title: Andrey Melnichenko (industrialist)

text: Melnichenko became a director of SUEK JSC (Siberian Coal Energy Company) in February 2005, and the chairman in June 2011. The same year, he created the Siberian Generating Company (SGC) on the basis of electricity assets of SUEK and became the chairman. In 2013, he became the primary shareholder of SUEK and SGC after he has bought his ex-partner's shares.


title: Andrey Melnichenko (industrialist)

text: The assets that formed SUEK were distressed – production capacity was less than 30 million tons per year, the enterprises employed 70,000 miners yet productivity was low, and virtually none of its output was exported. The average equipment depreciation was 90%. During the early years of the business, SUEK's assets were modernized, debts were repaid, wages and taxes were paid, and a modernization program was launched with new machinery. The old mines and worn-out equipment were transformed into modern enterprises. Several enrichment factories and modules were put into operation allowing SUEK to produce highly enriched coal. SUEK built modern bulk terminals and upgraded seaports, and built a coal mine methane processing station to generate power within the framework of the Kyoto Protocol. According to the International Energy Agency's Clean Coal Centre, "SUEK, Russia's main exporter of higher-quality thermal coal, has invested in modern high-capacity washing plants and has ash control technologies at all its coal ports".


title: Andrey Melnichenko (industrialist)

text: After the consolidation of electric power assets, Melnichenko created the Siberian Generating Company (SGC) as a part of SUEK, and then spun it out as a separate company. In 2018, SUEK took over SGC. SGC produces 25% of electricity in Siberia (6% of Russia's electricity).


title: Andrey Melnichenko (industrialist)

text: According to Bloomberg, SUEK produces high-calorific coal with low sulphur and nitrogen content. It is a global supplier of high-calorific value coal with distribution in 48 countries worldwide, including the Asia Pacific where it supplies coal for HELE (high efficiency, low emission) power plants.


title: Andrey Melnichenko (industrialist)

text: The Financial Times reported that SUEK uses automation and digitalization in coal mining. It reported that SUEK "is rolling out big-data tools and automation across its 26 mines in Kemerovo and elsewhere in Siberia. In some mining operations, it is even experimenting with completely replacing workers with machines" and "has piloted Russia’s first fully automated longwall in Polysaevo."


title: Andrey Melnichenko (industrialist)

text: SUEK assets produce more than 100 million tons of coal annually, with assured coal reserves of 7.6 billion tons. Its coal, power generation and logistics enterprises in 12 Russian regions employ over 70,000 people. According to S&P Global Ratings, "SUEK's mining segment outperforms peers on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions", noting that "its governance structure compares positively to local standards and well with international standards. According to The Financial Times, SUEK pays its workers "more than four times the salary ordinary workers in neighbouring mines say they get." According to ESG Ranking of Russian companies 2021 by RAEX, SUEK ranks 11th out of 110 companies in Russia.


title: Andrey Melnichenko (industrialist)

text: SUEK's subsidiary SGC produces more sustainable energy in Russia by co-generation of electricity and heat which reduces the coal combusted and the environmental impact by 25% for the same output. SGC operates modern combined heat and power plants (CHPP) which reduce fuel use and emissions per unit of energy produced, with 96% for heat and 38% for electricity produced in the combined cycle. Co-generation reportedly reduces 10 times more emissions already today than from the use of all Russia's renewables currently planned (including wind and solar), while it is 5-10 times more cost-effective in cutting emissions than are renewables (with 45% of electricity and 95% of heat in Siberia generated from coal).


title: Andrey Melnichenko (industrialist)

text: Melnichenko publicly stated on fossil fuels that "given the current level of technology, it will only be possible for alternative energy sources to reduce carbon emissions in some regions", adding that "companies and governments will need to develop other solutions to expand alternatives energy and that’s unlikely to happen in the next few decades."


title: Andrey Melnichenko (industrialist)

text: Melnichenko served as Non-Executive Director of SUEK JSC - since April 2015 to 2022. He was the main beneficiary of SUEK. As of 2021, he owned 92.2 percent stake in SUEK. On 9 March 2022, he resigned from all positions and withdrew as its beneficiary.


title: Andrey Melnichenko (industrialist)

text: According to media reports, in the last fifteen years, Melnichenko's companies invested more than $23 billion in Russia's new economy and industrial sector. His companies reportedly employ over 100,000 people. 20% of all investment by non-oil and gas companies made in Russia in 2012–2017 were made by Andrey Melnichenko's companies. Melnichenko's companies reportedly spent over $500 million on social and charitable projects.


title: Andrey Melnichenko (industrialist)

text: Melnichenko was a Member of the Board of Directors (Non-executive Director) at both EuroChem Group AG and SUEK JSC until 9 March 2022.


title: Andrey Melnichenko (industrialist)

text: Since 2007, Melnichenko has been Member of the Bureau of the Board of Directors of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (RSPP), where he is Chairman of the Mining Commission and Chairman of the Committee on Climate Policy and Carbon Regulation.


title: Andrey Melnichenko (industrialist)

text: In the 2000s, Melnichenko was part of the EU-Russia Industrialists' Roundtable (IRT), a platform composed of business leaders from the EU and Russia, which work aimed at boosting EU-Russia economic relations.


title: Andrey Melnichenko (industrialist)

text: In 2019, Andrey Melnichenko was awarded with the honour of Commendatore of the Order of the Star of Italy "for encouraging dialogue and economic cooperation between Italy and Russia".


title: Andrey Melnichenko (industrialist)

text: Though Melnichenko was mentioned on the list of "Russian oligarchs" named in the CAATSA unclassified report to the U.S. Congress, the report simply listed all businessmen with an estimated net worth over $1 billion, according to the Forbes list 2017. The report states that inclusion on the list "does not constitute the determination by any agency that any of those individuals or entities meet the criteria for designation under any sanctions program" and "does not, in and of itself, imply, give rise to, or create any other restrictions, prohibitions, or limitations on dealings with such persons by either U.S. or foreign persons." Melnichenko noted that he had seen no issues with banks and compliance, but that the situation was impossible to predict going forward.


title: Andrey Melnichenko (industrialist)

text: Among Russia's richest businessmen, Forbes and Forbes Russia do not consider Melnichenko to be oligarchs because his fortune was without ties to the Russian government, either under Yeltsin or Putin.


title: Andrey Melnichenko (industrialist)

text: Melnichenko was placed on the EU sanctions list on the 9 March 2022 on the basis of being "one of the leading businesspersons involved in economic sectors providing a substantial source of revenue to the Government of the Russia". In response, Melnichenko commented that he had no relation to the invasion, nor did he have any political affiliations, noting that "to draw a parallel between attending a meeting through membership in a business council, just as dozens of businesspeople from both Russia and Europe have done in the past, and undermining or threatening a country is absurd and nonsensical" and that it was unjustified for him to be placed on the EU sanctions list. It was reported that Melnichenko stepped down from his positions at Eurochem and SUEK and withdrew as a beneficiary. According to Swedish economist Anders Aslund, the former senior fellow in the Eurasia Center at the Atlantic Council and the author of "Russia's Crony Capitalism", Melnichenko shouldn't have been sanctioned. Reuters reported that he will be disputing the sanctions listing.


title: Andrey Melnichenko (industrialist)

text: According to Reuters, Melnichenko spoke out against the war in Ukraine and called for urgent peace, warning of a global food crisis and likely food shortages due to "soaring prices in fertilisers".


title: Andrey Melnichenko (industrialist)

text: The Andrey Melnichenko Foundation supports talented children in science and education aiming at creating social mobility in Russia.


title: Andrey Melnichenko (industrialist)

text: The Andrey Melnichenko Foundation launched a network of educational and scientific centres for gifted children across Russia and is to award scholarships for studying in higher education institutions to select students. In February 2018, the Foundation organized the "Internet Olympiad in Physics and Mathematics" for high school students in Russia. The winners were given the opportunity to study at the Sirius Centre for Gifted Education.


title: Andrey Melnichenko (industrialist)

text: His companies have spent over $500 million on social and charitable programs, which have been recognized as leaders in Russia's annual "Leaders in Corporate Philanthropy" survey.


title: Andrey Melnichenko (industrialist)

text: JSC SUEK received the Grand Prix for "Contribution to the Social Development of Territories" at the 2018 "Leaders of Russian Business" awards, for annually carrying out approximately 150 social and charitable projects in its regions of operation.


title: Andrey Melnichenko (industrialist)

text: In 2005, Melnichenko married Serbian former pop singer and model Aleksandra Nikolić in the South of France. They have two children.


title: Andrey Melnichenko (industrialist)

text: Melnichenko owns two high-tech yachts: Sailing Yacht A (2017) and Motor Yacht A (2008). Both were designed by Philippe Starck.


title: Andrey Melnichenko (industrialist)

text: S/Y "A" was handed over to him in May 2017 in Monaco. Boat International called it "the boundary pushing superyacht" and "a monument to invention". In 2016, Bloomberg reported that "the swanky boat reflects the same eye for innovation and high-tech detail that Melnichenko, 44, is now focusing on the fertilizer business that’s helped make him one of Russia’s youngest billionaires."


title: Andrey Melnichenko (industrialist)

text: In March 2022, following the EU sanctions imposed on the number of Russian businessmen, the Italian authorities seized his Sailing Yacht A in the port city of Trieste. According to Reuters, Melnichenko responded that he "will be disputing these baseless and unjustified sanctions" which have "no justification" and believes that "the rule of law and common sense will prevail."


title: B-spline

text: In the mathematical subfield of numerical analysis, a B-spline or basis spline is a spline function that has minimal support with respect to a given degree, smoothness, and domain partition. Any spline function of given degree can be expressed as a linear combination of B-splines of that degree. Cardinal B-splines have knots that are equidistant from each other. B-splines can be used for curve-fitting and numerical differentiation of experimental data.


title: B-spline

text: In computer-aided design and computer graphics, spline functions are constructed as linear combinations of B-splines with a set of control points.


title: B-spline

text: A spline function of order formula_1 is a piecewise polynomial function of degree formula_2 in a variable formula_3. The places where the pieces meet are known as knots. The key property of spline functions is that they and their derivatives may be continuous, depending on the multiplicities of the knots.


title: B-spline

text: B-splines of order formula_1 are basis functions for spline functions of the same order defined over the same knots, meaning that all possible spline functions can be built from a linear combination of B-splines, and there is only one unique combination for each spline function.


title: B-spline

text: A spline of order formula_1 is a piecewise polynomial function of degree formula_6 in a variable formula_3. The values of formula_3 where the pieces of polynomial meet are known as knots, denoted formula_9 and sorted into nondecreasing order. When the knots are distinct, the first formula_10 derivatives of the polynomial pieces are continuous across each knot. When formula_11 knots are coincident, then only the first formula_12 derivatives of the spline are continuous across that knot.


title: B-spline

text: For a given sequence of knots, there is, up to a scaling factor, a unique spline formula_13 satisfying


title: B-spline

text: If we add the additional constraint that formula_15 for all formula_3 between the first and last knot, then the scaling factor of formula_13 becomes fixed. The resulting formula_13 spline functions are called B-splines.


title: B-spline

text: Alternatively, B-splines can be defined by construction by means of the Cox–de Boor recursion formula. Given a knot sequence formula_19, the B-splines of order 1 are defined by


title: B-spline

text: These satisfy formula_21 for all formula_3 because for any formula_3 exactly one of the formula_24, and all the others are zero.


title: B-spline

text: A B-spline function is a combination of flexible bands that is controlled by a number of points that are called control points, creating smooth curves. These functions are used to create and manage complex shapes and surfaces using a number of points. B-spline function and Bézier functions are applied extensively in shape optimization methods.


title: B-spline

text: A B-spline of order formula_1 is a piecewise polynomial function of degree formula_2 in a variable formula_3. It is defined over formula_30 locations formula_31, called knots or breakpoints, which must be in non-descending order formula_32. The B-spline contributes only in the range between the first and last of these knots and is zero elsewhere. If each knot is separated by the same distance formula_33 (where formula_34) from its predecessor, the knot vector and the corresponding B-splines are called "uniform" (see cardinal B-spline below).


title: B-spline

text: For each finite knot interval where it is non-zero, a B-spline is a polynomial of degree formula_2. A B-spline is a continuous function at the knots. When all knots belonging to the B-spline are distinct, its derivatives are also continuous up to the derivative of degree formula_36. If the knots are coincident at a given value of formula_3, the continuity of derivative order is reduced by 1 for each additional coincident knot. B-splines may share a subset of their knots, but two B-splines defined over exactly the same knots are identical. In other words, a B-spline is uniquely defined by its knots.


title: B-spline

text: One distinguishes internal knots and end points. Internal knots cover the formula_3-domain one is interested in. Since a single B-spline already extends over formula_30 knots, it follows that the internal knots need to be extended with formula_2 endpoints on each side, to give full support to the first and last B-spline, which affect the internal knot intervals. The values of the endpoints do not matter, usually the first or last internal knot is just repeated.


title: B-spline

text: The usefulness of B-splines lies in the fact that any spline function of order formula_1 on a given set of knots can be expressed as a linear combination of B-splines:


title: B-spline

text: B-splines play the role of basis functions for the spline function space, hence the name. This property follows from the fact that all pieces have the same continuity properties, within their individual range of support, at the knots.


title: B-spline

text: That is, formula_45 is piecewise constant one or zero indicating which knot span "x" is in (zero if knot span "j" is repeated). The recursion equation is in two parts:


title: B-spline

text: ramps from one to zero as "x" goes from formula_50 to formula_51. The corresponding "B"s are zero outside those respective ranges. For example, formula_52 is a triangular function that is zero below formula_53, ramps to one at formula_54 and back to zero at and beyond formula_55. However, because B-spline basis functions have local support, B-splines are typically computed by algorithms that do not need to evaluate basis functions where they are zero, such as de Boor's algorithm.


title: B-spline

text: This relation leads directly to the FORTRAN-coded algorithm BSPLV, which generates values of the B-splines of order "n" at "x". The following scheme illustrates how each piece of order "n" is a linear combination of the pieces of B-splines of order "n" − 1 to its left.


title: B-spline

text: Application of the recursion formula with the knots at formula_57 gives the pieces of the uniform B-spline of order 3


title: B-spline

text: These pieces are shown in the diagram. The continuity property of a quadratic spline function and its first derivative at the internal knots are illustrated, as follows


title: B-spline

text: Faster variants of the de Boor algorithm have been proposed, but they suffer from comparatively lower stability.


title: B-spline

text: A cardinal B-spline has a constant separation "h" between knots. The cardinal B-splines for a given order "n" are just shifted copies of each other. They can be obtained from the simpler definition.


title: B-spline

text: The "placeholder" notation is used to indicate that the "n"-th divided difference of the function formula_62 of the two variables "t" and "x" is to be taken by fixing "x" and considering formula_63 as a function of "t" alone.


title: B-spline

text: A cardinal B-spline has uniformly spaced knots, therefore interpolation between the knots equals convolution with a smoothing kernel.


title: B-spline

text: Example, if we want to interpolate three values in between B-spline nodes (formula_64), we can write the signal as


title: B-spline

text: Convolution of the signal formula_66 with a rectangle function formula_67 gives first order interpolated B-spline values. Second-order B-spline interpolation is convolution with a rectangle function twice formula_68; by iterative filtering with a rectangle function, higher-order interpolation is obtained.


title: B-spline

text: Fast B-spline interpolation on a uniform sample domain can be done by iterative mean-filtering. Alternatively, a rectangle function equals sinc in Fourier domain. Therefore, cubic spline interpolation equals multiplying the signal in Fourier domain with sinc.


title: B-spline

text: See Irwin–Hall distribution#Special cases for algebraic expressions for the cardinal B-splines of degree 1–4.


title: B-spline

text: The term P-spline stands for "penalized B-spline". It refers to using the B-spline representation where the coefficients are determined partly by the data to be fitted, and partly by an additional penalty function that aims to impose smoothness to avoid overfitting.


title: B-spline

text: Two- and multidimensional P-spline approximations of data can use the face-splitting product of matrices to the minimization of calculation operations.


title: B-spline

text: which shows that there is a simple relationship between the derivative of a spline function and the B-splines of degree one less.


title: B-spline

text: Univariate B-splines, i.e. B-splines where the knot positions lie in a single dimension, can be used to represent 1-d probability density functions formula_71. An example is a weighted sum of formula_72 B-spline basis functions of order formula_1, which each are area-normalized to unity (i.e. not directly evaluated using the standard de-Boor algorithm)


title: B-spline

text: The "k"-th raw moment formula_76 of a normalized B-spline formula_77 can be written as Carlson's Dirichlet average formula_78, which in turn can be solved exactly via a contour integral and an iterative sum as


title: B-spline

text: and formula_81. Here, formula_82 represents a vector with the formula_83 knot positions and formula_84 a vector with the respective knot multiplicities. One can therefore calculate any moment of a probability density function formula_71 represented by a sum of B-spline basis functions exactly, without resorting to numerical techniques.


title: B-spline

text: A Bézier curve is also a polynomial curve definable using a recursion from lower-degree curves of the same class and encoded in terms of control points, but a key difference is that all terms in the recursion for a Bézier curve segment have the same domain of definition (usually formula_86), whereas the supports of the two terms in the B-spline recursion are different (the outermost subintervals are not common). This means that a Bézier curve of degree formula_1 given by formula_88 control points consists of about formula_89 mostly independent segments, whereas the B-spline with the same parameters smoothly transitions from subinterval to subinterval. To get something comparable from a Bézier curve, one would need to impose a smoothness condition on transitions between segments, resulting in some manner of Bézier spline (for which many control points would be determined by the smoothness requirement).


title: B-spline

text: A piecewise/composite Bézier curve is a series of Bézier curves joined with at least C0 continuity (the last point of one curve coincides with the starting point of the next curve). Depending on the application, additional smoothness requirements (such as C1 or C2 continuity) may be added. C1 continuous curves have identical tangents at the breakpoint (where the two curves meet). C2 continuous curves have identical curvature at the breakpoint.


title: B-spline

text: Usually in curve fitting, a set of data points is fitted with a curve defined by some mathematical function. For example, common types of curve fitting use a polynomial or a set of exponential functions. When there is no theoretical basis for choosing a fitting function, the curve may be fitted with a spline function composed of a sum of B-splines, using the method of least squares. Thus, the objective function for least-squares minimization is, for a spline function of degree "k",


title: B-spline

text: where "W"("x") is a weight, and "y"("x") is the datum value at "x". The coefficients formula_91 are the parameters to be determined. The knot values may be fixed or treated as parameters.


title: B-spline

text: The main difficulty in applying this process is in determining the number of knots to use and where they should be placed. de Boor suggests various strategies to address this problem. For instance, the spacing between knots is decreased in proportion to the curvature (2nd derivative) of the data. A few applications have been published. For instance, the use of B-splines for fitting single Lorentzian and Gaussian curves has been investigated. Optimal spline functions of degrees 3–7 inclusive, based on symmetric arrangements of 5, 6, and 7 knots, have been computed and the method was applied for smoothing and differentiation of spectroscopic curves. In a comparable study, the two-dimensional version of the Savitzky–Golay filtering and the spline method produced better results than moving average or Chebyshev filtering.


title: B-spline

text: In computer-aided design and computer graphics applications, a spline curve is sometimes represented as formula_92, a parametric curve of some real parameter formula_93. In this case the curve formula_92 can be treated as two or three separate coordinate functions formula_95, or formula_96. The coordinate functions formula_97, formula_98 and formula_99 are each spline functions, with a common set of knot values formula_100.


title: B-spline

text: Because a B-splines form basis functions, each of the coordinate functions can be expressed as a linear sum of B-splines, so we have


title: B-spline

text: The weights formula_102, formula_103 and formula_104 can be combined to form points formula_105 in 3-d space. These points formula_106 are commonly known as control points.


title: B-spline

text: Working in reverse, a sequence of control points, knot values, and order of the B-spline define a parametric curve. This representation of a curve by control points has several useful properties:


title: B-spline

text: A less desirable feature is that the parametric curve does not interpolate the control points. Usually the curve does not pass through the control points.


title: B-spline

text: In computer aided design, computer aided manufacturing, and computer graphics, a powerful extension of B-splines is non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS). NURBS are essentially B-splines in homogeneous coordinates. Like B-splines, they are defined by their order, and a knot vector, and a set of control points, but unlike simple B-splines, the control points each have a weight. When the weight is equal to 1, a NURBS is simply a B-spline and as such NURBS generalizes both B-splines and Bézier curves and surfaces, the primary difference being the weighting of the control points which makes NURBS curves "rational".


title: B-spline

text: By evaluating a NURBS at various values of the parameters, the curve can be traced through space; likewise, by evaluating a NURBS surface at various values of the two parameters, the surface can be represented in Cartesian space.


title: B-spline

text: Like B-splines, NURBS control points determine the shape of the curve. Each point of the curve is computed by taking a weighted sum of a number of control points. The weight of each point varies according to the governing parameter. For a curve of degree "d", the influence of any control point is only nonzero in "d"+1 intervals (knot spans) of the parameter space. Within those intervals, the weight changes according to a polynomial function (basis functions) of degree "d". At the boundaries of the intervals, the basis functions go smoothly to zero, the smoothness being determined by the degree of the polynomial.


title: B-spline

text: The knot vector is a sequence of parameter values that determines where and how the control points affect the NURBS curve. The number of knots is always equal to the number of control points plus curve degree plus one. Each time the parameter value enters a new knot span, a new control point becomes active, while an old control point is discarded.


title: B-spline

text: Here the notation is as follows. "u" is the independent variable (instead of "x"), "k" is the number of control points, "N" is a B-spline (used instead of "B"), "n" is the polynomial degree, "P" is a control point and "w" is a weight. The denominator is a normalizing factor that evaluates to one if all weights are one.


title: B-spline

text: A NURBS surface is obtained as the tensor product of two NURBS curves, thus using two independent parameters "u" and "v" (with indices "i" and "j" respectively):


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: Dmitry Olegovich Rogozin (; born 21 December 1963) is a Russian politician who was Director General of Roscosmos since 2018 until July 15, 2022. He was previously Deputy Prime Minister of Russia in charge of the defense industry from 2011 to 2018, and Russia's ambassador to NATO from 2008 to 2011.


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: He was also the leader of the far-right Rodina political party, which was created in 2003, until it merged with other parties to form A Just Russia in 2006.


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: Rogozin was born in Moscow to the family of a Soviet military scientist. He graduated from Moscow State University in 1986 with a degree in journalism, and in 1988 he graduated from the University of Marxism–Leninism under the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU with a degree in economics.


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: His thesis on "Philosophy and Theory of Wars" earned him a Doctor of Philosophy while a Doctor of Technical Sciences was awarded him in the specialty "weapons theory, military-technical policy, weapons systems". Both were earned while he was professionally engaged in politics.


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: Rogozin fought in the 1990-92 Transnistria war against the Moldovan forces. He is a vocal supporter of Transnistria's independence from Moldova.


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: In 1993, Rogozin joined the recently created party Congress of Russian Communities led by General Alexander Lebed and, after its founder died in a 2002 helicopter crash, Rogozin became joint leader with Sergey Glazyev of what became the Rodina party, which was described by "Novaya Gazeta" liberal journalist Anna Politkovskaya as 'created by the Kremlin's spin doctors specifically ... to draw moderately nationalist voters away from the more extreme National Bolsheviks'. Rogozin was elected to the State Duma as a deputy from Voronezh Oblast in 1997, and he became a vocal activist for protection of rights of ethnic Russians in the former Soviet republics.


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: Rogozin was re-elected to the State Duma in 1999 and then appointed the Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee, drawing a lot of media attention and a share of criticism for some of his flamboyant public remarks. In 2002, he was appointed a Special Representative of the Russian President to deal with Kaliningrad problems that arose by the Baltic states joining the European Union. Rogozin received an official letter of gratitude from Russian President Vladimir Putin.


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: In 2003, Rogozin became one of the leaders of the Rodina (Motherland) "national-patriotic" coalition, which won 9.2% of the popular vote or 37 of the 450 seats in the Duma in 2003 parliamentary election, briefly propelling him to the post of the Duma's vice-speaker, from which he was dismissed a year and a half later as a result of some elaborate interfaction dealings. He remained an ordinary member of the Duma until the following election, in 2007.


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: After the breakthrough in 2003 elections, Rogozin became involved in power struggle with Rodina's other co-chairman Glazyev, who had socialist views. Glazyev nominated himself as the party's candidate in the 2004 presidential election, but Rogozin called on his party comrades to support incumbent Putin. Rogozin soon ousted Glazyev, to become the party's sole leader.


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: Under Rogozin, Rodina shifted towards the right wing of Russian politics and became the second largest and one of the country's most successful parties. A number of controversies on Rogozin's policies culminated in it being banned in 2005 from standing for election to the Moscow City Duma for using what was considered as chauvinist slogan 'Let's Clean the Garbage!'. Many analysts believe it was made illegally to prevent Rogozin becoming a candidate at the Russian presidential elections in 2008.


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: Rogozin's right views were not shared by all his party's members. In early 2006, at Rodina's congress, Rogozin resigned as party leader. Rogozin left Rodina after its merger with the Russian Party of Life and the Pensioners' Party into Fair Russia. In November 2006, he was the Chairman of the revived Congress of Russian Communities. In April 2007, he announced that he may support the formation of the Great Russia Party, in conjunction with the Movement Against Illegal Immigration. The party said that it may consider supporting the candidacy of Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko for the Presidency of Russia in 2008, a move that was unconstitutional because Lukashenko is not a Russian citizen. Because Russian authorities had not registered Great Russia, the party could not contest the legislative election in 2007.


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: In 2008, he was appointed by the Medvedev-Putin duumvirate as the Russian ambassador to NATO. As Russia's NATO envoy, he was heavily opposed to Ukraine and Georgia becoming members of NATO. After the two countries were denied membership of the NATO Membership Action Plan, he claimed, "They will not invite these bankrupt scandalous regimes to join NATO... more so as important partnerships with Russia are at stake". For such words, he was criticized by some Ukrainian and Georgian officials. A former Ukrainian envoy to NATO, Ihor Sahach, said, "In my opinion, he is merely used as one of cogs in the informational war waged against Ukraine. Sooner or later, I think, it should be stopped". The envoy also expressed a surprise with Rogozin's slang words: "It was for the first time that I heard such a higher official as envoy using this, I don't even know how to describe it, whether it was a slang or language of criminal circles…. I understand Russian, but, I'm sorry, I don't know what his words meant". The Foreign Minister of Ukraine Volodymyr Ohryzko stated that he did not regard the statement as serious.


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: On 18 February 2011, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev appointed Rogozin as the Special Representative on anti-missile defense; he negotiated with NATO countries on this issue.


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: On 23 December 2011, Rogozin was appointed as Putin's Deputy Prime Minister in charge of the defense and space industries. For the defense industry, he led the creation of the Russian Foundation for Advanced Research Projects in the Defense Industry.


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: In 2014, Rogozin was involved in several diplomatic conflicts following the 2014 Crimean crisis. On 17 March 2014, the day after the Crimean status referendum, Rogozin became one of the first seven people who were put under executive sanctions by US President Barack Obama. The sanctions froze his assets in the US and banned him from entering the country. He was also added to the Canadian and to the EU sanction list due to the Crimean crisis. In 2015, Rogozin stated that Russia's defence sector has "many other ways of traveling the world besides tourist visas" and "tanks don't need visas". On 29 April 2014, he tweeted: "After analyzing the sanctions against our space industry, I suggest to the USA to bring their astronauts to the International Space Station using a trampoline". On 31 May 2020, Elon Musk replied following the successful launch of Crew Dragon Demo-2, that "the trampoline is working".


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: On 10 May 2014, Rogozin started a diplomatic conflict between Romania and Russia after Romania barred his plane from entering its airspace. In response, he made two threatening posts on his Twitter account, one of which stated that next time, he would fly on board a Tu-160 bomber.


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: Rogozin wrote a foreword for a book published in 2014, "Alaska Betrayed and Sold: The History of a Palace Conspiracy", by Ivan Mironov. In it, Rogozin supported Mironov's claim that the sale of Alaska was a betrayal of Russian power status. The book argues for "the historical and judicial right of Russia for the return of the lost colonies, Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, over which the Russian flag flew 150 years ago". Rogozin stated that "Russia giving up its colonial possessions makes it necessary to look in a different way at our diplomacy in the era of Gorbachev and Yeltsin, trading away pieces of the Soviet Empire", labelling the historical narrative as "outright lies and falsifications" and arguing that "the liberal idols of the 19th century— the Russian reformers of Alexander II and his brother Grand Duke Konstantin" betrayed Russia's geopolitical interests and demonstrated "the impossibility of establishing diplomatic relations exclusively on concessions and compromises". Mironov had previously been accused of attempting to assassinate Anatoly Chubais, who had played a key role in Russia's privatization, in 2005. He spent two years in prison before the Duma pardoned him. Rogozin finished his foreword with a call for Alaska and the Aleutian Islands to be returned to Russia.


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: On 28 July 2017, he boarded an S7 Airlines commercial flight to Chișinău, where he would meet Moldovan President Igor Dodon, but the Romanian government again denied permission for the plane to enter its airspace, citing the "presence of a sanctioned person on board". The Boeing 737-800 went on a holding pattern in Hungarian airspace for a while, but after Hungary denied permission for landing and ordered the plane to leave, it was decided to divert to Minsk, Belarus, outside of the EU, reportedly with barely enough fuel to reach there. The plane later flew to Chișinău with the remaining passengers, but without Rogozin. The Deputy Prime-Minister later tweeted: "The Romanian authorities endangered the lives of passengers on an S7 flight, women and children. Fuel was [just] enough to [get to] Minsk. Wait for an answer, vermin!" Asked about Rogozin's threat, Romanian National Defense Minister said: "I don't think we need to make this a discussion, we would be in the wrong attempting to escalate by all sorts of statements the statements made by others. I believe it's wise to mind our business and see to our program."


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: In May 2018, Putin selected Rogozin to be the head of Roscosmos, the Russian state space agency for two decades after the early 1990s and, in the past few years, transformed by Rogozin from a state agency into a state corporation.


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: On 24 February 2022, Rogozin stated on Twitter that the international sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War could lead to the uncontrolled deorbiting of the International Space Station onto the territory of multiple countries. He questioned "who will save the ISS from an uncontrolled deorbit and fall into the United States or Europe?" He additionally said that "There is also the option of dropping a 500-ton structure to India and China. Do you want to threaten them with such a prospect?", adding "The ISS does not fly over Russia, so all the risks are yours. Are you ready for them?" This was accompanied by a map displaying the possible crash zone, with the US, most of Europe, and the entire southern hemisphere covered. A Canadian broadcaster reported this as an apparent threat, while The Daily Telegraph stated that experts believe it could take years for the ISS to deorbit even without the Russian module. Rogozin criticized the sanctions that U.S. President Joe Biden said were designed to "degrade [Russia's] aerospace industry, including their space program."


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: On 26 February 2022, Rogozin posted a video threatening to leave US astronaut Mark T. Vande Hei in space and separate Russian modules of the space station altogether. In March Roscosmos produced a mocked-up video portraying this, with cosmonauts saying goodbye to Vande Hei and detaching the Russian segment from the ISS. The Telegraph reported that this video was provocative and sparked fears because Vande Hei was scheduled to return to Earth along with two Russian cosmonauts in a Russian Soyuz capsule on 30 March. President Biden protested and demanded an apology which was refused by Rogozin.


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: On 2 March Rogozin posted on Twitter a video of workers removing the US, UK, and Japanese flags from a Soyuz rocket. He tweeted: "The launchers at Baikonur decided that without the flags of some countries, our rocket would look more beautiful". The Z symbol in support of the invasion was also seen being taped by technicians to launch equipment. The Indian flag was not shown to be removed. He banned Roscosmos employees from traveling abroad. These statements led to a public dispute with US astronaut Scott Kelly. In response to Kelly's criticism, Rogozin called him a "moron" and said "the death of the ISS will be on your conscience". NASA administrator Bill Nelson downplayed Rogozin's comments, saying "That’s just Dmitry Rogozin. He spouts off every now and then. But at the end of the day, he’s worked with us". He further commented "The other people that work in the Russian civilian space program, they’re professional", and explained "The professional relationship between astronauts and cosmonauts, it hasn’t missed a beat". NASA stated that the plan for returning Vande Hei to Earth had not changed.


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: On 2 April Rogozin said that the aim of the economic sanctions against Russia is to "kill Russian economy and plunge our people into despair and hunger, to get our country on its knees". The next day he called for the lifting of sanctions on two Russian companies, TsNIIMash and Progress Rocket Space Centre, that are involved in the ISS.


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: On 10 May Rogozin observed that StarLink owner Elon Musk had sent to the "militants of the Nazi Azov battalion" in Mariupol some equipment that allowed them better to survive the onslaught of the Russian invaders, and remarked to Musk that "You will be held accountable as an adult, no matter how much you play the fool."


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: On 22 May Rogozin warned that 50 new Satan II/RS-28 Sarmat/SS-X-30 intercontinental nuclear missiles will soon be combat ready. He said that “I suggest that aggressors speak to us more politely".


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: On 13 June Rogozin stated that Ukraine must be destroyed once and for all: "what appeared in the place of Ukraine is an existential threat to the Russian people, Russian history, Russian language and Russian civilization. If we do not put an end to them, as, unfortunately, our grandfathers failed to, our grandchildren will be dying while putting an end to them at even greater cost. So let's put an end to them. Once and for all. For the sake of our grandchildren."


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: On 28 June Rogozin had Roscosmos publish satellite images of the building in use for the 2022 NATO Madrid summit, as well as defense headquarters in France, UK, Germany and the US. The agency identified them all as a "decision-making centers" that "support Ukrainian nationalists". Rogozin personally remarked that the satellite imagery firm Maxar maintained the government of Ukraine on its client list and complained about the formation of a single cloud data pipeline from NATO to the Ukrainian military.


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: On 15 July 2022 Rogozin was dismissed from the position of the head of Roskosmos, former Vice Prime Minister Yury Borisov was appointed as his successor. In October 2022, the Executive Director of Human Spaceflight Programs at Roscosmos, Sergei Krikalev confirmed the reason for Rogozin's dismissal was to ease tensions.


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: Rogozin was an active user of Twitter and Facebook, but abruptly ceased posting on social media after his dismissal from Roskosmos in 2022.


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: According to anti-corruption activist Alexei Navalny, Rogozin earned a salary of 29.5 million rubles ($460,000) in 2018, which is vastly higher than that of NASA's chief. Engineers at Roscosmos make about $10,000 a year.


title: Dmitry Rogozin

text: Russians critical of the 2022 Russian mobilization are reportedly using social media and other electronic means (e.g. Twitter) to enquire en masse Russia's top officials, who support war with Ukraine and mobilization, whether they themselves or their sons would go to the front. Most either refuse to answer or block the person asking e.g. Dmitry Rogozin's reaction to the BBC question on Twitter, whether he has advised his son Alexei to volunteer. In 2016, his son Alexei Rogozin was appointed deputy director of the Property Department of the Ministry of Defense.


title: Embarrassment

text: Embarrassment or awkwardness is an emotional state that is associated with mild to severe levels of discomfort, and which is usually experienced when someone commits (or thinks of) a socially unacceptable or frowned-upon act that is witnessed by or revealed to others. Frequently grouped with shame and guilt, embarrassment is considered a “self-conscious emotion,” and it can have a profoundly negative impact on a person’s thoughts or behavior.


title: Embarrassment

text: Usually, some perception of loss of honor or dignity (or other high-value ideals) is involved, but the embarrassment level and the type depends on the situation.


title: Embarrassment

text: Embarrassment can be personal, caused by unwanted attention to private matters or personal flaws or mishaps or shyness. Some causes of embarrassment stem from personal actions, such as being caught in a lie or in making a mistake. In many cultures, being seen nude or inappropriately dressed is a particularly stressful form of embarrassment (see modesty). Personal embarrassment can also stem from the actions of others who place the embarrassed person in a socially awkward situation—such as a parent showing one's baby pictures to friends, having someone make a derogatory comment about one's appearance or behavior, discovering one is the victim of gossip, being rejected by another person (see also humiliation), being made the focus of attention (e.g., birthday celebrants, newlyweds), or even witnessing someone else's embarrassment.


title: Embarrassment

text: Personal embarrassment is usually accompanied by some combination of blushing, sweating, nervousness, stammering, and fidgeting. Sometimes the embarrassed person tries to mask embarrassment with smiles or nervous laughter, especially in etiquette situations. Such a response is more common in certain cultures, which may lead to misunderstanding. There may also be feelings of anger depending on the perceived seriousness of the situation, especially if the individual thinks another person is intentionally causing the embarrassment. There is a range of responses, with the most minor being a perception of the embarrassing act as inconsequential or even humorous, to intense apprehension or fear.


title: Embarrassment

text: The idea that embarrassment serves an apology or appeasement function originated with Goffman who argued the embarrassed individual "demonstrates that he/she is at least disturbed by the fact and may prove worthy at another time". Semin and Manstead demonstrated social functions of embarrassment whereby the perpetrator of knocking over a sales display (the "bad act") was deemed more likable by others if he/she appeared embarrassed than if he/she appeared unconcerned – regardless of restitution behavior (rebuilding the display). The capacity to experience embarrassment can also be seen as functional for the group or culture. It has been demonstrated that those who are not prone to embarrassment are more likely to engage in antisocial behavior – for example, adolescent boys who displayed more embarrassment were found less likely to engage in aggressive/delinquent behaviors. Similarly, embarrassment exhibited by boys more likely to engage in aggressive/delinquent behavior was less than one-third of that exhibited by non-aggressive boys. Thus proneness to embarrassment (i.e., a concern for how one is evaluated by others) can act as a brake on behavior that would be dysfunctional for a group or culture.


title: Embarrassment

text: Embarrassment can also be professional or official, especially after statements expressing confidence in a stated course of action, or willful disregard for evidence. Embarrassment increases greatly in instances involving official duties or workplace facilities, large amounts of money or materials, or loss of human life. Examples of causes include a government's failed public policy, exposure of corrupt practices or unethical behavior, a celebrity whose personal habits receive public scrutiny or face legal action, or officials caught in serious personally embarrassing situations. Even small errors or miscalculations can lead to significantly greater official embarrassment if it is discovered that there was willful disregard for evidence or directives involved (e.g., see Space Shuttle Challenger).


title: Embarrassment

text: Not all official failures result in official embarrassment, even if the circumstances lead to some slight personal embarrassment for the people involved. For example, losing a close political election might cause some personal embarrassment for the candidate but generally would be considered an honorable loss in the profession and thus not necessarily lead to professional embarrassment. Similarly, a scientist might be personally disappointed and embarrassed if one of their hypotheses was proven wrong, but would not normally suffer professional embarrassment as a result. By contrast, exposure of falsified data supporting a scientific claim would likely lead to professional embarrassment in the scientific community. Professional or official embarrassment is often accompanied by public expressions of anger, denial of involvement, or attempts to minimize the consequences. Sometimes the embarrassed entity issues press statements, removes or distances themselves from sub-level employees, attempts to carry on as if nothing happened, suffers income loss, emigrates, or vanishes from public view.


title: Embarrassment

text: Vicarious embarrassment is an embarrassed feeling from observing the embarrassing actions of another person. People who rate themselves as more empathic are more likely to experience vicarious embarrassment. The effect is present whether or not the observed party is aware of the embarrassing nature of their actions, although awareness generally increases the strength of the felt vicarious embarrassment, as does an accidental (as opposed to intentional) action.


title: Embarrassment

text: One typology of embarrassment is described by Sharkey and Stafford. There are six types of embarrassment:


title: Embarrassment

text: Another typology, by Cupach and Metts, discusses the dimensions of intended-unintended and appropriate-inappropriate behavior, and four basic types of embarrassing circumstances:


title: Embarrassment

text: Based on these types, Cupach and Metts classify two basic embarrassment situations: the actor responsible and the observer responsible. Actor responsible situations are embarrassing when a person executes an act that is either inappropriate to a point of proficiency matching social norms and expectations, inconsistent with role expectations, or is out-of-sync with a social identity. The observer responsible categories are embarrassing when an individual becomes the focus of attention through:


title: Embarrassment

text: The first known written occurrence of "embarrass" in English was in 1664 by Samuel Pepys in his diary. The word derives from the French word "embarrasser", "to block" or "obstruct", whose first recorded usage was by Michel de Montaigne in 1580. The French word was derived from the Spanish "embarazar", whose first recorded usage was in 1460 in "Cancionero de Stúñiga" (Songbook of Stúñiga) by Álvaro de Luna. The Spanish word comes from the Portuguese "embaraçar", which is a combination of the prefix "em-" (from Latin "im-" for "in-") with "baraço" or "baraça", "a noose" or "rope". "Baraça" originated before the Romans began their conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in 218 BC. Thus, "baraça" could be related to the Celtic word "barr", "tuft". (Celtic people actually settled much of Spain and Portugal beginning in the 8th century BC) However, it certainly is not directly derived from it, as the substitution of "r" for "rr" in Ibero-Romantic languages was not a known occurrence.


title: Embarrassment

text: The Spanish word may come from the Italian "imbarazzare", from "imbarazzo", "obstacle" or "obstruction". That word came from "imbarrare", "to block" or "bar", which is a combination of "in-", "in" with "barra", "bar" (from the Vulgar Latin "barra", which is of unknown origin). The problem with this theory is that the first known usage of the word in Italian was by Bernardo Davanzati (1529–1606), long after the word had entered Spanish.


title: Embarrassment

text: Embarrassing another person is considered to be a serious sin in Judaism. Rabbis quoted in the Babylonian Talmud state that embarrassing another person in public is akin to murder (literally "spilling blood"). Rabbi Naḥman bar Yitzḥak responds by noting how the analogy of "spilling blood" is apt since, when a person is embarrassed, their face becomes less flushed and more pale (after the initial flush).


title: Lili Damita

text: Lili Damita (born Liliane Marie-Madeleine Carré; 10 July 1904 – 21 March 1994) was a French-American actress and singer who appeared in 33 films between 1922 and 1937.


title: Lili Damita

text: Lili Damita was born Liliane Marie-Madeleine Carré in Blaye, France, on 10 July 1904. Her father was an officer. She was educated in convents and ballet schools in several countries, including her native France, as well as Spain and Portugal. At 14, she was enrolled as a dancer at the Opéra de Paris.


title: Lili Damita

text: As a teenager, she was performing in popular music halls, eventually appearing in the Revue at the Casino de Paris. She worked as a photographic model. Offered a role in film as a prize for winning a magazine beauty competition in 1921, she appeared in several silent films before being offered her first leading role in "Das Spielzeug von Paris" (1925) by Hungarian-born director Michael Curtiz. She was an instant success, and Curtiz directed her in two more films: "Fiaker Nr. 13" (1926) and "Der goldene Schmetterling" (1926). Damita continued appearing next in German productions directed by Robert Wiene ("Die große Abenteuerin"; 1928), G.W. Pabst ("Man spielt nicht mit der Liebe"; 1926) and British director Graham Cutts ("The Queen Was in the Parlour"; 1927).


title: Lili Damita

text: In 1928, Damita was invited to Hollywood by Samuel Goldwyn and made her American film debut in "The Rescue". She was leased out to various studios, appearing with stars and leading men such as Maurice Chevalier, Laurence Olivier, James Cagney, Gary Cooper and Cary Grant. Her films included box office successes "The Cock-Eyed World" (1929), the semi-silent "The Bridge of San Luis Rey" (1929) and "This Is the Night" (1932).


title: Lili Damita

text: Following a lengthy affair with Curtiz, she married unknown actor Errol Flynn in 1935 and retired from the screen. Flynn soon became one of Hollywood's biggest box office attractions, and in 1941 they had a son, Sean Flynn. The couple had an acrimonious divorce in 1942. She is portrayed by Barbara Hershey in the TV film "My Wicked, Wicked Ways" (1985) based on Flynn's autobiography. While living in Palm Beach, Florida, Damita married Allen Loomis in 1962, a retired Fort Dodge, Iowa, dairy products manufacter, and spent part of each year living there. They divorced in the mid-80s.


title: Lili Damita

text: During the Cambodian Civil War (Khmer Rouge reign), her son Sean Flynn was working as a freelance photo journalist under contract to "Time" magazine when he and fellow journalist Dana Stone went missing on the road south of Phnom Penh, Cambodia, on 6 April 1970. Although Damita spent an enormous amount of money searching for her son, he was never found, and in 1984 he was declared legally dead.


title: Lili Damita

text: Damita died of Alzheimer's disease on 21 March 1994, in Palm Beach, Florida, aged 89. She was interred in the Oakland Cemetery in Fort Dodge, Iowa, her last husband's hometown.


title: Hampton University

text: Hampton University is a private, historically black, research university in Hampton, Virginia. Founded in 1868 as Hampton Agricultural and Industrial School, it was established by Black and White leaders of the American Missionary Association after the American Civil War to provide education to freedmen. The campus houses the Hampton University Museum, which is the oldest museum of the African diaspora in the United States and the oldest museum in the commonwealth of Virginia. First led by former Union General Samuel Chapman Armstrong, Hampton University's main campus is located on 314 acres in Hampton, Virginia, on the banks of the Hampton River.


title: Hampton University

text: The university offers 90 programs, including 50 bachelor's degree programs, 25 master's degree programs and nine doctoral programs. The university has a satellite campus in Virginia Beach and also has online offerings. Hampton University is home to 16 research centers, including the Hampton University Proton Therapy Institute, the largest free-standing facility of its kind in the world. Hampton University is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity."


title: Hampton University

text: The campus was founded on the grounds of "Little Scotland", a former plantation in Elizabeth City County that is located on the river. It overlooked Hampton Roads and was not far from Fortress Monroe and the Grand Contraband Camp that gathered nearby. Formerly enslaved men and women sought refuge with Union forces in the South during the first year of the war. Their facilities represented freedom.


title: Hampton University

text: In 1861 the American Missionary Association (AMA) responded to the former slaves' need for education and hired Mary Smith Peake as its first teacher at the camp. She had already secretly been teaching slaves and free blacks in the area despite the state's legal prohibition. She first taught for the AMA on September 17, 1861, and was said to gather her pupils under a large oak. In 1863 the Emancipation Proclamation was read here - the first place in the Confederate states. From then on the big tree was called the Emancipation Oak. The tree, now a symbol of both the university and of the city, survives as part of the designated National Historic Landmark District at Hampton University.


title: Hampton University

text: The Hampton Agricultural and Industrial School, later called the Hampton Institute, was founded in 1868 after the war by the biracial leadership of the American Missionary Association, who were chiefly Congregational and Presbyterian ministers. It was first led by former Union General Samuel Chapman Armstrong. Among the school's famous alumni is Dr. Booker T. Washington, an educator who was hired as the first principal at the Tuskegee Institute, which he developed for decades.


title: Hampton University

text: During the American Civil War (1861–1865), Union-held Fortress Monroe in southeastern Virginia at the mouth of Hampton Roads became a gathering point and safe haven of sorts for fugitive slaves. The commander, General Benjamin F. Butler, determined they were "contraband of war", to protect them from being returned to slaveholders, who clamored to reclaim them. As numerous individuals sought freedom behind Union lines, the Army arranged for the construction of the Grand Contraband Camp nearby, from materials reclaimed from the ruins of Hampton, which had been burned by the retreating Confederate Army. This area was later called "Slabtown."


title: Hampton University

text: Hampton University traces its roots to Mary S. Peake, who began in 1861 with outdoor classes for freedmen, whom she taught under what is now the landmark Emancipation Oak in the nearby area of Elizabeth City County. In 1863 the newly issued Emancipation Proclamation was read to a gathering under the historic tree there.


title: Hampton University

text: After the War, a normal school (teacher training school) was formalized in 1868, with former Union brevet Brigadier General Samuel C. Armstrong (1839–1893) as its first principal. The new school was established on the grounds of a former plantation named "Little Scotland", which had a view of Hampton Roads. The original school buildings fronted the Hampton River. Legally chartered in 1870 as a land grant school, it was first known as Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute.


title: Hampton University

text: Typical of historically black colleges, Hampton received much of its financial support in the years following the Civil War from the American Missionary Association (whose black and white leaders represented the Congregational and Presbyterian churches), other church groups, and former officers and soldiers of the Union Army. One of the many Civil War veterans who gave substantial sums to the school was General William Jackson Palmer, a Union cavalry commander from Philadelphia. He later built the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, and founded Colorado Springs, Colorado. As the Civil War began in 1861, although his Quaker upbringing made Palmer abhor violence, his passion to see the slaves freed compelled him to enter the war. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for bravery in 1894. (The current Palmer Hall on the campus is named in his honor.)


title: Hampton University

text: At the close of its first decade, the school reported a total admission in those ten years of 927 students, with 277 graduates, all but 17 of whom had become teachers. Many of them had bought land and established themselves in homes; many were farming as well as teaching; some had gone into business. Only a very small proportion failed to do well. By another 10 years, there had been over 600 graduates. In 1888, of the 537 still alive, three-fourths were teaching, and about half as many undergraduates were also teaching. It was estimated that 15,000 children in community schools were being taught by Hampton's students and alumni that year.


title: Hampton University

text: After Armstrong's death, Hampton's leaders continued to develop a highly successful external relations program that forged a network of devoted supporters. By 1900, Hampton was the wealthiest school serving African Americans, largely due to its success in development and fundraising.


title: Hampton University

text: Hampton also had the only library school in the United States for educating black librarians. The Hampton Institute Library School opened in 1925 and through its Negro Teacher-Librarian Program (NTLTP) trained and issued professional degrees to 183 black librarians. The library school closed in 1939.


title: Hampton University

text: Among Hampton's earliest students was Booker T. Washington, who arrived from West Virginia in 1872 at the age of 16. He worked his way through Hampton, and then went on to attend Wayland Seminary in Washington D.C. After graduation, he returned to Hampton and became a teacher. Upon recommendation of Sam Armstrong to the founder Lewis Adams and others, of a small new school in Tuskegee Alabama that had begun in 1874. In 1881, Washington went to Tuskegee at age 25 to strengthen it and develop it to the status of a Normal school, one recognized as being able to produce qualified teachers.


title: Hampton University

text: This new institution eventually became Tuskegee University. Embracing much of Armstrong's philosophy, Washington built Tuskegee into a substantial school and became nationally famous as an educator, orator, and fund-raiser as well. He collaborated with the philanthropist Julius Rosenwald in the early 20th century to create a model for rural black schools – Rosenwald established a fund that matched monies raised by communities to build more than 5,000 schools for rural black children, mostly in the South. Washington recruited his Hampton classmate (1875), Charles W. Greene to the work at Tuskegee in 1888 to lead the Agriculture Department. Washington and Greene recruited George Washington Carver to the Tuskegee Agriculture faculty upon his graduation with a master's degree from Iowa State University in 1896.


title: Hampton University

text: Carver provided such technical strength in agriculture that in 1900, Booker T. Washington assigned Greene to establish a demonstration of black business capability and economic independence off-campus in Tuskegee. This project, entirely black-owned, comprised 4,000 lots of real estate and was formally established and designated Greenwood in 1901, as a demonstration for black-owned business and residential districts in every city in the nation with a significant black population. After Booker T. Washington visited Tulsa, Oklahoma in 1905 and addressed a large gathering there, the Oklahomans followed the Tuskegee model and named Tulsa's black-owned and operated district "Greenwood" in 1906.


title: Hampton University

text: In 1878, Hampton established a formal education program for Native Americans to accommodate men who had been held as prisoners of war. In 1875 at the end of the American Indian Wars, the United States Army sent seventy-two warriors from the Cheyenne, Kiowa, Comanche and Caddo Nations, to imprisonment and exile in St. Augustine, Florida. Essentially they were used as hostages to persuade their peoples in the West to keep peace. Lieutenant Richard Henry Pratt supervised them at Fort Marion and began to arrange for their education in the English language and American culture.


title: Hampton University

text: St. Augustine was attracting numerous visitors from the North as it became known as a winter resort. Many became interested in the Native Americans held at Fort Marion and volunteered as teachers. They also provided the men with art supplies. Some of the men created what is now known as ledger art in this period. Some of the resulting works (including by David Pendleton Oakerhater) are held by the Smithsonian Institution.


title: Hampton University

text: At the end of the warriors' incarceration, Pratt convinced seventeen of the younger men to enroll at Hampton Institute for additional education. He also recruited additional Native American students: a total of seventy Native Americans, young men and women from various tribes, mostly from the Plains rather than the acculturated tribes of Virginia, joined that first class. Because Virginia's First Families sometimes boasted of their Native American heritage through Pocahontas, some supporters hoped that the Native American students would help locals to accept the institute's black students. The black students were also supposed to help "civilize" the Native American students to current American society, and the Native Americans to "uplift the Negro[es]."


title: Hampton University

text: In 1923, in the face of growing controversy over racial mingling, after the former Confederate states had disenfranchised blacks and imposed Jim Crow, the Native American program ended. Native Americans stopped sending their boys to the school after some employers fired Native American men because they had been educated with blacks. The program's final director resigned because she could not prevent "amalgamation" between the Native American girls and black boys.


title: Hampton University

text: Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute became simply Hampton Institute in 1930. In 1931 the George P. Phenix School for all age groups was opened there under principal Ian Ross. A new nurses' training school was attached to the Dixie Hospital, with Nina Gage as director. In 1945 the Austrian-American psychologist, art educator, and author of the influential text book "Creative and Mental Growth" Viktor Lowenfeld joined the Hampton faculty as an assistant professor of industrial arts and eventually became chair of the Art Department. By 1971 the university offered 42 evening classes in programs including "Educational Psychology", "Introduction to Oral Communication", "Modern Mathematics", and "Playwriting", among others. At the time, the tuition cost for these courses was $30 per semester hour.


title: Hampton University

text: With the addition of departments and graduate programs, it became Hampton University in 1984. Originally located in Elizabeth City County, it was long-located in the Town of Phoebus, incorporated in 1900. Phoebus and Elizabeth City County were consolidated with the neighboring City of Hampton to form a much larger independent city in 1952. The City of Hampton uses the Emancipation Oak on its official seal. From 1960 to 1970, noted diplomat and educator Jerome H. Holland was president of the Hampton Institute.


title: Hampton University

text: The university and its leadership has also been met with criticism. In 2018, Hampton University students launched a protest calling for the administration to address several concerns they believed to be longstanding and urgent, including food quality, living conditions and the handling of sexual assault complaints. The university released a statement indicating that it was "moving forward" to address student concerns and issues.


title: Hampton University

text: In July 2020, philanthropist MacKenzie Scott donated $30 million to Hampton. The donation is the largest single gift in Hampton's history. Hampton's president has sole discretion on how funds will be used but has committed to consulting with other university leaders on the best way to allocate the generous donation.


title: Hampton University

text: In June 2022, Dr. William R. Harvey retired as the 12th president of Hampton University after 43 years of service. He is the longest serving president in Hampton's history and one of the longest serving college presidents in the nation. He is succeeded by Darrell K. Williams who is a 1983 graduate of Hampton University.


title: Hampton University

text: The campus contains several buildings that contribute to its National Historic Landmark district: Virginia-Cleveland Hall (freshman female dormitory, as well as former home to the school's two cafeterias), Wigwam building (home to administrative offices), Academy Building (administrative offices), Memorial Chapel (religious services) and the President's Mansion House.


title: Hampton University

text: The original High School on the campus became Phenix Hall when Hampton City Public Schools opened a new Phenix High School in 1962. Phenix Hall was damaged in a minor fire on June 12, 2008.


title: Hampton University

text: The Hampton University Museum was founded in 1868 and is the nation's oldest African-American museum. The museum contains over 9,000 pieces, some of which are highly acclaimed.


title: Hampton University

text: Hampton University is home to 16 research centers. The Hampton University Proton Therapy Institute is the largest free-standing facility of its kind in the world.


title: Hampton University

text: The four libraries on campus are the William R. and Norma B. Harvey Library (main library), William H. Moses Jr. Architecture Library, the Music Library, and the Nursing Library.


title: Hampton University

text: The Emancipation Oak was cited by the National Geographic Society as one of the 10 great trees in the world.


title: Hampton University

text: A portion of the campus along the Hampton River, including many of the older buildings, is a U.S. National Historic Landmark District. Buildings included are:


title: Hampton University

text: In addition, Cleveland Hall, Ogden, and the Administration building are also included in the district.


title: Hampton University

text: The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969, and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974.


title: Hampton University

text: In 2015, nearly two-thirds of the student body was female and the other third male. Approximately 90% of the population identified as Black and about 30% were Virginia residents.


title: Hampton University

text: , Hampton offers 50 baccalaureate programs, 26 master's programs, 7 doctoral programs, 2 professional programs, and 10 associate/certificate programs.


title: Hampton University

text: The Freddye T. Davy Honors College is a non-degree granting college that offers special learning opportunities and privileges to the most high-achieving undergraduates. To join the honors college, students must formally accept an invitation given by the college or directly apply for admissions into the college.


title: Hampton University

text: Hampton University consistently ranks among the top ten HBCUs in the nation and is ranked in Tier 1 (#217) among "National Universities" by "U.S. News & World Report".


title: Hampton University

text: Hampton's student to faculty ratio is 10 to 1, which is better than the national university average of 18 to 1. Also, Hampton has the second highest graduation rate among HBCUs.


title: Hampton University

text: Hampton's colors are reflex blue and white, and their sports_nickname is "The Pirates". Hampton sports teams participate in NCAA Division I (FCS for football) in the Big South Conference. They joined this in 2018 upon leaving the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference. Before joining the Big South, Hampton won MEAC titles in many sports, including football, men's and women's basketball, men's and women's track, and men's and women's tennis. Hampton is one of two NCAA Division 1 HBCU institutions (along with Tennessee State University, in the Ohio Valley Conference) to not be a member of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference or Southwestern Athletic Conference.


title: Hampton University

text: In 2016, Hampton became the first and only HBCU to field a Division I men's lacrosse team. ESPN held a broadcast on campus preceding the inaugural game in Armstrong Stadium.


title: Hampton University

text: In 2001, the Hampton basketball team won its first NCAA tournament game, when they beat Iowa State 58–57, in one of the largest upsets of all time. They were only the fourth fifteen-seed to upset a two-seed in the tournament's history. They returned to the tournament a year later, as well as in 2006, 2011, 2015 and 2016, having won their conference basketball tournament. Their NCAA tournament record is 2–6, including the play-in game.


title: Hampton University

text: The "Lady Pirates" basketball team has seen great success as well, and made trips to the NCAA tournament in 2000, 2003, 2004, 2010–2014, and 2017. In 1988, as a Division II school, the Lady Pirates won the NCAA Women's Division II Basketball Championship, defeating West Texas State. In 2011, as a number-13 seed, the Lady Pirates nearly upset Kentucky, but fell in overtime, 66–62. In 2015, the Lady Pirates played in the Women's NIT, where they defeated Drexel 45–42 in the opening round. However, in the second round, the team lost to West Virginia 57–39.


title: Hampton University

text: The Pirates won their conference title in football in 1997, shared the title 1998 and 2004, and won it again outright in 2005 and 2006. From 2004 to 2006, the team won three MEAC Championships and three SBN-Black College National Championships, and was ranked in the Division I FCS top 25 poll each year. The Pirates also sent five players to the NFL Combine in 2007, the most out of any FCS subdivision school for that year. They have also been dominant in tennis, winning the MEAC from 1996 to 1999, 2001–2003 and 2007 for the men, and 1998 and 2002–2004 for the women.


title: Hampton University

text: Major rivals include Norfolk State University, located across Hampton Roads in downtown Norfolk, and Howard University in Washington, D.C.


title: Hampton University

text: Pirate athletics are supported by a plethora of groups, including "The Marching Force" Marching Band. The marching band has appeared at several notable events, including a Barack Obama Presidential Inauguration parade in Washington, DC. "The Force" was chosen out of a large pool of applicants to participate in the parade as the representative for the state of Virginia. "The Force" is complemented by the "Ebony Fire" all-women danceline, as well as "Silky", the flag team, and as of 2018, "Shimmering Sapphire Elegance" the majorette team.


title: Tariq Jamil

text: Tariq Jamil (; born 1 October 1953), is a Pakistani Islamic television preacher, religious writer, scholar, and a member of the Tablighi Jamaat. The recipient of the Pride of Performance award, Jameel has been named twice in "The 500 Most Influential Muslims".


title: Tariq Jamil

text: Tariq Jamil was born on 1 October 1953 in Mian Channu, Pakistan. Jamil belongs to the Sahu subtribe of Chauhan Rajputs. His family ruled Tulamba during the reign of Sher Shah Suri, who also distributed the lands around Tulamba.


title: Tariq Jamil

text: Jamil completed his primary education at Central Model School, Lahore. He is an alumnus of Government College University, Lahore, and received his Islamic education from Jamia Arabia, Raiwind, where he studied the Qur’an, hadiths, Sufism, logic, and "fiqh".


title: Tariq Jamil

text: Jamil enrolled in King Edward Medical College after finishing a pre-medical education from Government College Lahore, but he left the college without completing his MBBS when he decided to pursue religious education.


title: Tariq Jamil

text: Jamil has delivered religious sermons internationally and comes from a school of thought called Deobandi. He supports ethnic and sectarian harmony.


title: Tariq Jamil

text: Jamil's sermons focus on "self-purification, avoidance of violence, observance of Allah’s orders and pursuing the way of Prophet Muhammad".


title: Tariq Jamil

text: Jamil was consistently named as one as of The 500 Most Influential Muslims in the world by the Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought in Jordan from 2013 to 2019.


title: Tariq Jamil

text: In April 2020, he blamed God's wrath at dishonesty in society and the immodesty of women for the outbreak and spread of COVID-19. Besides praying for the welfare of the country and an end to vice, he said "when a Muslim’s daughter practices immodesty and the youth(boys) indulges in immorality, then Allah’s torment is unto such a nation."


title: Tariq Jamil

text: Human rights proponents and other members of Pakistani society condemned the remarks. Human Rights Minister Shireen Mazari responded by saying "misogynistic' and 'ignorant' comments blaming women and youth for the ongoing coronavirus crisis were 'absolutely unacceptable".


title: Tariq Jamil

text: Jamil launched his flagship clothing brand named MTJ Brand. It was launched in March 2021. Its headquarters are located in Karachi. It is claimed the revenue from the business is used to fund his madressahs, and build schools and hospitals in the country. Jamil also launched the Maulana Tariq Jamil Foundation, which is a non-profit organization in Tulamba, Khanewal. It is a project that gathers funds for social work, health, and education to serve the people of Pakistan.


title: Pig (zodiac)

text: The Pig (豬) or sometimes translated as the Boar is the twelfth of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in Chinese zodiac, in relation to the Chinese calendar and system of horology, and paralleling the system of ten Heavenly Stems and twelve Earthly Branches. Although the term "zodiac" (etymologically referring to a "[circle of] little animals") is used in the phrase "Chinese zodiac", there is a major difference between the Chinese usage and Western astrology: the zodiacal animals (including the zodiacal Pig) do not relate to the zodiac as the area of the sky that extends approximately 8° north or south (as measured in celestial latitude) of the ecliptic, the apparent path of the Sun, the Moon, and visible planets across the celestial sphere's constellations, over the course of the year.


title: Pig (zodiac)

text: In Chinese astrology, "zodiacal" animals refer to fixed cycles of twelve animals. The same cycle of twelve is used for cycles of years and cycles of hours. In the case of years, the cycle of twelve corresponds to the twelve-year cycle of Jupiter. In the case of the hours, the twelve hours represent twelve double-hours for each period of night and day. In the continuous sexagenary cycle of sixty years, every twelfth year corresponds to "hai", 亥 (the twelfth of the twelve Earthly Branches); this re-recurring twelfth year is commonly called the Year of the Pig (豬年).


title: Pig (zodiac)

text: There are five types of Pigs, named after the Chinese elements. In order, they are: Metal, Water, Wood, Fire, and Earth. These correspond to the Heavenly Stems. Thus, there are five pig years in every sexagenary cycle. For example, in the year 2019, the Earthly Branch is the twelfth, "hài", and the Heavenly Stem is the sixth, "jǐ" 己. The Chinese New Year in 2019 is February fifth: this corresponds with the beginning of both the sexegenary year of "jǐ" "hài" and also the zodiac year of the Earth Pig.


title: Pig (zodiac)

text: In the Japanese zodiac and the Tibetan zodiac, the Pig is referred to as the boar. In the Dai zodiac, the Pig is replaced by the elephant. In the Gurung zodiac, the Pig is replaced by the deer. The Malay zodiac replaces the Pig with the tortoise.


title: Pig (zodiac)

text: According to the myths, the Pig was the last to arrive when the Jade Emperor called for the great meeting. Other sources said that Buddha called for a great meeting when he was about to leave the Earth. The Pig arrived last.


title: Pig (zodiac)

text: Legend has it that just as the emperor was about to call it a day, an oink and squeal was heard from a little Pig. The term "lazy Pig" is due here as the Pig got hungry during the race, promptly stopped for a feast then fell asleep. After the nap, the Pig continued the race, and was named thereafter the 12th and last animal of the zodiac cycle.


title: Pig (zodiac)

text: Other sources say that given his very stout form, he was just too slow a swimmer, and thus he could not do anything against the other animals, or conversely that he was so fast he went up the wrong side of the river first.


title: Pig (zodiac)

text: The natural element of the Pig is Water. Thus, it is commonly associated with emotions and intuitions. Yet, given that along with the elements (called the Celestial stem), the animal zodiac (called the Earthly stem) also follows a cycle, each of the elements affect the characteristic of the same Earthly stem ("see" Sexagenary cycle).


title: Pig (zodiac)

text: However, the Pig is yin, and thus only the negative aspects of the elements can be attached to them, thus only 5 kinds of Pigs are found in the zodiac. They are the following:


title: Pig (zodiac)

text: People born within these date ranges can be said to have been born in the "Year of the Pig", while bearing the following elemental sign:


title: Pig (zodiac)

text: Similarly to the usage of the traditional Japanese clock, each hour of a day-night period was divided into 12 double-hours, each of which corresponding with one of the twelve signs of the Chinese zodiac, with similar symbolic motif and astrological significance. The first of the twelve double hours (the Hour of the Rat) encompasses midnight, at the middle of the double hour, corresponding with 11:00 p.m. to 1:00 a.m., with midnight being the midpoint of the first double-hour. The animals in the hourly sequence are the same and in the same order as in the yearly sequence. The Pig is the last in the sequence, with the Hour of the Pig corresponding to the double-hour 9:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m., also known as the hour "hai" (亥).


title: Pig (zodiac)

text: Given that the traditional Chinese day-night cycle was composed of 12 hours, each sign is given to the different signs of the zodiac. The Pig is assigned to govern the time between 21:00 hrs to 22:59 hrs. According to tradition, this is the time when the Pig is doing what it does best (sleeping and enjoying the sweet life).


title: Pig (zodiac)

text: In terms of astrology, the hours in which people were born (technically termed as the Ascendant) are the second most important facet of their astrology. Thus, this alters greatly the characteristics. Even if people were born in any year governed by another animal (for example, anyone born on 20 December 2000, i.e. year of the Dragon) will display strong characteristics of the Pig. Thus, they may be fierce and strong like the Dragon, but at the same time emotional and intuitive like the Pig.


title: Pig (zodiac)

text: Some Chinese Muslims will say that they were born in the year of the "hai", 亥 (twelfth and final year of the zodiac) to avoid saying the "Pig". This is because pigs are haram (forbidden to eat) in Islam and therefore Muslims consider pigs unclean.


title: Pig (zodiac)

text: Increasing numbers of countries and regions now issue lunar new year stamps. For the 2019 Year of the Pig, the USC U.S.-China Institute collected stamps from 56 jurisdictions.


title: Goichi Suda

text: , known by his alias Suda51, is a Japanese video game designer, writer and director. Affiliated with Human Entertainment from 1994 to 1998, he founded Grasshopper Manufacture in 1998 with a number of other Human Entertainment staff to produce their own titles. His best-known work has come from Grasshopper Manufacture, including "The Silver Case" (1999), "Killer7" (2005), and the "No More Heroes" series.


title: Goichi Suda

text: Suda is from Nagano Prefecture, moving to Tokyo at the age of 18 and eventually being hired by Human Entertainment after having a number of other jobs including as an undertaker. His first projects were in the "Fire Pro Wrestling" and "Twilight Syndrome" series. At Grasshopper Manufacture, he worked on their debut title "The Silver Case" as writer and director. "The Silver Case" helped establish both Suda and his company in Japan, but Suda and Grasshopper gained international attention with the release of "Killer7", Suda's first title to be released outside Japan. He has contributed to most of the company's projects, taking on a more managerial role following the first "No More Heroes" in 2007.


title: Goichi Suda

text: Suda's work is characterized by a focus on themes of crime and the clash of people with different ideals. While his early works adopted a serious tone, his later projects incorporated elements of humor. Sexual elements have also made appearances in his work, to the point where he became worried they would become too heavily associated with him. Aspects of his work have been influenced by film and literature, with one of his favorite authors being Franz Kafka, and incorporated references to popular sport and music.


title: Goichi Suda

text: Goichi Suda was born in the city of Ueda in Japan's Nagano Prefecture on January 2, 1968, and lived in the region until moving to Tokyo when he was eighteen. Suda has spoken little of his early life, but he did not have a good relationship with his family, and disliked living in Nagano despite its natural beauty. He wished to design video games from an early age. While distant from his family in Nagano, Suda is married and has his own family in Tokyo. Among his early jobs were working at Sega as a graphics designer for their brochures. One of his more notable jobs was as an undertaker, although he was more involved with flower arrangements. Still determined on a career in video games, and with encouragement from his wife, he applied to both Atlus and Human Entertainment, the latter known for the "Fire Pro Wrestling" series. He managed to get an interview with and hired by Human Entertainment. In later years, Suda would come to be known by the nickname "Suda51". The name is a pun based on the two parts of his given name—"go" translates to "5" and "ichi" to "1".


title: Goichi Suda

text: Suda's first job at Human was as a director for "Super Fire Pro Wrestling III" (1993), which earned him praise from the company due to the quality of his work. Due to this, he was appointed as both director and writer for "Super Fire Pro Wrestling Special" (1994), which gained long-term notoriety for the bleak tone of its story and ending. Following "Super Fire Pro Wrestling III", Suda worked on the "Twilight Syndrome" series; he initially had to step in as producer and director for "Twilight Syndrome", but he had greater creative input in "Moonlight Syndrome" (1998): one of his decisions was to shift "Moonlight Syndrome" away from supernatural into psychological horror. Suda, who had gathered a fan base from his work at Human, generated controversy by killing off the main character in "Moonlight Syndrome". "Moonlight Syndrome" would be the last game worked on by Suda for Human Entertainment, as he left due to being unsatisfied with available money bonuses. He also sensed that Human Entertainment, which would declare bankruptcy the following year, was not a secure position. After leaving Human Entertainment in 1998, Suda founded Grasshopper Manufacture to fulfill his wish to create original video game projects. Its debut title was "The Silver Case" for the PlayStation. He was initially approached by ASCII Entertainment, who acted as the game's publishers and provided funding. Suda acted as director, co-writer and designer for the game. Alongside this, Suda had the responsibility of acting as the studio's CEO, so he felt responsible for ensuring everyone got paid.


title: Goichi Suda

text: "The Silver Case" was a success in Japan and helped establish Grasshopper Manufacture, although had limited critical success due to the proliferation of its visual novel style at the time. Suda's next game at Grasshopper Manufacture was "Flower, Sun, and Rain", developed for the PlayStation 2. As with "The Silver Case", Suda directed, wrote and designed for the game. "Flower, Sun, and Rain" was almost cancelled when ASCII Entertainment changed its policies and withdrew funding. Suda pitched to other publishers, eventually gaining the support of Victor Interactive Software. This would begin a trend for Grasshopper Manufacture of picking new publishers for each projects so as to remain an independent company. Suda next acted as a producer and designer for "". Suda also created the initial concept around the idea of mist, but then created the camera-based and monstrous aspects to evoke terror.


title: Goichi Suda

text: His next title, "Killer7", was his breakout title in the West and garnered mainstream public attention for both Suda and his studio. Suda acted as scenario writer, designer and director. Development began in 2002 as part of a pentalogy of video games dubbed the Capcom Five, a set of games overseen by Shinji Mikami and intended to be exclusive to the GameCube. Suda was given high creative freedom by Mikami, allowing Suda to create an experimental game for an international audience. His next major title was "No More Heroes" for the Wii, which further established Suda's international reputation. Suda developed the title for the Wii as he had been one of the first to see the hardware first-hand, and saw the possibilities of the Wii controls for sword-based action. While sharing elements with "Killer7", Suda adopted a lighter tone and style to suit his vision for the characters and story. Following "No More Heroes", Suda took on a supervisory role for the majority of future Grasshopper projects including the "No More Heroes" sequel "". He continued to be involved with writing and planning for "Shadows of the Damned", "Lollipop Chainsaw", "Black Knight Sword" and "Killer is Dead". Suda returned as a director for the next two titles in the "No More Heroes" series; the spin-off "" (2019), and the third and intended final mainline entry "No More Heroes III" (2021).


title: Goichi Suda

text: Alongside his original work, Suda collaborated with other companies and video game creators on a variety of original and licensed projects. He directed and wrote the video games "Blood+: One Night Kiss" and "" for Bandai Namco. According to him, depending on the type of project an exterior studio wants, elements unique to Suda and Grasshopper may be present or toned down in their licensed projects. Suda collaborated with Mikami on both "Killer7" and "Shadows of the Damned", with the former proving the better experience. He later attributed much of the design and scenario concept for "Shadows of the Damned" to Massimo Guarini, including the in-game weapon character Big Boner. He collaborated on "Lollipop Chainsaw" with America writer-director James Gunn, who co-wrote the script with Suda and helped extensively with the English version. Suda's guidance in the studio is credited with helping the company balance its original work with licensed collaborations, and prominent staff from other companies joining Grasshopper.


title: Goichi Suda

text: Suda was one of four major Japanese developers to contribute to the compilation video game "Guild01" alongside Yoot Saito, Yasumi Matsuno and Yoshiyuki Hirai: Suda's contribution, "Liberation Maiden", later released as a standalone title and spawning a visual novel sequel written by Suda. Suda worked as a designer, co-director and co-writer on "", the fourth entry in the "Fatal Frame" series. The project was a collaboration between Tecmo Koei, Grasshopper Manufacture and Nintendo SPD. Suda and Grasshopper also collaborated on "Short Peace", a media project involving four anime shorts and a video game titled "Ranko Tsukigime's Longest Day": all properties within "Short Peace" shared a common theme of representing different periods of Japanese history and culture. Suda created the initial concept, then gave the project to "Tokyo Jungle" producer Yohei Kataoka, having been impressed by "Tokyo Jungle" and wanting someone who could do "crazy" work. Outside gaming, Suda collaborated with Hideo Kojima as scenario writer for "Sdatcher", a radio drama based on Kojima's early video game "Snatcher".


title: Goichi Suda

text: Suda's style of writing and direction has been compared by game journalists to the work of Quentin Tarantino. During his work on "The Silver Case", he paid great attention to the opening's editing, something which confused and annoyed other staff members. Suda has stated in numerous interviews that his work is inspired by "punk", referring to the breaking of traditional game rules rather than the music genre. In explaining this concept, Suda said that many games were basically "copycats", mimicking other successful titles in their gameplay and themes rather than striving for something groundbreaking or unconventional. His game design philosophy was influenced by innovative games from his childhood developed by North America and Europe, as the Japanese market at the time seemed lacking in variety. While the term "punk" is generally associated with Punk rock music in Japan, Suda used the word in its ideological sense, breaking the mold on accepted conventions and deliberately making games outside current trends. Following this philosophy, Suda dislikes making games based on other people's concepts, instead preferring his own concepts and designs. Despite taking on a less involved role with later titles due to the growing demands of his position as company CEO, Suda continues to seek deeper involvement with projects.


title: Goichi Suda

text: Multiple sources have influenced Suda's work, from literature to games to foreign and domestic films and television. His favorite author is Franz Kafka, a German language author who focused on a combination of mundane and surreal scenarios. Suda's liking of Kafka was originally expressed in "Kurayami", an in-development title based on "The Castle", with a focus on nighttime combat and survival. "Kurayami" would eventually evolve into "Shadows of the Damned". Numerous films have inspired elements of Suda's work on "The Silver Case", "Killer7" and the "No More Heroes" series. When creating "Lollipop Chainsaw", Suda used the series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" to flesh out his initial concept. Popular culture has also played a part in Suda's work, with several characters in his games being named after or being homages to sports people or pop singers. He also draws inspiration from and references a number of rock bands including The Stranglers and The Smiths.


title: Goichi Suda

text: A defining part of Suda's original work has been its balance of humor, dark or mature themes, violence and sexuality. His focus on death is because he feels it needs a rationale behind it, and so he focuses on those closely tied with death such as assassins. In his action titles, he considered the reasons behind each character's wish to fight and the reason for their deaths. His portrayal of death in his games was influenced by his time as an undertaker. Sexuality, while a big part of many of Suda's works, is not an important element from his perspective, and when used he is attempting to express a core part of the overall story and theme; some elements of his later work had him worried that Grasshopper and himself would become associated with erotic content. Another recurring theme in his work from "The Silver Case" onwards is the focus on the criminal elements in society, in addition to people with equally valid views coming into conflict with each other. Following the serious tone of "The Silver Case", "Flower, Sun, and Rain" saw a stylistic shift to a more light and casual tone. This approach of switching styles for each successive original project would be repeated by Suda throughout his career: when talking about the contrast between "Lollipop Chainsaw" and "Killer is Dead" he described it as a yin-yang effect.


title: Goichi Suda

text: During the early part of his career, Suda worked on adventure games without an emphasis on action. This was due to his previous work at Human Entertainment being in the adventure game and visual novel genres. Due to having a larger staff, "Flower, Sun, and Rain" shifted away from the text-drive style of "The Silver Case", beginning the company's and Suda's shift towards more action-based gameplay. Beginning with "Killer7", Suda incorporated further action elements at Mikami's insistence. This shift in style continued following the anime tie-ins, with the gameplay of "Sidetracked" and "One Night Kiss" directly inspiring him when designing the action gameplay of "No More Heroes". "Michigan: Report from Hell" and "Fatal Frame: Mask of the Lunar Eclipse" are the only titles Suda directly worked on to focus on horror, a genre Suda generally dislikes.


title: Goichi Suda

text: Some of his work has seen outside interference from publishers. His original scenario for "Blood+", where the protagonist would be a monster clone killed at the end of the story, was vetoed. The overtly sexual elements in "Lollipop Chainsaw" and "Killer Is Dead" were likewise not his decision, but rather included at the insistence of the Japanese publisher Kadokawa Games. "Shadows of the Damned" in particular suffered from creative clashes with the publisher Electronic Arts, who requested changes catering to the Western market such as incorporating guns, and required five redrafts of the scenario before they approved it. Suda and Mikami both disliked the end product due to the publisher's creative interference, with Mikami in particular saying that "Shadows of the Damned"s final form broke Suda's heart.


title: Ontronik Khachaturian

text: Ontronik "Andy" Khachaturian (born May 4, 1975) is an Armenian American musician, producer and DJ. He is known for being the original drummer (1994–1997) of the metal band System of a Down and founder/lead vocalist (1999–2002) of the alt-progressive rock band The Apex Theory, as well as the member of his band VoKee. He was also the founder/drummer/keyboardist and backing vocalist of KillMatriarch (2010–2012) and currently is working on his solo project, OnTronik.