title: At Fillmore East

text: "The 1971 Fillmore East Recordings" was released on July 29, 2014. This six-CD boxed set contains the four complete concerts—the early and late shows from March 12 and March 13, 1971—from which the songs included on "At Fillmore East" were selected, plus the Allman Brothers' performance at the Fillmore East closing show on June 27, 1971. A three Blu-ray edition was also released which contains a multi-channel mix.


title: Radiator

text: Radiators are heat exchangers used to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling and heating. The majority of radiators are constructed to function in cars, buildings, and electronics.


title: Radiator

text: A radiator is always a source of heat to its environment, although this may be for either the purpose of heating this environment, or for cooling the fluid or coolant supplied to it, as for automotive engine cooling and HVAC dry cooling towers. Despite the name, most radiators transfer the bulk of their heat via convection instead of thermal radiation.


title: Radiator

text: The Roman hypocaust is an early example of a type of radiator for building space heating. Franz San Galli, a Prussian-born Russian businessman living in St. Petersburg, is credited with inventing the heating radiator around 1855, having received a radiator patent in 1857, but American Joseph Nason developed a primitive radiator in 1841 and received a number of U.S. patents for hot water and steam heating.


title: Radiator

text: Heat transfer from a radiator occurs by all the usual mechanisms: thermal radiation, convection into flowing air or liquid, and conduction into the air or liquid. A radiator may even transfer heat by phase change, for example, drying a pair of socks. In practice, the term "radiator" refers to any of a number of devices in which a liquid circulates through exposed pipes (often with fins or other means of increasing surface area). The term "convector" refers to a class of devices in which the source of heat is not directly exposed.


title: Radiator

text: To increase the surface area available for heat exchange with the surroundings, a radiator will have multiple fins, in contact with the tube carrying liquid pumped through the radiator. Air (or other exterior fluid) in contact with the fins carries off heat. If air flow is obstructed by dirt or damage to the fins, that portion of the radiator is ineffective at heat transfer.


title: Radiator

text: Radiators are commonly used to heat buildings on the European continent. In a radiative central heating system, hot water or sometimes steam is generated in a central boiler and circulated by pumps through radiators within the building, where this heat is transferred to the surroundings.


title: Radiator

text: In Israel, portable radiators are common to heat a single room, as a safer alternative to space heater and fan heater.


title: Radiator

text: Radiators are used in dry cooling towers and closed-loop cooling towers for cooling buildings using liquid-cooled chillers for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) while keeping the chiller coolant isolated from the surroundings.


title: Radiator

text: Radiators are used for cooling internal combustion engines, mainly in automobiles but also in piston-engined aircraft, railway locomotives, motorcycles, stationary generating plants and other places where heat engines are used (watercrafts, having an unlimited supply of a relatively cool water outside, usually use the liquid-liquid heat exchangers instead).


title: Radiator

text: To cool down the heat engine, a coolant is passed through the engine block, where it absorbs heat from the engine. The hot coolant is then fed into the inlet tank of the radiator (located either on the top of the radiator, or along one side), from which it is distributed across the radiator core through tubes to another tank on the opposite end of the radiator. As the coolant passes through the radiator tubes on its way to the opposite tank, it transfers much of its heat to the tubes which, in turn, transfer the heat to the fins that are lodged between each row of tubes. The fins then release the heat to the ambient air. Fins are used to greatly increase the contact surface of the tubes to the air, thus increasing the exchange efficiency. The cooled liquid is fed back to the engine, and the cycle repeats. Normally, the radiator does not reduce the temperature of the coolant back to ambient air temperature, but it is still sufficiently cooled to keep the engine from overheating.


title: Radiator

text: This coolant is usually water-based, with the addition of glycols to prevent freezing and other additives to limit corrosion, erosion and cavitation. However, the coolant may also be an oil. The first engines used thermosiphons to circulate the coolant; today, however, all but the smallest engines use pumps.


title: Radiator

text: Up to the 1980s, radiator cores were often made of copper (for fins) and brass (for tubes, headers, and side-plates, while tanks could also be made of brass or of plastic, often a polyamide). Starting in the 1970s, use of aluminium increased, eventually taking over the vast majority of vehicular radiator applications. The main inducements for aluminium are reduced weight and cost.


title: Radiator

text: Since air has a lower heat capacity and density than liquid coolants, a fairly large volume flow rate (relative to the coolant's) must be blown through the radiator core to capture the heat from the coolant. Radiators often have one or more fans that blow air through the radiator. To save fan power consumption in vehicles, radiators are often behind the grille at the front end of a vehicle. Ram air can give a portion or all of the necessary cooling air flow when the coolant temperature remains below the system's designed maximum temperature, and the fan remains disengaged.


title: Radiator

text: As electronic devices become smaller, the problem of dispersing waste heat becomes more difficult. Tiny radiators known as heat sinks are used to convey heat from the electronic components into a cooling air stream. Heatsinks do not use water, rather they conduct the heat from the source. High-performance heat sinks have copper to conduct better. Heat is transferred to the air by conduction and convection; a relatively small proportion of heat is transferred by radiation owing to the low temperature of semiconductor devices compared to their surroundings.


title: Radiator

text: Radiators are found as components of some spacecraft. These radiators work by radiating heat energy away as light (generally infrared given the temperatures at which spacecraft try to operate) because in the vacuum of space neither convection nor conduction can work to transfer heat away. On the International Space Station, these can be seen clearly as large white panels attached to the main truss. They can be found on both crewed and uncrewed craft.


title: Wangan Midnight

text: The series has been adapted into several live action feature films, video games, and an anime television series. The anime was broadcast in Japan from June 2007 to September 2008 on the anime satellite television network Animax, animated by A.C.G.T and produced by OB Planning.


title: Wangan Midnight

text: The series revolves around street racing on Tokyo's , as well as other roads on the Shuto Expressway network. The story begins with high school student Akio Asakura encountering a black Porsche 911 Turbo nicknamed "Blackbird" on the Wangan. Akio attempts to give chase, but is unable to keep up with the Blackbird, which is driven by a medical doctor named Tatsuya Shima.


title: Wangan Midnight

text: Determined to drive a faster car, Akio visits a junkyard and is drawn to an old blue Nissan Fairlady Z (S30) with a highly tuned L28 engine. He learns that the car is supposedly "cursed," being extremely difficult to drive and having a history of multiple accidents, earning it the name . However, this does not dissuade him, and he restores the car back to its former glory. When racing with Blackbird, Akio tries to win, only to crash his Nissan multiple times. He also gets to meet Eriko Asakura, the sister of the original driver who shares the same name as the current Akio, who previously died in a car accident while racing with Blackbird.


title: Wangan Midnight

text: As he develops his career as the infamous owner of the Devil Z, Akio meets many other racers and tuners along the way, such as fashion model and TV host Reina Akikawa, who drives a grey (later white) Nissan Skyline GT-R R32, and Jun Kitami, the original creator of the infamous Devil Z and Blackbird. The central plot revolves around the rivalry between the Devil Z and Blackbird for Wangan superiority as Akio tries to remain his loyalty with the car and control it from crashing, with other racers trying to compete against both of them who are also seeking to oust their record.


title: Wangan Midnight

text: The new story arc, "Wangan Midnight: C1 Runner", features the new adventures of a new main character, Shinji Ogishima (who debuted in the last chapters of the original manga), and his friend, Nobu Setoguchi. They are part of the GT Cars project, which is in dispute and conflict, and must drive Mazda RX-7's along Shuto Expressway to settle these problems along with meeting Tatsuya Shima.


title: Wangan Midnight

text: "Wangan Midnight" is written and illustrated by Michiharu Kusunoki. The series was first briefly published in Shogakukan's "Big Comic Spirits" in 1990 and transferred to Kodansha's "Weekly Young Magazine", where it ran from 1992 to 2008. Kodansha collected its chapters in forty-two "tankōbon" volumes, published from January 8, 1993, to December 26, 2008.


title: Wangan Midnight

text: A second series, titled "Wangan Midnight: C1 Runner", was serialized in "Weekly Young Magazine" from August 4, 2008, to July 9, 2012. Kodansha collected its chapters in twelve "tankōbon" volumes, published between November 6, 2009, and October 5, 2012.


title: Wangan Midnight

text: A third series, titled "Ginkai no Speed Star", was serialized in "Big Comic Spirits" from August 11, 2014, to April 13, 2015. Shogakukan collected its chapters in two "tankōbon" volumes, published on November 28, 2014, and May 29, 2015.


title: Wangan Midnight

text: A fourth series, titled " Shutoko SPL - Ginkai no Speedster", started in Kodansha's "Monthly Young Magazine" on September 20, 2016. Kodansha has collected its chapters into individual "tankōbon" volumes. The first volume was published on January 5, 2018. As of September 17, 2021, seven volumes have been released.


title: Wangan Midnight

text: The series was adapted into a series of direct-to-video movies in 1991, 1993, 1994, 1998, 2001, and 2009:


title: Wangan Midnight

text: At the 2007 Tokyo Anime Fair, OB Planning announced the production of an animated series based on the manga, and aired on a pay-per-view channel of Animax in June 2007. The series was co-produced by OB Planning, A.C.G.T., and Pastel, under the direction of Tsuneo Tominaga. The anime consists of twenty-six episodes. The opening theme for the series is "Lights and Anymore" by TRF and the ending theme is "Talkin' Bout Good Days" by Mother Ninja.


title: Total War: Warhammer

text: Total War: Warhammer is a 2016 turn-based strategy and real-time tactics video game developed by Creative Assembly and published by Sega for Microsoft Windows via the Steam gaming platform. The game was brought to macOS and Linux by Feral Interactive. The game features the gameplay of the "Total War" series with factions of Games Workshop's "Warhammer Fantasy" series; it is the first "Total War" game not to portray a historical setting. It is the 10th title in the "Total War" series and the first title to be released in the "Total War: Warhammer" trilogy.


title: Total War: Warhammer

text: Like previous titles in the "Total War" series, gameplay unfolds both on a scale of kingdoms in a turn-based strategy campaign, managing cities and the movement of armies, and on a smaller scale in real-time tactics skirmishes and sieges, managing the movement and actions of individual units and characters within an army during a battle. The player controls one of several fantasy factions, each with their own units, characters and abilities. These include Dwarfs, Human factions, Greenskins and Vampire Counts at launch, with more added as paid downloadable content.


title: Total War: Warhammer

text: "Total War: Warhammer" was largely well received by critics, and sold over half a million copies in its first few days on sale. Total War: Warhammer has two sequels: "" (released September 2017) and "" (released February 2022).


title: Total War: Warhammer

text: "Total War: Warhammer" is a turn-based strategy game with real-time tactical battles between armies. While previous "Total War" games feature historical settings, "Warhammer" introduces the fantasy setting as well as characters from the "Warhammer" universe. These characters, which include monsters, warriors, and heroes, are controlled by the player or computer.


title: Total War: Warhammer

text: The game begins with the ascension of Karl Franz as the newly elected Emperor of the Empire and the recent turmoil that has occurred with a civil war uprising and the counts of the empire resenting his rule. His task is to unite his fractured kingdom and assert his dominion before challenging the other realms surrounding them and bring peace to the Old World. This peace is challenged by the eternal grudge of the Dwarfs towards the savage Greenskins, and the Vampires ruled by the Von Carsteins in far-flung Sylvania attempting to lead an undead army west and seize the Imperial throne. Yet in the north the Chaos horde rides and seeks to destroy everything in its path corrupting all that stands in its way of domination.


title: Total War: Warhammer

text: "Total War: Warhammer" featured four playable factions at launch, including the Empire (humans), the Greenskins (orcs and goblins), the Dwarfs and the Vampire Counts (undead). The Chaos faction, made up of evil humans and monsters, was available for free to those who pre-ordered or purchased in the first week of release and subsequently available as downloadable content (DLC). The Bretonnians, another human faction, are available since February 2017 for the Campaign, Skirmish and Multiplayer. Each faction has access to their own unique units and a campaign element, a new feature for "Total War". For instance, the Greenskins faction featuring units such as Trolls and Giants, has the "Waaagh!" system, which pushes the player to always be on the warpath.


title: Total War: Warhammer

text: The campaign map is similar to that featured in "", the primary difference being the bigger changes in physical terrain and climate as one moves from a particular point in the map to another. The campaign map spans from the Chaos wastes in the north to the Greenskin-infested badlands in the south and from the Great Ocean in the west to the Dwarven realms in the World's Edge mountains to the east.


title: Total War: Warhammer

text: While "Total War: Warhammer" is built around the "Total War" system of city and unit building, army manoeuvring and diplomacy with other factions, it has numerous new elements that differ from previous "Total War" games. In addition to those already mentioned, they include the ability of agents to participate in battles to give your army an edge; a wider variety of animations, with 30 different types of skeleton and body types compared to only five or six previously; flying units such as dragons, which make use of the new animation capacity; corruption is now caused by the presence of Vampire Counts or Chaos armies, rather than internal factors; the renaming of Generals as Lords - they now fight as individuals rather than embedded within a bodyguard unit, and can be upgraded via skill and equipment trees to boost both their own and their army's power; and the addition of a quest mode which tasks players to complete missions and battles to receive unlockable items and abilities. One of the most significant new elements, however, is magic. Different factions have different amounts of access to the various "lores" (types) of magic, with some, such as the Dwarfs, having no access whatsoever. Units with access to magic can turn the tide of battles - their abilities are far more powerful than any available to battlefield units in previous games.


title: Total War: Warhammer

text: In December 2012, publisher Sega announced a partnership with Games Workshop to develop multiple titles for the "Warhammer" series. Sega tasked The Creative Assembly, the creator of the "Total War" series, to develop the titles. The first game in the series was set to be released "beyond 2013". At the time of the announcement, Creative Assembly had five titles in development, which included 2013's "" and 2014's "". On January 13, 2015, the game was leaked through an artbook called "The Art of Total War". The game was teased in a video released by The Creative Assembly to celebrate its 15th anniversary. However, the game was not officially announced until April 22, 2015, in which Sega released a cinematic debut trailer for the game. "Total War: Warhammer" is set to be the first title in a trilogy, with expansions and standalone titles to be released in the future. "Total War: Warhammer" was due to be released for Microsoft Windows on April 28, 2016. However, on March 3, 2016, Creative Assembly announced that the game was delayed to May 24, 2016. The Linux version was released by Feral Interactive on 22 November 2016 with the macOS version following on 18 April 2017.


title: Total War: Warhammer

text: The "Chaos Warriors" downloadable content (DLC) was the first DLC to be released for "Total War: Warhammer"; it was made available to purchase alongside its initial release and was included for those who preordered the game. This was widely criticized by the gaming community and from Warhammer fans in particular, with Creative Assembly, the developer of the game, stating they were "disheartened" by the reaction. On April 29, 2016, it was announced that the Chaos Warriors DLC would be available for free for a week after its release.


title: Total War: Warhammer

text: In May 2016, Creative Assembly announced that mods and Steam Workshop's features would be supported. Creative Assembly have developed several mods that were released alongside the game, while players can create their own mods through official mod tools. On September 26, 2018 an expanded limited edition version of the game titled "Total War: Warhammer: Dark Gods Edition" was announced on the official site which included Warriors of Chaos, Bretonnia, and Norsca along with the four core races. On July 30, 2020 a second expanded limited edition called "Total War: Warhammer: Savage Edition" was announced which included Warriors of Chaos again as well as the Beastmen, not including its DLC that tied into the Wood Elves race pack.


title: Total War: Warhammer

text: "Total War: Warhammer" had generally favourable reviews from critics. It has a score of 87/100 on Metacritic. "IGN" awarded it a score of 8.6 out of 10, saying "Total War: Warhammer brims with exciting ideas, awesome characters, and delightful units and faction mechanics." "GameSpot" awarded it a score of 9.0 out of 10, saying "It's a triumph of real-time strategy design, and the best the Total War series has ever been." "PC Gamer" awarded it a score of 86%, saying "If you find real history a bit bland compared to glorious nonsense made up by strange British people then Warhammer is the Total War for you." "Game Informer" awarded it a score of 8.75 out of 10, saying "the series has never felt so fun...Total War: Warhammer is one of the best Total War games I've ever played." "The Guardian" awarded it a score of four out of five stars, saying "Total War: Warhammer has done the best it can do with the legacy Total War engine, and is also a loving tribute to Warhammer."


title: Total War: Warhammer

text: "Total War: Warhammer" was also the fastest-selling "Total War" game, selling half a million copies in the first few days on sale. As a promotional contest for the multiplayer online battle arena game "Dota 2", "Warhammer"-themed community created cosmetics for playable characters in that game were released in September 2016.


title: Total War: Warhammer

text: "Total War: Warhammer" was designed to be split into three parts, the initial game being the first episode.


title: Total War: Warhammer

text: A sequel titled "" was released on September 28, 2017. The game features the Mortal Empires campaign, a massive campaign map combining the campaign maps and factions of both entries, and is accessible to players who owned both this and the previous game.


title: Total War: Warhammer

text: The third game "" was released on February 17, 2022. Once again, the game will feature a combined campaign map, the Immortal Empires campaign, that will be accessible to players who own all 3 games and will be released as a DLC post-launch. An open beta for the DLC is set to be released in Q3 2022.


title: Viterbi algorithm

text: The Viterbi algorithm is a dynamic programming algorithm for obtaining the maximum a posteriori probability estimate of the most likely sequence of hidden states—called the Viterbi path—that results in a sequence of observed events, especially in the context of Markov information sources and hidden Markov models (HMM).


title: Viterbi algorithm

text: The algorithm has found universal application in decoding the convolutional codes used in both CDMA and GSM digital cellular, dial-up modems, satellite, deep-space communications, and 802.11 wireless LANs. It is now also commonly used in speech recognition, speech synthesis, diarization, keyword spotting, computational linguistics, and bioinformatics. For example, in speech-to-text (speech recognition), the acoustic signal is treated as the observed sequence of events, and a string of text is considered to be the "hidden cause" of the acoustic signal. The Viterbi algorithm finds the most likely string of text given the acoustic signal.


title: Viterbi algorithm

text: The Viterbi algorithm is named after Andrew Viterbi, who proposed it in 1967 as a decoding algorithm for convolutional codes over noisy digital communication links. It has, however, a history of multiple invention, with at least seven independent discoveries, including those by Viterbi, Needleman and Wunsch, and Wagner and Fischer. It was introduced to Natural Language Processing as a method of part-of-speech tagging as early as 1987.


title: Viterbi algorithm

text: "Viterbi path" and "Viterbi algorithm" have become standard terms for the application of dynamic programming algorithms to maximization problems involving probabilities.


title: Viterbi algorithm

text: For example, in statistical parsing a dynamic programming algorithm can be used to discover the single most likely context-free derivation (parse) of a string, which is commonly called the "Viterbi parse". Another application is in target tracking, where the track is computed that assigns a maximum likelihood to a sequence of observations.


title: Viterbi algorithm

text: A generalization of the Viterbi algorithm, termed the "max-sum algorithm" (or "max-product algorithm") can be used to find the most likely assignment of all or some subset of latent variables in a large number of graphical models, e.g. Bayesian networks, Markov random fields and conditional random fields. The latent variables need, in general, to be connected in a way somewhat similar to a hidden Markov model (HMM), with a limited number of connections between variables and some type of linear structure among the variables. The general algorithm involves "message passing" and is substantially similar to the belief propagation algorithm (which is the generalization of the forward-backward algorithm).


title: Viterbi algorithm

text: With the algorithm called iterative Viterbi decoding one can find the subsequence of an observation that matches best (on average) to a given hidden Markov model. This algorithm is proposed by Qi Wang et al. to deal with turbo code. Iterative Viterbi decoding works by iteratively invoking a modified Viterbi algorithm, reestimating the score for a filler until convergence.


title: Viterbi algorithm

text: An alternative algorithm, the Lazy Viterbi algorithm, has been proposed. For many applications of practical interest, under reasonable noise conditions, the lazy decoder (using Lazy Viterbi algorithm) is much faster than the original Viterbi decoder (using Viterbi algorithm). While the original Viterbi algorithm calculates every node in the trellis of possible outcomes, the Lazy Viterbi algorithm maintains a prioritized list of nodes to evaluate in order, and the number of calculations required is typically fewer (and never more) than the ordinary Viterbi algorithm for the same result. However, it is not so easy to parallelize in hardware.


title: Viterbi algorithm

text: This algorithm generates a path formula_1, which is a sequence of states formula_2 that generate the observations formula_3 with formula_4, where formula_5 is the number of possible observations in the observation space formula_6.


title: Viterbi algorithm

text: with formula_22 and formula_23 as defined below. Note that formula_23 does not need to appear in the latter expression, as it's non-negative and independent of formula_25 and thus does not affect the argmax.


title: Viterbi algorithm

text: Suppose we are given a hidden Markov model (HMM) with state space formula_73, initial probabilities formula_74 of being in state formula_75 and transition probabilities formula_76 of transitioning from state formula_75 to state formula_78. Say, we observe outputs formula_79. The most likely state sequence formula_80 that produces the observations is given by the recurrence relations


title: Viterbi algorithm

text: Here formula_82 is the probability of the most probable state sequence formula_83 responsible for the first formula_84 observations that have formula_25 as its final state. The Viterbi path can be retrieved by saving back pointers that remember which state formula_86 was used in the second equation. Let formula_87 be the function that returns the value of formula_86 used to compute formula_82 if formula_90, or formula_25 if formula_92. Then


title: Viterbi algorithm

text: The complexity of this implementation is formula_94. A better estimation exists if the maximum in the internal loop is instead found by iterating only over states that directly link to the current state (i.e. there is an edge from formula_25 to formula_78). Then using amortized analysis one can show that the complexity is formula_97, where formula_98 is the number of edges in the graph.


title: Viterbi algorithm

text: Consider a village where all villagers are either healthy or have a fever, and only the village doctor can determine whether each has a fever. The doctor diagnoses fever by asking patients how they feel. The villagers may only answer that they feel normal, dizzy, or cold.


title: Viterbi algorithm

text: The doctor believes that the health condition of the patients operates as a discrete Markov chain. There are two states, "Healthy" and "Fever", but the doctor cannot observe them directly; they are "hidden" from the doctor. On each day, there is a certain chance that a patient will tell the doctor "I feel normal", "I feel cold", or "I feel dizzy", depending on the patient's health condition.


title: Viterbi algorithm

text: The "observations" (normal, cold, dizzy) along with a "hidden" state (healthy, fever) form a hidden Markov model (HMM), and can be represented as follows in the Python programming language:


title: Viterbi algorithm

text: In this piece of code, codice_1 represents the doctor's belief about which state the HMM is in when the patient first visits (all the doctor knows is that the patient tends to be healthy). The particular probability distribution used here is not the equilibrium one, which is (given the transition probabilities) approximately codice_2. The codice_3 represents the change of the health condition in the underlying Markov chain. In this example, a patient who is healthy today has only a 30% chance of having a fever tomorrow. The codice_4 represents how likely each possible observation (normal, cold, or dizzy) is, given the underlying condition (healthy or fever). A patient who is healthy has a 50% chance of feeling normal; one who has a fever has a 60% chance of feeling dizzy.


title: Viterbi algorithm

text: A patient visits three days in a row, and the doctor discovers that the patient feels normal on the first day, cold on the second day, and dizzy on the third day. The doctor has a question: what is the most likely sequence of health conditions of the patient that would explain these observations? This is answered by the Viterbi algorithm.


title: Viterbi algorithm

text: The function codice_5 takes the following arguments: codice_6 is the sequence of observations, e.g. codice_7; codice_8 is the set of hidden states; codice_1 is the start probability; codice_10 are the transition probabilities; and codice_4 are the emission probabilities. For simplicity of code, we assume that the observation sequence codice_6 is non-empty and that codice_13 and codice_14 is defined for all states i,j.


title: Viterbi algorithm

text: This reveals that the observations codice_7 were most likely generated by states codice_16. In other words, given the observed activities, the patient was most likely to have been healthy on the first day and also on the second day (despite feeling cold that day), and only to have contracted a fever on the third day.


title: Viterbi algorithm

text: SOVA differs from the classical Viterbi algorithm in that it uses a modified path metric which takes into account the "a priori probabilities" of the input symbols, and produces a "soft" output indicating the "reliability" of the decision.


title: Viterbi algorithm

text: The first step in the SOVA is the selection of the survivor path, passing through one unique node at each time instant, "t". Since each node has 2 branches converging at it (with one branch being chosen to form the "Survivor Path", and the other being discarded), the difference in the branch metrics (or "cost") between the chosen and discarded branches indicate the "amount of error" in the choice.


title: Viterbi algorithm

text: This "cost" is accumulated over the entire sliding window (usually equals "at least" five constraint lengths), to indicate the "soft output" measure of reliability of the "hard bit decision" of the Viterbi algorithm.


title: Jack Haley Jr.

text: John Joseph Haley III (October 25, 1933 – April 21, 2001), known as Jack Haley Jr., was an American director, producer and writer, and a two-time recipient of the Emmy Award. His credits include directing the 1974 compilation film "That's Entertainment!".


title: Jack Haley Jr.

text: He was the second husband of Liza Minnelli, daughter of Judy Garland, who had starred with his father in "The Wizard of Oz".


title: Jack Haley Jr.

text: Haley was born on October 25, 1933, in Los Angeles, California, the son of actor/comedian Jack Haley and his wife Florence.


title: Jack Haley Jr.

text: As a producer, Haley was responsible for compilations and documentaries about film history, including "Hollywood and the Stars" (1963-1964), "That's Entertainment!" (1974), "That's Dancing!" (1985) and "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz: 50 Years of Magic", narrated by Angela Lansbury. Haley's other credits include producer and executive producer of Academy Awards presentation shows. He directed the 1970 film "Norwood" and the 1971 film "The Love Machine".


title: Jack Haley Jr.

text: Haley developed respiratory failure and died on April 21, 2001, in Santa Monica, California. He is buried in Culver City's Holy Cross Cemetery.


title: Jimi Heselden

text: James William "Jimi" Heselden OBE (27 March 1948 – 26 September 2010) was a British entrepreneur. A former coal miner, Heselden became wealthy by manufacturing the Hesco bastion barrier system. In 2009, he bought Segway Inc., maker of the Segway personal transport system. Heselden died in 2010 from injuries apparently sustained falling from a cliff while riding his own product. His estate, bequeathed to his widow and family, was worth over £340 million and he was ranked in the top 400 members of the "Sunday Times Rich List".


title: Jimi Heselden

text: Heselden grew up in the Halton Moor district of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. At the age of 15, Heselden left Osmondthorpe Secondary Modern School to work as a labourer and then at collieries in Temple Newsam and Lofthouse. He lost his job in the wave of redundancies that followed the 1984–85 miners' strike and spent his redundancy money on renting a workshop and, at first, setting up a sandblasting business. He then worked on developing and patenting a collapsible wire mesh and fabric container, now called Hesco bastion, to be used for building flood management and to limit erosion.


title: Jimi Heselden

text: In 1989, Heselden founded Hesco Bastion Ltd to manufacture containers of the same name; filled with sand or earth, they quickly found favour with the armies of several countries, as they allowed effective blast walls, barriers and revetments to be quickly constructed. Made in Hesco's factory in Leeds, these were shipped (flat-packed) in great numbers to conflict zones, including Kosovo, Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as later being used for flood defences at New Orleans. He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2006 Queen's Birthday Honours, "for services to the Defence industry and to Charity."


title: Jimi Heselden

text: On Christmas day 2009, Heselden purchased the Segway company. He had owned the company for only nine months at the time of his accidental death while using a Segway.


title: Jimi Heselden

text: In 2008, Heselden donated £1.5 million to the Help For Heroes fund through a charity auction bid for nine people to fly with the Red Arrows. Heselden said, "There are people out there who are making money and when times are good I honestly believe people have a moral obligation to use their wealth to help others."


title: Jimi Heselden

text: Also in 2008, Heselden contributed £10 million to setting up the Leeds Community Foundation; he would later donate an additional £13 million.


title: Jimi Heselden

text: On the morning of 26 September 2010, Heselden was killed when he fell from a cliff footpath into the River Wharfe, at the village of Thorp Arch near Boston Spa. Along the path, "a rugged country version" of Segway was found.


title: Jimi Heselden

text: The West Yorkshire Coroner concluded that Heselden had died of "multiple blunt force injuries of the chest and spine consistent with a fall whilst riding a gyrobike".


title: Georg Ohm

text: Georg Simon Ohm (, ; 16 March 1789 – 6 July 1854) was a German physicist and mathematician. As a school teacher, Ohm began his research with the new electrochemical cell, invented by Italian scientist Alessandro Volta. Using equipment of his own creation, Ohm found that there is a direct proportionality between the potential difference (voltage) applied across a conductor and the resultant electric current. This relation is called Ohm's law, and the ohm, the unit of electrical resistance, is named after him.


title: Georg Ohm

text: Georg Simon Ohm was born into a Protestant family in Erlangen, Brandenburg-Bayreuth (then part of the Holy Roman Empire), son to locksmith Johann Wolfgang Ohm, and Maria Elizabeth Beck, daughter of a tailor in Erlangen. Although his parents had not been formally educated, Ohm's father was a respected man who had educated himself to a high level and was able to give his sons an excellent education through his own teachings. Of the seven children of the family only three survived to adulthood: Georg Simon, his younger brother Martin, who later became a well-known mathematician, and his sister Elizabeth Barbara. His mother died when he was ten.


title: Georg Ohm

text: From early childhood, Georg and Martin were taught by their father who brought them to a high standard in mathematics, physics, chemistry and philosophy. Georg Simon attended Erlangen Gymnasium from age eleven to fifteen where he received little in the area of scientific training, which sharply contrasted with the inspired instruction that both Georg and Martin received from their father. This characteristic made the Ohms bear a resemblance to the Bernoulli family, as noted by Karl Christian von Langsdorf, a professor at the University of Erlangen.


title: Georg Ohm

text: Georg Ohm's father, concerned that his son was wasting his educational opportunity, sent Ohm to Switzerland. There in September 1806 Ohm accepted a position as a mathematics teacher in a school in Gottstadt bei Nidau.


title: Georg Ohm

text: Karl Christian von Langsdorf left the University of Erlangen in early 1809 to take up a post in the University of Heidelberg. Ohm wanted to restart his mathematical studies with Langsdorf in Heidelberg. Langsdorf, however, advised Ohm to pursue mathematical studies on his own, and suggested that Ohm read works of Euler, Laplace and Lacroix. Rather reluctantly Ohm took his advice but he left his teaching post in Gottstatt Monastery in March 1809 to become a private tutor in Neuchâtel. For two years he carried out his duties as a tutor while he followed Langsdorf's advice and continued his private study of mathematics. Then in April 1811 he returned to the University of Erlangen.


title: Georg Ohm

text: Ohm's own studies prepared him for his doctorate which he received from the University of Erlangen on October 25, 1811. He immediately joined the faculty there as a lecturer in mathematics but left after three semesters because of unpromising prospects. He could not survive on his salary as a lecturer. The Bavarian government offered him a post as a teacher of mathematics and physics at a poor quality school in Bamberg which Ohm accepted in January 1813. Unhappy with his job, Georg began writing an elementary textbook on geometry as a way to prove his abilities. That school was closed in February 1816. The Bavarian government then sent Ohm to an overcrowded school in Bamberg to help out with the teaching of mathematics.


title: Georg Ohm

text: After his assignment in Bamberg, Ohm sent his completed manuscript to King Wilhelm III of Prussia. The King was satisfied with Ohm's book, and offered Ohm a position at the Jesuit Gymnasium of Cologne on 11 September 1817. This school had a reputation for good science education and Ohm was required to teach physics in addition to mathematics. The physics laboratory was well equipped, allowing Ohm to begin experiments in physics. As the son of a locksmith, Ohm had some practical experience with mechanical devices.


title: Georg Ohm

text: Ohm published ("The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically") in 1827. Ohm's college did not appreciate his work and Ohm resigned from his position. He then made an application to, and was employed by, the Polytechnic School of Nuremberg. Ohm arrived at the Polytechnic School of Nuremberg in 1833, and in 1852 he became a professor of experimental physics at the University of Munich.


title: Georg Ohm

text: In 1849, Ohm published ("Molecular Physics"). In the preface of this work he stated he hoped to write a second and third volume "and if God gives me length of days for it, a fourth". However, on finding that an original discovery recorded in it was being anticipated by a Swedish scientist he did not publish it, stating: "The episode has given a fresh and deep sense for my mind to the saying 'Man proposes, and God disposes'. The project that gave the first impetus to my inquiry has been dissipated into mist, and a new one, undesigned by me, has been accomplished in its place."


title: Georg Ohm

text: Ohm died in Munich in 1854, and is buried in the Alter Südfriedhof. A collection of his family letters would be compiled in a German book, which shows that he used to sign some of his letters with the expression ""Gott befohlen, G S Ohm,"" meaning "Commended to God".


title: Georg Ohm

text: Ohm's law first appeared in the famous book ("The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically") (1827) in which he gave his complete theory of electricity. In this work, he stated his law for electromotive force acting between the extremities of any part of a circuit is the product of the strength of the current, and the resistance of that part of the circuit.


title: Georg Ohm

text: The book begins with the mathematical background necessary for an understanding of the rest of the work. While his work greatly influenced the theory and applications of current electricity, it was coldly received at that time. Ohm presents his theory as one of contiguous action, a theory which opposed the concept of action at a distance. Ohm believed that the communication of electricity occurred between "contiguous particles" which is the term he himself used. The paper is concerned with this idea, and in particular with illustrating the differences in this scientific approach of Ohm's and the approaches of Joseph Fourier and Claude-Louis Navier.


title: Georg Ohm

text: A study of the conceptual framework used by Ohm in producing Ohm's law has been presented by Thomas Archibald. The work of Ohm marked the early beginning of the subject of circuit theory, although this did not become an important field until the end of the century.


title: Georg Ohm

text: Ohm's acoustic law, sometimes called the acoustic phase law or simply Ohm's law, states that a musical sound is perceived by the ear as a set of a number of constituent pure harmonic tones. It is well known to be not quite true.


title: Georg Ohm

text: His first paper in 1825 examined the decrease in the electromagnetic force produced by a wire as the length of the wire increased. In 1826, he gave a description of conduction in circuits modelled on Fourier's study of heat conduction. This paper continued Ohm's deduction of results from experimental evidence and, particularly in the second, he was able to propose laws which went a long way to explaining results of others working on galvanic electricity. The most important was his pamphlet published in Berlin in 1827, with the title "Die galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet". This work, the germ of which had appeared during the two preceding years in the journals of Schweigger and Poggendorff, has exerted an important influence on the development of the theory and applications of electric current. Ohm's name has been incorporated in the terminology of electrical science in Ohm's Law (which he first published in "Die galvanische Kette"...), the proportionality of current and voltage in a resistor, and adopted as the SI unit of resistance, the ohm (symbol Ω).


title: Georg Ohm

text: Although Ohm's work strongly influenced theory, at first it was received with little enthusiasm. However, his work was eventually recognized by the Royal Society with its award of the Copley Medal in 1841. He became a foreign member of the Royal Society in 1842, and in 1845 he became a full member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities. At some extent, Charles Wheatstone drew attention to the definitions which Ohm had introduced in the field of physics.


title: Pat Sheehan (model)

text: Patricia Ann Sheehan (September 7, 1931 – January 14, 2006), also known as Patricia Sheehan Crosby, was an American actress and model. She was "Playboy" magazine's Playmate of the Month for October 1958 and a contract player for NBC.


title: Pat Sheehan (model)

text: She was the daughter of Arthur E Sheehan Sr and Gladys A Larson. Her siblings were Arthur and Edward Sheehan. In October 1949, she won the local Miss Milkmaid pageant, which launched her career. Sheehan was Miss San Francisco of 1950, having performed a monologue. Her prize was a Gensler Lee diamond ring. She took honors for Miss San Francisco and flew to Santa Cruz, California to take part in the 1951 Miss California Pageant where she placed 6th. Sheehan dated and married George von Duuglas-Ittu on January 9, 1951, in Carson City, Nevada. Her first son Franz Nicholas Gregory von Duuglas-ittu was born October 21, 1951 They divorced on January 6, 1954.


title: Pat Sheehan (model)

text: Pat Sheehan began appearing on "Queen for a Day" and the "Colgate Comedy Hour" in the early 1950s, as well as modeling for various magazines. She was discovered by Howard Hughes who signed her for his films "The French Line" and "Son of Sinbad". She posed for magazines such as "TV Fan", "People Today", and "TV Guide".


title: Pat Sheehan (model)

text: She was in movies such as "Kismet", "Man with the Gun", "Daddy Long Legs", and "The Adventures of Hajji Baba".


title: Pat Sheehan (model)

text: She was signed to NBC in January 1956, starring in "The NBC Comedy Hour", with appearances on "The Milton Berle Show", "Texaco Star Theater", and "The Chevy Show". Agnes Moorehead was her acting coach during this period, while Meredith Willson was her vocal coach. Her co-star, Jonathan Winters said of her, "Pat Sheehan? Lovely, yes lovely." She appeared in an episode of "Blondie" and had a dramatic role in an episode of "Matinee Theater".


title: Pat Sheehan (model)

text: She was "Playboy" magazine's Playmate of the Month for October 1958, tied with Mara Corday. Her centerfold was photographed by Sam Wu. Her centerfold was in "Space Cowboys". "Gigi" was her last movie, in 1958.


title: Pat Sheehan (model)

text: She dated Frank Sinatra, Phillip Lambro, and Rod Taylor. Shortly after Bing Crosby's first wife, Dixie Lee, died of ovarian cancer, he started dating Sheehan. Eventually, Crosby proposed to her. On May 4, 1958, she married Crosby's son, Dennis Crosby in Las Vegas, Nevada at The Tropicana Hotel where she was a showgirl. They had two children: Dennis Jr. and Patrick Anthony, and Franz Nicholas Gregory who Dennis adopted from the previous marriage in December 1958, rechristened Gregory Crosby. They divorced on July 3, 1964.


title: Pat Sheehan (model)

text: In her later years, Sheehan lived in Beverly Hills, California with her friend Gloria Haley Parnassus (Jack Haley's daughter). She was employed with Gucci, and did her last interview in 1995 for "The Playmate Book: Five Decades of Centerfolds". After surviving cancer, she died of a heart attack on January 14, 2006, in Beverly Hills, California, aged 74 and was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park. Her sons, Dennis and Patrick, died years later.


title: Pat Sheehan (model)

text: In addition to being the first Playmate to tie for "Playboy's" Playmate of the Month, Pat Sheehan was the first bit player to be signed to a television contract. She was known as one of Hollywood's most beautiful women, often being labeled as "Television's Marilyn Monroe" and "The Blonde Rita Hayworth." Mike Connolly described her as “The Rich Man's Jayne Mansfield” while they performed alongside each other in "The Tropicana Holiday". Kathryn Crosby described her as "the warmest, friendliest girl I've ever known." On April 26, 2019, she was posthumously inducted into the Galileo Academy of Science and Technology Hall of Merit. Her authorized biography, "Pat: A Biography of Hollywood's Blonde Starlet" by Samuel Clemens was published by Sequoia Press on May 22, 2020. A lot of her photographs, memorabilia, and footage are archived at the San Francisco History Center, the San Francisco Public Library, the Bancroft Library, and the Los Angeles Public Library.


title: CrazySexyCool

text: CrazySexyCool is the second studio album by American girl group TLC, released on November 15, 1994, by LaFace and Arista Records. Following the group's record deal, they released their debut album "Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip" in 1992 to positive reviews and commercial success. The following year the group began working on a follow-up with an unproductive recording process due to personal struggles, notably those of member Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes who was involved in a volatile romantic relationship and struggling with alcoholism. The album's recording lasted until September 1994, with Lopes' role diminished because she was in rehab.


title: CrazySexyCool

text: The album saw the group reunite with producers Dallas Austin, Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds and Jermaine Dupri as well as new collaborators Organized Noize and Chucky Thompson, and also featured contributions from Sean "Puffy" Combs who helped with the notable hip hop soul sound. "CrazySexyCool" featured hip hop beats, funk, deep grooves, propulsive rhythms and smooth production. The album's lyrical content was seen as a departure from the group's debut and was seen as a coming-of-age project which explored themes such as sexuality, romanticism, inexperience, and youthful optimism.


title: CrazySexyCool

text: "CrazySexyCool" was met with critical acclaim and commercial success, peaking at number three on the "Billboard" 200, where it spent over two years. It has been certified 12-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), making TLC the first girl group in history to be awarded diamond status. "CrazySexyCool" has since sold over 15 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling album by an American girl group. The album has since been featured on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, included in the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die" and was listed as a "New Classic" by "Entertainment Weekly" in 2008. The album was also ranked as the seventh best diamond-certified album of all time by "Billboard".


title: CrazySexyCool

text: On February 28, 1991, Tionne Watkins and Lisa Lopes signed production, management, and publishing deals with Pebbitone, with Perri Reid becoming their general manager. The two-member TLC-Skee made its first recorded appearance on a track for LaFace act Damian Dame's self-titled 1991 LP. Pebbles found the third member in Rozonda Thomas, one of Damian Dame's part-time backup dancers.


title: CrazySexyCool

text: Thomas was signed to the act in April 1991, at about which time the group's name was shortened to TLC. To maintain TLC's name as an acronym for the girls' names, Watkins became "T-Boz", Lopes became "Left-Eye", and Thomas became "Chilli." The girls were then signed to LaFace in May through the production deal with Pebbitone; their records would be distributed by Arista Records/BMG. TLC was immediately set up to go into the studio with Reid and Edmonds, Dallas Austin, Jermaine Dupri, and Marley Marl producing their first album, "Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip". The new trio debuted as backing vocalists on "Rebel (With a Cause)", a track on Jermaine Jackson's sole album for LaFace, "You Said" (1991).


title: CrazySexyCool

text: Production on "Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip" wrapped up in December 1991. The album reached number 14 on the US "Billboard" 200 and number three on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. According to Nielsen SoundScan, it has sold 2.5 million copies in the US. It was eventually certified four-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipping four million copies in the US.


title: CrazySexyCool

text: Lopes was often vocal about her personal life and difficult past. She readily admitted that she had come from an abusive, alcoholic background and struggled with alcohol problems herself. These problems became headline news in 1994, when she set fire to Andre Rison's tennis shoes in a bathtub, which ultimately spread to the mansion they shared, destroying it. Lopes claimed that Rison had beaten her after a night out, and she set fire to his shoes to get back at him. However, she said burning down the house was an accident. Lopes later revealed that she did not have a lot of freedom within the relationship and was abused mentally and physically, having released all her frustrations on the night of the fire.


title: CrazySexyCool

text: Lopes, who was sentenced to five years probation and therapy at a halfway house, was never able to shake the incident from her reputation. Her relationship with Rison continued to make headlines, with rumors of an imminent wedding, later debunked by "People" magazine.


title: CrazySexyCool

text: The album's recording began in late 1993 and continued through till September 1994. The album was recorded at numerous studios, including Doppler Studios, Bosstown Recording Studios, KrossWire Studio and GADaddy's; D.A.R.P. Studios in Atlanta, Georgia; the Music Grinder Studios in Los Angeles, California; and The Hit Factory in New York City.


title: CrazySexyCool

text: During the album's recording, Lopes was forced to have less of an input; during the recording sessions, she had pled guilty to her arson charge and was sent to a rehab facility as punishment. The rehab facility only released her for a couple of recording sessions, during which time she cut just a handful of album-worthy rap verses.


title: CrazySexyCool

text: For the album's production and writing, the group worked with producers including Babyface, Dallas Austin, Jermaine Dupri and more. Thomas stated that they had used these producers because they always worked with them stating that they worked with Dallas, Babyface, and Dupri on the first album "the only thing we had new was Organized Noize." Phife Dawg from A Tribe Called Quest did the interludes. However, during the album's recording, the band members were not always in the studio together; sometimes they went in one by one due to scheduling conflicts.


title: CrazySexyCool

text: "Waterfalls" was written by Lopes with Marqueze Etheridge and Organized Noize, who also produced the song. Watkins and Thomas perform the song with Lopes, who also provides a rap. The background vocals are performed by the members of TLC, as well as Debra Killings and Cee-Lo Green. Speaking of Green's involvement, Watkins said, "He was in Goodie Mob, we grew up together, we go way back. He did and it was amazing! I love his voice."


title: CrazySexyCool

text: The lyrics of the song reference 1990s issues such as violence associated with illegal drug trade and the HIV/AIDS epidemic. At the end of the second verse, Watkins sings, "His health is fading and he doesn't know why / Three letters took him to his final resting place." She said that it was important for the group to "get the message across without seeming like preaching."


title: CrazySexyCool

text: "CrazySexyCool" was noted as a departure from the group's debut, and was seen as move away from the group's predominantly rap connections. The songs on the album contained sensual R&B sounds built over edgy hip-hop beats; containing propulsive rhythms along with clap-commanding high production, bouncy funk elements and smooth rhythms.


title: CrazySexyCool

text: The album's lyrical content was also seen as a departure from "Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip". A reviewer from "Entertainment Weekly" stated that compared to the lyrical content of their debut, which was seen as "kiddie-cute hip-hop", "CrazySexyCool" is filled with adult-female sexuality, and "hide- and-seek coyness." It was seen as a coming-of-age sophomore album, according to Sheldon Pearce from Consequence of Sound, who stated the album had themes of "guileless and horny twenty something" lyrics that harmlessly explored sexuality and romanticism with the "naïveté that comes from inexperience and youthful optimism." The album lyrics also touch upon themes of relationships from both the impassioned and erotic sides.


title: CrazySexyCool

text: To promote "CrazySexyCool", TLC—along with Boyz II Men, Montell Jordan, and Mary J. Blige—performed in the annual Budweiser Superfest Tour in early 1995, consisting of 23 dates in North America. The Atlanta, Chicago and Indianapolis shows featured an expanded roster of performers, including Blackstreet and Monica.


title: CrazySexyCool

text: All four singles from the album reached the top five of the "Billboard" Hot 100, two of them reaching number one.


title: CrazySexyCool

text: Lead single, "Creep", topped the "Billboard" Hot 100 for four weeks, and was one of the biggest singles of 1995, coming in at number three in "Billboard" Year-End Hot 100 Singles of 1995. It also reached number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.


title: CrazySexyCool

text: The second single, "Red Light Special", peaked at number two on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and number three on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.


title: CrazySexyCool

text: The third single, "Waterfalls", became TLC's most successful song, spending seven weeks at number one. It was also the second-biggest single of 1995 according to "Billboard", earning TLC two songs in the top three of the 1995 "Billboard" year-end chart. Internationally, the song reached the top five in several countries.


title: CrazySexyCool

text: "Diggin' on You" was released as the album's fourth and final single, and reached number five on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It also reached number seven on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.


title: CrazySexyCool

text: "CrazySexyCool" was met with critical acclaim. In his review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine described the album as a "smooth, seductive collection of contemporary soul reminiscent of both Philly soul and Prince", adding that the material was "consistently strong". Erlewine continued to write that the album is "powered" by new jack swing and hip-hop beats with influences of mid-tempo funk, deep grooves, horns and guitar lines. He also referred to "Waterfalls" as "one of the classic R&B songs of the '90s".


title: CrazySexyCool

text: In "Rolling Stone"s review for "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time", the article stated that TLC "emerged with the most effervescent and soulful girl-group R&B anyone had seen since the Supremes."


title: CrazySexyCool

text: In 2010, "Rolling Stone" listed the album at number 43 on their "100 Greatest Albums of the 90s". They stated: "Left Eye, Chilli and T-Boz looked like a one-shot when they first emerged from the nascent Atlanta with 1992's "Ain't 2 Proud 2 Beg". But "CrazySexyCool" was a real shocker, packed bumper to bumper with great songs, sassy vocals and voluptuous beats for burning down the house. 'Creep' celebrates the kicks of illicit lust on the down low, 'Waterfalls' digs deep into Memphis soul and 'If I Was Your Girlfriend' does Prince better than The Artist has all decade. The showstopper: 'Red Light Special', an impossibly steamy make-out ballad that undresses and caresses everyone with ears to hear it. "CrazySexyCool" established TLC as pop pros who could do it all, combining the body slam of hip-hop and the giddy uplift of a jump-rope rhyme without breaking a nail."


title: CrazySexyCool

text: In a 2015 article for "Consequence of Sound", music critics Michael Madden and Sheldon Pearce write about how the album has impacted artists well into today's era whose R&B sound has been heavily influenced by strong hip-hop elements. "There should probably be more talk of TLC's role in forging the current R&B landscape, which is heavily, if not entirely, influenced by hip-hop culture now. The two genres have seemingly been grafted onto one another, and there's something of a codependent relationship between the two. To that effect, there's something to be said for that dynamic existing here, too, how the album's sequencing contributes to the music's effectiveness and how it still translates to the modern day."


title: CrazySexyCool

text: "CrazySexyCool" debuted at number 15 on the US "Billboard" 200, selling 77,500 copies in its first week. On the issue dated July 29, 1995, the album peaked at number three with 117,000 units sold. The album was certified 12-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on October 11, 2019, and as of July 2017, it had sold 7.7 million copies in the United States, becoming the best-selling album by a female group in the country; it had sold an additional 1.27 million copies through the BMG Music Club as of February 2003. Internationally, it reached number one in New Zealand, as well as the top five in Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. As of July 2006, "CrazySexyCool" had sold over 15 million copies worldwide.


title: CrazySexyCool

text: "CrazySexyCool" was nominated for six Grammy Awards at the 1996 Grammy Awards. "Waterfalls" was nominated for the Record of the Year. Two of the album's nominations were for its songwriters: Dallas Austin for "Creep", and Babyface for "Red Light Special". TLC ended up winning two awards, Best R&B Album and Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for "Creep".


title: CrazySexyCool

text: TLC also received multiple wins and nominations at the Billboard Music Awards, American Music Awards and Soul Train Music Awards, including Artist of the Year at the 1995 Billboard Music Awards. At the 1995 MTV Video Music Awards, TLC won four awards for the video to "Waterfalls", including Video of the Year and the Viewer's Choice Award.


title: CrazySexyCool

text: Celebration of CrazySexyCool (stylized as CeleBraTion of CrazySexyCool) is a concert tour of American group TLC. This tour, serving as a celebration of the first album by a girl group to reach Diamond status, comes 27 years after the album release. Consisting of 18 dates across the United States, this tour celebrates what Chilli describes as "the album that really put [TLC] on the map", as the group perform selected songs from the 1994 album, as well as other hits.


title: CrazySexyCool

text: This set list is from the September 14, 2021 concert in Sterling Heights. It is not intended to represent all concerts for the tour.


title: VietJet Air

text: VietJet Aviation Joint Stock Company (), trading as VietJet Air (or simply Vietjet), is an international low-cost airline from Vietnam. It was the first privately owned new-age airline to be established in Vietnam, being granted its initial approval to operate by the Vietnamese Minister of Finance in November 2007. As of its launch in December 2011, it became the second private airline to offer domestic service in Vietnam, as well as the fifth airline overall to offer civil domestic flights. VietJet Air is owned by Sovico Holdings, HDBank, other organisational investors, and individual stakeholders.


title: VietJet Air

text: The carrier's launch was beset by long delays attributed to various causes, such as a global economic slowdown and regulatory issues. Despite the setbacks, VietJet Air's first flight was operated on 25 December 2011, flying from Ho Chi Minh City to Hanoi. The carrier carried its 10 millionth passenger in December 2014, and the 25 millionth passenger in December 2015.


title: VietJet Air

text: The airline has its head office in the Vạn Phúc Diplomatic Corps in Ba Đình, Hanoi It was the first privately owned airline to be established in Vietnam, and as of its launch in December 2011, it became the second private airline (after Air Mekong) to offer domestic service in Vietnam, as well as the fifth airline overall not counting Indochina Airlines, which ceased operations in November 2009 to offer civil domestic flights, after Vietnam Airlines, Pacific Airlines, Air Mekong and the Vietnam Air Service Company (VASCO). In its initial plan, the Hanoi-based airline stated its intention to offer flights to Ho Chi Minh City and Da Nang, gradually expanding its network to include other Asian destinations, such as Hong Kong, Bangkok, Singapore, and cities in southern China. The airline's president and CEO is Nguyen Thi Phuong Thao from December 2011.


title: VietJet Air

text: Initially, VietJet had shown the intention to commence flights in late 2008 or early 2009. Throughout the next few years, the expected launch date was repeatedly pushed back, first to late 2009, then mid-2010. Airline officials gave different reasons for the delays, including increased fuel prices and other financial problems, as well as unresolved branding conflicts with the Civil Aviation Administration of Vietnam (CAAV).


title: VietJet Air

text: Although Malaysian budget carrier AirAsia announced in February 2010 that it planned to purchase a 30% stake in the airline through a joint venture agreement, the carrier rescinded its plans in October 2011, citing "a failure to obtain Vietnamese regulatory approvals".


title: VietJet Air

text: By February 2011, VietJet was said to be "completing final stages" prior to launch before its operation license expired in June. The airline's maiden flight was eventually launched on 25 December 2011, flying from Ho Chi Minh City to Hanoi.


title: VietJet Air

text: The Vietnam aviation authority fined VietJet Air US$960 in 2012 for organizing five women of candidates in a local beauty contest to perform a Hawaiian themed-dance without first gaining permission to celebrate its maiden flight to the tourist hub of Nha Trang.


title: VietJet Air

text: On 9 February 2013, the airline launched its first international flight between Ho Chi Minh City and Bangkok, becoming the first Vietnamese private airline to enter the international market.


title: VietJet Air

text: In February 2014, at the opening of that year's Singapore Air Show, the airline firmed up orders with Airbus for 60 A320 aircraft at a list price of $6.4 billion. Previously, the airline had signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Airbus for 92 planes in the A320 family.


title: VietJet Air

text: In June 2015, at the Paris Air Show, Vietjet ordered six additional Airbus A321 single-aisle jets worth $682 million at list prices from Airbus to meet demand on some of its busiest routes; Vietjet purchased a further 30 later that year at the Dubai Airshow, which included 21 A321neos along with 9 A321ceos. In May 2016 during a state visit of US President Barack Obama, an order for 200 Boeing 737 MAX aeroplanes was signed, with deliveries to start in 2019. In September 2016, CEO Nguyen Thi Phuong Thao announced an order for 20 A321 single-aisle aircraft from Airbus. The signing took place during a state visit of French President Francois Hollande. During the 2018 Farnborough Airshow, Thai Vietjet, Vietjet's Thai subsidiary, ordered 100 Boeing 737 MAXs (80 MAX 10s and 20 MAX 8s) and 50 A321neos.


title: VietJet Air

text: Vietjet completed its initial public offering (IPO) on the Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange (HOSE) on 28 February 2017 at an initial price of (US$ ) per share. The share price immediately rose by 20%, the maximum allowed for newly listed companies. The airline raised $167 million from the listing, making it the biggest IPO on the Vietnamese stock market to date and accounting for 1.5% of HOSE's capitalization at the time.


title: VietJet Air

text: According to pre-audited financial statements for 2019, Vietjet's air transport revenue reached VND41,097 billion. Profit before tax of air transport rose to VND3,936 billion, an increase of 21.4% in revenue and 29.3% in profit before tax year-on-year. Accumulated revenue was VND52,059 billion and consolidated profit was VND5,010 billion. Vietjet's total assets increased to VND47,608 billion, and equity rising to VND17,661 billion, an increase of 26% year-on-year.


title: Heroes of Might and Magic III

text: Heroes of Might and Magic III: The Restoration of Erathia (commonly referred to as "Heroes of Might & Magic 3", or "Heroes 3", or abbreviated HoMM 3) is a turn-based strategy game developed by Jon Van Caneghem through New World Computing originally released for Microsoft Windows by The 3DO Company in 1999. Its ports to several computer and console systems followed in 1999–2000. It is the third installment of the "Heroes of Might and Magic" series.


title: Heroes of Might and Magic III

text: The game's story is first referenced throughout "" and serves as a prequel to "". The player can choose to play through seven different campaigns telling the story, or play in a scenario against computer or human opponents.


title: Heroes of Might and Magic III

text: "Heroes III" was released to universal acclaim and was praised by critics. The game received the expansion packs "" and "". "Heroes Chronicles", a series of short introductory games based on the "Heroes III" engine, was also released. A special version of "Heroes III" titled "Heroes III Complete", which included the original game and both expansion packs, was released in 2000.


title: Heroes of Might and Magic III

text: On December 10, 2014, Ubisoft announced an HD version of the game. The new version features updated graphics as well as widescreen compatibility and was released on January 29, 2015, for Microsoft Windows, iOS and Android. The expansions have not been re-released because their source code was lost. However, in 2017, source code for the full version of the game was found, when one of the contractors responsible for porting the game to Mac found the source, tools and assets on a hard drive, and uploaded it to Ubisoft.


title: Heroes of Might and Magic III

text: The gameplay is very similar to its predecessors in that the player controls a number of heroes that command an army of creatures inspired by myth and legend. The gameplay is divided into two parts, tactical overland exploration and a turn-based combat system. The player creates an army by spending resources at one of the eight town types in the game. The hero progresses in experience by engaging in combat with enemy heroes and monsters. The conditions for victory vary depending on the map, including conquest of all enemies and towns, collection of a certain amount of a resource, or finding the grail artifact. If a player loses all of their towns they will have seven game days to capture a new town. If they fail to do so they lose and the game ends. If a player loses all their heroes and towns, they will lose the game.


title: Heroes of Might and Magic III

text: There are two "layers" to the world map: the aboveground and the underground. There are typically subterranean gateways that lead to and from the underground. Maps are filled with a huge variety of buildings, treasures, monsters, mines and so forth that reward extensive exploration. At the very least, a player must locate mines and flag them (whereupon they provide constant resources), since these resources are required to develop towns. The player must also develop their heroes' primary and secondary skills, both by battling creatures (and enemy heroes) and by acquiring artifacts or visiting special locations. Heroes are given a choice of skills to upgrade upon leveling up, as well as becoming better at combat or using magic. The skills must be chosen carefully, since they are permanent and only a limited number of skills can be learned.


title: Heroes of Might and Magic III

text: The player's towns serve many functions, but most importantly they allow recruitment of creatures to form armies. Towns also provide funds, new spells and a fortified location to make a last stand against an invading enemy hero. To build new structures within a town requires gold and usually one or more type of resource. Wood and ore are needed for most structures, but more expensive buildings also require rarer resources (mercury, crystal, gems or sulfur). All factions require a disproportionate quantity of just one of these special resources, making the acquisition of a corresponding mine essential to victory. This same resource is also needed when hiring the most powerful creatures available to that faction. Each faction also has a handful of unique structures available only to them.


title: Heroes of Might and Magic III

text: If a player finds the Grail artifact, they can deliver it to a town to make that town the Grail's permanent home by creating a special structure. The Grail bestows greatly increased creature growth and weekly income, in addition to a bonus unique to the town.


title: Heroes of Might and Magic III

text: The eight different castles available in "Heroes III" are classified as good, evil, and neutral. Each town has seven basic creatures, each of which can be upgraded to a more powerful variant. Each town also features two associated hero types: one that leans more toward might (combat), and one that leans more toward magic.


title: Heroes of Might and Magic III

text: The game's story unfolds primarily through a series of seven playable campaigns, all set upon the continent of Antagarich. During the campaigns, the story is told from alternating points of view, giving players the opportunity to play as each of the town alignments.


title: Heroes of Might and Magic III

text: Following the disappearance of King Roland Ironfist of Enroth prior to "", his wife, Queen Catherine, is left to rule the realm. In the meantime, her father, King Gryphonheart of Erathia, is assassinated. Without their beloved King, the kingdom of Erathia falls to the dark forces of Nighon and Eeofol. Queen Catherine returns home to Antagarich seeking to rally the people of her homeland and lead them against the evil that has ravaged their nation.


title: Heroes of Might and Magic III

text: Erathia's capital of Steadwick is sacked by the dungeon lords of Nighon and the Kreegans of Eeofol. Meanwhile, the nations of Tatalia and Krewlod skirmish at the western border, seizing the chance to expand their territory. Catherine's first task is to establish a foothold in the conquered kingdom by enlisting the aid of allies. The wizards of Bracada and the elves of AvLee answer her call, and together they push towards Steadwick and eventually retake it, quickly quelling the border war in the west. Soon after, Lucifer Kreegan, a commander in the Eeofol armies, sends an envoy to Erathia claiming that Roland Ironfist is captive within their territories. AvLee invades Eeofol, but fails to rescue Roland, who is transported to . Afterwards, Catherine invades Nighon, pushing the dungeon armies back to their island home.


title: Heroes of Might and Magic III

text: In the meantime, the necromancers of Deyja, having been responsible for the assassination of King Gryphonheart, plot to revive his corpse as a lich. They plan to use his wisdom in leading their own armies of the undead. However, King Gryphonheart's will proves too much for the necromancers even in his corrupted state, and he becomes a rogue lich. Having little other recourse, Queen Catherine is forced to ally herself with the necromancers and together they set out to destroy the lich of King Gryphonheart before he becomes too powerful.


title: Heroes of Might and Magic III

text: A final bonus campaign, accessible only after the main campaigns are complete, tells the story of separatists living in the Contested Lands, a war-torn border between Erathia and AvLee. Tired of the skirmishes that bring unrest to their homelands, they join to fight for independence from the two large kingdoms. It is later implied that this rising was orchestrated by Archibald Ironfist, the antagonist of "Heroes of Might and Magic II".


title: Heroes of Might and Magic III

text: The game was originally released for PC Windows on March 3, 1999. An Apple Macintosh port was released by 3DO, and a Linux port was released by Loki Software, both in late December that year. In 2000, a Game Boy Color port entitled "Heroes of Might and Magic 2" was released. A straight Dreamcast port retaining the original title was also developed and completed, but it wasn't released due to technical issues that prevented the console running the game adequately.


title: Heroes of Might and Magic III

text: Two official expansion packs were released for "Heroes III". The first of these expansions, "", introduced a ninth town alignment, the Conflux; a random scenario generator, a variety of new creatures, heroes, and structures; and six new playable campaigns.


title: Heroes of Might and Magic III

text: The second expansion, "", was a stand-alone expansion that included "Restoration of Erathia" and added seven new playable campaigns and a variety of new artifacts, including Combination Artifacts. Combination Artifacts were extremely powerful items assembled by collecting a specific set of lesser artifacts.


title: Heroes of Might and Magic III

text: In 2000, a bundle containing "Heroes III" and both expansion packs was released as "Heroes of Might and Magic III: Complete". More than just bundling the original game discs, however, this release reworked the game's installation process as well as its in-game menus to reflect a unified product.


title: Heroes of Might and Magic III

text: On January 29, 2015, about 15 years after the original release of "Heroes of Might & Magic III", Ubisoft released a new high-definition version of the game compatible with PCs as well as Android and iOS tablets. The expansion packs were not included because the source code for those releases was lost.


title: Heroes of Might and Magic III

text: A fan-made expansion, "In the Wake of Gods" (also titled "Heroes 3.5"), was released in 2001. It adds new creatures, including eighth level creatures and "God's representatives", which give bonus to heroes' primary skills. Heroes can also destroy and rebuild towns.


title: Heroes of Might and Magic III

text: "Horn of the Abyss", a second fan-made expansion, was announced in 2008 and released on December 31, 2011. It adds a new town type, a large number of new items to put on maps, new playable campaigns, a graphical random map generator template editor, among other features.


title: Heroes of Might and Magic III

text: The original game received favorable reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings.


title: Heroes of Might and Magic III

text: "Computer Gaming World"s Robert Coffey said that the game "expands upon the insanely addictive play of the previous edition, retaining the core gameplay while enhancing almost every facet of the game." He continued to say that the game is "mind-boggling in its depth", but criticized its uneven campaign pacing and "sluggish" connection speeds during online play. He concluded: "Ultimately, the rewards of "Heroes of Might and Magic III" far outweigh its few drawbacks. ... [This] is a game that strategy fans should absolutely be playing." "Next Generation" said, "While realtime strategy withers on the vine, with many recent releases lackluster at best, "HoMM" reminds us that turn-based play is alive and well. In fact, it's hard to remember why people said turn-based was dead in the first place."


title: Heroes of Might and Magic III

text: The game entered PC Data's weekly computer game sales charts at #3 for the February 28-March 6 period. It held the position for another two weeks, before exiting the weekly top 10 in its fourth week. It was the U.S.' second-best-selling computer game of March 1999. PC Data, which tracked sales in the U.S., reported that the game had sold 185,553 units in September 2000. The combined global sales of the "Heroes" series had reached 1.5 million units by December 1999.


title: Heroes of Might and Magic III

text: The game was a finalist for "Computer Games Strategy Plus" 1999 "Strategy Game of the Year" prize, although it lost to "RollerCoaster Tycoon". The staff wrote that the game "keeps this series running on all cylinders. There's nothing radically different here, but what would you change?" It was also a finalist for the "PC Strategy Game of the Year" award at the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences' 3rd Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, which went to "". The game was a runner-up for "Best Music" at "GameSpot"s Best & Worst of 1999 Awards, which went to "Homeworld".


title: Heroes of Might and Magic III

text: The PC and iOS versions of the "HD Edition" received "mixed or average reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.


title: Heroes of Might and Magic III

text: In 2022, Archon Games announced that they were creating a board game based on "Heroes of Might and Magic III." The game involves deckbuilding, combat units, and economic management. Each play session will have a different goal, with maps generated by placing tiles in a dynamic way.


title: Heroes of Might and Magic III

text: The Kickstarter campaign received more than million in its first week, and reached 2.6 million pounds in its final week, or 6000% of its £43,000 funding goal.


title: Kurt Schuschnigg

text: Kurt Alois Josef Johann von Schuschnigg (; 14 December 1897 – 18 November 1977) was an Austrian Fatherland Front politician who was the Chancellor of the Federal State of Austria from the 1934 assassination of his predecessor Engelbert Dollfuss until the 1938 "Anschluss" with Nazi Germany. Although Schuschnigg accepted that Austria was a "German state" and that Austrians were Germans, he was strongly opposed to Adolf Hitler's goal to absorb Austria into the Third Reich and wished for it to remain independent.


title: Kurt Schuschnigg

text: When Schuschnigg's efforts to keep Austria independent had failed, he resigned his office. After the Anschluss he was arrested, kept in solitary confinement and eventually interned in various concentration camps. He was liberated in 1945 by the advancing United States Army and spent most of the rest of his life as part of the academia in the United States.


title: Kurt Schuschnigg

text: Schuschnigg was born in Reiff am Gartsee () in the Tyrolean crown land of Austria-Hungary (now in Trentino, Italy), the son of Anna Josefa Amalia (Wopfner) and Austrian General Artur von Schuschnigg, member of a long-established Austrian officers' family of Carinthian Slovene descent. The Slovene spelling of the family name is "Šušnik".


title: Kurt Schuschnigg

text: He received his education at the Stella Matutina Jesuit College in Feldkirch, Vorarlberg. During World War I, he was taken prisoner at the Italian Front and held captive until September 1919. Subsequently, he studied law at the University of Freiburg and the University of Innsbruck, where he became a member of the Catholic fraternity . After graduating in 1922, he practiced as a lawyer in Innsbruck.


title: Kurt Schuschnigg

text: Schuschnigg first joined the right-wing Christian Social Party and in 1927 was elected to the Nationalrat, then the youngest parliamentary deputy. Suspicious of the paramilitary "Heimwehr" organisation, he established the Catholic "Ostmärkische Sturmscharen" forces in 1930.


title: Kurt Schuschnigg

text: On 29 January 1932, the Christian Social chancellor Karl Buresch appointed Schuschnigg Minister of Justice, an office he retained in the cabinet of Buresch's successor Engelbert Dollfuss, and he also served as Minister of Education from 24 May 1933. As justice minister, he openly discussed the abolition of the parliamentary system and restored the death penalty. In March 1933, he and Chancellor Dollfuss took the occasion to dissolve the National Council parliament. After the socialist February Uprising of 1934, he pressed for the execution of several insurgents, earning him the reputation of an "assassin of the workers". He would later call his orders a "faux pas".


title: Kurt Schuschnigg

text: On 1 May 1934, Dollfuss had erected the authoritarian Federal State of Austria. After Dollfuss was assassinated by the Nazi Otto Planetta during the July Putsch, Schuschnigg on 29 July was appointed Austrian chancellor. Like Dollfuss, Schuschnigg ruled mostly by decree. Although his rule was milder than that of Dollfuss, his Austrofascist policies were not much different from the policies of his predecessor. He had to manage the economy of a near-bankrupt state and to maintain law and order in a country which was forbidden, by the terms of the 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain, to maintain an army in excess of 30,000 men. At the same time, had also to cope with armed paramilitary forces in Austria, which owed their allegiance not to the state but to various rival political parties. He also had to be mindful of the growing strength of the Austrian Nazis, who supported Adolf Hitler's ambitions to absorb Austria into Nazi Germany. His overriding political concern was to preserve Austria's independence within the borders imposed on it by the terms of the Treaty of Saint-Germain, which ultimately failed.


title: Kurt Schuschnigg

text: John Gunther wrote in 1936 of Schuschnigg: "It would not be too much to say that he is as much a prisoner of the Italians now [as he was during World War I]—if the Germans don't get him next week." His policy of counterbalancing the German threat by aligning himself with Austria's southern and eastern neighbours—the Kingdom of Italy under the fascist rule of Benito Mussolini and the Kingdom of Hungary—was doomed to failure after Mussolini had sought Hitler's support in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War and left Austria under the increasing pressure of a massively rearmed Third Reich. Schuschnigg adopted a policy of appeasement towards Hitler and called Austria the "better German state", but struggled to keep Austria independent. In July 1936, he signed an Austro-German Agreement, which, among other concessions, allowed the release of imprisoned July Putsch insurgents and the inclusion of the Nazi contact men Edmund Glaise-Horstenau and Guido Schmidt in the Austrian cabinet. The Nazi Party remained banned; however, the Austrian Nazis gained ground and relations between the two countries deteriorated further. In reaction to Hitler's threats to exercise a controlling influence over Austrian politics, Schuschnigg publicly declared in January 1938:


title: Kurt Schuschnigg

text: There is no question of ever accepting Nazi representatives in the Austrian cabinet. An absolute abyss separates Austria from Nazism ... We reject uniformity and centralization. ... Christendom is anchored in our very soil, and we know but one God: and that is not the State, or the Nation, or that elusive thing, Race.Rumours concerning his involvement in the Von Trapp family’s rise to fame have also come to light. It’s rumoured that upon hearing the Von Trapp family sing over the radio, he invited them to perform in Vienna which greatly helped them in their rise to fame.


title: Kurt Schuschnigg

text: On 12 February 1938, Schuschnigg met Hitler in his Berghof residence in an attempt to smooth the worsening relations between their two countries. To Schuschnigg's surprise, Hitler presented him with a set of demands which, in manner and in terms, amounted to an ultimatum, effectively demanding the handing over of power to the Austrian Nazis. The terms of the agreement, presented to Schuschnigg for immediate endorsement, stipulated the appointment of Nazi sympathiser Arthur Seyss-Inquart as minister of security, which controlled the police. Another pro-Nazi, Dr Hans Fischböck, was to be named as minister of finance to prepare for economic union between Germany and Austria. A hundred officers were to be exchanged between the Austrian and the German armies. All imprisoned Nazis were to be amnestied and reinstated. In return, Hitler would publicly reaffirm the treaty of 11 July 1936 and Austria's national sovereignty. "The Fuhrer was abusive and threatening, and Schuschnigg was presented with far-reaching demands ..." According to Schuschnigg's memoirs, he was coerced into signing the "agreement" before leaving Berchtesgaden.


title: Kurt Schuschnigg

text: The president, Wilhelm Miklas, was reluctant to endorse the agreement but eventually did so. Then he, Schuschnigg and a few key Cabinet members considered a number of options:


title: Kurt Schuschnigg

text: On the following day, 14 February, Schuschnigg reorganised his cabinet on a broader basis and included representatives of all former and present political parties. Hitler immediately appointed a new Gauleiter for Austria, a Nazi Austrian army officer who had just been released from prison in accordance with the terms of the general amnesty stipulated by the Berchtesgaden agreement.


title: Kurt Schuschnigg

text: On 20 February, Hitler made a speech before the Reichstag which was broadcast live and which for the first time was relayed also by the Austrian radio network. A key phrase in the speech was: "The German Reich is no longer willing to tolerate the suppression of ten million Germans across its borders."


title: Kurt Schuschnigg

text: In Austria, the speech was met with concern and by demonstrations by both pro and anti-Nazi elements. On the evening of 24 February, the Austrian Federal Diet was called into session. In his speech to the Diet, Schuschnigg referred to the July 1936 agreement with Germany and stated: "Austria will go thus far and no further." He ended his speech with an emotional appeal to Austrian patriotism: "Red-White-Red (the colours of the Austrian flag) until we're dead!" The speech was received with disapproval from the Austrian Nazis and they began mobilising their supporters. The headline in "The Times" of London was "Schuschnigg's Speech – Nazis Disturbed". The phrase "thus far and no further" was found "disturbing" by the German press.


title: Kurt Schuschnigg

text: To resolve the political uncertainty in the country and to convince Hitler and the rest of the world that the people of Austria wished to remain Austrian and independent of the Third Reich, Schuschnigg, with the full agreement of the President and other political leaders, decided to proclaim a plebiscite to be held on 13 March. But the wording of the referendum which had to be responded to with a "Yes" or a "No" turned out to be controversial. It read: "Are you for a free, German, independent and social, Christian and united Austria, for peace and work, for the equality of all those who affirm themselves for the people and Fatherland?"


title: Kurt Schuschnigg

text: There was another issue which drew the ire of the National Socialists. Although members of Schuschnigg's party (the Fatherland Front) could vote at any age, all other Austrians below the age of 24 were to be excluded under a clause to that effect in the Austrian Constitution. This would shut out from the polls most of the Nazi sympathisers in Austria, since the movement was strongest among the young.


title: Kurt Schuschnigg

text: Knowing he was in a bind, Schuschnigg held talks with the leaders of the Social Democrats, and agreed to legalise their party and their trade unions in return for their support of the referendum.


title: Kurt Schuschnigg

text: The German reaction to the announcement was swift. Hitler first insisted the plebiscite be cancelled. When Schuschnigg reluctantly agreed to scrap it, Hitler demanded his resignation, and insisted that Seyss-Inquart be appointed his successor. This demand President Miklas was reluctant to endorse but eventually, under the threat of immediate armed intervention, it was endorsed as well. Schuschnigg resigned on 11 March, and Seyss-Inquart was appointed Chancellor, but it made no difference; German troops flooded into Austria and were received everywhere by enthusiastic and jubilant crowds. On the morning after the invasion, the London "Daily Mail"'s correspondent asked the new Chancellor, Seyss-Inquart, how these stirring events came about, he received the following reply: "The Plebiscite that had been fixed for tomorrow was a breach of the agreement which Dr. Schuschnigg made with Hitler at Berchtesgaden, by which he promised political liberty for National Socialists in Austria."


title: Kurt Schuschnigg

text: After initial house arrest followed by solitary confinement at Gestapo headquarters, he spent the whole of World War II in Sachsenhausen, then Dachau. In late April 1945, Schuschnigg narrowly escaped an execution order by Adolf Hitler, with other prominent concentration camp inmates, by being transferred from Dachau to South Tyrol where SS-Totenkopfverbände guards abandoned the prisoners into the hands of some Wehrmacht officers, who freed them. They were then turned over to American troops on 4 May 1945. From there, Schuschnigg and his family were transported, along with many of the ex-prisoners, to the isle of Capri in Italy before being set free.


title: Kurt Schuschnigg

text: After World War II, Schuschnigg emigrated to the United States, where he was sheltered at the chateau estate Vousier of the Desloge family in St. Louis and then became a professor of political science at Saint Louis University from 1948 to 1967.


title: Kurt Schuschnigg

text: In 1959, he lost his second wife, Vera Fugger von Babenhausen (née Countess Czernin), whom he married by proxy in Vienna on 1 June 1938. His first wife died in a car accident on 13 June 1935. Schuschnigg died at Mutters, near Innsbruck, in 1977.


title: Rener Gracie

text: Rener Gracie (born November 10, 1983) is an American entrepreneur, Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioner, a chief instructor at the Gracie University (formerly Gracie Jiu-Jitsu Academy), and co-creator of the Gracie University online curriculum. A member of the Gracie family, he is the grandson of Grandmaster Hélio Gracie, and the second-eldest son of Grandmaster Rorion Gracie, who was among the first family members to bring Gracie jiu-jitsu to the United States along with Carley Gracie, and Carlson Gracie. Rener is the husband of actress, model and former pro-wrestler Eve Torres.


title: Rener Gracie

text: Rener has spent over twenty-five years at the Gracie Academy studying under Rorion and Helio Gracie. Rener and his brother, Ryron Gracie created Gracie University, an online martial arts learning center, and developed distance learning packages for their proprietary courses. He is also the founder and CEO of Quikflip Apparel, a clothing company that specializes in garments that convert into backpacks. Quikflip was featured on ABC's Shark Tank and Time Magazine listed it as one of the "Best Inventions of 2019."


title: Rener Gracie

text: Rener was born on November 10, 1983, to Rorion and Suzanne Gracie. He has one older brother, Ryron Gracie, and two younger brothers, Ralek Gracie and Reylan, as well as one younger sister, Segina. He also has two half-sisters, Rose and Riane Gracie, from his father's first marriage, and three half-brothers, Roran, Renon, and Ricon, from his father's third marriage.


title: Rener Gracie

text: Rener competed in the 2003 Pan American Jiu-Jitsu Championship and took 3rd place. Later that year, Rener participated in the first Southern California Pro-Am Invitational, a 16-man single elimination tournament with no time limits. Rener was the only one of 16 competitors to wear a gi. He won first place submitting all four of his opponents. His opponents were Joe Stevenson (UFC Fighter), Cassio Werneck (BJJ World Champion), Jason "Mayhem" Miller (UFC Fighter), and Tyrone Glover. In 2004, Rener retired from point-based sport jiu-jitsu competition to focus on the street self-defense aspect of jiu-jitsu.


title: Rener Gracie

text: Rener is best known for his abilities as a Gracie jiu-jitsu instructor and his role in popularizing jiu-jitsu using web-based distance learning programs. He started teaching Gracie jiu-jitsu when he was 13 years old and six years later assumed head instructor duty at the Gracie Jiu-Jitsu Academy with his brother, Ryron. He and his brother oversaw all aspects of training and program development within an enterprise consisting of resident training at the World Headquarters in Torrance, California along with an additional location in Beverly Hills, California, which opened its doors on June 4, 2012. They also have a global network of Certified Gracie Jiu-Jitsu Training Centers, extension training through the web-based Gracie University and DVDs, and on-site training for law enforcement and military personnel. The brothers completely revamped pre-existing Gracie Academy programs developed by their father and created several new ones to facilitate the export of their instruction through distance education and cadre training. In 2017, they moved to a larger facility in Torrance to accommodate the worldwide expansion of Gracie Jiu-Jitsu, and rebranded as “Gracie University” to reflect the shift from a single academy to a global organization.


title: Rener Gracie

text: As part of Gracie University, Rener has also been pushing for national police reform that includes a regular curriculum of BJJ training for all officers. Since unveiling his plan for reform, he has also managed to get his Gracie Survival Tactics approved for use by Police Officers in the State of California, the first BJJ curriculum to ever have done so.


title: Rener Gracie

text: The brothers use YouTube to popularize Gracie jiu-jitsu through segments such as “The Gracie Way” and “The Gracie Breakdown”, which are commentaries on mixed martial arts bouts and real-life self-defense situations in which the brothers explain the techniques and strategies employed, or what could have been done better. Ryron and Rener's video analysis of a match between Fabrício Werdum and Fedor Emelianenko was one of YouTube's top viewed videos on June 28, 2010 with over 100,000 views in 24 hours. Gracie breakdowns are now featured on UFC's weekly show 'UFC Ultimate Insider".


title: Rener Gracie

text: Rener married his longtime partner, Eve Torres, in Santa Barbara, California on April 13, 2014. Eve is a purple belt in Gracie Jiu-Jitsu and currently works as a spokeswoman and head instructor for the Gracie Women Empowered Self-defense program.


title: Rener Gracie

text: Kanō Jigorō → Tomita Tsunejirō → Mitsuyo "Count Koma" Maeda → Carlos Gracie → Helio Gracie → Rorion Gracie → Rener Gracie


title: Princess Agents

text: Princess Agents () is a 2017 Chinese television series based on the novel "11 Chu Te Gong Huang Fei" (11处特工皇妃) written by Xiao Xiang Dong Er (潇湘冬儿). It stars Zhao Liying, Lin Gengxin, Shawn Dou and Li Qin.


title: Princess Agents

text: The story is unfinished and ends on a cliffhanger in the final episode. No sequel has been confirmed.


title: Princess Agents

text: "Princess Agents" is a commercial success, more than 40 million views on Chinese streaming sites Youku, Tencent, and iQiyi.


title: Princess Agents

text: The story takes place during the chaotic times of Northern Wei, where innocent citizens are often kidnapped and subjected to a bloody struggle for power. Chu Qiao, a slave with a mysterious past, is thrown into a forest along with other slaves and becomes the next hunting target of the rich lords. She is saved by Prince Yan Xun, the prince of the Northern Yan. After that experience, Chu Qiao swears to flee from that place with her younger sisters, however when her skills catch the attention of the Master Yuwen Yue, Chu Qiao begins a strict training to become a sacrificial agent for Yuwen's family. She often comes across Yan Xun who always saves her from troubles and begins to build a sense of camaraderie with him, indicating that she resembles him in terms of her personality and behavior.