaction

text: Water is amphoteric—that is, it can act as both an acid and a base. The Brønsted–Lowry model explains this, showing the dissociation of water into low concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide ions:


title: Acid–base reaction

text: Here, one molecule of water acts as an acid, donating an H and forming the conjugate base, OH, and a second molecule of water acts as a base, accepting the H ion and forming the conjugate acid, HO.


title: Acid–base reaction

text: In this example, a water molecule is split into a hydrogen ion, which is donated to a pyridine molecule, and a hydroxide ion.


title: Acid–base reaction

text: In the Brønsted–Lowry model, the solvent does not necessarily have to be water, as is required by the Arrhenius Acid-Base model. For example, consider what happens when acetic acid, CHCOOH, dissolves in liquid ammonia.


title: Acid–base reaction

text: An H ion is removed from acetic acid, forming its conjugate base, the acetate ion, CHCOO. The addition of an H ion to an ammonia molecule of the solvent creates its conjugate acid, the ammonium ion, .


title: Acid–base reaction

text: The Brønsted–Lowry model calls hydrogen-containing substances (like HCl) acids. Thus, some substances, which many chemists considered to be acids, such as SO or BCl, are excluded from this classification due to lack of hydrogen. Gilbert N. Lewis wrote in 1938, "To restrict the group of acids to those substances that contain hydrogen interferes as seriously with the systematic understanding of chemistry as would the restriction of the term oxidizing agent to substances containing oxygen." Furthermore, KOH and KNH are not considered Brønsted bases, but rather salts containing the bases OH and .


title: Acid–base reaction

text: The hydrogen requirement of Arrhenius and Brønsted–Lowry was removed by the Lewis definition of acid–base reactions, devised by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1923, in the same year as Brønsted–Lowry, but it was not elaborated by him until 1938. Instead of defining acid–base reactions in terms of protons or other bonded substances, the Lewis definition defines a base (referred to as a "Lewis base") to be a compound that can donate an "electron pair", and an acid (a "Lewis acid") to be a compound that can receive this electron pair.


title: Acid–base reaction

text: For example, boron trifluoride, BF is a typical Lewis acid. It can accept a pair of electrons as it has a vacancy in its octet. The fluoride ion has a full octet and can donate a pair of electrons. Thus


title: Acid–base reaction

text: is a typical Lewis acid, Lewis base reaction. All compounds of group 13 elements with a formula AX can behave as Lewis acids. Similarly, compounds of group 15 elements with a formula DY, such as amines, NR, and phosphines, PR, can behave as Lewis bases. Adducts between them have the formula XA←DY with a dative covalent bond, shown symbolically as ←, between the atoms A (acceptor) and D (donor). Compounds of group 16 with a formula DX may also act as Lewis bases; in this way, a compound like an ether, RO, or a thioether, RS, can act as a Lewis base. The Lewis definition is not limited to these examples. For instance, carbon monoxide acts as a Lewis base when it forms an adduct with boron trifluoride, of formula FB←CO.


title: Acid–base reaction

text: Adducts involving metal ions are referred to as co-ordination compounds; each ligand donates a pair of electrons to the metal ion. The reaction


title: Acid–base reaction

text: can be seen as an acid–base reaction in which a stronger base (ammonia) replaces a weaker one (water)


title: Acid–base reaction

text: One of the limitations of the Arrhenius definition is its reliance on water solutions. Edward Curtis Franklin studied the acid–base reactions in liquid ammonia in 1905 and pointed out the similarities to the water-based Arrhenius theory. Albert F.O. Germann, working with liquid phosgene, , formulated the solvent-based theory in 1925, thereby generalizing the Arrhenius definition to cover aprotic solvents.


title: Acid–base reaction

text: Germann pointed out that in many solutions, there are ions in equilibrium with the neutral solvent molecules:


title: Acid–base reaction

text: For example, water and ammonia undergo such dissociation into hydronium and hydroxide, and ammonium and amide, respectively:


title: Acid–base reaction

text: Some aprotic systems also undergo such dissociation, such as dinitrogen tetroxide into nitrosonium and nitrate, antimony trichloride into dichloroantimonium and tetrachloroantimonate, and phosgene into chlorocarboxonium and chloride:


title: Acid–base reaction

text: A solute that causes an increase in the concentration of the solvonium ions and a decrease in the concentration of solvate ions is defined as an "acid". A solute that causes an increase in the concentration of the solvate ions and a decrease in the concentration of the solvonium ions is defined as a "base".


title: Acid–base reaction

text: Thus, in liquid ammonia, (supplying ) is a strong base, and (supplying ) is a strong acid. In liquid sulfur dioxide (), thionyl compounds (supplying ) behave as acids, and sulfites (supplying ) behave as bases.


title: Acid–base reaction

text: The unique strength of this definition shows in describing the reactions in aprotic solvents; for example, in liquid :