title: American International Pictures

text: There were three main production arms at AIP in the late 1950s: Roger Corman, Alex Gordon and Lou Rusoff, and Herman Cohen. Arkoff and Nicholson would buy films from other filmmakers as well, and import films from outside America.


title: American International Pictures

text: Corman continued to be an important member of AIP (though he also worked for Allied Artists and his own Filmgroup company during this period). He had a big hit for the company with the science fiction film "It Conquered the World" (1956) from a script by Rusoff that was rewritten by Charles B. Griffith.


title: American International Pictures

text: His films included "Rock All Night" (1956); "Naked Paradise" (1957), in which Arkoff had a small role; "The Undead"; "Sorority Girl"; "The Saga of the Viking Women and Their Voyage to the Waters of the Great Sea Serpent" (1957); "Machine Gun Kelly" with Charles Bronson; and "Teenage Caveman" (1958), with Robert Vaughn.


title: American International Pictures

text: AIP also distributed films Corman helped finance films, such as "Night of the Blood Beast", "She Gods of Shark Reef" and "The Brain Eaters" (all released in 1958).


title: American International Pictures

text: The other key producer for AIP was Alex Gordon who mostly made films though his Golden State Productions outfit, usually written by Lou Rusoff. He made "Girls in Prison" (1956), with director Edward L. Cahn who would become one of AIP's most prolific directors. AIP released it on a double bill with "Hot Rod Girl" (1956).


title: American International Pictures

text: Cahn also directed the following for Gordon: "The She-Creature" (released as a double feature with "It Conquered the World"); "Flesh and the Spur", the last Western made by AIP; "Shake, Rattle & Rock!", a rock musical with Mike Connors; "Runaway Daughters" (1956); "Voodoo Woman"; "Dragstrip Girl" (1957), with John Ashley; "Motorcycle Gang" (1957), again with Ashley; "Jet Attack" and "Submarine Seahawk" (1958). Most of these were written by Rusoff and directed by Edward L. Cahn.


title: American International Pictures

text: Gordon left AIP and Rusoff alone produced "Hot Rod Gang" (1958) and "Ghost of Dragstrip Hollow" (1959).


title: American International Pictures

text: Another key producer for AIP was Herman Cohen, who had a huge hit with "I Was a Teenage Werewolf" (1957) starring Michael Landon). He followed it with "I Was a Teenage Frankenstein", "Blood of Dracula" (both also in 1957 as a double feature), "How to Make a Monster" (1958), "The Headless Ghost" and "Horrors of the Black Museum" (both in 1959).


title: American International Pictures

text: AIP would flesh out their distribution schedule by buying films made by outside producers. These included "The Astounding She-Monster", the documentary "Naked Africa", "The Screaming Skull" (1957), "The Cool and the Crazy", "Daddy-O", "Dragstrip Riot" and "Tank Battalion" (1958).


title: American International Pictures

text: AIP developed a mutual relationship with Britain's Anglo-Amalgamated who would distribute AIP's product in the U.K. In return, AIP would distribute their films in the U.S., such as "The Tommy Steele Story" (1957) and "Cat Girl" (1957).


title: American International Pictures

text: AIP also imported "The White Huntress" (1954, England), "Pulgarcito" (1958, Mexico) and "The Sky Calls" (1959, Russia).


title: American International Pictures

text: AIP became a victim of its own success when other companies started copying its double feature strategy. Costs were rising and were not compensated by increased box office grosses. AIP shut down most of their production arms and focused on distributing films from Italy, while they decided what to do next.


title: American International Pictures

text: In the late 1950s, AIP kept their company afloat by importing films from Italy. These included "Sheba and the Gladiator" (1959), "Goliath and the Barbarians" (1959) and "Black Sunday" (1960); the latter film proved to be one of the company's early successes.


title: American International Pictures

text: There was also "Atomic Agent" (1959, France), "The Angry Red Planet" (1959, Denmark), "Tiger of Bengal" (1959) and "The Indian Tomb" (1960) from Fritz Lang in Germany, "Portrait of a Sinner" (1959, West Germany), "The Professionals" (1960, Great Britain), and "Escape to Paradise" (1960, the Philippines).


title: American International Pictures

text: In the early 1960s, AIP gained some kudos by combining Roger Corman, Vincent Price and the stories of Edgar Allan Poe into a series of horror films, with scripts by Richard Matheson, Charles Beaumont, Ray Russell, R. Wright Campbell and Robert Towne.


title: American International Pictures

text: The original idea, usually credited to Corman and Lou Rusoff, was to take Poe's story "The Fall of the House of Usher", which had both a high name-recognition value and the merit of being in the public domain, and thus royalty-free, and expand it into a feature film. Corman convinced the studio to give him a larger budget than the typical AIP film so he could film the movie in widescreen and color, and use it to create lavish sets as well.


title: American International Pictures

text: The success of "House of Usher" led AIP to finance further films based on Poe's stories. The sets and special effects were often reused in subsequent movies (for example, the burning roof of the Usher mansion reappears in most of the other films as stock footage), making the series quite cost-effective. All the films in the series were directed by Roger Corman, and they all starred Price except "The Premature Burial", which featured Ray Milland in the lead. It was originally produced for another studio, but AIP acquired the rights to it.


title: American International Pictures

text: As the series progressed, Corman made attempts to change the formula. Later films added more humor to the stories, especially "The Raven", which takes Poe's poem as an inspiration and develops it into an all-out farce starring Price, Boris Karloff and Peter Lorre; Karloff had starred in a 1935 film with the same title. Corman also adapted H. P. Lovecraft's short novel "The Case of Charles Dexter Ward" in an attempt to get away from Poe, but AIP changed the title to that of an obscure Poe poem, "The Haunted Palace", and marketed it as yet another movie in the series. The last two films in the series, "The Masque of the Red Death" and "The Tomb of Ligeia", were filmed in England with an unusually long schedule for Corman and AIP.


title: American International Pictures

text: Although Corman and Rusoff are generally credited with coming up with the idea for the Poe series, in an interview on the Anchor Bay DVD of Mario Bava's "Black Sabbath", Mark Damon claims that he first suggested the idea to Corman. Damon also says that Corman let him direct "The Pit and the Pendulum" uncredited. Corman's commentary for "Pit" mentions nothing of this and all existing production stills of the film show Corman directing.


title: American International Pictures

text: During the early 1960s, AIP produced a series of horror films inspired by the Poe cycle. Of eight films, seven feature stories that are actually based on the works of Poe.


title: American International Pictures

text: Seven of the films, with the exception of "The Premature Burial", featured Vincent Price as the star. Occasionally, Corman's 1963 film "The Terror" (produced immediately after "The Raven") is recognized as being part of the Corman-Poe cycle, although the film's story and title are not based on any literary work of Poe.


title: American International Pictures

text: In 1962, Arkoff said AIP was in a position similar to Columbia Pictures just before they made "Submarine" and "Dirigible":


title: American International Pictures

text: Before that they were on poverty row. Our better position will enable us to obtain more important writers, perhaps more important producers as well. We're a privately owned company at the moment but perhaps within two or three years we will become a public company.


title: American International Pictures

text: Beginning with 1963's "Beach Party", AIP created a new genre of beach party films featuring Annette Funicello and Frankie Avalon. The original idea and the first script were Rusoff's. The highly successful and often imitated series ended in 1966 with the seventh film, "The Ghost in the Invisible Bikini". Many actors from the beach films also appeared in AIP's spy-spoofs, such as "Dr. Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine" (1965) and car racing films like "Fireball 500" (1966) and "Thunder Alley". During this time, AIP also produced or distributed most of Corman's horror films, such as "".


title: American International Pictures

text: In 1966, the studio released "The Wild Angels" starring Peter Fonda, based loosely on the real-life exploits of the Hells Angels motorcycle gang. This film ushered in AIP's most successful year and kicked off a subgenre of motorcycle gang films that lasted almost 10 years and included "Devil's Angels", "The Glory Stompers" with Dennis Hopper, and "The Born Losers"—the film that introduced the Billy Jack character.


title: American International Pictures

text: In 1968, AIP launched a $22 million film programme. The psychedelic and hippie scenes of the late '60s were also exploited with films like "The Trip", also with Fonda, "Riot on Sunset Strip", "Wild in the Streets", "Maryjane", "Gas-s-s-s" and "Psych-Out" with Jack Nicholson. These "social protest" films were also highly successful. Horror movies also enjoyed a revival of popularity in the late 60s.


title: American International Pictures

text: In the U.K., AIP struck up a film making partnership with Nat Cohen and Stuart Levy's Anglo-Amalgamated.


title: American International Pictures

text: On a trip to Italy, Arkoff met Fulvio Lucisano, an Italian screenwriter and producer who eventually headed Italian International Film, which co-produced 25 films in Italy for AIP. Due to importing completed productions from other foreign countries being cheaper and simpler than producing their own in-house studio films in America, AIP had released many giallo, peplum, Eurospy and Macaroni Combat war films featuring many American stars and Italian stars such as the comedy team of Franco and Ciccio. However, AIP released only two Spaghetti Westerns ("Massacre Time" and "God Forgives... I Don't!"), perhaps recalling their failure with Westerns in the 1950s. Many of these films were edited, rewritten with different (dubbed English) dialogue, usually by Arkoff's nephew Ted Rusoff, and sometimes re-scored by Les Baxter.


title: American International Pictures

text: AIP, through Henry G. Saperstein, is known for being the major U.S. distributor for Toho's "Godzilla" and Daiei's "Gamera" (kaiju) films of the '60s and '70s. AIP also distributed other Japanese science fiction films like "Frankenstein Conquers the World", "", "The X from Outer Space" and the South Korean production "Yongary, Monster from the Deep", as well as two Japanese animated features from Toei Animation, "Alakazam the Great" and "Jack and the Witch".


title: American International Pictures

text: AIP also released a pair of Japanese spy thrillers re-dubbed as a comedy co-written by Woody Allen called "What's Up Tiger Lily?".


title: American International Pictures

text: The studio also released edited and English-dubbed versions of several Eastern Bloc science fiction films that had the dialogue rewritten for the American market and in some cases had additional scenes filmed with American and British actors. These include the Soviet film "Planeta Bur" ("Planet of Storms") which was released by AIP in two different English-dubbed versions, as "Voyage to the Prehistoric Planet" and "Voyage to the Planet of Prehistoric Women" and the highly regarded 1963 Czech science fiction film "Ikarie XB-1", which was re-titled "Voyage to the End of the Universe".


title: American International Pictures

text: A few years later, AIP backed a British Poe film directed by Gordon Hessler: "The Oblong Box" (1969) based on the short story of the same name.


title: American International Pictures

text: In 1964, AIP became one of the last film studios to start its own television production company, American International Productions Television (a.k.a. American-International Television or AIP-TV). AIP-TV at first released many of their 1950s films to American television stations, then filmed unsuccessful television pilots for "Beach Party" and "Sergeant Deadhead". The company then made several color sci-fi/horror television films by Larry Buchanan that were remakes of black-and-white AIP films, and sold packages of many English-dubbed European, Japanese and Mexican films (the last type were produced by K. Gordon Murray) and foreign-made live-action and animated TV series (including "Prince Planet"). The best known animated series AIP-TV distributed was "Sinbad Jr. and his Magic Belt".


title: American International Pictures

text: In order to allay the fears of cinema owners who feared current releases would soon end up being shown on television, AIP issued a statement retroactive to 1963 that the company would not release any of their films to television until five years after cinema release, unless the film had not made back its original negative costs. AIP-TV also filmed specials for promotion of AIP films, such as "The Wild Weird World of Dr. Goldfoot" (1965, ABC) and "An Evening of Edgar Allan Poe" (1972, syndication), both with Vincent Price.


title: American International Pictures

text: In 1978, AIP-TV distributed the pop music series "Twiggy's Jukebox". For several years around this time, AIP-TV also distributed several British TV series, including "The Avengers", to U.S. stations.


title: American International Pictures

text: AIP started their own record label, American International Records, in 1959 to release music used in their films. There were a number of soundtrack albums as well.


title: American International Pictures

text: AIP Records was once distributed by MGM Records, the record label owned by AIP's successor-in-interest MGM.


title: American International Pictures

text: In 1970, they entered into an agreement with Commonwealth United Entertainment to issue their films. In 1971 they released 31 films, their greatest number to date, and were seen as one of the most stable companies in Hollywood. Despite their exploitation roots, they did not concentrate on R- or X-rated filmmaking during this period.


title: American International Pictures

text: In 1972, James H. Nicholson resigned from AIP to set up his own production company working out of 20th Century Fox, called Academy Pictures Corporation; its only two releases were "The Legend of Hell House" and "Dirty Mary, Crazy Larry". AIP bought out over 100,000 of Nicholson's shares. He died shortly thereafter of a cancerous brain tumor.


title: American International Pictures

text: Arkoff continued on at AIP as president until the end of the decade. Heads of production during the 1970s included Larry Gordon and Jere Henshaw.


title: American International Pictures

text: By the early 1970s, AIP felt the horror movie cycle was in decline and so switched to other genres, such as kung fu and gangsters. Notably, they produced some of that decade's blaxploitation films, like "Blacula" and "Foxy Brown". In a throwback to the old "studio days", the company is credited with making Pam Grier a household name, as the majority of her early '70s films were made under contract to American International.


title: American International Pictures

text: In the mid- to late 1970s, AIP began to produce more mainstream films, such as "Bunny O'Hare", "Cooley High", "The Great Scout & Cathouse Thursday", "The Amityville Horror", "Love at First Bite", "Meteor", "Force 10 from Navarone", "Shout at the Devil", "The Island of Dr. Moreau" and "C.H.O.M.P.S". The increased spending on these projects, though they did make some money, contributed to the company's downfall. In the meantime, the studio imported and released its final foreign film, an Australian film, "Mad Max", dubbed into American English.


title: American International Pictures

text: James Nicholson's first wife Sylvia was still a major shareholder of the company. She sued AIP for mismanagement, but this was resolved in 1978 when AIP bought out her shares.


title: American International Pictures

text: By the late 1970s, filmmaking costs continued to rise, AIP's tactic of moving into bigger budgeted quality pictures was not paying off at the box office, and Arkoff began to think of merging the company. "We've been the Woolworths of the movie business but Woolworths is being out priced", said Arkoff. Talks began with Filmways, Incorporated. Negotiations stalled for a while, but resumed a number of months later. In 1979, AIP was sold to Filmways for $30 million and became a subsidiary production unit thereof, renamed Filmways Pictures in 1980.


title: American International Pictures

text: Arkoff was unhappy with the direction of the company and resigned to set up his own production company, receiving a pay out worth $1.4 million.


title: American International Pictures

text: AIP-TV was absorbed as the wholly owned program syndication arm of Filmways Television. Filmways was later bought by Orion Pictures Company in 1982 and Filmways was later renamed Orion Pictures Corporation, but retained the distribution arm. This allowed Orion to establish its own distribution, after utilizing Warner Bros. for distribution. Warner Bros. still has distribution rights to Orion films which were originally distributed by this company. Today, a majority of the AIP library is owned by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's subsidiary Orion Pictures Corporation. The American International name is still a registered trademark owned by MGM's Orion Pictures unit.


title: American International Pictures

text: On October 7, 2020, it was announced that Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer relaunched AIP as a label for films that the studio will acquire for digital and limited theatrical releases. A founder of Open Road Films, Eric Hohl, was accepted as an executive of the studio, after he was reinstated by MGM in 2017. MGM will oversee AIP's new films across all streaming platforms and the theatrical releases of them will be handled by its joint distribution venture United Artists Releasing. The first film from the relaunched AIP was "Breaking News in Yuba County", directed by Tate Taylor and starring Allison Janney, which was released on February 12, 2021.


title: American International Pictures

text: On May 17, 2021, technology company Amazon entered negotiations to acquire MGM and even made a bid for about $9 billion. The negotiations are made with Anchorage Capital Kevin Ulrich. On May 26, 2021, it was officially announced that MGM will be acquired by Amazon for $8.45 billion, subject to regulatory approvals and other routine closing conditions; with the studio continuing to operate as a label under the new parent company, which includes AIP and its titles. The merger was finalized on March 17, 2022.


title: American International Pictures

text: In 2005, less than four years after the death of Arkoff, filmmaker and Troublemaker Studios co-founder Robert Rodriguez founded a horror genre film and television company called Rodriguez International Pictures, which is a homage to the company.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: Hendrick Motorsports (HMS) is an American professional auto racing organization that competes in the NASCAR Cup Series. The team was founded in 1984 as All Star Racing by Rick Hendrick. Hendrick Motorsports has won a NASCAR-record 291 Cup Series races and 14 Cup Series owners and drivers championships to go with three Truck Series owners and drivers titles and one Xfinity Series drivers crown. Additionally, the team has 26 Xfinity Series race wins, 26 Truck Series race wins, and 7 ARCA Racing Series race wins.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: For 2022, Hendrick Motorsports fields four full-time Cup Series teams with the Chevrolet Camaro ZL1; the No. 5 for Kyle Larson, the No. 9 for Chase Elliott, the No. 24 William Byron, and the No. 48 for Alex Bowman. In the Xfinity Series, the team currently fields the No. 17 Chevrolet Camaro SS part-time for Kyle Larson, Alex Bowman, and William Byron. The team formerly fielded teams in the now-NASCAR Xfinity Series before merging its efforts with JR Motorsports before returning on a part-time basis in 2022. Hendrick Motorsports also fielded several trucks in the NASCAR Truck Series, most recently for development driver Chase Elliott in 2013. The team has fielded cars in the past for many NASCAR drivers, including Hall of Famers Jeff Gordon, Mark Martin, Terry Labonte, Darrell Waltrip, Benny Parsons, Dale Earnhardt Jr., and 7-time Cup champion Jimmie Johnson, and others such as Geoff Bodine, Tim Richmond, Ricky Rudd, Ken Schrader, Ricky Craven, Jerry Nadeau, Joe Nemechek, Kyle Busch, Casey Mears, and Kasey Kahne. HMS maintains an in-house engine shop, with the team leasing some of their engines to technical alliance partner JTG Daugherty Racing.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: What is now Hendrick Motorsports was founded prior to the 1984 season by Rick Hendrick, a Charlotte, North Carolina-based car dealership owner who currently operates a network of dealerships called Hendrick Auto Group. The team was formed along with longtime crew chief and car builder Harry Hyde, NHRA and NASCAR team owner Raymond Beadle, and music entrepreneur C.K. Spurlock as All-Star Racing. The team, called Hendrick Motorsports (HMS) by 1985, was heavily involved with the GM Goodwrench IMSA GTP Corvette and twin-turbo V6 engine development effort and competed in the IMSA GTP series from 1985 through 1988 with drivers Doc Bundy and Sarel van der Merwe. Hendrick and GM abandoned the project in 1988.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: HMS expanded its NASCAR efforts to two full-time cars in 1986, three in 1987, and four in 2002. HMS was one of the first teams in NASCAR to be successful operating multiple entries, based on the model used at the Hendrick dealerships. The team has also been credited for innovations in engine construction and pit crew training.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: Hendrick (as All-Star Racing) won its first race in 1984 at Martinsville with the No. 5 driven by Geoff Bodine. At the 2021 Coca-Cola 600, Hendrick became the winningest team in NASCAR Cup Series history when it won its 269th race with the No. 5 driven by Kyle Larson. This eclipsed the record held by Petty Enterprises at 268 wins, which had held the record of the winningest team in the series since 1960.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: Hendrick Motorsports fielded in-house entries in the Busch Series from 1984 to 1990, and again from 2000 to 2007, primarily the No. 5 entry. Following the conclusion of the 2007 racing season, Hendrick and JR Motorsports (owned by Hendrick driver Dale Earnhardt Jr.) officially combined Xfinity Series operations. The No. 5 Chevrolets began running full-time under the JR Motorsports banner in 2008, and the team receives engines and technical support from Hendrick Motorsports, with several HMS employees moving to JR Motorsports. Rick Hendrick continues to be listed as car owner of the No. 5 team. JRM and HMS also collaborate in the areas of partnership development, sponsorship services, marketing, and media relations.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: Hendrick began competing in the 1984 debut season of the Busch Series, fielding the No. 15 car for seventeen races with sponsorship coming from Levi Garrett, with Cup Series driver Geoff Bodine running twelve of them. Bodine would score Hendrick their first win in the Busch Series at Rockingham Speedway. Ron Bouchard, Dick Trickle, Glenn Jarrett all ran one race, while Tim Richmond ran two, with one of them being in a No. 0 Car. In 1985, Brett Bodine ran the majority of races for the team in 1985, running one in the No. 15 and twelve in the No. 5. The Younger Bodine brother would win 3 races for the team. Geoff Bodine ran five races, one in the No. 15, and one in the No. 5. Bodine won the season opener Goody's 300. Tim Richmond ran 2 races in the No. 15, winning once at Charlotte. In 1986, the team ran 7 races, 3 with Bodine and Richmond, and 1 with Rob Moroso. Richmond would get the teams only win of the year at Charlotte. In 1987, the team ran 9 races utilizing the No. 15. 8 of them were driven by Geoff Bodine, and 1 of them with the team's owner Rick Hendrick. While Hendrick would DNF in his start, Bodine would once again win the season opener at Daytona. The team ran 8 races as the No. 15 in 1988 with Geoff Bodine being the only driver, Bodine would win once at Darlington Raceway. In 1989, the team would only run 5 races, with Geoff Bodine and Ken Schrader driving. While Schrader would DNF his 2 starts, Bodine would once again get a single win at Darlington. The team only ran 3 races in 1990 for the shooting of Days of Thunder. Greg Sacks drove the No. 46 twice and the No. 15 once, getting a best finish of 2nd at Charlotte. After the 1990 season, Hendrick shut down their Busch Series operations for the time being.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: The current No. 5 car debuted as the No. 14 in 2000, with Rick Hendrick's son Ricky Hendrick finishing 39th in the season finale at Homestead.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: The number was switched to No. 5 when the car began competing full-time in 2002. After Ricky was injured in a wreck at Las Vegas, Ron Hornaday Jr. took over for the next six races before Hendrick returned at Richmond. Toward the end of the season, Hendrick suddenly announced his retirement from driving due to lingering effects from the crash, but he remained as car owner until his death in 2004. David Green finished out the season for the team.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: Ricky Hendrick selected 19-year-old Brian Vickers to drive the No. 5 car in 2003. Vickers won three races and the Busch Series championship, finishing just 14 points ahead of Hendrick test driver and former No. 5 team spotter David Green.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: When Vickers moved up to the Cup Series, Kyle Busch became the No. 5 car's driver after he had run seven races the previous season. In his rookie year, Busch won five races and was runner-up to Martin Truex Jr. in points. He moved up to the Cup Series after the season, but he continued to drive the No. 5 Busch Series car part-time for several more years.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: Adrián Fernández drove the car for six races in 2005, finishing tenth at Autódromo, his only top ten finish of the season. Hendrick development drivers Blake Feese, Boston Reid, and Kyle Krisiloff also periodically drove the No. 5 car, running a combined fifteen races. Busch and Jimmie Johnson ran the rest of the schedule, with Busch winning at Lowe's. As for Fernandez, Feese, Reid, and Krisiloff, the 4 drivers driving the 5 car combined 21 starts scored no wins, no top 5's, and only one top 10 with a combined average of 31.2 and had 10 DNF's which made Rick Hendrick put his driver development program on hold.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: In 2007, Busch ran the No. 5 on a part-time basis, sharing the ride with Mark Martin, Landon Cassill, Casey Mears, and Adrián Fernández, running a total of 26 races. The car carried a number of different sponsors including Lowe's, Delphi, Spectrum, and Hendrick Autoguard. Busch drove the car to victory lane four times in 2007, while Martin finished second twice in three races.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: The No. 5 team moved to JR Motorsports in 2008, and featured eight drivers, including Johnson and Earnhardt Jr., and four primary sponsors in its first year. In 2009, the No. 5 car ran a part-time schedule due to sponsorship limitations. Fastenal, Unilever and GoDaddy.com sponsored seven different drivers over the course of the season. A variety of drivers ran the car in subsequent NASCAR Xfinity Series seasons until it was shut down for the 2019 season.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: On June 2, 2022, Hendrick Motorsports announced it would field the No. 17 in three Xfinity races in 2022, with Kyle Larson running at Road America, Alex Bowman at Indianapolis, and William Byron at Watkins Glen. This marked HMS' return to the Xfinity Series after Tony Stewart won for the team at Daytona in 2009. Larson dominated at Road America, but eventually lost to Ty Gibbs on the final lap. Bowman ran the car at the Indianapolis road course, but it again finished second, this time to A. J. Allmendinger. At Watkins Glen, Byron fiercely battled Gibbs for the lead throughout most of the race until they both spun off-course during the final restart, resulting in Byron finishing 25th. At the September Darlington race, Larson finished fifth after engaging in a three-car battle with Noah Gragson and Sheldon Creed over the closing laps. Larson attempted a pass on Creed for the lead on the final lap, only for both to be passed by race-winner Gragson.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: The No. 24 team started in 1999 with Gordon-Evernham Motorsports, owned by Jeff Gordon and crew chief Ray Evernham. Gordon and Ricky Hendrick combined to compete in 10 races. In 2000, Rick Hendrick bought out Evernham's share, renaming the team JG Motorsports. Gordon and Ricky Hendrick once again shared the ride, with Hendrick running 15 events. The team also formed an alliance with Cicci-Welliver Racing.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: Hendrick Motorsports took full control of the team in 2001, with GMAC Financial Services sponsoring the No. 24 team in each of its three races. Ricky Hendrick drove in those 3 races. In 2002, Hendrick moved to the No. 5 Busch Series car and three-time truck series champion Jack Sprague took over the No. 24 full-time.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: Sprague ran the full 2002 season, bringing truck series sponsor NetZero with him. He earned three poles and a win at Nashville en route to a fifth-place points finish. Sprague moved to Hendrick-affiliated Haas CNC Racing in 2003.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: The No. 24 car returned in 2005 as the No. 57, a number taken from the sponsorship of Heinz and its "57 varieties". Several drivers piloted the No. 57 in 2005 and 2006, with Brian Vickers competing in the majority of races. Additional sponsors, including Lowe's and Mountain Dew, signed deals to sponsor the team for certain races.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: After Vickers' departure from Hendrick Motorsports, the team reverted to the No. 24 with Casey Mears and Landon Cassill as the drivers, with the National Guard providing sponsorship. After the 2007 season, the team shut down.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: The 48 car made its debut in the Busch Series in 2004 at Lowe's Motor Speedway, running a one-race deal with sponsorship from Lowe's and The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie. Jimmie Johnson drove it to a third-place finish. He drove the car for five races in 2005, winning a pole at Lowe's. During 2006, he started three races, both Lowe's races and the Ameriquest 300 at California. His best finish was seventh in the first Lowe's race. Johnson drove the 48 car in the same three Busch races for the 2007 races, with a best finish of fourth at California.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: In 2009, Hendrick Motorsports announced that they would run a No. 80 HendrickCars.com Chevy driven by Tony Stewart in the Xfinity Series Camping World 300 at Daytona. The number 80 represented the number of affiliates in the Hendrick Automotive Group. Stewart won the race in this car, with this being his only race for Hendrick Motorsports while focusing on his team in a partnership with Gene Haas. Stewart-Haas Racing, at the time, received engines, chassis, and technical support from Hendrick Motorsports.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: In 2003, 18-year-old development driver Kyle Busch made his entry into Busch Series, driving a No. 87 car in seven races in an alliance with NEMCO Motorsports (owned by then-Hendrick driver Joe Nemechek). The car received sponsorship from GMAC company Ditech.com, and Busch scored three top tens including two-second-place finishes.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: In 1995, the team fielded the No. 5 DuPont Chevrolet part-time for Terry Labonte. He won once at Richmond. Roger Mears drove the No. 5 truck once at Mesa Marin Raceway sponsored by Budweiser.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: The No. 17 Craftsman Truck Series team made its debut in 2000 with Ricky Hendrick driving with GMAC/Quaker State sponsorship. He made six races that season and finished in the top-ten four times. In 2001, Hendrick won his only career Truck race at Kansas Speedway, becoming the youngest driver at the time to win a truck race at age 21. He finished sixth in points, runner-up to Travis Kvapil for Rookie of the Year honors. The team did not run after 2001.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: The No. 24 truck debuted with the Truck Series in 1995 with Scott Lagasse driving and DuPont sponsoring. Lagasse posted two top-fives and finished ninth in the standings.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: In 1996, Jack Sprague drove the No. 24 full-time with Quaker State sponsoring. He won five races and was second in the points. The following season, he won three times and clinched his first NASCAR championship.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: The team lost the Quaker State sponsorship after 1997 but signed GMAC Financial as a sponsor after a one-race deal with Big Daddy's BBQ Sauce. He won an additional five races but lost the championship by three points. In 1999, Sprague won the championship again but fell to fifth in 2000. In 2001, NetZero came on board as the team's sponsor, and Sprague won his third championship. After Sprague moved his ride to the Busch Series, Ron Hornaday Jr. drove the No. 24 in a one-race deal at Daytona, finishing twelfth. The team closed after that race to focus on its Busch Series efforts.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: In 1995, the team fielded the No. 25 Budweiser Chevrolet part-time with Hendrick Sr. and Roger Mears driving. Midway through the season, Jack Sprague came on board to finish out the season for the team, winning a pole at Phoenix International Raceway. In seven races, Sprague had three top-5 and five top-10 finishes.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: Hendrick Motorsports revived its truck program in 2013, fielding a part-time entry for Chase Elliott. The team was sponsored by Aaron's and ran nine races. The trucks were not built directly by Hendrick Motorsports, but were instead provided by Hendrick-affiliated Turner Scott Motorsports. However, the trucks were fielded directly by Hendrick, with crew chief Lance McGrew. Elliott made his debut at Martinsville Speedway on April 6 and finished in the sixth position. Elliott became the youngest pole winner in Truck Series history at the time at Bristol in August, and later the youngest race winner in the Truck Series at the time by winning the inaugural Chevrolet Silverado 250 at Canadian Tire Motorsports Park. Elliott departed the No. 94 to join JR Motorsports in the Nationwide Series in 2014.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: Hendrick fielded cars for five ARCA races from 1985 to 1996, twice for Brett Bodine in 1985 and 1986 (who won the pole for both races), and once each for Tommy Ellis (1988), Jack Sprague (1996), and Rick Hendrick himself. Rick Hendrick drove the No. 15 Tide car at Heartland Park Topeka in 1991, starting third and finishing 23rd after a braking issue in his only career ARCA start. In February 2000, Ricky Hendrick made his Daytona stock car in the ARCA Bondo/Mar-Hyde Series, driving the No. 17 GMAC Chevrolet to a fifth-place finish. Hendrick would run the race again the next year in the renumbered 71 car, finishing 9th.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: In 2012, Hendrick began fielding the No. 9 Chevrolet for development driver Chase Elliott, with father Bill Elliott as the listed owner and sponsorship from Aaron's, Inc. Longtime HMS crew chief Lance McGrew served as the team's crew chief. Elliott made his debut at age 16 at Mobile International Speedway, scoring a pole and six top tens in six races.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: Elliott returned to the team in 2013, scoring his first career win at Pocono Raceway. Elliott, at age 17, became the youngest superspeedway winner in ARCA Racing Series history, beating fellow 17-year-old Erik Jones. Elliott scored four top tens, including the win at Pocono, in five races in 2013.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: Elliott ran the 2014 ARCA season opener at Daytona, in order to gain NASCAR approval to run the Nationwide Series race the next week. Sponsored by HendrickCars.com and NAPA Brakes, Elliott was involved in a 15-car crash on the 13th lap. In spite of that, Elliott finished 9th, and NASCAR approved him to run on superspeedways; he would go on to win the Nationwide Series Championship.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: In 2003, Hendrick fielded Kyle Busch in the ARCA RE/MAX Series for seven races. Busch drove the No. 87 Ditech.com Chevrolet (the same car he drove in his Busch Series starts) to three poles and two wins. Busch ran the 2004 season opener at Daytona, starting second and finishing first.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: For the rest of 2004, development drivers Blake Feese, Boston Reid, and Kyle Krisiloff ran a combined ten races in ARCA in the No. 5, No. 6, and No. 7 cars fielded by Bobby Gerhart Racing. Feese scored a win at Nashville, while Krisiloff scored a victory at Chicagoland Speedway. Later that season, Feese ran a single race in the No. 94 Carquest Auto Parts Chevy out of the Hendrick stable at Talladega, scoring the victory.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: Kyle Krisiloff ran the No. 7 Bobby Gerhart Racing Chevy in 14 races in 2005, with sponsorship from Ditech.com and Delphi. Krisiloff scored 3 top fives and five top tens. Blake Feese also ran the Daytona season opener in the 94 car, and was involved in a pit road crash that injured four photographers.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: In 2007, Hendrick Motorsports resurrected the No. 87 for development driver Landon Cassill, with sponsorship from Stanley Tools. Cassill attempted three races (failing to qualify at Talladega) with two top ten starts but finishes of 38th at Kentucky and 32nd at Pocono. Cassill and Stanley would move to the 88 under the JR Motorsports banner for 2008.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: On October 24, 2004, ten people associated with Hendrick Motorsports lost their lives in a plane crash while en route from Concord, North Carolina, to a small airport near the Martinsville Speedway. The plane crashed in heavy fog into Bull Mountain, seven miles (11 km) from the Blue Ridge Airport in Stuart, Virginia, after a failed attempt to land. Ten people aboard the Beechcraft King Air 200 died. Six were Hendrick family members and/or Hendrick Motorsports employees: John Hendrick, the owner's brother and president of Hendrick Motorsports; Jeff Turner, general manager of Hendrick Motorsports; Ricky Hendrick, a Hendrick Motorsports driver and its owner's son; Kimberly and Jennifer Hendrick, John Hendrick's twin daughters; and Randy Dorton, chief engine builder. Also dead were the plane's pilots, Richard Tracy and Elizabeth Morrison, Joe Jackson, director of the DuPont Motorsports program, and Scott Lathram, who worked for Joe Gibbs Racing as a helicopter pilot.


title: Hendrick Motorsports

text: NASCAR officials learned of the crash during that day's Subway 500 race in Martinsville, Virginia; they withheld the information from drivers until the end of the race, which was won by Hendrick driver Jimmie Johnson. For the rest of the 2004 season, all Hendrick Motorsports cars and the No. 0 Haas CNC Racing car featured pictures of the crash victims on the hood, accompanied by the phrase "Always in our hearts".


title: Bebé

text: Tiago Manuel Dias Correia (born 12 July 1990), better known by his nickname Bebé, is a professional footballer who plays as a winger for Spanish La Liga club Rayo Vallecano. He has also been deployed as an attacking midfielder. A former representative for Portugal at under-21 level, Bebé plays for the Cape Verde national team at senior level.


title: Bebé

text: Abandoned by his parents at a young age, Bebé grew up in a homeless shelter near Lisbon. He began his football career as an amateur with Loures, before joining Estrela da Amadora in 2009. A year later, he was signed by Vitória de Guimarães but transferred almost immediately to Manchester United for a fee of about £7 million, despite manager Alex Ferguson admitting he had never seen Bebé play.


title: Bebé

text: Unable to make an impression on the Manchester United first team, he spent time on loan with Turkish side Beşiktaş and back in Portugal with Rio Ave and Paços de Ferreira, before joining Benfica permanently in July 2014. After loan spells in Spain with Córdoba and Rayo Vallecano, he joined Eibar in July 2016. He returned to Rayo Vallecano in January 2018, on another loan spell. In August 2018, he joined Rayo on a permanent deal.


title: Bebé

text: Bebé is the son of Cape Verdean immigrants and is the fourth player of Cape Verdean descent to join Manchester United; the others are Portuguese international winger Nani, French international left-back Patrice Evra and former Swedish international Henrik Larsson. He was given his nickname, which means 'baby' in Portuguese, by his older brother.


title: Bebé

text: Bebé was abandoned as a young child by his father Francisco and his mother Deolinda. He was consequently raised by his grandmother in a suburb of Lisbon, until the age of 12, when a court placed him in the care of the church. He moved to the Casa do Gaiato shelter in Santo Antão do Tojal, 20 km outside Lisbon. During his time there, he and seven other residents of the shelter were invited to play for the CAIS team in the 2009 European Street Football Festival in the Bosnian town of Foča. Despite Bebé scoring four goals in six matches, CAIS did not progress beyond the second group stage of the tournament.


title: Bebé

text: He was considered for selection for the national homeless squad after his performance in the European Street Football Festival, but he ultimately did not play in the tournament.


title: Bebé

text: Having previously played for amateur side Loures, Bebé was signed by Segunda Divisão side Estrela da Amadora in the summer of 2009. Regarded as the club's star player, he finished the season with four goals in 26 league matches. However, Estrela were beset by financial problems and offered him around Europe for £125,000 but found no takers. His former agent, Gonçalo Reis, revealed that Bebé was offered to PSV Eindhoven for free in May 2010, but PSV turned down the offer as they did not know anything about the player. As their situation worsened, they stopped paying his wages, so he broke his contract and signed for Portuguese Primeira Liga team Vitória de Guimarães in the summer of 2010, on a free transfer. His contract with Guimarães at first included a €3 million release clause, but this was increased to €9 million following his performances in pre-season games. He finished with five goals in six friendly matches.


title: Bebé

text: On 11 August 2010, only five weeks after he signed for Vitória de Guimarães, Manchester United agreed an undisclosed fee with the Portuguese club for the transfer of Bebé. The fee was reported to be around £7.4 million, believed to be the value of the buy-out clause in the forward's contract, though reports in Portugal later claimed the fee was €9 million, of which the agent company GestiFute received €3.5 million and the club received €5.5 million, as third-party ownership was allowed in Portugal. It was also reported that Real Madrid and Benfica were interested in him. Ferguson only met him the day before the transfer, after being recommended to buy him by his former assistant Carlos Queiroz. On 12 August, David Gill announced that Bebé would not be sent out on loan; instead, he would work with the first-team squad to prove his worth and to learn English. The transfer was completed on 16 August, following Bebé's medical and the submission of the appropriate paperwork, and he was unveiled to the media at a press conference the following day, along with fellow new signings Javier Hernández and Chris Smalling. In 2012, it was reported that Portuguese police were investigating the transfer as part of anti-corruption procedures. Police questioned Bebé's former agent Reis and his current agent Mendes.


title: Bebé

text: On 6 September, he was announced as part of the 25-man squad for Manchester United to play in the Champions League. On 22 September, Bebé made his debut for Manchester United as he replaced Park Ji-Sung in the 74th minute of a 5–2 away victory over Scunthorpe United in the League Cup third round. On 2 October, he made his Premier League debut, replacing Anderson in the 80th minute in their 0–0 draw against Sunderland. His first start came against Wolverhampton Wanderers in the fourth round of the League Cup on 26 October, scoring his first goal in the process, United's first in a 3–2 home win. His first Champions League goal came on his debut in the competition, scoring the final goal of a 3–0 away victory over Bursaspor on 2 November. On 19 February 2011, Bebé played the full 90 minutes in a 1–0 home win against non-league Crawley Town in the fifth round of the FA Cup.


title: Bebé

text: On 16 June 2011, Turkish side Beşiktaş signed Bebé on a season-long loan deal, with the option of making the move permanent for £2 million. However, he suffered a cruciate ligament injury whilst on international duty with the Portugal under-21 side which would rule him out for six months. Bebé made his return from injury and made his debut for Beşiktaş in their Süper Lig match against İstanbul Belediyespor on 26 March 2012, he came off the bench and replaced Mustafa Pektemek in the 76th minute of the 2–2 draw. In April 2012, Bebé was banished from the Beşiktaş squad after breaking a team curfew and staying out until the early hours of the morning.


title: Bebé

text: After leaving Beşiktaş, Bebé was selected for Manchester United's pre-season tour. In his first game, he scored an injury-time volley to save a draw for Manchester United. However, he was unable to break into the team for the season ahead, and on 27 December 2012, Portuguese side Rio Ave confirmed that they signed Bebé on loan. The loan was confirmed by Manchester United on 1 January 2013.


title: Bebé

text: On 9 January, Bebé made his full debut in the Taça da Liga and scored the only goal of a 1–0 win against Marítimo in the 74th minute to qualify for the knockout stage. His first league appearance for Rio Ave came against Olhanense, where he came off the substitute bench for the remaining 30 minutes of the match. His first start for the Portuguese side was against Gil Vicente, where he played 85 minutes before being substituted for Ahmed Hassan. He then played the full 90 minutes of a game against his erstwhile former side, Vitória de Guimarães, which Vitória won 3–1. Bebé got his first assist for Rio Ave against Marítimo, setting up Ahmed Hassan two minutes before half time. He then played 75 minutes in Rio Ave's 2–1 victory against Sporting CP before scoring his second goal at for the club against Académica on 55 minutes, which turned out to be the winning goal. After that he failed to find the net despite starting six of the last seven Rio Ave matches. He expressed a desire to make his stay in Portugal permanent, claiming that he did not receive support in England.


title: Bebé

text: On 2 September 2013, Bebé returned to Portugal for another loan, this time with Paços de Ferreira until the end of the season. He made his debut on 14 September, against Benfica, scoring his first goals in the 4–3 away victory over Marítimo 10 days later. He was in impressive form in March, scoring six goals in six games. He scored two goals in the final game of the season, a 4–2 defeat against Académica, which resulted in his team being entered into a relegation play-off. In this play-off, against CD Aves, Bebé scored the first goal of his team's 3–1 win on 21 May, to finish the season with 14 goals.


title: Bebé

text: On 25 July 2014, it was confirmed that Bebé had signed for Portuguese champions Benfica on a four-year contract, for a fee rumoured to be worth up to €3 million plus 50% of any future sell-on fee. On 10 August, he helped Benfica to win the 2014 Supercup in a penalty shoot-out. On 21 December 2014, he debuted for Benfica in Primeira Liga in a 1–0 home win against Gil Vicente, replacing Jonas for the final 25 minutes.


title: Bebé

text: On 9 January 2015, Bebé joined Spanish club Córdoba on a loan deal until the end of the season. He debuted for the Spanish team in La Liga three days later in a 1–0 win at Rayo Vallecano, failing to score in 18 games in a season which ended with relegation.


title: Bebé

text: On 10 July 2015, Bebé joined Rayo Vallecano on a one-year loan. He made his debut on 22 August 2015, in a goalless draw against Valencia at the Campo de Fútbol de Vallecas, and scored his first goal for the Madrid-based team on 26 September 2015, in an eventual 3–2 loss at Sevilla. They were relegated at the end of the season.


title: Bebé

text: On 12 July 2016, Bebé signed a four-year deal with Eibar, also in the Spanish top tier. He made his debut on 19 August, as the season began with a 2–1 loss at Deportivo de La Coruña, and scored his first goal on 24 September, to conclude a 2–0 home win against fellow Basques Real Sociedad. He returned to Rayo Vallecano in January 2018, on loan until the end of the season.


title: Bebé

text: On 31 August 2018, Bebé returned to Rayo on a permanent deal, after agreeing to a three-year contract. He suffered a serious knee injury during a match against Ponferradina on 26 October 2019, and was unable to play for more than a year until he returned against Fuenlabrada on 29 October 2020.


title: Bebé

text: In August 2010, Bebé was called up to the Portugal under-21 squad for the first time, for their 2011 European under-21 qualifiers against England and Macedonia in early September. He made his debut playing as a striker in their 1–0 loss to England on 3 September. He then scored his first goal for the under-21 side three days later in their final qualifying game against Macedonia, scoring the first in a 3–1 win. On 9 August 2011, while playing for Portugal under-21 team in a friendly match against Slovakia, Bebé suffered a cruciate ligament injury to his left knee and he was expected to be out for six months.


title: Bebé

text: Without the possibility of being considered by the Portugal senior team, in January 2019, Bebé expressed his interest in being part of the Cape Verde national team and announced that he had initiated the decumentary procedures for it, given his Cape Verdean ancestry. He expected to play the 2021 Africa Cup of Nations with Cape Verde but was ultimately not called up. On 16 March 2022, he received his first international call-up for the Cape Verde national team. He debuted with Cape Verde in a 2–0 friendly win over Guadeloupe, scoring his side's second goal in the 50th minute on his debut.


title: Christian VIII of Denmark

text: Christian VIII (18 September 1786 – 20 January 1848) was King of Denmark from 1839 to 1848 and, as Christian Frederick, King of Norway in 1814.


title: Christian VIII of Denmark

text: Christian Frederick was the eldest son of Hereditary Prince Frederick, a younger son of King Frederick V of Denmark and Norway. As his cousin, King Frederick VI had no sons, Christian Frederick was heir presumptive to the throne from 1808.


title: Christian VIII of Denmark

text: Prince Christian Frederick of Denmark and Norway was born on 18 September 1786 at Christiansborg Palace, the principal residence of the Danish Monarchy on the island of Slotsholmen in central Copenhagen. He was officially the eldest son of Hereditary Prince Frederick of Denmark and Norway and Duchess Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. His father was a younger son of the deceased King Frederick V of Denmark-Norway and his second wife, Duchess Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, and his mother was a daughter of Duke Louis of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.


title: Christian VIII of Denmark

text: In the family, however, it was widely acknowledged that the biological father most likely was the Hereditary Prince's aide-de-camp and hofmarschall . In a letter written by Crown Prince Frederick to his brother-in-law Duke Frederick Christian II of Augustenburg in 1805, he thus mentions the Hereditary Prince's goodwill towards his hofmarschall and continues:


title: Christian VIII of Denmark

text: When Prince Christian Frederick was born, his father's half-brother, Christian VII, was the King of Denmark-Norway, but due to the king's mental illness, he was not able to rule himself. From 1772, Hereditary Prince Frederick had ruled together with his mother, the Dowager Queen Juliane Marie, and their adviser Ove Høegh-Guldberg. In 1784, however, the king's only son, the young Crown Prince Frederick (later King Frederick VI), had seized power in a palace revolution and was now the real ruler. In Prince Christian Frederick's childhood, his family had a strained relationship with the Crown Prince and his family as a result of these power struggles, but gradually the relationship between the two branches of the royal family was normalized.


title: Christian VIII of Denmark

text: Prince Christian Frederick spent the first years of his life with his siblings in the vast and magnificent Baroque Christiansborg Palace. As the family's summer residence, Hereditary Prince Friedrich in 1789 bought the smaller and elegant country house, Sorgenfri Palace, on the banks of the small river Mølleåen in Kongens Lyngby, north of Copenhagen. On 26 February 1794, the family lost their Copenhagen home, as Christiansborg Palace was devastated by a fire. Instead the Hereditary Prince bought the "Levetzau's Palace", an 18th-century town house which forms part of the Amalienborg Palace complex in the district Frederiksstaden in central Copenhagen. In november of the same year, when he was eight years old, his mother, who had long suffered from a fragile health, died at Sorgenfri the age of just 36 years.


title: Christian VIII of Denmark

text: Christian Frederick was raised conservatively according to the guidelines of minister Ove Høegh-Guldberg, who had been ousted from government in 1784 along with the hereditary prince. His upbringing was marked by a thorough and broad-spectrum education with exposure to artists and scientists who were linked to his father's court. He inherited the talents of his highly gifted mother, and his love of science and art was instilled at an early age and would follow him throughout his life. His amiability and handsome features are said to have made him very popular in Copenhagen.


title: Christian VIII of Denmark

text: He was confirmed on 22 May 1803 in the chapel of Frederiksberg Palace together with his sisters Princess Juliane Sophie and Princess Louise Charlotte. A year and a half later, on 7 December 1805, the children's father, Hereditary Prince Frederick, died at the age of 52, and the nineteen-year-old Prince Christian Frederik inherited his place as second-in-line in the succession as well as the two residences, Levetzau's Palace and Sorgenfri Palace. As King Christian VII died on 13 March 1808, Crown Prince Frederick became king of Denmark and Norway as Frederick VI. Since the new king still had no male descendants, Christian Frederick thus became heir presumptive to the throne.


title: Christian VIII of Denmark

text: On a visit to his mother's relatives in Mecklenburg, Prince Christian Frederick stayed at his uncle's court in Schwerin, where he fell in love with his cousin, Duchess Charlotte Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Charlotte Frederica was a daughter of the reigning Duke Friedrich Franz I of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. They married two years later, on 21 June 1806, at Ludwigslust.


title: Christian VIII of Denmark

text: The young couple first settled at Plön Castle in the Duchy of Holstein. It was here, that Charlotte Frederica gave birth to their first-born son, Prince Christian Frederick, who was born and died on 8 April 1807. From 1808 the couple lived in Copenhagen, where they took residence partly at Levetzau's Palace at Amalienborg, and partly at Sorgenfri Palace. On 6 October 1808, their second son and only surviving child was born, Prince Frederick Carl Christian, the future King Frederick VII of Denmark.


title: Christian VIII of Denmark

text: Nonetheless, their married life was unhappy. Charlotte Frederica was described as very beautiful in her youth, but her character was thought to be moody, capricious, frivolous and mythomaniac, qualities that were later said to recur in her son, Frederick VII. Her alleged affair with her singing teacher, Swiss-born singer and composer Édouard Du Puy, led to her removal from the court. For this reason, her husband divorced her in 1810, sent her into internal exile in the town of Horsens, and prohibited her from ever seeing her son again.


title: Christian VIII of Denmark

text: In May 1813, as the heir presumptive of the kingdoms of Denmark and Norway, Christian was sent as "stattholder" (Governor-general of Norway) to Norway to promote the loyalty of the Norwegians to the House of Oldenburg, which had been very badly shaken by the disastrous results of Frederick VI's adhesion to the falling fortunes of Napoleon I of France. Christian did all he could personally to strengthen the bonds between the Norwegians and the royal house of Denmark. Though his endeavours were opposed by the so-called Swedish party, which desired a dynastic union with Sweden, he placed himself at the head of the Norwegian party of independence after the Treaty of Kiel had forced the king to cede Norway to the king of Sweden. He was elected Regent of Norway by an assembly of notables on 16 February 1814.


title: Christian VIII of Denmark

text: This election was confirmed by the Norwegian Constituent Assembly convoked at Eidsvoll on 10 April, and on 17 May the constitution was signed and Christian was unanimously elected king of Norway under the name Christian Frederick (Kristian Frederik in Norwegian).


title: Christian VIII of Denmark

text: Christian next attempted to interest the great powers in Norway's cause, but without success. On being pressed by the commissioners of the allied powers to bring about a union between Norway and Sweden in accordance with the terms of the treaty of Kiel, and then return to Denmark, he replied that, as a constitutional king, he could do nothing without the consent of the parliament (Storting), which would not be convoked until there was a suspension of hostilities on the part of Sweden.


title: Christian VIII of Denmark

text: Sweden refused Christian's conditions and a short military campaign ensued in which the Norwegian army was defeated by the forces of the Swedish crown prince Charles John. The brief war concluded with the Convention of Moss on 14 August 1814. By the terms of this treaty, King Christian Frederick transferred executive power to the Storting, then abdicated the throne and returned to Denmark. The Storting in its turn adopted the constitutional amendments necessary to allow for a personal union with Sweden and on 4 November elected Charles XIII of Sweden as the new king of Norway, Charles II.


title: Christian VIII of Denmark

text: Upon his return to Denmark, Christian married his second wife, Princess Caroline Amalie of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (daughter of Louise Augusta of Denmark, the only sister of Frederick VI) at Augustenborg Palace on 22 May 1815. The couple was childless and lived in comparative retirement as leaders of the literary and scientific society of Copenhagen until Christian ascended the throne of Denmark.


title: Christian VIII of Denmark

text: Christian had ten extramarital children, for whom he carefully provided. It has been suggested that these extramarital children included the fairy tale author Hans Christian Andersen, though there is little evidence to support this.


title: Christian VIII of Denmark

text: On 3 December 1839 he ascended the Danish throne as Christian VIII. The Liberal party had high hopes of "the giver of constitutions." However, by this time, Christian had become more conservative, and disappointed his admirers by steadily rejecting every Liberal project. Administrative reform was the only reform he would promise. In his attitude to the growing national unrest in the twin duchies of Schleswig and Holstein he often seemed hesitant and half-hearted, which damaged his position there. It was not until 1846 that he clearly supported the idea of Schleswig being a Danish area.


title: Christian VIII of Denmark

text: King Christian VIII continued his predecessor's patronage of astronomy, awarding gold medals for the discovery of comets by telescope and financially supporting Heinrich Christian Schumacher with his publication of the scientific journal "Astronomische Nachrichten". It was during his reign that the last remnants of Danish India, namely Tranquebar in the south and Serampore in Bengal, were sold to the British in 1845.


title: Christian VIII of Denmark

text: His only legitimate son, the future Frederick VII (1808–1863) was married three times, but produced no legitimate issue. Since he was apparently unlikely to beget heirs, Christian wished to avert a succession crisis. Christian commenced arrangements to secure the succession in Denmark. The result was the selection of the future Christian IX as hereditary prince, the choice made official by a new law enacted on 31 July 1853 after an international treaty made in London.


title: Christian VIII of Denmark

text: King Christian died of sepsis in Amalienborg Palace in 1848 and was interred in Roskilde Cathedral. Some historians and biographers believe that King Christian would have given Denmark a free constitution had he lived long enough; his last words are sometimes recorded as "I didn't make it". ("Jeg nåede det ikke")


title: Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony

text: Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony is a visual novel developed and published by Spike Chunsoft. The game was released in Japan in January 2017 for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita, and in North America and Europe by NIS America in September 2017. A Microsoft Windows version was released worldwide on the same date. An enhanced version of "V3" with the subtitle "Anniversary Edition" was released for Nintendo Switch in Japan in November 2021, and worldwide in December 2021. This improved version was also released for Android and iOS in April 2022, and for Windows 10 and Xbox One in September 2022.


title: Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony

text: The game is the third numbered "Danganronpa" video game. It was written by Kazutaka Kodaka and Takayuki Sugawara. The game primarily follows Kaede Akamatsu, Shuichi Saihara, and fourteen other high school students with special talents who are trapped in a killing game where the culprit must avoid suspicion from the other students or be executed. The player interacts with the other characters in the form of dating sim-like events, investigates murders, and participates in "Class Trials" to uncover the culprit. The trials feature logical puzzles as well as shooter sections. "Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony" was a commercial success and was generally well received by critics, who praised the scenario and gameplay. However, the ending of the game was divisive.


title: Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony

text: "Danganronpa V3" continues the same style of gameplay as the first two numbered "Danganronpa" games, which is split into School Life, Deadly Life, and Class Trial segments. During School Life, the player interacts with other characters and progresses through the story until coming across a murder victim and entering the Deadly Life, during which they must gather evidence for use in the Class Trial. Roaming around the world and interacting with objects during both School Life and Deadly Life will yield experience points for the player. Experience points are used to level up and with each level the player obtains more skill points which enable them to equip skills to help with Class Trials. Like in previous games, Class Trials largely revolve around the Non-Stop Debate, in which characters discuss the case, with the player required to use Truth Bullets containing evidence against highlighted statements determining whether a character is wrong, lying, or telling the truth. During Non-Stop debates that appear to have no clear contradictions, there is an option to deliberately lie by changing the bullets being used. Returning from "" are Rebuttal Showdowns, in which the player must debate with a specific character to find a contradiction.


title: Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony

text: "Danganronpa V3" adds new gameplay elements to the Class Trials. Mass Panic Debates involve multiple characters talking over each other, which makes finding the correct statement harder, while Debate Scrums have groups of characters argue against each other, requiring the player to use statements from their side against the other side's statements. New minigames are also added. Hangman's Gambit 3.0 requires players to use light to pick out letters spelling out an answer. Mind Mine is a puzzle game requiring players to remove colored blocks in order to reveal an illustration. Finally, Psyche Taxi sees players driving a taxi, collecting letters for a question that they must then answer by picking up the correct escort. In addition to this, the previous games' Bullet Time Battle/Panic Talk Action minigames have been replaced with Argument Armament, another rhythm game where players must hit buttons in time to the beat before building a sentence from four groups of words at the end in order to silence a panicking character.


title: Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony

text: As in the previous games, there are also various modes outside the main game. The Death Road of Despair minigame is accessible by visiting the area under the manhole in the school: it is a platform game intentionally designed with a very high difficulty level, in which all 16 students try to escape the Ultimate Academy for Gifted Juveniles while trying to evade bombs, traps and holes. After finishing the main game, other modes are unlocked. Salmon Team Mode is an alternate mode similar to School Mode and Island Mode in the previous games, in which Monokuma decides to cancel the killing game and turn it into a dating reality show, allowing players to bond with the other characters. There are also two brand-new modes. The first one, Ultimate Talent Development Plan, has the player choosing any character from "Danganronpa V3" (or from "" and "", after unlocking their cards) and advancing in an 8-bit game board representing their school life at Hope's Peak Academy while they increase their skills and interact with other characters. After completing this mode for the first time, a new mode is unlocked, Despair Dungeon: Monokuma's Test, where the player uses the characters developed in Ultimate Talent Development Plan to stop a horde of Monokuma creatures unleashed by the Monokuma Kubs in an 8-bit turn-based RPG game. The monsters and gameplay from Despair Dungeon are references to Chunsoft's previous works, "" and the "Dragon Quest" series.


title: Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony

text: The game features 16 high-school students being forced into a mutual killing game. Each character has a special skill or ability, known as an Ultimate Talent. "Danganronpa V3" is viewed from the point of view of two protagonists. Despite being advertised as the game's sole lead, Kaede Akamatsu is only a false protagonist, as she is no longer the player-character after the first chapter. The remainder of the game is played from Shuichi Saihara's perspective; the Ultimate Detective, reserved and unsure of his talents. Other participants of the Killing Game include child caregiver Maki Harukawa, anthropologist Korekiyo Shinguuji, astronaut Kaito Momota among several others. The game features a mascot character, an evil anthropomorphic talking robotic bear known as Monokuma who is in charge of the killing game. Alongside Monokuma, the game introduces the Monokubs, five smaller robot bears who serve as the secondary antagonists and are viewed as children by Monokuma.


title: Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony

text: High school student Kaede Akamatsu is kidnapped and awakens trapped in Ultimate Academy for Gifted Juveniles, where she meets 15 fellow students including Shuichi Saihara. The group is abruptly accosted by the Monokubs who expose them to a "Flashback Light," a flashlight similar to a neuralyzer. When Kaede next awakens the students remember having ultimate talents; for example, Kaede is the "Ultimate Pianist" and Shuichi is the "Ultimate Detective". Monokuma – a robotic bear – arrives and informs the students that the only way to escape the academy is to successfully murder another student and not be voted as the culprit at the resulting trial, known as a class trial. Initially, the participants are unwilling to take part in the "killing game", until a new rule is imposed – if nobody is killed within two days, Monokuma will prematurely end the game by killing all of the students. Shuichi reasons that there must be a mastermind controlling Monokuma, and Kaede works with him to set a trap to expose the mastermind just prior to the time limit. Kaede accidentally kills the amnesiac Rantaro Amami instead of the mastermind. During the following class trial, Kaede encourages Shuichi to expose her and is executed. Afterwards, Shuichi develops a friendship with the Ultimate Astronaut Kaito Momota, and the Ultimate Childcare Giver (later revealed Ultimate Assassin) Maki Harukawa. Many more murders occur throughout the game, with each culprit getting caught and executed. Ultimate Tennis Pro Ryoma Hoshi is willingly killed by Ultimate Maid Kirumi Tojo in hopes that she may escape the killing game and save Japan from destruction. Ultimate Artist Angie Yonaga and Ultimate Aikido Master Tenko Chabashira are killed by Ultimate Anthropologist Korekiyo Shinguji in his belief that killing people brings his dead sister "friends" in the afterlife. Ultimate Inventor Miu Iruma is killed by Ultimate Entomologist Gonta Gokuhara after he was manipulated into doing so by Ultimate Supreme Leader, Kokichi Oma.


title: Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony

text: The students find additional Flashback Lights and remember that they are students of the Hope's Peak Academy led by Makoto Naegi, whom he sent into space in the hopes of preserving humanity after meteors began to fall upon the Earth and a deadly epidemic had ravaged the remainder of the population. Near the end of the game, Kokichi reveals the outside world to be destroyed and claims to have returned the spaceship to Earth and masterminded the killing game. It is later revealed that Kokichi is in fact not the mastermind and, through a complex process, he collaborates with Kaito to create a murder in which either he or Kaito are plausible victims, to such a point that even Monokuma does not know whom was killed. Through Shuichi's deductions, it is eventually revealed that Kaito killed Kokichi, and is subsequently executed. Later, the students discover evidence contradicting their memories, as well as inconsistencies in Rantaro's crime scene. In response, Shuichi demands a retrial with Kaede's case. At the trial, Shuichi accuses Ultimate Cosplayer Tsumugi Shirogane of being the mastermind, having killed Rantaro and framed Kaede.


title: Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony

text: Tsumugi confesses and reveals that the students' memories, talents, relationships, and personalities are entirely fake, the Flashback Light being a brainwashing device and the destroyed world being a sound stage. The students are in fact taking part in "Danganronpa 53 (V3)", the 53rd season of a lethal reality TV show watched by millions based on the fictional "Danganronpa" media franchise. All of the Ultimates, barring Keebo, were ordinary individuals who willingly had their previous lives' memories permanently erased in exchange for talent and a fake background who have joined purely for fame, fortune, or the thrill of the game, and were far less trusting and altruistic than their killing game selves. Keebo is revealed to be the camera for the viewers and possesses an antenna that lets him hear the audience's opinions on the show, who encourage him to battle Tsumugi's despair with hope.


title: Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony

text: Realizing either choice will still continue the killing game, Shuichi encourages the students to abstain from voting, meaning everyone will be executed but the killing game will also end. At the vote, all parties abstain including Tsumugi and Keebo, the former willing to sacrifice herself to continue "Danganronpa" and the latter indicating the audience has given up on "Danganronpa". As the remaining viewers tune out, a defeated Tsumugi orders Keebo to destroy the school. He does so, killing Tsumugi and Monokuma in the process, then activates his self-destruct feature. The survivors, Shuichi, Maki, and Ultimate Magician Himiko Yumeno consider the possibility that Tsumugi was lying about their past selves willingly signing up to participate in "Danganronpa", and depart for the real world.


title: Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony

text: "Danganronpa V3" was produced by Yoshinori Terasawa, and planned and written by Kazutaka Kodaka, while the character design was done by Rui Komatsuzaki. As with previous games in the series, the game's original score was composed and produced by Masafumi Takada. Like in previous games, Kodaka had the original ideas for the characters, citing characters Yumeno Himiko as a self proclaimed magician or Gonta as a caring gigantic man whom he found interesting to develop. The game was developed alongside the production of the anime series "", which Terasawa and Kodaka described as being difficult. The "V3" in the game's title was chosen to differentiate it from the anime. Terasawa and Kodaka described the game's production level as being much higher than that of previous games in the series. The team noted the PlayStation Vita version had multiple issues, so they worked on a patch. Through the demo, Spike listened to fan feedback in order to improve the game. With the game being released in Western regions, Kodaka looked forward to resting after having done multiple projects.


title: Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony

text: The game was intentionally designed with a school theme to mirror the first instalment, yet also have a different aesthetic. Kodaka commented that the first chapter of the game took the longest time to make from all three games. Due to time constraints, Kodaka requested help from light novels "Danganronpa Kirgiri" author, Kitayama Takekuni. Originally series mascot Monokuma was not meant to appear in the game, but was added alongside the Monokubs to help make title feel more like other "Danganronpa" games. There was division among the staff in the development team regarding whether the game should be a sequel or something new. The game was developed to have influences from previous titles, but to also feel "fresh". The game's theme was described as "psycho-cool" by the developers. Kodaka decided to focus on the concept of truth and lies, adding to the previous versions themes of hope and despair, which was heavily integrated into both the gameplay and narrative.


title: Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony

text: In contrast to previous works involving a protagonist briefly accused of being a culprit, Kodaka looked towards a twist that would shock the audience. Kodaka decided to make players believe Kaede Akamatsu would be the protagonist of the entire game. However, in the first chapter Akamatsu is revealed as the culprit of the first murder and dies when she is discovered by Shuichi. As a result, Kaede is executed for her apparent murder of Rantaro Amami. Afterwards, Shuichi takes over the role of protagonist. Kodaka was inspired by the twist of the first "Danganronpa" game where he tricked the audience that Sayaka Maizano was the heroine only to be first victim in Monokuma's killing game. According to Kodaka, the seriousness of murder and the culprits coming to terms with being murderers is a motif in "Danganronpa". But in Kaede's case, it was different, since she did it in order to protect everyone, so she did not have the usual desperate panicking a culprit does.


title: Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony

text: The game's final twist where the entire franchise is revealed to be reality television show spanning 53 seasons was made with the idea of bringing a more interesting idea to the fans. He noted that there was a massive fan response over it which, while made him proud, was found more negative in the Western audience than the Japanese.


title: Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony

text: The existence of a third "Danganronpa" title was first teased in September 2013 with the announcement of "". In March 2015, Kodaka revealed that "Danganronpa 3" was in early development. The game was announced at Sony's Tokyo Game Show presentation in 2015, and was released for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita on January 12, 2017 in Japan. A playable demo featuring Makoto Naegi and Hajime Hinata, the protagonists of "" and "", was released on December 20, 2016. The limited edition of the game included an original video animation based on "Goodbye Despair", titled "Super Danganronpa 2.5: Komaeda Nagito to Sekai no Hakaisha". Coinciding with the game's Japanese release, "Danganronpa V3"-themed PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita consoles were released in Japan. NIS America released the game on September 26, 2017 in North America, and on September 29, 2017 in Europe, delayed from its initially announced December 2016 release. Two multiple-disc soundtrack albums containing music from the game were released on February 24, 2017 through composer Masafumi Takada's music label, Sound Prestige Records.


title: Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony

text: In March 2017 Spike Chunsoft announced that a Microsoft Windows version will also be released via Steam alongside the Western localization. The games were localized in English and French, and give the player a choice between the English and Japanese voice tracks.


title: Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony

text: NIS America rereleased the PlayStation 4 version together with "Danganronpa 1 & 2 Reload" in a physical bundle titled "Danganronpa Trilogy" on March 26 and March 29, 2019 in North America and Europe, respectively. On September 25, 2020 "Danganronpa V3" was temporarily removed from PlayStation Store, following the other games in the series, as the rights to publish the console versions of the games were transferred from NIS America to Spike Chunsoft, who no longer required their services following the establishment of their western subsidiary.


title: Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony

text: An enhanced version with the subtitle "Anniversary Edition" was announced in 2021. Just like the anniversary ports of the previous titles, it features the gallery mode for illustrations and voice lines, updated user interface, and support for touchscreen controls. During E3 2021, it was announced that this version of the game will be released for the Nintendo Switch in 2021, both as part of the "Danganronpa Decadence" bundle, as well as separately. Despite being announced first, versions for Android and iOS were delayed, and launched on April 11, 2022. A version for Windows 10 and Xbox One was announced at Tokyo Game Show on September 15, 2022, and released the same day.


title: Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony

text: "Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony" received "generally favorable" reviews from critics, and was the second highest rated PlayStation Vita game and fiftieth highest rated PlayStation 4 game of 2017 by review aggregator website Metacritic. Giving it a perfect score, CJ Andriessen of "Destructoid" praised the game's long Class Trials, especially enjoying the vulgar and chaotic interactions between the characters, though he still felt the story to drag. He ultimately surmised it as "the perfect summation of everything that is "Danganronpa"". GameRevolution's Cody Perez stated that the game had "highest peaks that the franchise has ever achieved, in addition to its lowest points" due to its multiple twist in the narrative and changes caused to the gameplay. Julia Lee writing for "Polygon" criticized the vulgar dialogue provided by the cast but felt that the comedy brought was required for the tone. In regards to the main plot, Lee felt that plot twists made some scenes "moving". "Electronic Gaming Monthly" Mollie Patterson said that the first chapter of the game contained a surprising twist which moved her.


title: Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony

text: Its ending attracted divisive comments among critics. Kenneth Shepard, writing for "CGMagazine", compared the premise of "Killing Harmony", only fully revealed at the end of the game, to the anime "Digimon Tamers," as both present the player or viewer to be the antagonist. He wrote that the reveal served as critical commentary on supply, demand, and artistic integrity, all while allowing for a "dignified" ending. Paul Lombardo for "SuperJump" claimed the ending was often "unconsidered commentary on consumerism" while noting players became bothered by the ending because they are labelled as people who enjoy seeing the cast suffering and cause Shuichi and other characters to express an emotional catharsis based on their realization of being fictional. As a result, the handling of these characters made Lombardo feel this was not a realistic game as he felt, in retrospective, that the characters from the first "Danganronpa" game behaved more like real humans based on how they react to the killing game. In regards to the ending, Griffin McElroy for "Polygon" said that "longtime fans of the series argue that this revelation robs the endings of the last two core "Danganronpa" games of meaning", making the third game as a more accurate way of ending not only the narrative but also the franchise. Lee said that while the endings are predictable, the execution of it was still entertaining. Perez panned the ending, saying it "has a clear message it wants to convey that isn't completely apparent until near the end, but it certainly beats the player over the head with it endlessly".


title: Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony

text: Heidi Kemps writing for "IGN" had mixed thoughts about the gameplay changes finding some enjoyable and other annoying. In regards to the narrative, Kemps described the cast as the best part due to how unique they are. Similar to previous games, the amount of plot twists were praised but the writer found sound trials "dull". Patterson had skeptical thoughts about the gameplay such as the handling of multiple Truth Bullets, but felt this was a common issue with solving cases from every detective game where the player either knows the culprit before the cast or does not. "Game Informer" Joe Juba was more critical, referring to the narrative as the weakest one provided by franchise so far, criticizing the plot's handling of culprits and motivations. The reviewer still appreciated the new minigame such as the board game and the reality show mode which further explores the dating sim elements from the franchise. "Destructoid" also praised the minigames as it gives the players more content to play after finishing the main story. "Polygon" praised the diversity within the Class Trials, as the constant minigames entertained him. "Game Revolution" criticized the Class Trials for taking too much time enough to make the player tired of the game.


title: Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony

text: Within its first week on sale in Japan, the game sold a total of 116,172 copies with the Vita version being the second best-selling game of the week and the PS4 version being the third best-selling game of the week. This would be the highest debut for a "Danganronpa" game and by February 2017, the PlayStation Vita version had sold over 115,840 copies in Japan. The Steam release had an estimated total of 73,400 players by July 2018. As of December 2017, the game had sold a total of 194,300 copies in Japan.


title: Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony

text: The game was nominated for "Best Visual Novel" in "PC Gamer"s 2017 Game of the Year Awards; for "Best Portable Game" in "Destructoid"s Game of the Year Awards 2017; and for "Best Adventure Game" and "Most Innovative" in IGN's Best of 2017 Awards. It won the award for "Best Plot Twist" in "Game Informer"s 2017 Adventure Game of the Year Awards. In addition, the game was nominated for "Game, Franchise Adventure" at the 17th Annual National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards, and won the Excellence Prize at the Famitsu Awards.


title: WebGL

text: WebGL (Short for Web Graphics Library) is a JavaScript API for rendering interactive 2D and 3D graphics within any compatible web browser without the use of plug-ins. WebGL is fully integrated with other web standards, allowing GPU-accelerated usage of physics and image processing and effects as part of the web page canvas. WebGL elements can be mixed with other HTML elements and composited with other parts of the page or page background.


title: WebGL

text: WebGL programs consist of control code written in JavaScript and shader code that is written in OpenGL ES Shading Language (GLSL ES), a language similar to C or C++, and is executed on a computer's graphics processing unit (GPU). WebGL is designed and maintained by the non-profit Khronos Group.


title: WebGL

text: WebGL 1.0 is based on OpenGL ES 2.0 and provides an API for 3D graphics. It uses the HTML5 canvas element and is accessed using Document Object Model (DOM) interfaces.


title: WebGL

text: WebGL 2.0 is based on OpenGL ES 3.0 and made guaranteed availability of many optional extensions of WebGL 1.0 and exposes new APIs. Automatic memory management is provided implicitly by JavaScript.


title: WebGL

text: Like OpenGL ES 2.0, WebGL does not have the fixed-function APIs introduced in OpenGL 1.0 and deprecated in OpenGL 3.0. This functionality, if so required, has to be implemented by the end-developer by providing shader code and configuring data bindings in JavaScript.


title: WebGL

text: Shaders in WebGL are expressed directly in GLSL and passed to the WebGL API as textual strings. The WebGL implementation compiles these shader instructions to GPU code. This code is executed for each and every vertex sent through the API and for each pixel rasterized to the screen.


title: WebGL

text: WebGL evolved out of the Canvas 3D experiments started by Vladimir Vukićević at Mozilla. Vukićević first demonstrated a Canvas 3D prototype in 2006. By the end of 2007, both Mozilla and Opera had made their own separate implementations.


title: WebGL

text: In early 2009, the non-profit technology consortium Khronos Group started the WebGL Working Group, with initial participation from Apple, Google, Mozilla, Opera, and others. Version 1.0 of the WebGL specification was released March 2011. As of March 2012, the chair of the working group is Ken Russell.


title: WebGL

text: Early applications of WebGL include Zygote Body. In November 2012 Autodesk announced that they ported most of their applications to the cloud running on local WebGL clients. These applications included Fusion 360 and AutoCAD 360.


title: WebGL

text: Development of the WebGL 2 specification started in 2013 with final in January 2017. This specification is based on OpenGL ES 3.0.


title: WebGL

text: Almost Native Graphics Layer Engine (ANGLE) is an open source graphic engine which implements WebGL 1.0 (2.0 which closely conforms to ES 3.0) and OpenGL ES 2.0 and 3.0 standards. It is a default backend for both Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox on Windows platforms and works by translating WebGL and OpenGL calls to available platform-specific APIs. ANGLE currently provides access to OpenGL ES 2.0 and 3.0 to desktop OpenGL, OpenGL ES, Direct3D 9, and Direct3D 11 APIs. ″[Google] "Chrome uses ANGLE for all graphics rendering on Windows, including the accelerated Canvas2D implementation and the Native Client sandbox environment.″"


title: WebGL

text: The low-level nature of the WebGL API, which provides little on its own to produce desirable 3D graphics quickly, contributed to creation of libraries which are typically used to build things up in 3D graphics (e.g. view transformations for shaders, view frustum etc.). Basic tasks such as loading scene graphs and 3D objects in the popular industry formats is also abstracted by the libraries (some of which were ported to JavaScript from other languages) to provide additional functionality. A non-exhaustive list of libraries that provide many high-level features includes A-Frame (VR), BabylonJS, PlayCanvas, three.js, OSG.JS and CopperLicht. X3D also made a project called X3DOM to make X3D and VRML content running on WebGL. The 3D model will in XML tag codice_1 in HTML5 and interactive script will use JavaScript and DOM. BS Content Studio and InstantReality X3D exporter can exported X3D in HTML and running by WebGL.


title: WebGL

text: There also has been a rapid emergence of game engines for WebGL, both 2D and 3D, including Unreal Engine 4 and Unity. The Stage3D/Flash-based Away3D high-level library also has a port to WebGL via TypeScript. A more light-weight utility library that provides just the vector and matrix math utilities for shaders is sylvester.js. It is sometimes used in conjunction with a WebGL specific extension called glUtils.js.


title: WebGL

text: There are also some 2D libraries built on top of WebGL like Cocos2d-x or Pixi.js, which were implemented this way for performance reasons, in a move that parallels what happened with the Starling Framework over Stage3D in the Flash world. The WebGL-based 2D libraries fall back to HTML5 canvas when WebGL is not available.


title: WebGL

text: Removing the rendering bottleneck by giving almost direct access to the GPU also exposed performance limitations in the JavaScript implementations. Some were addressed by asm.js and WebAssembly (similarly, the introduction of Stage3D exposed performance problems within ActionScript, which were addressed by projects like CrossBridge).


title: WebGL

text: Like for any other graphics API, creating content for WebGL scenes requires using a regular 3D content creation tool and exporting the scene to a format that is readable by the viewer or helper library. Desktop 3D authoring software such as Blender, Autodesk Maya or SimLab Composer can be used for this purpose. Particularly, Blend4Web allows a WebGL scene to be authored entirely in Blender and exported to a browser with a single click, even as a standalone web page. There are also some WebGL-specific software such as CopperCube and the online WebGL-based editor Clara.io. Online platforms such as Sketchfab and Clara.io allow users to directly upload their 3D models and display them using a hosted WebGL viewer.


title: WebGL

text: Additionally, Mozilla Foundation, in its Firefox browser, has implemented built-in WebGL tools starting with version 27 that allow editing vertex and fragment shaders. A number of other debugging and profiling tools have also emerged.


title: Silicate mineral

text: Silicate minerals are rock-forming minerals made up of silicate groups. They are the largest and most important class of minerals and make up approximately 90 percent of Earth's crust.


title: Silicate mineral

text: In mineralogy, silica (silicon dioxide) is usually considered a silicate mineral. Silica is found in nature as the mineral quartz, and its polymorphs.


title: Silicate mineral

text: On Earth, a wide variety of silicate minerals occur in an even wider range of combinations as a result of the processes that have been forming and re-working the crust for billions of years. These processes include partial melting, crystallization, fractionation, metamorphism, weathering, and diagenesis.


title: Silicate mineral

text: Living organisms also contribute to this geologic cycle. For example, a type of plankton known as diatoms construct their exoskeletons ("frustules") from silica extracted from seawater. The frustules of dead diatoms are a major constituent of deep ocean sediment, and of diatomaceous earth.


title: Silicate mineral

text: A silicate mineral is generally an inorganic compound consisting of subunits with the formula [SiO]. Although depicted as such, the description of silicates as anions is a simplification. Balancing the charges of the silicate anions are metal cations, M. Typical cations are Mg, Fe, and Na. The Si-O-M linkage between the silicates and the metals are strong, polar-covalent bonds. Silicate anions ([SiO]) are invariably colorless, or when crushed to a fine powder, white. The colors of silicate minerals arise from the metal component, commonly iron.


title: Silicate mineral

text: In most silicate minerals, silicon is tetrahedral, being surrounded by four oxides. The coordination number of the oxides is variable except when it bridges two silicon centers, in which case the oxide has a coordination number of two.


title: Silicate mineral

text: Some silicon centers may be replaced by atoms of other elements, still bound to the four corner oxygen corners. If the substituted atom is not normally tetravalent, it usually contributes extra charge to the anion, which then requires extra cations. For example, in the mineral orthoclase , the anion is a tridimensional network of tetrahedra in which all oxygen corners are shared. If all tetrahedra had silicon centers, the anion would be just neutral silica . Replacement of one in every four silicon atoms by an aluminum atom results in the anion , whose charge is neutralized by the potassium cations .


title: Silicate mineral

text: In mineralogy, silicate minerals are classified into seven major groups according to the structure of their silicate anion:


title: Silicate mineral

text: Note that tectosilicates can only have additional cations if some of the silicon is replaced by an atom of lower valence such as aluminum. Al for Si substitution is common.


title: Silicate mineral

text: Nesosilicates (from Greek 'island'), or orthosilicates, have the orthosilicate ion, which constitute isolated (insular) tetrahedra that are connected only by interstitial cations. The Nickel–Strunz classification is 09.A –examples include:


title: Silicate mineral

text: Sorosilicates (from Greek 'heap, mound') have isolated pyrosilicate anions , consisting of double tetrahedra with a shared oxygen vertex—a silicon:oxygen ratio of 2:7. The Nickel–Strunz classification is 09.B. Examples include:


title: Silicate mineral

text: Cyclosilicates (from Greek 'circle'), or ring silicates, have three or more tetrahedra linked in a ring. The general formula is (SiO), where one or more silicon atoms can be replaced by other 4-coordinated atom(s). The silicon:oxygen ratio is 1:3. Double rings have the formula (SiO) or a 2:5 ratio. The Nickel–Strunz classification is 09.C. Possible ring sizes include:


title: Silicate mineral

text: Note that the ring in axinite contains two B and four Si tetrahedra and is highly distorted compared to the other 6-member ring cyclosilicates.


title: Silicate mineral

text: Inosilicates (from Greek [genitive: ] 'fibre'), or chain silicates, have interlocking chains of silicate tetrahedra with either , 1:3 ratio, for single chains or , 4:11 ratio, for double chains. The Nickel–Strunz classification is 09.D – examples include:


title: Silicate mineral

text: Phyllosilicates (from Greek 'leaf'), or sheet silicates, form parallel sheets of silicate tetrahedra with or a 2:5 ratio. The Nickel–Strunz classification is 09.E. All phyllosilicate minerals are hydrated, with either water or hydroxyl groups attached.


title: Silicate mineral

text: Tectosilicates, or "framework silicates," have a three-dimensional framework of silicate tetrahedra with in a 1:2 ratio. This group comprises nearly 75% of the crust of the Earth. Tectosilicates, with the exception of the quartz group, are aluminosilicates. The Nickel–Strunz classifications are 09.F and 09.G, 04.DA (Quartz/ silica family). Examples include:


title: Moana Pozzi

text: Anna Moana Rosa Pozzi (; 27 April 1961 – 15 September 1994), also known mononymously as Moana, was an Italian pornographic actress, television personality and politician.


title: Moana Pozzi

text: Pozzi was born in Genoa, Liguria, Italy, the daughter of Alfredo Pozzi, a nuclear engineer, and Rosanna, a housewife. Her name, Moana, is a Polynesian name meaning "ocean". In her youth, Pozzi lived for periods of time in Canada and Brazil, due to the nature of her father's work requiring him to travel. By the time she was thirteen years old, the family had returned to their native Italy, where she finished school. In 1979, a few weeks before her 18th birthday, she gave birth to her only child, a son named Simone, who was raised by her parents and told that his mother was his older sister. The family moved to France in 1980 and Pozzi, then 19 years old, decided to stay in Rome.


title: Moana Pozzi

text: In Rome, Pozzi started working as a model and studied acting. Sometimes she performed in television advertisements or as a walk-on in comedy movies. In 1981, she performed in her first hardcore movie, "Valentina, ragazza in calore" ("Valentina, Girl in Heat"), credited as Linda Heveret. A minor scandal ensued since, at the same time the movie was in theatres, she was still working on a children's television programme, "", on Rete 2. She denied being the same person, but was suspended from television anyway. This gave Pozzi her first popularity in newspapers and magazines. In 1985, Federico Fellini wanted her to perform in his movie "Ginger and Fred".