title: Thou shalt not covet

text: Adherence to the ninth commandment's requirement of purity requires modesty, which "protects the intimate center of the person". Modesty refuses to uncover "what should remain hidden". Modesty is a servant of chastity and guides how one looks at others and behaves toward them in protective conformity with the dignity of the human person. Modesty encourages patience and moderation in loving relationships, requiring that the conditions for the definitive giving and commitment of man and woman be fulfilled to one another. It's a decency that inspires one's clothing. Modesty is discreet and avoids harmful curiosity.


title: Thou shalt not covet

text: In addition to personal purity and modesty, the Catholic Church teaches that Christian purity requires a purification of the social climate. Communications media ought to demonstrate respect and restraint in their presentations which should be free from widespread eroticism and the inclination to voyeurism and illusion. Moral permissiveness rests on a wrongheaded understanding of human freedom. Education in the moral law is necessary for the development of true freedom. Educators should be expected to give young people "instruction respectful of the truth, the qualities of the heart, and the moral and spiritual dignity of man."


title: Thou shalt not covet

text: Catholic teaching on the prohibition of greed and envy center around Christ's admonishments to desire and store up treasure in Heaven rather than on Earth, "For where your treasure is, there'll your heart be also." The tenth commandment is regarded as completing and unfolding the ninth. The tenth commandment forbids coveting the goods of another, as the root of the stealing and fraud forbidden by the commandment, "You shan't steal." "Lust of the eyes" leads to the violence and injustice forbidden by the commandment, "You shan't murder." Covetousness, like sexual immorality, originates in the idolatry prohibited by the first three commandments. Along with the ninth commandment, the tenth summarizes the entire Ten Commandments, by focusing on the intentions and desires of the heart.


title: Thou shalt not covet

text: Covetous desires create disorder because they move beyond satisfying basic human needs and "exceed the limits of reason and drive us to covet unjustly what is not ours and belongs to another or is owed to him." Greed and the desire to amass earthy goods without limit are forbidden as are avarice and the passion for riches and power. "You shan't covet" means that we should banish our desires for whatever doesn't belong to us. Never having enough money is regarded as a symptom of the love of money. Obedience to the tenth commandment requires that envy be banished from the human heart. Envy is a capital sin that includes sadness at the sight of another's goods and the immoderate desire to acquire them for oneself. The baptized person should resist envy by practicing good will and rejoicing and praising God for material blessings granted to neighbor and brother.


title: Thou shalt not covet

text: God warns man away from what seems "good for food . . . a delight to the eyes . . . to be desired to make one wise," and law and grace turn men's hearts away from avarice and envy and toward the Holy Spirit who satisfies man's heart.


title: Thou shalt not covet

text: Catholic teaching reminds that Jesus enjoins his disciples to prefer him to everything and everyone, and bids them "renounce all that [they have]" for his sake and that of the Gospel. Jesus gave his disciples the example of the poor widow of Jerusalem who gave out of her poverty all that she had to live on. Detachment from riches is portrayed as obligatory for entrance into the Kingdom of heaven. "Blessed are the poor in spirit" illustrates that those who voluntarily don't receive their physical needs are more inclined to seek fulfillment of their spiritual needs through Jesus Christ. "The Lord grieves over the rich, because they find their consolation in the abundance of goods."


title: Thou shalt not covet

text: "I want to see God" expresses the true desire of man. The water of eternal life quenches the thirst for God. Attachment to the goods of this world are a bondage. The Scriptural remedy is the desire for true happiness that's found in seeking and finding God. Holy people must struggle, with grace from on high, to obtain the good things God promises. Christ's faithful put to death their cravings and, with the grace of God, prevail over the seductions of pleasure and power. For what does it profit a man to gain the whole world, yet lose his own soul?


title: Thou shalt not covet

text: Martin Luther views sinful human nature such that no person naturally desires to see others with as much as oneself, each acquiring as much as he can while pretending to be pious. The human heart, Luther says, is deceitful, knowing how to adorn oneself finely while concealing one's rascality.


title: Thou shalt not covet

text: Luther further explains that the tenth commandment isn't intended for the rogues of the world, but for the pious, who wish to be praised and considered as honest and upright people, because they haven't broken any of the outward commandments. Luther sees covetousness in the quarreling and wrangling in court over inheritances and real estate. He sees covetousness in financiering practiced in a manner to obtain houses, castles, and land through foreclosure. Likewise, Luther sees the tenth commandment as forbidding contrivances to take another man's wife as one's own and uses the example of King Herod taking his brother's wife while his brother was still living.


title: Thou shalt not covet

text: John Calvin views the tenth commandment as a demand for purity of the heart, above and beyond the outward actions. Calvin distinguishes between making an explicit design to obtain what belongs to our neighbor and a covetous desire in the heart. For Calvin, design is a deliberate consent of the will, after passion has taken possession of the mind. Covetousness may exist without such a deliberate design, when the mind is stimulated and tickled by objects on which we set our affection.


title: Thou shalt not covet

text: In explaining the prohibition on covetousness, Calvin views the mind as either being filled with charitable thoughts toward one's brother and neighbor, or being inclined toward covetous desires and designs. The mind wholly imbued with charity has no room for carnal desires. Calvin recognizes that all sorts of fancies rise up in the mind, and he exhorts the individual to exercise choice and discipline to shifting one's thoughts away from fleshly desires and passions. Calvin asserts that God's intention in the command is to prohibit every kind of perverse desire.


title: Thou shalt not covet

text: Matthew Henry sees the tenth commandment striking at the root of many sins by forbidding all desire that may yield injury to one's neighbor. The language of discontent and envy are forbidden in the heart and mind. The appetites and desires of the corrupt nature are proscribed, and all are enjoined to see our face in the reflection of this law and to submit our hearts under the government of it.


title: Dream Warrior Pictures

text: Dream Warrior Pictures is an Indian film production company based in Chennai. It was founded in 2010 by brothers S R Prakashbabu and S R Prabhu, who were partners in Studio Green during 2010–2013. They are also relatives of the veteran actor Sivakumar and cousins for actors Suriya and Karthi. They are prominent producers and distributors in India.


title: Dream Warrior Pictures

text: Dream Warrior Pictures first produced the film "Kaashmora (2016)", which is the highest budget film in Karthi's career. Karthi, Nayanthara, Sri Divya, Vivek are the protagonists in "Kaashmora". This film turned was a historic-horror-comedy flick (multi genre), directed by Gokul, whose previous film at that point was "Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara". The music of "Kaashmora" was composed by Santhosh Narayanan. "Kaashmora" involves huge VFX work with CG footage amounting to close to 70 mins. Producers confirmed that "Kaashmora" was released both in Tamil and Telugu languages on Diwali 2016 (October).


title: Dream Warrior Pictures

text: Studio's next project was titled as "Joker" "(2016)", directed by Raju Murugan, whose previous was Cuckoo, Guru Somasundaram is the protagonist of the "Joker" movie. This movie emphasis the necessity of toilets for all rural homes. Even the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi has addressed this issue. Hence medias are asking Prime Minister to watch the film. In the movie, protagonist thinks himself as The President of India. "Joker explores different side of me", says Guru Somasundaram. The Superstar of Indian Cinema Padma Vibhushan Rajnikanth praised the "Joker" team for making the movie. "Joker" won the Tamil Film competition of 14th Chennai International Film Festival held in January 2017 at Chennai. Also the film won couple more awards for Best Dialogues and Best Production which is conferred by Ananda Vikatan.


title: Dream Warrior Pictures

text: Simultaneously, the company had produced another movie titled "Aruvi" "(2017)", which is an Eco Social Drama, directed by Arun Prabhu Purushothaman. The Team had been hunting for lead artist through all social medias. Aruvi made its international premiere at Shanghai International Film Festival in June 2016. Producer S R Prabhu says, "We are so much proud that Aruvi has become one of the best films produced under our banner". Alongside "Aruvi" , "Kootathil Orthan" "(2017)" had started which is directed by Gnanavel, his debut movie. Ashok Selvan and Priya Anand were playing the lead roles in this movie.


title: Dream Warrior Pictures

text: After "Kaashmora, Aruvi" and "Kootathil Oruthan", the production house had been producing Karthi's movie "Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru" directed by H Vinoth. Also, Dream Warrior Pictures is eyeing for an International co-production for their project "The Sunshine", which is written by Leena Manimekalai and Antonythasan Jesuthasan, to be directed by Leena Manimekalai. "The Sunshine" was presented in 2016 Film Bazaar co-production market. Release of "Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru" had happened in Nov 2017 which is then followed by producing the web series Vella Raja starring "Bobby Simha" and Parvati Nair. The streaming of "Vella Raja" had happened on Amazon Prime Video on Dec 2018. Then the making of Suriya's 36th movie "NGK" had started in Feb 2018 and the release had happened in May 2019. Presently "Maanagaram " fame Lokesh Kanagaraj's "Kaithi (2019 film)" was released on 25 October 2019, coinciding with Diwali. Which is continued with the making of Sharwanand and Ritu Varma starrer upcoming bilingual (Tamil & Telugu) film directed by debut director Shree Karthick for releasing during summer 2020.


title: Corporate spin-off

text: A corporate spin-off, also known as a spin-out, or starburst or hive-off, is a type of corporate action where a company "splits off" a section as a separate business or creates a second incarnation, even if the first is still active.


title: Corporate spin-off

text: Spin-offs are divisions of companies or organizations that then become independent businesses with assets, employees, intellectual property, technology, or existing products that are taken from the parent company. Shareholders of the parent company receive equivalent shares in the new company in order to compensate for the loss of equity in the original stocks. However, shareholders may then buy and sell stocks from either company independently; this potentially makes investment in the companies more attractive, as potential share purchasers can invest narrowly in the portion of the business they think will have the most growth.


title: Corporate spin-off

text: In contrast, divestment can also sever one business from another, but the assets are sold off rather than retained under a renamed corporate entity.


title: Corporate spin-off

text: Many times, the management team of the new company are from the same parent organization. Often, a spin-off offers the opportunity for a division to be backed by the company but not be affected by the parent company's image or history, giving potential to take existing ideas that had been languishing in an old environment and help them grow in a new environment. Spin-offs also allow high-growth divisions, once separated from other low-growth divisions, to command higher valuation multiples.


title: Corporate spin-off

text: All the support from the parent company is provided with the explicit purpose of helping the spin-off grow.


title: Corporate spin-off

text: The United States Securities and Exchange Commission's definition of "spin-off" is more precise. Spin-offs occur when the equity owners of the parent company receive equity stakes in the newly spun off company. For example, when Agilent Technologies was spun off from Hewlett-Packard in 1999, the stock holders of HP received Agilent stock. A company not considered a spin-off in the SEC's definition (but considered by the SEC as a technology transfer or licensing of technology to the new company) may also be called a spin-off in common usage.


title: Corporate spin-off

text: A second definition of a spin-out is a firm formed when an employee or group of employees leaves an existing entity to form an independent start-up firm. The prior employer can be a firm, a university, or another organization. Spin-outs typically operate at arm's length from the previous organizations and have independent sources of financing, products, services, customers, and other assets. In some cases, the spin-out may license technology from the parent or supply the parent with products or services; conversely, they may become competitors. Such spin-outs are important sources of technological diffusion in high-tech industries.


title: Corporate spin-off

text: Terms such as hive-up, hive down or hive across are sometime used for transferring a business to a parent company, a subsidiary company or a fellow subsidiary.


title: Corporate spin-off

text: One of the main reasons for what "The Economist" has dubbed the 2011 "starburst revival" is that "companies seeking buyers for parts of their business are not getting good offers from other firms, or from private equity". For example, Foster's Group, an Australian beverage company, was prepared to sell its wine business. However, due to the lack of a decent offer, it decided to spin off the wine business, which is now called Treasury Wine Estates.


title: Corporate spin-off

text: According to "The Economist", another driving force of the proliferation of spin-offs is what it calls the "conglomerate discount" — that "stockmarkets value a diversified group at less than the sum of its parts".


title: Karan Grover

text: Karan Grover (born 22 June 1982) is an Indian actor who primarily works in Hindi television. Grover is best known for his portrayal of Karan Prasad in "Yahan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli", Shantanu Kant in "Bahu Hamari Rajni Kant", Dr. Rohit Sippy in "Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum" and Angad Maan in "Udaariyaan".


title: Karan Grover

text: Grover made his acting debut in 2004 with "Saarrthi" portraying Arjun Goenka. He made his film debut in 2015 with "Wedding Pullav". His other notable work include portraying Ritesh Malhotra in "Bohot Pyaar Karte Hai" and Vicky in the web series "Spotlight 2".


title: Karan Grover

text: Grover was born on 22 June 1982 in Mumbai, Maharashtra. He graduated in chemical engineering from Institute of Technology, Mumbai. He completed an event management course from National Institute of Event Management. He also worked with Omung Kumar's event management company for a year.


title: Karan Grover

text: Grover participated in the "Mister India World" contest in 2004. He was amongst the top five finalists. He worked as a VJ with Zee Music, before making his acting debut.


title: Karan Grover

text: Grover made his acting debut with "Saarrthi" portraying Arjun Goenka from 2004 to 2007. He went onto portrayed episodic roles "Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai" (2006), "F.I.R" (2007), "Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai- Chakravyuh" (2008), "Teri Meri Love Stories" and "Lakhon Mein Ek" both (2012).


title: Karan Grover

text: In 2007, he participated in "Nach Baliye 3" with Kavita Kaushik and finished at 8th place. From 2007 to 2008 he portrayed Raj Malik in "Meri Awaz Ko Mil Gayi Roshni" opposite Ashima Bhalla and from 2008 to 2009, he portrayed Rishabh Rathod in "Woh Rehne Waali Mehlon Ki".


title: Karan Grover

text: Grover's portrayed Karan Jagmohan Prasad / Ranchod in Yahan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli opposite Suhasi Dhami, from 2009 to 2012. The show proved as a major turning point in his career.


title: Karan Grover

text: In 2013, he portrayed Gulshan Roshanlal Grover in "Hum Aapke Hain In Laws" opposite Pooja Pihal and portrayed Raj Jakhotia opposite Rubina Dilaik and Srishty Rode in "Punar Vivah - Ek Nayi Umeed". In 2014 he appeared in "Savdhaan India".


title: Karan Grover

text: Grover made his film debut with "Wedding Pullav" in 2015, portraying Jay opposite Anushka Ranjan. "Bollywood Hungama" noted, "Karan Grover tries his level best to get into the skin of his character as a painter, and succeeds to a certain extent." He portrayed Akshay in the mini series "Rishton Ka Mela", the same year.


title: Karan Grover

text: In 2016, Grover's portrayal of Shantanu Kant in "Bahu Hamari Rajni Kant" opposite Ridhima Pandit was praised. He received various awards nominations for his performance. In 2017, he hosted "The Drama Company" Season 1.


title: Karan Grover

text: Grover made his web debut in 2018 with "Spotlight 2", portraying Vicky Verma opposite Aditi Arya. The same year, he portrayed Shlok opposite Sanaya Irani in "Vodka Shots". From 2018 to 2021, he portrayed Rishi in "The Better Half" opposite Chhavi Mittal.


title: Karan Grover

text: Grover earned praises and further success with his portrayal of Dr. Rohit Sippy in "Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum" opposite Dipika Kakar, from 2018 to 2019. He received Gold Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role nomination for his performance.


title: Karan Grover

text: From 2021 to 2022, he portrayed Angad Maan and Arjun Mann in "Udaariyaan" opposite Priyanka Chahar Choudhary. In 2022, he portrayed Ritesh Malhotra in "Bohot Pyaar Karte Hai" opposite Sayali Salunkhe.


title: Karan Grover

text: Grover and actress Poppy Jabbal were in a ten-year relationship before getting married. They were married in a traditional Anand Karaj ceremony held on 31 May 2022 in Chail, Himachal Pradesh.


title: Jacqui Abbott

text: Jacqueline Abbott (born 10 November 1973) is an English singer who was a vocalist with the band The Beautiful South from 1994 to 2000, following the departure of Briana Corrigan.


title: Jacqui Abbott

text: With Abbott, the band released several Top 10 singles. Amongst their most successful hits during her stint were: "Rotterdam (or Anywhere)", "Perfect 10", "Don't Marry Her" and "Dream a Little Dream of Me". Abbott was discovered by Beautiful South co-founder Paul Heaton after she and a friend met him outside a night club. Heaton invited them to a party, where Abbott's friend encouraged her to sing. Heaton was impressed with her singing, and later invited her to audition to replace Corrigan.


title: Jacqui Abbott

text: She left the band in 2000, because of the pressure of touring. A busy tour schedule would have conflicted with Abbott's wish to concentrate on looking after her son, who had just been diagnosed with autism.


title: Jacqui Abbott

text: Abbott reunited with Paul Heaton in June 2011 to perform in his musical "The 8th", while in 2013 they recorded a new album "What Have We Become?" released on 19 May 2014. This was followed by a second album in 2015 entitled "Wisdom, Laughter and Lines". They embarked on a tour in 2016. Their third album, "Crooked Calypso", was released in July 2017, with a tour beginning later that year. In 2020, Heaton and Abbott again collaborated on "Manchester Calling", their first UK number-one album.


title: William Kunstler

text: William Moses Kunstler (July 7, 1919 – September 4, 1995) was an American lawyer and civil rights activist, known for defending the Chicago Seven. Kunstler was an active member of the National Lawyers Guild, a board member of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and the co-founder of the Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR), the "leading gathering place for radical lawyers in the country."


title: William Kunstler

text: Kunstler's defense of the Chicago Seven from 1969 to 1970 led "The New York Times" to label him "the country's most controversial and, perhaps, its best-known lawyer". Kunstler is also well known for defending members of the Revolutionary Communist Party, Catonsville Nine, Black Panther Party, Weather Underground Organization, the Attica Prison rioters, Meir Kahane assassin El Sayyid Nosair, and the American Indian Movement. He also won a "de facto" segregation case regarding the District of Columbia's public schools and "disinterred, singlehandedly" the concept of federal criminal removal jurisdiction in the 1960s. Kunstler refused to defend right-wing groups, such as the Minutemen, on the grounds that "I only defend those whose goals I share. I'm not a lawyer for hire. I only defend those I love."


title: William Kunstler

text: He was a polarizing figure; many on the right wished to see him disbarred, while many on the left admired him as a "symbol of a certain kind of radical lawyer." Even some other civil rights lawyers regarded Kunstler as a "publicity hound and a hit-and-run lawyer" who "brings cases on Page 1 and the NAACP Legal Defense Fund wins them on Page 68." Legal writer Sidney Zion quipped that Kunstler was "one of the few lawyers in town who knows how to talk to the press. His stories always check out and he's not afraid to talk to you, and he's got credibility—although you've got to ask sometimes, 'Bill, is it "really" true?'"


title: William Kunstler

text: Kunstler was born to a Jewish family in New York City, the son of Frances Mandelbaum and Monroe Bradford Kunstler, a physician. He attended DeWitt Clinton High School. After high school, he attended Yale University, where he majored in French and graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1941. He then went on to attend Columbia Law School from which he graduated in 1948. While at Yale, Kunstler was an avid poet and represented Yale in the Glascock Prize competition at Mount Holyoke College.


title: William Kunstler

text: Rejected twice by the United States Navy, Kunstler served in the U.S. Army during World War II in the Pacific theater. He volunteered for cryptography and served in New Guinea. He rose to the rank of Major, and received the Bronze Star. While in the army, he was noted for his theatric portrayals in the Fort Monmouth Dramatic Association.


title: William Kunstler

text: After his discharge from the Army he attended law school, was admitted to the bar in New York in 1948 and began practicing law. Kunstler went through R.H. Macy's executive training program in the late 1940s and practiced family and small business law in the 1950s, before entering civil rights litigation in the 1960s. He was an associate professor of law at New York Law School (1950–1951).


title: William Kunstler

text: Kunstler won honorable mention for the National Legal Aid Association's press award in 1957 for his series of radio broadcasts on WNEW, "The Law on Trial". At WNEW, Kunstler also conducted interviews on controversial topics, such as the Alger Hiss case, on a program called "Counterpoint".


title: William Kunstler

text: Kunstler first made headlines in 1957 when he unsuccessfully defended William Worthy, a correspondent for the "Baltimore Afro-American", who was one of forty-two Americans who had their passports seized after violating the State Department's travel ban on Communist China (after attending a Communist youth conference in Moscow). Kunstler refused a State Department compromise which would have returned Worthy's passport if he agreed to cease visiting Communist countries, a condition Worthy considered unconstitutional.


title: William Kunstler

text: Kunstler played an important role as a civil rights lawyer in the 1960s, traveling to many of the segregated battlegrounds to work to free those who had been jailed. Working on behalf of the ACLU, Kunstler defended the Freedom Riders in Mississippi in 1961. Kunstler filed for a writ of habeas corpus with Sidney Mize, a federal judge in Biloxi, and appealed to the Fifth Circuit; he also filed similar pleas in state courts. Judge Leon Hendrick in Hinds County refused Kunstler's motion to cancel the mass appearance (involving hundreds of miles of travel) of all 187 convicted riders. The riders were convicted in a bench trial in Jackson and appealed to a county jury trial, where Kunstler argued that the county systematically discriminated against African-American jurors.


title: William Kunstler

text: In 1962, Kunstler took part in efforts to integrate public parks and libraries in Albany, Georgia. Later that year, he published "The Case for Courage" (modeled on President Kennedy's "Profiles in Courage") highlighting the efforts of other lawyers who risked their careers for controversial clients as well as similar acts by public servants. At the time of the publication, Kunstler was already well known for his work with the Freedom Riders, his book on the Caryl Chessman case, and his radio coverage of trials. Kunstler also joined a group of lawyers criticizing the application of Alabama's civil libel laws and spoke at a rally against HUAC.


title: William Kunstler

text: In 1963, for the Gandhi Society of New York, Kunstler filed to remove the cases of more than 100 arrested African-American demonstrators from the Danville Corporation Court to the Charlottesville District Court, under a Reconstruction Era statute. Although the district judge remanded the cases to city court, he dissolved the city's injunction against demonstrations. In doing so, Judge Thomas J. Michie rejected a Justice Department "amicus curiae" brief urging the removal to create a test case for the statute. Kunstler appealed to the Fourth Circuit. That year Kunstler also sued public housing authorities in Westchester County.


title: William Kunstler

text: In 1964, Kunstler defended a group of four accused of kidnapping a white couple, and succeeded in getting the alleged weapons thrown out as evidence, as they could not be positively identified as those used. That year he also challenged Mississippi's unpledged elector law as well as racial segregation in primary elections; he also defended three members of the Blood Brothers, a Harlem gang, charged with murder.


title: William Kunstler

text: Kunstler went to St. Augustine, Florida in 1964 during the demonstrations led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Dr. Robert B. Hayling which put added pressure on Congress to pass the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964. Kunstler brought the first federal case under Title IX of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which allowed the removal of cases from county court to be appealed; the defendants were protestors at the 1964 New York World's Fair.


title: William Kunstler

text: He was a director of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) from 1964 to 1972, when he became a member of the ACLU National Council. In 1966 he co-founded the Center for Constitutional Rights. Kunstler also worked with the National Lawyers Guild.


title: William Kunstler

text: In 1965, Kunstler's firm Kunstler, Kunstler, and Kinoy was asked to defend Jack Ruby by his brother Earl, but dropped the case because they "did not wish to be in a situation where we have to fight to get into the case". Ruby was eventually permitted to replace his original defense team with Kunstler, who got him a new trial. In 1966, he also defended an arsonist who burned down a Jewish Community Center, killing twelve, because he was not provided a lawyer before he signed a confession.


title: William Kunstler

text: Kunstler's other notable clients include: Salvador Agron, H. Rap Brown, Lenny Bruce, Stokely Carmichael, the Catonsville Nine, Angela Davis, Larry Davis, Gregory Lee Johnson, Martin Luther King Jr., Gary McGivern, Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., Filiberto Ojeda Rios, Assata Shakur, Lemuel Smith, Morton Sobell, Wayne Williams, and Michael X.


title: William Kunstler

text: Kunstler gained national renown for defending the Chicago Seven (originally Chicago Eight), in a five-month trial in 1969–1970, against charges of conspiring to incite riots in Chicago during the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Under cross-examination, Kunstler got a key police witness to contradict his previous testimony and admit that he had not witnessed Jerry Rubin, but had rather been given his name two weeks later by the FBI. Another prosecution witness, photographer Louis Salzberg, admitted under Kunstler's cross-examination that he was still on the payroll of the FBI.


title: William Kunstler

text: The trial was marked by frequent clashes between Kunstler and U.S. Attorney Thomas Foran, with Kunstler taking the opportunity to accuse the government of failing to "realize the extent of antiwar sentiment". Kunstler also sparred with Judge Julius Hoffman, on one occasion remarking (with respect to the number of federal marshals): "this courtroom has the appearance of an armed camp. I would note that the Supreme Court has ruled that the appearance of an armed camp is a reversible error". During one heated exchange, Kunstler informed Hoffman that his entry in "Who's Who" was three times longer than the judge's, to which the judge replied "I hope you get a better obituary". Kunstler and co-defense attorneys Leonard Weinglass, Michael Kennedy, Gerald Lefcourt, Dennis Roberts and Michael Tigar were cited for contempt (the convictions were later overturned unanimously by the Seventh Circuit). If Hoffman's contempt conviction had been allowed to stand, Kunstler would have been imprisoned for an unprecedented four years.


title: William Kunstler

text: The progress of the trial—which had many aspects of guerrilla theater—was covered on the nightly news and made Kunstler the best-known lawyer in the country, and something of a folk hero. After much deadlock, the jury acquitted all seven on the conspiracy charge, but convicted five of violating the anti-riot provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1968. The Seventh Circuit overturned all the convictions on November 21, 1972, due to Hoffman's refusal to let defense lawyers question the prospective jurors on racial and cultural biases; the Justice Department did not retry the case.


title: William Kunstler

text: Shortly after the 1968 Democratic Convention, Tom Hayden, Rennie Davis, Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin, Dave Dellinger and Robert Greenblatt received subpoenas to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). Kunstler and co-counsel, Michael Kennedy, were among the group's six defense attorneys.


title: William Kunstler

text: On the opening day of the HUAC hearings, the subpoenaed men and their lawyers, including Kunstler and Kennedy, staged a “stand-in” to protest the investigations. “The Constitution is being raped and we as lawyers are being emasculated in an armed camp,” Kennedy shouted at the hearing.


title: William Kunstler

text: Kunstler arrived in Pine Ridge, South Dakota on March 4, 1973, to draw up the demands of the American Indian Movement (AIM) members involved in the Wounded Knee incident. Kunstler, who headed the defense, called the trial "the most important Indian trial of the 20th century", attempting to center the defense on the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868). Kunstler's team represented Russell Means and Dennis Banks, two of the leaders of the occupation.


title: William Kunstler

text: Kunstler objected to the heavy trial security on the grounds that it could prejudice the jury and Judge Fred J. Nichol agreed to ease measures. The trial was moved to Minnesota. Two authors and three Sioux were called as defense witnesses, mostly focusing on the historical (and more recent) injustice against the Sioux on the part of the U.S. government, shocking the prosecution.


title: William Kunstler

text: In 1975, Kunstler again defended AIM members in the slaying of two FBI agents at Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, not far from the site of the Wounded Knee incident. At the trial in 1976, Kunstler subpoenaed prominent government officials to testify about the existence of a Counter-Intelligence Program (COINTELPRO) against Native American activists. District Judge Edward J. McManus approved Kunstler's attempt to subpoena FBI director Clarence M. Kelley.


title: William Kunstler

text: Kunstler also defended a Native American woman who refused to send her daughter with muscular dystrophy to school.


title: William Kunstler

text: In 1974–1975, Kunstler defended a prisoner charged with killing a guard during the Attica Prison riot. Under cross-examination, Kunstler forced Correction Officer Donald Melven to retract his sworn identification of John Hill, Kunstler's client, and Charles Pernasilice (defended by Richard Miller), admitting he still retained "slight" doubts that he confessed to investigators at the time of the incident. Kunstler focused on pointing out that all the other prosecution witnesses were testifying under reduced-sentencing agreements and called five prison inmates as defense witnesses (Miller called none), who testified that other prisoners hit the guard.


title: William Kunstler

text: Despite Justice King's repeated warnings to Kunstler to "be careful, sir", Kunstler quickly became "the star of the trial, the man the jurors watch most attentively, and the lawyer whose voice carries most forcefully". Although the prosecution was careful to avoid personal confrontation with Kunstler, who frequently charmed the jury with jokes, on one occasion Kunstler provoked a shouting match with the lead prosecutor, allegedly to wake up a sleeping jury member. The jury convicted Hill of murder and Pernasilice of attempted assault. When Kunstler protested that the defendants would risk being murdered due to the judges remanding them, King threatened to send Kunstler with them. New York Governor Hugh Carey granted executive clemency to Hill and the other inmates in 1976, even though Hill's name was not on the recommended list of pardons delivered to the governor and his appeals were still pending.


title: William Kunstler

text: In June, Kunstler and Barbara Handshu, representing another inmate at Attica, Mariano Gonzales, asked for a new hearing on the role of FBI informant Mary Jo Cook.


title: William Kunstler

text: Kunstler joined the defense staff of Assata Shakur in 1977, charged in New Jersey with a variety of felonies in connection with a 1973 shootout with New Jersey State Troopers. Shakur, sentenced to life imprisonment, in early 1979 escaped from prison. In 1984 Shakur was granted asylum in Cuba by Fidel Castro, who called the charges “an infamous lie". William Kunstler told reporters in 1979 that Shakur's health had declined in prison; he said: “I was very happy that she escaped because I thought she was unfairly tried".


title: William Kunstler

text: From 1983 until Kunstler's death in 1995, Ron Kuby was his partner. The two took on controversial civil rights and criminal cases, including cases where they represented Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman, head of the Egyptian-based terrorist group Gama'a al-Islamiyah, responsible for the 1993 World Trade Center bombing; Colin Ferguson, the man responsible for the 1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, who would later reject Kuby and Kunstler's legal counsel and choose to represent himself at trial; Qubilah Shabazz, the daughter of Malcolm X, accused of plotting to murder Louis Farrakhan of the Nation of Islam; Glenn Harris, a New York City public school teacher who absconded with a fifteen-year-old girl for two months; Nico Minardos, a flamboyant actor indicted by Rudy Giuliani for conspiracy to ship arms to Iran; Darrell Cabey, one of the persons shot by Bernard Goetz; and associates of the Gambino crime family.


title: William Kunstler

text: Kunstler's defense of the three clerics made him "more visible, more venerated, more vilified than ever".


title: William Kunstler

text: During the first Gulf War, they represented dozens of American soldiers who refused to fight and claimed conscientious objector status. They also won acquittal for El-Sayyid Nosair, the accused assassin of extreme Zionist leader Meir Kahane, who later admitted to the killing.


title: William Kunstler

text: Kunstler represented a number of convicted mafiosi during his career, claiming "they were victims of government persecution", and said to have "never made a nickel on an OC [organized crime] case". The more notorious of Kunstler's mobster clients included Joe Bonanno, Raymond L.S. Patriarca, Nicholas L. Bianco, John Gotti, and Louis Ferrante, who claimed in his memoir, "Unlocked: the Life and Crimes of a Mafia Insider," that Kunstler "took a hundred grand off me."


title: William Kunstler

text: In 1979, Kunstler represented Marvin Barnes, an ABA and NBA basketball player, with past legal troubles and league discipline problems.


title: William Kunstler

text: In 1989–1990, Kunstler twice argued successfully in defense of flag burning, before the Supreme Court. In "Texas v. Johnson" and "United States v. Eichman", the Court held the act to be protected speech under the First Amendment, striking down Texas state and Federal statutes on "flag desecration".


title: William Kunstler

text: Kunstler appeared as a lawyer in the movie "The Doors" in 1991, as a judge in the movie "Malcolm X" in 1992, and as himself in several television documentaries.


title: William Kunstler

text: In 1993 Kunstler represented Yusuf Saalam of the Central Park 5 during his appeal, a move which alienated several friends. After Kunstler's death Saalam would be proven innocent when Matias Reyes confessed and DNA proved that Reyes was the sole attacker.


title: William Kunstler

text: During the 1994–95 television season, Kunstler starred as himself in an episode of "Law & Order" titled "White Rabbit", defending a woman charged with complicity in the 1971 murder of a policeman during the robbery of an armored car; the plot was based on the real-life story of Katherine Ann Power, who turned herself in to authorities in 1993.


title: William Kunstler

text: In late 1995, Kunstler died in New York City of heart failure at the age of 76. In his last major public appearance, at the commencement ceremonies for the University at Buffalo's School of Architecture and Planning, Kunstler lambasted the death penalty, saying, "We have become the charnel house of the Western world with reference to executions; the next closest to us is the Republic of South Africa." Ron Kuby, in his eulogy of Kunstler, said "While defending the Chicago Seven, [Kunstler] put the war in Vietnam on trial, asking Judy Collins to sing "Where Have All The Flowers Gone?" from the witness stand, placing a Viet Cong flag on the defense table, and wearing a black armband to commemorate the war dead."


title: William Kunstler

text: William Kunstler was survived by his wife Margaret Ratner Kunstler (who was previously married to Kunstler's close friend Michael Ratner) and his four daughters Karin Kunstler Goldman, Jane Drazek, Sarah Kunstler and Emily Kunstler, and several grandchildren.


title: William Kunstler

text: Emily Kunstler and Sarah Kunstler produced a documentary about their father entitled "", which had a screening as part of the Documentary Competition of the 2009 Sundance Film Festival.


title: Ellen Geer

text: Geer was born in New York City, the daughter of actors Herta Ware and Will Geer. Her father was best-known for playing Grandpa Zebulon "Zeb" Walton on "The Waltons".


title: Ellen Geer

text: She is married to children's musician Peter Alsop, and was previously married to actor Ed Flanders. She and Flanders had a son, Ian Geer Flanders. She and Alsop have two daughters, Megan and Willow.


title: Ellen Geer

text: In 1963, Geer joined the Minnesota Theatre Company for the opening seasons of the original Tyrone Guthrie Theatre in Minneapolis, where, among other roles, she played the lead in Guthrie's production of Bernard Shaw's "Saint Joan".


title: Ellen Geer

text: Geer began her film career appearing as a nun in the 1968 Richard Lester drama "Petulia". She followed this with an appearance in 1969's "The Reivers" with her father, Will Geer.


title: Ellen Geer

text: In 1971, Geer played the deceased wife of the lead character in "Kotch", appearing throughout the movie in flashbacks. That same year, she became a regular on "The Jimmy Stewart Show" (which aired until the following year) and had a supporting role in the acclaimed comedy "Harold and Maude". In 1974, she starred in two films which she also wrote: "Silence" and "Memory of Us", both of which featured her father.


title: Ellen Geer

text: The remainder of Geer's 1970s career consisted primarily of guest appearances and made-for-television movies. Television series on which she appeared during this time included "Police Story", "The Streets of San Francisco", "Baretta", "Barnaby Jones", "Charlie's Angels", "CHiPs" and two episodes of "Fantasy Island".


title: Ellen Geer

text: Her television movie credits during this time included "Babe" (1975), "The Lindbergh Kidnapping Case" (1976), "The Trial of Lee Harvey Oswald" (1977) and "A Shining Season" (1979). The only theatrical film on which she worked in the late 1970s was Jonathan Kaplan's "Over the Edge" in 1979.


title: Ellen Geer

text: The remainder of her television credits include guest appearances in the "" episode "Silicon Avatar", "The Waltons", "Quincy, M.E.", "Dallas", "The Practice", "Stingray", "", "ER", "NYPD Blue" and "Cold Case". She also had recurring roles on "Falcon Crest" and "Beauty and the Beast". She played elderly Piper Halliwell on the WB series "Charmed" in the series finale. In October 2007, the actress returned briefly to "Desperate Housewives" which she briefly appeared in before. She appeared in the fourth season of "Castle" in the episode called "The Blue Butterfly".


title: Ellen Geer

text: Geer has served since 1978 as artistic director of the Will Geer Theatricum Botanicum, a professional repertory, open-air theater in Topanga Canyon, California. Geer has also served as a visiting associate professor, teaching acting, at the University of California, Los Angeles School of Theater for 12 years.


title: SC Dnipro-1

text: SC Dnipro-1 is a professional Ukrainian football team from Dnipro. While not officially a successor of FC Dnipro, SC Dnipro-1 took over all of the infrastructure of the former club including its academy. SC Dnipro-1 is competing in the Ukrainian Premier League, having been promoted from the First League in 2019.


title: SC Dnipro-1

text: The club owners are Maksym Bereza and Hennadiy Polonskyi. The club adopted an emblem similar to the Police Special Patrol Detachment Dnipro-1 that used to be led by Yuriy Bereza which represents the Lisovskyi tryzub.


title: SC Dnipro-1

text: The Professional Football League of Ukraine reviewed the matter of admitting the club SC Dnipro-1 on 21 June 2017. The club had not been participating in championship among amateurs which is required by regulation. Nonetheless, the delegates at the PFL conference with 25 votes "for" decided to admit the club to PFL. Out of fairness, the recently revived NK Veres Rivne participating in the 2017–18 Ukrainian Premier League also did not participate in amateur competition before being readmitted to professionals. Before voting on the issue the club's honorary president Yuriy Bereza gave a speech stating that the club owns a sports school with 300 younger athletes, has agreements with stadiums Meteor and Dnipro, also claimed that the closest assistant of Bereza is the Ukrainian international footballer Roman Zozulya who supposedly was a main initiator in the creation of the club. Bereza also assured the audience that the club has a support of the Dnipro-1 Regiment, local ultras, and the city's community in general. Some Ukrainian news media (such as UNIAN) announced that the club is a successor of FC Dnipro.


title: SC Dnipro-1

text: On 6 July 2017, it was announced that SC Dnipro-1 would also adopt the FC Dnipro football school. The same day SC Dnipro-1 announced its squad for the upcoming 2017–18 Ukrainian Second League season, having a number of well known footballers in Ukraine such as Yevhen Cheberyachko, Serhiy Kravchenko and many others.


title: SC Dnipro-1

text: Its first official game the club played on 9 July 2017 hosting FC Bukovyna Chernivtsi as part of the 2017–18 Ukrainian Cup. Its first official league game the club played next week on 15 July 2017 hosting FC Metalist 1925 Kharkiv as part of the 2017–18 Ukrainian Second League. That season Dnipro-1 became the second club in history of the Ukrainian Cup that reached the semifinals while competing at the third tier and also earned promotion by placing the first place in its group.


title: SC Dnipro-1

text: As champion of the 2018–19 Ukrainian First League Dnipro-1 promoted to the Ukrainian Premier League in 2019.


title: SC Dnipro-1

text: In 2018 FC Dnipro was forced into bankruptcy by FIFA due to multiple legal claims for failing to pay its promised monetary compensation to players and managers.


title: SC Dnipro-1

text: Among members of the former football club Dnipro that never got paid, there are Egídio Pereira Júnior, Danilo Sousa Campos, manager Juande Ramos and his coaching staff, Jaba Kankava, Vitaliy Mandzyuk, and others.


title: SC Dnipro-1

text: On 22 February 2021, FIFA dismissed the claim of Jaba Kankava who appealed with a request to recognize SC Dnipro-1 a sports successor of FC Dnipro in order to recover his unpaid salary from FC Dnipro.


title: SC Dnipro-1

text: In 2019 the club also fielded its reserve team in amateur competitions SC Dnipro-1-Borysfen that previously (in 2018–19) played at the Youth League and PFL under-19 competitions. The team played in the under-19 competitions along with SC Dnipro-1 under-19 team which won the competitions.


title: Pola Negri

text: Pola Negri (; born Apolonia Chalupec ; 3 January 1897 – 1 August 1987) was a Polish stage and film actress and singer. She achieved worldwide fame during the silent and golden eras of Hollywood and European film for her tragedienne and femme fatale roles and was acknowledged as a sex symbol.


title: Pola Negri

text: Raised in the Congress Kingdom of Poland, Negri's childhood was marked by several personal hardships: After her father was sent to Siberia, she was raised by her single mother in poverty, and suffered tuberculosis as a teenager. Negri recovered, and went on to study ballet and acting in Warsaw, becoming a well-known stage actress there. In 1917, she relocated to Germany, where she began appearing in silent films for the Berlin-based UFA studio. Her film performances for UFA came to the attention of Hollywood executives at Paramount Pictures, who offered her a film contract.


title: Pola Negri

text: Negri signed with Paramount in 1922, making her the first European actress in history to be contracted in Hollywood. She spent much of the 1920s working in the United States appearing in numerous films for Paramount, establishing herself as one of the most popular actresses in American silent film. In the 1930s, during the emergence of sound film, Negri returned to Europe, where she appeared in multiple films for Pathé Films and UFA, and also began a career as a recording artist. She made only two films after 1940, her last screen credit being in Walt Disney's "The Moon-Spinners" (1964).


title: Pola Negri

text: Negri spent her later life largely outside the public sphere. She became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1951, and spent the remainder of her life living in San Antonio, Texas, where she died of pneumonia secondary to a brain tumor for which she refused treatment, in 1987, aged 90.


title: Pola Negri

text: Negri was born Apolonia Chalupec on 3 January 1897 in Lipno, Congress Poland, Russian Empire (present-day Lipno, Poland), the only surviving child (of three) of a Polish mother, Eleonora Kiełczewska (died 24 August 1954). According to Negri, her mother came from impoverished Polish nobility, with her family having lost their fortune over support of Napoléon Bonaparte. Negri's father, Juraj Chalupec (Polish transcription Jerzy Chałupec or Chałupiec, died 1920), was an itinerant Romani-Slovak tinsmith from Nesluša. After her father was arrested by the Russian authorities for revolutionary activities and sent to Siberia, she and her mother moved to Warsaw, where they lived in poverty, with her mother supporting them by working as a cook.


title: Pola Negri

text: Chalupec was raised Catholic by her mother, who was a lifelong practicing Catholic. In her youth, Chalupec was accepted into Warsaw's Imperial Ballet Academy. Her first dance performance was in the "danse des petits cygnes" in Tchaikovsky's "Swan Lake"; she worked her way up to a solo role in the Saint-Léon ballet "Coppélia". However, a bout with tuberculosis forced her to stop dancing; she was sent to a sanatorium in Zakopane to recover. During her three-month convalescence, she adopted the pseudonym "Pola Negri", after the Italian novelist and poet Ada Negri; "Pola" was short for her own name, Apolonia (sometimes spelled Apollonia).


title: Pola Negri

text: After Negri returned from the sanatorium, she successfully auditioned at the Warsaw Imperial Academy of Dramatic Arts. Alongside her formal schooling at the academy, she took private classes outside with renowned Polish stage actress and professor Honorata Leszczyńska. She made her theatrical debut before her graduation at The Small Theatre in Warsaw on 2 October 1912.


title: Pola Negri

text: She made her stage debut in 1913 in Gerhardt Hauptmann's "Hannele" in Warsaw and appeared the following year in her first film, "Niewolnica zmysłów". She continued to perform there while finishing her studies at the academy, graduating in 1914. Her graduating performance was as Hedwig in Ibsen's "The Wild Duck", which resulted in offers to join a number of the prominent theatres in Warsaw.


title: Pola Negri

text: By the end of World War I, Negri had established herself as a popular stage actress. She made an appearance at the Grand Theatre in "Sumurun", as well as in the Small Theatre (Aleksander Fredro's "Śluby panieńskie"), and at the Summer Theatre in the Saxon Garden. She debuted in film in 1914 in "Slave to her Senses" ("Niewolnica zmysłów"). She appeared in a variety of films made by the Warsaw film industry, including "Bestia" ("Beast", released in the US as "The Polish Dancer"), "Room No. 13" ("Pokój nr 13"), "His Last Gesture" ("Jego ostatni czyn"), "Students" ("Studenci"), and "The Wife" ("Żona").


title: Pola Negri

text: Negri's popularity in Poland provided her with an opportunity to move to Berlin, Germany in 1917, to appear as the dancing girl in a German revival of Max Reinhardt's theatre production of "Sumurun". In this production, she met Ernst Lubitsch, who at the time was producing comedies for the German film studio UFA. Negri was first signed with Saturn Films, making six films with them, including "Wenn das Herz in Haß erglüht" ("If the Heart Burns With Hate", 1917). After this, she signed to UFA's roster; some of the films that she made with UFA include "Mania" (1918), "Der Gelbe Schein" ("The Yellow Ticket", also 1918), and "Komtesse Doddy" (1919).


title: Pola Negri

text: In 1918, Lubitsch convinced UFA to let him create a large-scale film with Negri as the main character. The result was "Die Augen der Mumie Ma" ("The Eyes of the Mummy Ma", 1918), which was a popular success and led to a series of Lubitsch/Negri collaborations, each larger in scale than the previous film. The next was "Carmen" (1918, reissued in the United States in 1921 as "Gypsy Blood"), which was followed by "Madame DuBarry" (1919, released in the U.S. as "Passion"). "Madame DuBarry" became a huge international success, brought down the American embargo on German films, and launched a demand that briefly threatened to dislodge Hollywood's dominance in the international film market. Negri and Lubitsch made three German films together after this, "Sumurun" (aka "One Arabian Night", 1920), "Die Bergkatze" (aka "The Mountain Cat" or "The Wildcat", 1921), and "Die Flamme" ("The Flame", 1922), and UFA employed Negri for films with other directors, including "Vendetta" (1919) and "Sappho" (1921), many of which were purchased by American distributors and shown in the United States.


title: Pola Negri

text: Hollywood responded to this new threat by buying out key German talent, beginning with the procuration of the services of Lubitsch and Negri. Lubitsch was the first director to be brought to Hollywood, with Mary Pickford calling for his services in her costume film "Rosita" (1923). Paramount Pictures mogul Jesse Lasky saw the premiere of "Madame DuBarry" in Berlin in 1919, and Paramount invited Negri to come to Hollywood in 1921. She signed a $3,000 a week contract with Paramount and arrived in New York in a flurry of publicity on 12 September 1922. This made Negri the first-ever Continental star to be imported into Hollywood, setting a precedent for imported European stars that included Vilma Bánky, Greta Garbo, and Marlene Dietrich, among many others. "The Hot Dog", a Cleveland monthly publication, in its own promotional advertisement for Paramount in February 1922 claimed Negri's true name was Paula Schwartz, and that she was Jewish, which was completely untrue.<ref name="polanegri.com/bio"></ref>


title: Pola Negri

text: Negri ended up becoming one of the most popular Hollywood actresses of the era, and certainly the richest woman of the film industry at the time, living in a mansion in Los Angeles modeled after the White House. While in Hollywood, she started several ladies' fashion trends, some of which are still fashion staples today, including red painted toenails, fur boots, and turbans. Negri was a frequent photography subject of Hollywood portrait photographer Eugene Robert Richee, and several photographs of her were taken during this period.


title: Pola Negri

text: Negri's first two Paramount films were "Bella Donna" (1923) and "The Cheat" (1923), both of which were directed by George Fitzmaurice and were remakes of Paramount films from 1915. Her first spectacle film was the Herbert Brenon-directed "The Spanish Dancer" (1923), based on the Victor Hugo novel "Don César de Bazan". The initial screenplay was intended as a vehicle for Rudolph Valentino before he left Paramount and was reworked for Negri. "Rosita", Lubitsch's film with Mary Pickford, was released the same year and happened to be based on "Don César de Bazan". According to the book "Paramount Pictures and the People Who Made Them," "Critics had a field day comparing the two. The general opinion was that the Pickford film was more polished, but the Negri film was more entertaining."


title: Pola Negri

text: Initially Paramount used Negri as a mysterious European femme fatale and a clotheshorse as they had done with Gloria Swanson and staged an ongoing feud between the two actresses, which actor Charlie Chaplin recalled in his autobiography as "a mélange of cooked-up jealousies and quarrels." Negri was concerned that Paramount was mishandling her career and image and arranged for her former director Ernst Lubitsch to direct her in the critically acclaimed "Forbidden Paradise" (1924). It was the last time the two worked together in any film. By 1925, Negri's on-screen continental opulence was starting to wear thin with some segments of the American audience, a situation parodied in the Mal St. Clair-directed comedy "A Woman of the World" (1925), in which Negri starred.


title: Pola Negri

text: In 1926, Negri starred in "The Crown of Lies" and "Good and Naughty", the former of which earned an unfavorable review in "Photoplay" magazine, which deemed it an "impossible Pola Negri vehicle. If you have nothing else to do—see this and suffer with Pola." Paramount transitioned into casting Negri in international peasant roles the following year in films such as the Mauritz Stiller-directed and Erich Pommer-produced "Hotel Imperial" (1927), in an apparent effort to give her a more down-to-earth, relatable image. Although "Hotel Imperial" reportedly fared well at the box office, her next film "Barbed Wire" (1927), directed by Rowland V. Lee, and a number of subsequent films did not, reportedly due to negative publicity about her behavior at Rudolph Valentino's funeral (she fainted few times and cried exaggeratedly) and her rebound marriage to Georgian prince Serge Mdivani, although her films continued to fare well internationally. Negri defended herself, saying: "It is difficult for a foreigner coming to America...I had been told so much what not to do. It was particularly difficult for me, a Slav. My emotion seemed exaggerated to Americans. I cannot help that I haven't the Anglo-Saxon restraint and tact."


title: Pola Negri

text: In 1928 Negri was earning $10,000 a week, and was directed by Rowland V. Lee in another three films ("The Secret Hour", "Three Sinners", and "Loves of an Actress"), before making her last film for Paramount Pictures, "The Woman from Moscow", with Norman Kerry. Negri claimed in her autobiography she opted not to renew her contract with Paramount, choosing to retire from films and live as a wife at the Château de Rueil-Seraincourt, near Vigny that she owned and where she had married her second husband. The same year, her short volume featuring reflections on art and film, "La Vie et Le Rêve au Cinéma" ( English: "Life and Dreams of the Cinema"), edited by Albin Michel, was published. By 1929, she had reportedly earned $5 million.


title: Pola Negri

text: Negri's initial 1928 retirement turned out to be short-lived. Negri miscarried her pregnancy and later learned that her husband was gambling her fortune away on speculative business ventures, which strained their relationship. She went back to acting when an independent production company offered her work in a British film production that was to be distributed by Gaumont-British. Initially the film was to be a filmed version of George Bernard Shaw's "Caesar and Cleopatra", and Shaw offered to alter the play to suit the film. When the rights proved to be too expensive, the company settled on an original story and hired German "Kammerspielfilm" director Paul Czinner to direct. The resulting film, "The Way of Lost Souls" (also known as "The Woman He Scorned"), was released in 1929; it was Negri's final silent film.


title: Pola Negri

text: Negri returned to Hollywood in 1931 to begin filming her first talking film, "A Woman Commands" (1932). The film itself was poorly received, but Negri's rendition of the song "Paradise", the centerpiece of the film, became a sizable hit in the sheet music format. The song became a minor standard and was covered by many other performers, including Russ Columbo, Louis Prima and Keely Smith. Negri went on a successful vaudeville tour to promote the song. She then was employed in the leading role of the touring theatre production "A Trip to Pressburg", which premiered at the Shubert Theatre in New York. However, she collapsed after the final curtain at the production's stop in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, due to gallbladder inflammation, and was unable to complete the tour. Negri returned to France to appear in "Fanatisme" (Fanaticism, 1934), a historical costume film about Napoleon III. The film was directed by the directorial team of Tony Lekain and Gaston Ravel and released by Pathé. It was her only French film.


title: Pola Negri

text: After this, actor-director Willi Forst brought Negri to Germany appear in the film "Mazurka" (1935). The film was considered ""artistically valuable"" (German: "künstlerisch wertvoll") by the Reichsfilmkammer. "Mazurka" gained much popularity in Germany and abroad and became one of Adolf Hitler's favorite films, a fact that, along with her admiring comments about the efficiency of the German film industry, gave birth to a rumor in 1937 of Negri having had an affair with Hitler. Negri sued "Pour Vous", the French magazine which had circulated the rumor, for libel, and won. "Mazurka" was remade (almost shot-for-shot) in the U.S. as "Confession" (1937), starring Kay Francis.


title: Pola Negri

text: After the success of "Mazurka", Negri's former studio, the now Joseph Goebbels-controlled UFA, signed Negri to a new contract. Negri lived in France while working for UFA, making five films with the company: "Moscow–Shanghai" (1936), "Madame Bovary", "Tango Notturno" (both 1937), "Die fromme Lüge" ("The Secret Lie", 1938), and "Die Nacht der Entscheidung" ("The Night of Decision", 1938).


title: Pola Negri

text: After the Nazis took over France, Negri fled back to the United States. During her flight, she spent some days in Portugal. She stayed in Monte Estoril, at the Hotel Atlântico, between 28 June and 30 June 1940. The following day she moved to Estoril's Hotel Palácio. She sailed to New York from Lisbon, Portugal, and initially lived by selling off jewelry. She was hired in a supporting role as the temperamental opera singer Genya Smetana for the 1943 comedy "Hi Diddle Diddle". After the success of this film, Negri was offered numerous roles which were essentially rehashes of her role in "Hi Diddle Diddle", all of which she turned down as derivative. In 1944, Negri was engaged by booking agent Miles Ingalls for a nationwide vaudeville tour. According to her autobiography, she also appeared in a Boston supper club engagement in 1945 for a repertoire centered around the song "Paradise", and retired from the entertainment business altogether.


title: Pola Negri

text: In 1948, director Billy Wilder approached Negri to appear as Norma Desmond in the film "Sunset Boulevard" (1950), after Mae Murray, Mae West, Greta Garbo, Norma Shearer, and Mary Pickford declined the role. Negri reportedly declined the role because she felt that the screenplay was not ready and that Montgomery Clift, who was slated to play the Joe Gillis character at the time, was not a good choice for the character. The role of Gillis eventually went to William Holden, and Gloria Swanson accepted the role of Norma Desmond.


title: Pola Negri

text: Negri came out of retirement to appear in the Walt Disney film "The Moon-Spinners" (1964), which starred Hayley Mills and Eli Wallach. Negri's appearance in the film as eccentric jewel collector Madame Habib was shot in London over the course of two weeks. While she was filming "The Moon-Spinners" she made a sensation by appearing before the London press at her hotel in the company of a feisty cheetah on a steel chain leash. The same year, she received an honorary award from the German film industry for her film work, followed by a Hemis-Film award in San Antonio in 1968. In 1970 she published her autobiography "Memoirs of a Star", published by Doubleday. She made an appearance at the Museum of Modern Art on 30 April 1970, for a screening event in her honor, which featured her film "A Woman of the World" (1925) and selections from her films. Negri was a guest of honor at the 1972 screening of "Carmen" held at the Witte Museum in San Antonio.


title: Pola Negri

text: In 1975, director Vincente Minnelli approached Negri to appear as the Contessa Sanziani in "A Matter of Time", but Negri did not accept due to poor health. In 1978, Billy Wilder directed "Fedora", and although Negri does not appear in the film, the title character was reportedly based largely on her. Her final high-profile coverage in her lifetime was for a "Where Are They Now?" feature on silent film stars, which appeared in "Life" magazine in 1980.


title: Pola Negri

text: Negri's first marriage was with Count Eugeniusz Dąbski, and proved to be short-lived. Negri married Dąbski in St Mary's Assumption Church in Sosnowiec on 5 November 1919, thus becoming Countess Apolonia Dąbska-Chałupec. After a long separation period, Negri and Dąbski's union was dissolved in 1922.


title: Pola Negri

text: After she began working in the United States, she made headlines and gossip columns with a string of celebrity love affairs, most notably with film stars Charlie Chaplin, Rod La Rocque, and Rudolph Valentino. Negri had met Chaplin while in Germany, and what began as a platonic relationship became a well-publicized affair and marriage speculation which received the headline "The Queen of Tragedy to Wed the King of Comedy." The relationship soured, and Negri became involved for a time with actor Rod La Rocque, who appeared as her leading man in "Forbidden Paradise" (1924). Negri met Rudolph Valentino at a costume party held by Marion Davies and William Randolph Hearst at the San Simeon estate and was reportedly Valentino's lover until his death in 1926. She caused a media sensation at his New York funeral on 24 August 1926, at which she "fainted" several times, and according to actor Ben Lyon, arranged for a large floral arrangement that spelled "P-O-L-A" to be placed on Valentino's coffin. The press dismissed her actions as a publicity stunt. At the time of his death and for the remainder of her life, Negri claimed Valentino was the love of her life.


title: Pola Negri

text: Negri soon married again, to the Georgian self-styled "Prince" Serge Mdivani. This action caused public opinion in the United States to sour against her because it happened so quickly after Rudolph Valentino's death. Negri and Mdivani were married on 14 May 1927 (less than nine months after Valentino's death); shortly after she became pregnant, and Negri, who always wanted a child, started taking better care of her health and even considered retiring from movies in order to be a housewife and mother. However, she reportedly suffered a miscarriage. She grieved the loss of her child for the rest of her life; she and Mdivani divorced on 2 April 1931.


title: Pola Negri

text: While residing at the Ambassador Hotel in New York in April 1932, Negri performed with Russ Columbo in George Jessel's variety revue at the Schubert Theatre and was briefly involved with Columbo. After her film "A Woman Commands" premiered in Hollywood, Columbo performed Negri's signature song "Paradise" with his orchestra and dedicated the song to her. Columbo also recorded and released the song as a 78 rpm single that year with slightly altered lyrics, and the single became a huge sensation with audiences across the country.


title: Pola Negri

text: When Negri returned to the United States in the early 1940s, she became close friends with Margaret West, an oil heiress and vaudeville actress whom she had originally met in the 1930s. The two became housemates, sharing a beachfront home in Los Angeles with Negri's then-88-year-old mother, and later in Bel Air. Negri, who remained a devout Catholic in her later life, spent her time raising funds for Catholic charities with both her mother and West. On 12 January 1951, Negri became a naturalized citizen of the United States. After the death of Negri's mother in 1954 of pancreatic cancer, she and West relocated from Los Angeles to San Antonio, Texas in 1957. Negri lived with West until the latter's death of heart failure in 1963. Negri moved out of the home she had shared with West into a townhouse located at 7707 Broadway in San Antonio, where she spent the remainder of her years, largely out of the public eye.


title: Pola Negri

text: Some scholars, such as Rudolph Valentino biographer Emily Leider, have suggested that Negri was bisexual and that she and West were romantic partners. Negri biographer Sergio Delgado contests this, though he notes in his 2016 book "Pola Negri: Temptress of Silent Hollywood", that there is "strong anecdotal evidence" that Negri was bisexual.


title: Pola Negri

text: Pola Negri died on 1 August 1987, aged 90 at the Northeast Baptist Hospital in San Antonio, Texas. Her death was caused by pneumonia for which she had been rushed to hospital a week earlier; however, she was also suffering from a brain tumor, for which she had refused treatment for two years. At her wake at the Porter Loring Funeral Home in San Antonio, her body was placed on view wearing a yellow golden chiffon dress with a golden turban to match. Her death received extensive coverage in her hometown newspapers "San Antonio Light", and "San Antonio Express-News", and in publications such as "Los Angeles Times", "The New York Times", and "Variety".


title: Pola Negri

text: Negri was interred in Calvary Cemetery, East Los Angeles next to her mother Eleonora, who died in 1954 from pancreatic cancer. As Negri had no children or siblings, she left most of her estate to St. Mary's University, in Texas, including a collection of memorabilia and several rare prints of her films. St. Mary's University also set up a scholarship in her name. In addition, a generous portion of her estate was given to the Polish nuns of the Seraphic Order; a large black and white portrait hangs in the small chapel next to Poland's patron, Our Lady of Częstochowa, in San Antonio.


title: Pola Negri

text: Negri has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contribution to Motion Pictures at 6933 Hollywood Boulevard. She was the 11th star in Hollywood history to place her hand and foot prints in front of Grauman's Chinese Theatre. She received a star in Poland's Walk of Fame() in Łódź and Poland's post office issued a postage stamp honoring her in 1996. The Polish Film Festival of Los Angeles remembered her with the Pola Negri Award, given to outstanding film artists, and the Pola Negri Museum in Lipno gives a Polita award for outstanding artist achievement.


title: Pola Negri

text: Negri, with Theda Bara and Mae Murray, were the actresses whose eyes were combined to form the Chicago International Film Festival's logo, a stark, black and white close up of the composite eyes set as repeated frames in a strip of film. It was created by Festival Founder and Artistic Director Michael Kutza.


title: Pola Negri

text: In 2006, a feature-length documentary about Negri's life, "", premiered at the Seventh Annual Polish Film Festival of Los Angeles. The film was directed by Negri's biographer, Mariusz Kotowski, and includes in-depth interviews with Hayley Mills and Eli Wallach, who starred in Negri's final film "The Moon-Spinners" (1964). "Pola Negri: Life Is a Dream in Cinema" has played at Negri retrospective screenings in Europe and the U.S., most notably at the Museum of Modern Art in New York and at the Cinémathèque Française in Paris.


title: Pola Negri

text: Kotowski wrote a Polish-language biography of Negri titled "Pola Negri: Legenda Hollywood" (English title: "Pola Negri: Hollywood Legend"), released in Poland on 24 February 2011, and an English-language biography "Pola Negri: Hollywood's First Femme Fatale", published by the University of Kentucky Press on 8 April 2014. Kotowski produced a 3-disc DVD compilation of early Negri films, "Pola Negri, The Iconic Collection: The Early Years" (2011).


title: Pola Negri

text: Negri released a total of ten 78 rpm singles. In 1931, she recorded seven gypsy folk songs in London accompanied by guitars and chorus, six of which were released as the sides of three records on Victor's His Master's Voice imprint. She recorded a French-language version of "Paradise" in Paris in 1933 with "Mes Nuits sont Mortes" as its flip side. (Sheet music was released for the English-language version, but the recorded version only appeared in the 1932 film, "A Woman Commands", and was never released as a record.) The remainder of Negri's recordings, cut from 1935 to 1938, centered around songs that she sang in her German sound films.


title: Aka Akasaka

text: Starting from April 2020, his work "Oshi no Ko", which is illustrated by Mengo Yokoyari, is serialized on "Weekly Young Jump" and is his second active series on the magazine at the same time. In August 2021, "Oshi no Ko" won the Next Manga Award in the print category.


title: Aka Akasaka

text: In addition, he contributed to the background assets of the visual novel video game Subarashiki Hibi, released in Japan in 2010.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: A Just Russia — For Truth (SRZP; ), formerly A Just Russia (SR), is a social conservative and social-democratic political party in Russia. The party, part of the "systemic opposition", is considered to be pro-Kremlin.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: The party was formed on 28 October 2006 as a merger of the left-wing factions of Rodina, the Russian Party of Life and the Russian Pensioners' Party. Later, six further minor parties joined. It then called for a "New Socialism of the 21st Century" which guarantees the rights and freedoms of the individual and ensures the proper functioning of a welfare state. In 2011, Nikolai Levichev was elected as party chairman, succeeding Sergey Mironov who led the party in 2006–2011. On 27 October 2013, Mironov was re-elected as party chairman, and again on 28 October 2018. On 28 January 2021, the party merged with the For Truth and Patriots of Russia parties.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: On 26 March 2006, the deputy head of the presidential administration, Vladislav Surkov, met with Sergey Mironov, then the party leader of the Party of Life, and 30 deputies from the party, where Surkov formulated the idea of building a two-party system in the country, in which the Kremlin could rely on one of two parties, the other being the ruling party, United Russia. Surkov stated: "Society has no 'second leg' to step on when the first one is numb. In Russia, a second large party is needed". Surkov suggested that the role of the "main leg" would be left to United Russia for the near future. In the meeting, Surkov also noted that in the 2003 legislative elections, United Russia received about 37% of the vote, which was about the same as the next three parties, the Communist Party, the Liberal Democratic Party, and Rodina, and said that ideally, the "second leg" should have the same level of electoral support as the three parties. According to researcher Luke March, a second party of power would incentivize United Russia to perform well, or strong performance for A Just Russia would have "Putin's influence spread all over the political field", quoting political commentator Sergei Markov.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: A Just Russia formed on 28 October 2006 as a merger of three parties, namely Rodina, the Russian Party of Life and the Russian Pensioners' Party. Of these, the nationalist Rodina was the largest, having won 9% of the popular vote in the 2003 Duma elections. At the time of the merger, Rodina had 37 seats in the Duma. The Party of Pensioners had gained 3% of the vote, failing to cross the 5% election threshold and also been weakened by infighting in its leadership. The social-democratic Party of Life led by Sergey Mironov was still relatively young and had won only one regional election.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: As the only party of the three with seats in the Duma, Rodina dominated the unification process. In simultaneous conventions held in Moscow on 26 August 2006, the Party of Life and the Party of Pensioners decided to join Rodina. Two months later on 28 October 2006, the new party held its founding congress which decided to change the party's name to A Just Russia. Mironov was elected the unified party's chairman while Rodina's former chairman Alexander Babakov became the secretary of the central council presidium and the leader of the Party of Pensioners Igor Zotov became secretary of the political council. The next year, A Just Russia expanded further, absorbing three additional small parties in 2007, namely the People's Party, the Party of Entrepreneurship Development and the Party of Constitutional Democrats.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: At the party's founding convention, chairman Sergey Mironov expressed support for the direction given to the country by President Vladimir Putin, claiming that "we will not allow anyone to veer from it after Putin leaves his post in 2008". At the same time, he harshly criticised Putin's party United Russia and what Mironov called the largest party's "monopoly" of the nation's political, economic and administrative resources. Mironov characterised A Just Russia as a new "leftist political force" and a "hard opposition", saying that "if United Russia is the party of power, we will become the party of the people".


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: Shortly after its creation, A Just Russia participated in its first elections when the party's candidate won the mayoral race in Samara. The March 2007 regional elections were dominated by United Russia, but A Just Russia also put up a strong performance. In particular, the new party won a majority in the regional parliament in Stavropol Krai.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: The emergence of A Just Russia changed Russia's political landscape and demonstrated that the country's leadership had been split between two parties. United Russia supporters in the presidential administration grew wary of the challenge posed by A Just Russia, worrying that United Russia would lose its position as "the president's party". Before the 2007 Duma elections, the Kremlin had withdrawn its support of A Just Russia and threw its weight entirely behind United Russia.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: In a press conference on 19 January 2007 dedicated to upcoming Duma elections, Secretary of the Central Party Council of A Just Russia Alexander Babakov announced that the party had approximately 300,000 members.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: In May 2007, A Just Russia's chairman Sergey Mironov proposed a merger between his party and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation in order to create a new unified socialist party. Mironov invited all "honest socialists" to join the party. However, his proposal was rejected by Gennady Zyuganov, leader of the Communists, who claimed that A Just Russia's claim to be a leftist party was "a charade".


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: In the run-up to the December 2007 Duma elections, President Vladimir Putin—the country's most popular politician—explicitly and unequivocally endorsed the United Russia party and decided to head its national list. Putin's decision significantly changed the election campaign and resulted in a massive boost to United Russia's popularity. This represented a harsh blow to A Just Russia which also had hoped to ride on Putin's popularity. Polls suggested the party could have difficulties crossing the 7% election threshold.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: A Just Russia appointed three persons to its national list, namely chairman Sergey Mironov; Svetlana Goryacheva (a former member of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation); and Sergey Shargunov, a 27-year-old fiction author. In its regional lists, A Just Russia had 553 candidates, taking its total number of candidates to 556. This was more than the Communists (515), but less than United Russia (600). Although originally positioned as a centre-left party, under Mironov's leadership A Just Russia campaigned as a socialist alternative to the Communists.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: In the end, A Just Russia received 5,383,639 votes (7.74%), becoming the fourth party to cross the 7% election threshold and enter the Duma after United Russia, the Communists and the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia. As a result, A Just Russia got 38 of the 450 seats (8.4%) in the Duma. The party received its highest share of votes in Astrakhan (20%), Saint Petersburg (16%) and Stavropol (13%). In Saint Petersburg, the hometown of chairman Mironov, A Just Russia became the second largest party. Mironov said he would not take up his seat in the Duma himself, but instead continue as the Chairman of the Federation Council. A Just Russia's performance in the elections was a slight disappointment, especially since one of its predecessor parties, Rodina, had won 9% of the votes in the 2003 elections.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: On 10 December 2007, A Just Russia was part of a coalition of parties which nominated Dmitry Medvedev as their candidate for the 2008 presidential elections.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: On 25 April 2008, A Just Russia held its third annual congress, where the party expelled thousands of members who were not aware that they were members. The party's charter was amended at the congress to make mergers easier. The congress also disbanded the party's politburo and transferred its functions to the Central Council. Politburo's chairman Nikolai Levichev, who also heads A Just Russia's faction in the State Duma, was elected as the council's first secretary.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: During its XXIII Congress On 30 June 2008, A Just Russia was accepted into the Socialist International, the worldwide organisation of social-democratic political parties.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: The United Socialist Party of Russia and the Russian Ecological Party "The Greens" merged into the party in 2008.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: In the 2007–2011 State Duma, A Just Russia became a strong supporter of the Medvedev modernisation programme, endorsing President Dmitry Medvedev's view that Russia must move towards a diversified post-industrial economy and democratisation of its political system. A Just Russia also advocated restoration of direct gubernatorial elections and lowering the Duma election threshold from 7% to 3%. A Just Russia voted against Prime Minister Vladimir Putin's anti-crisis plan in April 2009 and also voted against the governments budgets in 2010 and 2011. According to researcher Luke March, in the 2007–2011 Duma A Just Russia clearly moved towards Medvedev. The party has declared absolute opposition to Putin's government while remaining supportive of Medvedev.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: On 2 February 2010, Mironov told talk show host Vladimir Pozner Jr. that "to say that we support Vladimir Putin in everything and personally is already outdated information", noting that the party "categorically opposed" Putin's budget. A scandal broke out with the ruling party, leading to A Just Russia and United Russia to sign a political agreement to jointly support Putin and Medvedev on certain strategic issues and agreeing to discuss disagreements between them. However, A Just Russia withdrew from the agreement a month later, with Mironov accusing United Russia of violating the agreement.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: In March 2011, Mironov stated that the party would not support United Russia's candidate for the next presidential election, and that it would decide on its nomination later in the autumn. At the party congress on 16 April 2011, Nikolai Levichev was elected party leader after Mironov was removed from the position. In May 2011, Mironov was removed from his position of Chairman of the Federation Council.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: In August 2011, the party published its manifesto, announcing its transition to full opposition to the authorities.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: In the 2011 legislative elections, the party received 13% of the vote, extending its number of seats to 64.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: Following reports of electoral fraud at the election, party members joined in post-election protests against the results. Gennady Gudkov, a party heavyweight and deputy, was prominent at the demonstrations. Senior party members took part in demonstrations at Bolotnaya Square on 10 December, among them Gudkov and Oksana Dmitriyeva.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: Mironov was nominated as the party's candidate for the 2012 presidential election. Mironov stated that he would "enter the race not to participate, but to win", and also promised to nominate Oksana Dmitriyeva as prime minister if elected. Mironov called for a return to a socialist model of government. While he stated that he predicted a Putin victory, he declared that he would support Gennady Zyuganov in a hypothetical runoff against Putin. According to election results, Mironov came in last place, with 3.85% of the vote.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: On 22 May 2012, during a State Duma session where a bill was being considered to increase fines for those who violated protest laws, Mironov wore a white ribbon, a symbol that was being used by the anti-Kremlin opposition in protests against Putin's re-election, and the party remained silent in the discussion of the bill as a sign of protest. Mironov stated that the party "fundamentally disagrees with the content of the bill".


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: On 27 October 2012, Mironov called on members to stop wearing the white ribbon, the day after a United Russia deputy, Alexander Sidyakin, branded deputies who wore it as "traitors" and stomped on a white ribbon. Mironov urged members to distance themselves from the opposition, claiming that the rallies turned into a "political sect". He also threatened to expel Ilya Ponomaryov and Gudkov from the party for joining the opposition's Coordination Council. Ponomaryov and Gudkov were also among the deputies who were branded as traitors by Sidyakin. From 2012, members of the party who actively took part in protests left or were expelled from the party, including Gudkov and Ponomaryov. Dmitriyeva also distanced herself from the party.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: In October 2013, Mironov was elected as party leader and in 2014, A Just Russia, along with United Russia, the Communist Party, and the Liberal Democratic Party, supported Putin's foreign policy following the Annexation of Crimea, and much of his domestic policy.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: In the 2016 legislative elections, A Just Russia received 6% of the vote, losing most of its seats and retaining only 23 seats.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: In December 2017, Mironov outlined the party's new tasks, choosing not to participate in the 2018 presidential election due to his unwillingness to fight "for second place". Instead, the party would endorse Putin and work to limit the influence of United Russia on the agenda of Putin. Mironov stated that A Just Russia was, is, and will be in opposition to United Russia, but that it could not be "in opposition to Russia herself". Mironov also proposed "to honestly tell voters" that there was no "worthy alternative" to Putin. RBC reported that, according to sources close to the party's leadership, Mironov's unwillingness to participate in the election was due to fatigue and financial difficulties.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: Ahead of the 2021 legislative elections, A Just Russia merged with the parties Patriots of Russia and For Truth in January 2021, forming A Just Russia — Patriots — For Truth. Mironov remained party leader, and according to their unification manifesto, the party would run on "12 principles of truth, patriotism and justice", including "strengthening the role of the state in the economy, developing a progressive taxation scale, toughening punishments for corruption, increasing the minimum wage, pensions and social benefits, phasing out of the high school state exams and budget decentralization". The party also reportedly planned to come in second place in the election, after United Russia, but eventually came third, after United Russia and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: In February 2022, the party voted in favour of the recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic by the Russian Federation and later it supported the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. As a result of these announcements, A Just Russia — For Truth was expelled from the Socialist International in March 2022.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: In July 2022, the leader of the CPRF, Gennady Zyuganov allowed CPRF to proposed merging with A Just Russia — For Truth, but only if that party adopted the Communist program. The day before, the leader of the A Just Russia Sergey Mironov said that he "does not see any obstacles to the creation in Russia of a large coalition of left-wing patriotic forces".


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: In 2012, the party claimed to have 400,000 members and claimed to be the largest left-wing party in Russia. It has regional branches in all federal subjects of Russia.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: A Just Russia calls for the creation of a welfare state with less economic inequality, but protecting individual property rights and maintaining a market economy. Under the leadership of Sergey Mironov, the party has presented itself as a socialist alternative to the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, and describes its ideology as "New Socialism of the 21st century". In the party platform, this "New Socialism" is defined as the antithesis of "barbarous, oligarchic capitalism". It represents a more individualist or liberal socialism.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: Improving the socio-economic position of the average Russian is the party's primary aim. It wishes to replace Russia's 13% flat-rate income tax with progressive taxation and demands that spending on employment programmes is increased to 1% of GDP. In the State Duma, the party emphasises its role as "constructive opposition" that opposes high-level corruption and supports further democratisation of the political system. In the 2007–2011 Duma, A Just Russia declared absolute opposition to Prime Minister Vladimir Putin's government, voting against the government's budgets in 2010 and 2011 while remaining strongly supportive of President Dmitry Medvedev and his modernisation programme. Despite such position, A Just Russia endorsed Putin in the 2018 Russian presidential election.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: In Russia's international relations, A Just Russia proposes moving away from the Western sphere and strengthening relations between the former Soviet states.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: A Just Russia used to be a full member of the Socialist International, but on 7 March 2022 the party was expelled for its support of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: It also maintains friendly relations with Latin American left-wing political parties. A Just Russia repeatedly sent greetings to annual meetings of São Paulo Forum.


title: A Just Russia — For Truth

text: The following parties have merged into A Just Russia. The dates in brackets show when the merger took place and when it ended.


title: Rafael Barba

text: Rafael Barba is a fictional character portrayed by Raúl Esparza, who joined the cast of the long-running NBC crime drama series "" on a recurring basis during the 14th season episode "". The character was promoted to a series regular for the 15th season and exited the series during season 19. He has since made guest appearances in the 21st, 22nd and 23rd seasons and a brief appearance in the spin-off series "".


title: Rafael Barba

text: Assistant District Attorney Rafael Barba transfers from the Brooklyn District Attorney's office to Manhattan after requesting what he refers to as a "lateral move". Barba is brought in to work with the Special Victims Unit at the behest of temporary SVU captain, (Adam Baldwin), due to the aftermath of a . He is an aggressive, often ruthless prosecutor who puts pressure on not only the detectives, but also the victims and witnesses, in order to win cases. He is well-read, and fond of referencing authors such as Tom Wolfe and Kurt Vonnegut.


title: Rafael Barba

text: During his time as the Special Victims Unit ADA, he becomes a close friend of Detective (later Sergeant, Lieutenant and now Captain) Olivia Benson (Mariska Hargitay), and they serve as each other’s confidantes during difficult cases. She leans on him especially hard when her adopted son Noah is kidnapped. She affectionately calls him “Rafa”. However, their relationship is badly strained when he represents Richard Wheatley (Dylan McDermott), the gangster who ordered the murder of Kathy Stabler (Isabel Gillies), the wife of Benson's former partner, Elliot Stabler (Christopher Meloni).


title: Rafael Barba

text: In his first case with the Special Victims Unit, he prosecutes a rape similar to a best-selling erotic novel, "Twenty-Five Acts" by Jocelyn Paley (Anna Chlumsky), who is the rape victim. Barba tells the detectives to uncover anything and everything about Paley and her rapist, talk show host Adam Cain (Roger Bart). After rushing to put Paley on the stand to testify, Barba and the detectives discover that Paley did not write the book, which forces Barba to get creative with the trial. Barba taunts Cain with a belt tied around his neck, resulting in him lashing out and choking Barba from behind the same way he did to Paley. After this, the jury finds Cain guilty.


title: Rafael Barba

text: Barba goes head to head with the Suffolk County District Attorney, Pam James (Jane Kaczmarek), in the episode "Beautiful Frame", after a Manhattan rape victim is charged with the murder of her ex-boyfriend in Suffolk County. Benson questions the charges against the woman and gathers enough evidence for Barba to put corrupt DA investigator Michael Provo (Enver Gjokaj) on trial for the same murder, as Barba and James race to get a conviction before the other. Barba and the SVU detectives uncover a scandal within the Suffolk County DA's office, as Provo set the young woman up for the murder. Barba offers to spare James' office of more embarrassment as long as Provo is convicted for the murder in Suffolk County.


title: Rafael Barba

text: In the episode, "Funny Valentine", Barba and the detectives have a tough time convincing pop star Mischa Green (Tiffany Robinson) to testify against her abusive boyfriend, hip-hop artist Caleb Bryant (Eugene Jones). After a shooting that kills her manager with Bryant as a suspect, Barba and Benson convince Green to testify in the grand jury. But when she finally takes the stand, she tells Barba that her boyfriend was not at the scene and instead says Barba and Benson put those words in her mouth. After Bryant escapes prosecution, the couple flees on a vacation, where Bryant ultimately beats Green to death.


title: Rafael Barba

text: Towards the end of the fourteenth season, Barba becomes close with the squad, and they rely on his legal advice on many of their assigned cases. In the episode "Undercover Blue", Benson goes to Barba in an attempt to provide evidence that could potentially clear her boyfriend, Detective Brian Cassidy (Dean Winters), of rape. Barba already had the evidence and, although he was not prosecuting the case, keeps a close eye on the trial. In the season finale, "Her Negotiation", Detective Amanda Rollins (Kelli Giddish) calls Barba in to the precinct on a weekend for a class-B misdemeanor because she believes that the offender, William Lewis (Pablo Schreiber), is more dangerous than the charges. It turns out that Lewis is a serial rapist and murderer, and Barba makes an unsuccessful attempt to convict him. In the season 15 episode "Psycho/Therapist", Barba tries Lewis once again, this time for several rape/murders and for kidnapping Benson. The case becomes complicated when Lewis opts to represent himself in order to further torment Benson. Barba is able to convict Lewis on most of the charges, but not of attempting to rape Benson.<ref name="Psycho/Therapist"></ref>


title: Rafael Barba

text: In the season 15 episode "October Surprise", SVU pursues Barba's childhood friend Alex Muñoz (Vincent Laresca), a frontrunner for the mayor of New York City, for indecent exposure and possession of child pornography. Although Barba is initially reluctant to aid in the investigation, he becomes more focused on doing the right thing when it becomes clear that Muñoz is guilty. Barba gives Muñoz the opportunity to "get ahead of it" by alerting him to the severity of the charges, which irritates the detectives, particularly Detective Nick Amaro (Danny Pino). Barba is ultimately forced to bring charges against Muñoz, despite repeated warnings and threats from Muñoz, his manager, and Muñoz's wife, who happens to have had a relationship with Barba. A handful of details regarding Barba's early life was also revealed in "December Solstice"; it is mentioned there that he grew up in the Bronx and attended Harvard University on a scholarship.


title: Rafael Barba

text: From season 16 until Barba's exit from the series, there is a running joke in which Detective Dominick "Sonny" Carisi, Jr. (Peter Scanavino), who is studying to become a lawyer, annoys him with unsolicited legal advice and information about the legal system that he already knows.


title: Rafael Barba

text: The series also provides a few details about Barba's family. He had a difficult relationship with his father; he says that the elder Barba "has been dead 15 years, and my hand still curls into a fist whenever I think of him". It is later revealed that his father died after falling into a diabetic coma. Regardless of how much he disliked his father, Barba could not bring himself to take him off life support, and so he simply let the disease take its course. He and his mother, Lucia (Mercedes Ruehl), take care of Barba's grandmother Catalina (Anne Betancourt). When Catalina can no longer take care of herself, Barba tries to have her moved to a retirement community against her will, rather than have Lucia leave her job as the principal of a charter school to take care of her. When Catalina dies of a heart attack shortly before the move, Barba blames himself.


title: Rafael Barba

text: In the seventeenth season episode "Intersecting Lives", Barba goes after Riker's Island correctional officer Gary Munson (Brad Garrett), who is raping female inmates. As Barba brings charges against him, the entire prison guard system turns against him. A hit man threatens Barba in the courthouse elevator and on the steps outside following a press conference. In the following episode, "Heartfelt Passages", Barba reveals he had been receiving threats even before the Munson case; Rollins and her partner Dominick Carisi, Jr. (Peter Scanavino) proceed to help him identify them and assign him a security detail.