title: Turkistan Islamic Party

text: In 2009, Dru C. Gladney, an authority on Uyghurs, said that there was "a credibility gap" about the group since the majority of information on ETIM "was traced back to Chinese sources", and that some believe ETIM to be part of a US-China quid pro quo, where China supported the US-led War on Terror, and "support of the US for the condemnation of ETIM was connected to that support." The Uyghur American Association has publicly doubted the ETIM's existence.


title: Turkistan Islamic Party

text: Andrew McGregor, writing for the Jamestown Foundation in 2010, noted that "though there is no question a small group of Uyghur militants fought alongside their Taliban hosts against the Northern Alliance [...] the scores of terrorists Beijing claimed that Bin Laden was sending to China in 2002 never materialized" and that "the TIP’s "strategy" of making loud and alarming threats (attacks on the Olympics, use of biological and chemical weapons, etc.) without any operational follow-up has been enormously effective in promoting China's efforts to characterize Uyghur separatists as terrorists."


title: Turkistan Islamic Party

text: On 16 June 2009, Representative Bill Delahunt convened hearings to examine how organizations were added to the US blacklist in general, and how the ETIM was added in particular. Uyghur expert Sean Roberts testified that the ETIM was new to him, that it wasn't until it was blacklisted that he heard of the group, and claimed that "it is perfectly reasonable to assume that the organization no longer exists at all." The Congressional Research Service reported that the first published mention of the group was in the year 2000, but that China attributed attacks to it that had occurred up to a decade earlier.


title: Turkistan Islamic Party

text: Stratfor has noted repeated unexplained attacks on Chinese buses in 2008 have followed a history of ETIM targeting Chinese infrastructure, and noted the group's splintering and subsequent reorganization following the death of Mahsum.


title: Turkistan Islamic Party

text: Intelligence analysts J. Todd Reed and Diana Raschke acknowledge that reporting in China presents obstacles not found in countries where information is not so tightly controlled. However, they found that ETIM's existence and activities could be confirmed independently of Chinese government sources, using information gleaned from ETIM's now-defunct website, reports from human rights groups and academics, and testimony from the Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay. Reed & Raschke also question the information put out by Uyghur expatriates that deny ETIM's existence or impact, as the Uyghurs who leave Xinjiang are those who object most to government policy, are unable to provide first-hand analysis, and have an incentive to exaggerate repression and downplay militancy. They say that ETIM was "obscure but not unknown" before the September 11 attacks, citing "Western, Russian, and Chinese media sources" that have "documented the ETIM's existence for nearly 20 years".


title: Turkistan Islamic Party

text: Nick Holdstock, in a 2015 "New York Times" interview, said that no organization is taking responsibility for attacks in Xinjiang, and that there is not enough proof to blame any organization for the attacks, that most "terrorism" there is "unsubstantiated", and that posting internet videos online is the only thing done by the "vague and shadowy" ETIM.


title: Gears of War 4

text: Gears of War 4 is a 2016 third-person shooter video game developed by The Coalition and published by Microsoft Studios for Microsoft Windows and Xbox One. It is the fourth main installment in the "Gears of War" series, and the first mainline entry not to be developed by Epic Games. The game was released worldwide on October 11, 2016. The sequel, "Gears 5", was released on September 10, 2019.


title: Gears of War 4

text: Upon release, the game received generally positive reviews, with critics praising the game's combat, visuals and set pieces, while criticism was directed towards the campaign and writing.


title: Gears of War 4

text: Many gameplay elements from the previous games are reintroduced, along with new elements such as the Dropshot weapon that fires explosive drills and the Buzzkill that fires ricocheting sawblades at enemies. Players can also perform a short distance shoulder charge, knocking enemies off balance and enemies can also pull players out of cover and perform their own takedowns. The game features 4 categories of weather: from heavy breeze (trees, leaves, dust kicking up) and can grow into violent category 3 windstorms that can affect combat and weapon usage.


title: Gears of War 4

text: Like previous entries in the series, the story campaign can be played through co-operatively with a second player in a local or online co-operative mode.


title: Gears of War 4

text: "Gears of War 4" takes place 25 years after the events of "Gears of War 3", Where the Imulsion Countermeasure weapon destroyed all Imulsion on the planet Sera, killing the Locust and the Lambent in the process, the weapon forced humanity to adapt to new ways of survival after knocking out the use of fossil fuels, and bringing across the planet powerful windstorms called "Windflares". To protect the surviving human population from decline, estimated to be hundreds of thousands, the reformed Coalition of Ordered Governments (COG) established walled-off cities to protect its citizens from the dangers outside, while declaring martial law to prevent any travel outside the cities. However, some human survivors rejected the viewpoints of the COG and formed a group called the "Outsiders" that live outside of the COG jurisdiction, raiding COG territory to gather resources.


title: Gears of War 4

text: The game's main story focuses on J.D. Fenix (Liam McIntyre), the son of Marcus Fenix and Anya Stroud, who, alongside his friends Delmont "Del" Walker (Eugene Byrd) and Kait Diaz (Laura Bailey), deal with a new threat to humanity's survival.


title: Gears of War 4

text: The leader of the reformed Coalition of Ordered Governments, First Minister Jinn (Angel Desai), commemorates the 25th anniversary of humanity's victory over the Locust. An elderly Hoffman, who is present at the ceremony, recounts past battles at Aspho Fields, Emergence Day, and Anvil Gate.


title: Gears of War 4

text: Meanwhile, J.D. and Del have recently deserted the COG after disagreeing with Jinn's hardline policies and join a group of Outsiders led by Reyna (Justina Machado). In order to help their village, J.D. and Del decide to raid a nearby COG settlement under construction to steal a special fabricator. They are accompanied by Kait (Laura Bailey), Reyna's daughter, and her uncle Oscar (Jimmy Smits), a former Gear and Locust War veteran. Though they are forced to battle the COG's new robotic DeeBee soldiers, aided by an unknown person remotely controlling some of the settlement's machinery, J.D. and his group manage to successfully steal the fabricator and escape back to their village. They are then confronted by Jinn (broadcasting via a DeeBee), who accuses them of kidnapping her people, much to their confusion, before launching an all out assault on the village. J.D. and his friends manage to repel Jinn's forces and get to work repairing the village's power generator. However, in the midst of repairs, unknown creatures raid the village, capturing everybody including Reyna and Oscar. As her last act, Reyna locks J.D., Del, and Kait inside the power station to protect them.


title: Gears of War 4

text: Dubbing the unknown attackers the "Swarm", J.D. reluctantly asks his father Marcus Fenix (John DiMaggio) for help. Marcus, who is still angry at J.D. for joining the authoritarian COG and then endangering himself by abandoning it, is reluctant to help J.D. until he shows him that the Swarm is not human. Suspicious, Marcus decides to lead the group to Fort Reval where thousands of Locust corpses were buried to dispose of them. After escaping another attack by Jinn's forces, the group reaches inside the city, where they are ambushed by a Snatcher that captures Marcus. As J.D. and his friends pursue the Snatcher, they find evidence of the Swarm being responsible for the abduction of COG citizens, whose bodies are being harvested to create more Swarm creatures. They also hypothesize that when the Locust were hit by the Imulsion Countermeasure, they did not die. Instead, their bodies underwent a long term metamorphosis over the last 25 years until the Locust changed into the Swarm. J.D. eventually manages to track down Marcus and free him. Marcus reveals that the Swarm operates on a hive mind and that he was briefly connected to it, confirming their hypothesis that they are the Locust reborn and that Reyna is still alive and being kept at another Locust burial site, but none of the other villagers survived.


title: Gears of War 4

text: Determined to save her mother, Kait demands that Marcus lead them to her. He takes the group to Tollen Dam, where they discover that the burial site has been converted into a Swarm hive. The group fights and kills the Speaker, the Swarm leader that had captured Reyna, who refuses to give them any information about what happened to Reyna. Realizing that the hive's defenses are too formidable for them to breach on their own, the group fights their way to a radio antenna—noticing that the Swarm seem to be able to affect DeeBees' behavior—where Marcus calls for the assistance of Augustus Cole (Lester Speight), Damon Baird (Fred Tatasciore) and Samantha Byrne (Claudia Black), with the latter two now being lovers. Baird, now a famed industrialist and the creator of the DeeBees, is revealed to have been the one who aided the group during the earlier settlement raid and brings a pair of mech suits that J.D. and Kait use to fight their way into the hive. Inside, they find out that Reyna has been forcefully integrated into the hive's network, and that removing her would result in her death. Despite this, Reyna requests that Kait end her life, which she tearfully does. She then inherits her mother's amulet, which had belonged to Kait's grandmother. However, upon closer inspection, it bears a resemblance to the symbol of the Locust Queen Myrrah – implying that Reyna was her daughter and Kait is her granddaughter.


title: Gears of War 4

text: "Gears of War 4" was originally being developed by Epic; selected aspects of their work were incorporated into Coalition's work. During E3 2013, Microsoft Studios vice president Phil Spencer said he thought more "Gears of War" games were possible. On January 27, 2014, Microsoft announced that they had purchased the rights of the franchise from Epic Games, and a new game would be developed for Xbox One by Black Tusk Studios, an in-house studio which was later renamed The Coalition to better signify its responsibility for the "Gears of War" franchise. Rod Fergusson, former Director of Production at Epic Games on the "Gears of War" franchise, joined Microsoft and plays a key studio leadership role at The Coalition on the development of the franchise going forward. Epic Games’ Ray Davis admitted that "having been through shipping hell with Rod Fergusson on past Gears of War games I can say that I’m absolutely confident he’ll do a great job with the franchise at Microsoft." On April 1, 2015, The Coalition producer Allie Henze confirmed that "Gears of War 4" would not be released for Xbox 360.


title: Gears of War 4

text: "Gears of War 4" was presented for the first time during Microsoft's E3 2015 press conference. Studio head Rod Fergusson stated that the gameplay presented during the press conference was meant to reflect the overall tone of the game, returning to the franchise's roots as being a "monster game", and "something personal, intimate, dark, and mysterious"; and the setting's design took heavy inspiration from Northern Italy. "Gears of War 4" would be set on Sera, nearly 25 years after the events of "Gears of War 3", with Marcus Fenix's son JD Fenix as the lead character. Owing to the people of Sera rebuilding their society after the Locust war, the game's new weapons are inspired by construction equipment. The game features a new enemy faction known as "the Swarm"; the Swarm's "Drones" behave similarly to the Locusts of previous games, "Juvies" are fast moving and their screams can burst "pods" that contain more enemies, while Pouncers can pin the player to the ground and fire quills from their tails.


title: Gears of War 4

text: The multiplayer components of the game were co-developed by Splash Damage, who also developed the multiplayer components of "" A multiplayer beta was released on April 25, 2016; those who purchased "Ultimate Edition" received early access to the beta beginning on April 18, 2016. The campaign supports local and online co-op with two players. "Gears of War 4" was the first game to make use of SGX developed by Speech Graphics to automatically animate gameplay dialogue. Speaking about the future of the game, and the Gears of War series itself, Fergusson stated that "one of the things that's nice about Microsoft's investment is that we know, unless this does horribly, we're probably going to do another one."


title: Gears of War 4

text: "Gears of War 4" runs at 30 frames per second in its single player modes, and 60 in its multiplayer modes, both at 1080p. The game uses Unreal Engine 4. Similarly to "", the game employs a dynamic scaling system to maintain a consistent frame rate, under which the resolution is automatically decreased and upscaled back to 1080p during more intensive scenes. Ferguson stated that the Xbox One S has an improved CPU and GPU which allows for more consistent resolution on "Gears of War 4", compared to the original Xbox One. During its E3 2016 press conference, Microsoft announced that "Gears of War 4" would be released on PC exclusively for Windows 10 Windows Store. It is an "Xbox Play Anywhere" game, with digital cross-buys and cross-platform multiplayer available between Windows 10 and Xbox versions. In August 2016, "Game of Thrones" composer Ramin Djawadi confirmed he would be involved as the main creator of "Gear of War 4"s soundtrack. In an interview, Djawadi spoke about the sound of the score, "Obviously, I want to make it very different to "Game of Thrones". "Whenever I approach a new project, I want to make sure I'm setting up a new sound - even though we're still using a lot of orchestra and percussion."


title: Gears of War 4

text: On September 19, 2016, The Coalition announced that the game had "gone gold", meaning development had finished and manufacturing production had begun.


title: Gears of War 4

text: Microsoft at its E3 keynote on July 11, 2017, explained that several Xbox titles would be receiving a free 4K visual update. The Coalition's technical director Kate Rayner said that The Coalition had been working with Microsoft's Xbox One X console for some time now. Gears of War 4 will support native 4K resolution, with higher resolution textures across the entire game including characters, environments, visual effects, and more on the Xbox One X console. Combined with the 4K resolution, Gears of War 4 on the Xbox One X also features High Dynamic Range (HDR) colors with Wide Color Gamut Support. Two technical improvement to the visuals beyond higher resolution textures are fully dynamic shadows and improved reflections. With this new update comes support for Dolby Atmos 7.1.4 sound technology that adds additional sound channels for a more immersive game environment.


title: Gears of War 4

text: Ryan McCaffery of IGN gave the game 9.2 out of 10, stating in his verdict: "I never expected to compare "Gears of War 4" to "", but I couldn’t be happier to do so. Like the latest chapter in the story from a time long ago in a galaxy far, far away, "Gears of War 4" is directed by a new generation of creators, shares a lot of similar narrative structures to the beloved first piece of the trilogy it succeeds, and is an experience you’ll walk away from with a big smile on your face – in campaign, Versus, and Horde modes alike. It’s about as good of a franchise reawakening as I could’ve hoped for." He also added ""Gears of War 4" plays it fairly safe but brilliantly executes on a variety-packed campaign and meaty multiplayer suite."


title: Gears of War 4

text: Mike Mahardy of "GameSpot" rewarded "Gears of War 4" a score of 7 out of 10, reasoning "This is a shooter teetering on the edge of something greater, but despite the improvements it makes to the storied franchise, its missteps hold it back. There is inspiration here, and creativity in the way Gears of War 4 rethinks its multiplayer modes. But the lackluster campaign and technical issues are blights on an otherwise exhilarating shooter. The result is a whole that doesn't reflect the quality of its often stellar parts.". Arthur Gies of "Polygon" scored the game with a 9 out of 10. Gies stated at the end of his review: "When I was finished with "Gears of War 4"s campaign, I remember wondering why it didn’t do more. The next morning, I was playing the game again, not out of obligation, but because I wanted to. Taken all together, "Gears of War 4" doesn’t completely reinvent the genre, and it’s not always "bigger." But it's a remarkably consistent, complete package with the kind of refinement and focus few other games can manage, providing excellent solo, cooperative, and competitive options that rank it as one of the best action games of 2016."


title: Gears of War 4

text: The soundtrack was met with positive to mixed response by critics. There was disappointment from fans for themes being less heroic compared to Steve Jablonsky's and Kevin Riepl's themes.


title: Gears of War 4

text: "Gears of War 4" was the second best-selling retail game in the UK in its week of release, only behind "FIFA 17". In the United States, it was the third best selling game in the month of October, behind "Battlefield 1", and "Mafia III".


title: Tsukumogami

text: In Japanese folklore, tsukumogami (付喪神 or つくも神, lit. "tool "kami"") are tools that have acquired a kami or spirit. According to an annotated version of "The Tales of Ise" titled "Ise Monogatari Shō", there is a theory originally from the "Onmyōki" (陰陽記) that foxes and tanuki, among other beings, that have lived for at least a hundred years and changed forms are considered "tsukumogami". In modern times, the term can also be written 九十九神 (literally ninety-nine "kami"), to emphasize the agedness.


title: Tsukumogami

text: According to Komatsu Kazuhiko, the idea of a "tsukumogami" or a "yōkai" of tools spread mostly in the Japanese Middle Ages and declined in more recent generations. Komatsu infers that despite the depictions in Bakumatsu period ukiyo-e art leading to a resurfacing of the idea, these were all produced in an era cut off from any actual belief in the idea of "tsukumogami".


title: Tsukumogami

text: Because the term has been applied to several different concepts in Japanese folklore, there remains some confusion as to what the term actually means. Today, the term is generally understood to be applied to virtually any object "that has reached its 100th birthday and thus become alive and self-aware", though this definition is not without controversy.


title: Tsukumogami

text: The word つくも髪, which is also pronounced , appeared in a "waka" poem in the 9th-century "The Tales of Ise", section 63. It is a compound of , of unknown meaning, and 髪 'hair'. In the poem it referred to an old woman's white hair, so has been interpreted as meaning "old", often metaphorically represented as ninety-nine years.


title: Tsukumogami

text: The element 髪 'hair' is a homophone of 神 'spirit'; both may be pronounced in compound words. Thus the word has come to mean a 99-year spirit. The kanji representation for in this sense dates to a Tenpō period "otogizōshi", an "emakimono" called the "Tsukumogami Emaki". According to this "emaki", a tool, after the passage of 100 years, would develop a spirit ("kami"), and with this change would become a . This "emaki" has a caption stating that the word could also be written with the kanji , meaning 'ninety-nine' (years).


title: Tsukumogami

text: Outside of these uses, the word is not attested in the surviving literature of the time, and so the historical usage of the term itself has not been handed down in detail. The concept, however, does appear elsewhere. In collections such as the late Heian period "Konjaku Monogatarishū", there are tales of objects having spirits, and in the "emakimono" "Bakemono Zōshi", there are tales of a "chōshi" (a saké serving-pot), a scarecrow, and other inanimate objects turning into monsters, but the word itself does not appear.


title: Tsukumogami

text: The "Tsukumogami Emaki" describes how an object would become occupied by a spirit after one hundred years, By doing this, they prevented objects from becoming "tsukumogami", but according to the captions of this "emaki", it's written that ones that are "a year from one hundred," in other words, objects that are ""tsukumo"" (ninety-nine) years old would become angered and become a "yōkai" by some means other than the mere passage of time, and then cause a ruckus.


title: Tsukumogami

text: In the first place, the idea of becoming a "yōkai" at one-hundred or ninety-nine years old does not need to be taken literally. Those numbers can represent the idea that humans, plants, animals, or even tools would acquire a spiritual nature once they become significantly old, and thereby gain the power to change themselves. Writing "tsukumo" as 九十九 ("ninety-nine") is not simply referring to a number, since the word was used since old times to loosely mean "many". The "yōkai" that are depicted are not ones that gained the power to change themselves as a result of being used for a long time, but rather ones that were thrown away right before it, becoming a "yōkai" through some different means.


title: Tsukumogami

text: In the "Tsukumogami Emaki", which depicted tsukumogami, it is written at the very beginning, "It's told in the Onmyō Zakki. A tool, after one hundred years pass, would change and acquire a spirit, and deceive people's hearts, and it's said these are referred to as tsukumogami," thus referring to changes or mutations of tools as "tsukumogami" (however, no book called the Onmyō Zakki has actually been confirmed to exist). In the emaki, it's written that they can take on "the appearance of people male and female, old and young" (appearance of humans), "the likeness of chimi akki" (appearance of oni), and "the shape of korō yakan" (the appearance of animals), among others. Its form after its change/mutation is referred to with words such as "youbutsu" ().


title: Tsukumogami

text: Even in emakimono that came before the "Tsukumogami Emaki", paintings of yōkai based on tools can be confirmed, and in the "Tsuchigumo Zōshi", there were depictions of gotoku (trivets) with heads, stamp mills with the body of a snake and two human arms attached to it, and a tsunodarai (four-handled basin) with a face and growing teeth, among others. Also, a face that appears to be what the tsunodarai is based on appears in the "Yūzū Nenbutsu Engi Emaki" () and the "Fudō Rieki Engi Emaki" () where a yakugami with almost the same appearance appears. However, all of these were not merely tools, but ones that are a hybrid with a tool or oni. This characteristic can also be seen in the "Tsukumogami Emaki" and the "Hyakki Yagyō Emaki".


title: Tsukumogami

text: The "Hyakki Yagyō Emaki" () from the Muromachi period also depicts many of what appear to be yōkai of tools. In the present day, these tools yōkai are thought to be depictions of tsukumogami, and it has been inferred that the parade depicted in the "Hyakki Yagyō Emaki" is likely the "youbutsu" (aged objects) of the "Tsukumogami Emaki" in a festival parade.


title: Tsukumogami

text: In works about tools having a human personality, tools such as the "chōdo uta-awase" that would perform uta-awase can be found before the Muromachi period, and it is thought that these are close in concept to being the idea of "things that tools turn into" as depicted in the "Tsukumogami Emaki".


title: Tsukumogami

text: Understood by many Western scholars, tsukumogami was a concept popular in Japanese folklore as far back as the tenth century, used in the spread of Shingon Buddhism.


title: Tsukumogami

text: According to Elison and Smith (1987), Tsukumogami was the name of an animated tea caddy that Matsunaga Hisahide used to bargain for peace with Oda Nobunaga.


title: Tsukumogami

text: Like many concepts in Japanese folklore, there are several layers of definition used when discussing Tsukumogami. For example, by the tenth century, the Tsukumogami myths were used in helping to spread the ""doctrines of Shingon Esoteric Buddhism to a variety of audiences, ranging from the educated to the relatively unsophisticated, by capitalizing upon pre-existing spiritual beliefs in Tsukumogami."" These ""pre-existing spiritual beliefs"" were, as Reider explains:


title: Tsukumogami

text: "Tsukumogami" are animate household objects. An "otogizōshi" ("companion tale") titled "Tsukumogami ki" ("Record of tool kami"; Muromachi period) explains that after a service life of nearly one hundred years, "utsuwamono" or "kibutsu" (containers, tools, and instruments) receive souls. While many references are made to this work as a major source for the definition of "tsukumogami", insufficient attention has been paid to the actual text of "Tsukumogami ki".


title: Tsukumogami

text: By the twentieth century the Tsukumogami had entered into Japanese popular culture to such an extent that the Buddhist teachings had been ""completely lost to most outsiders,"" leaving critics to comment that, by and large, the Tsukumogami were harmless and at most tended to play occasional pranks, they did have the capacity for anger and would band together to take revenge upon those who were wasteful or threw them away thoughtlessly – compare mottainai. To prevent this, to this day some jinja ceremonies are performed to console broken and unusable items.


title: Cazoo

text: Cazoo is a British online car retailer based in London, England which was founded in 2018 by Alex Chesterman.


title: Cazoo

text: Cazoo was founded in 2018 by British internet entrepreneur Alex Chesterman. It launched an online marketplace for used cars in December 2019, which became its primary business.


title: Cazoo

text: In 2021 Cazoo expanded internationally, launching its used car marketplace in Germany and France. In January 2022 the company acquired leading Italian online car retailer Brumbrum and in May 2022, Cazoo announced the launch of its online car marketplace in Spain.


title: Cazoo

text: As of February 2021, Cazoo is the main sponsor of Aston Villa. They are also the sponsor of The Derby, The Oaks, the Coronation Cup at Epsom, and the St Leger Stakes.


title: Cazoo

text: In February 2021, Cazoo signed a multi-year deal with the World Snooker Tour as the main sponsor of the Cazoo Cup events, namely the World Grand Prix, the Players Championship, and the Tour Championship. This was later extended to include the UK Championship and the Masters: by doing so, it broke a decade-long sponsorship with betting companies being the principal sponsors of two Triple Crown tournaments, later cemented by them taking over the World Championship sponsorship from Betfred after seven years.


title: Cazoo

text: In June 2021, Cazoo agreed to a multi-year partnership with the PGA European Tour that involved the sponsorship of two tournaments, which were renamed to the Cazoo Open and the Cazoo Classic.


title: Cazoo

text: Cazoo also sponsored the PDC European Championship, PDC World Cup of Darts and Grand Slam in 2021, with the partnership being extended to the PDC World Darts Championship, UK Open, Premier League and Players Championship Finals in 2022, with the Masters from 2023.


title: Cazoo

text: Starting with the 2022–23 season, it was announced Cazoo will become the new main sponsor of Olympique de Marseille, Valencia CF, SC Freiburg, Lille OSC, Bologna FC Real Sociedad,And Baskonia Vitória-Gasteiz.


title: Hydrostatic equilibrium

text: In fluid mechanics, hydrostatic equilibrium (hydrostatic balance, hydrostasy) is the condition of a fluid or plastic solid at rest, which occurs when external forces, such as gravity, are balanced by a pressure-gradient force. In the planetary physics of Earth, the pressure-gradient force prevents gravity from collapsing the planetary atmosphere into a thin, dense shell, whereas gravity prevents the pressure-gradient force from diffusing the atmosphere into outer space.


title: Hydrostatic equilibrium

text: Hydrostatic equilibrium is the distinguishing criterion between dwarf planets and small solar system bodies, and features in astrophysics and planetary geology. Said qualification of equilibrium indicates that the shape of the object is symmetrically ellipsoid, where any irregular surface features are consequent to a relatively thin solid crust. In addition to the Sun, there are a dozen or so equilibrium objects confirmed to exist in the Solar System.


title: Hydrostatic equilibrium

text: Newton's laws of motion state that a volume of a fluid that is not in motion or that is in a state of constant velocity must have zero net force on it. This means the sum of the forces in a given direction must be opposed by an equal sum of forces in the opposite direction. This force balance is called a hydrostatic equilibrium.


title: Hydrostatic equilibrium

text: The fluid can be split into a large number of cuboid volume elements; by considering a single element, the action of the fluid can be derived.


title: Hydrostatic equilibrium

text: There are three forces: the force downwards onto the top of the cuboid from the pressure, "P", of the fluid above it is, from the definition of pressure,


title: Hydrostatic equilibrium

text: Finally, the weight of the volume element causes a force downwards. If the density is ρ, the volume is V and g the standard gravity, then:


title: Hydrostatic equilibrium

text: The volume of this cuboid is equal to the area of the top or bottom, times the height — the formula for finding the volume of a cube.


title: Hydrostatic equilibrium

text: "P" − "P" is a change in pressure, and "h" is the height of the volume element—a change in the distance above the ground. By saying these changes are infinitesimally small, the equation can be written in differential form.


title: Hydrostatic equilibrium

text: Note finally that this last equation can be derived by solving the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations for the equilibrium situation where


title: Hydrostatic equilibrium

text: Thus, hydrostatic balance can be regarded as a particularly simple equilibrium solution of the Navier–Stokes equations.


title: Hydrostatic equilibrium

text: one can derive the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation for the structure of a static, spherically symmetric relativistic star in isotropic coordinates:


title: Hydrostatic equilibrium

text: In practice, "Ρ" and "ρ" are related by an equation of state of the form "f"("Ρ","ρ") = 0, with "f" specific to makeup of the star. "M"("r") is a foliation of spheres weighted by the mass density "ρ"("r"), with the largest sphere having radius "r":


title: Hydrostatic equilibrium

text: Therefore, in the nonrelativistic limit the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation reduces to Newton's hydrostatic equilibrium:


title: Hydrostatic equilibrium

text: (we have made the trivial notation change "h" = "r" and have used "f"("Ρ","ρ") = 0 to express "ρ" in terms of "P"). A similar equation can be computed for rotating, axially symmetric stars, which in its gauge independent form reads:


title: Hydrostatic equilibrium

text: Unlike the TOV equilibrium equation, these are two equations (for instance, if as usual when treating stars, one chooses spherical coordinates as basis coordinates formula_22, the index "i" runs for the coordinates "r" and formula_23).


title: Hydrostatic equilibrium

text: The hydrostatic equilibrium pertains to hydrostatics and the principles of equilibrium of fluids. A hydrostatic balance is a particular balance for weighing substances in water. Hydrostatic balance allows the discovery of their specific gravities. This equilibrium is strictly applicable when an ideal fluid is in steady horizontal laminar flow, and when any fluid is at rest or in vertical motion at constant speed. It can also be a satisfactory approximation when flow speeds are low enough that acceleration is negligible.


title: Hydrostatic equilibrium

text: In any given layer of a star, there is a hydrostatic equilibrium between the outward thermal pressure from below and the weight of the material above pressing inward. The isotropic gravitational field compresses the star into the most compact shape possible. A rotating star in hydrostatic equilibrium is an oblate spheroid up to a certain (critical) angular velocity. An extreme example of this phenomenon is the star Vega, which has a rotation period of 12.5 hours. Consequently, Vega is about 20% larger at the equator than at the poles. A star with an angular velocity above the critical angular velocity becomes a Jacobi (scalene) ellipsoid, and at still faster rotation it is no longer ellipsoidal but piriform or oviform, with yet other shapes beyond that, though shapes beyond scalene are not stable.


title: Hydrostatic equilibrium

text: If the star has a massive nearby companion object then tidal forces come into play as well, distorting the star into a scalene shape when rotation alone would make it a spheroid. An example of this is Beta Lyrae.


title: Hydrostatic equilibrium

text: Hydrostatic equilibrium is also important for the intracluster medium, where it restricts the amount of fluid that can be present in the core of a cluster of galaxies.


title: Hydrostatic equilibrium

text: We can also use the principle of hydrostatic equilibrium to estimate the velocity dispersion of dark matter in clusters of galaxies. Only baryonic matter (or, rather, the collisions thereof) emits X-ray radiation. The absolute X-ray luminosity per unit volume takes the form formula_24 where formula_25 and formula_26 are the temperature and density of the baryonic matter, and formula_27 is some function of temperature and fundamental constants. The baryonic density satisfies the above equation formula_28:


title: Hydrostatic equilibrium

text: The integral is a measure of the total mass of the cluster, with formula_30 being the proper distance to the center of the cluster. Using the ideal gas law formula_31 (formula_32 is Boltzmann's constant and formula_33 is a characteristic mass of the baryonic gas particles) and rearranging, we arrive at


title: Hydrostatic equilibrium

text: If we make the assumption that cold dark matter particles have an isotropic velocity distribution, then the same derivation applies to these particles, and their density formula_38 satisfies the non-linear differential equation


title: Hydrostatic equilibrium

text: With perfect X-ray and distance data, we could calculate the baryon density at each point in the cluster and thus the dark matter density. We could then calculate the velocity dispersion formula_40 of the dark matter, which is given by


title: Hydrostatic equilibrium

text: The central density ratio formula_42 is dependent on the redshift formula_12 of the cluster and is given by


title: Hydrostatic equilibrium

text: where formula_23 is the angular width of the cluster and formula_46 the proper distance to the cluster. Values for the ratio range from .11 to .14 for various surveys.


title: Hydrostatic equilibrium

text: The concept of hydrostatic equilibrium has also become important in determining whether an astronomical object is a planet, dwarf planet, or small Solar System body. According to the definition of planet adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 2006, one defining characteristic of planets and dwarf planets is that they are objects that have sufficient gravity to overcome their own rigidity and assume hydrostatic equilibrium. Such a body will often have the differentiated interior and geology of a world (a planemo), though near-hydrostatic or formerly hydrostatic bodies such as the proto-planet 4 Vesta may also be differentiated and some hydrostatic bodies (notably Callisto) have not thoroughly differentiated since their formation. Often the equilibrium shape is an oblate spheroid, as is the case with Earth. However, in the cases of moons in synchronous orbit, nearly unidirectional tidal forces create a scalene ellipsoid. Also, the purported dwarf planet is scalene due to its rapid rotation, though it may not currently be in equilibrium.


title: Hydrostatic equilibrium

text: Icy objects were previously believed to need less mass to attain hydrostatic equilibrium than rocky objects. The smallest object that appears to have an equilibrium shape is the icy moon Mimas at 396 km, whereas the largest icy object known to have an obviously non-equilibrium shape is the icy moon Proteus at 420 km, and the largest rocky bodies in an obviously non-equilibrium shape are the asteroids Pallas and Vesta at about 520 km. However, Mimas is not actually in hydrostatic equilibrium for its current rotation. The smallest body confirmed to be in hydrostatic equilibrium is the dwarf planet Ceres, which is icy, at 945 km, whereas the largest known body to have a noticeable deviation from hydrostatic equilibrium is Iapetus being made of mostly permeable ice and almost no rock. At 1,469 km Iapetus is neither spherical nor ellipsoid. Instead, it is rather in a strange walnut-like shape due to its unique equatorial ridge. Some icy bodies may be in equilibrium at least partly due to a subsurface ocean, which is not the definition of equilibrium used by the IAU (gravity overcoming internal rigid-body forces). Even larger bodies deviate from hydrostatic equilibrium, although they are ellipsoidal: examples are Earth's Moon at 3,474 km (mostly rock), and the planet Mercury at 4,880 km (mostly metal).


title: Hydrostatic equilibrium

text: Solid bodies have irregular surfaces, but local irregularities may be consistent with global equilibrium. For example, the massive base of the tallest mountain on Earth, Mauna Kea, has deformed and depressed the level of the surrounding crust, so that the overall distribution of mass approaches equilibrium.


title: Hydrostatic equilibrium

text: In the atmosphere, the pressure of the air decreases with increasing altitude. This pressure difference causes an upward force called the pressure-gradient force. The force of gravity balances this out, keeping the atmosphere bound to Earth and maintaining pressure differences with altitude.


title: Hydrostatic equilibrium

text: Gemologists use hydrostatic balances to determine the specific gravity of gemstones. A gemologist may compare the specific gravity they observe with a hydrostatic balance with a standardized catalogue of information for gemstones, helping them to narrow down the identity or type of gemstone under examination.


title: Austin Dillon

text: Austin Reed Dillon (born April 27, 1990) is an American professional stock car racing driver and reality TV show actor. He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 3 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 for Richard Childress Racing. He is the grandson of RCR team owner Richard Childress, the older brother of Ty Dillon who also competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, and the son of Mike Dillon, a former racing driver who currently works as RCR's general manager.


title: Austin Dillon

text: Dillon is the 2011 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series champion and the 2013 NASCAR Nationwide Series champion and the winner of the 2018 Daytona 500. He also won the Rookie of the Year award in both series in the year before he won the championship (2010 and 2012, respectively). He also holds the record for most consecutive poles in the Nationwide (now Xfinity) Series with four.


title: Austin Dillon

text: Dillon began his racing career in the Bandolero Mini Cars series and the Legend Cars Series. A year later, he started dirt track racing at dirt late model racer Dale McDowell's school.


title: Austin Dillon

text: He ran the full schedule in the No. 3 Chevrolet initially driving for Andy Santerre Motorsports; he eventually moved under his grandfather's Richard Childress Racing banner after four races. Dillon scored one win at Greenville-Pickens Speedway, one pole and ten top-ten finishes in 13 races.


title: Austin Dillon

text: He made his first Camping World Truck Series start at Iowa Speedway, driving the No. 3 truck. This was the first time that the No. 3 had appeared in any of the three major series since Dale Earnhardt Jr. used it in the Busch Series back in 2002.


title: Austin Dillon

text: Dillon was supposed to start the Mountain Dew 250 at Talladega Superspeedway during the 2009 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series season, but the truck failed inspection, thus his time was removed and he failed to qualify for the race. Dillon would drive the No. 3 truck full-time in 2010 for Rookie of the Year, with sponsorship from Bass Pro Shops.


title: Austin Dillon

text: Despite crashing out early at Daytona, Dillon got his first career pole at Texas Motor Speedway in June and finished third, leading 20 laps. On July 11, Dillon scored his first career NASCAR victory in the Lucas Oil 200 at Iowa Speedway, winning a Truck Series race in a truck wearing the No. 3 for the first time since Bryan Reffner won for Team Menard in 2000 at Texas Motor Speedway. He ended the season with two wins and seven poles, earning him Rookie of the Year honors.


title: Austin Dillon

text: In 2011, Dillon scored his first win of the year at Nashville Superspeedway. Dillon scored his second win of 2011 at Chicagoland Speedway, beating Kevin Harvick and Kyle Busch. After rain shortened the season finale at the Homestead-Miami Speedway, Dillon was crowned the 2011 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series Champion. He also won the 2011 CWTS Most Popular Driver Award. In 2012 he moved up to the Nationwide Series full-time, driving the No. 3 Chevrolet for RCR.


title: Austin Dillon

text: Dillon made his first career start in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series on October 9, 2011, in the Hollywood Casino 400 at Kansas Speedway. He finished 26th in his No. 98 Camping World Curb/Agajanian Racing Chevrolet Impala.


title: Austin Dillon

text: On November 4, 2011, Richard Childress Racing announced that Dillon would be moving up to the Nationwide Series in 2012, driving the No. 3 that Dale Earnhardt made famous, with sponsorship from AdvoCare, American Ethanol, and Bass Pro Shops.


title: Austin Dillon

text: Dillon competed in the Sprint Cup Series on a limited basis in 2012, starting at Michigan International Speedway in June, driving the No. 33 Chevrolet for Richard Childress Racing, starting 21st and finishing 24th.


title: Austin Dillon

text: On June 29, 2012, Dillon recorded his first Nationwide Series win at Kentucky Speedway; he dominated the race by leading all but 8 laps and won by over 9.8 seconds over second place. However, NASCAR officials announced the car had failed post-race inspection because the rear ride heights were too low.


title: Austin Dillon

text: Dillon also participated in one race in the NASCAR Canadian Tire Series at Circuit Gilles-Villeuneuve in Montreal in August 2012. Dillon finished 7th while driving the No. 4 car for Fitzpatrick Motorsports.


title: Austin Dillon

text: Dillon announced in August 2012 that he would continue to drive full-time in the Nationwide Series for 2013, with Advocare as the primary sponsor for the full season, along with running seven Sprint Cup Series races that year, including the 2013 Daytona 500, where he qualified 8th, but crashed late in the race, relegating him to a 31st-place finish. In January 2013 it was announced that some of Dillon's Sprint Cup races that season would be in Phoenix Racing's No. 51 Chevrolet.


title: Austin Dillon

text: Dillon returned to the Truck Series for the inaugural Mudsummer Classic at Eldora Speedway, leading a race-high 63 laps, and won after a green-white-checker finish. The truck, the trophy and the famed piece of dirt track are on display at NASCAR Hall of Fame. Later in the year Dillon substituted for the ailing Brennan Newberry in the Truck Series race at Chicagoland Speedway.


title: Austin Dillon

text: In early August 2013, it was announced that Dillon would substitute for Tony Stewart in the No. 14 Stewart-Haas Racing Chevrolet at Michigan due to Stewart's leg injury; he would also drive the car at Talladega Superspeedway in October. In Dillon's run at Talladega, he performed well during the event, and was running in the top five for most of the day; at the white flag, Dillon was third behind Jamie McMurray and Dale Earnhardt Jr. and was about to give Earnhardt Jr. a push for an attempt to make a winning pass when he was turned by Ricky Stenhouse Jr., slammed the backstretch wall, then was sent airborne when struck hard in the rear bumper by Casey Mears.


title: Austin Dillon

text: On November 16, 2013, Dillon won the NASCAR Nationwide Series Championship with a 12th-place finish in the season finale at Homestead-Miami Speedway. Dillon's series championship was unusual because he did not win any races during the season; this marked the first time in any of NASCAR's three national series that a season champion went winless.


title: Austin Dillon

text: On December 11, 2013, it was announced by RCR that Dillon will drive the No. 3 Chevrolet in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series with Cheerios and Dow Chemical Company as the primary sponsors. It would be the No. 3 car's first Sprint Cup appearance in 13 years.


title: Austin Dillon

text: During 2014 Daytona 500 qualifying, Dillon clinched the pole position with a speed of . This was the fourth time that the No. 3 was on the pole for the Daytona 500.


title: Austin Dillon

text: After a long streak of bad finishes, Dillon rebounded with a top-five in the 2014 Coke Zero 400. Dillon ended the 2014 Cup season as one of only two drivers to have been running at the finish of every race during the season, the other being Jeff Gordon. He finished second in the rookie of the year standings to Kyle Larson.


title: Austin Dillon

text: In the first half of the 2015 season, Dillon struggled in the Cup Series, scoring only one top-10 finish (10th in the Spring race at Bristol). In the Xfinity series, however, Dillon scored two wins, the first coming at Las Vegas and the other at Charlotte. In both races, he dominated leading the most laps.


title: Austin Dillon

text: In the summer return to Daytona, Dillon had an up and down weekend. In the Xfinity race, he won after his teammate and the dominant car of Brian Scott crashed out of the race late in the going. In the Coke Zero 400 on July 5, coming to the checkered flag, Dillon was hit in the left front tire by the spinning car of Denny Hamlin and from behind by Clint Bowyer, causing him to flip into the catch fence over two rows of cars. Dillon climbed out of the car unharmed, except for a bruised tailbone and a bruise on his forearm, but five fans were injured by flying debris. Dillon was credited with a seventh-place finish.


title: Austin Dillon

text: After a disappointing season, with only 1 top 5 and 5 top 10 finishes, Dillon closed out the 2015 Sprint Cup season standings in 21st place. However, Dillon did manage to win 4 Xfinity races, even though he was running only a part-time schedule.


title: Austin Dillon

text: Dillon competed part-time in the Xfinity Series in 2016, splitting the No. 2 of RCR with six other drivers. On the final lap of the Xfinity race in Fontana, Dillon battled with Kyle Busch, whose car had cut a left front tire, the two making contact as they approached the finish. Dillon's car hit the turn four wall but was able to hang on for the win.


title: Austin Dillon

text: Then at the second Bristol race, Dillon won after Kyle Busch and Brad Keselowski both wrecked late in the going.


title: Austin Dillon

text: In the Cup Series, Dillon won two Poles, the first coming at Auto Club and the second coming at the second Texas race. At the first Talladega Cup race, Dillon scored a career-best 3rd-place finish after getting caught up in two big crashes. He then also qualified for his first Chase for the Sprint Cup; though he advanced out of the Round of 16, he was eliminated in the following round.


title: Austin Dillon

text: Dillon opened the season with a fourth-place finish in his Can-Am Duel, where he pushed Denny Hamlin past the dominant car of Dale Earnhardt Jr. to win the race.


title: Austin Dillon

text: During an Xfinity Series race at Phoenix International Raceway, Dillon was parked by NASCAR for wrecking rookie Cole Custer under caution after Custer slid into Dillon earlier in the race. After being parked, Dillon was not the target of any more penalties.


title: Austin Dillon

text: When NASCAR returned to Martinsville for the first time in 2017, Dillon scored a season-best 5th place outing. This is his first top-5 and top-10 finish of 2017. At Texas, Dillon was unable to start the Cup race on the lead lap due to a broken track bar that put him 11 laps down. He finished 33rd.


title: Austin Dillon

text: After the Kansas race, his crew-chief Slugger Labbe mutually separated from RCR. Justin Alexander became the new crew chief and started his role at the Open.


title: Austin Dillon

text: After struggling early on in the Coca-Cola 600, Dillon would finally earn his first career Cup Series win after passing Jimmie Johnson, who ran out of fuel on lap 399 and held off Kyle Busch and Martin Truex Jr.. It was the first win for a No. 3 car in Cup since October 15, 2000 when Dale Earnhardt won at Talladega.


title: Austin Dillon

text: After the Charlotte race, Dillon would not score another top-five finish in the Cup series until a fourth-place run at the Southern 500 at Darlington. He went to finish a career-best 11th in the final point standings despite getting eliminated after the round of 16.


title: Austin Dillon

text: In June, Dillon became a color commentator for "Fox NASCAR" broadcast of the Xfinity Series race at Michigan.


title: Austin Dillon

text: In 2018, Dillon returned to the No. 3 car in the Cup Series. He drove this car to win the 2018 Daytona 500, after coming from a lap down within 20 laps to go to second on the final lap. He hit Aric Almirola in the right rear after Almirola tried blocking him, sending him into the outside wall. The win happened 20 years after Dale Earnhardt's only Daytona 500 win, and it was also 17 years to the day of Earnhardt's death. Despite the win and a guaranteed spot in the Playoffs, Dillon struggled to stay consistent throughout the season with two top-fives and five top-10 finishes. He was eliminated in the Round of 16 after hitting the outside wall twice at the Charlotte Roval race and finished the season 13th in points.


title: Austin Dillon

text: In the Xfinity Series, Dillon scored his 100th career top-10 Xfinity Series finish at California, which came as a fourth-place outing. He won the Xfinity race at Michigan in June after rain ended the race prematurely on lap 91. It was the first Xfinity Series win for Dillon since the August Bristol race in 2016, and the first for RCR's Xfinity team since 2016 at Road America with Michael McDowell. Dillon also drove the No. 10 Chevrolet for Kaulig Racing at Indianapolis. This was the second time Dillon raced in an Xfinity event outside RCR. It is also the first time Kaulig Racing fielded two cars in a race.


title: Austin Dillon

text: For 2019, Dillon began having Danny Stockman atop the pit box for the Cup Series. Stockman was Dillon's crew chief in the Truck Series and Nationwide Series when he won his NASCAR Championship titles in 2011 and 2013.


title: Austin Dillon

text: Dillon and RCR showed qualifying speed early in the season, winning pole awards at Auto Club and Talladega. Then at Michigan, Dillon managed to get his first career stage win in the Cup Series by winning the second stage.


title: Austin Dillon

text: He performed well at the July Daytona race, leading the most laps (46) and winning stage 2. However, with 40 laps to go, as severe weather was approaching the track, Clint Bowyer made contact with Dillon causing a multi-car accident. Dillon finished with a DNF in 33rd place.


title: Austin Dillon

text: Dillon failed to make the playoffs for the first time since 2015 as he fell outside the top twenty in points. He finished 21st in the final points standings, tying his lowest in a full-time season with zero-top fives for the first time in his career.


title: Austin Dillon

text: On October 28, 2019, Stockman announced he would step down as the crew chief of the No. 3 team at the end of the 2019 season. Justin Alexander returned as the No. 3 team's crew chief in 2020 after having served that position in the 2017 and 2018 seasons.


title: Austin Dillon

text: At Las Vegas, Dillon managed to score his first top-five finish of 2020 and first since the 2018 Consumers Energy 400, coming home fourth.


title: Austin Dillon

text: On July 19, Dillon broke an 88-race winless streak by claiming his 3rd career victory at the 2020 O'Reilly Auto Parts 500 at Texas Motor Speedway. RCR teammate Tyler Reddick finished second to secure an RCR 1–2 finish for the first time since the 2011 Good Sam Club 500. It was Dillon's first victory where he led more than the final two laps, as he took the lead with 23 to go and held off Reddick over several restarts.


title: Austin Dillon

text: On August 15, it was announced that Dillon tested positive for COVID-19, forcing him to miss the Go Bowling 235 at Daytona; Kaz Grala served as his replacement for the race. Dillon returned to the No. 3 for the following week at Dover.


title: Austin Dillon

text: At the Southern 500, Dillon had to start from the rear as a result of unapproved adjustments, later had to take an unscheduled pit stop for a flat tire, and rallied to finish second. In the following race, Richmond, Dillon recorded a fourth-place finish, marking the first time in his Cup Series career that he finished in the top five in consecutive races. After a 12th-place finish at the Bristol Night Race a week later, Dillon advanced to the Round of 12 for the second time in his career since 2016. He was eliminated following the Charlotte Roval. Dillon finished 11th in the points standings.


title: Austin Dillon

text: Dillon began the 2021 season with a win in his Duel for the Daytona 500 by passing Bubba Wallace on the final lap, which enabled him to start fourth for the 500. Dillon would go on to lead 7 laps in the 500 and finish in 3rd-place after avoiding a last-lap crash, assuming the points lead for the first time in his career.


title: Austin Dillon

text: In the Xfinity COTA event, Dillon returned to the Xfinity racing for Ronnie and Dillon Bassett's team. He managed to qualify the No. 77 and finished 13th. Later on in July, Dillon returned to the Xfinity Series at Atlanta when he served as an injury replacement for Michael Annett in the No. 1 JR Motorsports Chevrolet.


title: Austin Dillon

text: At Michigan in August, Dillon was turned into the wall by Brad Keselowski just after the stage 2 ending. Dillon nearly flipped on impact and was on his side for a couple of seconds. He was unharmed and climbed out of the car.


title: Austin Dillon

text: Dillon started the 2022 season with a 25th-place finish at the 2022 Daytona 500. He scored three top-three finishes at Fontana, Martinsville, and Talladega. On March 27, Dillon recorded his first top-10 finish in a Cup Series road course race as he finished tenth at the Circuit of the Americas. At New Hampshire, he and Brad Keselowski engaged in an on-road altercation during a caution lap. Dillon won the Coke Zero Sugar 400 at Daytona to clinch a spot in the playoffs in a 1-2 finish with teammate Tyler Reddick. He assumed the lead after a huge wreck caused by rainfall took out much of the lead pack on lap 138; Dillon, who was sixteenth at the time, was the only driver in the lead pack to not be involved in the accident. Dillon was eliminated in the Round of 16 after being involved in a multi-car pileup at the Bristol night race. Dillon would later score two consecutive top-10 outings at the Charlotte Roval, giving him his second-career road course top 10 finish, (10th place) and then a 10th-place result at Las Vegas. Then, Dillon scored a career-first 3 consecutive top 10 finishes by coming home in 4th place at Homestead. He finished the season 11th in the points standings.


title: Austin Dillon

text: On April 8, Dillon revealed that he would run the 2022 Pinty's Truck Race on Dirt at Bristol Motor Speedway in a Young's Motorsports truck. Although Dillon stated that he thought he would drive the team's No. 02 truck, that race is on Kaz Grala's schedule of races in that truck. A driver for the team's No. 20 truck has yet to be announced, so that will likely be the truck that Dillon drives in that race. Dillon also drove the same truck in the race at Atlanta in 2018. This will be Dillon's first Truck Series start since 2019 when he drove the NEMCO Motorsports No. 8 at Martinsville in March.


title: Austin Dillon

text: In the Xfinity Series, Dillon drove for Big Machine Racing at the Charlotte Xfinity race, finishing 31st.


title: Austin Dillon

text: On October 28, 2022, RCR announced that Keith Rodden will be on the pit box for Dillon starting in 2023. Justin Alexander announced shortly before this announcement that he would be stepping down from the crew chief role on the No. 3 car.


title: Austin Dillon

text: In 2021, Dillon joined RWR-Eurasia Motorsport for his 24 Hours of Daytona debut, sharing an LMP2 car with Cody Ware and Salih Yoluç.


title: Austin Dillon

text: In 2019, Dillon made a cameo in the movie "Stuber" alongside brother Ty and fellow driver Daniel Suárez.


title: Austin Dillon

text: Dillon guest starred in the television series "SEAL Team" Season 3, Episode 14 "Objects in Mirror", as a NASCAR driving instructor for the protagonists. Filming took place at Auto Club Speedway in December 2019, while the episode premiered on March 11, 2020.


title: Austin Dillon

text: "The Crew", a 2021 NASCAR-centric Netflix series, featured cameo appearances from Dillon and fellow Cup racers Ryan Blaney and Cole Custer.


title: Austin Dillon

text: Dillon and his family are featured in the USA reality series "Austin Dillon's Life in the Fast Lane".


title: Austin Dillon

text: Dillon became engaged to former NFL cheerleader Whitney Ward on August 9, 2016. Austin and Whitney were married December 9, 2017, at Childress Vineyards in Lexington, North Carolina. Their son was born on June 14, 2020. Dillon attended High Point University on a part-time basis. He also played in the 2002 Little League World Series in South Williamsport, Pennsylvania.


title: Austin Dillon

text: Dillon co-owns sports management agency Team Dillon Management with his brother Ty which currently manages both themselves as well as fellow NASCAR drivers Anthony Alfredo, A. J. Allmendinger, Sheldon Creed, Kaz Grala, Austin Hill, John Hunter Nemechek, Tanner Thorson and Cody Ware as well as golfers Brian Gay and Chris Stroud.


title: Interaction

text: Interaction is action that occurs between two or more objects, with broad use in philosophy and the sciences. It may refer to:


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: The Ukrainian diaspora comprises Ukrainians and their descendants who live outside Ukraine around the world, especially those who maintain some kind of connection, even if ephemeral, to the land of their ancestors and maintain their feeling of Ukrainian national identity within their own local community. The Ukrainian diaspora is found throughout numerous regions worldwide including other post-Soviet states as well as in other countries such as Poland, the United States, Canada, the UK and Brazil.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: The Ukrainian diaspora is found throughout numerous countries worldwide. It is particularly concentrated in other post-Soviet states (Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova, and Russia), Central Europe (the Czech Republic, Germany, and Poland), North America (Canada and the United States), and South America (Argentina and Brazil).


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: After the loss suffered by the Ukrainian-Swedish Alliance under Ivan Mazepa in the Battle of Poltava in 1709, some political emigrants, primarily Cossacks, settled in Turkey and in Western Europe.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: In 1775, after the fall of the Zaporozhian Sich to the Russian Empire, some more Cossacks emigrated to Dobruja in the Ottoman Empire (now in Romania), while others settled in Volga and Ural regions of the Russian Empire.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: In the second half of the 18th century, Ukrainians from the Transcarpathian Region formed agricultural settlements in the Kingdom of Hungary, primarily in the Bačka and Syrmia regions. Both are now located in the Vojvodina Region of the Republic of Serbia.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: In time, Ukrainian settlements emerged in the major European capitals, including Vienna, Budapest, Rome and Warsaw.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: In 1880, the Ukrainian diaspora consisted of approximately 1.2 million people, which represented approximately 4.6% of all Ukrainians, and was distributed as follows:


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: In the last quarter of the 19th century due to the agrarian resettlement, a massive emigration of Ukrainians from Austro-Hungary to the Americas and from the Russian Empire to the Urals and Asia (Siberia and Kazakhstan) occurred.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: A secondary movement was the emigration under the auspices of the Austro-Hungarian government of 10,000 Ukrainians from Galicia to Bosnia.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: Furthermore, due to Russian agitation, 15,000 Ukrainians left Galicia and Bukovina and settled in Russia. Most of these settlers later returned.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: Finally in the Russian Empire, some Ukrainians from the Chełm and Podlaskie regions, as well as most of the Jews, emigrated to the Americas.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: Some of those who left their homeland returned. For example, from the 393,000 Ukrainians who emigrated to the United States of America, 70,000 returned.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: Most of the emigrants to the United States of America worked in the construction and mining industries. Many worked in the US on a temporary basis, to earn remittances.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: In the 1890s, Ukrainian agricultural settlers emigrated to first to Brazil, and Argentina. However, the writings of Galician professor and nationalist Dr. Joseph Oleskiw were influential in redirecting that flow to Canada. He visited an already-established Ukrainian block settlement, which had been founded by Iwan Pylypiw, and met with Canadian immigration officials. His two pamphlets on the subject praised the United States as a place for wage labour, but stated that Canada was the best place for agricultural settlers to obtain free land. By contrast he was fiercely critical of the treatment Ukrainian settlers had received in South America. After his writings, the slow trickle of Ukrainians to Canada greatly increased.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: Before the start of the First World War, almost 500,000 Ukrainians emigrated to the Americas. This can be broken down by country as follows:


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: In 1914, the Ukrainian diaspora in the Americas numbered about 700,000-750,000 people, located as follows:


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: Most of the emigrants to the Americas belonged to the Greek Catholic Church. This led to the creation of Greek Catholic bishops in Canada and the United States of America. The need for solidarity led to the creation of Ukrainian religious, political, and social organisations. These new Ukrainian organisations maintained links with the homeland, from which books, media, priests, cultural figures, and new ideas arrived. Furthermore, local influence, as well as influence from their homeland, led to the process of a national re-awakening. At times, the diaspora was ahead of their times in this re-awakening.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: Emigrants from the Transcarpathian and Lemko regions created their own organisations and had their own separate Greek Catholic church hierarchy (Ruthenian Catholic Church). These emigrants are often considered to be Rusyns or Ruthenians and are considered by some to be distinct from other Ukrainians. However, in Argentina and Brazil, immigrants from Transcarpathia and the Lemko Region did identify themselves as Ukrainians.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: The majority of the Ukrainian diaspora in the Americas focused on freeing the nation and obtaining independence. Thus, during the First World War and the fight for freedom in Ukraine (1919–1920), the Ukrainian diaspora in the United States of America and Canada actively sought to get the governments to support their cause. An interesting note is the role the Ruthenians played to convince the United States' government about the inclusion of the Transcarpathian region into the Czechoslovak Republic in 1919. The Ukrainian diaspora sent delegates to the Paris Peace Conference.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: On the other hand, the Ukrainian diaspora in the Russian Empire, and especially in Asia, was primarily agrarian. After 1860, the diaspora was primarily located in the Volga and Ural Regions, while in the last quarter of that century, due to a lack of space for settlement, the diaspora expanded into Western Siberia, Turkestan, the Far East, and even into the Zeleny Klyn. In the Russian Empire's 1897 census there were 1,560,000 Ukrainians divided as follows:


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: In the next decades, Ukrainian emigration to Asia increased (almost 1.5 million Ukrainians emigrated), so that in 1914 there were almost 2 million Ukrainians in the Asian part of the Russian Empire. In all of the Russian empire, there was a Ukrainian diaspora of 3.4 million Ukrainians. Most of this population was assimilated due to a lack of national awareness and closeness with the local Russian population, especially in religion.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: Unlike the emigrants from Austro-Hungary, the Ukrainian emigrants in the Russian Empire did not create their own organisations nor were there many interactions with their homeland. The revolution of 1917 allowed the creation of Ukrainian organisations, which were linked with the national and political rebirth in Ukraine.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: The First World War and the Russian Civil War led to the first massive political emigration, which strengthened the existing Ukrainian communities by infusing them with members from political, scientific, and cultural backgrounds. Furthermore, some of these new emigrants formed Ukrainian communities in Western and Central Europe. Thus, new communities were created in Czechoslovakia, Germany, Poland, France, Belgium, Austria, Romania, and Yugoslavia. The largest was in Prague, which was considered one of the centres of Ukrainian culture and political life (after Lviv and Kraków).


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: This group of emigrants created many different organisations and movements associated with corresponding groups in the battle for independence. A few Ukrainian universities were founded. Furthermore, many of these organisations were associated with the exiled Ukrainian government, the Ukrainian People's Republic.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: During the 1920s, the new diaspora maintained links with Soviet Ukraine. A Sovietophile movement appeared, whereby former opponents of the Bolsheviks began to argue that Ukrainians should support Soviet Ukraine. Some argued that they should do so because the Soviet republics were the leaders of international revolution, while others claimed that the Bolsheviks' social and national policies benefited Ukraine. This movement included Mykhailo Hrushevskyi, Volodymyr Vynnychenko and Yevhen Petrushevych. Many émigrés, for example Mykhailo Hrushevskyi, returned and helped the Bolsheviks implement their policy of Ukrainianisation. However, the abandonment of Ukrainianisation, the return to collectivisation and the man-made famine of 1932–33 ended this tendency. Most of the links were broken, with the exception of some Sovietophile organisations in Canada and the United States of America.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: On the other hand, the Canadian and American diaspora maintained links with the Ukrainian community in Galicia and the Transcarpathian Region.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: The political emigration decreased in the middle 1920s due to a return to the homeland and a decline in students studying at the Ukrainian universities.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: In 1920–1921, Ukrainians left Western Ukraine to settle in the Americas and Western Europe. Most of the emigrates settled in Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, France, the UK and Belgium. The economic crisis of the early 1930s stopped most of the emigration. Later, the emigration picked up. The number of emigrants can be approximated as:


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: Furthermore, many Ukrainians left the Ukrainian SSR and settled in Asia due to political and economic factors, primarily collectivisation and the famine of 1920.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: The Ukrainian diaspora, outside of the Soviet Union, was 1.7-1.8 million people, divided by place as follows:


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: According to the soviet census of 1926, there were 3,450,000 Ukrainians living outside of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, divided as follows:


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: In Siberia the vast majority of the Ukrainians lived in the Central Asian region and in the Zeleny Klyn. On January 1, 1933, there were about 4.5 million Ukrainians (larger than the official figures) in the Soviet Union outside of the Ukrainian SSR, while in America there were 1.1-1.2 million Ukrainians.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: After the Second World War, the Ukrainian diaspora increased due to a second wave of displaced persons. The 250,000 Ukrainians at first settled in Germany and Austria. In the latter half of the 1940s and early 1950s, these Ukrainians were resettled in many different countries creating new Ukrainian settlements in Australia, Venezuela, and for a time being in Tunisia (Ben-Metir), as well as re-enforcing previous settlements in the United States, Canada (primarily Toronto, Ontario and Montreal, Quebec), Brazil (specially in the South and Southeast regions), Argentina and Paraguay. In Europe, there remained between 50,000 and 100,000 Ukrainians that settled in the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, and the Netherlands.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: This second wave of emigrants re-invigorated Ukrainian organisations in the Americas and Western Europe. In 1967, in New York City, the World Congress of Free Ukrainians was created. Scientific organisations were created. There was created an Institute of Ukrainian Studies at Harvard.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: An attempt was made to unite the various religious organisations (Orthodox and Greek Catholic). However, this did not succeed. In the early 1970s, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church in the United States of America and the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church in Europe, South America, and Australia managed to unite. Most of the other Orthodox churches maintained with each other some religious links. The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church had to wait until 1980 until its synod was recognised by the Vatican. The Ukrainian Evangelical and Baptist churches also created an All-Ukrainian Evangelical-Baptist Union.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: During the latter Soviet time there was a strong net migration in the USSR. Most of the Ukrainian contingent that was leaving the Ukrainian SSR for other areas of the Union settled in places with other migrants. The cultural separation from Ukraine proper meant that many were to form the so-called "multicultural soviet nation". In Siberia, 82% of Ukrainian entered mixed marriages, primarily with Russians. This meant that outside the parent national republic there was little or no provision for continuing a diaspora function. Thus only in large cities such as Moscow would Ukrainian literature and television could be found. At the same time other Ukrainian cultural heritage such as clothing and national foods were preserved. According to Soviet sociologist, 27% of the Ukrainians in Siberia read Ukrainian printed material and 38% used the Ukrainian language. From time to time, Ukrainian groups would visit Siberia. Nonetheless, most of the Ukrainians did assimilate.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: In all these countries, Ukrainians had the status of a minority nation with their own socio-cultural organisations, schools, and press. The degree of these rights varied from country to country. They were greatest in Yugoslavia.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: The largest Ukrainian diaspora was in Poland. It consisted of those Ukrainians, which were left in the western parts of Galicia that after the Second World War remained in Poland and had not emigrated to the Ukrainian SSR or resettled, and those who were resettled to the western and northern parts of Poland, which before the Second World War had been part of Germany.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: Ukrainians in Czechoslovakia lived in the Prešov Region, which can be considered Ukrainian ethnographic territory, and had substantial rights. The Ukrainians in the Prešov Region had their own church organisation.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: Ukrainians in Romania lived in the Romanian parts of Bukovina and the Maramureş Region, as well as in scattered settlements throughout Romania.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: Ukrainians in Yugoslavia lived primarily in Bancka and Srem regions of Vojvodina and Bosnia. These Ukrainians had their own church organisation as the Eparchy of Križevci.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: Of the countries where the Ukrainian diaspora had settled, only in Canada and the Soviet Union was information about ethnic background collected. However, the data from the Soviet Union is suspect and underestimates the number of Ukrainians. In 1970, the Ukrainian diaspora can be given as follows:


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: For the Soviet Union, it can be assumed that about 10-12 million people of Ukrainian (7-9 million in Asia) heritage live outside the Ukrainian SSR.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: After the independence of Ukraine in 1991, many Ukrainians emigrated to Western countries because of economic depression in the 1990s.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: Many Ukrainians live in Russia either along the Ukrainian border or in Siberia. In the 1990s, the number of Ukrainians living in Russia was calculated to be around 5 million. These regions, where Ukrainians live, can be subdivided into 2 categories:


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: As of 2020, the European Union was host of over half a million Ukrainian citizens, according to official records of residents collected by Eurostat. About half of the Ukrainian citizens in the EU were located in Italy.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: On 24 February 2022, Russia launched a large-scale invasion of Ukraine, which has led to millions of Ukrainian civilians moving to neighboring countries. Most have crossed into Poland, and others have gone to Hungary, Moldova, Russia, Slovakia, Romania and other European countries.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: In 2016, there were an estimated 1,359,655 persons of full or partial Ukrainian origin residing in Canada (the majority being Canadian-born citizens), making them Canada's eleventh largest ethnic group and giving Canada the world's third-largest Ukrainian population behind Ukraine itself and Russia.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: According to official Spanish statistics, there are 112,728 Ukrainians in Spain as of late 2019, being the 11th biggest foreign nationality found in Spain.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: Ukrainians constituted the second-largest foreign community residing in Portugal, with 44,074 residents in 2012.


title: Ukrainian diaspora

text: In Serbia, there are 4,903 (0,08%) ethnic Ukrainians with Serbian citizenship according to the 2011 census. According to the 2002 census there were 5,354 (0,82%) and according to the 1991 census 5,042. Until 1971, Ukrainians and Pannonian Rusyns were counted together.


title: One Piece (season 10)

text: The tenth season of the "One Piece" anime series, the "Thriller Bark Chapter", was produced by Toei Animation, and directed by Munehisa Sakai based on Eiichiro Oda's manga by the same name. It deals with the meeting and recruitment of Brook in a mysterious mist. There, the crew comes across Thriller Bark captained by Gecko Moria, one of the Seven Warlords of the Sea who uses shadows to create a crew of zombies.


title: One Piece (season 10)

text: The season began airing on Fuji Television on January 6, 2008 and ended on December 14, 2008, lasting 45 episodes. Thirteen compilations of the season has been released so far as of July 7, 2010 The first DVD release for the season was released on October 7, 2009.


title: One Piece (season 10)

text: The season uses two pieces of theme music. The first opening theme, titled "Jungle P", is performed by 5050. The second opening theme, starting with episode 373 onwards, is a cover of the series' first opening by Hiroshi Kitadani, as , performed by TVXQ.


title: One Piece (season 10)

text: The Funimation English dub of the first 12 episodes were originally going to be release in May 2014, but was delayed until September to coincide with the release of the Funimation dub of "".


title: One Piece (season 10)

text: In North America, the season was recategorized as the majority of ""Season Six"" for its DVD release by Funimation Entertainment. The Australian "Season Six" sets were renamed "Collection 29" though "32".


title: Joel Souza

text: Souza was originally inspired to become a filmmaker after viewing the Indiana Jones film "Raiders of the Lost Ark" (1981).


title: Joel Souza

text: As a writer and director, Souza made his debut in 2010 with the family adventure film "Hannah's Gold", starring Luke Perry. The thriller "Crown Vic", which featured the life behind the wheel of a patrol car, brought him the greatest fame. The premiere of the film took place at the Tribeca Film Festival, and received mixed reviews from critics, who noted substantial similarities between "Crown Vic" and the 2001 film "Training Day".


title: Joel Souza

text: On October 21, 2021, Souza was injured by a discharge from a prop gun fired by actor Alec Baldwin while filming "Rust". Cinematographer Halyna Hutchins died in the incident.


title: Parable of the Ten Virgins

text: The Parable of the Ten Virgins, also known as the Parable of the Wise and Foolish Virgins or the Parable of the ten bridesmaids, is one of the parables of Jesus. According to , ten virgins await a bridegroom; five have brought enough oil for their lamps for the wait, while the oil of the other five runs out. The five virgins who are prepared for the bridegroom's arrival are rewarded, while the five who went to buy further oil miss the bridegroom's arrival and are disowned.


title: Parable of the Ten Virgins

text: The parable has a clear eschatological theme: be prepared for the Day of Judgement. It was one of the most popular parables in the Middle Ages and had influence on Gothic art, sculpture and the architecture of German and French cathedrals.


title: Parable of the Ten Virgins

text: In the Parable of the Ten Virgins, Jesus tells a story about a party of virgins, perhaps bridesmaids or torchbearers for a procession, chosen to participate in a wedding. Each of the ten virgins is carrying a lamp or torch as they await the coming of the bridegroom, which they expect at some time during the night. Five of the virgins are wise and have brought extra oil for their lamps. Five are foolish and have brought their lamps but no extra oil.


title: Parable of the Ten Virgins

text: At midnight, all the virgins hear the call to come out to meet the bridegroom. Realising their lamps are going out, the foolish virgins ask the wise ones for oil, but they refuse, saying that there will certainly not (Greek "ou mē") be enough for them to share. While the foolish virgins are away trying to get more oil, the bridegroom arrives. The wise virgins then accompany him to the celebration. The others arrive too late and are excluded from the event.


title: Parable of the Ten Virgins

text: Other parables in this sequence include the parable of the budding fig tree (Matthew 24:32–35) and the parable of the Faithful Servant (Matthew 24:42–51). The parable of the Ten Virgins reinforces the call for readiness in the face of the uncertain time of this second "coming." It has been described as a "watching parable." Like the parable of the Lost Coin, it is a parable about women which immediately follows, and makes the same point as, a preceding parable about men.


title: Parable of the Ten Virgins

text: Along with most early Christian interpreters of this parable, some today continue to understand it as an allegory, whereby Jesus Christ is the bridegroom, echoing the Old Testament image of God as the bridegroom in and similar passages, and the virgins are the Christians. The awaited event is the Second Coming of Christ. Other elements in the story, e.g., lamps, oil, delay of the bridegroom, and exclusion of the foolish virgins from the celebration, also often take on various meanings. R. T. France writes that the parable is "a warning addressed specifically to those inside the professing church who are not to assume that their future is unconditionally assured."


title: Parable of the Ten Virgins

text: This story in its present form in Matthew seems to be an allegory, at least in its implied identification of the bridegroom as the Son of Man (cf. 24:44) and reflection of the church’s experience of delay in his Parousia. – although not a full-blown allegory like the Parable of the Sower, where almost every detail of the story has a hidden meaning. However, it its original form, possibly on the lips of Jesus himself, it was likely a narrative parable that simply illustrated the contrasting outcomes of groups who prepared themselves for uncertain circumstances and those who did not.


title: Parable of the Ten Virgins

text: The parable does not criticise the virgins for sleeping, since both groups do that, but for being unprepared as they brought no extra oil (it is unclear as to whether the foolish virgins succeed in purchasing any oil that night: most shops would not have been open). The New Testament scholar, Dan O. Via, considers the story of the bridesmaids as an example of a tragic parable with an inverted U-shaped plot. The rising action of the parable is the preparation for the coming of the bridegroom, but a crisis occurs when the bridegroom is delayed. This is the turning point (reversal or peripety) that leads to disaster.


title: Parable of the Ten Virgins

text: The parable is not written in praise of virginity, and indeed Louis of Granada, in his "The Sinner's Guide" of 1555, writes "No one makes intercession with the Bridegroom for the five foolish virgins who, after despising the pleasures of the flesh and stifling in their hearts the fire of concupiscence, nay, after observing the great counsel of virginity, neglected the precept of humility and became inflated with pride on account of their virginity."


title: Parable of the Ten Virgins

text: Friedrich Justus Knecht wrote that this parable shows "the necessity of good works," with the spare oil symbolizing good works stored up by faithful Christians, and the lax Christians being those whose faith did not compel them to active love or good deeds.


title: Parable of the Ten Virgins

text: Roger Baxter in his "Meditations" writes, "In the Church militant there are both good and bad, wise and foolish, all expecting the coming of Christ the spouse of the Church, in order to celebrate His nuptials in heaven. Those that keep their faith without charity, which is the life of faith, are like the foolish virgins who had no oil in their lamps, What can be more unwise than to expect the coming of a judge who sees all things, and not to prepare against His coming?"


title: Parable of the Ten Virgins

text: St. Seraphim of Sarov's interpretation of this parable occurs in his famous conversation called "Acquisition of the Holy Spirit" in which he said, "Some say that the lack of oil in the lamps of the foolish virgins means a lack of good deeds in their lifetime. Such an interpretation is not quite correct. Why should they be lacking in good deeds, if they are called virgins, even though foolish ones? Virginity is the supreme virtue, an angelic state, and it could take the place of all other good works. I think that what they were lacking was the grace of the All-Holy Spirit of God. These virgins practiced the virtues, but in their spiritual ignorance they supposed that the Christian life consisted merely in doing good works. By doing a good deed they thought they were doing the work of God, but they cared little whether they acquired the grace of God's Spirit. These ways of life, based merely on doing good, without carefully testing whether they bring the grace of the Spirit of God, are mentioned in the patristic books: 'There is another way which is deemed good in the beginning, but ends at the bottom of hell.'"


title: Parable of the Ten Virgins

text: Spencer W. Kimball gave an LDS perspective on the difference between the wise and the foolish virgins, and why they could not share the oil: "This was not selfishness or unkindness. The kind of oil that is needed to illuminate the way and light up the darkness is not shareable. How can one share obedience to the principle of tithing; a mind at peace from righteous living; an accumulation of knowledge? How can one share faith or testimony? How can one share attitudes or chastity... Each must obtain that kind of oil for himself."


title: Parable of the Ten Virgins

text: The parable occurs in all ancient New Testament manuscripts of the Gospel of Matthew, with only slight variations in some words. Bible commentators and scholars do not entirely agree on the nature of the parable: whether it is an authentic parable of Jesus, based on an authentic parable but significantly modified, or entirely an invention of the early Church. According to Jan Lambrecht, "a considerable number of exegetes in fact suppose that the parable of 'The Wise and Foolish Virgins' ultimately goes back to Jesus." Other scholars believe that this parable has only been lightly edited.


title: Parable of the Ten Virgins

text: The argument for modification is due to the parable's eschatological nature, which seems to speak more directly to the situation of the early Church rather than the situation during Jesus's life ("Sitz im Leben"). A large majority of fellows on the Jesus Seminar, for example, designated the parable as merely similar to something Jesus might have said or simply inauthentic ("grey" or "black"). Bart Ehrman wrote that the parable makes sense within the context of the Church during the time period before the Gospel of Matthew was written, around 60–90 AD. Many early Christians believed the Second Coming of Jesus and the establishment of the Kingdom of God was imminent, yet this did not occur. In the parable, the bridegroom has been "delayed". The parable is thus an encouragement to keep watch and stay prepared for Christians who expected Jesus to have already returned.


title: Parable of the Ten Virgins

text: In the Catholic Church, the parable is the Gospel reading for the 32nd Sunday in Ordinary Time in Cycle A; in the extraordinary form of the Roman rite (Tridentine Mass), the parable is the Gospel reading for Masses of virgins and virgin martyrs.


title: Parable of the Ten Virgins

text: In the Armenian Orthodox Church the parable is the main theme of Holy Monday. A special Church service enacting the parable of the ten virgins is celebrated on Tuesday evening of the Holy Week.


title: Parable of the Ten Virgins

text: In the Syriac Orthodox Church, the parable is used to commemorate the Sunday vespers service of Nahire. They believe Nahire symbolizes living in accordance with the 10 virgins, and that only through a life of dedication, vigilance, fasting and prayer can we be ready for the Bridegroom himself.


title: Parable of the Ten Virgins

text: The parable is the Gospel reading for the 27th Sunday after Trinity in the traditional Lutheran lectionary. In the Revised Common Lectionary, the parable is read in "Proper 27 (32nd Sunday in Ordinary Time)".


title: Parable of the Ten Virgins

text: The parable has been depicted in several paintings, including altarpieces in Northern Europe. A recent example, from 1954, is by Tove Jansson. In the 19th century, the artists of the Nazarene movement also took up this theme.


title: Parable of the Ten Virgins

text: Sculptures of the wise and foolish virgins were a common motif in medieval ecclesial architecture in Europe, especially for the decoration of doorways, and carved figures representing them appear on many of the medieval churches and cathedrals of the Gothic style, including:


title: Parable of the Ten Virgins

text: The virgins are also depicted on cathedrals in Switzerland and other countries; the portal leading into the main church of Hovhannavank (1216-1221) in Armenia has carved scenes from the Parable of the Wise and Foolish Virgins.


title: Parable of the Ten Virgins

text: The ubiquity of such sculptures has inspired a fictional description: the carvings on the doors of Kingsbridge cathedral in Ken Follett's novel "World Without End", set in the Late Middle Ages.


title: Parable of the Ten Virgins

text: Several religious musical compositions have been inspired by the parable. Its message was formed into a hymn, "Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme", by Philipp Nicolai, which Johann Sebastian Bach used for his chorale cantata "Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme", BWV 140. The parable forms the theme for several hymns, including the 19th century hymn "Behold the Bridegroom Cometh" by George Frederick Root, which begins:


title: Parable of the Ten Virgins

text: The Wise Virgins is a one-act ballet, written in 1941 by William Walton, based on the music of Johann Sebastian Bach, with choreography by Frederick Ashton.


title: Parable of the Ten Virgins

text: "Keep Your Lamp Trimmed and Burning" is a gospel blues song based on the parable. It has been recorded by such artists as Blind Willie Johnson, Reverend Pearly Brown, and Rev. "Blind" Gary Davis.


title: Parable of the Ten Virgins

text: Non-religious music has also used the parable as a theme, such as the ballet "The wise and the foolish virgins" by Swedish composer Kurt Atterberg (1887–1974), written in 1920.


title: Parable of the Ten Virgins

text: A reference is made to the parable in the 2002 Johnny Cash song "The Man Comes Around," which draws heavily on the Bible.


title: Parable of the Ten Virgins

text: On the 1974 album by Genesis - "The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway", a reference to the parable is made in the song "The Carpet Crawlers": "and the wise and foolish virgins giggle with their bodies glowing bright."


title: Parable of the Ten Virgins

text: From early Christian times, the story of the ten virgins has been told as a mystery play. St Methodius wrote the "Banquet of the Ten Virgins", a mystery play in Greek. "Sponsus", a mid-11th-century play, was performed in both Latin and Occitan. The German play "Ludus de decem virginibus" was first performed on 4 May 1321. There was also a Dutch play of the late Middle Ages.


title: Heterotroph

text: A heterotroph (; ) is an organism that cannot produce its own food, instead taking nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter. In the food chain, heterotrophs are primary, secondary and tertiary consumers, but not producers. Living organisms that are heterotrophic include all animals and fungi, some bacteria and protists, and many parasitic plants. The term heterotroph arose in microbiology in 1946 as part of a classification of microorganisms based on their type of nutrition. The term is now used in many fields, such as ecology in describing the food chain.


title: Heterotroph

text: Heterotrophs may be subdivided according to their energy source. If the heterotroph uses chemical energy, it is a chemoheterotroph (e.g., humans and mushrooms). If it uses light for energy, then it is a photoheterotroph (e.g., green non-sulfur bacteria).


title: Heterotroph

text: Heterotrophs represent one of the two mechanisms of nutrition (trophic levels), the other being autotrophs ("auto" = self, "troph" = nutrition). Autotrophs use energy from sunlight (photoautotrophs) or oxidation of inorganic compounds (lithoautotrophs) to convert inorganic carbon dioxide to organic carbon compounds and energy to sustain their life. Comparing the two in basic terms, heterotrophs (such as animals) eat either autotrophs (such as plants) or other heterotrophs, or both.


title: Heterotroph

text: Detritivores are heterotrophs which obtain nutrients by consuming detritus (decomposing plant and animal parts as well as feces). Saprotrophs (also called lysotrophs) are chemoheterotrophs that use extracellular digestion in processing decayed organic matter. The process is most often facilitated through the active transport of such materials through endocytosis within the internal mycelium and its constituent hyphae.


title: Heterotroph

text: Heterotrophs can be organotrophs or lithotrophs. Organotrophs exploit reduced carbon compounds as electron sources, like carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from plants and animals. On the other hand, lithoheterotrophs use inorganic compounds, such as ammonium, nitrite, or sulfur, to obtain electrons. Another way of classifying different heterotrophs is by assigning them as chemotrophs or phototrophs. Phototrophs utilize light to obtain energy and carry out metabolic processes, whereas chemotrophs use the energy obtained by the oxidation of chemicals from their environment.


title: Heterotroph

text: Photoorganoheterotrophs, such as Rhodospirillaceae and purple non-sulfur bacteria synthesize organic compounds using sunlight coupled with oxidation of organic substances.


title: Heterotroph

text: They use organic compounds to build structures. They do not fix carbon dioxide and apparently do not have the Calvin cycle. Chemolithoheterotrophs like "Oceanithermus profundus" obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, including hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, thiosulfate, and molecular hydrogen. Mixotrophs (or facultative chemolithotroph) can use either carbon dioxide or organic carbon as the carbon source, meaning that mixotrophs have the ability to use both heterotrophic and autotrophic methods.


title: Heterotroph

text: Although mixotrophs have the ability to grow under both heterotrophic and autotrophic conditions, "C. vulgaris" have higher biomass and lipid productivity when growing under heterotrophic compared to autotrophic conditions.


title: Heterotroph

text: Heterotrophs, by consuming reduced carbon compounds, are able to use all the energy that they obtain from food for growth and reproduction, unlike autotrophs, which must use some of their energy for carbon fixation. Both heterotrophs and autotrophs alike are usually dependent on the metabolic activities of other organisms for nutrients other than carbon, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, and can die from lack of food that supplies these nutrients. This applies not only to animals and fungi but also to bacteria.


title: Heterotroph

text: The chemical origin of life hypothesis suggests that life originated in a prebiotic soup with heterotrophs. The summary of this theory is as follows: early Earth had a highly reducing atmosphere and energy sources such as electrical energy in the form of lightning, which resulted in reactions that formed simple organic compounds, which further reacted to form more complex compounds and eventually result in life. Alternative theories of an autotrophic origin of life contradict this theory.


title: Heterotroph

text: The theory of a chemical origin of life beginning with heterotrophic life was first proposed in 1924 by Alexander Ivanovich Oparin, and eventually published “The Origin of Life.” It was independently proposed for the first time in English in 1929 by John Burdon Sanderson Haldane. While these authors agreed on the gasses present and the progression of events to a point, Oparin championed a progressive complexity of organic matter prior to the formation of cells, while Haldane had more considerations about the concept of genes as units of heredity and the possibility of light playing a role in chemical synthesis (autotrophy).


title: Heterotroph

text: Evidence grew to support this theory in 1953, when Stanley Miller’s conducted an experiment in which he added gasses that were thought to be present on early Earth – water (HO), methane (CH), ammonia (NH), and hydrogen (H) – to a flask and stimulated them with electricity that resembled lightning present on early Earth. The experiment resulted in the discovery that early Earth conditions were supportive of the production of amino acids, with recent re-analyses of the data recognizing that over 40 different amino acids were produced, including several not currently used by life. This experiment heralded the beginning of the field of synthetic prebiotic chemistry, and is now known as the Miller–Urey experiment.