title: George Maharis

text: In 1960, Maharis appeared as Buz Murdock in the TV series "Route 66", which co-starred Martin Milner. Maharis was 32 at the time the series started, although the character he was playing was only 23. He received an Emmy nomination in 1962 for his continuing performance as Buz.


title: George Maharis

text: Maharis departed without completing his third season of the series, which saw him with health problems, including hepatitis.


title: George Maharis

text: Maharis said he left "Route 66" for health reasons, because of long hours and grueling conditions while shooting on location. "I have to protect my future", Maharis said in a 1963 interview. "If I keep going at the present pace, I'm a fool. Even if you have $4,000,000 in the bank, you can't buy another liver."


title: George Maharis

text: Series producers Stirling Silliphant and Herbert B. Leonard disputed Maharis' stated position, arguing that he desired to break his contract in order to make movies. Maharis biographer Karen Blocher wrote that "the producers felt betrayed and duped when they learned of Maharis's sexual orientation, and never trusted him again," and she speculated "in a less homophobic era, they might have communicated better, and worked things out." After Maharis' departure, the show's appeal declined. Glenn Corbett acted in the role of Milner's new sidekick, Linc Case. A year later "Route 66" was canceled.


title: George Maharis

text: For Maharis, a string of films followed, including "Quick, Before It Melts" (1964), "The Satan Bug" and "Sylvia" (both 1965), "A Covenant With Death" and "The Happening" (both 1967), and "The Desperados" (1969).


title: George Maharis

text: Returning to series television in 1970, Maharis starred as criminologist Jonathan Croft in "The Most Deadly Game". The series lasted 12 episodes, ending in January 1971.


title: George Maharis

text: He modeled fully nude for the July 1973 issue of "Playgirl" magazine as one of the first celebrities to do so.


title: George Maharis

text: Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Maharis had featured roles in several television movies and also guest-starred on numerous television series, including "", "Fantasy Island", "Kojak", "McMillan & Wife", "Barnaby Jones", "Police Story", "Switch", "Cannon", "Night Gallery", and "The Bionic Woman", as well as "Murder, She Wrote" in 1990.


title: George Maharis

text: He appeared as Count Machelli, King Cromwell's War Chancellor in "The Sword and the Sorcerer" (1982). He also starred with the Kenley Players in productions of "Barefoot in the Park" (1967) and "How the Other Half Loves" (1973) and in national touring company productions of "Company" and "I Ought to Be in Pictures". In the 1980s, he performed in Las Vegas. "Doppelganger" (1993) was his last motion picture role.


title: George Maharis

text: Maharis released albums and singles through Epic Records earlier in his career. His only top-40 pop hit was his version of the standard "Teach Me Tonight", which hit number 25 in June 1962, although several other singles charted below the top 40. Later, he performed in nightclubs and pursued a secondary career as an impressionist painter. As of 2008, Maharis was still painting, splitting his time between New York and Beverly Hills.


title: Daily Mail and General Trust

text: Daily Mail and General Trust (DMGT) is a British multinational media company, the owner of the "Daily Mail" and several other titles. The 4th Viscount Rothermere is the chairman and controlling shareholder of the company. The head office is located in Northcliffe House in Kensington, London. In January 2022, DMGT delisted from the London Stock Exchange following a successful offer for DMGT by Rothermere Continuation Limited.


title: Daily Mail and General Trust

text: The group traces its origins to the launch in 1896 of the mid-market national newspaper the "Daily Mail" by Harold Harmsworth (later created, in July 1919, The 1st Viscount Rothermere) and his elder brother, Alfred. It was incorporated in 1922 and its shares were first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1932.


title: Daily Mail and General Trust

text: The 1st Viscount Rothermere's son, Esmond, took operational control of the organization in 1932 and complete control in November 1940, when his father died.


title: Daily Mail and General Trust

text: Vere Harmsworth became the Chairman of Associated Newspapers in 1970. Upon the death of his father in July 1978, he succeeded as The 3rd Viscount Rothermere and became chairman of parent Daily Mail and General Trust plc.


title: Daily Mail and General Trust

text: After almost 100 years in Fleet Street, the company left its original premises of New Carmelite House in Fleet Street in 1988 to move to Northcliffe House in Kensington.


title: Daily Mail and General Trust

text: The "London Evening Standard" was owned by DMGT until it was sold to Alexander Lebedev in January 2009. DMGT still maintains a 5% share.


title: Daily Mail and General Trust

text: In the UK, Landmark Information Group includes Landmark and SearchFlow and provide information for property transactions. Trepp, in the US, provides similar services.


title: Daily Mail and General Trust

text: DMGT ventures is the venture capital arm of DMGT. Investments include used-car platform Cazoo, property investment platform Bricklane, and will-writing platform Farewill.


title: Daily Mail and General Trust

text: The head office is located in Northcliffe House in Kensington, London Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. In addition to housing the DMGT head office, the building also houses the offices of "The Independent", "i," "Daily Mail", "Mail on Sunday", "Evening Standard", "Metro" and "Metro.co.uk".


title: Daily Mail and General Trust

text: Upon the outbreak of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, DMGT donated £500,000 to help the victims and refugees.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: Sadashivrao Bhau Peshwa (3 August 1730 – 14 January 1761) was son of Chimaji Appa (younger brother of Bajirao I) and Rakhmabai (Pethe family) and the nephew of Baji Rao I. He was a finance minister during the reign of Maratha emperor Chhatrapati Rajaram II. He led the Maratha army at the Third Battle of Panipat.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: Sadashivrao was born at Satara in a Chitpavan Brahmin family. He was the son of Peshwa Baji Rao's brother Chimaji Appa. His mother Rakhmabai died when he was barely a month old. His father died when he was ten years old. He was cared by his grandmother Radhabai and his aunt Kashibai. He was very bright from early years. He was educated in Satara. His tutor was Ramchandra baba Shenvi. Nanasaheb (Balaji Baji Rao) stayed in Satara though he had become Peshwa.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: Sadshivrao undertook his first campaign in Karnataka in 1746 because Babuji Naik of Baramati and Fateh Singh Bhonsle of Akkalkot failed in the task assigned to them. Sadshivrao left Satara on 5 December 1746 with a force of 20,000. He also joined Mahadoba Purandare and Sakharam Bapu as his political advisers. The campaign continued till May 1747 mostly in the western Karnatak region. In January 1747 he won his first battle at Ajra, south of Kolhapur. The Navab of Savnur was chastised, the fort of Bahadur Benda was reduced and chauth was levied from the region between the rivers Krishna and Tungabhadra. All together 36 parganas were captured in this campaign.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: Sadashivrao's first military achievement was in 1760 in Carnatic region with Mahadjipant Purandare and Sakharam Bapu Bokil serving as advisers and commanders under him. He conquered from the Nawab of Savanur and subsequently annexed the cities of Kittur, Parasgad, Gokak, Yadwad, Bagalkot, Badami, Navalgund, Umbal, Giri, Torgal, Haliyal, Harihar and Basavapatna. He crushed the revolt of Yamaji Shivdev.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: Mahadjipant Purandare was Diwan of Peshwa during that period. Sadashivrao was Diwan of Bhosale of Nagpur. After the death of Chhattrapati Shahu, Ramchandrababa Shenvi suggested to Sadashivrao to take Peshwai of Kolhapur, but Nanasaheb Peshwa opposed this idea. Mahadjipant Purandare resigned and Sadashivrao became the Diwan of Peshwa.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: He successfully led the Battle of Udgir which weakened the Nizam of Hyderabad. He won the fort of Daulatabad. The news of Ahmad Shah Abdali's march towards Delhi and the subsequent death of Dattaji Scindia at the battle of Burari Ghat had arrived. Therefore, Sadashivrao was called back from Udgir to Partur where the Council of war was held. It was decided that Sadashivrao would go north to resist the Afghans.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: In January 1760, news reached the prime minister Nanasaheb Peshwa that Ahmad Shah Durrani better known as Ahmad Shah Abdālī had invaded and captured the Punjab region.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: Abdali had formed an alliance against the Marathas with other Rohilla chieftains principally Najib-ul-Daula and the Nawab of Awadh Shuja-ud-Daula. Abdali recruited Afghans displaced by the war.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: Nanasaheb Peshwa was then at the zenith of his power, having defeated the Nizam at Udgir. He chose Sadashivrao to lead the Maratha army to Delhi. Unlike Malharrao Holkar and Raghunathrao, both of whom had deep knowledge of northern India, Sadashivrao was unfamiliar with the personages and politics of the region. This was to prove costly, as he mishandled the regional kings and failed to form alliances with them. The main reason for the failure of the Marathas was that they went to war without good allies.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: An army of between 55,000 was gathered and started its northward journey from Patdur (modern Partur) on 14 March 1760. It was accompanied by roughly 200,000 non-combatants including family members and a large number of pilgrims desirous of making pilgrimages to Hindu holy sites in northern India as they felt safe in the presence of the army. The Maratha forces of Holkar and Scindia joined the army on the way.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: Sadashiv Rao was responsible for successfully adjusting the hit-and-run tactics used by the Maratha cavalry as these tactics were ill-suited for the western-style heavy artillery and infantry that he had learnt from the French. These changes had resulted in several victories for the army such as in Udgir. However, some of the Maratha generals (like Holkar) were not ready to adopt the new strategy completely and pointed out that the new units of artillery and infantry were not compatible with the other forces in the army and that the generals were not adequately trained on the deployment of the new units. Despite the reservations of his generals and a shortage of time and money, Bhau formed a unit consisting of 10,000 infantry and 50 artillery pieces.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: Holkar and Scindia tried to persuade Bhau to strike diplomatic ties with Maharaja Surajmal Jat of Bharatpur and the Rajputs, Sikhs, Shuja-ud-Daula and Muslim leaders in north India. However, the Rajputs refused to support the Marathas citing unjust tribute from Rajputana and interference in the internal and political matters of Rajputana. Therefore, the Rajputs wanted to keep the Marathas away from at least the Rajputana. In 1748, the Marathas had interfered in succession of Jaipur kingdom trying to install the younger son as the king in place of the eldest son but the Maratha army under Malharrao Holkar had been checked by Maharaja Surajmal in 1749.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: Therefore, both Holkar and Scindia knew Suraj Mal's strength and realised that an alliance with him was essential to win the coming war with Abdali. Despite the fact that Suraj Mal had killed Holkar's son in a battle, Scindia requested Suraj Mal to come to Agra to meet Sadashivrao Bhau for a greater cause though Suraj Mal did not trust Bhau. Both Holkar and Scindia gave their word of honour to Suraj Mal for his personal safety while persuading him to come to the Bhau's camp. Suraj Mal agreed to join the Maratha forces to defeat the foreign invader from Afghanistan.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: Previous victories with artillery had made Bhau overconfident. Bhau was a man of strong character. He did not seek co-operation of the Jat and Rajput kings while planning for the war with Abdali but rather planned to punish them later to try to subjugate them. This led to their non-co-operation and an acute shortage of supplies. He did not heed the sound advice of Maharaja Suraj Mal, who held power around Delhi and Agra, to leave the civilians at Agra and take only soldiers to the battlefield though there was a severe shortage of food and other supplies. This proved fatal on the fateful day of the final battle as the food finished and the starved soldiers and horses could not fight properly and a desperate Bhau had to order an attack. The Jats did not support the Marathas.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: The overbearing attitude of the Bhau when he met the regional kings at Agra worsened the matters. The Bhau failed to forge an alliance with the Jats though they held sway on the food supplies around Delhi. In fact, Bhau decided to arrest Maharaja Surajmal but Holkar and Scindia, who had given their word of honour to Suraj Mal while persuading him to come to the Bhau's camp, tipped off Suraj Mal at night and he left just after midnight. Bhau sent his men after him in the morning but Raja Suraj Mal and his men had reached the safety of Ballabhgarh fort by then and Bhau's men returned empty-handed.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: Bhau also spurned the offer from the Sikhs for alliance though his commanders tried to persuade him. Therefore, he did not get any supplies from Punjab. Thus, inability to anticipate the food supplies of his army and inability to forge alliances was major cause of defeat in the Battle of Panipat.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: The slow-moving Maratha camp finally reached Delhi on 1 August 1760, and took the city the next day in a battle in which artillery units were crucial in destroying the fortifications of Durrani's forces. However, Bhau found only a little supplies in Delhi for his forces.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: The supplies from the region immediately around west and south of Delhi had dried up as Bhau had antagonised the regional rulers. Therefore, Bhau moved about north of Delhi to Karnal (which is further north of Panipat) and captured the fortified village of Kunjpura about northeast of Karnal on the west bank of Yamuna river with a blitzkrieg offensive that demolished the fort's ramparts with artillery shelling and an attack of cavalry and musketeer units. The entire garrison of Durrani was killed. Durrani had earlier crossed the Yamuna river and was on its east bank. The river was swollen in flood and could not be crossed. Durrani watched helplessly from the east bank of the river and could do nothing to save his garrison and the Kunjpura fort on the west bank of the river. The Marathas achieved a rather easy victory at Kunjpura, although there was a substantial Afghan army posted there. Some of Abadali's best generals were killed. Ahmad Shah was encamped on the left bank of the Yamuna River, which was swollen by rains, and was powerless to aid the garrison.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: However, the supplies that Bhau got at Kunjpura lasted only a few weeks as there was a large number of non-combatants in his camp.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: The massacre of the Kunjpura garrison, within sight of the Durrani camp, exasperated Durrani to such an extent that he ordered crossing of the river at all costs. Ahmed Shah and his allies on 17 October 1760, broke up from Shahdara, marching north. Taking a calculated risk, Abdali daringly plunged into the river, followed by his bodyguards and troops. Between 23 and 25 October 1760 they were able to cross at Baghpat, (a small town midway between Delhi and Panipat on the east bank of Yamuna), as a man from the village, in exchange for money, showed Abdali a way through Yamuna, from where the river could be crossed unopposed by the Marathas who were still preoccupied with the sacking of Kunjpura.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: After the Marathas failed to prevent Abdali's forces from crossing the Yamuna River, they set up defensive works in the ground near Panipat, thereby blocking his access back to Afghanistan, just as his forces blocked their access back towards Delhi. However, on the afternoon of 26 October Ahmad Shah's advance guard reached Samalkha, about halfway between Sonipat and Panipat, where they encountered the vanguard of the Marathas. A fierce skirmish ensued, in which the Afghans lost 1000 men killed and wounded but drove the Marathas back to their main body, which kept retreating slowly for several days. This led to the partial encirclement of the Maratha army. In skirmishes that followed, Govind Pant Bundele, with 10,000 light cavalry who weren't formally trained soldiers, was on a foraging mission with about 500 men to gather supplies. They were surprised by an Afghan force near Meerut, and in the ensuing fight Bundele was killed. This was followed by the loss of another 2,000 Maratha soldiers who were delivering the army's payroll from Delhi. This completed the encirclement, as Ahmad Shah had cut off the Maratha army's supply lines.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: With supplies and stores dwindling, tensions rose in the Maratha camp as the mercenaries in their army were complaining about not being paid. Initially the Marathas moved in almost 150 pieces of modern long-range, French-made artillery. With a range of several kilometres, these guns were some of the best of the time. The Marathas' plan was to lure the Afghan army to confront them while they had close artillery support.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: By November 1760, Durrani, managed to have 45,000 soldiers to block Maratha passage to the south towards Delhi. Durrani thereafter gradually isolated the Marathas financially and cut off their meagre supplies from their base in Delhi. This eventually turned into a two-month-long siege led by Abdali against the Marathas in the town of Panipat. During the siege both sides tried to cut off the other's supplies. At this the Afghans were considerably more effective, so that by the end of November 1760 they had cut off almost all food supplies into the besieged Maratha camp (which had about 1,00,000 non-combatants). According to all the chronicles of the time, food in the Maratha camp ran out by late December or early January and cattle died by the thousands. Reports of soldiers dying of starvation began to be heard in early January. Durrani had noted the huge number of non-combatants following Bhau's army, and ordered an attack on their camp, slaughtering large numbers of civilians and soldiers' families. The resulting casualties and refugees fleeing to the Maratha camp caused overcrowding, supply shortages and shook the morale of Bhau's army, forcing him to turn his attention to safely transporting the civilians to Pune. In January 1761, Bhausaheb faced famine and was blocked reinforcement due to Durrani's control of key transportation routes.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: On 13 January 1761, the Maratha chiefs begged their commander, Sadashiv Rao Bhau, to be allowed to die in battle than perish by starvation. The next day the Marathas left their camp before dawn and marched south towards the Afghan camp in a desperate attempt to break the siege. The two armies came face-to-face around 8:00 a.m. on 14 January 1761, the Makar Sankranti day, and the battle raged until evening.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: Finally the Marathas, who were on the verge of starvation, made a bold effort to break the blockade and issued forth to battle. The attack on Durrani was fierce and his wazir was found sitting on the ground eating mud and telling his fleeing soldiers that Kabul is far off. The battle was in the favour of Marathas till about 2 pm, when a stray bullet hit Vishwasrao and Durrani managed to throw in ten thousand troops who had fled the battlefield along with fresh 500 slave troops that guarded him. Bhausaheb was surrounded along with Jankoji Scindia and Ibrahim Gardi, while Malhar Rao Holkar managed to slip away. Fighting to the last man, Bhausaheb perished in battle.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: Sadashivrao Bhau along with Ibrahim Khan Gardi had planned and were executing a battle strategy to pulverise the enemy formations with cannon fire and not to employ his cavalry until the Afghans were thoroughly softened up. With the Afghans now broken, he would move camp in a defensive formation towards Delhi, where they were assured supplies. But some Maratha generals overacted while some left battlefield leaving their defences open resulting in the defeat of the Marathas.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: Durrani was taken unaware by the early morning attack, and decided to counter-attack during daylight. Durrani faced heavy initial losses. A stray bullet hit Vishwasrao, Bhau's nephew and heir to Nanasaheb Peshwa and he died on the spot. Bhau departed the battlefield to visit the corpse and plunged into the Afghan army, Vishwas rao's death had a devastating effect on the morale of his troops. Durrani attacked to take advantage of the confusion and weakness of Bhau's forces. Bhau counter-attacked but ultimately the army was defeated and any remaining civilians were massacred.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: Bhau, on seeing the demise of his beloved Vishwasrao, Bhausaheb came down from his elephant, climbed on a horse and plunged into the enemy lines, without realising the consequences. Seeing his empty howda, his troops thought that he had fallen and that they were leaderless and caused confusion. However, Bhau didn't leave the battlefield and was killed.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: His headless body was found in the heap of dead bodies three days after the battle. It was identified by the Maratha Vakil who were with the camp of left Marathas with Kashiraj Pandit, the wazir of Shuja Ud Daula. Bhau's body was cremated with all rituals. The next day, his head was found, which was kept hidden by an Afghan soldier. It was cremated and the ashes taken for visarjan to Kashi (Vishwas Patil, Kashiraj Pandit bakhar).


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: While observing several battles, Bhau witnessed the effectiveness artillery and light-weight guns mounted on British ships and began incorporating artillery units in the army of Balaji Baji Rao. Bhau enlisted the services of Ibrahim Khan Gardi, who brought with him 2,500 trained soldiers and fifteen cannons. Bhau also employed European mercenaries who used to be in the employ of Tulaji Angre before his defeat. Notable among them was an engineer named Le Corbosier, who was an expert in foundry and in handling explosives. Within two years, Balaji Baji Rao's Infantry-Artillery division had 10,000 men and 56 guns.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: His first wife's name was Umabai. She gave birth to two sons who died as soon. Umabai died in 1750. Sadashivrao's second wife was Parvatibai. She accompanied Sadashivrao Bhau during the Battle of Panipat.


title: Sadashivrao Bhau

text: Sadashivrao is supposed to have died in the battle of Panipat. Parvatibai refused to accept that her husband was dead and did not live a widow's life. Around 1770, a person appeared in Pune claiming to be Sadashivrao. He was soon revealed as a fraud and is known as 'totayaa' (तोतया) which means an impostor.


title: Ira Levin

text: Ira Marvin Levin (August 27, 1929 – November 12, 2007) was a Jewish-American novelist, playwright, and songwriter. His works include the novels "A Kiss Before Dying" (1953), "Rosemary's Baby" (1967), "The Stepford Wives" (1972), "This Perfect Day" (1970), and "The Boys from Brazil" (1976), as well as the play "Deathtrap" (1978). Many of his novels and plays have been adapted into films.


title: Ira Levin

text: Levin was born on August 27, 1929, in the New York City, New York borough of Manhattan. He grew up in both Manhattan and the Bronx. His father, Charles, was a toy importer. Levin was educated at the private Horace Mann School in New York. During his youth, he was described as "a nice Jewish boy from New York". He attended Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa from 1946 to 1948 and then New York University, where he majored in philosophy and English. He graduated in 1950. He served in the Army Signal Corps from 1953 to 1955.


title: Ira Levin

text: After college, Levin wrote training films and scripts for radio and television. The first of these was "Leda's Portrait", for "Lights Out" in 1951.


title: Ira Levin

text: Levin's first produced play was "No Time for Sergeants" (adapted from the 1954 Mac Hyman novel), a comedy about a hillbilly drafted into the United States Air Force. It opened on Broadway in 1955 and starred Andy Griffith, whose career it jumpstarted. The play was adapted as a movie of the same name, released in 1958, with Griffith reprising his role and co-starring Nick Adams. Later the concept was developed as a 1964 television comedy series starring Sammy Jackson. "No Time for Sergeants" is generally considered the precursor to "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.".


title: Ira Levin

text: Levin's best-known play is "Deathtrap" (1978), which holds the record as the longest-running comedy thriller on Broadway. Levin won his second Edgar Award with this play. In 1982, it was adapted into a film of the same name, starring Christopher Reeve and Michael Caine.


title: Ira Levin

text: Levin's first novel, "A Kiss Before Dying" (1953), was well received, and he won the 1954 Edgar Award for Best First Novel. "A Kiss Before Dying" was adapted twice as a movie of the same name, first in 1956 and again in 1991.


title: Ira Levin

text: Levin's best-known novel is "Rosemary's Baby," a horror story of modern-day Satanism and other occultisms, set in Manhattan's Upper West Side. In 1968, it was adapted as a film written and directed by Roman Polanski. It starred Mia Farrow and John Cassavetes. Ruth Gordon won an Oscar for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her performance. Roman Polanski was nominated for Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium.


title: Ira Levin

text: "I feel guilty that 'Rosemary's Baby' led to "The Exorcist," "The Omen." A whole generation has been exposed, has more belief in Satan. I don't believe in Satan. And I feel that the strong fundamentalism we have would not be as strong if there hadn't been so many of these books [...] Of course, I didn't send back any of the royalty checks."


title: Ira Levin

text: Other Levin novels that were adapted as films included "The Stepford Wives" in 1975, again in 2004. "The Boys from Brazil" was adapted as a film released in 1978.


title: Ira Levin

text: In the 1990s, Levin wrote two more bestselling novels: "Sliver" (1991), which was adapted as a film in 1993 by Phillip Noyce. It starred Sharon Stone, William Baldwin and Tom Berenger. His "Son of Rosemary" (1997) was proposed as a sequel to "Rosemary’s Baby". It was never developed into a film.


title: Ira Levin

text: Stephen King has described Ira Levin as the "Swiss watchmaker" of suspense novels: "Every novel he has ever written has been a marvel of plotting. He is the Swiss watchmaker of the suspense novel; he makes what the rest of us do look like those five-dollar watches you can buy in the discount drug stores."


title: Ira Levin

text: Levin was married twice, first to Gabrielle Aronsohn (from 1960 to 1968), with whom he had three sons, Adam, Jared, and Nicholas, and later to Phyllis Sugarman (died 2006). He had four grandchildren.


title: Louis Le Prince

text: Louis Aimé Augustin Le Prince (28 August 1841 – disappeared 16 September 1890, declared dead 16 September 1897) was a French artist and the inventor of an early motion-picture camera, possibly the first person to shoot a moving picture sequence using a single lens camera and a strip of (paper) film. He has been credited as the "Father of Cinematography", but his work did not influence the commercial development of cinema—owing at least in part to the great secrecy surrounding it.


title: Louis Le Prince

text: A Frenchman who also worked in the United Kingdom and the United States, Le Prince's motion-picture experiments culminated in 1888 in Leeds, England. In October of that year, he filmed moving-picture sequences of family members in "Roundhay Garden" and his son playing the accordion, using his single-lens camera and Eastman's paper negative film. At some point in the following eighteen months he also made a film of Leeds Bridge. This work may have been slightly in advance of the inventions of contemporaneous moving-picture pioneers, such as the British inventors William Friese-Greene and Wordsworth Donisthorpe, and was years in advance of that of Auguste and Louis Lumière and William Kennedy Dickson (who did the moving image work for Thomas Edison).


title: Louis Le Prince

text: Le Prince was never able to perform a planned public demonstration of his camera in the US because he mysteriously vanished; he was last known to be boarding a train on 16 September 1890. Multiple conspiracy theories have emerged about the reason for his disappearance, including: a murder set up by Edison, secret homosexuality, disappearance in order to start a new life, suicide because of heavy debts and failing experiments, and a murder by his brother over their mother's will. No conclusive evidence exists for any of these theories. In 2004, a police archive in Paris was found to contain a photograph of a drowned man bearing a strong resemblance to Le Prince who was discovered in the Seine just after the time of his disappearance, but it has been claimed that the body was too short to be Le Prince.


title: Louis Le Prince

text: In early 1890, Edison workers had begun experimenting with using a strip of celluloid film to capture moving images. The first public results of these experiments were shown in May 1891. However, Le Prince's widow and son Adolphe were keen to advance Louis's cause as the inventor of cinematography. In 1898, Adolphe appeared as a witness for the defence in a court case brought by Edison against the American Mutoscope Company. This suit claimed that Edison was the first and sole inventor of cinematography, and thus entitled to royalties for the use of the process. Adolphe was involved in the case but was not allowed to present his father's two cameras as evidence, although films shot with cameras built according to his father's patent were presented. Eventually the court ruled in favour of Edison. A year later that ruling was overturned, but Edison then reissued his patents and succeeded in controlling the US film industry for many years.


title: Louis Le Prince

text: Le Prince was born on 28 August 1841 in Metz. His family referred to him as "Augustin" and English-speaking friends would later call him "Gus". Le Prince's father was a major of artillery in the French Army and an officer of the Légion d'honneur. When growing up, he reportedly spent time in the studio of his father's friend, the pioneer of photography Louis Daguerre, from whom Le Prince may have received some lessons on photography and chemistry before he was 10 years old. His education went on to include the study of painting in Paris and post-graduate chemistry at Leipzig University, which provided him with the academic knowledge he was to utilise in the future.


title: Louis Le Prince

text: Le Prince moved to Leeds, England in 1866, after being invited to join John Whitley, a friend from college, in "Whitley Partners" of Hunslet, a firm of brass founders making valves and components. In 1869 he married Elizabeth Whitley, John's sister and a talented artist. When in Paris during their honeymoon, Le Prince repeatedly visited a magic show, fascinated by an illusion with moving transparent figures, presumably a dancing skeleton projection at the Théâtre Robert-Houdin with multiple reflections of mirrors focused on one point or a variation of Pepper's Ghost.


title: Louis Le Prince

text: Le Prince and his wife started a school of applied art, the Leeds Technical School of Art, and became well renowned for their work in fixing coloured photographs on to metal and pottery, leading to them being commissioned for portraits of Queen Victoria and the long-serving Prime Minister William Gladstone produced in this way; these were included alongside other mementos of the time in a time capsule—manufactured by Whitley Partners of Hunslet—which was placed in the foundations of Cleopatra's Needle on the embankment of the River Thames.


title: Louis Le Prince

text: In 1881, Le Prince went to the United States as an agent for Lincrusta Walton, staying in the country along with his family once his contract had ended. He became the manager for a small group of French artists who produced large panoramas, usually of famous battles, that were exhibited in New York City, Washington, D.C. and Chicago.


title: Louis Le Prince

text: During this time he began experiments relating to the production of 'moving' photographs, designing a camera that utilised sixteen lenses, which was the first invention he patented. Although the camera was capable of 'capturing' motion, it wasn't a complete success because each lens photographed the subject from a slightly different viewpoint and thus the image would have jumped about, if he had been able to project it (which is unknown).


title: Louis Le Prince

text: After his return to Leeds in May 1887, Le Prince built a single-lens camera in mid-late 1888. An experimental model was developed in a workshop at 160 Woodhouse Lane, Leeds and used to shoot his motion-picture films. It was first used on 14 October 1888 to shoot what would become known as "Roundhay Garden Scene" and a sequence of his son Adolphe playing the accordion. Le Prince later used it to film road traffic and pedestrians crossing Leeds Bridge. The film was shot from Hicks the Ironmongers, now the British Waterways building on the south east side of the bridge, now marked with a commemorative Blue plaque.


title: Louis Le Prince

text: In September 1890, Le Prince was preparing for a trip to the United States, supposedly to publicly premiere his work and join his wife and children. Before this journey, he decided to return to France to visit his brother in Dijon. Then, on 16 September, he took a train to Paris but, having taken a later train than planned, his friends missed him in Paris. He was never seen again by his family or friends. The last person to see Le Prince at the Dijon station was his brother. The French police, Scotland Yard and the family undertook exhaustive searches, but never found him.


title: Louis Le Prince

text: On 10 January 1888 Le Prince was granted an American patent on a 16-lens device that he claimed could serve as both motion picture camera (which he termed "the receiver or photo-camera") and a projector (which he called " the deliverer or stereopticon"). That same day he took out a near-identical provisional patent for the same devices in Great Britain, proposing "a system of preferably 3, 4, 8, 9, 16 or more lenses". Shortly before the final version was submitted he added a sentence which described a single-lens system, but this was neither fully explained nor illustrated, unlike the several pages of description of the multi-lens system, meaning the single-lens camera was not legally covered by patent.


title: Louis Le Prince

text: This addendum was submitted on 10 October 1888 and, on 14 October, Le Prince used his single-lens camera to film "Roundhay Garden Scene". During the period 1889-1890 he worked with the mechanic James Longley on various "deliverers" (projectors) with one, two, three and sixteen lenses. The images were to be separated, printed and mounted individually, sometimes on a flexible band, moved by metal eyelets. The single lens projector used individual pictures mounted in wooden frames. His assistant, James Longley, claimed the three-lens version was the most successful. Those close to Le Prince have testified to him projecting his first films in his workshop as tests, but they were never presented to anyone outside his immediate circle of family and associates and the nature of the projector is unknown.


title: Louis Le Prince

text: In 1889 he took French-American dual citizenship in order to establish himself with his family in New York City and to follow up his research. However, he was never able to perform his planned public exhibition at Morris–Jumel Mansion in Manhattan, in September 1890, due to his disappearance.


title: Louis Le Prince

text: Even though Le Prince's achievement is remarkable, with only William Friese-Greene and Wordsworth Donisthorpe achieving anything comparable in the period 1888-1890, his work was largely forgotten until the 1920s, as he disappeared before the first public demonstration of the result of his work, having never shown his invention to any photographic society or scientific institution or the general public.


title: Louis Le Prince

text: For the April 1894 commercial exploitation of his personal kinetoscope parlor, Thomas Edison is credited in the US as the inventor of cinema, while in France, the Lumière Brothers are hailed as inventors of the "Cinématographe" device and for the first commercial exhibition of motion-picture films, in Paris in 1895.


title: Louis Le Prince

text: However, in Leeds, Le Prince is celebrated as a local hero. On 12 December 1930, the Lord Mayor of Leeds unveiled a bronze memorial tablet at 160 Woodhouse Lane, Le Prince's former workshop. In 2003, the University's Centre for Cinema, Photography and Television was named in his honour. Le Prince's workshop in Woodhouse Lane was until recently the site of the BBC in Leeds, and is now part of the Leeds Beckett University Broadcasting Place complex, where a blue plaque commemorates his work. (coordinates: ). Reconstructions of his film strips are shown in the cinema of the Armley Mills Industrial Museum, Leeds.


title: Louis Le Prince

text: In France, an appreciation society was created as L'Association des Amis de Le Prince (Association of Le Prince's Friends), which still exists in Lyon.


title: Louis Le Prince

text: In 1990, Christopher Rawlence wrote "The Missing Reel, The Untold Story of the Lost inventor of Moving Pictures" and produced the TV programme "The Missing Reel" (1989) for Channel Four, a dramatised feature on the life of Le Prince.


title: Louis Le Prince

text: In 1992, the Japanese filmmaker Mamoru Oshii ("Ghost in the Shell") directed "Talking Head", an "avant-garde" feature film paying tribute to the cinematography history's tragic ending figures such as George Eastman, Georges Méliès and Louis Le Prince who is credited as "the true inventor of "eiga"", , Japanese for "motion picture film".


title: Louis Le Prince

text: In 2013, a feature documentary, "The First Film" was produced, with new research material and documentation on the life of Le Prince and his patents. Produced and directed by Leeds-born David Nicholas Wilkinson with research by Irfan Shah, it was filmed in England, France and the United States by Guerilla Films. "The First Film" features several film historians to tell the story, including Michael Harvey, Irfan Shah, Stephen Herbert, Mark Rance, Daniel Martin, Jacques Pfend, Adrian Wootton, Tony North, Mick McCann, Tony Earnshaw, Carol S Ward, Liz Rymer, and twice Oscar-nominated cinematographer Tony Pierce-Roberts. Le Prince's great-great-granddaughter Laurie Snyder also makes an appearance. It had its world première in June 2015 at the Edinburgh Film Festival and opened in UK cinemas on 3 July 2015. The film also played in festivals in the US, Canada, Russia, Ireland and Belgium. On 8 September 2016 it played at the Morris-Jumel Mansion in New York, where 126 years earlier Le Prince planned to show his films.


title: Louis Le Prince

text: Le Prince developed a single-lens camera in his workshop at 160 Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, which was used to shoot his motion-picture films. Remaining surviving production consists of two scenes in the garden at Oakwood Grange (his wife's family home, in Roundhay) and another of Leeds Bridge.


title: Louis Le Prince

text: Forty years later, Le Prince's daughter, Marie, gave the remaining apparatus to the Science Museum, London (later transferred to the National Museum of Photography, Film and Television (NMPFT), Bradford, which opened in 1983 and is now the National Science and Media Museum). In May 1931, photographic plates were produced by workers of the Science Museum from paper print copies provided by Marie Le Prince. In 1999, these were re-animated to produce digital versions. "Roundhay Garden" was alleged by the Le Prince family to have been shot at 12 frame/s and "Leeds Bridge" at 20 frame/s, although this is not borne out by the NMPFT versions (see below) or motion analysis, with both films being estimated at a consistent 7 frames a second.


title: Louis Le Prince

text: All available versions of these sequences are derived from materials held by the National Science and Media Museum.


title: Louis Le Prince

text: The only existing images from Le Prince's 16-lens camera are a sequence of 16 frames of a man walking around a corner. This appears to have been shot onto a single glass plate (which has since broken), rather than the twin strips of Eastman paper film envisaged in his patent. Jacques Pfend, a French cinema-historian and Le Prince specialist, confirms that these images were shot in Paris, at the corner of Rue Bochart-de-Saron (where Le Prince was living) and Avenue Trudaine. Le Prince sent 8 images of his mechanic running (which may be from this sequence) to his wife in New York City in a letter dated 18 August 1887, which suggests it represented a significant camera test. Exposure is very irregular from lens to lens with some of the images almost completely bleached out, which Le Prince later on fixed.


title: Louis Le Prince

text: The 1931 National Science Museum copy of what remains of a sequence shot in "Roundhay Garden" features 20 frames. The frames appear to have been printed in reverse from the negative, but this is corrected in the video. The film's damaged edge results in distortion and deformation on the right side of the stabilised digital movie. The scene was shot in Le Prince's father-in-law's garden at Oakwood Grange, Roundhay on 14 October 1888. The NMPFT animation lasts two seconds at 24fps (frames per second), meaning the original footage is playing at 10fps. In this version, the action is speeded up - the original footage was probably shot at 7fps.


title: Louis Le Prince

text: Louis Le Prince filmed traffic crossing Leeds Bridge from Hicks the Ironmongers at the following coordinates: .


title: Louis Le Prince

text: The earliest copy belongs to the 1923 NMPFT inventory (frames 118–120 and 122–124), though this longer sequence comes from the 1931 inventory (frames 110–129). According to Adolphe Le Prince who assisted his father when this film was shot in late October 1888, it was taken at 20fps. However, the digitally stabilised sequence produced by the NMPFT lasts two seconds, meaning the footage is playing here at 10fps. As with the "Roundhay Garden" sequence, its appearance is sped up, suggesting the original footage was probably shot at 7fps. This would fit with what we know of the projection experiments, where James Longley reported a top speed of 7fps.


title: Louis Le Prince

text: The last remaining film of Le Prince's single-lens camera is a sequence of frames of Adolphe Le Prince playing a diatonic button accordion. It was recorded on the steps of the house of Joseph Whitley, Louis's father-in-law. The recording date may be the same as "Roundhay Garden" as the camera is in a similar position and Adolphe is dressed the same. The NMPFT has not remastered this film. An amateur animation of the first 17 frames is . The running speed appears to be 5-6fps


title: Nana Mizuki

text: Mizuki released her first single, "Omoi", under the King Records label in 2000. A year later, she released her debut album, "Supersonic Girl", in 2001. In the years that followed, Mizuki enjoyed modest success that concluded with the release of her single "Innocent Starter", which reached the top 10 Oricon singles chart, charting at No. 9. Since then, Mizuki's releases have charted steadily higher in Japan, establishing her as a successful singer in the country. In 2009, her album "Ultimate Diamond" reached #1, her first release to do so; while her single "Phantom Minds", released in 2010, also charted at #1. Mizuki is the first voice actress to top the weekly Oricon albums chart and the weekly Oricon singles chart since its inception in 1968.


title: Nana Mizuki

text: Born in Niihama, Ehime, Japan, she began to train singing enka when she was five years old. In 1993, she released a Compact Cassette single as Nana Kondō. However, she passed the audition of game "Noël: La Neige" and became a voice actress.


title: Nana Mizuki

text: Mizuki released an image song single titled "Girl's Age" under the name Chisato Kadokura in 1997. When she performed her first concert at the age of 20, she was scouted by the Japanese record label King Records. Her debut single as Nana Mizuki, "Omoi", was released on December 6, 2000. Her 2004 song "Innocent Starter" became her first Top 10 single and her 2005 single "Eternal Blaze" reached No. 2 position on Japanese Oricon weekly single charts.


title: Nana Mizuki

text: Mizuki won the "Best Musical Performance" award by her song "Justice to Believe" in the first Seiyu Awards in 2007. Since her seventh album "Ultimate Diamond" debuted at the No. 1 position on Oricon weekly album charts during the week of June 15, 2009, she became the first voice actress to reach the No. 1 position on the Oricon weekly album or single charts since its creation in 1968. "Ultimate Diamond" sold over 74,000 copies in the first week. In addition, her 21st single, "Phantom Minds", became the first voice actress single to top the charts, debuting at the No. 1 position on the issue of Oricon weekly single charts dated January 25, 2010.


title: Nana Mizuki

text: On November 23, 2009, NHK announced that Mizuki would take part in the 60th NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen of New Year's Eve. It was Mizuki's first time appearing on the show. Nana chose her song "Shin'ai" for her performance.


title: Nana Mizuki

text: She is well known for voicing female characters who are very shy yet kind-hearted and gentle, and many of the characters she has voiced were initially very shy/soft-spoken (however, after interactions with other people, they gradually opened up (e.g. Fate Testarossa from "Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha", Nyamo from "Love Hina", Hinata Hyūga from "Naruto", Wrath from "Fullmetal Alchemist (2003)" and Tsubomi Hanasaki from "Heartcatch Precure!"). She's also well known for voicing females with romantic affection for protagonists, as six of her characters have romantic feelings for the main characters (Oboro from "Basilisk", Hinata Hyūga from "Naruto", Colette Brunel from "Tales of Symphonia", Tamao Tamamura from "Shaman King", Moka Akashiya from "Rosario + Vampire" and Fate Testarossa from "Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha"), some of her characters craved maternal attention (e.g. Fate Testarossa from Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha and its sequels A's and StrikerS, Wrath and Maria) and she was also part of the voice actress quartet "Prits", alongside Yumiko Kobayashi, Natsuko Kuwatani and Hisayo Mochizuki (all four voiced characters in the anime "Sister Princess"). Nana Mizuki voices Microsoft's Japanese Windows 7 unofficial "OS-tan" mascot, Nanami Madobe. The mascot's name uses some wordplay on Mizuki's own name as well as the operating system (""Nana"" = ""seven"").


title: Nana Mizuki

text: In the middle of February 2010, Mizuki was named her hometown (Niihama, Ehime)'s First Tourism Ambassador. The news was broadcast during her Live Academy 2010 tour, held in Kanagawa, Osaka, Aichi, Miyagi, Fukuoka, Ehime Prefecture Niihama Cultural Center's Hall. There were 7 lessons in total. In 2010, Mizuki won the Tomiyama Kei Award in the 4th Seiyu Awards for her news hook in the year 2009. In 2010, she also participated in 61st NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen singing "Phantom Minds", the single which had topped Oricon Charts.


title: Nana Mizuki

text: On January 21, 2011, she released her first autobiography, titled "Shin Ai", to commemorate the 10th anniversary of her singing career. Mizuki won Top Pop Artists award in Billboard Japan Music Awards 2010 on February 6, 2011, together with 4 other artists: AKB48, Nishino Kana, SID and Exile.


title: Nana Mizuki

text: Mizuki has participated in the 60th (2009), 61st (2010), 62nd (2011), 63rd (2012), 64th (2013) and the 65th (2014) edition of the Kōhaku Uta Gassen produced by Japanese public broadcaster NHK. On December 3–4, 2011 she had a two-day concert at Tokyo Dome. She became the first voice actress and 8th Japanese female solo artist to hold a concert at Japan's largest concert hall. On March 3, 2012, Mizuki won Animation Artist of the Year 2011 award in Billboard Japan Music Awards 2011.


title: Nana Mizuki

text: On November 10, 2013, Mizuki performed Preserved Roses, Kakumei Dualism and Heart of Sword -Yoakemae- in her first overseas performance as a guest performer for T.M.Revolution at Anime Festival Asia, Singapore, Valvrave night. On November 23–24, 2013, Mizuki held her first solo concert outside Japan, in Taiwan.


title: Nana Mizuki

text: In March 2014, at the 64th Annual MEXT Art Encouragement Prizes Nana Mizuki was recognized as Rookie of the Year in the Popular Entertainment division.


title: Nana Mizuki

text: She held her second overseas solo concert in Singapore (September 27, 2014) and Taiwan (October 4–5, 2014) entitled "Nana Mizuki Live Flight 2014+".


title: Nana Mizuki

text: On September 22, 2016, she held a concert at Koshien Stadium, Japan's oldest stadium, becoming the first voice actress and the first solo artist to hold a concert at the venue.


title: Nana Mizuki

text: In July 2017, Mizuki made her debut as a stage actress in a Japanese production of "" in the title role.


title: Nana Mizuki

text: On September 30, 2017, she performed in the opening ceremony of 72nd National Sports Festival of Japan, held at Ningineer Stadium in Ehime, in front of Emperor Akihito, Empress Michiko and approximately 20,000 attendees.


title: Nana Mizuki

text: Mizuki announced her marriage to a person in the music industry on July 7, 2020, on her blog. On November 6, 2020, she announced on her blog that she was pregnant with her first child. On March 16, 2021, Mizuki announced on her blog that she’d successfully given birth to her first child. On April 23, 2022, she tested positive for COVID-19 but later recovered and returned to work.


title: Pixel 3

text: The Pixel 3 and Pixel 3 XL are a pair of Android smartphones designed, developed, and marketed by Google as part of the Google Pixel product line. They collectively serve as the successors to the Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL. They were officially announced on October 9, 2018 at the Made by Google event and released in the United States on October 18. On October 15, 2019, they were succeeded by the Pixel 4 and Pixel 4 XL.


title: Pixel 3

text: Following diminished sales of the Pixel 3 lineup, on May 7, 2019 Google announced midrange variants at I/O 2019, the Pixel 3a and Pixel 3a XL.


title: Pixel 3

text: The Pixel 3 and Pixel 3 XL come in three colors: 'Just Black' (all black), 'Clearly White' (white with a mint green power button), and 'Not Pink' (pink, with an orange power button). The Pixel 3's bezels are significantly smaller than its predecessor's. The Pixel 3 XL is the first Pixel device to use a display notch. They both run on Android Pie natively and both have access to Android 12. The display notch can be "blacked out" in developer options.


title: Pixel 3

text: The Pixel 3 and Pixel 3 XL come with a Snapdragon 845, Pixel Visual Core (PVC) and 4GB of RAM; and 64 or 128 GB of internal storage. Both phones feature glass backs and wireless charging, which are firsts for the Pixel range. Google Pixel Stand can wirelessly charge at 10W, but wireless charging is capped to 5W when 3rd-party wireless chargers are used. They also feature front-facing stereo speakers and no headphone jack, like the Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL. Both phones also use a USB-C connection for charging and connecting other accessories. Both phones also contain Active Edge, where squeezing the sides of the phone activates Google Assistant, which debuted with the Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL.


title: Pixel 3

text: The phones have a water protection rating of IP68 under IEC standard 60529, an improvement from its predecessors water protection rating of IP67. The phones can be submerged in up to 1.5 m of water for up to 30 minutes.


title: Pixel 3

text: The Pixel 3 and Pixel 3 XL have a 12.2megapixel rear camera, similar to their predecessors, the Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL, but Google Camera has been updated with new photography features, as well as a second wide-angle selfie camera. Some of these features include:


title: Pixel 3

text: The Pixel 3 and Pixel 3 XL use a separate chip called the Pixel Visual Core (PVC) to achieve their artificial intelligence camera capabilities. Videos are newly recorded with stereo audio.


title: Pixel 3

text: Pixel 3 and Pixel 3 XL ship with Android 9.0 Pie at launch. Both phones will get three years of software updates and security updates guaranteed by Google. The Google Developers site has flashable factory and OTA (over-the-air) update images up to Android 12.


title: Pixel 3

text: The Pixel 3 and Pixel 3 XL will be updated bringing several features from the Pixel 4 including: Live captions, Google Recorder, New Google Assistant, Astrophotography mode and Top Shot for short videos.


title: Pixel 3

text: Several reviewers, including Dieter Bohn from "The Verge", Mark Spoonauer from "Tom's Hardware", and Julian Chokkattu from "Digital Trends", stated that the Pixel 3's camera was "the best camera you could get on a smartphone." "Digital Trends" concluded the Pixel 3 XL had the best output, qualitatively, after comparing its camera output with other leading smartphones, including the Apple iPhone XS Max, Samsung Galaxy Note 9, and the Google Pixel 2 XL. American technology reviewer Marques Brownlee in his Smartphone Awards video in December, 2018 said that the Pixel 3 & 3 XL have the best cameras of all smartphones.


title: Pixel 3

text: Andrei Frumusanu from AnandTech, stated "Google’s Pixels significantly climb up the ladder in terms of low-light photography ranking, even putting themselves at a comfortable distance ahead of the previous low-light champions, Huawei’s 40MP sensor phones as well as their own night mode."


title: Pixel 3

text: Matt Swider from TechRadar gave both the Pixel 3 & 3 XL 4.5 out of 5 stars, praising the camera and the improved quality of the OLED screen (compared to the Pixel 2 XL's screen, which had many quality control issues), but he criticized the poor battery life of the Pixel 3 and the notch on the Pixel 3 XL, as well as the low amount of RAM, no expandable storage options, and higher pricing compared to the Pixel 2 & 2 XL. Andrew Martonik from "Android Central" also gave the phones 4.5 out of 5 stars, having similar complaints as Swider.


title: Pixel 3

text: When the Pixel 3 was released in 2018, its warranty automatically opted-in USA and Canadian based users to a Google Arbitration Agreement. Any disputes would be handled individually in small claims court, or via arbitration through the American Arbitration Association, or through government agencies, and not as class actions. The only exception was that intellectual property issues would be handled in court. It was possible to opt-out of this arbitration agreement within 30 days of activating the device for the first time. By 2020 Google's hardware warranty no longer covered arbitration, court, or class actions.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: Schuyler Andrews (born April 2, 1983), better known by the ring name Scorpio Sky, is an American professional wrestler and mixed martial artist currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW).


title: Scorpio Sky

text: Andrews is also known for his appearances with Ring of Honor (ROH), Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, and Pro Wrestling Guerrilla. In ROH, he and Frankie Kazarian are one-time ROH World Tag Team Champions while he, Kazarian, and Christopher Daniels (known as SoCal Uncensored, or SCU) are one-time ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Champions. Sky joined AEW with Kazarian and Daniels and became one-half of the inaugural AEW World Tag Team Champions with Kazarian. Sky eventually struck out on his own in singles competition, but would form a tag team dubbed "The Men of the Year" with Ethan Page, later picking up a manager in American Top Team's Dan Lambert, which led to Sky's first reign as AEW TNT Champion. He would later win back the title for a second time in April 2022.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: Andrews took an interest in wrestling at a very young age, idolizing the likes of Bret Hart, Ric Flair, and The Midnight Express. In high school he trained with the wrestling team to gain experience. After graduating, Andrews joined the Revolution Pro Rudos Dojo. He debuted in Revolution Pro in June 2002 as a masked wrestler named Gallinero Tres in a match with Top Gun Talwar. After losing the match he spent the rest of 2002 under the mask from June until November when he re-debuted as Scorpio Sky in the Rudos Dojo "Fight For the Revolution" Battle Royal, a tournament where the winner would receive a Revolution Pro contract. The finals saw Sky face Quicksilver. The match went to a draw and both men were given contracts.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: Afterward, Sky and Quicksilver formed a tag team known as the Aerial Xpress (AXP). AXP received a strong push, defeating several other tag teams (such as Super Dragon and TARO) and were named the Southern California Tag Team of the Year for 2003. They also won the 2003 Revolution Pro Tag Team of the Year award. Sky won the 2003 Revolution Pro Wrestling Rookie of the Year award after winning the Revolution Pro Wrestling Junior Heavyweight Title by defeating Super Dragon on August 4, 2003. On October 18 he defeated Lost to become the last man to hold the APW-LA Light Heavyweight Championship and co-owned the Alternative Wrestling Show Tag Team Titles with Quicksilver. Later the APW-LA Lightweight title would become the AWS Light Heavyweight Title and Sky was named the first champion. Sky lost the Revolution Pro Junior title to Rising Son in December 2003 in a ladder match. His January 2004 rematch had to be postponed when doctors found he needed emergency surgery, which would sideline him for two months. He regained his title March 6, 2004 and remained champion for 10 months, surviving many title defenses. In the Summer of 2004, Sky and Scott Lost toured for Osaka Pro Wrestling in Japan. On October 16 Scorpio Sky won the "Revolution J Tournament", by defeating Super Dragon, Quicksilver and Joey Harder in a 4-way match. In November 2004 he debuted in Combat Zone Wrestling in a "SoCal" match. AXP once again were named the Southern California Tag Team of the Year. In December 2004, Revolution Pro Wrestling held its final show where Sky lost the Revolution Pro Junior Heavyweight title to his partner Quicksilver.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: Sky joined Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG), a new promotion owned by SoCal wrestlers Super Dragon, Joey Ryan, Disco Machine, Topgun Talwar, Scott Lost and Excalibur.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: In PWG, Sky and Quicksilver hooked back up with Dino Winwood as their manager to chase the PWG World Tag Team Championship. They received a shot at the champions Arrogance (Chris Bosh and Scott Lost), but were unable to dethrone them. On February 12, 2005, the Aerial Xpress was given a rematch for the PWG Tag Team Title but were once again defeated by Bosh and Lost. Later in June, The AXP defeated Los Luchas (Zokre and Phoenix Star), thus becoming #1 contenders for the PWG tag team title. Bosh and Lost forced through stipulations that if the AXP lost the match, not only would that be their last tag team title opportunity, but they would also be forced to remove their masks. The Masks vs. Title Match took place on July 9, 2005, at "2nd Annual PWG Bicentennial Birthday Extravaganza: Night One". Quicksilver was taken out of the match due to injury after Bosh hit him with a chair leaving Sky alone. Though outnumbered Sky was able to roll up Lost for a three count. The match would go on to be named the Southern California Match of the Year for 2005. Despite the victory, Sky was assaulted after the match by Lost, Bosh, and "The Technical Wizard" Joey Ryan. The three bloodied Scorpio and removed his mask.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: The next night Sky did not show up for a title defense and the Aerial Xpress were forced to vacate the title, and the team split. This led to Sky's "Disappearance To Africa" angle. Sky was seemingly out of the wrestling business, but finally made his return in September, without a mask, to attack Scott Lost after his match with Christopher Daniels at PWG's Battle of Los Angeles tournament. This led to a bitter feud between Sky and Lost ending with an "I Quit Match" in December, in which Sky was victorious.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: Sky started 2006 on the sidelines with a knee injury. In February he returned and toured Germany and England on PWG's "European Vacation" shows. When they returned to the states Sky feuded with the Human Tornado. During this feud Sky broke Tornado's ankle in a match taking place in Las Vegas. Tornado's then manager Jade Chung turned on him and formed an alliance with Sky. The self-proclaimed "Scorpio Sky Experience" became hated by the fans quickly, and helped Sky climb to the top of PWG, defeating the likes of Kevin Steen, Chris Hero, Homicide and Human Tornado. Sky then went on to form a stable known as The Dynasty, consisting of himself, Jade Chung, Joey Ryan, Chris Bosh and Scott Lost.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: It was at this time the rivalry between Sky and Frankie Kazarian began, after Sky assaulted Frankie after a match and cut his hair on May 6, 2006. In June, Sky toured in Europe, performing shows for 1PW, IPW, and Lucha Vavoom in England and the Netherlands. He competed in PWG's Battle of Los Angeles 2006 tournament on September 2, but was eliminated by Kazarian via disqualification after Jade Chung's interference. After Sky, Chris Bosh and Scott Lost defeated Kazarian and his tag team partners Chris Sabin and Alex Shelley, Frankie had enough and challenged Scorpio to a "Loser Leaves PWG" match which was to take place in January. On January 13, 2007, Scorpio Sky lost a "Loser Leaves PWG" match to Kazarian ending their nine-month-long feud and forcing Scorpio out of PWG.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: Soon after, The Dynasty seemingly brought Scorpio Sky back to PWG, but it was actually an impostor Sky who was noticeably smaller than the original. The "real" Sky would eventually come into the ring out of the crowd and beat the fake Scorpio Sky out of the building. In the summer of 2007, Sky and Joey Ryan feuded, ending with Sky defeating Joey Ryan and thus winning his reinstatement back into PWG. In October Sky made his official return to PWG teaming with The Young Bucks (Nick and Matt Jackson) to defeat Los Luchas (Zokre, Phoenix Star and Nemesis) in a 6-man tag. He then defeated Ronin at "All Star Weekend 6" before teaming with him in a Round Robin Tournament defeating Los Luchas in the first round.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: On July 30, 2010, Scorpio Sky made his return to Pro Wrestling Guerrilla to compete against Scott Lost in Lost's retirement match. Sky defeated Lost after hitting him with his own "Big Fat Kill" finishing move. After the match they shook hands and bid goodbye to the fans. During the summer of 2011, Sky once again began regularly working for PWG, reforming the Dynasty with Joey Ryan. On August 20, Sky and Ryan defeated the RockNES Monsters (Johnny Goodtime and Johnny Yuma) to become the number one contenders to the PWG World Tag Team Championship. On September 10, Sky and Ryan failed to capture the PWG World Tag Team Championship from The Young Bucks. Sky's final PWG appearance came on December 1, 2012, when he defeated Joey Ryan in a single's match.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: Sky participated in MTV's Wrestling Society X (WSX). In WSX, Sky had the gimmick of being "the best athlete in history...of Montclair High" and carried around two plaques that were awards he had won. He competed against the likes of Matt Sydal, Jack Evans, and 6-Pac. The show was not picked up for a second season.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: Sky began working regularly for the Empire Wrestling Federation (EWF) in 2007 quickly making waves in the Inland Title Series Tournament. He defeated JT Blackstar and Ryan Taylor to advance to the finals where he would lose to Brandon Gatson. The match was nominated for the 2007 Match of the Year. Early in the year 2008, Sky chased for the EWF Heavyweight Championship held by Gatson. After defeating Dan Kobrick in a singles match he competed in a 4-way with Korbick, Bino Gambino and Gatson for the title. He was unsuccessful in winning being eliminated by Kobrick after a superkick from Gatson. Scorpio Sky then earned a shot at Gatson's Heavyweight Title after defeating Dan "The Man" Kobrick and Terex in a #1 contender's three-way dance. After the match, Gatson went out to congratulate Sky and then leveled him with a superkick. Their match at the "12th Anniversary Extravaganza" was one of the most hyped matches in the history of the EWF and held the rare distinction of being scheduled for 2 out of 3 falls. In another match of the year candidate, Scorpio Sky went on the defeat Gatson 2 falls to 1 and become the EWF Heavyweight Champion on May 2, 2008.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: Later that month on May 31 he defeated Lil Cholo and Karl Anderson in the AWS promotion to win the AWS Heavyweight Title, again becoming a double champion and being dubbed the "King of SoCal". Sky would successfully defend his EWF Heavyweight title 11 times over the summer defeating the likes of Ryan Taylor, Scott Lost and Joey Ryan in the process. On August 16 Sky lost the AWS heavyweight title to Scott Lost. Days later it was announced that he had suffered a serious back injury leading to him relinquishing the EWF heavyweight title on August 22. On April 26, 2009, Sky defeated Johnny Paradise to become #1 Contender for the AWS Heavyweight title. He faced Scott Lost for the title on May 17 but was unsuccessful due to a double count-out finish. On July 10, 2009, Sky defeated nine other men in a cash out match to become the first EWA Champion. On August 22 at XPW's 10 Year Anniversary Show Sky and Luke Hawx won the XPW World Tag Team Titles by defeating Matt Cross and Tool. On June 19, 2010, Sky would win the world record 159 man battle royal in AWS.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: In 2011, it was revealed that Sky would take part in a new hiphop/pro wrestling collaboration, the Urban Wrestling Federation, with taping of the first event "First Blood" taking place on June 3.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: On January 7, 2016, Scorpio Sky competed on the debut PCW (Pacific Coast Wrestling) show in Torrance, California defeating TJ Perkins in the semi-main event. He defeated Kenny King at their second show on March 26, 2016. On May 6, 2016, Scorpio Sky defeated Frankie Kazarian at the EWF 20th anniversary show.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: On October 16, 2016, Scorpio Sky defeated DJ Zema Ion, Ricky Starks and Aaron Solow in a Fatal 4-Way for the Sideshow Championship at the inaugural WrestleCircus debut show.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: Sky would hold the Sideshow title until early 2017 when he was pinned by Leva Bates. Sky would then go on to defeat Michael Elgin, Brody King, Mr. 450, and Andy Daulton en route to challenging Cody Rhodes for the ROH World title at Wrestle Circus "Cody Rhodes Summer Show". Cody would pin Sky after hitting Cross Rhodes onto a pile of thumbtacks. At the one-year anniversary show, CircusMania Sky pinned Sammy Guevara after hitting the Ace of Spades.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: On September 17, 2010, the Hollywood-based NWA territory launched a weekly television show on KDOC. Sky's first appearance on "NWA Championship Wrestling From Hollywood" came on October 8, 2010, challenging Adam Pearce for the NWA World Heavyweight title. He came very close to winning but Pearce used a low blow followed by a piledriver to secure the victory. After the match, Rocky Romero & Claudio Castagnoli attacked Sky from behind. Joey Ryan and Willie Mack would come to Sky's aid leading to a 6-Man tag match on October 22. Joey Ryan, Willie Mack, and Scorpio Sky were successful. Sky's next appearance came in a losing effort to former partner Joey Ryan in a one on one matchup on November 5.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: On the December 3rd edition Sky was seen laid out in the dressing room from an attack. On December 10 Sky faced and defeated "Pretty" Peter Avalon. On the January 7th edition Sky defeated Austin Aries in a 1 on 1 match. Soon after it was announced that the Sky/Aries rivalry would continue in a Best of 5 Series of matches. The second match between the 2 took place on February 4; Aries was the winner injuring Scorpio Sky's knee in the process. Two weeks later Aries & NWA World Heavyweight Champion Adam Pearce defeated Sky & Joey Ryan in a tag team match on February 18. Sky would get his revenge on March 12 when he defeated Aries in Match 3 of their series; pinning him after a vicious knee strike to the face. Aries wouldn't stay down long as he defeated Sky on March 18 in Match 4, giving him a concussion with a series of blows to the head. The 5th and final match in the series took place on May 7. Sky forced Aries to tap out to a figure 8 like submission hold but would refuse to release it after the match ended. The referee was forced to disqualify Sky and reverse the decision.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: On July 2 Sky defeated Peter Avalon in the 1st round of the "Be A Star" Television title tournament. On July 30 he defeated James Morgan in the 2nd round. Finally, on July 10, 2011, Sky pinned So Cal Crazy after hitting the "Ace of Spades" to win the tournament and become NWA Hollywood's first Television champion. Sky's first title defense came on September 17 when he defeated Ray Rosas. He would once again defend his title on October 22 against Willie Mack. Despite Mack coming very close, Sky was able to pick up the victory after delivering the Ace of Spades. Shortly after Sky assembled a stable known as "The Experience" with strength coach Big Duke and agent Xtian Cole. The Experience would often be escorted to the ring by women and begin every match with a ring girl circling the ring with an "Experience" placard. On 12 May 2012, NWA Hollywood ran its first non-TV event in its history, with Scorpio Sky defending the Television Championship against Nick Madrid as it main event.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: Sky would defend the Television title 3 more times before his year-long title run ended losing it to Willie Mack on July 22, 2012. He was unsuccessful in the rematch losing via pinfall. Sky would defeat Johnny Yuma, Peter Avalon, and Ray Rosas in a 4-way qualifier to earn another shot at Mack's Television title in a ladder match. Sky would go on to lose the final match.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: On May 5, 2013, Sky was the last man eliminated in the finals of the Red Carpet Rumble to crown the first ever CWFH Heritage Heavyweight Champion by Shaun Ricker. He defeated Ricker in a rematch at the tapings later on that night to win the Heritage title, but the match was never aired due to the controversial finish. On November 3, 2013, Scorpio defeated Matt Striker to retain the title. On January 12, 2014, Sky lost the title to Ricky Mandel. He returned on September 14, 2014, attacking Vermin. On September 28, 2014, he teamed with Big Duke to defeat Vermin's Johnny Yuma & Johnny Goodtime via disqualification. Sky would spend the first half of 2015 feuding with Vermin defeating Ryan Taylor for the Television title on January 25, 2015, then losing it to Kevin Martenson on March 22, 2015. Sky would challenge Yuma for the Heritage title at the Red Carpet Rumble in July but was defeated. On April 10, 2016, Scorpio Sky was the special referee in the Heritage title match between Peter Avalon and Sasha Derevko.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: Sky would make a full time return even defeating Heritage champion Peter Avalon in a non-title match to secure a shot at the 2016 Red Carpet Rumble. Despite coming close many times Sky was unsuccessful in defeating Avalon. In September 2016 at Milestone Sky would pin Willie Mack after a knee strike to secure the victory. He would then go on to chase Bateman for the television title finally capturing it for a record third time in early 2017. Sky would successfully defend the title against David Starr at CZW in April and then defeat Ricky Mandel at Coastline Clash. His reign would come to an end when the returning Rocky Romero defeated Sky in an open door challenge. The rematch took place at the 2017 Red Carpet Rumble. The match was declared a no-contest when both men battled on the outside of the ring knocking down referees and announcing table equipment.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: On the August 27, 2012, episode of WWE "Raw", Andrews played a character known as "Harold" in one of Daniel Bryan's anger management classes that also involved Kane. He also appeared the following week, again as Harold, as Kane and Daniel Bryan continued with their anger management. In December 2012, WWE publicly severed its ties with Andrews after Andrews allegedly made anti-gay comments on Twitter. Sky made another appearance for WWE at SummerSlam 2013, posing as a firefighter during the "Ring of Fire" match between Kane and Bray Wyatt.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: On June 28, 2012, Andrews, working under the ring name Mason Andrews, made his debut for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), losing to Rashad Cameron in a TNA X Division Championship tournament qualifying match on "Impact Wrestling". On July 8 at Destination X, Andrews defeated Dakota Darsow, Lars Only and Rubix in a Last Chance match to earn his way back into the tournament. He then defeated Kid Kash immediately afterwards to qualify for the finals of the tournament. Later that same night, Andrews was defeated by Zema Ion in the final Ultimate X match, which also included Kenny King and Sonjay Dutt. Andrews returned to TNA on January 12, 2013, to take part in TNA X-Travaganza, wrestling in an Ultimate X match, which was won by Kenny King and also included Rubix and Zema Ion.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: Mason Andrews returned again on April 4, 2013, edition of TNA Impact to compete in a No. 1 contender X Division match against Petey Williams and Sonjay Dutt, which was eventually won by Petey Williams. Sky has since parted ways with TNA.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: Sky made his Ring of Honor debut on January 29, 2010, during the WrestleReunion 4 weekend, teaming up with Scott Lost in a losing effort against Colt Cabana and El Generico. He once again competed with ROH on March 26 & 27 again teaming with Scott Lost to face the Kings of Wrestling and Kenny King respectively.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: Sky made his return to the promotion on September 29, 2017, and unsuccessfully challenged Cody for the ROH World Championship. On October 14, Sky faced Kushida, The match ended in a no contest after Christopher Daniels and Frankie Kazarian attacked both men. However, Sky would later form SoCal Uncensored alongside Daniels and Kazarian. On November 12 at Survival Of The Fittest, Sky unsuccessfully challenged Kenny King for the ROH World Television Championship.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: On March 9, 2018, at the ROH 16th Anniversary Show, SoCal Uncensored defeated The Hung Bucks to win the ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Championship. At War of the Worlds: Lowell, they lost the Six-Man Tag Team Title to The Kingdom. On July 20 at Honor For All, Sky unsuccessfully challenged Punishment Martinez for the ROH World Television Championship. On October 14, 2018, Sky and Kazarian defeated The Briscoe Brothers to win the ROH World Tag Team Championship. However, they lost the titles back to The Briscoe Brothers at Final Battle in a Ladder War. The next day, SoCal Uncensored left ROH.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: On March 4, 2018, it was announced that Scorpio Sky would be serving as assistant trainer of the New Japan Los Angeles Dojo. Sky made his in-ring debut at the promotion at Strong Style Saturday on March 24 defeating Rocky Romero.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: On January 8, 2019, it was announced that Scorpio Sky, along with Christopher Daniels and Frankie Kazarian of SoCal Uncensored, would be signing with All Elite Wrestling (AEW), a new wrestling promotion started by wrestlers Cody Rhodes, Kenny Omega, and The Young Bucks (Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson). He and Kazarian were crowned the first-ever AEW World Tag Team Champions after winning a tournament final against the Lucha Brothers (Pentagón Jr. and Fénix) on the October 30, 2019 episode of "Dynamite", thus making him the first African-American champion in AEW. In their first defense of the championship, Sky and Kazarian defeated both the Lucha Brothers and Private Party at Full Gear on November 9, 2019.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: On the November 13 episode of "Dynamite", Sky and Kazarian successfully defended the World Tag Team Championship against The Inner Circle members Chris Jericho and Sammy Guevara which culminated with Sky pinning Jericho and Sky would become the first wrestler in AEW to pin Jericho. This earned Sky, a title shot at Jericho's AEW World Championship on the November 27 episode of "Dynamite", which Sky lost. Sky and Kazarian would lose the World Tag Team Championship to Kenny Omega and "Hangman" Adam Page at Chris Jericho's Rock 'N' Wrestling Rager at Sea Part Deux: Second Wave in January 2020. Since then, Sky turned to singles competition while his SoCal Uncensored stablemates, Christopher Daniels and Frankie Kazarian focused on tag team competition.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: After picking up a number of wins on "Dark", Sky would earn a match for the AEW TNT Championship against Cody on the August 12, 2020 edition of "Dynamite", where he would be unsuccessful.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: At Revolution, Sky won the Face of the Revolution ladder match to earn a future TNT Championship match. He received the title match on the March 10, 2021 edition of "Dynamite", but was defeated by then-champion Darby Allin. After failing to win the title, Sky turned heel after the match by attacking Darby with the heel hook. On the March 29 episode of "", Sky formed an alliance with Ethan Page. Sky and Page went on to feud with Sting and Darby Allin, culminating in a Tag Team Match at Double or Nothing (which was Sting’s first live, in-ring match in over six years), in which Sky and Page were defeated. Sky and Page would later form an alliance with Dan Lambert of American Top Team. After remaining undefeated in singles matches for a year, Sky defeated Sammy Guevara and won the TNT Championship on the March 9, 2022 episode of "Dynamite". On the March 16 episode of Dynamite, Sky would successfully defend title defense against Wardlow, but lost the title back to Guevara at Battle of the Belts II. He regained it two weeks later on the April 27, 2022, episode of "Dynamite" after defeating Guevara in a ladder match. On the May 13, 2022 episode of AEW Rampage, Sky successfully defended the title against Frankie Kazarian following interference from Page and Lambert. On the May 27, 2022 episode of "Rampage", Sky would receive a custom design TNT Championship belt in the colors of his hometown team, the Los Angeles Lakers. At Double or Nothing on May 29, 2022, Sky, Paige Van Zandt and Ethan Page defeated Guevara, Kazarian and Tay Conti at in a six-person tag team match after Sky pinned Kazarian, with Guevara and Kazarian losing the right to challenge Sky for the TNT Championship as a result. On the July 6 episode of "Dynamite", Wardlow would defeat Scorpio Sky in a street fight match to win the TNT Championship.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: On August 28, 2011, Andrews made his mixed martial arts debut, defeating Jason Bell in the third round via referee stoppage due to strikes from the mount.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: On August 24, 2014, Andrews returned to the cage and defeated Jose Jovel at University of MMA "Fight Night 8" at 1 minute 57 seconds of the first round by submission via arm bar.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: On October 12, 2014, Andrews defeated James Hershey via second-round TKO (punches) at Mansion Fights 20.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: On March 8, 2015, Andrews suffered his first loss to Lance Bush via split decision at University of MMA Fight Night 9.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: After graduating from high school, Andrews considered enlisting in the United States Army, but instead opted to go to college. He dropped out in his freshman year and started training to become a professional wrestler.


title: Scorpio Sky

text: Andrews's favorite wrestlers are Bret Hart, Shawn Michaels, and Kurt Angle. He also cites boxers Muhammad Ali and Floyd Mayweather Jr. as inspirations for his in-ring persona.


title: Promotion (marketing)

text: In marketing, promotion refers to any type of marketing communication used to inform target audiences of the relative merits of a product, service, brand or issue, most of the time persuasive in nature. It helps marketers to create a distinctive place in customers' mind, it can be either a cognitive or emotional route. The aim of promotion is to increase brand awareness, create interest, generate sales or create brand loyalty. It is one of the basic elements of the market mix, which includes the four Ps, i.e., product, price, place, and promotion.


title: Promotion (marketing)

text: Promotion is also one of the elements in the promotional mix or promotional plan. These are personal selling, advertising, sales promotion, direct marketing publicity, word of mouth and may also include event marketing, exhibitions and trade shows. A promotional plan specifies how much attention to pay to each of the elements in the promotional mix, and what proportion of the budget should be allocated to each element.


title: Promotion (marketing)

text: Promotion covers the methods of communication that a marketer uses to provide information about its product. Information can be both verbal and visual.


title: Promotion (marketing)

text: The term "promotion" derives from the Old French, "promocion" meaning to "move forward", "push onward" or to "advance in rank or position" which in turn, comes from the Latin, "promotionem" meaning "a moving forward". The word entered the English language in the 14th century.


title: Promotion (marketing)

text: The use of the term "promotion" to refer to "advertising or publicity" is very modern and is first recorded in 1925. It may be a contraction of a related term, "sales promotion," which is one element in the larger set of tools used in marketing communications. The terms, "promotion" and "marketing communications" can be used synonymously, but in practice, the latter is more widely used.


title: Promotion (marketing)

text: The purpose of a promotion and thus its promotional plan can have a wide range, including: sales increases, new product acceptance, creation of brand equity, positioning, competitive retaliations, or creation of a corporate image.


title: Promotion (marketing)

text: The term 'promotion' tends to be used internally by the marketing function. To the public or the market, phrases like "special offer" are more common. Examples of a fully integrated, long-term, and large-scale promotion are My Coke Rewards in the USA or Coke Zone in the UK and Pepsi Stuff.


title: Promotion (marketing)

text: There have been different ways to promote a product in person or with different media. Both person and media can be either physically real or virtual/electronic.


title: Promotion (marketing)

text: Promotions can be held in physical environments at special events such as concerts, festivals, trade shows, and in the field, such as in grocery or department stores. Interactions in the field allow immediate purchases. The purchase of a product can be incentive with discounts (i.e., coupons), free items, or a contest. This method is used to increase the sales of a given product.


title: Promotion (marketing)

text: Interactions between the brand and the customer are performed by a brand ambassador or promotional model who represents the product in physical environments. Brand ambassadors or promotional models are hired by a marketing company, which in turn is booked by the brand to represent the product or service. Person-to-person interaction, as opposed to media-to-person involvement, establishes connections that add another dimension to promotion. Building a community through promoting goods and services can lead to brand loyalty.


title: Promotion (marketing)

text: Examples of traditional media include print media such as newspapers and magazines, electronic media such as radio and television, and outdoor media such as banner or billboard advertisements. Each of these platforms provide ways for brands to reach consumers with advertisements.


title: Promotion (marketing)

text: Digital media, which includes Internet, social networking and social media sites, is a modern way for brands to interact with consumers as it releases news, information and advertising from the technological limits of print and broadcast infrastructures. Digital media is currently the most effective way for brands to reach their consumers on a daily basis. Over 2.7 billion people are online globally, which is about 40% of the world's population. 67% of all Internet users globally use social media.


title: Promotion (marketing)

text: Mass communication has led to modern marketing strategies to continue focusing on brand awareness, large distributions and heavy promotions. The fast-paced environment of digital media presents new methods for promotion to utilize new tools now available through technology. With the rise of technological advances, promotions can be done outside of local contexts and across geographic borders to reach a greater number of potential consumers. The goal of a promotion is then to reach the most people possible in a time efficient and a cost efficient manner.


title: Promotion (marketing)

text: Social media, as a modern marketing tool, offers opportunities to reach larger audiences in an interactive way. These interactions allow for conversation rather than simply educating the customer. Facebook, Snapchat, Instagram, Twitter, Pinterest, Tumblr, as well as alternate audio and media sites like SoundCloud and Mixcloud allow users to interact and promote music online with little to no cost. You can purchase and buy ad space as well as potential customer interactions stores as Likes, Followers, and clicks to your page with the use of third parties. As a participatory media culture, social media platforms or social networking sites are forms of mass communication that, through media technologies, allow large amounts of product and distribution of content to reach the largest audience possible. However, there are downsides to virtual promotions as servers, systems, and websites may crash, fail, or become overloaded with information. You also can stand risk of losing uploaded information and storage and at a use can also be effected by a number of outside variables.


title: Promotion (marketing)

text: Brands can explore different strategies to keep consumers engaged. One popular tool is branded entertainment, or creating some sort of social game for the user. The benefits of such a platform include submersing the user in the brand's content. Users will be more likely to absorb and not grow tired of advertisements if they are, for example, embedded in the game as opposed to a bothersome pop-up ad.


title: Promotion (marketing)

text: Personalizing advertisements is another strategy that can work well for brands, as it can increase the likelihood that the brand will be anthropomorphized by the consumer. Personalization increases click-through intentions when data has been collected about the consumer.


title: Promotion (marketing)

text: Brands must navigate the line between effectively promoting their content to consumers on social media and becoming too invasive in consumers' lives. Vivid Internet ads that include devices such as animation might increase a user's initial attention to the ad. However, this may be seen as a distraction to the user if they are trying to absorb a different part of the site such as reading text. Additionally, when brands make the effort of overtly collecting data about their consumers and then personalizing their ads to them, the consumer's relationship with the advertisements, following this data collection, is frequently positive. However, when data is covertly collected, consumers can quickly feel like the company betrayed their trust. It is important for brands to utilize personalization in their ads, without making the consumer feel vulnerable or that their privacy has been betrayed.


title: Promotion (marketing)

text: Sponsorship generally involves supplying resources (such as money) to a group or an event in exchange for advertising or publicity. Company will often help fund athletes, teams, or events in exchange for having their logo prominently visible.


title: Meezaan Jafri

text: Meezaan Jafri (born 9 March 1995) is an Indian actor who works in Hindi films. He is the son of actor Jaaved Jaffrey and the grandson of yesteryear actor Jagdeep, He is best known for role in Bollywood film "Malaal", which earned him critical praise for his performance.


title: Meezaan Jafri

text: Jafri was born on 9 March 1995 to actor Jaaved Jaaferi and his wife Habiba Jaafery. He is the grandson of veteran actor Jagdeep. He studied business at the Franklin & Marshall College in Pennsylvania but then decided to study film direction and editing at the School of Visual Arts in New York.


title: Meezaan Jafri

text: Meezaan assisted Sanjay Leela Bhansali and was the body double for Ranveer Singh in "Padmavat". He was also an assistant director on "Bajirao Mastani" and "Gangubai Kathiawadi".


title: Meezaan Jafri

text: In 2019, Jafri made his debut in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's "Malaal", for which he won the Best Debutant Performer recognition at the Times Men of the Year awards 2020. He was next seen playing the lead role in the comedy-drama "Hungama 2" which released on Disney+ Hotstar in 2021.


title: Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi

text: Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi (born 15 October 1957) is an Indian politician and was the Union Minister of Minority Affairs. He had served as a Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha from 2002 to 2022 and was Deputy Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha between 2021 to 2022.


title: Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi

text: Naqvi was a Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha from Uttar Pradesh from 2010 to 2016 and from Jharkhand from 2016 to 2022.


title: Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi

text: Naqvi was born to AH Naqvi and Sakina Begum on 15 October 1957 at Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh, India. He studied arts and mass communication. Naqvi married Seema Naqvi on 8 June 1983 and they have a son together.


title: Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi

text: Naqvi was jailed at the age of 17 in 1975 during the period of Emergency at the Naini Central Jail in Allahabad due to his political activities. As a student leader, he had also participated in the activities of the Janata Party. Naqvi unsuccessfully contested elections for the legislative assembly of Uttar Pradesh in 1980 as a candidate of Janata Party (Secular). He also contested elections as an independent candidate in 1980 Lok Sabha elections from the Ayodhya constituency. He was elected to the 1998 Lok Sabha from Lok Sabha, and subsequently given the post of Minister of State for Ministry of Information and Broadcasting with additional charge of the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (2001-2003) in the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government.


title: Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi

text: He became Minister of State for Minority Affairs and Parliamentary Affairs on 26 May 2014 in Narendra Modi ministry. After resignation of Najma Heptulla on 12 July 2016, he got independent charge of the Ministry of Minority Affairs.


title: Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi

text: He took oath as cabinet minister in Narendra Modi's cabinet on 30 May 2019 and continued with the Ministry of Minority Affairs.


title: Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi

text: According to Naqvi, a "baseless" campaign had been started by Congress party to prevent Indian Muslims from joining the Bharatiya Janata Party. Naqvi has also said that he does not harbour the allegations of Congress that as BJP came to power, there was nobody to cause riots against the minority community.


title: Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi

text: Naqvi feels that Muslims don't desert other Muslims if they are given important posts in the Bharatiya Janata Party. For the party to increase support amongst the Muslims; he opines that they should feel that they are "equal citizens of this country", and also "understand that the bill on Muslim Personal Law will not take away their right to practise their religion". In addition, the party should also make them aware of the works done by the Vajpayee government.


title: Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi

text: Naqvi has also said that there is "no justification" for the 2002 Gujarat riots. In November 2015, when actor Aamir Khan said that he felt of leaving the country, Naqvi defended by saying that he had made the comment "in a hurry or maybe under influence from others".


title: Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi

text: Naqvi has said that Bharatiya Janata Party and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh are two "separate entities" and each of them has different views on different issues. According to him RSS is a nationalist organization and not an "anti-national" one.


title: Histoplasmosis

text: Histoplasmosis is a fungal infection caused by "Histoplasma capsulatum". Symptoms of this infection vary greatly, but the disease affects primarily the lungs. Occasionally, other organs are affected; called disseminated histoplasmosis, it can be fatal if left untreated.


title: Histoplasmosis

text: Histoplasmosis is common among AIDS patients because of their suppressed immunity. In immunocompetent individuals, past infection results in partial protection against ill effects if reinfected.


title: Histoplasmosis

text: "Histoplasma capsulatum" is found in soil, often associated with decaying bat guano or bird droppings. Disruption of soil from excavation or construction can release infectious elements that are inhaled and settle into the lung.


title: Histoplasmosis

text: From 1938 to 2013 in the US, 105 outbreaks were reported in a total of 26 states plus Puerto Rico. In 1978 to 1979 during a large urban outbreak in which 100,000 people were exposed to the fungus in Indianapolis, victims had pericarditis, rheumatological syndromes, esophageal and vocal cord ulcers, parotitis, adrenal insufficiency, uveitis, fibrosing mediastinitis, interstitial nephritis, intestinal lymphangiectasia, and epididymitis. Histoplasmosis mimics colds, pneumonia, and the flu, and can be shed by bats in their feces.


title: Histoplasmosis

text: If symptoms of histoplasmosis infection occur, they start within 3 to 17 days after exposure; the typical time is 12–14 days. Most affected individuals have clinically silent manifestations and show no apparent ill effects. The acute phase of histoplasmosis is characterized by nonspecific respiratory symptoms, often cough or flu-like. Chest X-ray findings are normal in 40–70% of cases. Chronic histoplasmosis cases can resemble tuberculosis; disseminated histoplasmosis affects multiple organ systems and is fatal unless treated.


title: Histoplasmosis

text: While histoplasmosis is the most common cause of mediastinitis, this remains a relatively rare disease. Severe infections can cause hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and adrenal enlargement. Lesions often left calcification nodules as they are healed.


title: Histoplasmosis

text: Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome causes chorioretinitis, where the choroid and retina of the eyes are scarred, resulting in a loss of vision not unlike macular degeneration. Despite its name, the relationship to "Histoplasma" is controversial. Distinct from POHS, acute ocular histoplasmosis may rarely occur in immunodeficiency.


title: Histoplasmosis

text: In absence of proper treatment and especially in immunocompromised individuals, complications can arise. These include recurrent pneumonia, respiratory failure, fibrosing mediastinitis, superior vena cava syndrome, pulmonary vessel obstruction, and progressive fibrosis of lymph nodes. Fibrosing mediastinitis is a serious complication and can be fatal. Smokers with structural lung disease have higher probability of developing chronic cavitary histoplasmosis.


title: Histoplasmosis

text: After healing of lesions, hard, calcified lymph nodes can erode the walls of the airway, causing hemoptysis.


title: Histoplasmosis

text: "H. capsulatum" grows in soil and material contaminated with bird or bat droppings (guano). The fungus has been found in poultry-house litter, caves, areas harboring bats, and bird roosts (particularly those of starlings). The fungus is thermally dimorphic; in the environment, it grows as a brownish mycelium, and at body temperature (37°C in humans), it morphs into a yeast. Histoplasmosis is not contagious but is contracted by inhalation of the spores from disturbed soil or guano. The inoculum is represented principally by microconidia. These are inhaled and reach the alveoli. In the alveoli, macrophages ingest these microconidia. They survive inside the phagosome. As the fungus is thermally dimorphic, these microconidia are transformed into yeast. They grow and multiply inside the phagosome. The macrophages travel in lymphatic circulation and can spread the disease to different organs.


title: Histoplasmosis

text: Within the phagosome, the fungus has an absolute requirement for thiamine. Cell-mediated immunity for histoplasmosis develops within 2 weeks. If the patient has strong cellular immunity, macrophages, epithelial cells, and lymphocytes surround the organisms and contain them, and eventually calcify. In immunocompromised individuals, the organisms disseminate to different organs such as bone, spleen, liver, adrenal glands, and mucocutaneous membranes, resulting in progressive disseminated histoplasmosis. Chronic lung disease can manifest.