title: Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia

text: Although Wenceslaus was only a duke during his lifetime, Holy Roman Emperor Otto I posthumously "conferred on [Wenceslaus] the regal dignity and title", which is why he is referred to as "king" in legend and song.


title: Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia

text: The hymn "Svatý Václave" (Saint Wenceslaus) or "Saint Wenceslas Chorale" is one of the oldest known Czech songs. Traceable to the 12th century AD, it is still among the most popular religious songs in the Bohemian lands. In 1918, at the founding of the modern Czechoslovak state, the song was discussed as a possible choice for the national anthem. During the Nazi occupation, it was often played along with the Czech anthem.


title: Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia

text: Wenceslaus's feast day is celebrated on September 28. On this day, celebrations and a pilgrimage are held in the city of Stará Boleslav, whereas the translation of his relics, which took place in 938, is commemorated on 4 March. Since 2000, the September 28 feast day has been a public holiday in the Czech Republic, celebrated as Czech Statehood Day.


title: Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia

text: According to legend, one Count Radislas rose in rebellion and marched against King Wenceslaus. The latter sent a deputation with offers of peace, but Radislas viewed this as a sign of cowardice. The two armies were drawn up opposite each other in battle array, when Wenceslaus, to avoid shedding innocent blood, challenged Radislas to single combat. As Radislas advanced toward the king, he saw by Wenceslaus's side two angels, who cried: "Stand off!" Thunderstruck, Radislas repented his rebellion, threw himself from his horse at Wenceslaus's feet, and asked for pardon. Wenceslaus raised him and kindly received him again into favor.


title: Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia

text: A second enduring legend claims an army of knights sleeps under Blaník, a mountain in the Czech Republic. They will awake and, under the command of Wenceslaus, bring aid to the Czech people in their ultimate danger. There is a similar legend in Prague which says that when the Motherland is in danger or in its darkest times and close to ruin, the equestrian statue of King Wenceslaus in Wenceslaus Square will come to life, raise the army sleeping in Blaník, and upon crossing the Charles Bridge his horse will stumble and trip over a stone, revealing the legendary sword of Bruncvík. With this sword, King Wenceslaus will slay all the enemies of the Czechs, bringing peace and prosperity to the land.


title: Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia

text: Wenceslaus is the subject of the popular Saint Stephen's Day (celebrated on December 26 in the West) carol "Good King Wenceslas". It was published by John Mason Neale in 1853, and may be a translation of a poem by Czech poet Václav Alois Svoboda.


title: Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia

text: The usual American English spelling of the duke's name, "Wenceslaus", is occasionally encountered in later textual variants of the carol, although it was not used by Neale in his version. Wenceslaus is not to be confused with King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia (Wenceslaus I Premyslid), who lived more than three centuries later.


title: Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia

text: An equestrian statue of Saint Wenceslaus and other patrons of Bohemia (St. Adalbert, St. Ludmila, St. Prokop and St. Agnes of Bohemia) are located on Wenceslaus Square in Prague. The statue is a popular meeting place in Prague. Demonstrations against the Communist regime were held there.


title: Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia

text: Ogden Nash wrote a comic epic poem, "The Christmas that Almost Wasn't" (1957), in which a boy awakens Wenceslaus and his knights to save the kingdom of Lullapat from usurpers who have outlawed Christmas, with elements from the legend of Wenceslas.


title: Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia

text: The 1994 television film, "Good King Wenceslas", is a highly fictional account of his early life. The film stars Jonathan Brandis in the title role, supported by Leo McKern, Stefanie Powers, and Joan Fontaine as Ludmila.


title: Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator

text: Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator (alternatively known as Five Nights at Freddy's 6) is a freeware point-and-click business simulation survival horror video game developed and published by Scott Cawthon. The game was released on December 4, 2017 on Steam and Game Jolt. It is the sixth main installment of the "Five Nights at Freddy's" video game series, the seventh game overall, and is chronologically set after the events of the third game. Initially marketed as a simulation game where the player manages their own franchised pizzeria, the game gradually reveals itself to continue its predecessors' concept of surviving against hostile animatronic characters for multiple nights in a row.


title: Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator

text: A mobile version for iOS and Android titled FNaF 6: Pizzeria Simulator was released on August 13, 2019. Unlike the PC version, the mobile release, which is developed and published by Clickteam LLC USA, is pay-to-play. A Nintendo Switch and Xbox One port was released on October 31, 2020, with a PlayStation 4 port released on March 31, 2021. A planned add-on, "Ultimate Custom Night", was released as a standalone game on June 27, 2018. The game was met with mostly positive reviews, with praise for its story and simulation mechanics.


title: Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator

text: "Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator" begins as an 8-bit minigame where the player must control the titular Freddy Fazbear and distribute pizzas to several children. This minigame eventually ends in a scripted glitch.


title: Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator

text: The game then switches to a dark room where the player faces a broken version of the animatronic Circus Baby from "" (now known as "Scrap Baby"). A voice from a cassette tape instructs the player to observe the animatronic and document their responses to various audio simulations. A checklist must be filled containing the options "no", "yes" and "unsure". At the third audio stimulation, Scrap Baby speaks to the player, with the game suddenly jumping to the game's start menu.


title: Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator

text: The game then turns into a business simulation, where the player buys decorations for their fictional restaurant and places them around the restaurant. Buying these items can increase the atmosphere, health/safety and entertainment standards, with the possibility of also giving them extra revenue. However, many of these items can also increase liability risk and lead to lawsuits which can be fought or settled, both at the cost of money. Sponsorship offers can be accepted for money but can cause audio and visual distractions for the player later in the game. Arcade games placed in the restaurant can also be interacted with to play minigames, increasing their "Faz-Points". Faz-Points are the in-game points earned whenever the player plays the minigames or buys a new item and places it in the pizzeria. For every 1000 points increased, the player gets $100. Some minigames such as, "Fruity Maze", "Midnight Motorist", and "Security Puppet" have their own story inside the main game that all connect to Fazbear Entertainment's co-founder and series antagonist, William Afton.


title: Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator

text: The next portion of the game sees the player using a computer to complete various tasks to maintain the restaurant. However, any hostile animatronics loose in the establishment will try to attack the player. They can be stopped by shining the player's flashlight into the ventilation openings or by using audio to lure animatronics away. The player can use a network of motion detectors to track the animatronics' movements from one location to another. The player can also use the silent ventilation to reduce the noise, but only one of the systems from the motion detector, audio lure and silent ventilation can be used. Unlike the previous games in the series, all four animatronics in the game (Scrap Baby, Molten Freddy, Scraptrap, and Lefty) share the same behavior as opposed to having different mechanics. The player may upgrade the office equipment in order to increase efficiency and reduce the noise level. The player may also temporarily shut off the computer or switch to a secondary ventilation system that runs more quietly, but is not as effective in controlling the ambient temperature. Any sponsorships accepted will cause loud advertisements to be played randomly on the computer, attracting the animatronics and making the player unable to hear them or do anything for several seconds, until the ads are skipped. This portion ends when the daily tasks are done and the computer is logged off.


title: Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator

text: After completing the management, the player will be directed to the salvage segment, where the animatronics will be presented in the same setting as Scrap Baby. Each day, one of the four animatronics will be offered to be salvaged at their own prices. Just like the earlier setting, the player has to tick the checklist. Unlike the previous setting, the animatronic only moves when the player is looking down at the checklist. If the player feels the animatronic is about to jumpscare them, they are able to subdue it by using a taser. However, the animatronic loses value if it is tasered more than three times, lowering the amount of profit that could be obtained from it. If the player is successful in this portion of the game, they earn a cash reward. If unsuccessful, no cash reward will be obtained. Regardless of their success, the animatronic will immediately serve as a threat in the management section. On the other hand, the player can refuse to salvage the animatronic and discard it, which leads to alternate ending. If the animatronic has already entered through marked down items before its salvage segment, then a cutout will be present, with the only option being to throw it out.


title: Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator

text: In order to finish the game, the player must survive six full days and nights. Several different endings are possible, depending on factors such as the degree of improvement made to the pizzeria, the number of lawsuits brought against the pizzeria by customers, and whether or not the player salvaged every animatronic, among other conditions.


title: Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator

text: The player character (implied to be Michael Afton, the main character of "") is the new franchiser of the re-branded Fazbear Entertainment Inc., with headquarters in Washington County, Utah. After investing in the restaurant, the player is left with $100 to spend on their new venue. After the first night, they are encouraged to prepare for their "ultimate test", which is a big party on Saturday. Under the guidance of "Tutorial Unit", the restaurant's artificial intelligence, the player invests in various props, animatronics, and sponsors to add to and fund the restaurant.


title: Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator

text: In addition to running the restaurant, the player, under obligations of "Paragraph 4", must also check maintenance at the end of each day with four possessed and dilapidated animatronics: Scrap Baby, which is Circus Baby rebuilt from scraps after being ejected from Ennard following the events of ""; Molten Freddy, the remains of Ennard with Funtime Freddy as its primary head; Lefty, a mysterious black bear animatronic; and Springtrap (nicknamed "Scraptrap"), the worn-out Spring Bonnie costume which contains the undead body of serial killer and Fazbear co-founder William Afton, who survived the destruction of Fazbear's Fright. The player can either complete the maintenance under the guidance of the mysterious "Cassette Man" before salvaging the animatronics, or throw them back outside, unless they have already sneaked in the pizzeria through a previously-purchased discounted object. The player is left to survive each night as the salvaged animatronics attempt to kill them.


title: Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator

text: A total of seven endings exist for the game, with all but one granting the player a certificate on the title screen.


title: Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator

text: In June 2017, Cawthon hinted towards the development of a sixth main game in the series, with a teaser on scottgames.com showing a picture that appeared to be Circus Baby from "", but later announced his decision to cancel the game and instead develop a separate installment similar to "FNaF World" such as a "pizzeria tycoon". Teasers for a new game began appearing on Cawthon's website in late 2017. On December 4, 2017, Cawthon released "Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator" on Steam as freeware, which fans presumed to be the game he had referred to previously.


title: Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator

text: In February 2018, Cawthon announced on a Steam post that he would think about gaining help from larger publishers in making future games. In an edited version of the same post, he added that he would be developing an "ultimate custom night" for "Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator", which, as revealed on his website, has over 50 animatronics from the whole series attacking the player. After realizing the size of the update, Cawthon decided to make it its own separate game.


title: Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator

text: "Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator" received mostly positive reviews. "GameCrate" called it the "best value in gaming right now", with "Rock Paper Shotgun" calling it "spooky as hell". The "Ball State Daily News" also gave a positive review, giving the game a 7.6/10 and calling it "an interesting evolution of the "Five Nights" ["at Freddy's"] formula". "IGN" listed "Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator" in their top 18 Best Horror Games of 2017.


title: Olga Khokhlova

text: Olga Picasso (born Olga Stepanovna Khokhlova; ; 17 June 1891 – 11 February 1955) was a ballet dancer in the Russian ballet. She was also the first wife of Pablo Picasso, one of his early artistic muses and the mother of his son, Paulo.


title: Olga Khokhlova

text: Khokhlova was born in the town of Nizhyn, Chernigov Governorate, Russian Empire (present-day Ukraine) on 17 June 1891. Her father Stepan Khokhlov was a Colonel in the Russian Imperial Army. Her mother Lydia Zinchenko was of Ukrainian descent. The Khokhlov family had three sons and two daughters. Olga decided to be a ballerina after being encouraged by a friend's sister who had joined the Diaghilev ballet. She studied in Saint Petersburg at a private ballet school and successfully auditioned to join the Ballets Russes of Sergei Diaghilev. As a member of the ballet company, she travelled around Europe and America.


title: Olga Khokhlova

text: In 1917, Pablo Picasso became involved in "Parade," a ballet by Sergei Diaghilev, Erik Satie and Jean Cocteau. The ballet premiered on 18 May 1917 at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris. Picasso had designed the costumes and set for the ballet. After seeing Khokhlova dance in rehearsals for a ballet named "Les Femmes de Bonne Humeur" in Italy, he fell in love with her.


title: Olga Khokhlova

text: After meeting Picasso, Khokhlova left the group, which toured South America, and stayed in Barcelona with him. He introduced her to his family. At first, his mother disapproved of the idea of having Khokhlova as a daughter-in-law. However, Khokhlova was intent on marrying Picasso. They maintained a long engagement, in which she initially resisted sleeping with him. Khokhlova was isolated and reliant on Picasso, having become trapped in Spain without a passport. At this time, Picasso painted his first portrait of her as a Spanish girl ("Olga Khokhlova in Mantilla"). After waiting six months for a visa, Khokhlova returned with Picasso to Paris. They lived apart for six months, with Khokhlova living at Hôtel Lutétia and Picasso living at his rented villa in Montrouge. To celebrate their engagement, Picasso painted "Olga in an Armchair", a traditional portrait of Khokhlova in the style of Ingres, which depicts her wearing a black dress and holding a fan.


title: Olga Khokhlova

text: Khokhlova married Picasso on 12 July 1918, at the Russian Orthodox Cathedral at the Rue Daru in Paris. Jean Cocteau and Max Jacob were witnesses to the marriage. The wedding had been postponed from May 1918, due to Khokhlova experiencing pain from a foot injury. The injury forced her to undergo an operation that resulted in having to wear plaster encasing her right leg. It was only when the leg had healed that the marriage could take place. After the wedding, the Picassos spent their honeymoon at the villa of Eugenia Errázuriz in Biarritz, where Picasso made drawings of his wife. By September 1918, Khokhlova had recovered from her injury, but required rehabilitation. She never danced again in public. By October 1918, the couple returned to Paris in search of an apartment. Picasso's dealer, Paul Rosenberg, found a suitable apartment next to his own home, at 23, Rue La Boétie, into which the Picassos moved the week before Christmas 1918.


title: Olga Khokhlova

text: On 4 February 1921, Khokhlova gave birth to a boy named Paulo. From then on, Khokhlova and Picasso's relationship deteriorated. Picasso was proud of Khokhlova and his son, but she became obsessively protective of the boy. She enjoyed the prestige of being Picasso's wife and the idea of a celebrity lifestyle. When this drew criticism from Picasso's friends, he would blame Khokhlova for her refined tastes. In summer 1922, she became seriously ill while the Picassos were staying at the resort of Dinard. In mid-September, she was rushed to hospital in Paris for an emergency operation. By the end of the summer of 1923, Picasso's passion for Khokhlova had cooled, as he took possession of the floor above his apartment and began to frequent the brothels in Paris.


title: Olga Khokhlova

text: In 1927, Picasso began an affair with a 17-year-old French girl, Marie-Thérèse Walter. He continued to play the part of the conventional husband and father but continued his affair with his new mistress in secret. In the summer of 1928, the Picasso family spent time in Dinard, where Picasso also secreted his mistress away from his wife. However, the trip caused Khokhlova to become seriously ill again, resulting in the family returning to Paris on 5 September 1928. She again underwent an operation that required convalescence and, despite leaving the clinic on 10 October, was forced to return for a second operation before returning home in early December. She was back at the clinic by Christmas. This lengthy separation from his wife gave Picasso the freedom to spend time with his mistress. In 1930, Picasso purchased a chateau located an hour northwest of Paris named Boisgeloup, where Walter spent the week with him and Khokhlova would visit with Paulo on weekends. At Picasso's first major retrospective at the Galeries Georges Petit in 1932, he blatantly displayed numerous works of his mistress. Khokhlova had become obsessively jealous and suspicious. Picasso's grandson, Bernard Ruiz-Picasso, considered that by this time, Olga knew about the affair. Picasso's depictions of his wife were now reflective of her perturbed state. Over Christmas in 1931, he painted "Woman with a Stiletto", a harrowing caricature of his unhappy wife.


title: Olga Khokhlova

text: In 1935, Khokhlova learned of the affair from a friend, who also informed her that Walter was pregnant. She was devastated, filed for divorce, and immediately moved to the Hôtel California with Paulo. She spent the next 20 years living in Parisian hotels, Boisgeloup and the South of France. Picasso refused to divide his property evenly with her, as required by French law, so Khokhlova stayed legally married to him until her death from cancer in Cannes, France, on 11 February 1955. She was mistakenly buried in an English rather than a Russian cemetery.


title: Olga Khokhlova

text: Paulo, who died on 5 June 1975, was married to Emilienne Lotte. They divorced in 1953. They had two children: Pablito (born 5 May 1949 – died by suicide 2 July 1973) and Marina (born 14 November 1950). Later in life, Paulo married Christiane Pauplin. The couple's only child, Bernard Ruiz-Picasso, co-founded the Picasso Museum in Malaga along with his mother.


title: National service in Singapore

text: National Service (NS) is the national policy in Singapore mandated by statutory law that requires all male Singaporean citizens and second-generation permanent residents to serve a period of compulsory service in the uniformed services. It was first instituted in 1967 to help build Singapore's armed forces soon after the country gained independence in 1965, and has since been expanded to involve the police force and civil defence force as well.


title: National service in Singapore

text: Upon enlistment, male citizens and second-generation permanent residents serve two years in active duty as full-time national servicemen (NSFs) in the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF), Singapore Police Force (SPF) or Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF), following which they transit to an operationally-ready reservist state as operationally-ready national servicemen (NSmen).


title: National service in Singapore

text: A two-month reduction in full-time national service is offered to all pre-enlistees who are able to pass their three-station Individual Physical Proficiency Test (IPPT) consisting of push-ups, sit-ups and a run, with a minimum of 61 points. Before April 2015, the IPPT consisted of six stations: the run, sit-ups, pull-ups, standing-broad jump, sit-and-reach stretch and shuttle-run.


title: National service in Singapore

text: The majority of NSFs serve in the Army. The reasons for this include the relative manpower needs of the Army compared to the Navy (RSN), Air Force (RSAF), Police Force and Civil Defence Force. Moreover, as compared to the Army, the Air Force and Navy are smaller armed services composed primarily of regular servicemen. As the manpower requirements of the Navy and Air Force tend to be more specialised, the constant periodic turnover of NSFs is considered to be very disruptive.


title: National service in Singapore

text: The statutory age cap for reservist obligations is 40 for warrant officers, specialists and enlistees (collectively known as WOSEs) and 50 for commissioned officers.


title: National service in Singapore

text: The National Service (Amendment) Bill was passed on 14 March 1967, making National Service (NS) compulsory for all 18-year-old male Singapore citizens and permanent residents. The Singapore government felt that it was necessary to build a substantial military force to defend the country, which had only about 1,000 soldiers when it became independent in 1965. In the late 1960s, the British government had decided to withdraw troops and bases from the East of Suez, including troops stationed in Singapore. That prompted the Singapore government to implement a conscription programme for the country's defence needs. It adopted a conscription model drawing on elements from the Israeli and Swiss national conscription schemes. About 9,000 young men born between 1 January and 30 June 1949 became the first batch of enlistees to be drafted for national service. Singapore had sought assistance through official diplomacy from other countries, but their refusal to provide help prompted Israeli diplomats to extend a helping hand to Singapore in the establishment of the Singapore Armed Forces.


title: National service in Singapore

text: The stated rationale behind conscription is two-fold. Firstly, because Singapore has a population of about 5.5 million (as of 2014), an army consisting of only regulars would not be sufficient to defend the country. Secondly, national service is supposed to promote racial harmony among the Chinese, Malay and Indian communities.


title: National service in Singapore

text: The Malays were virtually excluded from conscription from the beginning of the draft in 1967 until 1977. After Malays were conscripted into national service, they were assigned mainly to serve in either the Police Force or the Civil Defence Force, but not in the Army, Navy or Air Force.


title: National service in Singapore

text: In 1987, Second Minister for Defence Lee Hsien Loong stated that "if there is a conflict, if the Singapore Armed Forces is called to defend the homeland, we do not want to put any of our soldiers in a difficult position where their emotions for the nation may be in conflict with their religion".


title: National service in Singapore

text: From 1971 to 2004, the duration of the conscription was either two years or two and half years, depending on the conscript's educational qualifications. By December 2004, the duration has been reduced to two years, driven by the evolution of the Singapore Armed Forces into the Third Generation Singapore Armed Forces and the increase in the number of enlistees over the next ten years. As a bonus incentive, the national service duration can be reduced by a further two months for combat-fit enlistees (PES A or B1) who pass the Individual Physical Proficiency Test (IPPT) prior to enlistment. However, non-combat-fit enlistees (PES B2 and below) will still serve the full 24 months of national service.


title: National service in Singapore

text: According to the Enlistment Act, conscription is mandatory for all "persons subject to [the] act", defined as those who are not less than 16.5 years of age and not more than 40 years of age, with some exemptions and with no specific bias to gender (not limited to males).


title: National service in Singapore

text: Male Singapore citizens and second-generation permanent residents who have registered for their National Registration Identity Card (NRIC) are required to register for national service upon reaching the age of 16 years and six months, during which they would also be required to undergo a mandatory medical examination to determine their Physical Employment Standards (PES) status, which determines which vocational groups the pre-enlistee is physically able to be posted to.


title: National service in Singapore

text: There is a voluntary early enlist scheme by the Central Manpower Base (CMPB) for pre-enlistees who opt for early enlistment, with the consent of their parents, to begin their full-time national service at the earliest age of 16 years and six months.


title: National service in Singapore

text: Mono-intake refers to a type of enlistment where conscripts are directly enlisted into an active battalion unit and undergo their Basic Military Training (BMT) at Pulau Tekong before returning to their battalion. Exceptions to the mono-intake programme include conscripts enlisted in the Naval Diving Unit, Commandos and certain support vocations.


title: National service in Singapore

text: Second-generation male permanent residents are required by law to serve national service just like male citizens. The rationale is that they too enjoy the socio-economic national benefits of schooling and living in "peacetime" Singapore. Their failure to serve national service will be taken into account should they decide to study, work or travel in Singapore in the future. The government advises of such consequences at the point of renunciation. After completing mandatory full-time national service, they can qualify to apply for the accelerated Singapore citizenship scheme. However, citizenship is not guaranteed for all applicants, as there are certain criteria that must be met such as educational qualification, income qualification and national service work performance/ conduct appraisal in the certificate issued upon the completion of full-time national service. From 2006 to 2010, about 2% of 3,000 second-generation permanent residents who have completed full-time national service and applied for Singapore citizenship had had their applications rejected.


title: National service in Singapore

text: If the person is not granted Singapore citizenship but still holds Singapore permanent residency, he is still obliged by law to serve the national service obligations, i.e. operationally-ready reservist duties/in-camp trainings.


title: National service in Singapore

text: Singapore permanent residents who served national service but did not acquire Singapore citizenship will be treated equally to those permanent residents without service obligation; they would not have access to the privileges granted to Singapore citizens.


title: National service in Singapore

text: According to the Ministry of Defence, national service in Singapore is based on principles of universality and equity, and these principles must be upheld so as to ensure Singaporeans' important support of and commitment to national service. If Singapore citizens are allowed to choose when they want to serve national service, it would not be fair to the vast majority of national servicemen who have served the country dutifully, and the institutions of national service will be undermined.


title: National service in Singapore

text: Pre-enlistees are allowed to defer national service to complete full-time tertiary studies, up to the first pre-university qualification bar (GCE Advanced Level or Polytechnic Diploma or their equivalent) before enlistment for Basic Military Training (BMT).


title: National service in Singapore

text: Those granted approval in national sports teams to compete in national/overseas events will be drafted as soon as they return from one of the national-level events. As of July 2018, only three persons (Maximilian Soh, Joseph Schooling and Quah Zheng Wen) have been granted deferment.


title: National service in Singapore

text: Under special circumstances, Singaporean males are allowed to disrupt their national service before the completion of their full-time national service if they fulfil one of the following conditions:


title: National service in Singapore

text: Complete national service exemptions are rare, usually resulting from permanent disabilities or severe medical conditions to be graded PES F by the Singapore Armed Forces Medical Board. National policies have been progressively tightened to close up any loopholes that are exploited by draft evaders.


title: National service in Singapore

text: Those who are liable to serve national service but refuse are charged under the Enlistment Act. If convicted, they face up to both three years' imprisonment and a fine of S$10,000. Some national service pre-enlistees will be denied entry into the country if they are in overseas while some pre-enlistees are court-martialled for their failure to enlist or refusal to be conscripted. Most of them were Jehovah's Witnesses, who are usually sentenced to three years' imprisonment in the Singapore Armed Forces Detention Barracks, where they are also separated from other conscription offenders. The government does not consider conscientious objection to be a legal reason for refusal of national service.


title: National service in Singapore

text: Similarly to enlistees failing to enlist, defaulters would be charged and faced with up to three years' imprisonment and/or a fine of up to S$10,000.


title: National service in Singapore

text: In 2006, there was a public outcry over the "lenient" sentence which Singaporean-born British pianist Melvyn Tan received for defaulting on his national service obligations in the 1970s after obtaining British citizenship. Tan had received a composition fine while other defaulters had been given the maximum fines or imprisonment. Clarity over how judges would sentence a defaulter was clearer in successive landmark cases. In 2010, Seow Wei Sin was initially given an 18-month prison sentence, which was lowered to a fine of S$5,000 on appeal after the courts had determined that Seow had little substantial connection to Singapore except being born here, and thus had a low culpability for committing the default. In 2016, Brian Joseph Chow was initially handed a S$4,500 fine, which was set aside for one-and-a-half month prison sentence upon appeal. Chow had a substantial connection to Singapore, having been born and raised here, thus the prison sentence instead of just a fine. Additionally, by delaying national service obligations, it would violate "the principles of equity and universality and undermined the fair share agreement,” under which all males had to serve at the same time. In Chow's case, Justice Chan Seng Onn listed the factors which would determine the sentence given:


title: National service in Singapore

text: In 2017, the High Court set out new sentencing benchmarks for defaulters which had been described as "more onerous" than the guidelines laid down earlier by Justice Chan Seng Onn. In a written judgment, the court said that the length of sentences should be amplified for those who have defaulted for a longer period of time, to "reflect the decline in a person's physical fitness with age" and also to create a "progressive disincentive" for defaulters to delay their return.


title: National service in Singapore

text: There are four tiers of punishment, which vary in severity according to the length of default period:


title: National service in Singapore

text: In 2018, Minister of Defence Ng Eng Hen revealed in a parliamentary speech that there was an average of 350 defaulters yearly.


title: National service in Singapore

text: There are several types of Basic Military Training (BMT) conducted by the Singapore Armed Forces at the Basic Military Training Centre (BMTC) at Pulau Tekong, or at the camps of units which directly draft mono-intake recruits. Combat-fit national servicemen with higher education undergo a nine-week enhanced BMT programme, while those with other educational qualifications and mono-intake recruits undergo the standard BMT programme. Recruits who perform well in BMT will be sent to the Specialist Cadet School (SCS) or Officer Cadet School (OCS) for further training to be specialists (with the rank of Third Sergeant) or commissioned officers (with the rank of Second Lieutenant) respectively. A handful of high-performing candidates are also selected for a nine-month advanced training programme at the Home Team Academy to become Inspectors in the Singapore Police Force or Lieutenants in the Singapore Civil Defence Force. Some national servicemen who have at least NITEC certificates and perform exceptionally well can take the Situational Test to assess their suitability for command positions.


title: National service in Singapore

text: National servicemen whose Physical Employment Status (PES) is C or E, meaning they are non-combat-fit, undergo a nine-week modified BMT which trains them for combat service support vocations. National servicemen who PES is A or B1 and do not pass the Individual Physical Proficiency Test (IPPT) before enlistment will have to undergo an additional four-week Physical Training Phase (PTP), making their entire BMT duration 17 weeks instead of nine weeks. Conscripts who are considered medically obese undergo a 19-week BMT programme aimed at helping them lose weight. The obesity of a conscript is determined by his body mass index (BMI) during the pre-enlistment medical examination. A BMI of above 27 is considered indicative of obesity, as opposed to the World Health Organization's guideline of 30 and above.


title: National service in Singapore

text: National servicemen serving in the Singapore Police Force (SPF) undergo training at the Home Team Academy, where they study the Penal Code and standard police protocol. After training at the Academy, they will be posted to various departments such as Special Operations Command (SOC), Logistics, Land Divisions and Airport Police Division (APD). Those posted to the Police Coast Guard (PCG) or Protective Security Command (ProCom) will undergo further training. Selection of officer cadets to undergo the NS Probationary Inspector Course (NSPI) is a stringent process for full-time police national servicemen. A very small number, usually those who receive the Best Trainee Award, from each cohort will be selected. The majority of the officer cadets are chosen from candidates who have completed the Singapore Armed Forces' Basic Military Training programme.


title: National service in Singapore

text: The national service ranks in the Singapore Police Force differ slightly from those of the Singapore Armed Forces and Singapore Civil Defence Force. Official correspondence in the Singapore Police Force clearly differentiates a national serviceman from a regular serviceman.


title: National service in Singapore

text: National servicemen serving in the Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF) undergo four weeks of training at the National Service Training Centre (NSTC), where they are given Basic Rescue Training (BRT), exposed to regimental discipline, and trained to maintain the same level of fitness as their counterparts in the armed forces and police force. National servicemen who complete the four-week training at the NSTC are posted out to be trained as medical orderlies (medics), dog handlers, provosts, information and communications and logistics specialists, or physical training instructors, among other vocations.


title: National service in Singapore

text: Within the first two weeks of the BRT stage, high-performing national servicemen may be posted to the Civil Defence Academy to undergo the three-month Firefighter Course (FFC) or the five-month Section Commanders Course (SCC), where they are respectively trained to be Firefighters (with the rank of Lance Corporal) or Fire & Rescue Specialists (with the rank of Sergeant). Admission into the Section Commanders Course typically requires a minimum educational qualification of GCE A Level, Polytechnic Diploma, or Higher NITEC. SCC trainees receive additional rescue and emergency training and undergo a Basic Home Team Course at the Home Team Academy as part of the General Command & Control Term to train them for command positions. Firefighters are typically posted out to the various fire stations around Singapore, while Fire & Rescue Specialists become section commanders at territorial divisions, fire stations or at the Special Rescue Battalion. Depending on their rankings at the time of completing the courses, a small number of them may become instructors in the Civil Defence Academy to staff the Command and Staff Training Centre (CSTC), Specialist Training Centre (STC) or Firefighting Training Centre (FFTC).


title: National service in Singapore

text: The top performing 5–10% of each Section Commanders Course cohort will be selected to undergo the Rota Commanders Course (RTC) to be trained as senior officers (with the rank of Lieutenant).


title: National service in Singapore

text: Military analyst Sean Walsh, who wrote "The Roar of the Lion City" (2007), claimed that "official discrimination against the Malay population remains an open secret".


title: National service in Singapore

text: The Ministry of Defence has refuted Walsh's claim, noting that there are "Malay pilots, commandos and air defence personnel" and stating that "the proportion of eligible Malays selected for specialist and officer training is similar to the proportion of eligible non-Malays."


title: National service in Singapore

text: Janil Puthucheary, an elected Member of Parliament from the governing People's Action Party (PAP), was exempted from national service as he is a first-generation naturalised Singapore citizen. Puthucheary, who made his debut as a PAP candidate in the 2011 general election, was unfavourably compared to Chen Show Mao, a candidate from the opposition Workers' Party who had volunteered for national service before becoming a naturalised Singapore citizen. When Puthucheary pointed out that he had spent his career saving children's lives as a paediatrician, he was criticised for equating his profession with national service when a paediatrician is paid more than an average national serviceman. His candidacy led Workers' Party chief Low Thia Khiang to call for an amendment to the Singapore constitution to allow only male candidates who have served their national service to run for elections. In March 2015, Puthucheary joined the first intake of the SAF Volunteer Corps.


title: National service in Singapore

text: During the lead-up to the 2011 presidential election, it was alleged that Patrick Tan, a son of presidential candidate Tony Tan, had received preferential treatment because of his father's status as a PAP member of parliament and cabinet minister. Patrick Tan had been granted a 12-year disruption from full-time national service and had been deployed as a medical scientist in the Defence Medical Research Institute when he resumed national service. The Ministry of Defence refuted the allegation of preferential treatment and explained that Patrick Tan had been granted exemption along with 86 candidates between 1973 and 1992 under a scheme to train medical professionals.


title: Bobby Bones

text: Bobby Bones (born Bobby Estell) is an American radio and television personality, best known for hosting the nationally syndicated "The Bobby Bones Show", originating at KISS-FM in Austin, TX, and for his role as a full-time mentor on "American Idol" on ABC. He was the winner of season 27 of "Dancing with the Stars" with partner Sharna Burgess. He has also written two "New York Times" best sellers.


title: Bobby Bones

text: Bones was born in Hot Springs, Arkansas, on April 2, 1980, and raised in the small community of Mountain Pine, Arkansas. He has said his mother became pregnant with him at age 15, when his father was 17. He was raised by his mother and maternal grandmother. His biological father was with him until the age of five, but then left the family. Bones began dreaming of a radio career around the age of 5. His mother died at age 49 after battling addiction problems in 2014. He grew up poor, and often viewed radio as a way of escaping poverty. Bones began his radio career at age 17 at the campus station of Henderson State University, KSWH-FM "The Pulse". He graduated with a B.A. in Radio/Television from Henderson in 2002.


title: Bobby Bones

text: While still in college, Bones went to work as a station hand at KLAZ in Hot Springs, Arkansas, but was put on the air within a few days of being hired. A manager there gave him the choice of going on the air as Bobby Z or Bobby Bones of which he chose the latter. Bones' first full-time radio contract paid him $17,000. In 2002, Bones was hired by Q100/KQAR in Little Rock, Arkansas. He then worked for radio station (KLAL), which led to his hosting "The Bobby Bones Show" on KHFI-FM in Austin, Texas.


title: Bobby Bones

text: According to "The Washington Post", Bones is different from typical radio DJs, as he doesn't have the "classic, booming radio DJ voice".


title: Bobby Bones

text: Bones was originally hired for the evening shift on KHFI-FM and was soon moved to mornings. While in Austin, he met two of his future co-hosts, Lunchbox (in a bar) and Amy (in a Culver's). Bones believed in Amy and put her on the air immediately. His executive producer at the time, Alayna Messer, was previously an intern on the show.


title: Bobby Bones

text: Over ten years, the show built its audience into the top-rated morning show in Austin and was syndicated in a few regional markets. At the height of his popularity, Bones was offered a job outside of radio but ultimately chose to remain with Clear Channel (now iHeart Media).


title: Bobby Bones

text: In 2012, Clear Channel moved Bones and his show from Austin with its Top 40 format to Nashville and a country music format while taking "The Bobby Bones Show" nationwide. Bones took over the slot hosted by longtime DJ Gerry House, who retired in 2010. Bones now broadcasts from the WSIX-FM studios in Nashville on weekday mornings from 5:00 a.m. to 10 a.m. (CT). His co-hosts are Amy and Lunchbox, and features Producer Eddie, Raymundo, Morgan2, Mike D., Abby, and Scuba Steve.


title: Bobby Bones

text: The Bobby Bones Show has become a regular interview stop for top country music stars and even artists/celebrities outside the genre of country. Luke Bryan, John Mayer, Taylor Swift, Garth Brooks, Ed Sheeran, Blake Shelton, Tim McGraw, Lady Antebellum, Jason Aldean, Dierks Bentley, and more have been featured in interviews on the morning show.


title: Bobby Bones

text: In February 2013, "The Bobby Bones Show" was nationally syndicated through iHeart Media-owned Premiere Networks and was made available via iHeartRadio.com and the iHeartRadio mobile app. The show is currently heard on more than 150 radio stations in the U.S., Canada, and UK.


title: Bobby Bones

text: "The Bobby Bones Show" has an estimated audience of nearly 9.2 million listeners a week. The show's largest market is Chicago (WCHI-FM).


title: Bobby Bones

text: Bones also hosts the weekly “Country Top 30 with Bobby Bones,” carried on over 100 radio stations nationwide.


title: Bobby Bones

text: As part of the iHeart Media family, Bones has been tapped to host, present, and even perform at the annual iHeartRadio Country Festival held in Austin, Texas, iHeartRadio Music Festival held in Las Vegas, Nevada and the annual iHeartRadio Music Awards in Los Angeles, California.


title: Bobby Bones

text: In October 2014, Bones accidentally triggered the Emergency Alert System by playing EAS tones during an on-air rant about an erroneous EAS test interrupting coverage locally of the 2014 World Series on Fox affiliate WZTV. The EAS tones would have only triggered the EAS issuance in Nashville, but since the show was in syndication, the signal cascaded through the show's nationwide affiliates, and caused AT&T U-verse boxes nationwide to lock up with the erroneous test. In May 2015, Bones's employer iHeartMedia paid a $1 million FCC fine due to the incident and removed all EAS sound effects from their nationwide sound library to prevent a recurrence.


title: Bobby Bones

text: Bones appeared in the 2009 feature film, "Bandslam", with Vanessa Hudgens. He has also appeared on the ABC drama "Nashville" and has been a guest host with Kelly Ripa on "Live! with Regis and Kelly".


title: Bobby Bones

text: In 2012 Bones was part of the Fox Sports Radio lineup, hosting the weekend sports talk program "Roddick and Bones" with tennis star Andy Roddick, airing Saturdays from 1:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time on nearly 300 radio stations.


title: Bobby Bones

text: Bones is also the host of the podcast “The Bobbycast” where he interviews singers/songwriters of all genres which The Washington Post dubbed as a "treasure trove of unusually candid anecdotes." He has also launched his own podcast network, the Nashville Podcast Network.


title: Bobby Bones

text: On May 17, 2016, he released his first book entitled "Bare Bones, I'm Not Lonely If You're Reading This Book."


title: Bobby Bones

text: In 2018, Bones was a guest mentor for season sixteen of "American Idol" (the first to air on ABC) during the top 24 round. On November 6, 2018, it was announced Bones would become a full-time mentor for the series beginning in season seventeen. During an episode which aired April 8, 2019, Bones served as guest host, as host Ryan Seacrest was sick and missed the taping.


title: Bobby Bones

text: In June 2019, Bones filmed an episode of Running Wild With Bear Grylls in Norway. The episode aired on January 14, 2020. He was a judge of Topgolf's original series "Who Will Rock You".


title: Bobby Bones

text: "Breaking Bobby Bones", on the National Geographic Channel began airing in 2021. In each episode, Bones meets a real person doing a "real" job or sport, works with them to learn how to do it, and is critiqued on his performance. At the end of each episode, Bones does something special for week's guest that will improve their life, or help them with their career or other goals.


title: Bobby Bones

text: On December 31, 2021, Bones, along with Rachel Smith of "Entertainment Tonight", hosted "New Year's Eve Live: Nashville's Big Bash". It was broadcast live from Nashville on CBS.


title: Bobby Bones

text: In September 2018, Bones was announced as one of the celebrities to compete on the 27th season of "Dancing with the Stars", being paired with the professional dancer Sharna Burgess. Despite the second lowest scores for a couple in the final 4, the couple made it to the finals, and ended up winning the competition.


title: Bobby Bones

text: On September 28, 2013, Bones and his crew were part of a team that set the Guinness World Record "Most hunger relief meals packaged in one hour (team)".


title: Bobby Bones

text: On August 5, 2015, during the 2016 presidential campaign of Donald Trump, Bones filed an "all purpose" trademark application with the United States Patent and Trademark Office for the rights to the phrase "Make America Great Again". Trump had registered the phrase for "political action committee services" but not for its use on hats, t-shirts, duffel bags, and other apparel and accessories that Bones now had the rights to. Two days later, on August 7, Bones tweeted, "hey @realDonaldTrump, if you donate 100k to @stjude, I will give you your clothing trademark back. thanks! – Bobby". Bones later tweeted an image on October 29 of a check from The Trump Organization for an undisclosed amount, stating it would go to St. Jude Children's Research Hospital and that Trump could "have [his] slogan back".


title: Bobby Bones

text: On January 3, 2017, Bones announced he was considering a run for governor of Arkansas in the 2018 election. On March 14, 2017, Bones announced he was not running.


title: Bobby Bones

text: For four years running, from 2004 to 2008, Bones was named Best Radio Personality by the Austin Music Awards, presented by "The Austin Chronicle" and SXSW. The Bobby Bones Show also won Best Radio Program 2007–2008.


title: Bobby Bones

text: On April 6, 2014, Bones, Amy, and Lunchbox won their first Academy of Country Music Award for National On-Air Personality of the Year, just nine months into Bones's first year in country music.


title: Bobby Bones

text: Bones became the youngest ever inductee into the National Radio Hall of Fame during a ceremony on November 2, 2017, at the Museum of Broadcast Communications in Chicago.


title: Bobby Bones

text: The University of Arkansas awarded Bobby with an honorary doctorate at their Spring 2022 commencement ceremonies.


title: Bandvagn 206

text: Bandvagn 206 (Bv 206) (meaning ""Tracked Vehicle 206"" in English) is a tracked articulated, all-terrain carrier developed by Hägglunds (now part of BAE Systems Platforms & Services) for the Swedish Army. It consists of two units, with all four tracks powered. It can carry up to 17 people (6 in the front compartment, 11 in the rear), and the trailer unit can be adapted for different uses (see Variants section).


title: Bandvagn 206

text: Development of the Bv 206 all-terrain articulated tracked carrier began in 1974. Three batches of trial vehicles were delivered between 1976 and 1978 and the first production examples were delivered to the Swedish Defense Administration in 1980.


title: Bandvagn 206

text: Like its predecessor, the Volvo Bv 202, the Bv 206 is designed to carry troops and equipment through snow and bog-lands in northern Sweden. The low ground pressure enables the Bv 206 to cope with a wide range of difficult conditions. It is also fully amphibious, with a speed in water of up to . Over 11,000 have been produced and they are used in more than 37 countries worldwide.


title: Bandvagn 206

text: The total load capacity is and a trailer of up to gross weight can also be towed behind the second compartment.


title: Bandvagn 206

text: The Bv 206 is referred to as a "Small Unit Support Vehicle" (SUSV) pronounced "susvee" in United States service. U.S. military variants include the standard model (M973), a tactical operations center variant (M1065), an ambulance variant (M1066) and a flat-bed cargo carrier (M1067). U.S. military models are fitted with a 6-cylinder Mercedes diesel engine and a non-halon fire suppression system since 1997 due to several cases where the front car caught fire and burned to the frame.


title: Bandvagn 206

text: Users include the American and Australian Antarctic research organizations and British, Icelandic and Canadian search and rescue services. They are also used for search and rescue services in the Austrian alpine region. The Bv 206 was used in combat by the Canadian Army during Operation Anaconda. The Singapore Armed Forces uses the Bv 206, and recently transferred several of them to the Singapore Civil Defense Force for use as a firefighting platform.


title: Bandvagn 206

text: Decommissioned units have been purchased by private owners and rented as transports, particularly in Alberta, Canada, to access remote oil wells, as well as cut blocks which need to be reforested by tree planting.


title: Bandvagn 206

text: The Bv 206 is used in Antarctica, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Indonesia, Italy, Lithuania, Latvia, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States.


title: Bandvagn 206

text: The Bv 206A is an ambulance version, which is capable of carrying stretchers in the rear compartment.


title: Bandvagn 206

text: The RaBv 2061 (RadioBandvagn 2061) is a Swedish Army communications/command version, fitted with radio equipment and workplaces for staff members.


title: Bandvagn 206

text: The PvBv 2062 (PansarvärnsBandvagn 2062) is a Swedish Army anti-tank vehicle, an open top version of the Bv 206 armed with a 90 mm Pvpj 1110 recoilless anti-tank gun.


title: Bandvagn 206

text: The PvBv 2063 (PansarvärnsBandvagn 2063) is another Swedish Army anti-tank vehicle, similar to PvBv 2062, but fitted with the launch system for an ATGM, either the TOW (Rbs 55) or the Bofors BILL (Rbs 56).


title: Bandvagn 206

text: The Bv 206S is an armoured personnel carrier variant of the Bv 206, which provides protection from small arms fire for the occupants. It is in service with the armed forces of France, Germany (379 Bv 206D/S ordered), Spain, Netherlands, Italy (158 units), Sweden (50 units), Greece (Bv 208) and Singapore (300 units), which has replaced it with the Bronco All Terrain Tracked Carrier.


title: Bandvagn 206

text: Using a Steyr M1-"Monoblock" engine (6-cylinder, 130 kW), the vehicle can carry the driver and 12 combat-equipped troops — four in the front compartment and eight in the rear. The Bv 206S can be underslung and airlifted by Boeing CH-47 Chinook and Sikorsky CH-53E Super Stallion helicopters or carried in the C130 Hercules airplane, amongst others.


title: Bandvagn 206

text: Canadian troops taking part in Operation Anaconda in Afghanistan made good use of this vehicle, riding over rough mountainous terrain with full combat gear, allowing the men to avoid the exhaustion they would have felt moving on foot at such high altitudes and in such conditions.


title: Bandvagn 206

text: Produced in Russia under license from Hägglunds by the GAZ Group at the Zavolzhsky Plant Of Caterpillar Tractors. Uses a 6-cylinder Steyr M16 turbodiesel engine.


title: Bandvagn 206

text: The BvS 10, not to be confused with the Bv 206 or Bv 206S, is a much larger (therefore equipped with a 6-cylinder Steyr M1 engine with 200 kW) but still fully amphibious armoured vehicle based upon the characteristic twin-cab, articulated steering system typical of Hägglunds all terrain vehicles. It was originally designed for the British Royal Marines Commandos and named All Terrain Vehicle (Protected) - ATV(P) VIKING. It is in service with the Royal Marines Armoured Support Group and the Royal Netherlands Marine Corps while the French Army have recently ordered 130 Bvs10s. The Austrian Armed Forces 32 BvS10AUT represents the most modern variant with full vehicle and crew protection and a .50 calibre remote-controlled weapon station. It is also planned for the Italian Army.


title: Bandvagn 206

text: Other variants exist including mortar carrier, cargo carrier, fuel carrier, radar, command post and radio relay. The units can easily be customized to meet customer requirements.


title: Heo Young-ji

text: Heo Young-ji (born August 30, 1994), better known mononymously as Youngji, is a South Korean singer, dancer, entertainer and television personality. She is best known as a member of girl group Kara after winning the TV show "Kara Project" in 2014, which saw her become the newest member of the group. Heo began her solo music career in August 2017 with her first single, "Memory Clock".


title: Heo Young-ji

text: Heo attended School of Performing Arts Seoul. She was a former trainee at Core Contents Media alongside T-ara's ex-member Areum. She was about to debut in a new girl group but left before the girl group debuted. Later, she became a trainee at KeyEast before becoming a trainee at DSP Media.


title: Heo Young-ji

text: In May 2014, after former Kara members Nicole Jung and Kang Ji-young left the group, DSP Media launched a reality TV show called "Kara Project" which revolved around seven trainees competing to become the new member of the group. Even though she missed 2 live performances due to a leg injury from practice, she grabbed attention from viewers and topped the voting charts.


title: Heo Young-ji

text: On July 1, the live voting results commenced on 6:45 pm (KST). Hur Young-ji was proclaimed the winner with a total score of 49,591. After winning the show, she gave a winning speech saying she'll work even harder as a new member of Kara.


title: Heo Young-ji

text: In September 2014, Heo was one of the new participants for the second season of the show, "Roommate". She was known for her muted laughter, and on the Christmas special of Roommate, it was shown that Heo's family members have similar laughing styles as well. In the interview as a preview for being one of the new cast members for "Roommate", she said that many people told her to cover her mouth while laughing, but it was very problematic and now she is more comfortable to laugh without covering her mouth.


title: Heo Young-ji

text: When fellow member Goo Hara guested on Episode 9 of "Roommate", she shared that she wanted Heo to be chosen as a member of Kara as she has charms that the existing members does not have and Kara feel more youthful with her.


title: Heo Young-ji

text: An MBC EVERY1 representative told MBN Star on December 18, 2014 that Heo would join "Hitmaker" season 2 as a part of a girl group, along with Orange Caramel's Lizzy, G.NA, 4minute's So-hyun. The group was later named Cham So Nyeo. The group first released their debut song teaser "올해의 주문 (Magic Words)" on February 17, followed by the full song and music video 3 days later, on February 20.


title: Heo Young-ji

text: On January 15, 2016, DSP Media announced Gyuri, Seungyeon and Hara's departure from the group due to contracts expiring. The company also noted that Heo would continue her music career as a solo artist.


title: Heo Young-ji

text: On April 13, Park Gyu-ri stated that the group did not disband and that the members hoped to release new albums in the future.


title: Heo Young-ji

text: In May 2016, she was cast in a supporting role in the tvN drama, Another Oh Hae Young. She was also cast in several television programs, such as MBC's Very Private TV as a cast member, m SBS' War of Vocals - God's Voice as a panelist and EBS' Humanity Busking as a host.


title: Heo Young-ji

text: On December 8, 2016, DSP Media revealed Heo as the first hidden member of their new co-ed group K.A.R.D. She promoted with the group for their first project single "OH NA NA", which was released on December 13.


title: Heo Young-ji

text: On August 2, 2017, DSP Media confirmed that Heo was preparing for her solo debut in August. Her first single titled "Memory Clock" was released on August 25.


title: Heo Young-ji

text: On December 15, 2017, MCC Entertainment released news article that revealed she will participate on 2nd song of project 'with dog'. The song titled "Longing" was released on the same day.


title: Lalaine

text: Lalaine Vergara-Paras (born June 3, 1987) is an American actress, singer-songwriter, and bassist. She is known for playing Miranda Sanchez in "Lizzie McGuire", Abby Ramirez in "You Wish!", and Kate in the 1999 remake of "Annie".


title: Lalaine

text: After appearing in the roles of Young Cosette and Éponine in a Broadway musical production of "Les Misérables" as a child, Lalaine pursued a career in music. She signed with Warner Bros. Records following the end of "Lizzie McGuire" and released one studio album and one extended play, both of which saw little commercial success.


title: Lalaine

text: Lalaine Vergara-Paras was born in Burbank, California, to Filipino parents. She has three older siblings. She spent most of her early years in Burbank and Sherman Oaks, California, then joined the Broadway National Touring cast of "Les Misérables" as Little Cosette. After the tour Lalaine and her mother resided in Sherman Oaks.


title: Lalaine

text: Lalaine is normally credited by her first name only, later stating in 2019 that she didn't use her surname because it sounded too "Hispanic/ethnic". Her acting career began when she was cast in the Broadway production of "Les Misérables" in the roles of Young Cosette and Eponine. Lalaine made her film debut in 1999 as Theresa in "Borderline". Lalaine co-starred with Alicia Morton as Kate in the 1999 remake of "Annie (1999 film)". "Annie" aired on The Wonderful World of Disney on November 7, 1999. In 2000, she was cast as Miranda Sanchez on the Disney Channel teen sitcom "Lizzie McGuire", alongside Hilary Duff. In early May 2002, she left the show to work on other projects such as the film You Wish! As a result, Lalaine missed the last 6 episodes produced for the show, which wrapped up filming in late June 2002. Lalaine was also absent in "The Lizzie McGuire Movie" which filmed about 4–5 months after the show wrapped up filming. At the time of the movie, Lalaine was doing concert tours with Radio Disney, as she is also a musician.


title: Lalaine

text: She starred alongside A.J. Trauth and Spencer Breslin in the Disney Channel Original Movie "You Wish!" which released in 2003 as Abby Ramirez. Lalaine portrayed Chloe, a young Slayer-In-Training who dies by suicide, on the television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer".


title: Lalaine

text: In 2009, she appeared in the film "Royal Kill" along with Eric Roberts and Pat Morita. In 2010, Lalaine also appeared in "Easy A" starring Emma Stone in a small role as a gossiping girl. In July 2011, Lalaine was featured in a Shane Dawson video titled "Urban Legendz" She was also featured in another one of Shane's videos titled "Hot Chick or Cat Lady?". In 2018, Lalaine starred as Stacy in the film "One Night Alone". Lalaine has since starred in two new movies "The Man with the Red Balloon" as Green Balloon/Balloonless Woman and "Definition Please" as Krista. Lalaine and former "All That" star Lori Beth Denberg co-starred in the web series "Raymond and Lane". In 2019 Lalaine guest starred on "Christy's Kitchen Throwback" starring former "Even Stevens" and "Kim Possible" star Christy Carlson Romano.


title: Lalaine

text: In 2003, Lalaine released her only album "Inside Story". Lalaine wrote six songs on the album, including "Life Is Good", "Can't Stop", and "Save Myself". She worked with Radio Disney, performing her songs in Southern California, and went to Hawaii with Disney's Imagineers.


title: Lalaine

text: In 2005, she performed on the last episode of "All That". The following year, she released a single, "I'm Not Your Girl" and remade the song "Cruella DeVil" for the albums "DisneyMania 3" and "Disneyremixmania". In 1999 she sang on the soundtrack for "Annie". In 2004 Lalaine sang "If You Wanna Rock" on the soundtrack for the Disney Channel Original Movie "Pixel Perfect".


title: Lalaine

text: She played bass guitar in the band Vanity Theft in 2010. In 2011 Lalaine was asked to leave Vanity Theft.


title: Lalaine

text: In July 2007, Lalaine was arrested and charged with felony possession of methamphetamine. Lalaine pleaded guilty to the felony possession charge. A $50,000 bench warrant was issued for Lalaine after failing to appear at a mandatory court hearing regarding her case. The bench warrant was later recalled by the judge. She completed court mandated drug rehabilitation at a facility in Long Beach, California. The felony possession charge was expunged upon completion of the program, as part of her plea deal.


title: History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel

text: The history of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel is about the history and religion of the Jews, who originated in the Land of Israel, and have maintained physical, cultural, and religious ties to it ever since. First emerging in the later part of the 2nd millennium BCE as an outgrowth of southern Canaanites, the Hebrew Bible claims that a United Israelite monarchy existed starting in the 10th century BCE. The first appearance of the name "Israel" in the non-Biblical historic record is the Egyptian Merneptah Stele, "circa" 1200 BCE. During biblical times, two kingdoms occupied the highland zone, the Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) in the north, and the Kingdom of Judah in the south. The Kingdom of Israel was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire ("circa" 722 BCE), and the Kingdom of Judah by the Neo-Babylonian Empire (586 BCE). Initially exiled to Babylon, upon the defeat of the Neo-Babylonian Empire by the Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great (538 BCE), many of the Jewish exiles returned to Jerusalem, building the Second Temple.


text: In 332 BCE the kingdom of Macedonia under Alexander the Great conquered the Achaemenid Empire, which included Yehud (Judea). This event started a long religious struggle that split the Jewish population into traditional and Hellenized components.


text: In 165 BCE, after the religion-driven Maccabean Revolt, the independent Hasmonean Kingdom was established. In 64 BCE, the Roman Republic conquered Judea, turning it into a Roman province. Although coming under the sway of various empires and home to a variety of ethnicities, the area of ancient Israel was predominantly Jewish until the Jewish–Roman wars of 66–136 CE. During the wars, the Roman Empire expelled most of the Jews from the area and formed the Roman province of Syria Palaestina, beginning the Jewish diaspora. After this time, Jews became a minority in most regions, except Galilee. The area became increasingly Christianized after the 3rd century, although the percentages of Christians and Jews are unknown, the former perhaps coming to predominate in urban areas, the latter remaining in rural areas. Jewish settlements declined from over 160 to 50 by the time of the Muslim conquest of the Levant. Michael Avi-Yonah says that Jews constituted 10–15% of Palestine's population by the time of the Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem in 614, while Moshe Gil says that Jews constituted the majority of the population until the 7th century Muslim conquest (638 CE).


text: In 1099, the forces of the First Crusade conquered Jerusalem and nearby coastal areas, forming the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Over the following 200 years, Crusader forces lost and recaptured Jerusalem until their final ouster from Acre in 1291. In 1517, the Ottoman Empire conquered the region, ruling it until the British conquered it in 1917. The region was ruled under the British Mandate for Palestine until 1948, when the Jewish State of Israel was proclaimed in part of the ancient land of Israel. This was made possible by the Zionist movement and its promotion of mass Jewish immigration.


text: The term "Jews" originates from the Biblical Hebrew word "Yehudi", and in its original meaning refers to the people of the Tribe of Judah or the people of the Kingdom of Judah. The name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob. Originally, the Hebrew term "Yehudi" referred only to members of the tribe of Judah. Later, after the destruction of the Kingdom of Israel (Samaria), the term "Yehudi" was applied to anyone from the Kingdom of Judah, including the tribes of Judah, Benjamin and Levi, as well as scattered settlements from other tribes.


text: The Land of Israel, which is considered by Jews to be the Promised Land, was the place where Jewish identity was formed, although this identity was formed gradually reaching much of its current form in the Exilic and post-Exilic period. By the Hellenistic period (after 332 BCE) the Jews had become a self-consciously separate community based in Jerusalem.


text: The Israelites were a confederation of Iron Age Semitic-speaking tribes of the ancient Near East, who inhabited a part of Canaan during the tribal and monarchic periods. According to the religious narrative of the Hebrew Bible, the Israelites' origin is traced back to the biblical patriarchs and matriarchs Abraham and his wife Sarah, through their son Isaac and his wife Rebecca, and their son Jacob who was later called Israel, whence they derive their name, with his wives Leah and Rachel and the handmaids Zilpa and Bilhah.


text: Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the religious narrative, with it being reframed as constituting an inspiring national myth narrative. The Israelites and their culture, according to the modern archaeological account, did not overtake the region by force, but instead branched out of the indigenous Canaanite peoples that long inhabited the Southern Levant, Syria, ancient Israel, and the Transjordan region through the development of a distinct monolatristic—later cementing as monotheistic—religion centered on Yahweh, one of the Ancient Canaanite deities. The outgrowth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of cultic practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite ethnic group, setting them apart from other Canaanites.


text: The name Israel first appears in the stele of the Egyptian pharaoh Merneptah c. 1209 BC, "Israel is laid waste and his seed is not." This "Israel" was a cultural and probably political entity of the central highlands, well enough established to be perceived by the Egyptians as a possible challenge to their hegemony, but an ethnic group rather than an organized state. Ancestors of the Israelites may have included Semites who occupied Canaan and the Sea Peoples. According to modern archaeologists, sometime during Iron Age I a population began to identify itself as 'Israelite', differentiating itself from the Canaanites through such markers as the prohibition of intermarriage, an emphasis on family history and genealogy, and religion. Archaeological evidence indicates the emergence of a new culture in the highlands of central Canaan during Iron Age I. The area, which had been previously sparsely populated, saw a series of new villages established within a span of a few generations, and the inhabitants seem to have been culturally distinct from the Canaanites and Philistines. This is believed to be the origin of the Israelites as a distinct nation.


text: Extensive archaeological excavations have provided a picture of Israelite society during the early Iron Age period. The archaeological evidence indicates a society of village-like centres, but with more limited resources and a small population. During this period, Israelites lived primarily in small villages, the largest of which had populations of up to 300 or 400. Their villages were built on hilltops. Their houses were built in clusters around a common courtyard. They built three or four-room houses out of mudbrick with a stone foundation and sometimes with a second story made of wood. The inhabitants lived by farming and herding. They built terraces to farm on hillsides, planting various crops and maintaining orchards. The villages were largely economically self-sufficient and economic interchange was prevalent. According to the Bible, prior to the rise of the Israelite monarchy the early Israelites were led by the Biblical judges, or chieftains who served as military leaders in times of crisis. Scholars are divided over the historicity of this account. However, it is likely that regional chiefdoms and polities provided security. The small villages were unwalled but were likely subjects of the major town in the area. Writing was known and available for recording, even at small sites.


text: The archaeological record indicates that the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged in the Early Iron Age (Iron Age I, 1200–1000 BCE) from the Canaanite city-state culture of the Late Bronze Age, at the same time and in the same circumstances as the neighbouring states of Edom, Moab, Aram, and the Philistinian and Phoenician city-states. The oldest Hebrew text ever found was discovered at the ancient Israelite settlement, Elah Fortress, which dates to between 1050 and 970 BCE.


text: The Bible states that David founded a dynasty and that his son Solomon built a Temple. Possible references to the House of David have been found at two sites, the Tel Dan Stele and the Mesha Stele. Yigael Yadin's excavations at Hazor, Megiddo, Beit Shean and Gezer uncovered structures that he and others have argued date from Solomon's reign, but others, such as Israel Finkelstein and Neil Silberman (who agree that Solomon was a historical king), argue that they should be dated to the Omride period, more than a century after Solomon.


text: By around 930 BCE, Judaism was divided into a southern Kingdom of Judah and a northern Kingdom of Israel. By the middle of the 9th century BCE, it is possible that an alliance between Ahab of Israel and Ben Hadad II of Damascus managed to repulse the incursions of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III, with a victory at the Battle of Qarqar (854 BCE). The Tel Dan stele tells of the death of a king of Israel, probably Jehoram, at the hands of an Aramean king (c. 841).


text: Archaeological records indicate that the Kingdom of Israel was fairly prosperous. The late Iron Age saw an increase in urban development in Israel. Whereas previously the Israelites had lived mainly in small and unfortified settlements, the rise of the Kingdom of Israel saw the growth of cities and the construction of palaces, large royal enclosures, and fortifications with walls and gates. Israel initially had to invest significant resources into defense as it was subjected to regular Aramean incursions and attacks, but after the Arameans were subjugated by the Assyrians and Israel could afford to put less resources into defending its territory, its architectural infrastructure grew dramatically. Extensive fortifications were built around cities such as Dan, Megiddo, and Hazor, including monumental and multi-towered city walls and multi-gate entry systems. Israel's economy was based on multiple industries. It had the largest olive oil production centers in the region, using at least two different types of olive oil presses, and also had a significant wine industry, with wine presses constructed next to vineyards. By contrast, the Kingdom of Judah was significantly less advanced. Some scholars believe it was no more than a small tribal entity limited to Jerusalem and its immediate surroundings. In the 10th and early 9th centuries BCE, the territory of Judah appears to have been sparsely populated, limited to small and mostly unfortified settlements. The status of Jerusalem in the 10th century BCE is a major subject of debate among scholars. Jerusalem does not show evidence of significant Israelite residential activity until the 9th century BCE. On the other hand, significant administrative structures such as the Stepped Stone Structure and Large Stone Structure, which originally formed part of one structure, contain material culture from earlier than that. The ruins of a significant Juhadite military fortress, Tel Arad, have also been found in the Negev, and a collection of military orders found there suggest literacy was present throughout the ranks of the Juhadite army. This suggests that literacy was not limited to a tiny priestly caste, indicating the presence of a substantial educational infrastructure in Judah.


text: From the middle of the 8th century BCE Israel came into increasing conflict with the expanding neo-Assyrian empire. Under Tiglath-Pileser III it first split Israel's territory into several smaller units and then destroyed its capital, Samaria (722 BCE). Both the biblical and Assyrian sources speak of a massive deportation of the people of Israel and their replacement with an equally large number of forced settlers from other parts of the empire – such population exchanges were an established part of Assyrian imperial policy, a means of breaking the old power structure - and the former Israel never again became an independent political entity. This deportation gave rise to the notion of the Lost Tribes of Israel. The Samaritan people claim to be descended from survivors of the Assyrian conquest.


text: The recovered seal of the Ahaz, king of Judah, (c. 732–716 BCE) identifies him as King of Judah. The Assyrian king Sennacherib, tried and failed to conquer Judah. Assyrian records say he leveled 46 walled cities and besieged Jerusalem, leaving after receiving tribute. During the reign of Hezekiah (c. 716–687 BCE) a notable increase in the power of the Judean state is reflected by archaeological sites and findings such as the Broad Wall and the Siloam tunnel in Jerusalem.


text: Judah prospered in the 7th century BCE, probably in a cooperative arrangement with the Assyrians to establish Judah as an Assyrian vassal (despite a disastrous rebellion against the Assyrian king Sennacherib). However, in the last half of the 7th century Assyria suddenly collapsed, and the ensuing competition between the Egyptian and Neo-Babylonian empires for control of Palestine led to the destruction of Judah in a series of campaigns between 597 and 582.


text: According to Professor Meir Bar-Ilan, on the eve of the end of the First Temple period and the Persian conquest, the Jewish population of the land was approximately 350,000, of whom 150,000 lived in Judea and 200,000 in the Galilee and Transjordan.


text: The Assyrian Empire was overthrown in 612 BCE by the Medes and the Neo-Babylonian Empire. In 586 BCE King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon conquered Judah. According to the Hebrew Bible, he destroyed Solomon's Temple and exiled the Jews to Babylon. The defeat was also recorded by the Babylonians in the Babylonian Chronicles. The exile of Jews may have been restricted to the priests and ruling class.


text: Babylonian Judah suffered a steep decline in both economy and population and lost the Negev, the Shephelah, and part of the Judean hill country, including Hebron, to encroachments from Edom and other neighbours. Jerusalem, while probably not totally abandoned, was much smaller than previously, and the town of Mizpah in Benjamin in the relatively unscathed northern section of the kingdom became the capital of the new Babylonian province of Yehud Medinata. (This was standard Babylonian practice: when the Philistine city of Ashkalon was conquered in 604, the political, religious and economic ruling class (but not the bulk of the population) was banished and the administrative centre shifted to a new location). There is also a strong probability that for most or all of the period the temple at Bethel in Benjamin replaced that at Jerusalem, boosting the prestige of Bethel's priests (the Aaronites) against those of Jerusalem (the Zadokites), now in exile in Babylon.


text: The Babylonian conquest entailed not just the destruction of Jerusalem and its First Temple, but the ruination of the entire infrastructure which had sustained Judah for centuries. The most significant casualty was the state ideology of "Zion theology," the idea that Yahweh, the god of Israel, had chosen Jerusalem for his dwelling-place and that the Davidic dynasty would reign there forever. The fall of the city and the end of Davidic kingship forced the leaders of the exile community – kings, priests, scribes and prophets – to reformulate the concepts of community, faith and politics.


text: The exile community in Babylon thus became the source of significant portions of the Hebrew Bible: Isaiah 40–55, Ezekiel, the final version of Jeremiah, the work of the Priestly source in the Pentateuch, and the final form of the history of Israel from Deuteronomy to 2 Kings. Theologically, they were responsible for the doctrines of individual responsibility and universalism (the concept that one god controls the entire world), and for the increased emphasis on purity and holiness. Most significantly, the trauma of the exile experience led to the development of a strong sense of identity as a people distinct from other peoples, and increased emphasis on symbols such as circumcision and Sabbath-observance to maintain that separation.


text: In 538 BCE, Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid Empire conquered Babylon and took over its empire. Yehud remained a province of the Achaemenid empire until 332 BCE. According to the Bible, Cyrus issued a proclamation granting subjugated nations their freedom. Jewish exiles in Babylon, including 50,000 Judeans, led by Zerubabel returned to Judah to rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem. The Second Temple was subsequently built in Jerusalem, and is said to have been completed c. 515. A second group of 5,000, led by Ezra and Nehemiah, returned to Judah in 456 BCE. Yet it was probably only in the middle of the next century, at the earliest, that Jerusalem again became the capital of Judah. The completion of the Temple ushered in the Second Temple period of Jewish history, which was to last approximately 600 years until the Temple's destruction by the Romans in 70 CE. This era saw a dramatic increase in the Jewish population of the land over the centuries. Archaeological evidence testifies to the increase of the Jewish population, with evidence that existing cities were expanded and many new cities were founded. The construction of new aqueducts and the introduction of new crops also increased the productivity of the land.


text: The Persians may have experimented initially with ruling Judah as a Davidic client-kingdom under descendants of Jehoiachin, but by the mid–5th century BCE Judah had become in practice a theocracy, ruled by hereditary High Priests and a Persian-appointed governor, frequently Jewish, charged with keeping order and seeing that tribute was paid. According to the Bible, Ezra and Nehemiah arrived in Jerusalem in the middle of the 5th century BCE, the first empowered by the Persian king to enforce the Torah, the second with the status of governor and a royal mission to restore the walls of the city. The Bible mentions tension between the returnees and those who had remained in Judah, the former rebuffing the attempt of the "peoples of the land" to participate in the rebuilding of the Temple; this attitude was based partly on the exclusivism which the exiles had developed while in Babylon and, probably, partly on disputes over property. The careers of Ezra and Nehemiah in the 5th century BCE were thus a kind of religious colonisation in reverse, an attempt by one of the many Jewish factions in Babylon to create a self-segregated, ritually pure society inspired by the prophesies of Ezekiel and his followers.


text: In 332 BCE the Achaemenid Empire was defeated by Alexander the Great. After his death in 322 BCE, his generals divided the empire between them and Judea became the frontier between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt, but in 198 Judea was incorporated into the Seleucid Empire.


text: At first, relations between the Seleucids and the Jews were cordial, but later on as the relations between the hellenized Jews and the religious Jews deteriorated, the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes (174–163) attempted to impose decrees banning certain Jewish religious rites and traditions. Consequently, this sparked a national rebellion led by Judas Maccabeus. The Maccabean Revolt (174–135 BCE), whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of Hanukkah, is told in the deuterocanonical Books of the Maccabees. A Jewish group called the Hasideans opposed both Seleucid Hellenism and the revolt, but eventually gave their support to the Maccabees. The Jews prevailed with the expulsion of the Seleucids and the establishment of an independent Jewish kingdom under the Hasmonean dynasty.


text: The Maccabean Revolt led to a twenty-five-year period of Jewish independence due to the steady collapse of the Seleucid Empire under attacks from the rising powers of the Roman Republic and the Parthian Empire. The Hasmonean dynasty of priest-kings ruled Judea with the Pharisees, Saducees and Essenes as the principal social movements. As part of their struggle against Hellenistic civilization, the Pharisees established what may have been the world's first national male (religious) education and literacy program, based around synagogues. Justice was administered by the Sanhedrin, whose leader was known as the "Nasi". The Nasi's religious authority gradually superseded that of the Temple's high priest (under the Hasmoneans this was the king). In 125 BCE the Hasmonean King John Hyrcanus subjugated Edom and forcibly converted the population to Judaism.


text: The same power vacuum that enabled the Jewish state to be recognized by the Roman Senate c. 139 BCE after the demise of the Seleucid Empire was next exploited by the Romans themselves. Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II, Simon's great-grandsons, became pawns in a proxy war between Julius Caesar and Pompey the Great that ended with the kingdom under the supervision of the Roman governor of Syria (64 BCE).


text: In 63 BCE the Roman general Pompey sacked Jerusalem and made the Jewish kingdom a client of Rome. The situation was not to last, as the deaths of Pompey in 48 BCE and Caesar in 44 BCE, together with the related Roman civil wars, relaxed Rome's grip on Judea. This resulted in the Parthian Empire and their Jewish ally Antigonus the Hasmonean defeating the pro-Roman Jewish forces (high priest Hyrcanus II, Phasael and Herod the Great) in 40 BCE. They invaded the Roman eastern provinces and managed to expel the Romans. Antigonus was made King of Judea. Herod fled to Rome, where he was elected "King of the Jews" by the Roman Senate and was given the task of retaking Judea. In 37 BCE, with Roman support, Herod reclaimed Judea, and the short-lived reemergence of the Hasmonean dynasty came to an end. From 37 BCE to 6 CE, the Herodian dynasty, Jewish-Roman client kings, ruled Judea. In 20 BCE, Herod began a refurbishment and expansion of the Second Temple in Jerusalem. His son, Herod Antipas, founded the Jewish city of Tiberias in the Galilee.


text: Judea under Roman rule was at first a client kingdom, but gradually the rule over Judea became less and less Jewish, until it became under the direct rule of Roman administration from Caesarea Maritima, which was often callous and brutal in its treatment of its Judean, Galilean, and Samaritan subjects. In this period Rabbinical Judaism, led by Hillel the Elder, began to assume popular prominence over the Temple priesthood.


text: Throughout this period, the Jewish population continued to increase. The final two centuries before the destruction of the Second Temple saw a massive wave of urbanization; as the villages and towns reached capacity, many people migrated to urban areas. More than 30 towns and cities of different sizes were founded, rebuilt, or enlarged in a relatively short period. A third wall was erected around Jerusalem to encompass the thousands of people living outside the old walls. Though this was not limited to the Jewish population, with the new towns not being Jewish-only and some having no Jews, this points to a high level of growth among the Jewish population. The Jewish population of the land on the eve of the first major Jewish rebellion may have been as high as 2.2 million. The monumental architecture of this period indicates a high level of prosperity.


text: In 66 CE, the Jews of Judea rose in revolt against Rome, sparking the First Jewish–Roman War. The reverse seized control of Judea and named their new kingdom "Israel" (see also First Jewish Revolt coinage). The events were described by the Jewish historian Josephus, including the desperate defence of Jotapata, the siege of Jerusalem (69–70 CE), the heroic last stand at Gamla, where 9,000 died, and Masada (72–73 CE) where the Jewish defenders killed themselves rather than fall into the hand of their Roman enemy.


text: The revolt was crushed by the Roman emperors Vespasian and Titus. The Romans destroyed much of the Temple in Jerusalem and took as punitive tribute the Menorah and other Temple artefacts back to Rome. Josephus writes that 1,100,000 Jews perished during the revolt, while a further 97,000 were taken captive. The Fiscus Judaicus was instituted by the Empire as part of reparations.


text: It was during this period that the split of early Christianity and Judaism occurred. The Pharisee movement, led by Yochanan ben Zakai, made peace with Rome and survived. Judeans continued to live in their land in significant numbers, and were allowed to practice their religion. An estimated 2/3 of the population in the Galilee and 1/3 of the coastal region were Jewish.


text: The 2nd century saw two further Jewish revolts against the Roman rule. The Kitos War (115–117) saw Jewish diaspora communities in North Africa, Cyprus, and Mesopotamia rise against Rome. After being defeated, the rebels fled to Judea, where they gathered at Lydda. The Romans pursued them, capturing Lydda and executing many of the rebel Jews. In the aftermath of the war, Jewish diaspora communities involved in the revolt were expelled to the eastern edges of the Roman Empire, and mainly settled in Judea. This was followed by the more fierce Bar-Kochba revolt (132–136) led by Simon Bar Kokhba. The Jewish rebels again regained temporary independence in Judea. An independent Jewish state existed in Judea for over two years. However, Julius Severus and Emperor Hadrian ultimately crushed the rebellion, and Judea was ravaged. According to Cassius Dio, 580,000 Jews were killed, and 50 fortified towns and 985 villages were razed.


text: The Roman suppression of the two major revolts in Judea led to the growth of the Jewish diaspora at the expense of Judea's population. Many Jews taken captive by the Romans were deported from Judea and sold into slavery. Josephus wrote that 97,000 Jews were sold into slavery following the First Jewish-Roman War and 30,000 were deported from Judea to Carthage. Many Jews also fled Judea to other areas in the Mediterranean region. Jews were again deported from Judea and sold into slavery after the Bar-Kokhba revolt. Jews taken as slaves by the Romans and their children were eventually manumitted and joined established Jewish diaspora communities. Many other Jews migrated voluntarily from Judea in the aftermath of the Bar-Kokhba revolt.


text: In 131, Emperor Hadrian renamed Jerusalem Aelia Capitolina and constructed a Temple of Jupiter on the site of the former Jewish temple. Jews were banned from Jerusalem and Roman Judaea was renamed Syria Palaestina, from which derived "Palestine" in English and "Filistin" in Arabic.


text: After suppressing the Bar Kochba revolt, the Romans permitted a hereditary rabbinical patriarch from the House of Hillel to represent the Jews in dealings with the Romans. The most famous of these was Judah the Prince. Jewish seminaries continued to produce scholars, of whom the most astute became members of the Sanhedrin. The main Jewish population center was now the Galilee, and there were also significant Jewish communities in Beit She'an, Caesarea, the Golan Heights, and along the edges of Judea. In this era, according to a popular theory, the Council of Jamnia developed the Jewish Bible canon which decided which books of the Hebrew Bible were to be included, the Jewish apocrypha being left out. It was also the time when the "tannaim" and "amoraim" were active in debating and recording the Jewish Oral Law. Their discussions and religious instructions were compiled in the form of the Mishnah by Judah the Prince around 200 CE. Various other compilations, including the Beraita and Tosefta, also come from this period. These texts were the foundation of the Jerusalem Talmud, which was redacted in around 400 CE, probably in Tiberias.


text: During the Crisis of the Third Century, economic disruption and high taxation due to civil wars in the Roman Empire caused many Jews to migrate from the Land of Israel to Babylon under the more tolerant Persian Sassanid Empire, where an autonomous Jewish community existed in the area of Babylon. They were lured by the promise of economic prosperity and the ability to lead a full Jewish life there. During this time, the Land of Israel and Babylon were both great centers of Jewish scholarship. However, sages in the Land of Israel came to fear that the centrality of the land to Judaism would be lost. Many refused to consider Babylonian scholars their equals and would not ordain Babylonian students in their academies, fearing they would return to Babylon as rabbis. The large scale of Jewish emigration to Babylon adversely affected the academies of the Land of Israel, and by the end of the 3rd century they were increasingly reliant on donations from Babylon.


text: Early in the 4th century, Roman Empire split and Constantinople became the capital of the East Roman Empire known as the Byzantine Empire. Under the Byzantines, Christianity, dominated by the (Greek) Eastern Orthodox Church, was adopted as the official religion. Jerusalem became a Christian city and Jews were still banned from living there.


text: In 351–2, there was another Jewish revolt against a corrupt Roman governor. The Jewish population in Sepphoris rebelled under the leadership of Patricius against the rule of Constantius Gallus. The revolt was eventually subdued by Ursicinus.


text: According to tradition, in 359 CE Hillel II created the Hebrew calendar based on the lunar year. Until then, The entire Jewish community outside the land of Israel depended on the calendar sanctioned by the Sanhedrin; this was necessary for the proper observance of the Jewish holy days. However, danger threatened the participants in that sanction and the messengers who communicated their decisions to distant congregations. As the religious persecutions continued, Hillel determined to provide an authorized calendar for all time to come.


text: During his short reign, Emperor Julian (361–363) abolished the special taxes paid by the Jews to the Roman government and also sought to ease the burden of mandatory Jewish financial support of the Jewish patriarchate. He also gave permission for the Jews to rebuild and populate Jerusalem. In one of his most remarkable endeavours, he initiated the restoration of the Jewish Temple which had been demolished in 70 CE. A contingent of thousands of Jews from Persian districts hoping to assist in the construction effort were killed en route by Persian soldiers. The great earthquake together with Julian's death put an end to Jewish hopes of rebuilding the Third Temple. Had the attempt been successful, it is likely that the re-establishment of the Jewish state with its sacrifices, priests and Sanhedrin or Senate would have occurred.


text: Jews probably constituted the majority of the population of Palestine until some time after Constantine converted to Christianity in the 4th century.


text: Jews lived in at least forty-three Jewish communities in Palestine: twelve towns on the coast, in the Negev, and east of the Jordan, and thirty-one villages in Galilee and in the Jordan valley. The persecuted Jews of Palestine revolted twice against their Christian rulers. In the 5th century, the Western Roman Empire collapsed leading to Christian migration into Palestine and development of a Christian majority. Jews numbered 10–15% of the population. Judaism was the only non-Christian religion tolerated, but there were bans on Jews building new places of worship, holding public office or owning slaves. There were also two Samaritan revolts during this period. While a vibrant Jewish center had continued to exist in the Galilee following the Jewish-Roman wars, its importance declined with increased persecutions. In 425 CE, after continued persecution by the Eastern Roman Empire, the Sanhedrin was disbanded on the order of Theodosius II.


text: In 438, The Empress Eudocia removed the ban on Jews' praying at the Temple site and the heads of the Community in Galilee issued a call "to the great and mighty people of the Jews": "Know that the end of the exile of our people has come"!


text: According to Procopius, in 533 Byzantine general Belisarius took the treasures of the Jewish temple from Vandals who had taken them from Rome.


text: In 611, Sassanid Persia invaded the Byzantine Empire. In 613, a Jewish revolt against the Byzantine Empire led by Nehemiah ben Hushiel and Benjamin of Tiberias broke out. Jewish soldiers from Tiberias, Nazareth, and other Galilee settlements joined forces with these Persian invaders to capture Jerusalem in 614. The great majority of Christians in Jerusalem were subsequently deported to Persia. The Jews gained autonomy in Jerusalem, with Hushiel appointed ruler of the city. The capture of Jerusalem was interpreted by Jewish writers in a messianic context. Hushiel began making arrangements for the construction of the Third Temple and sorting out genealogies to establish a new High Priesthood. Jewish bands from Jerusalem, Tiberias, and the Galilee, joined by Jews from the diaspora communities of Damascus and Cyprus, also launched an expedition against Tyre after that city's Jewish community invited the rebels, but the expedition ultimately failed. Although the Jews had hoped that the Persians would grant them the entire Land of Israel, they were too few in number. Jewish dominance in Jerusalem lasted until 617, when the Persians reneged on their alliance with the Jews. Further Jewish settlement in and around Jerusalem was prohibited, a synagogue on the Temple Mount was demolished, and heavy taxes were imposed on the Jews. With return of the Byzantines in 628, the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius promised to restore Jewish rights and received Jewish help in ousting the Persians with the aid of Benjamin of Tiberias. Heraclius later reneged on the agreement after reconquering Palestine. A general massacre of the Jewish population ensued, devastating the Jewish communities of Jerusalem and the Galilee. Many Jewish refugees from Palestine fled to Egypt, and of the Jews who remained in Palestine, only those who took refuge in the mountains and deserts are said to have been spared. Jews were also banned from Jerusalem and prohibited from settling within a three-mile radius of the city. Egyptian Coptic Christians took responsibility for this broken pledge and still fast in penance.