title: Manzanar

text: The 61 remaining children in Maryknoll, Shonien and the Salvation Army Home were slated for removal. On June 23, 1942, they were bused, under armed guard, with several adult caretakers, from Los Angeles to Manzanar. Over the next few months, approximately thirty more children from Washington, Oregon and Alaska, mostly orphans who had been living with non-Japanese foster families, would arrive in Manzanar.


title: Manzanar

text: After being uprooted from their homes and communities, the incarcerated people had to endure primitive, sub-standard conditions and lack of privacy. They had to wait in line for meals, at latrines, and at the laundry room. Each camp was intended to be self-sufficient, and Manzanar was no exception. Cooperatives operated various services, such as the camp newspaper, beauty salons and barber shops, shoe repair, libraries, and more. In addition, there were some who raised chickens, hogs, and vegetables, and cultivated the existing orchards for fruit. During the time Manzanar was in operation, 188 weddings were held, 541 children were born in the camp, and between 135 and 146 individuals died.


title: Manzanar

text: Life in the camp became more difficult as sickness spread throughout it. The housing sector of the camp was just 500 acres and held more than ten thousand prisoners at its peak. The compactness of the camp led many people to fall ill even though they were given vaccines upon arrival to the camp. The water at Manzanar was unclean, and caused many inmates to suffer from dysentery.


title: Manzanar

text: Some of those interned at the camp supported the policies implemented by the War Relocation Authority, causing them to be targeted by others in the camp. On December 6, 1942, a riot broke out and two internees were killed. Togo Tanaka was one of those targeted, but he escaped by disguising himself and mingling into the crowd that was searching for him. Others were outraged that their patriotism was being questioned simply because of their ethnic heritage. Despite the hardships endured, the internees gradually "turned [the] concentration camp into a community" by "[spending] their days creating beautiful things".


title: Manzanar

text: The barracks at Manzanar had no cooking areas, and all meals were served at block mess halls. The mess hall lines were long and stretched outside regardless of weather. The cafeteria-style eating was named by the 1980s Congressional Committee on the Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC) as a cause of the deterioration of the family due to children wanting to eat with their friends instead of their families, and families not always being able to eat together. There was a strict meal schedule, with one young detainee noting "We eat from 7:00 AM to 8:00 AM o'clock in the morning 12:00 PM-1:00 PM in afternoon and 5:00 PM-6:00 in night and on Sunday we eat 8:00 AM-9:00." Food at Manzanar was based on military requirements. Meals usually consisted of hot rice and vegetables, since meat was scarce due to rationing.


title: Manzanar

text: In 1944, a chicken ranch and a hog farm began operation, providing the camp with meat. As many of the internees were farmers, they used their knowledge of fertilizers, irrigation, land reclamation, and cultivation to successfully grow productive gardens. They made their own soy sauce and tofu. Many families had small gardens outside their barracks.


title: Manzanar

text: The food varied in quality, but was mostly substandard compared to the food the internees ate prior to incarceration. Togo Tanaka described how people "got sick from eating ill-prepared food." Aiko Herzig-Yoshinaga described trying to take care of her newborn daughter, saying that the child was so sick that, while "[m]ost infants double their weight, birth weight, at six months", her daughter "had not doubled her weight in a year".


title: Manzanar

text: The food in Manzanar was heavily starchy and low quality, including Vienna sausages, canned string beans, hot dogs, and apple sauce. Outside of the sausages and hot dogs, meat was rare, usually consisting of chicken or mutton that was heavily breaded and fried. Frank Kikuchi, an internee at Manzanar, stated that some of the newspapers lied to the American public by telling them that the "Japs [in the camps] are getting steaks, chops, eggs, or eating high off the hog." Camp, school, and individual gardens eventually helped supplement the menu in the mess halls, Internees also snuck out of the camp to go fishing, often bringing back their catches to the camp.


title: Manzanar

text: Harry Ueno accused camp administrators and leaders in the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) of stealing food meant for the internees and then selling it on the black market. During the December 1942 camp riot, Ueno was arrested for allegedly beating another internee who was a member of the JACL.


title: Manzanar

text: Most of the adults were employed at Manzanar to keep the camp running. In order for the camps to be self-sufficient, the adults were employed in a variety of jobs to supply the camp and the military. Jobs included clothing and furniture manufacturing, farming and tending orchards, military manufacturing such as camouflage netting and experimental rubber, teaching, civil service jobs such as police, fire fighters, and nursing, and general service jobs operating stores, beauty parlors, and a bank.


title: Manzanar

text: A farm and orchards provided vegetables and fruits for use by the camp, and people of all ages worked to maintain them. By the summer of 1943, camp gardens and farms were producing potatoes, onions, cucumbers, Chinese cabbage, watermelon, eggplant, tomatoes, aster, red radishes, and peppers. Eventually, there were more than 400 acres of farms producing more than 80 percent of the produce used by the camp. In early 1944, a chicken ranch began operation, and in late April of the same year, the camp opened a hog farm. Both operations provided welcome meat supplements to the diet.


title: Manzanar

text: Shortly after being interned, Togo Tanaka and Joe Masaoka were hired by anthropologist Robert Redfield as documentary historians for the camp. In addition to his work at the "Manzanar Free Press", he filed hundreds of reports to the WRA that often criticized those in charge at the camp and the living conditions in the camp.


title: Manzanar

text: Unskilled workers earned US$8 per month ($ per month as of 2022), semi-skilled workers earned $12 per month ($ per month as of 2022), skilled workers made $16 per month ($ per month as of 2022), and professionals earned $19 per month ($ per month as of 2022). In addition, everybody received $3.60 per month ($ per month as of 2022) as a clothing allowance.


title: Manzanar

text: The "Manzanar Free Press" was first published April 11, 1942, and was published through the October 19, 1945, issue. It was published with both Japanese and English sections, with the Japanese section added on July 14, 1942. Between the first issue and the May 31, 1942, issue, it was published at the Manzanar Assembly Center, which was operated by the Wartime Civil Control Administration. After that, it was published at the Manzanar Relocation Center until it ceased publication.


title: Manzanar

text: The paper was originally published as four pages biweekly which were hand-typed and mimeographed. The circulation increased as the number of people in the camp grew, the release increased to three issues weekly, and a printing press was acquired, allowing the paper to be typeset beginning on July 22, 1942. The page count also increased to six.


title: Manzanar

text: Journalists who reported for the newspaper include Togo Tanaka, who was the English section editor of the "Rafu Shimpo" before being incarcerated. Tanaka also delivered the "Free Press" before working as a journalist for them. While working as a reporter for the "Free Press", Tanaka wrote hundreds of articles documenting the everyday life in the camp.


title: Manzanar

text: Despite the name of the newspaper, the War Relocation Authority (WRA) controlled the content of the paper and used it to publish announcements from the camp administration, news from other camps, orders, rules and guidelines from the WRA, and upcoming camp events, in addition to the regular content. Some content was not allowed to be published. The standard content included articles about life in the camps, sports scores and coverage, coverage of the war, and so on.


title: Manzanar

text: People made life at Manzanar more tolerable through recreation. They participated in sports, including baseball, football, basketball, soccer, volleyball, softball, and martial arts. A nine-hole golf course was built at the camp. Lou Frizzell served as the musical director, and under his mentorship Mary Nomura became known as the "songbird of Manzanar" for her performances at dances and other camp events. Theatre performances—for internees, camp administration and WRA staff, and even for some members of the surrounding communities—included original productions by internees as well as traditional Japanese works of kabuki and noh.


title: Manzanar

text: Internees, many of whom were relocated from their landscaping businesses in the Los Angeles area, personalized and beautified their barren surroundings by building elaborate gardens and parks, which often included pools, waterfalls, and rock ornaments. Competitions were often held between landscapers as they created gardens in the public spaces of the camp (such as between barracks). The camp administration even allowed some gardens to be created outside the camp. These helped create a sense of community and gave the internees a place to heal. Remnants of some of the gardens, pools, and rock ornaments are still present at Manzanar, and there are plans to restore at least some of them.


title: Manzanar

text: One of the most popular pastimes for those incarcerated at Manzanar was baseball. The men there formed almost 100 baseball teams, and the women formed 14. Regular seasons were established, teams were divided into leagues, and championship games were held. The teams included both professional and amateur players. Some of the players viewed playing baseball as a way to prove their loyalty to America, treating it like wearing an American flag. Photographer Ansel Adams took his photo (right) as part of his effort to show how those incarcerated at Manzanar "overcome [their] sense of defeat and despair."


title: Manzanar

text: Many Japanese cultural celebrations were continued, though the official photos allowed out by the WRA rarely showed them. The New Year tradition of "mochitsuki"—pounding glutinous rice into mochi—was regularly covered by the camp newspaper. Craftsman in the camp carved "geta" for many of the residents, though the official photography only pointed out that they were useful for keeping above the dusty ground.


title: Manzanar

text: Although most quietly accepted their fate during World War II, there was some resistance in the camps. Poston, Heart Mountain, Topaz, and Tule Lake each had civil disturbances about wage differences, black marketing of sugar, food shortages, intergenerational friction, rumors of "informers" reporting to the camp administration or the FBI, and other issues. The most serious incident occurred at Manzanar on December 5–6, 1942 (with some of the actions on both sides carrying over into the following days), and became known as the "Manzanar Revolt" or "Manzanar Riot".


title: Manzanar

text: Some of the tension that precipitated the riot was related to work availability and the pay of those jobs, with "Nisei" and members of the JACL getting preferential treatment. After several months of tension between those who supported the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) and a group of "Kibei" (Japanese Americans educated in Japan), rumors spread that sugar and meat shortages were the result of black marketing by camp administrators. To make matters worse, JACL leader Fred Tayama was beaten by six masked men on the evening of December 5. Harry Ueno, the leader of the Kitchen Workers Union, and two others suspected of involvement, were arrested. The other two suspects were questioned and released, but Ueno was removed from Manzanar.


title: Manzanar

text: About 200 internees met on the morning of December 6 in the gardens at the Block 22 mess hall to discuss what they should do, and another meeting was scheduled for a few hours later. Between two and four thousand people gathered at the meeting where they listened to speeches and chose five people to present their grievances to the camp director. The crowd decided to follow the five representatives, which caused the camp director to tell the military police to muster in order to be available to control the crowd. The five representatives demanded that Ueno be released, but the camp director did not immediately agree.


title: Manzanar

text: After the crowd began getting more unruly, the director finally agreed to release Ueno if the crowd agreed he should still stand trial, no one attempted to break him out of the camp jail, the five representatives would discuss any further wants with the director, the protesting crowds would disperse and not reassemble, and the five would work to dispel and quiet the protesters. Ueno was then returned to the camp jail in the early evening.


title: Manzanar

text: When the five representatives went to verify that Ueno was in the jail, the crowd again returned to protest. Instead of dispersing as asked, they broke into groups to try to find Tayama and kill him. When they were unable to find him in the hospital, they began searching all through the camp for Tayama as well as Tokie Slocum and Togo Tanaka, two other suspected collaborators. When they were unable to find any of them, the searchers began returning toward the jail.


title: Manzanar

text: While the smaller search parties were searching the camp, the camp director had been trying to negotiate with the five representatives. This appeared to work initially, but the crowd gradually became more angry and started throwing bottles and rocks at the soldiers. The military police responded with tear gas to disperse them. As people ran to avoid the tear gas, some in the crowd pushed a driverless truck toward the jail. At that moment, the military police fired into the crowd, killing a 17-year-old boy instantly. A 21-year-old man who was shot in the abdomen died a few days later. At least nine to ten other prisoners were wounded, and a military police corporal was wounded by a ricocheting bullet.


title: Manzanar

text: That night, some inmates continued attacking suspected collaborators and meeting in small groups while avoiding military police patrols. Over the next several days, internees marked as suspected collaborators were quietly removed from the camp with their families in order to protect them from being beaten or killed by the protesters.


title: Manzanar

text: The 442nd Infantry Regiment (United States) was most well known for being an infantry regiment almost entirely made up of Japanese Americans. Almost all of these young men had family members trapped inside internment camps in the western states while they were fighting for the U.S.


title: Manzanar

text: The WRA closed Manzanar when the final internee left at 11:00 a.m. on November 21, 1945. It was the sixth camp to be closed. Although the Japanese Americans had been brought to the Owens Valley by the United States Government, they had to leave the camp and travel to their next destinations on their own. The WRA gave each person $25 ($ today), one-way train or bus fare, and meals to those who had less than $600 ($ today).


title: Manzanar

text: While many left the camp voluntarily, a significant number refused to leave because they had no place to go after having lost everything when they were forcibly uprooted and removed from their homes. As such, they had to be forcibly removed once again, this time from Manzanar. Indeed, those who refused to leave were generally removed from their barracks, sometimes by force, even if they had no place to go.


title: Manzanar

text: Between one hundred thirty-five and one hundred forty-six Japanese Americans died at Manzanar. Fifteen were buried there, but only five graves remain, as most were reburied elsewhere by their families. The Manzanar cemetery site is marked by a monument that was built by stonemason Ryozo Kado in 1943. An inscription in Japanese on the front (east side) of the monument reads ('Soul Consoling Tower': ireitō=Mandarin: wèi-líng-tǎ ‘consoling-soul monument’ ). The inscription on the back (west side) reads "Erected by the Manzanar Japanese" on the left-hand column, and "August 1943" on the right-hand column.


title: Manzanar

text: After the camp was closed, the site eventually returned to its original state. Within a couple of years, all the structures had been removed, with the exception of the two sentry posts at the entrance, the cemetery monument, and the former Manzanar High School auditorium, which was purchased by the County of Inyo. The County leased the auditorium to the Independence Veterans of Foreign Wars, who used it as a meeting facility and community theater until 1951. After that, the building was used as a maintenance facility by the Inyo County Road Department.


title: Manzanar

text: The site also retained numerous building foundations, portions of the water and sewer systems, the outline of the road grid, some landscaping, and much more. Despite four years of use, the site also retains evidence of the ranches and of the town of Manzanar, as well as artifacts from the days of the Owens Valley Paiute settlement.


title: Manzanar

text: During the war, the War Relocation Authority hired photographers Ansel Adams and Dorothea Lange to document through pictures the Japanese-Americans impacted by the forced relocation, including Manzanar. Togo Tanaka and Joe Masaoka were hired by anthropologist Robert Redfield as documentary historians for the camp on behalf of the WRA.


title: Manzanar

text: On December 21, 1969, about 150 people departed Los Angeles by car and bus, headed for Manzanar. It was the first official annual Manzanar Pilgrimage, though two ministers—the Reverend Sentoku Mayeda and the Reverend Shoichi Wakahiro—had been making annual pilgrimages to Manzanar since the camp closed in 1945.


title: Manzanar

text: The non-profit Manzanar Committee, formerly led by Sue Kunitomi Embrey, has sponsored the Pilgrimage since 1969. The event is held annually on the last Saturday of April with hundreds of visitors of all ages and backgrounds, including former inmates, gathering at the Manzanar cemetery to remember the incarceration. The hope is that participants can learn about it and help ensure that what is generally accepted to be a tragic chapter in American history is neither forgotten nor repeated. The program traditionally consists of speakers, cultural performances, an interfaith service to memorialize those who died at Manzanar, and "Ondo" dancing.


title: Manzanar

text: In 1997, the Manzanar At Dusk program became a part of the Pilgrimage. The program attracts local area residents, as well as descendants of Manzanar's ranch days and the town of Manzanar. Through small-group discussions, the event gives participants the opportunity to hear directly from those who had been there and to talk about the relevance of what had happened at Manzanar to their own lives.


title: Manzanar

text: Since the September 11 attacks, American Muslims have participated in the Pilgrimage to promote and increase awareness of civil rights protections in the wake of widespread suspicions harbored against them post-9/11. A group of 150 Muslims visited in 2017, in part to compare treatment of Japanese-Americans during World War II with how Muslims are treated following the 9/11 attacks. Over 2,000 people visited the site on April 27, 2019, for the 50th anniversary of the first pilgrimage, including a number of Muslim speakers, and a group of Muslims held afternoon prayers at the monument.


title: Manzanar

text: The Manzanar Committee's efforts resulted in the State of California naming Manzanar as California Historical Landmark #850 in 1972, with an historical marker being placed at the sentry post on April 14, 1973. Manzanar, which had been historically owned by the City of Los Angeles, was registered as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument in 1976.


title: Manzanar

text: The Manzanar Committee also spearheaded efforts for Manzanar to be listed in the National Register of Historic Places, and in February 1985, Manzanar was designated a National Historic Landmark. Embrey and the committee, along with California representative Mel Levine, led the effort to have Manzanar designated a National Historic Site, and on March 3, 1992, President George H. W. Bush signed House Resolution 543 into law. This act of Congress established the Manzanar National Historic Site "to provide for the protection and interpretation of the historical, cultural, and natural resources associated with the relocation of Japanese Americans during World War II." Five years later, the National Park Service acquired of land at Manzanar from the City of Los Angeles. It was the first of the camps to be designated as a National Historical Site.


title: Manzanar

text: After Congress named Manzanar a National Historic Site and gave the National Park Service the job of restoring the site in 1992, protests against its creation emerged. Letters were sent to the National Park Service included statements that Manzanar should be portrayed as a guest housing center, with others stating that calling the site a concentration camp is "treason", threatening dismissal campaigns against National Park Service employees and other related individuals, threatening to destroy buildings, and objecting to the use of the phrase "concentration camp" on signage at the site. The California State historical marker was hacked and stained, with the first "C" of "concentration camp" ground off. A man describing himself as a World War II veteran stated that he had driven 200 miles to urinate on the marker.


title: Manzanar

text: The site features a visitor center with a gift shop, housed in the historically restored Manzanar High School Auditorium with a reconstructed stage proscenium. The auditorium and the two sentry posts at the entrance are the only original structures from the time the camp was operating during World War II. Permanent exhibits tell the stories of the internee transportation to Manzanar, the Owens Valley Paiute, the ranchers, the town of Manzanar, the role that water played in shaping the history of the Owens Valley, and one that plays a video of Ronald Reagan signing the Civil Liberties Act.


title: Manzanar

text: An "interpretive center" helps visitors gain an understanding of some of the internees' experiences. The exhibits in the center are constructed with materials that would have been used—or are similar to those used—when the camp was in operation. Details of camp experiences are from all ten of the relocation centers. A driving tour with 27 points of interest takes visitors around the site.


title: Manzanar

text: A mess hall, salvaged from a closing military facility, was added to the site in 2002. The replica guard tower was built in 2005. The Manzanar cemetery, where some of the internees who died at the camp were buried, also contains the memorial obelisk, which was built by masons in the camp in August 1943. All of the remains have been removed to other locations.


title: Manzanar

text: The site features restored sentry posts at the camp entrance, a replica of a camp guard tower built in 2005, a self-guided tour road, and wayside exhibits. Staff offer guided tours and other educational programs, including a Junior Ranger educational program for children between four and fifteen years of age.


title: Manzanar

text: Under most circumstances, the National Park Service discourages the reconstruction of structures and artifacts that are no longer extant, but allows for exceptions when "there is no alternative that would accomplish the park's interpretive mission, there is sufficient data to enable an accurate reconstruction," and "the reconstruction occurs on the original location." On the basis that these criteria were met, and after extensive discussion with the Japanese-American community, the NPS decided to proceed with a reconstruction of some elements of the original site alongside preservation of those remnants that survive.


title: Manzanar

text: The National Park Service is reconstructing one of the 36 residential blocks as a demonstration block (Block 14, adjacent to and west of the Visitor Center). One barrack appears as it would have when Japanese Americans first arrived at Manzanar in 1942, while another has been reconstructed to represent barracks life in 1945. Exhibits in these barracks opened on April 16, 2015. A restored World War II mess hall, moved to the site from Bishop Airport in 2002, was opened to visitors in late 2010. The Manzanar National Historic Site also unveiled its virtual museum on May 17, 2010.


title: Manzanar

text: National Park Service staff have continued to uncover artifacts from throughout Manzanar's history, the result of archaeological digs that have also excavated several of the gardens designed and built there, including the noted Merritt Park (also known as Pleasure Park). In progress is a classroom exhibit that will be housed in the Block 9 barracks and an historic replica of the Block 9 women's latrine (opened in October 2016, but with no interpretive exhibit materials at this time).


title: Manzanar

text: The Manzanar site had 1,275,195 people visit from 2000 through December 2016. The National Park Service's interpretation of events and experiences has been described as both "[willing] to memorialize a shameful, unconstitutional policy" and "providing a shortcut around the unjust suffering and often insurmountable adversity imposed by the internment". Congressman Mel Levine said the site should "serve as a reminder of the grievous errors and inhumane policies we pursued domestically during World War II and a reminder that we must never again allow such actions to occur in this country."


title: Manzanar

text: Academics have criticized those who initiated and implemented the WRA relocation policy and members of the JACL for supporting the WRA policies. They have also pointed out that the majority of accounts of the relocation published within the first few decades following the closure of the camps have been from the perspective of the WRA and the JACL.


title: Manzanar

text: Since the end of World War II, there has been debate over the terminology used to refer to Manzanar and the other camps in which Americans of Japanese ancestry and their immigrant parents were incarcerated by the United States Government during the war. Manzanar has been referred to as a "War Relocation Authority center", "War Relocation Center", "relocation camp", "relocation center", "internment camp", "incarceration camp", "prison camp", and "concentration camp".


title: Manzanar

text: Prior to the opening of an exhibit about the American camps at Ellis Island, the American Jewish Committee (AJC) and the National Park Service, which manages Ellis Island, expressed concern regarding the use of the term "concentration camp" in the exhibit. At a meeting held at the offices of the AJC in New York City, leaders representing Japanese Americans and Jewish Americans reached an understanding about the use of the term, and the Japanese American National Museum and the AJC issued a joint statement:


title: Manzanar

text: A made-for-television movie, "Farewell to Manzanar" aired on NBC in 1976. It was based on the 1973 memoir of the same name, written by Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston, who was incarcerated at Manzanar as a child, and her husband James D. Houston. In 2011, the Japanese American National Museum (JANM) announced that they had negotiated the rights to the movie, and that they would make it available for purchase on DVD.


title: Manzanar

text: The feature film "Come See the Paradise" detailed the forced removal and incarceration at Manzanar of a Japanese American family from Los Angeles.


title: Manzanar

text: In the movie "The Karate Kid", Mr. Miyagi opens up to his student Daniel about the dual loss of his wife and son in childbirth at the Manzanar internment camp; the actor who played Mr. Miyagi, Pat Morita, was interned for two years at Manzanar with his parents.


title: Manzanar

text: The short film, "A Song for Manzanar", depicted the true story of a detainee and her struggle to remain hopeful for her son and stay in contact with her family in Hiroshima.


title: Manzanar

text: In "Baku", Season 3, Episode 9 of Amazon Prime Video's "The Man in the High Castle" series, Frank Frink is executed for his resistance against the Japanese occupation by Kenpeitai inspector Kido.


title: Manzanar

text: In the film Die Hard (1988), it is discovered early on that Joe Takagi, a high level Nakatomi corporation executive, was interned at Manzanar from 1942 to 1943.


title: Manzanar

text: Folk/country musician Tom Russell wrote "Manzanar", a song about the Japanese American incarceration, that was released on his album "Box of Visions" (1993). Laurie Lewis covered the song on her album "Seeing Things" (1998), adding the koto to her performance. The Asian American jazz fusion band Hiroshima has a song entitled "Manzanar", inspired by the incarceration, on its album "The Bridge" (2003). Hiroshima's song "Living in America", on its album titled "East" (1990), contains the phrase "I still remember Manzanar". Fort Minor's song "Kenji", from the album "The Rising Tied" (2005), tells the true story of Mike Shinoda's family including their experiences during their imprisonment at Manzanar. The band Channel 3 recorded a song titled "Manzanar" about the incarceration.


title: Manzanar

text: The 1994 novel, "Snow Falling on Cedars" by David Guterson, contains scenes and details relating to Japanese Americans from the state of Washington and their incarceration experiences at Manzanar. A 1999 film of the same name was based on the book.


title: Manzanar

text: In 1973, the book "Farewell to Manzanar,"by Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston and co-authored by her husband James Houston was published. It is a memoir recounting the time Jeanne spent inside of the camp as a child. The book has sold over one million copies and is one of the most widely known books based on events that took place in Japanese internment camps during the 1940s.


title: Manzanar

text: "Barbed Voices: Oral History, Resistance, And the World War II Japanese American Social Disaster," by Arthur A. Hansen is book that reviews Japanese American History, much of it during the World War 2. It was published in 2018.


title: RNA polymerase

text: In molecular biology, RNA polymerase (abbreviated RNAP or RNApol), or more specifically DNA-directed/dependent RNA polymerase (DdRP), is an enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template.


title: RNA polymerase

text: Using the enzyme helicase, RNAP locally opens the double-stranded DNA so that one strand of the exposed nucleotides can be used as a template for the synthesis of RNA, a process called transcription. A transcription factor and its associated transcription mediator complex must be attached to a DNA binding site called a promoter region before RNAP can initiate the DNA unwinding at that position. RNAP not only initiates RNA transcription, it also guides the nucleotides into position, facilitates attachment and elongation, has intrinsic proofreading and replacement capabilities, and termination recognition capability. In eukaryotes, RNAP can build chains as long as 2.4 million nucleotides.


title: RNA polymerase

text: RNAP produces RNA that, functionally, is either for protein coding, i.e. messenger RNA (mRNA); or non-coding (so-called "RNA genes"). At least four functional types of RNA genes exist:


title: RNA polymerase

text: RNA polymerase is essential to life, and is found in all living organisms and many viruses. Depending on the organism, a RNA polymerase can be a protein complex (multi-subunit RNAP) or only consist of one subunit (single-subunit RNAP, ssRNAP), each representing an independent lineage. The former is found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes alike, sharing a similar core structure and mechanism. The latter is found in phages as well as eukaryotic chloroplasts and mitochondria, and is related to modern DNA polymerases. Eukaryotic and archaeal RNAPs have more subunits than bacterial ones do, and are controlled differently.


title: RNA polymerase

text: Bacteria and archaea only have one RNA polymerase. Eukaryotes have multiple types of nuclear RNAP, each responsible for synthesis of a distinct subset of RNA:


title: RNA polymerase

text: The 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Roger D. Kornberg for creating detailed molecular images of RNA polymerase during various stages of the transcription process.


title: RNA polymerase

text: In most prokaryotes, a single RNA polymerase species transcribes all types of RNA. RNA polymerase "core" from E. coli consists of five subunits: two alpha (α) subunits of 36 kDa, a beta (β) subunit of 150 kDa, a beta prime subunit (β′) of 155 kDa, and a small omega (ω) subunit. A sigma (σ) factor binds to the core, forming the holoenzyme. After transcription starts, the factor can unbind and let the core enzyme proceed with its work. The core RNA polymerase complex forms a "crab claw" or "clamp-jaw" structure with an internal channel running along the full length. Eukaryotic and archaeal RNA polymerases have a similar core structure and work in a similar manner, although they have many extra subunits.


title: RNA polymerase

text: All RNAPs contain metal cofactors, in particular zinc and magnesium cations which aid in the transcription process.


title: RNA polymerase

text: Control of the process of gene transcription affects patterns of gene expression and, thereby, allows a cell to adapt to a changing environment, perform specialized roles within an organism, and maintain basic metabolic processes necessary for survival. Therefore, it is hardly surprising that the activity of RNAP is long, complex, and highly regulated. In "Escherichia coli" bacteria, more than 100 transcription factors have been identified, which modify the activity of RNAP.


title: RNA polymerase

text: RNAP can initiate transcription at specific DNA sequences known as promoters. It then produces an RNA chain, which is complementary to the template DNA strand. The process of adding nucleotides to the RNA strand is known as elongation; in eukaryotes, RNAP can build chains as long as 2.4 million nucleotides (the full length of the dystrophin gene). RNAP will preferentially release its RNA transcript at specific DNA sequences encoded at the end of genes, which are known as terminators.


title: RNA polymerase

text: RNAP accomplishes "de novo" synthesis. It is able to do this because specific interactions with the initiating nucleotide hold RNAP rigidly in place, facilitating chemical attack on the incoming nucleotide. Such specific interactions explain why RNAP prefers to start transcripts with ATP (followed by GTP, UTP, and then CTP). In contrast to DNA polymerase, RNAP includes helicase activity, therefore no separate enzyme is needed to unwind DNA.


title: RNA polymerase

text: RNA polymerase binding in bacteria involves the sigma factor recognizing the core promoter region containing the −35 and −10 elements (located "before" the beginning of sequence to be transcribed) and also, at some promoters, the α subunit C-terminal domain recognizing promoter upstream elements. There are multiple interchangeable sigma factors, each of which recognizes a distinct set of promoters. For example, in "E. coli", σ is expressed under normal conditions and recognizes promoters for genes required under normal conditions ("housekeeping genes"), while σ recognizes promoters for genes required at high temperatures ("heat-shock genes"). In archaea and eukaryotes, the functions of the bacterial general transcription factor sigma are performed by multiple general transcription factors that work together. The RNA polymerase-promoter closed complex is usually referred to as the "transcription preinitiation complex."


title: RNA polymerase

text: After binding to the DNA, the RNA polymerase switches from a closed complex to an open complex. This change involves the separation of the DNA strands to form an unwound section of DNA of approximately 13 bp, referred to as the "transcription bubble". Supercoiling plays an important part in polymerase activity because of the unwinding and rewinding of DNA. Because regions of DNA in front of RNAP are unwound, there are compensatory positive supercoils. Regions behind RNAP are rewound and negative supercoils are present.


title: RNA polymerase

text: RNA polymerase then starts to synthesize the initial DNA-RNA heteroduplex, with ribonucleotides base-paired to the template DNA strand according to Watson-Crick base-pairing interactions. As noted above, RNA polymerase makes contacts with the promoter region. However these stabilizing contacts inhibit the enzyme's ability to access DNA further downstream and thus the synthesis of the full-length product. In order to continue RNA synthesis, RNA polymerase must escape the promoter. It must maintain promoter contacts while unwinding more downstream DNA for synthesis, "scrunching" more downstream DNA into the initiation complex. During the promoter escape transition, RNA polymerase is considered a "stressed intermediate." Thermodynamically the stress accumulates from the DNA-unwinding and DNA-compaction activities. Once the DNA-RNA heteroduplex is long enough (~10 bp), RNA polymerase releases its upstream contacts and effectively achieves the promoter escape transition into the elongation phase. The heteroduplex at the active center stabilizes the elongation complex.


title: RNA polymerase

text: However, promoter escape is not the only outcome. RNA polymerase can also relieve the stress by releasing its downstream contacts, arresting transcription. The paused transcribing complex has two options: (1) release the nascent transcript and begin anew at the promoter or (2) reestablish a new 3′-OH on the nascent transcript at the active site via RNA polymerase's catalytic activity and recommence DNA scrunching to achieve promoter escape. Abortive initiation, the unproductive cycling of RNA polymerase before the promoter escape transition, results in short RNA fragments of around 9 bp in a process known as abortive transcription. The extent of abortive initiation depends on the presence of transcription factors and the strength of the promoter contacts.


title: RNA polymerase

text: The 17-bp transcriptional complex has an 8-bp DNA-RNA hybrid, that is, 8 base-pairs involve the RNA transcript bound to the DNA template strand. As transcription progresses, ribonucleotides are added to the 3′ end of the RNA transcript and the RNAP complex moves along the DNA. The characteristic elongation rates in prokaryotes and eukaryotes are about 10–100 nts/sec.


title: RNA polymerase

text: Aspartyl (asp) residues in the RNAP will hold on to Mg ions, which will, in turn, coordinate the phosphates of the ribonucleotides. The first Mg will hold on to the α-phosphate of the NTP to be added. This allows the nucleophilic attack of the 3′-OH from the RNA transcript, adding another NTP to the chain. The second Mg will hold on to the pyrophosphate of the NTP. The overall reaction equation is:


title: RNA polymerase

text: Unlike the proofreading mechanisms of DNA polymerase those of RNAP have only recently been investigated. Proofreading begins with separation of the mis-incorporated nucleotide from the DNA template. This pauses transcription. The polymerase then backtracks by one position and cleaves the dinucleotide that contains the mismatched nucleotide. In the RNA polymerase this occurs at the same active site used for polymerization and is therefore markedly different from the DNA polymerase where proofreading occurs at a distinct nuclease active site.


title: RNA polymerase

text: In bacteria, termination of RNA transcription can be rho-dependent or rho-independent. The former relies on the rho factor, which destabilizes the DNA-RNA heteroduplex and causes RNA release. The latter, also known as intrinsic termination, relies on a palindromic region of DNA. Transcribing the region causes the formation of a "hairpin" structure from the RNA transcription looping and binding upon itself. This hairpin structure is often rich in G-C base-pairs, making it more stable than the DNA-RNA hybrid itself. As a result, the 8 bp DNA-RNA hybrid in the transcription complex shifts to a 4 bp hybrid. These last 4 base pairs are weak A-U base pairs, and the entire RNA transcript will fall off the DNA.


title: RNA polymerase

text: Transcription termination in eukaryotes is less well understood than in bacteria, but involves cleavage of the new transcript followed by template-independent addition of adenines at its new 3′ end, in a process called polyadenylation.


title: RNA polymerase

text: Given that DNA and RNA polymerases both carry out template-dependent nucleotide polymerization, it might be expected that the two types of enzymes would be structurally related. However, x-ray crystallographic studies of both types of enzymes reveal that, other than containing a critical Mg ion at the catalytic site, they are virtually unrelated to each other; indeed template-dependent nucleotide polymerizing enzymes seem to have arisen independently twice during the early evolution of cells. One lineage led to the modern DNA polymerases and reverse transcriptases, as well as to a few single-subunit RNA polymerases (ssRNAP) from phages and organelles. The other multi-subunit RNAP lineage formed all of the modern cellular RNA polymerases.


title: RNA polymerase

text: In order to bind promoters, RNAP core associates with the transcription initiation factor sigma (σ) to form RNA polymerase holoenzyme. Sigma reduces the affinity of RNAP for nonspecific DNA while increasing specificity for promoters, allowing transcription to initiate at correct sites. The complete holoenzyme therefore has 6 subunits: β′βα and αωσ (~450 kDa).


title: RNA polymerase

text: Eukaryotes have multiple types of nuclear RNAP, each responsible for synthesis of a distinct subset of RNA. All are structurally and mechanistically related to each other and to bacterial RNAP:


title: RNA polymerase

text: Eukaryotic chloroplasts contain an RNAP very highly similar to bacterial RNAP ("plastid-encoded polymerase, PEP"). They use sigma factors encoded in the nuclear genome.


title: RNA polymerase

text: Chloroplast also contain a second, structurally and mechanistically unrelated, single-subunit RNAP ("nucleus-encoded polymerase, NEP"). Eukaryotic mitochondria use POLRMT (human), a nucleus-encoded single-subunit RNAP. Such phage-like polymerases are referred to as RpoT in plants.


title: RNA polymerase

text: Archaea have a single type of RNAP, responsible for the synthesis of all RNA. Archaeal RNAP is structurally and mechanistically similar to bacterial RNAP and eukaryotic nuclear RNAP I-V, and is especially closely structurally and mechanistically related to eukaryotic nuclear RNAP II.


title: RNA polymerase

text: The history of the discovery of the archaeal RNA polymerase is quite recent. The first analysis of the RNAP of an archaeon was performed in 1971, when the RNAP from the extreme halophile "Halobacterium cutirubrum" was isolated and purified. Crystal structures of RNAPs from "Sulfolobus solfataricus" and "Sulfolobus shibatae" set the total number of identified archaeal subunits at thirteen.


title: RNA polymerase

text: Archaea has the subunit corresponding to Eukaryotic Rpb1 split into two. There is no homolog to eukaryotic Rpb9 (POLR2I) in the "S. shibatae" complex, although TFS (TFIIS homolog) has been proposed as one based on similarity. There is an additional subunit dubbed Rpo13; together with Rpo5 it occupies a space filled by an insertion found in bacterial β′ subunits (1,377–1,420 in "Taq"). An earlier, lower-resolution study on "S. solfataricus" structure did not find Rpo13 and only assigned the space to Rpo5/Rpb5. Rpo3 is notable in that it's an iron–sulfur protein. RNAP I/III subunit AC40 found in some eukaryotes share similar sequences, but does not bind iron. This domain, in either case, serves a structural function.


title: RNA polymerase

text: Archaeal RNAP subunit previously used an "RpoX" nomenclature where each subunit is assigned a letter in a way unrelated to any other systems. In 2009, a new nomenclature based on Eukaryotic Pol II subunit "Rpb" numbering was proposed.


title: RNA polymerase

text: Orthopoxviruses and some other nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses synthesize RNA using a virally encoded multi-subunit RNAP. They are most similar to eukaryotic RNAPs, with some subunits minified or removed. Exactly which RNAP they are most similar to is a topic of debate. Most other viruses that synthesize RNA use unrelated mechanics.


title: RNA polymerase

text: Many viruses use a single-subunit DNA-dependent RNAP (ssRNAP) that is structurally and mechanistically related to the single-subunit RNAP of eukaryotic chloroplasts (RpoT) and mitochondria (POLRMT) and, more distantly, to DNA polymerases and reverse transcriptases. Perhaps the most widely studied such single-subunit RNAP is bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase. ssRNAPs cannot proofread.


title: RNA polymerase

text: B. subtilis prophage SPβ uses YonO, a homolog of the β+β′ subunits of msRNAPs to form a monomeric (both barrels on the same chain) RNAP distinct from the usual "right hand" ssRNAP. It probably diverged very long ago from the canonical five-unit msRNAP, before the time of the last universal common ancestor.


title: RNA polymerase

text: Other viruses use a RNA-dependent RNAP (an RNAP that employs RNA as a template instead of DNA). This occurs in negative strand RNA viruses and dsRNA viruses, both of which exist for a portion of their life cycle as double-stranded RNA. However, some positive strand RNA viruses, such as poliovirus, also contain RNA-dependent RNAP.


title: RNA polymerase

text: RNAP was discovered independently by Charles Loe, Audrey Stevens, and Jerard Hurwitz in 1960. By this time, one half of the 1959 Nobel Prize in Medicine had been awarded to Severo Ochoa for the discovery of what was believed to be RNAP, but instead turned out to be polynucleotide phosphorylase.


title: Crazy Train

text: "Crazy Train" is the debut solo single by English heavy metal vocalist Ozzy Osbourne and was released in 1980 from his debut album as a solo artist, "Blizzard of Ozz" (1980). A live version of the song recorded in 1981 from the album "Tribute" was also released as a single in 1987 with an accompanying music video. The song was written by Osbourne, Randy Rhoads and Bob Daisley. The lyrics deal with the subject of the Cold War and the fear of annihilation that existed during this period.


title: Crazy Train

text: Guitarist Greg Leon, who initially took Randy Rhoads' place in Quiet Riot, has claimed that he helped Rhoads write what would become the iconic "Crazy Train" riff. "We were hanging out, and I showed him the riff to Steve Miller's 'Swingtown'. I said: 'Look what happens when you speed this riff up'. We messed around, and the next thing I know he took it to a whole other level and end up writing the 'Crazy Train' riff." Guitarist William Weaver has also claimed to have written the signature riff and then presented the music to Rhoads in a studio session that they had both been a part of.


title: Crazy Train

text: AllMusic reviewer Steve Huey described the main guitar riff as "a classic, making use of the full minor scale in a way not seen since Ritchie Blackmore's heyday with Deep Purple."


title: Crazy Train

text: The song is one of Osbourne's best known and recognizable as a solo performer. It was rated 9th-greatest guitar solo ever by readers of "Guitar World" magazine. The song was also ranked ninth by VH1 on the list of the 40 Greatest Metal Songs and in 2009 it was named the 23rd-greatest hard rock song of all time also by VH1, the highest placement by a solo artist on the list. In 2021, it topped "Metal Hammer"s readers' poll of the Top 50 Ozzy Osbourne songs, with the magazine informing that it is Osbourne's most played song, with over 1150 live performances, over 11 million plays on YouTube and nearly 400 million on Spotify (as of December 2021).


title: Crazy Train

text: The single reached No. 49 on the United Kingdom singles chart in 1980. In the United States, the song reached No. 9 on the "Billboard" Top Tracks chart and the single peaked at No. 6 on the "Billboard" Bubbling Under the Hot 100 chart in 1981. The master ringtone was certified double platinum and had by September 2010 sold 1,750,000 downloads. The "Tribute" re-release was accompanied by a music video.


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: The 2011 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association's 2010–11 season. The tournament concluded with the Western Conference champion Dallas Mavericks defeating the Eastern Conference champion Miami Heat 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals. Dirk Nowitzki was named NBA Finals MVP.


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: The Chicago Bulls achieved several "firsts" since 1998: the East's best record, a Central Division title, and over 60 victories. They also clinched the NBA's best record for the first time since 1997, guaranteeing home-court advantage in every round. They advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals for the first time since 1998, and lost the ECF for the first time since 1990.


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: The Indiana Pacers appeared in the playoffs for the first time since 2006, as did the Memphis Grizzlies. The New York Knicks made the playoffs for the first time since 2004, but this was their first playoff appearance as an above-.500 team since 2001. The Philadelphia 76ers and New Orleans Hornets appeared for the third time in 4 years. The other 11 teams were in the 2010 NBA playoffs. The Oklahoma City Thunder headed to the playoffs with their first Northwest Division title under this incarnation.


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: This was the final postseason appearance for the New Orleans franchise while known as the Hornets, as the team was renamed the Pelicans before the 2013–14 season.


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: For the first time since the 16-team format was introduced in 1984, the top two seeds from the same conference (San Antonio Spurs and Los Angeles Lakers of the West) lost Game 1 of the first round. The Spurs lost to the Grizzlies, who won their first playoff game in team history, while the Lakers lost Game 1 to the Hornets and were subsequently swept by the Mavericks in the next round. Dwight Howard of the Orlando Magic tied a franchise record with 46 points (31 in the first half) in Game 1 of the first round against the Atlanta Hawks, tying Tracy McGrady's total in Game 2 of the 2003 First Round against the Detroit Pistons.


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: With a 4–1 series win over the Denver Nuggets, the Thunder won their first playoff series since relocating to Oklahoma City. The Boston Celtics swept a best-of-7 playoff series for the first time since winning the 1986 Eastern Conference Finals with a 4-game sweep of the Bucks; prior to the series win they had not swept a series overall since 1992, in Larry Bird's final season.


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: The Grizzlies followed up their first playoff-game win with their first playoff series win ever. They became the fourth 8th-seeded team ever to advance to the Conference Semifinals after defeating the Spurs in 6, and the second since the first round expanded to a best-of-7 format in 2003. In addition, this marked the first time that no first-round series was pushed to a Game 7 since the current format was introduced. Also, the 2011 Playoffs was the first time since 2007 that only one series went to a Game 7. Would be happen again until 2022 without any Game 7 in the First Round of the Playoffs.


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: The Los Angeles Lakers, who went to the Finals the previous 3 years, were swept by the Mavericks in the second round. It was the first time that Lakers head coach Phil Jackson had been swept in a playoff series. It would be the first time since 1996 and only the second since 1990 in which the Lakers lost a Western Conference playoff series despite having home court advantage.


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: Game 7 of the Grizzlies–Thunder series ensured a 12th straight postseason with at least one Game 7 played. The last without one was the 1999 NBA playoffs.


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: The 3 division winners and 5 other teams with the most wins from each conference qualified for the playoffs. The seedings are based on each team's record. However, a division champion is guaranteed to be ranked at least fourth, regardless of their record and their winnings.


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: Teams in bold advanced to the next round. The numbers to the left of each team indicate the team's seeding in its conference, and the numbers to the right indicate the number of games the team won in that round. The division champions are marked by an asterisk. Home court advantage for the playoffs does not necessarily belong to the higher-seeded team, but instead the team with the better regular season record; teams with home court advantage are shown in italics. If two teams with same record met in a round use normal tiebreakers. Tiebreakers in NBA Finals are head-to-head and record vs opposite conference.


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Bulls winning the first meeting.


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: The newly revamped Heat, with the much publicized acquisition of all stars and franchise players LeBron James and Chris Bosh during the off-season, were heavy favorites going into this series against the Philadelphia 76ers. Along with Dwyane Wade, James and Bosh comprised the "Big 3", and were eager to show critics that they were a team that could compete in the playoffs after some slip-ups during the regular season (a 9-8 start, a 5-game losing streak, and a not so favorable record against the best teams in the league). However, many pundits believed that the end of the season showed the Heat playing the best they had all season. Although the Sixers offered some resistance to the Heat, including some close games and a come from behind victory the Heat were able to take it in five and advance out of the first round for the first time since their NBA Championship in 2006.


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: This was the 14th playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Celtics winning seven of the first 13 meetings.


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: Due to the Celtics' struggles at the end of the regular season as well as the star power of the New York Knicks in Amar'e Stoudemire and Carmelo Anthony this was a favorite first round upset for many. In the first two games the Knicks were indeed able to show they could contend with the defending Eastern Conference champions. In Game 1, Ray Allen made a game winning three-pointer after being freed up by a controversial screen. The next two games the Celtics took fairly easily as injuries to both Chauncey Billups and Amar'e Stoudemire took their toll on the Knicks. This was the only sweep of the first round.


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: This was the third playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Magic winning the first two meetings.


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: Despite having won the season series against the Magic the Atlanta Hawks were touted as underdogs against the Orlando Magic, led by Defensive Player of the Year Dwight Howard. In the first game of the series the Hawks were unable to contain Howard as he scored 46 points – however, by limiting the contributions of the Magic's role players they were able to get a victory and steal home court advantage from the Magic. Although the Magic won the next game, better play by the Hawks down the stretch and the inability of the Magic to convert on 3-point shots (the Magic shot 2-23 from beyond the arc in game 4) gave the Hawks a 3-1 lead. The next two games were split and the Hawks advanced to the Eastern Conference Semifinals for the third straight year.


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Spurs winning the first meeting.


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: This was the first playoff meeting between the Lakers and the New Orleans Pelicans/Hornets franchise.


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: This was the fourth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Trail Blazers winning two of the first three meetings.


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: This was the fourth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Nuggets winning two of the first three meetings. All previous meetings took place while the Thunder franchise were still known as the Seattle SuperSonics.


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: This was the fifth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the each team winning two series apiece.


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Celtics winning the first meeting.


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: The series was seen as a way for Heat small forward LeBron James to exact revenge on the Celtics after Boston eliminated James' former team the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2008 and 2010. James called the series "personal", saying "...You don't want to keeping getting beat by the same team, the same team keep sending you home to plan a vacation..."


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: The Heat won the first two games of the series to take a 2-0 lead. However, the Celtics cut the series lead in half by winning Game 3 97-81. In that game, Boston point guard Rajon Rondo dislocated his left elbow on a bizarre play where he became tangled up with Dwyane Wade. Despite his injury, Rondo still contributed to the Celtics' victory with his 11 assists and 4 points in the fourth quarter, however his left arm was visibly limp the rest of the series and he was unable to play at his customarily high level.


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: Miami bounced back after the Game 3 loss and won Games 4 and 5, winning the series 4-1 and returning to their first Eastern Conference Finals since the 2006 NBA playoffs.


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: This was the fourth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Lakers winning the first three meetings.


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: The Mavericks won the first two games of the series in Los Angeles, including overcoming a 16-point late third-quarter deficit in Game 1. The Mavericks then overcame another second-half deficit in Game 3 to win 98–92. In Game 4, the Mavericks blew out the Lakers 122–86, sweeping the two-time defending NBA champions from the playoffs. In that game, Dallas scored 20 three-pointers, equaling an NBA record. Mavericks sixth man Jason Terry led the team in scoring with 32 points while making 9 of his 10 3-point attempts, tying another NBA playoff record that would go unequaled for nearly five years. Also in the same game, Andrew Bynum was ejected and eventually fined and suspended for five games of the next season after he committed a flagrant foul on J. J. Barea.


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: This was the sixth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Bulls winning four of the first five meetings.


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: This was the third playoff meeting between these two teams, with each team winning one series apiece. All previous meetings took place while the Thunder franchise were still known as the Seattle SuperSonics.


title: 2011 NBA playoffs

text: This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Heat winning the first meeting.


title: Lauren Laverne

text: Lauren Cecilia Fisher (née Gofton; born 28 April 1978), known professionally as Lauren Laverne, is an English radio DJ, model, television presenter, author and singer. She was the lead singer and additional guitarist in the alternative rock band Kenickie. The group's album "At The Club" reached the top 10, although her greatest chart success came when she performed vocals on Mint Royale's single "Don't Falter". Laverne has presented numerous television programmes, including "10 O'Clock Live" for Channel 4, and "The Culture Show" and coverage of the Glastonbury Festival for the BBC. She has also written a published novel entitled "Candypop: Candy and the Broken Biscuits". She presents the breakfast show on BBC Radio 6 Music, and in 2019 became the host of the long-running radio show "Desert Island Discs".


title: Lauren Laverne

text: Born Lauren Gofton, she was brought up in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, in a large family. Her father was one of nine and her mother was one of six. One grandfather had been a shipbuilder, the other a container . Her father, Dr Leslie Gofton, was a sociology lecturer at Newcastle University, and her mother was a teacher. She first attended St. Mary's Roman Catholic Primary School in 1982, where she befriended Marie Nixon, later to become a fellow Kenickie guitarist, and then St. Anthony's Girls' Catholic School between 1989 and 1994, where she and Nixon met Emma Jackson. Laverne went on to study at City of Sunderland College from 1994 to 1996.


title: Lauren Laverne

text: During her time at college, Laverne, Nixon and Jackson, then all aged sixteen, formed Kenickie with Laverne's brother Peter, taking the stage names Lauren Laverne (originally Lauren Le Laverne), Marie du Santiago, Emmy-Kate Montrose and Johnny X (originally just X). Initially affiliated to the Slampt label and the local punk scene, the band later signed with EMI. In all, Kenickie achieved four top-40 hit singles and a top-10 hit album.


title: Lauren Laverne

text: Laverne, Du Santiago and Montrose became as known for their funny and acerbic onstage banter and interview style as for their music, making all three of them popular contestants on comedy panel shows such as "Never Mind the Buzzcocks". Laverne would later appear on "Have I Got News for You".


title: Lauren Laverne

text: In 2000, she brought out a solo EP, "Take These Flowers Away", contributed a version of "In the Bleak Midwinter" to Xfm London's "It's a Cool, Cool Christmas" album, played at the Reading Festival, and made the top 20 for the only time in her singing career as vocalist on "Don't Falter" by Mint Royale. She was also working on a solo album at this time, but this was permanently put on hold by the collapse of Deceptive Records.


title: Lauren Laverne

text: Laverne's first television presenting role was for Play UK's series "The Alphabet Show", with Chris Addison, made while Kenickie were still together. She subsequently presented "Planet Pop" and "Loves Like A Dog" for Channel 4, "Fanorama" for E4, "Party in the Park" with Melanie Brown and "Pop" for Five and "Orange Playlist" for ITV, as well as reporting for "", leading the house band on "Johnny Vaughan Tonight" and appearing as an expert in a music special of BBC One's "Test the Nation". Later, she became one of BBC2's main presenters for their coverage of the Glastonbury Festival and the host of ITV2's coverage of events such as the British Comedy Awards and the BRIT Awards.


title: Lauren Laverne

text: She also presented a documentary for Sky One on the rise of popularity of the US hit TV Show "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", called "Buffy: Television With Bite". This was done when the show was returning for its sixth season in 2001.


title: Lauren Laverne

text: In 2000, Laverne provided the voice of Shinobu in the BBC's short-lived UK dub of "Urusei Yatsura (1981 TV series)".


title: Lauren Laverne

text: In 2003, Laverne was a regular team captain, along with Jason Byrne, on "Elvis Has Left The Building" a comedy music panel show hosted by Colin Murphy for BBC Northern Ireland.


title: Lauren Laverne

text: In 2004 she was a regular guest on the quiz show "HeadJam". In 2005, she became host of ITV's Saturday morning music show "", along with Myleene Klass and Johny Pitts. The show finished in April 2006.


title: Lauren Laverne

text: in April 2006, Laverne appeared as guest host of "Never Mind the Buzzcocks". In August, she presented Channel 4's coverage of the V Festival. In March 2007, she presented the NME Awards live from the Hammersmith Palais.


title: Lauren Laverne

text: In July 2007, Laverne appeared on the satirical comedy show "Mock the Week", and on "Have I Got News for You" on 14 December that same year. She appeared on "Never Mind the Buzzcocks" on 10 January 2008, this time as a guest. In September 2008, Laverne appeared again on "Mock the Week".


title: Lauren Laverne

text: In March 2008, Laverne appeared on the "Lily Allen and Friends" show with fellow Sunderland musicians the Futureheads, and on "Would I Lie to You?".


title: Lauren Laverne

text: From 2006 to 2010, she was a regular presenter with the weekly BBC arts magazine programme "The Culture Show", alongside Mark Kermode. She also presented the second series of the late-night Channel 4 music show "Transmission with T-Mobile" opposite Steve Jones.


title: Lauren Laverne

text: Laverne replaced radio DJ Jo Whiley on the talent show "Orange Mobile Act Unsigned", which searches for the top unsigned acts in the country.


title: Lauren Laverne

text: Laverne became a regular presenter in the new "magazine" format third series of "It's Not Easy Being Green", first broadcast on BBC Two in January 2009. She also narrated "Tough Guy or Chicken?" on BBC Three in August 2009.


title: Lauren Laverne

text: On 6 May 2010, she was a co-host of Channel 4's "Alternative Election Night", along with Jimmy Carr, David Mitchell and Charlie Brooker. Starting 20 January 2011, she re-joined her co-hosts on Channel 4's satirical news programme "10 O'Clock Live".


title: Lauren Laverne

text: Laverne narrates the animated series "Tee and Mo" about a little monkey and his monkey Mum, as shown on the CBeebies channel.


title: Lauren Laverne

text: In May 2022 the BBC announced that Laverne would be one of the guest presenters to take over Richard Osman's role on Pointless.


title: Lauren Laverne

text: Having previously sat in for BBC Radio 1's Steve Lamacq, Laverne joined Xfm London in 2002, co-hosting a Saturday morning show with Mark Webster, while occasionally standing in for various DJs on BBC Radio 6 Music, including Phill Jupitus' breakfast show where one morning she interviewed her own brother Pete (who records under the name J Xaverre) Laverne took over XFM's drivetime slot from Zoë Ball at the start of 2004, winning "Best Newcomer" at the "Commercial Radio Awards" in 2004.


title: Lauren Laverne

text: She became host of the XFM breakfast show on 31 October 2005 after Christian O'Connell moved to Virgin Radio, but left suddenly in April 2007 to pursue her television interests. However, Laverne went on to guest present on BBC Radio 2.


title: Lauren Laverne

text: Laverne joined BBC Radio 6 Music in June 2008 to present a Saturday weekend show before taking over the Monday to Friday morning (10:00 to 13:00) slot from George Lamb in November 2009. From January 2019, Laverne replaced Shaun Keaveny on the 6 Music Breakfast Show in a station schedule re-shuffle, which airs Monday – Friday, 07:30 to 10:30.


title: Lauren Laverne

text: In 2014, Laverne guest-edited "Woman's Hour" on Radio 4, and in 2015 began hosting "Late Night Woman's Hour", a spinoff series.


title: Lauren Laverne

text: In September 2018, Laverne took over as host to Radio 4's "Desert Island Discs" when Kirsty Young took time off because of fibromyalgia treatment. It was later announced that Young would not be returning and Laverne would be her permanent replacement.


title: Lauren Laverne

text: In June 2020, Laverne helped to launch m4d Radio, an internet radio station designed for people with dementia and their carers. As well as recording a welcome message for the radio station, Laverne spearheaded the station's #Song4You campaign, where celebrities and members of the public were encouraged to dedicate a song to someone they know who is affected by dementia.


title: Lauren Laverne

text: In 2010, she published her first novel "Candypop – Candy and the Broken Biscuits", about rock chick Candy Caine, 15, on her journey to the world's biggest music festival, Glastonbury. The book is published by HarperCollins.


title: Lauren Laverne

text: Laverne was a columnist for "The Guardian" from 2012 to 2014, writing about style and British culture.


title: Lauren Laverne

text: In April 2015, Laverne launched "The Pool", an online platform aimed at women. The site was co-founded with writer and magazine editor Sam Baker and included features from British journalists including Sasha Wilkins, Sali Hughes and Viv Groskop. The website also included regular podcasts and videos with Caitlin Moran. The platform entered administration in January 2019.


title: Lauren Laverne

text: Laverne married the television producer and DJ Graeme Fisher in County Durham in August 2005; the couple live in Muswell Hill, London, and she also has a flat in Sunderland. The couple had their first child, a boy named Fergus James Fisher, in October 2007. On 30 March 2010, she announced on her BBC Radio 6 Music show that she was pregnant, and she gave birth to their second son, Mack Fisher, in September 2010.


title: Lauren Laverne

text: Laverne's mother, Celia Gofton, was elected a councillor for the Pallion ward in the City of Sunderland in 2006, and sought nomination as Labour candidate in 2008 in the Sunderland Central constituency but was defeated by Julie Elliott, who went on to win the seat for Labour in the 2010 general election. Her mother died in June 2022.


title: Lauren Laverne

text: Laverne is a Roman Catholic. In 2011, she said, "Once a Catholic... It's like the Mafia - you don't get to leave. I'm not sure I'd want to, but I'm incredibly angry with the Church at the moment." She is a supporter of Sunderland AFC.


title: Lauren Laverne

text: Laverne is a supporter of the Labour Party. In late 1996, on a children's TV programme, Laverne referred to the Spice Girls as "Tory scum" for their support for the Conservatives. This was before the 1997 United Kingdom general election.


title: Lauren Laverne

text: In 2005, Laverne's passion for her home city resulted in her becoming an ambassador promoting and raising awareness of Sunderland. She received an honorary fellowship from the University of Sunderland in July 2009.


title: Yung Joc

text: Jasiel Amon Robinson (born September 20, 1980), better known by his stage name Yung Joc, is an American rapper. He is best known for his 2006 hit single "It's Goin' Down". and as a feature on T-Pain's US number-one single "Buy U a Drank (Shawty Snappin')"


title: Yung Joc

text: Robinson's father owned a hair-care products company and helped him get an opportunity to write a jingle for Revlon. Robinson then founded his own label "Mastermind" to release his music.


title: Yung Joc

text: Robinson met Atlanta producer Nitti Beatz and the two recorded the hit "It's Goin Down" in the spring of 2005. After teaming with Russell "Block" Spencer, founder of the Block Enterprises label, Spencer signed Robinson to Sean Combs's Bad Boy South for a multimillion-dollar deal, and Bad Boy released Robinson's debut "New Joc City" that year.


title: Yung Joc

text: Robinson was also featured on the songs "Show Stopper" by Danity Kane (from Diddy's "Making The Band 4") & Cassie's album track "Call U Out". Robinson was on 2006 "Forbes' Richest Rappers List", ranking at No. 20, having grossed approximately $10 million that year. "It's Goin' Down" reached No. 3 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and No. 1 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart. The next single, "I Know U See It", reached No. 17 on the Hot 100 and No. 2 on the Hot Rap Tracks.


title: Yung Joc

text: Robinson 's next album, "Hustlenomics", was released in 2007, with the singles "Coffee Shop" (featuring The-Dream and Gorilla Zoe) and "Bottle Poppin'" (featuring Gorilla Zoe). "Hustlenomics" sold 69,000 copies in its first week of release, debuting at number three on the "Billboard" 200. As of April 2009, it had sold approximately 197,000 copies according to Nielsen Soundscan. In 2007, Robinson was featured "Lookin Boy", a song by his protégés and label signees, hip hop group Hotstylz. In 2008, Robinson was featured in the hit singles on "Get Like Me" by David Banner, "So Fly" by Slim and "Beep" by Bobby V. In 2009, he was featured on Day26 single "Imma Put It on Her". Robinson released a mixtape entitled "Grind Flu" for free on his label Swagg Team Entertainment on August 11, 2009.


title: Yung Joc

text: Robinson released his first single from the album "Mr. Robinson's Neighborhood" entitled "Yeah Boy" in 2010. They have also shot & released the music video for the single.


title: Yung Joc

text: On October 7, 2012, RCA Music Group announced it was disbanding J Records along with Arista Records and Jive Records. With the shutdown, Robinson (and all other artists previously signed to these three labels) were to release his future material (including "Mr. Robinson's Neighborhood") on the RCA Records brand.


title: Yung Joc

text: On March 18, 2014, Robinson released his first official single entitled "I Got Bitches" from his upcoming third album. On September 11, 2014, Robinson released his second single from his upcoming album entitled "Features" featuring former collaborator & singer T-Pain.


title: Yung Joc

text: In 2010, Robinson formed a new record label through Jive Records, called Swagg Team Entertainment, after a widely publicized lawsuit with Block Entertainment and Bad Boy South. Robinson spoke about the lawsuit and his relationship with Diddy in an interview in 2015.


title: Yung Joc

text: Swagg Team Entertainment saw their debut from Chicago rap group Hotstylz; with their first single "Lookin Boy". It also saw the debut from Dallas rap group GS Boyz; their first single being "Stanky Legg".


title: Yung Joc

text: Since 2014, Robinson joined the VH1 reality series "" as a supporting cast member. In August 2017, it was announced that Robinson would compete in the first season of VH1's "Scared Famous", which premiered on October 23, 2017.


title: Yung Joc

text: In December 2011, Robinson's recording studio for his label Swagg Team was robbed, and the criminals took about $70,000 worth of studio equipment along with a hard drive containing Robinson's unreleased music for his third studio album. It later was announced that one of the robbers identity was revealed by Robinson. Robinson knew one of the robbers named "Honcho" of Thomaston, Georgia.


title: Yung Joc

text: In January 2020, Robinson was filmed driving for a rideshare company called Pull Up N Go, leading to speculation that he had fallen on hard times financially. He later spoke out against these claims, stating that he was doing this in order to show children the value of hard work as part of his volunteering with Big Brothers Big Sisters of Metro Atlanta.<br>


title: Yung Joc

text: On May 18, 2009, it was announced that Robinson was suing his starter labels Block Entertainment & Bad Boy Entertainment due to unpaid royalties of his music. Eventually, however, Diddy & Robinson settled their differences. Little is known as to whether Robinson settled his differences with Block entertainment.


title: Yung Joc

text: In 2012, Robinson (along with Block Entertainment & Bad Boy Entertainment) was sued by local Atlanta record label Master Mind Music, for breach of contract and copyright infringement.


title: Yung Joc

text: On Gucci Mane's song "Fuck the World" there was a controversial line when he rapped "I got all eyes on me like Pac did, but I ain't tryin' to go broke like Joc did." During a radio conversation Robinson responded to the song by stating "Gucci is a master at getting his name in other people's mouths, I ain't trippin', I know what my financial situation is".


title: Indian name

text: Indian names are based on a variety of systems and naming conventions, which vary from region to region. Names are also influenced by religion and caste and may come from epics. India's population speaks a wide variety of languages and nearly every major religion in the world has a following in India. This variety makes for subtle, often confusing, differences in names and naming styles. Due to historical Indian cultural influences, several names across South and Southeast Asia are influenced by or adapted from Indian names or words.


title: Indian name

text: In some cases, Indian birth name is different from their official name; the birth name starts with a randomly selected name from the person's horoscope (based on the "nakshatra" or lunar mansion corresponding to the person's birth).


title: Indian name

text: When written in Latin script, Indian names may use the vowel characters to denote sounds different from conventional American or British English. Although some languages, like Kannada or Tamil may have different vowel sounds, the ones used in most major Indian languages are represented in this table along with typical English transcriptions.


title: Indian name

text: Furthermore, the letters used in English /t/ and /d/ that are used to represent the retroflex stops /ʈ/ and /ɖ/, are also used to represent dental stops /t̪/ and /d̪/ (as in Tenginkai or Rohit), especially when they occur in the onset of a word. As an example, the Indian name 'Dev' would not have its first consonant pronounced as in the American name 'Dave'. Similarly the name 'Tarun' would not have its first consonant sounded as in 'Tom'.


title: Indian name

text: The letter 'h' is used to represent aspirated consonants. So, in the names 'Khare', 'Ghanshyam', 'Kaccha', 'Jhumki', 'Vitthal', 'Ranchodh', 'Thimmayya', 'Uddhav', 'Phaneesh', and 'Bhanu,' the 'h' means the sound before it should be pronounced with a strong outward breath (see Aspirated consonant for more on this). These names are more likely to be found in places that speak an Indo-Aryan language like Bhojpuri or Gujarati.


title: Indian name

text: Bengali Brahmin surnames include Acharya, Banerjee, Bagchi, Bhaduri, Bhattacharjee, Chakraborty, Chatterjee, Ganguly, Goswami, Ghoshal, Lahiri, Maitra, Mukherjee, Sanyal, etc. A Brahmin name is often the name of the clan or gotra, but can be an honorific, such as "Chakraborty" or "Bhattacharya".


title: Indian name

text: Bengali Kayastha surnames include "Basu, Bose, Dutta, Ghosh, Choudhury, Guha, Mitra, Singh/Sinha, Pal, De/Dey/Deb/Dev, Palit, Chanda/Chandra, Das, Dam, Kar, Nandi, Nag, Som" etc.


title: Indian name

text: Odia surnames come from caste based on human occupation. For example, the common surnames Kar, Mohapatra and Dash (as opposed to Das) are Brahmin surnames. Similarly, Misra/Mishra, Nanda, Rath, Shatapathi, Panigrahi, Tripathi etc. are all Brahmin surnames. Das and Sahu are Karan, others are Samant Singh, Sundaraya, Jagdev, Baliarsingh, Harichandan, Manraj, Mardraj, Senapati, Srichandan, Pratihari, Chhotray, Patasani, Parida, Samal, Nayak, Muduli etc.


title: Indian name

text: Konkani people inhabiting Goa, and also Konkan regions of Karnataka and Maharashtra, use First name, Middle name, Village name/Surname pattern. Generally, the first name is followed by the father's name, though this is now mostly observed by Hindus, who are traditionally patriarchal.


title: Indian name

text: Village names were used only after the arrival of the Portuguese, when the people migrated from their ancestral villages. A suffix "kar" or "hailing from" was attached to the village name.


title: Indian name

text: Many of the originally Hindu residents were converted to Catholicism by the Portuguese. Almost all of the Konkani Catholics have Portuguese surnames like "Rodrigues, Fernandes, Pereira and D'Souza". Catholic families belonging to the Roman Catholic Brahmin (Bamonn) caste use lusophonised versions of Hindu surnames like "Prabhu, Bhat, etc".


title: Indian name

text: Gujarati family names follow Last name, First name, Father's first name. The last name is commonly a caste name. For example: Modi Narendra Damodardas - "Narendra" is his first name, "Damodardas" is his father's name and "Modi" is his last name, which is the same as that used by his ancestors. Upon marriage, the wife takes on the husband's first and last names as middle and last names respectively. For example, if Jessica Amber Smith married Vadgama Sanjay Bharat her name would become Jessica Vadgama Bharat.


title: Indian name

text: Northern naming patterns follow a standard pattern - First name, Middle name, Surname. Many times the middle name will be appended onto the first name, or not exist at all. Sometimes middle name would even be father's first name. The surname is most commonly a caste name however, there are some caste-neutral surnames like Kumar. For example: Manohar Lal Khattar (Manohar is his first name, Lal is a middle name and Khattar is a caste surname). Many women, especially in rural areas, take on the surname "Devi" (meaning Goddess) or "Kumari" (princess) when they are married (ex. Phoolan Devi, known as Phoolan Mallah before marriage). Muslims in North India use Islamic naming conventions.


title: Indian name

text: North Karnataka follows the First name - Father's first name - Surname order. This system is also found in other parts of Karnataka.


title: Indian name

text: Surnames are drawn from the name of the place, food items, dresses, temples, type of people, platforms, cities and profession and so on. Surnames are drawn from many other sources.


title: Indian name

text: "Katti" as a suffix is used for soldiers while "Karadis" is related to local folk art. Surnames according to trade or what they traditionally farm include "Vastrad" (piece of cloth), "Kubasad" (blouse), "Menasinkai" (chili), "Ullagaddi" (onion), "Limbekai", "Ballolli" (garlic), "Tenginkai" (coconut), "Byali" (pulse) and "Akki" (rice). Surnames based on house include "Doddamani" (big house), "Hadimani" (house next to the road), "Kattimani" (house with a platform in its front), "Bevinmarad" (person having a big neem tree near his house) and "Hunasimarad" (person having a big tamarind tree near his house). A carpenter will have "Badigar" as a surname while "Mirjankar", "Belagavi", "Hublikar" and "Jamkhandi" are surnames drawn from places. "Angadi" (shop), "Amavasya" (new moon day), "Kage" (crow), "Bandi" (bullock cart), "Kuri" (sheep), "Kudari" (horse), "Toppige" (cap), "Beegadkai" (key), "Pyati" (market), "Hanagi" (comb) and "Rotti" (bread) are some other surnames.


title: Indian name

text: In coastal Karnataka, the surnames are different in different regions. Surnames like Hegde and Hebbar belong to the Brahmin community, while other titles like "Ballal", "Shetty", and "Rai" are mostly used by the landed Bunt community. Names in coastal Karnata has both systems Village name, Father's name, Personal name, Surname and Personal name, Father's name, Surname


title: Indian name

text: Names in South Karnataka follow village name, father's name, personal name, surname. For example, take H. D. Kumaraswamy. H refers to Haradanahalli (his native village), D refers to Devegowda (his father's name) and his first name is Kumaraswamy. Another example is B A Narasimharaju B refers to Belur (his native town), A refers to Anantharama Iyengar (his fathers name) and his first name Narasimharaju. For married women, it is husband's name, first name or the opposite (ex. Sumalatha Ambareesh, where Ambareesh is her husband's name). In South Karnataka, caste names are not common except among the higher castes. Kannada Brahmins have surnames like "Rao", "Murthy", "Poojari", "Bhat". The title "Gowda" was a title given to any village headman, irrespective of caste, and was written as an appendage to the person's name. For example Siddaramaiah's father belonged to the Kuruba community but was called Siddarame Gowda. Nowadays it is mostly used as a Vokkaliga surname. Most people in South Karnataka, irrespective of caste, do not use caste surnames.Surnames in south Karnataka are masculine and men use it as it refers to a man.


title: Indian name

text: Kashmiri names often have the following format: first name, middle name (optional), family name. (For example: Jawahar Lal Nehru)


title: Indian name

text: Nicknames often replace family names. Hence, some family names like Razdan and Nehru may very well be derived originally from the Kaul family tree.


title: Indian name

text: Malayali surname includes Nair, Menon, Pillai, Nambootri, Panikkar and Kurup. Malayalis follow similar customs to Tamils and people in South Karnataka of village name, father's name, personal name. Muslims also follow this system, though their first names follow the Islamic system.


title: Indian name

text: Members of the Menon, Nair and related communities often use their mother's house name or directly add their caste name. For example, Kannoth Karunakaran, "Karunakaran" is his given name and "Kannoth" is his mother's house name, P. K. Vasudevan Nair, "Vasudevan" is his given name and "Nair" is his caste surname. Most of the Malayalis write name as given name, father's name, father's father's name / house name/ village name followed by surname/caste title. For instance, Shreelakshmi Dhanapalan Sadhu Kunjpilla; where Shreelakshmi is first name, Dhanapalan is middle name/father's name, Sadhu is grandfather's name and Kujnpilla is surname/ caste title. It might also be written as Shreelakshmi Dhanapalan S K.


title: Indian name

text: Earlier times (until 20th Century) Malayali Christians (Nasranis) were bound by only Christian names and usually used the Family or house name – Father’s name – Baptismal name naming convention, however nowadays Christians have various naming conventions such as Name - Surname - Father's Name or Name - Father's name or Name - Surname or Name - Father's Name - Grandfather's Name. It can be concluded that Syrian Christian names are Patryonmic. Eg: Arackaparambil Kurien Antony, better known as A. K. Antony, who is an Indian politician and attorney and was the 23rd Defence Minister of India, here the policitcan's name is Antony while his father's name is Kurien, while his family name is Arackaparambil. During the 20th century some names were created by joining two or more syllables. For example, Abey (AB), Aji (AG), Bibi (BB), Biji (BG), Siby (CB) and so on. Today, several Syrian Christians name their children by Indian names like Deepak, Rahul, Neethu, Asha etc. But by the 21st century more biblical names began to reappear. Thus names like, Isaac, Joshua, David, Saul, Ezekiel, Timothy, appeared on the scene.


title: Indian name

text: Marathi people of Hindu religion follow a partially patronymic naming system. For example, it is customary to associate the father's name with the given name. In the case of married women, the husband's name is associated with the given name. Therefore, the constituents of a Marathi name as given name /first name, father/husband, family name /surname. For example:


title: Indian name

text: Marathi Hindus choose given names for their children from a variety of sources. They could be characters from Hindu mythological epics such as the Ramayana or Mahabharat, names of holy rivers such as Yamuna and Godavari, Hindu historical characters from Maratha or Indian history such as Shivaji and Ashoka, Marathi varkari saints such as Tukaram, Dnyaneshwar, Janabai, popular characters from modern Marathi literature, names of fragrant flowers for girls (e.g. Bakul, Kamal/Kamla for lotus), senses such as "Madhura" for sweetness, precious metals such female name "Suwarna" for gold, heavenly bodies such as the Sun and the Moon, "Vasant" and "Sharad" for spring and autumn respectively, names of film stars (e.g. Amit after Amitabh Bachchan) or sportsmen, and after virtues (e.g.,"Vinay" for modesty). Nicknames such as Dada, Bandu, Balu, Sonya and Pillu for males and Chhabu and Bebi for girls have been popular too.


title: Indian name

text: A large number of Maharashtrian surnames are derived by adding the suffix "kar" to the village from which the family originally hailed. For example, Junnarkar came from town of Junnar, Waghulkar comes from the town of Waghul. Names like Kumbhar, Sutar, Kulkarni, Deshpande, Deshmukh, Patil, Pawar, Desai, and Joshi denote the family's ancestral trade or professions.


title: Indian name

text: Families of the historical Maratha chiefs use their clan name as their surname. Some of these are Jadhav, Bhosale, Chavan, Shinde, Shirke, More, Nimbalkar, Pawar, and Ghatge. Members of the numerically largest Maratha Kunbi cultivator class among Marathi people have also adopted some of the Maratha clan names, whether to indicate allegiance to the Maratha chief they served, or as an attempt at upward mobility.


title: Indian name

text: Sikh names often have the following format: First name, religious name, family name. The religious name is always "Singh" for males, example "Ravinder Singh Sahota"; and "Kaur" for females, example "Harmanpreet Kaur Bhullar", "Harleen Kaur Deol" and "Manjeet Kaur Bhullar". Since Sikhism opposes castes, they do not traditionally use family names. Upon marriage, a Sikh woman will take the family name of the husband.


title: Indian name

text: "Sardar" for males and "Sardarni" for females are sometimes prefixed as titles. A lot of Sikh first names can be used by both sexes.


title: Indian name

text: Tamil names usually follow this pattern: Initial (Village name), Initial (Father's name), First Name, Surname (Example: M.G. Ramachandran, where the M stands for Marudhur, and G stands for Gopalan, the father's name. Another example is R. Karthik, where R stands for Ravichandran, the father's name). There is a widespread usage of a patronym (use of the father's given name as the last name). This means that the first name of one generation becomes the last name of the next. In many cases, the father's given name appears as an initial and when written in full (for example, on a passport), the initial is expanded as last name. For example, a name like "R. Kumaresh" will be written in full as "or "Kumaresh Ramaiah", and refers to "Kumaresh son of Ramaiah". If Kumaresh then has a son named Vijay, then his name would be "K. Vijay" or "Vijay Kumaresh " as it would be in the West. There is also a general custom for Tamil women, after marriage to adopt their husband's first name as their new initial or new last name instead of their father's. A woman named K. Anitha / Anitha Kumaresh (Anitha daughter of Kumaresh) might change her name after marriage to S. Anitha / Anitha Saravanan (Anitha wife of Saravanan). However, these customs vary from family to family and are normally never carried on over successive generations.


title: Indian name

text: After the Dravidian movement, from the 1930s, most Tamils abandoned their surnames, both in India and nations like Singapore, due to the politically propagated belief that they were synonymous with their caste identity, leading to social stigma.


title: Indian name

text: More common among women, making the patronym or husband name the last name is a custom adopted by people migrating to the West, who want to be called by their first names without having to explain Indian naming conventions. However, women frequently adopt their father's or husband's name, and take it for successive generations.


title: Indian name

text: The various Tamil caste names include "Paraiyar, Vishwakarma, Aachari, Konar, Idaiyar, Reddiar, Udayar, Yadhavar, Iyengar, Iyer, Pillai, Mudaliar, Thevar, Nadar, Chettiar, Gounder, Naicker", Vanniyar etc. The naming is therefore done in the fashion: Sunitha Ram Kumar Pillai. And hence they are known to only use initials besides their name except for when caste names are given more preference by certain families rather than the family name itself.


title: Indian name

text: Telugu people have a different naming style from the rest of India. The family name is a genitive case, hence stands first, which is followed by personal name. This practice of placing family name first is also seen in Chinese and Hungarians.


title: Indian name

text: Thus "Family name (surname), Given name" format is contrasted from North India where family name typically appears last or other parts of South India where family names are little used. This might cause confusion to varying degree within India and rest of the world.


title: Indian name

text: Occasionally, caste name is also suffixed at the end. For example, Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, where Neelam is the family name, Sanjiva is the given name and Reddy is the caste name.


title: Indian name

text: Occasionally, some Telugu names may follow a slightly different convention where two personal names are given along with a family name. In the name, Amara Vishnu Dev, Amara is the family name and Vishnu Dev are the given names.


title: Indian name

text: Nearly all Telugus possess family names called ""Inti peru"" (), which are the most unique of all the linguistic groups in India.


title: Indian name

text: Telugu family names are often named after a place. For example, "Pasupaleti" after Pasupaleru, "Kondaveeti" after Kondaveedu, "Kandukuri" is named after Kandukur etc. Unlike western names, where family name is well known over personal name, it is contrary among the Telugus, where person is well known by given name, without ever hearing their family name.


title: Indian name

text: Telugu family names are often abbreviated and written, "e.g"., P. V. Narasimha Rao, D. Ramanaidu, etc. unlike the western names where given name is abbreviated.


title: Indian name

text: According to "The Chicago Manual of Style", Indian names are usually indexed by the family name, with the family name separated from the other names by a comma, but indexing may differ according to the local usage and the preferences of the individual.


title: Indian name

text: See Indosphere, Sanskritisation, Indianization of Southeast Asia as well as Influence of Indian honorifics in Southeast Asia, influenced the Malay/Indonesian, Thai, and Filipino honorifics.


title: BBC Radio 2

text: BBC Radio 2 is a British national radio station owned and operated by the BBC. It is the most popular station in the United Kingdom with over 15 million weekly listeners. Since launching in 1967, the station broadcasts a wide range of content. The Radio 2 about page says: "With a repertoire covering more than 40 years, Radio 2 plays the widest selection of music on the radio—from classic and mainstream pop to a specialist portfolio including classical, country, folk, jazz, soul, rock 'n' roll, gospel and blues."


title: BBC Radio 2

text: Radio 2 broadcasts throughout the UK on FM between and from studios in Wogan House, adjacent to Broadcasting House in central London. Programmes are broadcast on FM radio, digital radio via DAB, digital television and BBC Sounds.


title: BBC Radio 2

text: According to RAJAR, the station broadcasts to a weekly audience of 14.4 million with a listening share of 16.1% as of September 2022.


title: BBC Radio 2

text: The network was launched at 5:30am on Saturday 30 September 1967, replacing the BBC Light Programme — with some of the Light Programme's music shows transferring to the newly launched BBC Radio 1. The first show had started on both Radio 1 and Radio 2 but continued with "Breakfast Special" presented by Paul Hollingdale as Radio 1 separated at 7am. The first record played on Radio 2 was the title track to the 1965 film "The Sound of Music".


title: BBC Radio 2

text: In early years, much programming and music was common to both stations, particularly on the shared FM frequency. Radio 1 was targeted at the audience of pirate radio stations whereas Radio 2 settled down as a middle of the road station playing laid-back pop and rock, folk and country, jazz and big-band music, easy listening, light classical music, and oldies, with significant amounts of comedy and sport.


title: BBC Radio 2

text: Notable broadcasters on Radio 2 in the 1970s and 1980s were Tom Edwards and Ray Moore who both presented the early breakfast show, Terry Wogan on breakfast, replaced by Ken Bruce and later Derek Jameson; Jimmy Young and his lunchtime current affairs show; David Hamilton on mid-afternoons and John Dunn at what became known as drivetime. In its early years, the station as the Light Programme had done played a large amount of specially-recorded music because of needle time restrictions imposed by the Musicians' Union.


title: BBC Radio 2

text: On 6 January 1975, broadcasting hours for Radio 2 were reduced due to budget cuts at the BBC. The 5am – 2am schedule was scaled back to a 6am start-up from Mondays to Saturdays, and 6:55am on Sundays. The station closed down at around 12:30am each day. However, from 29 September 1975, the closedown was brought forward to 12:10am on weekdays and 12:33am on Saturdays and Sundays. There were exceptions, especially over Christmas and New Year periods, when hours would be temporarily extended. The pre-1975 schedule was reinstated on 1 April 1978. On 23 November 1978, the station moved from long wave to medium wave.


title: BBC Radio 2

text: On 27 January 1979, Radio 2 became the first national 24-hour radio station in the UK. In the first half of the 1980s, presenters such as Kenny Everett, David Hamilton and Steve Jones increasingly featured more contemporary pop music in their playlists.


title: BBC Radio 2

text: In response to the controversy these changes had caused in some circles, Frances Line, head of music, repositioned the station in April 1986. She would become controller in 1990.


title: BBC Radio 2

text: An ageing Radio 1 audience which had grown up with the station was sticking with it into their 40s and beyond; Line repositioned Radio 2 to appeal exclusively to the over-50s, introduced older presenters and based the playlist around nostalgia, easy listening and light music.


title: BBC Radio 2

text: As a result, David Hamilton quit the station at the end of 1986, claiming the music policy had become "geriatric"; Terry Wogan's replacement Derek Jameson also appealed to an older, down-market demographic. Although popular with its target audience, the policy alienated many younger listeners who had listened to both Radio 1 and Radio 2 and the station's audience fell.