title: Majuro

text: Most of the population is Christian. The majority are Protestant and follow the United Church of Christ (47%), Assembly of God (16%) and others such as Bukot Nan Jesus (5%), Full Gospel (3%), Reformed Congressional Church (3%), the Salvation Army (2%), Seventh-Day Adventist (1%), and Meram in Jesus (1%). 8% of the population are Catholic, with the Cathedral of the Assumption of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Prefecture of the Marshall Islands located in Majuro.


title: Majuro

text: Islamic influence has been increasing. There are a sizable number of Ahmadi Muslims. The first mosque opened in Majuro in September 2012.


title: Majuro

text: On September 15, 2007, Witon Barry, of the Tobolar Copra processing plant in the Marshall Islands' capital of Majuro, said power authorities, private companies and entrepreneurs had been experimenting with coconut oil as an alternative to diesel fuel for vehicles, power generators, and ships. Coconut trees abound in the Pacific's tropical islands. Copra from 6 to 10 coconuts makes 1 litre of oil.


title: Majuro

text: The College of the Marshall Islands is located in Uliga. The University of South Pacific has a presence on Majuro.


title: Majuro

text: There is a Seventh Day Adventist High School and Elementary School in Delap, where English is taught to all students.


title: Majuro

text: The 81-bed Majuro Hospital is the main hospital for Majuro, as well as many of the outer islands. The country's only other major hospital is on Ebeye Island.


title: Majuro

text: The Majuro Water and Sewer Company obtains water from a catchment basin on the International Airport runway. It supplies a year or per person per day. This compares with New York City's per person per day. Water is supplied 12 hours daily. The threat of drought is commonplace.


title: Majuro

text: Marshall Islands International Airport, offering domestic and international services, is on Majuro. It is served by four passenger airlines: United Airlines, Nauru Airlines, Air Marshall Islands, and Asia Pacific Airlines.


title: Majuro

text: Air Marshall Islands flies to most of the Marshalls' inhabited atolls once a week. It offers daily service between Majuro and Kwajalein, except Thursdays and Sundays.


title: Majuro

text: Majuro Lagoon is an active port. It is one of the busiest tuna transshipment ports in the world, with 306,796 tons of tuna being moved from purse seine vessels to carrier vessels in 2018.


title: Majuro

text: The Marshall Islands Shipping Corporation was established by the Marshall Islands via the Marshall Islands Shipping Corporation Act 2004. It manages several government ships that move people and freight around the islands. These ships include three older ships (Langidrik, Aemman, and Ribuuk Ae), as well as two newer ships (Majuro, Kwajalein) which were donated to the Republic of the Marshall Islands by Japan in 2013. They also operate a landing craft ("Jelejeletae"). These vessels are the main link for transporting people and supplies to and from the outer islands.


title: Majuro

text: Additionally, the lagoon acts as a harbor for commercial fishing vessels, cruise ships, sport fishing boats, outrigger canoes and the occasional luxury yacht.


title: Majuro

text: Majuro was initially scheduled to host the seventh edition of the Micronesian Games, in 2010. It subsequently renounced its hosting rights, citing a lack of adequate infrastructure. In 2018, the Marshall Islands were awarded the 2022 Micro Games, and a new stadium is being built in Majuro. (In 2021, it was decided to move back the Games a year, to 2023.) The new stadium is also expected to host soccer matches, which will be a first step in forming the Marshall Islands' first-ever national soccer team.


title: Majuro

text: Weightlifter Mattie Langtor Sasser competed for the Marshall Islands in the 2016 Summer Olympics, participating in the Women's 58 kg category on August 8.


title: Betsy Johnson

text: Elizabeth Katharine Johnson (born January 12, 1951) is an American aviator, entrepreneur, and politician who served in the Oregon House of Representatives from the 1st and 31st House districts from 2001 to 2005, and in the Oregon Senate from the 16th district from 2005 to 2021, as a member of the Democratic Party. Prior to her tenure in the state legislature she served on the Port of St. Helens board and worked in the Oregon Department of Transportation.


title: Betsy Johnson

text: Johnson was born in Bend, Oregon, as the daughter of Sam Johnson, who served in the state house. She was raised in Redmond, Oregon, and educated at Oregon Episcopal School, Carleton College, and Lewis and Clark College. She operated a helicopter business and participated in international helicopter competitions. She was active in local politics in Columbia County, Oregon, where she served on the boards of multiple groups and she was elected to the Port of St. Helens board in a 1993 special election. She was the manager of aeronautics in the Oregon Department of Transportation from 1993 to 1998.


title: Betsy Johnson

text: She was elected to the state house in the 2000 election and reelected in the 2002 and 2004 elections. Johnson was appointed to replace Joan Dukes in the state senate in 2005, and was reelected in the 2006, 2010, 2014, and 2018 elections. She was a moderate and conservative member of the Democratic caucus and held a controlling swing vote. She resigned from the state senate in 2021, to run in the 2022 gubernatorial election as an independent candidate, eventually losing to Tina Kotek.


title: Betsy Johnson

text: Elizabeth Katharine Johnson was born on January 12, 1951, in Bend, Oregon, to Elizabeth Hill Johnson and Sam Johnson, who served in the Oregon House of Representatives for fourteen years. She was raised in Redmond, Oregon, and graduated from Oregon Episcopal School in 1969. She campaigned for her father during her youth. She graduated from Carleton College with a bachelor's degree in history in 1974, and from Lewis and Clark College with a Juris Doctor in 1977.


title: Betsy Johnson

text: Johnson married John Helm. She represented the United States at a helicopter competition in Vitebsk, Soviet Union, in 1978. Johnson created Trans-Western Helicopters in 1978, and it merged into Hillsboro Helicopters in 1993. She served as president of the Columbia County Economic Development Council, and was on the boards of the Columbia County Health District, St. Helens Chamber of Commerce, and United Way of Columbia County. She was appointed to the board of the Oregon Tourism Alliance in 1989. She replaced Betty Roberts as the chair of the Tom McCall lectureship committee at Oregon State University in 1992. She was the director of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Portland Branch for six years.


title: Betsy Johnson

text: Tony Federici, a member of the Port of St. Helens board from the fourth position resigned in January 1993, in order to take office in the state house from the 1st district. Johnson defeated four other candidates in the 1993 special election and won without opposition in the 1997 election. She replaced Eric Dahlgren as chair of the board in 1999. She was appointed as the Manager of Aeronautics in the Oregon Department of Transportation in 1993, and served until her resignation on September 7, 1998.


title: Betsy Johnson

text: Jackie Taylor, a member of the state house from the 1st district, was term-limited during the 2000 election. Johnson faced no opposition in the Democratic primary and won the Republican primary as a write-in candidate and defeated Constitution nominee Bob Ekstrom, the chair of the party, and Libertarian nominee Don McDaniel. She won the Democratic and Republican nominations and was elected from the 31st district in the 2002 election against Constitution nominee Ekstrom and independent candidate Mervin Arnold. She won the Democratic and Republican nominations and defeated Constitution nominee Ron Ross in the 2004 election.


title: Betsy Johnson

text: In the state house Johnson used the same desk that her father had used during his tenure. During her tenure in the state house she served on the Ways and Means committee. Johnson was appointed to a shared seat on the Oregon Emergency Board with Representative Dan Doyle in 2001. Following the September 11 attacks the House Special Task Force on State Emergency Preparedness was formed with Johnson being one of its members. She worked as Ron Wyden's campaign chair during the 2004 United States Senate election.


title: Betsy Johnson

text: Joan Dukes, a member of the Oregon Senate, was appointed to the Northwest Power and Conservation Council by Governor Ted Kulongoski in 2004. Johnson announced on November 24, 2004, that she was interested in replacing Dukes in the state senate. Johnson, Bill Blank, and Emil Nyberg were nominated by the Columbia County Democratic Committee as possible options to replace Dukes. County commissioners from Columbia, Clatsop, Multnomah, Tillamook, and Washington counties voted unanimously on January 19, 2005, to appoint Johnson and she was sworn in on January 20. Brad Witt was selected to replace her in the state house.


title: Betsy Johnson

text: She defeated Republican nominee Don Fell and Constitution nominee Robert J. Simmering in the 2006 election. She defeated Republican nominee Bob Horning in the 2010 election. Howard Dean, the former chair of the Democratic National Committee, called for Johnson to be replaced after she voted with the Republicans against voter registration legislation in 2013. She defeated independent candidate Andrew Kaza, Constitution nominee Ekstrom, and Libertarian nominee Perry Roll in the 2014 election. She won the Democratic, Republican, and Independent nominations, with write-in votes in the Republican and Independent primaries, and defeated Constitution nominee Ray Biggs in the 2018 election.


title: Betsy Johnson

text: During her tenure in the state senate she served on the Rules committee and co-chaired the Ways and Means committee. An ethics investigation was launched against her on June 22, 2007, as she did not report profits of $119,000 from selling property connected to legislation she sponsored and she later paid a $600 fine. She was later investigated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Due to the Democrats' narrow control of the state senate she had a controlling swing vote and blocked legislation.


title: Betsy Johnson

text: She endorsed Dennis Richardson, the Republican nominee for Oregon Secretary of State, in the 2016 election. She and Witt were removed from the executive committee of the Democratic Party of Oregon due to their support of Richardson. Lee Beyer, Johnson, and Arnie Roblan called for United States Senators Wyden and Jeff Merkley to support President Donald Trump's appointment of Ryan Bounds to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.


title: Betsy Johnson

text: Johnson hit a driver with her car in 2013, resulting in Betsy Johnson spending six months in a wheelchair and not fully recovering until 2019. She was sued by the driver in 2015, but Johnson's lawyers argued the lawsuit was frivolous, and a violation of the Oregon Constitution due to her being in transit to her complete her duties as an elected official. The lawsuit was subsequently dismissed.


title: Betsy Johnson

text: Johnson was considered as a possible gubernatorial or secretary of state candidate in the 2000s. She announced on October 14, 2021, in an email that she was going to run as an independent in the 2022 gubernatorial election stating "[H]aving to choose between another left-wing liberal promising more of the same or a right-wing Trump apologist – is no choice at all". The Democratic caucus subsequently removed her from all of her committee assignments. She announced on December 14, that she was going to resign from the state senate to focus on her gubernatorial campaign and it took effect on December 16. Emmet Duffy is her campaign manager.


title: Betsy Johnson

text: TEDxPortland was criticized for, and subsequently apologized for, inviting Betsy Johnson to a May 2022 conference in violation of the Internal Revenue Service's regulations for 501(c)3 nonprofits, which require that if any political candidates are invited to speak at an event, all other candidates are given an equal opportunity. She received endorsements that included former Governor Kulongoski and former United States Senator Gordon H. Smith. As of early June, her campaign has raised $5,611,714.37, with $1 million coming from Phil Knight, and spent $3,292,831.82. Knight increased his stake in the race in late August, contributing another $750,000 to Johnson's campaign. In July, OPB reported that "shirts bearing the Confederate flag...dott[ed] the crowd" at a June rally in St. Helens, a flag which Johnson later condemned as "a symbol of treason against the United States". She stated to OPB in September that as governor she would lift the moratorium on capital punishment and enforce the death penalty.


title: Betsy Johnson

text: Johnson's campaign spent $897,000 to collect 48,214 signatures, with 23,744 being required to appear on the ballot, and 37,679 were validated by the secretary of state.


title: Betsy Johnson

text: In the general election, Johnson conceded to Tina Kotek after garnering less than 10% of the total vote.


title: Betsy Johnson

text: Johnson was considered as a moderate and conservative member of the state legislature. She received a lifetime rating of 34.34% from the American Conservative Union. The American Civil Liberties Union gave her a score of 43% in 2005, 50% in 2007, 0% in 2008, 60% in 2009, 20% in 2013, 83% in 2015, and 50% in 2017.


title: Betsy Johnson

text: Johnson supported the construction of a $230 million ethanol plant in Clatskanie, Oregon. She voted in committee in favor of legislation to ban smoking in restaurants, but stated that she did so only to send it to a vote in the state house. In 2002, Johnson voted in favor of the unsuccessful effort to overturn legislation to borrow $50 million for education against revenue made from a cigarette tax.


title: Betsy Johnson

text: Johnson voted against parental leave legislation in 2007. In 2009, she voted against legislation supported by the AFL–CIO that prohibited workers from being required to attend company meetings about politics. She voted against increasing the minimum wage gradually from 2016 to 2022, to between $12.50 and $14.75 per hour. Johnson received a D rating from the Service Employees International Union in 2018. She received a score of 50% from the National Federation of Independent Business in 2020.


title: Betsy Johnson

text: Johnson opposed four pieces of gun control legislation in 2013, stating "I would do something meaningful rather than symbolic" and wanted more mental health access instead. She voted against background checks for private gun sales and red flag legislation. She is a member of the National Rifle Association and received an A rating from the organization during the 2018 election.


title: Betsy Johnson

text: She voted against legislation in 2019 to redefine aggravated murder and limit its scope, the only crime in Oregon which is eligible for the death penalty. She also is in favor of lifting the state moratorium on the death penalty.


title: Betsy Johnson

text: Johnson opposes a housing first approach to homelessness, and would enforce laws against illegal camping in Oregon. She blames recent drug legalization, such as through 2020 Oregon Ballot Measure 110, for driving the crisis and would attempt to repeal it, while also focusing on deregulating housing development.


title: Betsy Johnson

text: Johnson supports abortion rights. She stated that "Planned Parenthood now is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Democrat Party" after failing to gain its endorsement during the 2022 gubernatorial election. She opposes allowing transgender athletes to participate in girls' sporting events.


title: Betsy Johnson

text: Johnson has not shown support for adopting political campaign contribution limits in Oregon, and said she would oppose limits she felt "result in an uneven playing field for anyone participating in elections". She voted against legislation to make voter registration automatic for people with driver's licenses.


title: Betsy Johnson

text: She received a lifetime score of 64% from the League of Conservation Voters, and has a record of voting against legislation to combat climate change, such as Oregon House Bill 2020.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: Loose is the third studio album by Canadian singer-songwriter Nelly Furtado, released on June 7, 2006, by Geffen and Mosley Music Group. Following the release of Furtado's second album, "Folklore" (2003), through DreamWorks Records, it was announced that Universal Music Group would acquire DreamWorks Records, the latter was folded into the Interscope Geffen A&M umbrella label where Furtado would release any new music. Recording sessions for "Loose" took place from 2005 to 2006. Timbaland and his protégé Danja produced the bulk of the album, primarily a pop album which incorporates influences of dance, R&B, hip hop, latin pop, synth-pop, reggaeton, new wave, funk, and Middle Eastern music. Lyrically, it explores the theme of female sexuality and has been described as introspective.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: Overall, "Loose" was seen as critically and commercially successful. It reached high positions on the record charts of several markets, including number one in ten countries, and as of 2019, it has sold more than 10 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling albums of the 2000s. However, the album received criticism because of the sexual image Furtado adopted, as some critics felt it was a ploy to sell more records.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: "Loose" was heavily promoted, released in several editions and supported by the Get Loose Tour, which is the subject of the concert DVD, "". The album debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200, making it Furtado's first album to top the chart, and spawned eight singles, including the "Billboard" Hot 100 number-one hits "Promiscuous" and "Say It Right", which received Grammy Award nominations for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, respectively. Other notable singles include the UK Singles Chart number-one hit "Maneater" and the European number-one hit "All Good Things (Come to an End)”.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: Furtado wanted to make a pop record to prove to herself that she could be more streamlined. Furtado cited Madonna's 1998 album "Ray of Light" as a major influence, saying "she was smooth but sexy, universal, epic, iconic!" Interscope chairman Jimmy Iovine suggested Furtado work with Timbaland, who had produced Missy Elliott's "Get Ur Freak On", which featured Furtado in a remix and a remix of Furtado's single "Turn Off the Light".


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: Furtado began work on "Loose" by holding with emcee Jellystone what she referred to as a "hip-hop workshop", in which they would "write rhymes, dissect them, and try different flows over beats." The first producers she worked with were Track & Field—who co-produced her first two albums, "Whoa, Nelly!" (2000) and "Folklore" (2003)—and by May 2005, she had collaborated with Swollen Members and K'naan. Furtado worked with Nellee Hooper in London on reggae-oriented material and with Lester Mendez in Los Angeles on acoustic songs. One of the tracks Mendez helped to create is "Te Busqué", which is co-written by and features Juanes, who collaborated with Furtado on his 2002 song "Fotografía".


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: During her time in Los Angeles, she worked with Rick Nowels, who co-wrote and produced "In God's Hands", "Somebody to Love" and "Runaway".


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: In Miami, Florida, Furtado collaborated with Pharrell (who introduced her to reggaeton and who gave her a "shout-out" in his 2005 single "Can I Have It Like That") and Scott Storch (with whom she recorded a "straight-up rap song") before entering the studio with Timbaland. He and his protégé at the time, Danja, co-produced eight of the tracks, with another produced solely by Danja. For some of the beats on the songs, Timbaland finished work on ones already present in the studio that were half-developed or just "nucleuses"; the rest were completely reworked. Furtado recorded around forty tracks for "Loose", deciding which she would include based on the sonics of the album—she called Timbaland "a sonic extraterrestrial" who came up with a sequence of songs that flowed, and said that the one she had devised was supposedly unsatisfactory. She recorded an unreleased collaboration with Justin Timberlake, "Crowd Control", which she described as "kind of sexy" and "a cute, clubby, upbeat, fun track". Other songs considered for inclusion on the album include "Chill Boy", "Friend of Mine", "Go", "Hands in the Air", "Pretty Boy", "Vice" and "Weak".


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: Furtado said in her diary on her official website that she recorded a remix of "Maneater" with rapper Lil Wayne; it was only released as part of a compilation album, Timbaland's Remix & Soundtrack Collection, she also used the instrumental of the song during many television performances of "Maneater". A version of "All Good Things (Come to an End)" featuring vocals by Coldplay lead singer Chris Martin, who co-wrote the song, was not released after a request from Martin's label, EMI. The song was released on the album, but only Furtado's vocals are featured. Furtado explained that ""Loose" was 90 percent written with a beat first, and then I’d write my melodies and songs to the beat."


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: The "off-the-cuff" conclusion to production was one of the reasons the album was titled "Loose". It was named partly after the spontaneous decisions she made when creating the album.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: The album is also called "Loose" because it is "the opposite of calculated" and came naturally to Furtado and Timbaland; she called him her "distant musical cousin because he was always pushing boundaries and always carving out his own path", which she believed she was doing with "Loose". "I think you have to keep surprising people as an artist, and I like that—I love doing that", she said.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: "Loose" was also named partly for the R&B girl group TLC, who Furtado said she admires for "taking back their sexuality, showing they were complete women." She said she wanted the album to be "assertive and cool" and "sexy but fun", like TLC, MC Lyte, Queen Latifah and Janet Jackson, who inspired Furtado because, as she put it, she was "comfortable in her sexuality and womanhood" when her 1993 single "That's the Way Love Goes" was released.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: During the recording of "Loose", Furtado listened to several electro and rock musicians, including Bloc Party, System of a Down, M.I.A., Feist, Queens of the Stone Age, Metric and Death from Above 1979, some of whom influenced the "rock sound" present on the album and the "coughing, laughing, distorted basslines" that were kept in the songs deliberately.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: According to her, music by such bands is "very loud and has a garage theme" to it, some of which she felt she captured on the album. Furtado has said rock music is "rhythmic again" and hip-hop-influenced after it had become "so churning and boring."


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: Because the mixing engineers were aware of Timbaland and Furtado's rock influences, the songs were mixed on a mixing board in the studio instead of "the fancy mixer at the end". Furtado said she preferred the louder volume that process gave to the album because she wanted it to sound like her demo tapes, which she prefers to her finished albums. She said, "It didn't have that final wash over it; it didn't have the final pressing at the end, save for a couple sounds".


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: Furtado said that with the release of her albums before "Loose", she had wanted to prove herself as a musician and earn respect from listeners through using many different instruments on an album, which most hip-hop musicians did not do. After she believed she had accomplished that, she felt she had freedom to make the type of music she "really love[d]". Furtado's problem with hip-hop was that she did not think it was good enough to base one of her albums on, though she later asked herself why she was being "pretentious".


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: The album represents her separating from such notions and in her words, "jumping in the deep end of the pool—'Ahh, screw it, this is fun!'".


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: Furtado said she considers herself "all over the map" and promiscuous musically because she is not faithful to only one style.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: For the first time, Furtado worked with a variety of record producers and followed a more collaborative approach in creating the album.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: Produced primarily by Timbaland and Danja, "Loose" showcases Furtado experimenting with a more R&B–hip-hop sound and, as she put it, the "surreal, theatrical elements of '80s music".


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: She has categorized the album's sound as "punk-hop", which she describes as Eurythmics-influenced "modern, poppy, spooky music" and stated that "there's a mysterious, after-midnight vibe to [it] that's extremely visceral."


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: Furtado has described the album as "more urban, more American, more hip-hop, [and] more simplified" than her earlier work, which she said was more layered and textured because she "tend[s] to overthink things." In contrast, during her studio time with Timbaland, she said she was "in the VIP boys club of just letting go" and being more impulsive.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: According to Furtado, instead of "pristine stuff," the album features "really raw" elements such as distorted bass lines, laughter from studio outtakes and general "room for error." Furtado has said "Loose" is not as much about the lyrics, which are not included in the liner notes, as it is about "indulging in pleasures—whether it's dancing or lovemaking." According to her, she wasn't trying to be sexy with the album—"I think I just am sexy now," she said.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: "Loose" is primarily a pop album with influences of dance, reggaeton, latin pop, hip hop, synth pop, Middle Eastern music, R&B, new wave, and funk.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: The opening track, "Afraid" (featuring rapper Attitude), depicts Furtado's fear of what people think of her, and she has said that the chorus reminds her of "walking down the hall in high school ... because you live from the outside in. Now that I'm an adult, I care about the inside of me ... Before I said I didn't care about what people thought about me, but I really did."


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: "Maneater" is an uptempo electro rock song that combines 1980s electro synths and a more dance-oriented beat. The up-tempo song has prominent electropop and synthpop influences and is lyrically related to how people become "hot on themselves" when dancing in their underwear in front of a mirror.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: "Promiscuous" (featuring Timbaland) was inspired by a flirting exchange Furtado had with Attitude, who co-wrote the song.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: "No Hay Igual" is a hip-hop and reggaeton song, that has a Spanglish tongue twister over "future-tropic" beats. The song contains a "sharp mix" of percussion and "empowered chanting". In "No Hay Igual", Furtado sings in Spanish and raps in Portuguese over a reggaeton rhythm.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: The album also features more introspective songs, and "The Sunday Times" wrote that it "has a surprising sadness to it." The seventh track, "Te Busqué", which features Latin singer Juanes, is about Furtado's experiences with depression, which she said she has had periodically since she was around seventeen years old.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: Furtado said she was unsure what "Say It Right" is about, but that it encapsulates her feeling when she wrote it and "taps into this other sphere"; in an interview for "The Sunday Times", it was mentioned that it is about her breakup with DJ Jasper Gahunia, the father of her daughter. "In God's Hands", another song on the album, was also inspired by the end of their relationship.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: The album was first released in Japan on 7 June 2006, through Universal Music Group before being released two days later in Germany.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: In the United Kingdom "Loose" was released on 12 June 2006, via Geffen Records and was released eight days later on 20 June 2006, in Canada and the United States.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: During the promotion of "Loose", Furtado performed at major music festivals and award shows. In Europe, she appeared at Rock am Ring and Rock-im-Park in Germany and the Pinkpop Festival in the Netherlands in June 2006. She performed in Canada at the Calgary Stampede, the Ottawa Bluesfest in July, and at the Ovation Music Festival in September. Shortly after her August 2006 performance at the Summer Sonic in Japan, she sang at the Teen Choice Awards. In November, she contributed to the entertainment during the World Music Awards, the American Music Awards and the 94th Grey Cup halftime show. She performed at the 2007 NRJ Music Awards, held in January 2007.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: Furtado embarked on a world concert tour, the Get Loose Tour, on 16 February 2007, in the UK, in support of the album; the tour included thirty-one dates in Europe and Canada, with additional shows in the US, Japan, Australia and Latin America. Furtado described the show as a "full sensory experience" with "a beginning, middle and end ... [it] takes you on a journey", also stressing the importance of crowd involvement and "spontaneity and rawness, because those are my roots, you know? I started by doing club shows, and that's the energy I love, the raw club energy of just feeling like you're rocking out." Though Furtado said choreographed dance routines were to be included in the show, she described it as "music-based ... Everything else is just to keep it sophisticated and sensual and fun." Furtado said she hoped to have Chris Martin, Juanes, Justin Timberlake, Timbaland and Calle 13 to guest on the tour, and have a "revolving door" of opening acts with Latin musicians opening in the US.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: Furtado later released a digital reissue of the album on 4 June 2021, to Celebrate the Album's 15th Anniversary. The new expanded edition of "Loose" featured a selection of rare remixes and bonus tracks, like a version of "Do It" featuring Missy Elliott, as well as Spanish-language versions of "All Good Things (Come to an End)," "In God’s Hands," and "Te Busque," featuring Juanes. The tracklist also includes 12 remixes, including three different ones for "Promiscuous," done by Axwell, Crossroads Vegas, and Josh Desi, and an alternate version of "Say It Right," dubbed the "Reggae Main Mix," featuring Courtney John.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: In April 2006, a remix of "No Hay Igual" featuring the band Calle 13 was issued as a club single in the US. During the same period, "Promiscuous" (featuring Timbaland) was released for digital download in North America. Promiscuous became Furtado's first single to top the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and was released in Australia where it reached the top five. The lead single in Europe and Latin America, "Maneater," was released in late May to early June 2006. It became Furtado's first single to top the UK Singles Chart and made the top ten in other countries; it reached the top five in Germany and the top twenty in France and Latin America.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: The second single in Europe, "Promiscuous," was released in late August to early September 2006 but it did not perform as well as "Maneater." It peaked inside the top five in the UK and the top ten in other countries, including Germany, and it reached the top twenty in France. During the same period, "Maneater" began its run as the second single in North America; it was not as successful as "Promiscuous," reaching number twenty-two in Canada and the top twenty in the US, though it became a top five single on the ARIA Singles Chart.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: Releases of the third North American single, "Say It Right", and the third Europe single, "All Good Things (Come to an End)", took place in November and December, and the third Latin American single, "Promiscuous", was released in January 2007. "Say It Right" went to number one in the US and on the Nielsen BDS airplay chart in Canada (where it was not given a commercial release), and it reached the top five in Australia. "All Good Things (Come to an End)" reached number one on the pan-European singles chart and the top five in the UK, and it was the album's most successful single in Germany, where it topped the chart, and in France, where it became a top ten hit. After the release of "Say It Right" in Europe in March 2007, the single reached the top five in Germany and the top ten in the UK, where it was a download-only release. The video for "All Good Things (Come to an End)" was released in North America during this period. "All Good Things (Come to an End)" peaked in the top five in Canada and in the top twenty in Australia, though it only reached the lower half of the US Hot 100.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: The album's fifth and final UK single was "In God's Hands", and the fifth and final single in North America was "Do It". In May 2007, Furtado mentioned the possibility of a sixth or seventh single, mentioning the examples of Nickelback's "All the Right Reasons" and the Pussycat Dolls' "PCD" as albums that were being supported by six or more singles at the time. Furtado said she liked the possibility because she thought "Loose" was good and "want[ed] people to hear as much of it as possible" before she took time off.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: Two other songs, "Te Busqué" and "No Hay Igual", were released as singles in other regions of the world. "Te Busqué" was the lead single in Spain because of the limited success hip-hop/R&B-influenced songs in the style of "Promiscuous" and "Maneater" achieved in the country. It was not released in the United States, but it was given airplay on Latin music radio stations and reached the top forty on "Billboard"'s Latin Pop Airplay chart. The "No Hay Igual" remix featuring Calle 13 was released in Latin America, and the music video debuted in September.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: According to Media Traffic, worldwide sales of the singles stands at "Say It Right" (2007) 7.3 million copies, "Promiscuous" (2006) 4.81 million, "Maneater" (2006) 3.86 million copies and "All Good Things (Come To An End)" (2007) 3.425 million copies.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: "Loose" received generally positive reviews from music critics; it holds an average score of 71 out of 100 at aggregate website Metacritic. AllMusic and musicOMH cited the "revitalising" effect of Timbaland on Furtado's music, and "The Guardian" called it "slick, smart and surprising." "Q" found most of it to be "an inventive, hip-hop-inflected delight." Kelefa Sanneh of "The New York Times" wrote that "the music and the lyrics are mainly aimed at dance floors, and yet this album keeps reminding listeners that a dance floor is one of the most complicated places on earth." In its review, AllMusic wrote "It's on this final stretch of the album that the Furtado and Timbaland pairing seems like a genuine collaboration, staying true to the Nelly of her first two albums, but given an adventurous production that helps open her songs up ... Timbaland has revitalized Nelly Furtado both creatively and commercially with "Loose"". She won her first BRIT Award—Best International Female—in 2007.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: In a mixed review, Nick Catucci of "The Village Voice" felt that Furtado "sauces up a bit too luridly" and lacks "chemistry" with Timbaland, writing that "Loose" "isn't a love child, but a bump-and-grind that never finds a groove". "Vibe" stated, "she loses herself in Gwen Stefani–like posturing, as on "Glow," and ethnic fusions like "No Hay Igual" or "Te Busqué." In his consumer guide for "The Village Voice", Robert Christgau gave the album a "B" and named it "dud of the month", indicating "a bad record whose details rarely merit further thought." Christgau viewed that its dance-oriented tracks "might accomplish God's great plan on the dance-floor. But as songs they're not much".


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: "Loose" debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart, selling more than 34,000 copies in its first week, at that time the year's strongest debut for a Canadian artist. In late July, after Furtado embarked on a short tour of Canada and made a guest appearance on the television show "Canadian Idol", the album returned to number one. It subsequently stayed near the top of the album chart until late January 2007, when it reached number one again for two weeks. It was the third best-selling album of 2006 in Canada, and the highest selling by a female solo artist, with 291,700 copies sold. The Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA) certified "Loose" five times platinum in May 2007 for shipments of more than 500,000 copies.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: The album debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, making it Furtado's first album to top the chart with first-week sales of 219,000 copies; it was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and ranked sixty-fourth on the "Billboard" 2006 year-end chart. "Loose" exited the US top ten in August 2006 but re-entered it in March 2007, and according to Nielsen SoundScan in October 2007, it had sold two million units. The album ranked sixty four and thirty-second on the "Billboard" 2006 and 2007 year-end chart respectively.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: In the United Kingdom, "Loose" entered the albums chart at number five; in its forty-third week, it reached number four, and it was certified double platinum for shipments to retailers of more than 600,000 copies. As of July 2007, it had sold roughly 827,000 copies in the UK. The record was certified two times platinum in Australia for more than 140,000 units shipped; it reached number four there and was placed forty-fourth on the Australian Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) list of 2006 bestsellers. The album entered the chart in Germany at number one, spent a record forty-nine weeks in the German top ten, and was certified five times platinum. "Loose" reached number one on the European Top 100 Albums chart in early 2007, spending ten non-consecutive weeks at number one. By March 2007, it had been certified gold or platinum in twenty-five countries. As of 2019, the album has sold more than 12 million copies worldwide.


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: Considerable attention was generated by the more sexual image of Furtado presented in promotion and publicity for the album, particularly in the music videos for "Promiscuous" and "Maneater", in which she dances around with her midriff exposed. According to "Maclean's" magazine, some said that Furtado's progression was a natural transformation of a pop singer; others believed that she had "sold out" in an effort to garner record sales, particularly after her second album was a commercial failure in comparison to her first. "Maclean's" wrote that her makeover "seems a bit forced" and contrasted her with singers such as Madonna and Emily Haines of Metric: "[they] seem to be completely in control, even somewhat intimidating in their sexuality: they've made a calculated decision for commercial and feminist reasons. In contrast, Furtado's new, overt sexuality comes off as unoriginal—overdone by thousands of pouty pop stars with a quarter of Furtado's natural talent ... the revamping feels as if it's been imposed rather than chosen by the unique, articulate singer we've seen in the past."


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: "Dose" magazine wrote that Furtado's new "highly sexualized" image was manufactured, and noted the involvement in the album's development of Geffen's Jimmy Iovine, who helped to develop the Pussycat Dolls, a girl group known for their sexually suggestive dance routines. The writer also criticised Furtado's discussion of her buttocks and apparent rejection of feminism in a "Blender" magazine interview, writing: "Girls, do you hear that churning? Those are the ideas of Gloria Steinem turning in their grave." A writer for the CBC said that cynics could attribute Furtado's commercial success with "Loose" to her "amped-up sex appeal." The writer added that, the failure of Janet Jackson's album "Damita Jo" (2004) indicated such a move was not infallible. Furtado was "still demure compared to many of her competitors"—she avoided sporting lingerie or performing "Christina Aguilera-style gyrations or calisthenics" in the "Promiscuous" and "Maneater" videos. "Despite its dramatic arrival ... Furtado's new image doesn’t feel calculated", he said. "[She] seems to be thinking less and feeling more, to the benefit of her music."


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: However, a 2015 retrospective review of the album by Adria Young for "Vice" noted that, "When "Loose"s second single 'Promiscuous' started its 24-hour rotations across Canada, Furtado was immediately and notably one of the first Canadian artists to experience public slut-shaming." Young further contends that, "the media also focused on bullshit like the kind of 'example' [Furtado] was setting, the 'tarting up' of a Canadian good-girl, romantic relationships between her and producers, her sexual orientation, her clothing, her 'midriff' and all kinds of superficial, sexist crap that had nothing to do with her music, what her music meant or what strength it might give to other women struggling with the very same gender dichotomies and double-standards around sexuality that the album was trying to explore."


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: In early 2007, a video hosted on YouTube led to reports that the song "Do It", and the Timbaland-produced ringtone "Block Party" that inspired it, used—without authorization—the melody from Finnish demoscene musician Janne "Tempest" Suni's song "Acidjazzed Evening", winner of the Assembly 2000 oldskool music competition. Timbaland used the record of C64 adaptation of the song written by Glenn Rune Gallefoss (GRG). Timbaland admitted sampling the song, but said that he had no time to research its intellectual owner. Hannu Sormunen, a Finnish representative of Universal which represents Nelly Furtado in Finland, commented the controversy as follows on 15 January 2007, issue of "Iltalehti"; "In case that the artist decides to pursue the matter further, it's on him to go to America and confront them with the local use of law. It will require a considerable amount of faith and, of course, money." On 9 February 2007, Timbaland commented on the issue in an MTV interview: "It makes me laugh. The part I don't understand, the dude is trying to act like I went to his house and took it from his computer. I don't know him from a can of paint. I'm 15 years deep. That's how you attack a king? You attack moi? Come on, man. You got to come correct. You the laughing stock. People are like, 'You can't be serious.'"


title: Loose (Nelly Furtado album)

text: On 12 June 2009, Mikko Välimäki, who is one of the legal counsels of Kernel Records, the owner of the sound recording rights, reported that the case had been filed in Florida. In January 2008, Turkish newspapers reported that Kalan Müzik, the record label that released Turkish folk singer Muhlis Akarsu's album "Ya Dost Ya Dost", pressed charges against Furtado for the "Loose" track "Wait for You", which label officials said features the bağlama instrumental part of Akarsu's song "Allah Allah Desem Gelsem".


title: French house

text: French house, also known as French touch, filter house and tekfunk, is a style of house music originally produced by French musicians in the 1990s. It is a form of Euro disco and a popular strand of the late 1990s and 2000s European dance music scene. The defining characteristics of the sound are reliant on filter and phaser effects both on and alongside samples from late 1970s and early 1980s American or European disco tracks (or original hooks strongly inspired by such samples), causing thicker harmonic foundations than the genre's forerunners. Most tracks in this genre are in time and feature steady four on the floor beats in the tempo range of 110–130 beats per minute. French house is similar to future funk, although there are some key differences. Purveyors of French house include Daft Punk, Stardust, Cassius, The Supermen Lovers, Modjo and Étienne de Crécy.


title: French house

text: French house is greatly influenced by the lineage of American dance music from the emergence of disco onwards, maintaining a distinct connection to Euro disco and the short lived space disco music style. Space disco was very popular in France, during the late 1970s and early 1980s, alongside artists such as Cerrone, Sheila and B. Devotion, the latter with their 1979 hit "Spacer". Additional influences came from P-Funk, especially the George Clinton and Bootsy Collins hits of that era. P-Funk was played alongside disco in many French discothèques, especially after the Disco Demolition Night took place in the United States. The Jacking aspect of Chicago house was also incorporated (with "jack house" becoming a short-lived descriptive term for the sound in the UK). It also included influence of musical French figures of the seventies such as François de Roubaix, Jean-Michel Jarre or Serge Gainsbourg.


title: French house

text: Thomas Bangalter's tracks for his Roulé label is considered by some to be the earliest examples of an attempt to establish a distinctive style of French house. His solo material, along with his work as a member of Daft Punk and Stardust, had a significant impact upon the French house scene during the mid-to-late 1990s. The French duo Motorbass (Philippe Zdar, later of Cassius, and Étienne de Crécy) were also among the first in France to produce house tracks largely based around samples and filtered loops. These tracks inspired emerging American house producers such as DJ Sneak, Green Velvet and Roger Sanchez to produce sample-led house tracks with deep funky grooves, and ultimately resulted in the release of a sole full-length album, "Pansoul". Parisian producer St. Germain produced house tracks with a similar style at the time however these were more directly influenced by jazz as opposed to the brasher vocal disco records appropriated. Other known French DJ-turned-producers at the time such as François Kevorkian and Laurent Garnier remained distant from the emerging French house label.


title: French house

text: UK dance music and European DJs first recognised French house experiments in the mid-1990s, however commercial success occurred a few years later in 1997. Daft Punk, Cassius and later, Stardust were the first internationally successful artists of the genre. Along with Air, these acts were signed to Virgin Records and benefited from distinctive music videos directed by the likes of Spike Jonze, Michel Gondry and Alex & Martin. Due to awareness generated from the huge clubbing scene and major record company support, Daft Punk's debut album "Homework" entered the top 10 of the UK album charts on release and became the biggest-selling French act in the UK since Jean-Michel Jarre. The emergence of the French sound coincided with dance music's popularity in the influential UK market which was peaking commercially with general electronic music.


title: French house

text: Further international commercial success continued into 2000 with Bob Sinclar, Étienne de Crécy, Benjamin Diamond and Modjo achieving hit singles around Europe. In late 2005, pop superstar Madonna released "Confessions on a Dance Floor;" an album with significant French house influences in several of its songs.


title: French house

text: The term "French Touch" was first used in Paris in July 1987. Jean-Claude Lagrèze, a photographer of parisians' nights created a couple of "French Touch" parties at The Palace to make people discover house music. The parties were driven by DJ Laurent Garnier, Guillaume la Tortue and David Guetta. The expression "We Give a French Touch to House" was printed on a bomber jacket by Éric Morand for Fnac Music Dance Division in 1991.


title: French house

text: Prior to 1996, "French house" had been referred to among Europeans as "nu-disco", "disco house" and "new disco". The term "French touch" was popularised by music journalist Martin James in the weekly music paper known as "Melody Maker". He referred to the term in 1996 as a review of Étienne de Crécy's first album Super Discount. This term became favoured among the French media and was then widely used in the UK press by 1998. The French newspaper, Libertation and Radio NRJ acknowledged Martin James as the coiner of the "French Touch". The term was then used on an MTV News special, to describe a "French house explosion" phenomenon. Bob Sinclar was interviewed, as well as Air (a non-house act) and Cassius. This news special later aired on all MTV local variations worldwide, spreading the term and introducing the "French house" sound to the mainstream population.


title: French house

text: Between 1998 and 2001, local music shop Discobole Records imported the records directly from France and middle class clubs dedicated totally to the genre, such as City Groove. In Greece, this music style was promoted as "disco house". During 1999, many events also took place on Spain's Ibiza island, and has continued to be a very popular destination for British tourists.


title: French house

text: French house can be described as a combination of three production styles. One is what the French refer to as "the French touch" and it is the style that greatly influenced by the space disco sound. The second is a continuation and update of Euro disco and greatly influenced by the productions of Alec R. Costandinos. The third would be the deep American house style, evident in the similar treatment of samples and repetitive 'funky' hooks. Naturally, further variations and mutations followed. French house maintains the established "French Touch" sound, focused more on Euro disco-like vocals and less emphasis on the "space disco" themes. However, most of the music's most successful acts have altered their sound since. Bob Sinclar's later work, including the hit single "World, Hold On (Children of the Sky)" maintains only a distant connection to the original French house sound. Both Daft Punk and Étienne de Crécy subsequently developed a harder synthetic sound more directly inspired by techno, electro and pop.


title: Draken International

text: Draken International, LLC is an American provider of tactical fighter aircraft for contract air services including military and defense industry customers. The firm is based at the Lakeland Linder International Airport in Lakeland, Florida and also has an operating base at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada.


title: Draken International

text: Draken offers airborne adversary support (Red Air), Joint Terminal Attack Controller (JTAC), Close Air Support (CAS), flight training, threat simulation, electronic warfare support, aerial refueling, research, and testing services to the U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. defense contractors and aerospace firms, provided by a fleet of former military aircraft. The company CEO is Joe Ford.


title: Draken International

text: Draken was established by Jared Isaacman at Lakeland Linder International Airport in January 2012. In 2015, the company was awarded contracts to provide training for the Air National Guard (ANG) at Volk Field in Wisconsin, for the U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) Joint Tactical Air Control at MCAS Cherry Point, North Carolina, and at Twentynine Palms, California, as well as providing “adversary support” at Nellis Air Force Base in Las Vegas. It also won a contract with the French Navy.


title: Draken International

text: In March 2018, Draken announced a $6.7 million expansion of its headquarters and repair infrastructure at Lakeland Linder International Airport.


title: Draken International

text: On 1 June 2018, the Department of Defense announced that the U.S. Air Force (USAF) had awarded Draken a $280 million contract to continue providing training services for the 57th Adversary Tactics Group at Nellis AFB in Nevada, as well as Luke AFB in Arizona and Hill AFB in Utah.


title: Draken International

text: In November 2018, the ANG awarded Draken a five-year contract to provide red air services to support key combat readiness training exercises throughout the United States.


title: Draken International

text: Draken provides JTAC training and CAS for the USMC at MCAS Cherry Point and MCAS Yuma and United States Navy's (USN) Naval Aviation Warfighting Development Center at NAS Fallon.


title: Draken International

text: Draken was one of seven companies awarded an IDIQ contract to support the USAF's Combat Air Force Contracted Air Support (CAF CAS) program in October 2019.


title: Draken International

text: On May 24, 2021, a Mirage F1 operating in the adversarial role crashed near Nellis AFB. The pilot was killed. Military officials and the National Transportation Safety Board launched investigations.


title: Draken International

text: On 2 December 2021, the Royal Norwegian Air Force announced that twelve F-16A Fighting Falcon fighter aircraft had been sold to Draken International.


title: Draken International

text: With approximately 150 jets, the company operates the largest fleet of privately owned former military tactical jet aircraft in the world. The company's fleet included:


title: Draken International

text: In 2020, to supplement the fleet of former Spanish Air Force aircraft, Draken imported the first of up to 25 former Royal Jordanian Air Force (RJAF) Mirage F1CJ, DJ and EJ aircraft.


title: Draken International

text: The company's pilots are a combination of USAF, U.S. Navy and USMC tactical jet pilots who are retired from those services or who continue to serve part-time in the reserve components of those services, including the Air National Guard. Their backgrounds include USAF Weapons School graduates and instructors, U.S. Navy Fighter Weapons School (TOPGUN) graduates and instructors, USAF aggressor pilots, USN/USMC adversary pilots and Strike Fighter Tactics Instructors (SFTI), USAF air liaison officers, former USAF Thunderbirds demonstration pilots and USAF/USN/USMC Forward Air Controller - Airborne (FAC-A) instructors, with some of the more senior pilots having previously served as commanders (USAF) and commanding officers (USN/USMC) of operational fighter, strike fighter, and Marine fighter attack squadrons, groups and wings while on active duty or in the Reserve Components.


title: Draken International

text: Draken International and Secapem, a French manufacturer of towed aerial gunnery banner, have created a joint venture called SDTS utilising a number of A-4N Skyhawk aircraft.


title: Draken International

text: In September 2020 Draken International purchased Cobham Aviation Services based in Bournemouth, UK, and renamed it Draken Europe. Draken Europe fly a range of aircraft, with their largest fleet being heavily modified Dassault Falcon 20s, fitted with a range of equipment to provide Operational Readiness Training.


title: Joy Division discography

text: The discography of English rock band Joy Division consists of two studio albums, four live albums, twelve compilation albums, three extended plays, and five singles. The list does not include material performed by former members of Joy Division that was recorded as New Order (formed by the surviving members of the band after the death of singer Ian Curtis) or related side projects.


title: Joy Division discography

text: Joy Division was formed in 1976 by guitarist Bernard Sumner and bassist Peter Hook, later recruiting singer Ian Curtis and drummer Stephen Morris. The band released its debut album, "Unknown Pleasures", in 1979 on independent label Factory. On 18 May 1980, the eve of the band's first American tour, Curtis was found dead in his home. Unable to continue as Joy Division, the remaining members disbanded the group. The band's second album, "Closer", was released two months later to critical acclaim. Since then, several posthumous releases have been issued from the band.


title: Finnish mythology

text: Finnish mythology is a commonly applied description of the folklore of Finnish paganism, of which a modern revival is practiced by a small percentage of the Finnish people. It has many features shared with Estonian and other Finnic mythologies, but also shares some similarities with neighbouring Baltic, Slavic and, to a lesser extent, Norse mythologies.


title: Finnish mythology

text: Finnish mythology survived within an oral tradition of mythical poem-singing and folklore well into the 19th century.


title: Finnish mythology

text: Of the animals, the most sacred was the bear, whose real name was never uttered out loud, lest his kind be unfavorable to the hunting. The bear ("karhu" in Finnish) was seen as the embodiment of the forefathers, and for this reason it was called by many circumlocutions: "mesikämmen" ("mead-paw"), "otso" ("browed one"), "kontio" ("dweller of the land"), "metsän kultaomena" ("the golden apple of the forest") but not a god.


title: Finnish mythology

text: The first historical mention of Finnish folk religion was by the bishop and Lutheran reformer Mikael Agricola (1510–1555) in the preface to his 1551 Finnish translation of the Psalms. Agricola supplied a list of purported deities of the Häme (in Swedish, Tavastia) and Karjala (Karelia), twelve deities in each region, with their supposed functions briefly set out in verse form. (Some commentators state that only eleven deities were listed for Häme, not counting Agricola's mention of "Piru", the Devil.) Due to the lists, Agricola is considered to be the father of the study of Finnish religious history and mythology. Later scholars and students commonly quoted Agricola's lists as a historical source; only in the late eighteenth century did scholars begin to critically evaluate the "gods" in Agricola's lists and the information he presented about them, determining with further research that most of the figures in his lists were not gods, but local guardian spirits, figures from folk mythology or explanatory legends, cultural heroes, Christian saints under alternative names, and, in one case, a harvest-time festival.


title: Finnish mythology

text: Cristfried Ganander's "Mythologia Fennica", published in 1789, was the first truly scholarly foray into Finnish mythology. In the 19th century, research into Finnish folklore intensified. Scholars like Elias Lönnrot, J.F. Cajan, M.A. Castrén, and D.E.D. Europaeus travelled around Finland writing down folk poetry sung by runo (poem) singers, many of whom were "tietäjät" (traditional ritual specialists). The genres they collected included material like the "synnyt", which give mythical accounts of the origins of many natural phenomena. From this material Lönnrot edited the Kalevala as well as the Kanteletar. The wealth of folk poetry collected in the 19th century often deals with pre-Christian pagan themes, and has allowed scholars to study Finnish mythology in more detail.


title: Finnish mythology

text: The world was believed to have been formed out of a bird's egg or eggs. The species of the bird and the number of eggs varies between different stories. In the Kalevala the bird is a pochard that lays seven eggs (six of gold and one of iron); examples from other stories include a swallow, a loon and a mythical giant eagle, "kokko". The sky was believed to be the upper cover of the egg; alternately it was seen as a tent, which was supported by a column at the north pole, below the north star.


title: Finnish mythology

text: The movement of the stars was explained to be caused by the sky-dome's rotation around the North Star and itself. A great whirl was caused at the north pole by the rotation of a column of sky. Through this whirl souls could go to the outside of the world to the land of dead, Tuonela.


title: Finnish mythology

text: Earth was believed to be flat. At the edges of Earth was Lintukoto, "the home of the birds", a warm region in which birds lived during the winter. The Milky Way is called Linnunrata, "the path of the birds", because the birds were believed to move along it to Lintukoto and back. In Modern Finnish usage, the word "lintukoto" means an imaginary happy, warm and peaceful paradise-like place.


title: Finnish mythology

text: Birds also had other significance. Birds brought a human's soul to the body at the moment of birth, and took it away at the moment of death. In some areas, it was necessary to have a wooden bird-figure nearby to prevent the soul from escaping during sleep. This Sielulintu, "the soul-bird", protected the soul from being lost in the paths of dreams.


title: Finnish mythology

text: Waterfowl are very common in tales, and also in stone paintings and carvings, indicating their great significance in the beliefs of ancient Finns.


title: Finnish mythology

text: Tuonela was the land of dead. It was an underground home or city for all the dead people, not only the good or the bad ones. It was a dark and lifeless place, where everybody slept forever. Still a brave shaman could travel to Tuonela in trance to ask for the forefathers' guidance. To travel to Tuonela, the soul had to cross the dark river of Tuonela. If the shaman had a proper reason, then a boat would come to take them over. Many times a shaman's soul had to trick the guards of Tuonela into believing that they were actually dead.


title: Finnish mythology

text: Ukko ("old man") was a god of the sky, weather, and the crops. The Finnish word for thunder, "ukkonen" (little Ukko) or "ukonilma" (Ukko's weather), is derived from his name. In the Kalevala he is also called "ylijumala" (overgod, Supreme God), as he is the god of things of the sky. He makes all his appearances in myths solely by natural effects when invoked.


title: Finnish mythology

text: Ukko's origins are probably in Baltic Perkons and the older Finnish sky god Ilmarinen. While Ukko took Ilmarinen's position as the Sky God, Ilmarinen's destiny was to turn into a smith-hero, or the god of the rock. In the epic poetry of the Kalevala, Ilmarinen is credited with forging the stars on the dome of the sky and the magic mill of plenty, the Sampo.


title: Finnish mythology

text: Ukko's weapon was a hammer, axe or sword, by which he struck lightning. While Ukko and his wife Akka ("old woman") mated, there was a thunderstorm. He created thunderstorms also by driving with his chariot in clouds. The original weapon of Ukko was probably the boat-shaped stone-axe of battle axe culture. Ukko's hammer, the Vasara (means merely "hammer"), probably meant originally the same thing as the boat-shaped stone axe. When stone tools were abandoned in the metal ages, the origins of stone-weapons became a mystery. They were believed to be weapons of Ukko, stone-heads of striking lightnings. Shamans collected and held stone-axes because they were believed to hold many powers to heal and to damage.


title: Santo Trafficante Jr.

text: Santo Trafficante Jr. (November 15, 1914 – March 17, 1987) was among the most powerful Mafia bosses in the United States. He headed the Trafficante crime family and controlled organized criminal operations in Florida and Cuba, which had previously been consolidated from several rival gangs by his father, Santo Trafficante Sr.


title: Santo Trafficante Jr.

text: Trafficante maintained links to the Bonanno crime family in New York City, but was more closely allied with Sam Giancana in Chicago. Consequently, while generally recognized as the most powerful organized crime figure in Florida throughout much of the 20th century, Trafficante was not believed to have total control over Miami, Miami Beach, Ft. Lauderdale, or Palm Beach. The east coast of Florida was a loosely knit conglomerate of New York family interests with links to Meyer Lansky, Bugsy Siegel, Angelo Bruno, Carlos Marcello, and Frank Ragano.


title: Santo Trafficante Jr.

text: Trafficante admitted his anti-Castro activities to the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations in 1978, and vehemently denied allegations that he had knowledge of a plot to assassinate President John F. Kennedy. Federal investigators brought racketeering and conspiracy charges against him in the summer of 1986.


title: Santo Trafficante Jr.

text: Trafficante was born in Tampa, Florida, to Sicilian parents Santo Trafficante Sr. and his wife Maria Giuseppa Cacciatore in 1914. He dropped out of high school before the 10th grade. Trafficante maintained several residences in New York City and Florida. U.S. Treasury Department documents indicate that law enforcement believed Trafficante's legitimate business interests to include several legal casinos in Cuba; a Havana drive-in movie theater; and shares in several restaurants and bars in Trafficante's hometown of Tampa, Florida. He was rumored to be part of a Mafia syndicate which owned many Cuban hotels and casinos. As one of the most powerful mobsters in the US, Trafficante was invited to the Havana Conference in December 1946.


title: Santo Trafficante Jr.

text: Trafficante was arrested frequently throughout the 1950s on various charges of bribery and of running illegal "bolita" lotteries in Tampa's Ybor City district. He escaped conviction all but once, receiving a five-year sentence for bribery in 1954, but his conviction was overturned by the Florida Supreme Court before he entered prison.


title: Santo Trafficante Jr.

text: Trafficante had been operating in Cuba since the late 1940s under his father, Santo Trafficante Sr., a mobster in Tampa, Florida. After his father died in 1954, he became the head in Tampa and took over his fathers interests in Cuba. Trafficante moved to Cuba in 1955, where he came into contact with Batista and Meyer Lansky. During the rule of Cuba's authoritarian dictator Fulgencio Batista, Trafficante openly operated the Sans Souci Cabaret and the Casino International gambling establishments in Havana. As a leading member of the syndicate, he also was suspected of having behind-the-scenes interests in other syndicate-owned Cuban casinos: the Hotel Habana Riviera, the Tropicana Club, the Sevilla-Biltmore, the Capri Hotel Casino, the Commodoro, the Deauville, and the Havana Hilton.


title: Santo Trafficante Jr.

text: Trafficante was apprehended in November 1957, along with over 60 other mobsters, at the Apalachin meeting in Apalachin, New York. All were fined, up to $10,000 each, and given prison sentences ranging from three to five years. All the convictions were overturned on appeal in 1960. Cuba was one of the Apalachin topics of discussion, particularly the gambling and narcotics smuggling interests of La Cosa Nostra on the island. The international narcotics trade was also an important topic on the Apalachin agenda.


title: Santo Trafficante Jr.

text: In January 1958, Trafficante was questioned by the Cuban police regarding the Apalachin meeting. A full report was made by the Cuban police, dated January 23, 1958, includes transcripts of long-distance telephone calls made from the Sans Souci during the period August–December 1957. The report was given to the District Attorney's office. In addition, "on January 23, 1958 the Cuban Department of Investigation, Havana, Cuba notified the Bureau of Narcotics that Santo Trafficante was registered in their Alien Office under No. 93461."


title: Santo Trafficante Jr.

text: After Fidel Castro's revolutionary government seized the assets of Trafficante's Cuban businesses and expelled him from the country as an "undesirable alien," Trafficante came into contact with various US intelligence operatives, and was involved in several unsuccessful plans to assassinate Castro. In 1975, the CIA declassified a report stating that Trafficante had been persuaded to poison Castro, an allegation he denied. In 1997, further declassified documents indicated that some "mafiosi" worked with the agency on assassination attempts against Castro. Allusions to these historic connections were confirmed by the CIA's 2007 declassification of the "Family Jewels" documents.


title: Santo Trafficante Jr.

text: The "Family Jewels" confirmed that in September 1960, the CIA recruited ex-FBI agent Robert Maheu to approach the West Coast representative of the Chicago mob, Johnny Roselli. Maheu hid the fact that he was sent by the CIA, instead portraying himself an advocate for international corporations. He offered to pay $150,000 to have Castro killed, but Roselli declined any pay and introduced Maheu to two men he referred to as "Sam Gold" and "Joe." "Sam Gold" was Sam Giancana; "Joe" was Trafficante. The CIA and the Mafia had a common enemy in Castro, a communist revolutionary who had shut down Cuba's lucrative casino businesses.


title: Santo Trafficante Jr.

text: In 1976, Cuban exile and FBI informant Jose Aleman told "The Washington Post" that in September 1962, Trafficante had offered him a loan of $1.5 million to replace Aleman's three-story "ramshackle motel with a 12-story glass wonder." He said that Trafficante complained about the honesty of the Kennedys and their "attacks" on Jimmy Hoffa and other associates. According to Aleman, when he told Trafficante that President John F. Kennedy would likely be re-elected, Trafficante replied, "No, Jose, he is going to be hit." Aleman claimed to have reported Trafficante's comments to his FBI contacts, who "dismissed the Kennedy warnings as gangland braggadocio."


title: Santo Trafficante Jr.

text: In 1978, both Trafficante and Aleman were called to testify before members of the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations investigating possible links between Kennedy assassin Lee Harvey Oswald and anti-Castro Cubans, including the theory that Castro had Kennedy killed in retaliation for the CIA's attempts on his own life. On September 27, 1978, Aleman reiterated to HSCA investigators that Trafficante had complained to him for hours in June or July 1963 about Kennedy's crackdown on organized crime at a meeting to discuss a business loan.


title: Santo Trafficante Jr.

text: The HSCA had previously quoted Aleman as stating that he thought Trafficante's use of the phrase "he is going to be hit" meant that the mob boss knew Kennedy was going to be killed. When this was pointed out, Aleman denied that he meant that he believed Kennedy was going to murdered and said he thought that Trafficante meant that Kennedy was going to be "hit" politically during the next election. He stated that he was concerned for his safety and was not certain that he had ever correctly heard or understood Trafficante's comment.


title: Santo Trafficante Jr.

text: After a grant of immunity from prosecution, Trafficante testified before the HSCA the following day, September 28, and denied the allegation that he told Aleman that "Kennedy was going to be hit." He stated that he was positive that he did not say it because he always spoke to Aleman in Spanish, and said that there was no way to state the phrase in Spanish. Trafficante also stated that he had no recollection of meeting Oswald or Oswald's assassin, Jack Ruby. During his testimony, Trafficante also admitted for the first time that he had worked with the CIA from 1960 to 1961 for an attempt to poison Castro but stated that his role was only as an interpreter between CIA officials and Cuban exiles. He testified that he was brought into the plot by Roselli and Giancana, who had been recruited by Maheu. Trafficante said that he introduced the trio to Cuban exiles in Florida. He stated that he received no payment for his involvement and that he acted out of patriotism.


title: Santo Trafficante Jr.

text: On January 14, 1992, Trafficante's former attorney, Frank Ragano, told Jack Newfield of the "New York Post" that he relayed a request from Hoffa to Trafficante and New Orleans boss Carlos Marcello to have Kennedy killed. He repeated the claim two days later on ABC's "Good Morning America", in Newfield's "Frontline" report entitled "JFK, Hoffa and Mob" broadcast in November 1992, and again in his 1994 autobiography "Mob Lawyer". According to Ragano, he met Hoffa at the Teamsters' headquarters in Washington, DC, then delivered the message to Trafficante and Marcello in a meeting at the Royal Orleans Hotel in New Orleans. He stated he was chosen by Hoffa because, as both Hoffa and Trafficante's lawyer, he could be assured of attorney–client privilege.


title: Santo Trafficante Jr.

text: Ragano also claimed that Trafficante, four days prior to his death, delivered a deathbed confession which suggested that Marcello was meant to assassinate Robert F. Kennedy instead of his brother, the President. He claimed three witnesses could support his statement that he met Trafficante in Tampa, but refused to name them, adding: "One guy is afraid of retaliation. The other guys are two doctors, who say they'll testify if they're summoned to court." In his book "Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy", Vincent Bugliosi has claimed there to be many flaws in Ragano's claims, including his own claim that Trafficante was most likely not in Tampa on the day in question, but was rather in North Miami Beach, Florida, receiving dialysis treatments.


title: Santo Trafficante Jr.

text: In 2005, Lamar Waldron and Thom Hartmann's book "Ultimate Sacrifice" said that Trafficante was behind an aborted plot to kill Kennedy in Tampa on November 18, 1963.


title: Santo Trafficante Jr.

text: Trafficante was summoned to court in 1986 and questioned about his involvement with the King's Court Bottle Club operated by members of the Bonanno crime family, including undercover FBI agent Joseph D. "Joe" Pistone, a.k.a. Donnie Brasco. Trafficante again escaped conviction. On March 17, 1987, Trafficante died at the age of 72 at the Texas Heart Institute in Houston where he had gone for heart surgery. His wife, Josephine, died in 2015 at the age of 95; he is survived by two of his daughters. After the death of his wife, the Trafficante family sold their Tampa 1970-built home for $950,000. In February 2016, many of Trafficante's personal belongings were sold at an auction in St. Petersburg, Florida.


title: Regnal name

text: A regnal name, or regnant name or reign name, is the name used by monarchs and popes during their reigns and, subsequently, historically. Since ancient times, some monarchs have chosen to use a different name from their original name when they accede to the monarchy.


title: Regnal name

text: The regnal name is usually followed by a regnal number, written as a Roman numeral, to differentiate that monarch from others who have used the same name while ruling the same realm. In some cases, the monarch has more than one regnal name, but the regnal number is based on only one of those names, for example Charles X Gustav of Sweden. If a monarch reigns in more than one realm, they may carry different ordinals in each one, as some realms may have had different numbers of rulers of the same regnal name. For example, the same person was both King James VI of Scotland and King James I of England.


title: Regnal name

text: The ordinal is not normally used for the first ruler of the name, but is used in historical references once the name is used again. Thus, Queen Elizabeth I of England was called simply "Elizabeth of England" until the accession of Queen Elizabeth II almost four centuries later in 1952; subsequent historical references to the earlier queen retroactively refer to her as Elizabeth I. However, Tsar Paul I of Russia, King Umberto I of Italy, King Juan Carlos I of Spain, Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia and Pope John Paul I all used the ordinal I (first) during their reigns, while Pope Francis does not. In spoken English, such names are pronounced as "Elizabeth the First", "George the Sixth", etc.


title: Regnal name

text: In some countries in Asia, monarchs took or take era names. While era names as such are not used in many monarchies, sometimes eras are named after a monarch (usually long-lived), or a succession of monarchs of the same name. This is customary; there is no formal or general rule. For example, the whole period during which a succession of four Georges (George I, II, III, and IV) of the Hanoverian dynasty reigned in Great Britain became known as the Georgian era. Conversely, although there were many Edwards, the Edwardian era always refers to the reign of Edward VII at the beginning of the 20th century.


title: Regnal name

text: Ancient rulers in many parts of the world took regnal names or throne names which were different from their personal name. This is known to be true, for instance, of several kings of Assyria, and appears to be the case for several kings of Judah. In Ancient Egypt, Pharaohs took a number of names – the "praenomen" being the most commonly used, on occasion in conjunction with their personal name.


title: Regnal name

text: In the Ethiopian Empire, especially during the Solomonic dynasty, many Emperors would take a throne name, though this was not a general practice; a great number of rulers would remain known during their reign by their birth names. Yekuno Amlak, the founder of the Solomonic dynasty, took his father's name, Tasfa Iyasus, as his throne name. Yagbe'u Seyon, his son and heir, took the throne name Salomon after the biblical figure. Amda Seyon took the throne name Gebre Mesqel, "slave of the cross"; Tewodros I was Walda Ambasa, "son of the lion"; Sarwe Iyasus was Mehreka Nañ "distributor of your [the Lord's] mercy"; etc. Tafari Makonnen, the last sovereign Emperor of Ethiopia, took as his throne name Haile Selassie, meaning "Power of the Trinity".


title: Regnal name

text: In the various extant traditional states of Nigeria, the regnal names of the titled monarchs, who are known locally as the traditional rulers, serve two very important functions within the monarchical system. Firstly, seeing as how most states are organised in such a way as to mean that "all" of the legitimate descendants of the first man or woman to arrive at the site of any given community are considered its dynastic heirs, their thrones are usually rotated amongst almost endless pools of contending cousins who all share the names of the founders of their houses as primary surnames. In order to tell them all apart from one another, secondary surnames are also used for the septs of each of the royal families that are eligible for the aforementioned rotations, names that often come from the names of state of the first members of their immediate lineages to rule in their lands. Whenever any of their direct heirs ascend the thrones, they often use their septs' names as reign names as well, using the appropriate ordinals to differentiate themselves from the founders of the said septs. An example of this is found in the kingdom of Lagos, where the Adeniji-Adele family is distinguished from their numerous Adele cousins by the word "Adeniji", which was actually the first name of the reigning founder of their branch of the dynasty, the Oba Adeniji Adele II. This distinction notwithstanding, both groups of dynasts (as well as a number of other ones that don't have the name Adele as an official surname, such as that of the Oloye Adekunle Ojora, a prominent nobleman of royal descent) are part of what is known as the Adele Ajosun Ruling House of Lagos.


title: Regnal name

text: Beyond that which is described above, regnal names also serve in Nigeria and indeed in much of Africa as chronological markers in much the same way that those of Europe do (e.g. the "Victorian" era). Whenever one hears of a person describing what happened at the time when so and so ruled over any particular place or people, what he or she is actually saying is that an event happened within a finite period of time, one that is equal to the duration of the reign of the monarch in question. Now seeing as how it is possible (and in fact common, particularly among the southern tribes) for one individual to have several different names and aliases in a single life, a certain degree of uniformity in usage is required if the history of an entire state is to be tied to his or her name. It is for this reason that when new monarchs are enthroned, the uniqueness of their names is usually considered to be a matter of considerable importance (even when it is caused by nothing more than the adding of ordinals to them or the allowing of more than a generation to pass before their subsequent usage). An example of this can be found in the kingdom of Benin, where the throne name of Erediauwa I became the surname of all of his immediate family in the Eweka royal house of the state, thus nominally tying them and their descendants to the era of his reign. This is especially obvious when their branch's name is compared to the last names of the said king's brothers and their heirs, named the Akenzuas after his father Akenzua II, and his uncles and their heirs, named the Ewekas after his grandfather Eweka II.


title: Regnal name

text: In the case of the comparatively small number of Nigerian monarchs, such as Obi Nnaemeka Achebe of Onitsha, who do not make use of regnal names as a result of a variety of reasons, pre-coronation names are maintained during their reigns.


title: Regnal name

text: In the Chinese cultural sphere, the personal names of monarchs were to be avoided, a tradition known as naming taboo.


title: Regnal name

text: During the reign of a monarch, he/she could adopt regnal names (; ), even though adoption was not widespread throughout history.


title: Regnal name

text: Since the Shang dynasty, Chinese sovereigns could be honored with temple names (; ) after their death, for the purpose of ancestor worship. Temple names consisted of two or three Chinese characters, with the last word being either (; "progenitor") or (; "ancestor"). Since the Zhou dynasty, Chinese monarchs were frequently accorded posthumous names (; ) after their death. Posthumous names were adjectives originally intended to determine the achievements and moral values, or the lack thereof, of one's life. Since both titles were accorded only after one's death, they were not effectively regnal names. As a result of Chinese cultural and political influence, temple names and posthumous names were adopted by monarchs of Korea and Vietnam, whereas monarchs of Japan adopted only posthumous names.


title: Regnal name

text: Since 140 BC, during the reign of the Emperor Wu of Han, Chinese sovereigns proclaimed era names (; ) for the purpose of identifying and numbering years. Prior to the Ming dynasty, it was common for Chinese monarchs to proclaim more than one era name during a single reign, or that a single era name was used by several rulers. Monarchs of the Ming and Qing dynasties, however, often adopted only one era name throughout their reign; thus, Chinese sovereigns of the Ming and Qing dynasties are commonly known by their respective era name with few exceptions, although era names were not effectively regnal names. The era name system had also been adopted by rulers of Korea, Vietnam and Japan, with Japan still using the system to this day.


title: Regnal name

text: The following table provides examples from China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam to illustrate the differences between monarchical titles in the Sinosphere. Bold characters represent the most common way to refer to the monarchs.


title: Regnal name

text: During the Medieval Age, when the House of Árpád disappeared in 1301, two of the monarchs that claimed the throne and were crowned chose a different name. Otto III, Duke of Bavaria became Bela V of Hungary, taking the name of his maternal grandfather, Béla IV of Hungary. On the other hand, Wenceslaus III of Bohemia signed his royal documents in Hungary as Ladislas, this being a very traditional name in the Kingdom.


title: Regnal name

text: Later during the first half of the 14th century, Charles I of Hungary signed as ""Carolus rex"", but in fact his birth name was the Italian "Caroberto". This is why he is often referred to by Hungarian historians as "Charles Robert of Hungary".


title: Regnal name

text: All ruling male members of the House of Orange-Nassau bore the name Willem (William). The current king of the Netherlands was christened Willem-Alexander. During an interview in 1997 he said he intended to rule under the name of Willem IV, but he had a change of mind. In a televised interview just before his inauguration, he announced he would continue to use the name Willem-Alexander, saying "I spent 46 years of my life under the name Willem-Alexander, and specifically under the nickname of Alexander. I think it would be weird to discard that because I become king of the country." Furthermore, he said he did not consider himself "a mere number", adding that regnal numbers reminded him of Dutch cattle naming conventions.


title: Regnal name

text: When the House of Piast disappeared and the Lithuanian House of Jagiellon was elected in the figure of the High Duke Jogaila, this monarch took the name of Władysław II, in honour of the previous Polish king (Władysław I the Elbow-high) with this traditional name. Similarly, when the Elector of Saxony, Frederick Augustus I, was elected king in 1697, he took the name of Augustus II. His son Frederick Augustus II crowned in 1734, also took the name of Augustus, becoming Augustus III.


title: Regnal name

text: The monarchs of Portugal have traditionally used their first baptismal name as their regnal name upon their accession. The only notable exception was Sancho I, who was born Martin of Burgundy ("Martinho de Borgonha", in Portuguese). As he was a younger son, Martin was expected to join the clergy, and was named after Saint Martin of Tours, on whose feast day he had been born. When the heir apparent, Henry, died, the prince's name was changed to Sancho, one with a more established royal tradition in the other Iberian monarchies (Navarre, Castile and Aragon).


title: Regnal name

text: Though most monarchs of the United Kingdom have used their first baptismal name as their regnal name, on three occasions monarchs have chosen a different name.


title: Regnal name

text: First, Queen Victoria had been christened Alexandrina Victoria, but took the throne under the name Victoria.


title: Regnal name

text: When Victoria's son, Prince Albert Edward, became king in 1901, he took the regnal name Edward VII, against the wish of his late mother. The new king declared that he chose the name Edward as an honoured name borne by six of his predecessors, and that he preferred that the name Albert be only associated in royal history with his father.


title: Regnal name

text: In 1936, after the abdication crisis, Prince Albert, Duke of York, assumed the throne. His full name was Albert Frederick Arthur George, but he became King George VI rather than "King Albert".


title: Regnal name

text: Before his 2022 accession, there was occasional speculation that the then-Prince Charles might use a different name, to avoid association with Charles I of England (executed after the English Civil War), or Charles II of England (known as the Merry Monarch for his womanising), and to avoid conflict or confusion with "Young Pretender" Charles Edward Stuart (who styled himself as "Charles III"). For example, one 2005 report suggested that he might instead use his fourth given name and be known as "George VII" in honour of his grandfather.


title: Regnal name

text: When John, Earl of Carrick ascended the Scottish throne in 1390, it was deemed imprudent for him to take the regnal name of "John II", as recent kings named John had turned out badly: in England as well as in Scotland. Furthermore, royal propaganda of the time held that John Balliol had not been a legitimate king of Scotland, making the new king's regnal number also a tricky issue. To avoid these problems, John took the regnal name of "Robert III", honouring his father and great-grandfather.


title: Regnal name

text: Upon the 1952 accession of Elizabeth II, the title "Elizabeth II" caused controversy in Scotland as there had never been a Scottish "Elizabeth I". Winston Churchill suggested that British sovereigns would use either the English or the Scottish number, whichever was higher. New Royal Mail post boxes in Scotland bearing the cypher "ER", were vandalised, after which, to avoid further problems, post boxes and Royal Mail vehicles in Scotland bore only the Crown of Scotland. A legal case, "MacCormick v. Lord Advocate" (1953 SC 396), contested the right of the Queen to title herself "Elizabeth II" in Scotland, arguing that to do so would be a breach of the Act of Union. The case, however, was dismissed on the grounds that the pursuers had no title to sue the Crown, and also that the numbering of monarchs was part of the royal prerogative, and thus not governed by the Act of Union.


title: Regnal name

text: The Roman Emperors usually had the titles of "Imperator Caesar Augustus" in their names (which made these regnal names). Caesar came from the cognomen of Gaius Julius Caesar, Imperator meant Commander and Augustus meant venerable or majestic. The name usually went in two ways, Imperator (Praenomen, Nomen and Cognomen) Caesar Augustus or Imperator Caesar (Praenomen, Nomen and Cognomen) Augustus. Also, Imperator became a Praenomen of Roman Emperors, Augustus and Caesar became a cognomen of theirs.


title: Regnal name

text: Immediately after a new pope is elected, and accepts the election, he is asked by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, "By what name shall you be called?" The new pope chooses the name by which he will be known. The senior Cardinal Deacon, or Cardinal Protodeacon, then appears on the balcony of Saint Peter's Basilica to proclaim the new Pope, informing the world of the man elected Pope, and under which name he would be known during his reign.


title: Regnal name

text: During the first centuries of the church, priests elected bishop of Rome continued to use their baptismal names after their elections. The custom of choosing a new name began in AD 533 with the election of Mercurius. Mercurius had been named after the Roman god Mercury, and decided that it would not be appropriate for a pope to be named after a Roman god. Mercurius subsequently decreed that he would be known as John II. Since the end of the tenth century the pope has customarily chosen a new name for himself during his Pontificate; however, until the 16th century some pontiffs used their baptismal names.


title: Regnal name

text: The last pope to use his baptismal name was Pope Marcellus II in 1555, a choice that was even then quite exceptional. The names chosen by popes are not based on any system other than general honorifics. They have been based on immediate predecessors, mentors, political similarity, or even after family members—as was the case with Pope John XXIII. The practice of using the baptismal name as papal name has not been ruled out and future popes could elect to continue using their original names after being elected pope.


title: Regnal name

text: Often the new pontiff's choice of name upon being elected to the papacy is seen as a signal to the world of whom the new pope will emulate or what policies he will seek to enact. Such is the case with Benedict XVI who, in fact, explained the reasons for his choice of name during his first General Audience in St. Peter's Square, on 27 April 2005. On that occasion, he said that he wanted to remember "Pope Benedict XV, that courageous prophet of peace, who guided the Church through turbulent times of war", and also "Saint Benedict of Nursia, co-patron of Europe, whose life evokes the Christian roots of Europe".


title: Regnal name

text: There has never been a Pope Peter II. Even though there is no specific prohibition against choosing the name Peter, bishops elected to the Papacy have refrained from doing so even if their own given name was Peter. This is because of a tradition that only Saint Peter should have that honor. In the 10th century John XIV used the regnal name "John" because his given name was Peter. While some antipopes did take the name Peter II, their claims are not recognized by the mainstream Roman Catholic Church, and each of these men only either has or had a minuscule following that recognized their claims.


title: Regnal name

text: Probably because of the controversial Antipope John XXIII, new popes avoided taking the regnal name John for over 600 years until the election of Angelo Cardinal Roncalli in 1958. Immediately after his election, there was some confusion as to whether he would be known as John XXIII or John XXIV. Cardinal Roncalli thus moved to immediately resolve by declaring that he would be known as John XXIII.


title: Regnal name

text: In 1978, Albino Luciani became the first pope to use two names for his regnal name when he took the name John Paul I, including the "I". He took the "John Paul" name to honor both John XXIII and Paul VI. With the unexpected death of John Paul I a little over a month later, Karol Wojtyła took the name John Paul II to honor his immediate predecessor.


title: Regnal name

text: Antipopes also have regnal names, and also use the ordinal to show their position in the line of previous pontiffs with their names. For example, David Bawden took the name Michael I when declared pope in 1990.


title: Regnal name

text: The use of regnal names () was uncommon in the Medieval Islamic era until the Abbasid Caliphate, when the first Abbasid caliph, Abu al-Abbas Abdullah ibn Muhammad, who overthrew the Umayyad dynasty, used the as-Saffah ("the Blood-Shedder"). This name carried a messianic association, a theme that would be continued by as-Saffah's successors. The use of regnal names among the caliphs lasted throughout the reign of the Abbasid Caliphate, until the institution was deposed after the defeat of the Mamluk Sultanate and the capture of Caliph al-Mutawakkil III by the Ottoman Army in 1517.


title: Buckethead discography

text: Buckethead is an American guitarist and singer. The Buckethead discography currently includes 47 studio albums , 1 live album, 4 special releases, 388 extended plays as Bucketheadland , 5 demo tapes, 3 solo DVD video releases, 2 DVD video releases with Cornbugs, 3 music videos, 7 unreleased albums (including Pikes), 3 solo videography releases, and 16 videography releases with other artists.


title: Buckethead discography

text: Since 1994, Buckethead has released 6 studio recordings under the anagram of Death Cube K. He has released 74 works with other bands and artists (including his work as Death Cube K). The total number of studio albums, special releases, extended plays, demo tapes, and works with other bands and projects is 384. His guest appearances total 97. His videography releases total 19. In total, Buckethead has been involved with 493 different album projects (as solo or with other bands). As of his 320th solo studio album (not counting the remixed versions or unreleased Pikes) and his 300th album in the Pikes series Quarry (although technically 295th, as a number of recent Pikes remain unreleased), his total solo studio album running time is approximately 171 hours 55 minutes and 10 seconds.


title: Captain Sensible

text: Raymond Ian Burns (born 24 April 1954), known by the stage name Captain Sensible, is an English singer, songwriter and guitarist.


title: Captain Sensible

text: Captain Sensible co-founded the punk rock band the Damned, originally playing bass before switching to guitar. He embarked on a solo career during the 1980s, following a UK number one hit with his cover of "Happy Talk".


title: Captain Sensible

text: Captain Sensible's distinctive appearance includes a red beret and sunglasses, typically with white frames. He was also a founder of the Blah! Party.


title: Captain Sensible

text: Captain Sensible was born in Balham, London, on 24 April 1954. He went to Stanley Technical School for Boys in South Norwood, Croydon. The first musical instrument he played was a Bontempi organ. Growing up, he listened to Brian Auger, Syd Barrett, Small Faces, Egg, Stray, Soft Machine and the Groundhogs.


title: Captain Sensible

text: Originally a member of the Johnny Moped band, Captain Sensible joined the Damned in 1976 on the suggestion of his colleague Rat Scabies, the band's drummer, filling a number of positions during his tenure (including bassist, lead guitarist and keyboardist), and eventually becoming the band's main songwriter following the departure of Brian James.


title: Captain Sensible

text: Captain Sensible left in the 1980s to concentrate on solo projects, but rejoined in 1996 after Scabies left, and co-wrote "Grave Disorder", the band's first new studio album for 8 years, in 2001. He continues to tour and record with the band.


title: Captain Sensible

text: Captain Sensible's first solo release came in 1978 with the single "Jet Boy, Jet Girl", an Elton Motello cover recorded while the Damned were on hiatus. He followed this in 1981 with the "This Is Your Captain Speaking" EP on Crass Records. He signed to A&M Records and had a UK number one hit in 1982 with a cover of "Happy Talk", the Rodgers and Hammerstein song from "South Pacific", featuring backing by Dolly Mixture and a band including Robyn Hitchcock on guitar. This was later sampled for British hip hop artist Dizzee Rascal's 2004 song "Dream".


title: Captain Sensible

text: Other Captain Sensible songs that became hits in the UK and Europe were "Wot", "One Christmas Catalogue" and anti-Falklands War "Glad It's All Over", which was co-written and produced by Tony Mansfield. After quitting A&M Records he continued recording for various independent labels, including Deltic Records and Humbug Records. He has also toured with his solo band Punk Floyd.