title: Partition of Bengal (1947)

text: Although the chance of the proposal seeing light without the Congress central committee's approval was slim, Bose and Suhrawardy continued talks to reach an agreement on the political structure of the proposed state. Like Suhrawardy, Bose also felt that Partition would severely hamper Bengal's economy, and almost half of the Hindus would be left stranded in East Pakistan. The agreement was published on 24 May 1947 but was largely political. The proposal had little support at grassroots level, particularly among Hindus. The Muslim League's continuous propaganda for the two-nation theory during the past six years, as well as the marginalisation of Hindus in the Suhrawardy ministry and the vicious 1946 riots, which many Hindus believed to have been sponsored by the state, left little room for trust by the Bengali Hindus. Soon, Bose and Suhrawardy were divided on the nature of the electorate: separate or joint. Suhrawardy insisted upon maintaining the separate electorates for Muslims and non-Muslims. Bose opposed the idea and withdrew. The lack of any other significant support by the Congress caused the United Bengal plan to be discarded. Still, the relatively-unknown episode marked the last attempt among Bengali Muslim and Hindu leadership to avoid Partition and to live together.


title: Partition of Bengal (1947)

text: Following the partition of Bengal between the Hindu-majority West Bengal and the Muslim-majority East Bengal, there was an influx of refugees from both sides. An estimation suggests that before Partition, West Bengal had a population of 21.2 million, of whom 5.7 million, or roughly 30 percent, were Muslim minorities, and East Bengal had 39.1 million people, of whom 11.4 million, or roughly 33 percent, were predominantly Hindu minorities. Nearly 5 million Hindus have left Pakistan's East Bengal for India's West Bengal region, and about 3 million Muslims have left India's West Bengal for Pakistan's East Bengal region immediately after Partition because of violence and rioting resulting from mobs supporting West Bengal and East Bengal.


title: Partition of Bengal (1947)

text: An estimated 1 Million Hindu refugees had entered West Bengal by 1960, and close to 700K Muslims left for East Pakistan. The refugee influx in Bengal was also accompanied by the fact that the government was less prepared to rehabilitate them, which resulted in huge housing and sanitation problems for the millions, most of whom were owners of large property back in East Bengal.


title: Partition of Bengal (1947)

text: During East Pakistan riot of 1964, it is estimated according to Indian authorities, 135,000 Hindu refugees arrived in West Bengal from East Pakistan, and the Muslims started to migrate to East Pakistan from West Bengal. According to Pakistani figures, by early April 83,000 Muslim refugees had arrived from West Bengal.


title: Partition of Bengal (1947)

text: In 1971, during the Bangladesh Liberation War against Pakistan, a large group of refugees numbering an estimated 7,235,916 arrived from Bangladesh to India's West Bengal, nearly 95% of them were Bengali Hindus and after Independence of Bangladesh, nearly 521,912 people belonging to Bengali Hindu refugees decided to stay back in West Bengal. The Bangladeshi Hindus were mainly settled in Nadia, North 24 parganas and South 24 parganas district of West Bengal after 1971.


title: Partition of Bengal (1947)

text: Before the official Radcliffe Line was drawn in 1947, these were the religious demographics in Bengal:


title: Partition of Bengal (1947)

text: The second partition of Bengal left behind a legacy of violence that has continues ever since. As Bashabi Fraser put it, "There is the reality of the continuous flow of 'economic migrants', 'refugees', 'infiltrators', 'illegal immigrants' who cross over the border and pan out across the sub-continent, looking for work and a new home, setting in metropolitan centres as far off as Delhi and Mumbai, keeping the question of the Partition alive today".


title: Partition of Bengal (1947)

text: A massive population transfer began immediately after partition. Millions of Hindus migrated to India from East Bengal. Most of them settled in West Bengal. A significant number even went to Assam, Tripura and other states. However, the refugee crisis was markedly different from Punjab at India's western border. Punjab had witnessed widespread communal riots immediately before partition. As a result, the population transfer in Punjab happened almost immediately after Partition, as terrified people left their homes from both sides. Within a year, the population exchange had been largely complete between East and West Punjab, but in Bengal, violence was limited to Kolkata and Noakhali. Hence in Bengal, the migration occurred much more gradually and continued over the three decades after partition. Although riots were limited in pre-independence Bengal, the environment was communally charged. Both Hindus in East Bengal and Muslims in West Bengal felt unsafe and had to take a crucial decision on whether to leave for an uncertain future in another country or to stay in subjugation under the other community. Among Hindus in East Bengal, those who were better placed economically left first. Government employees were given a chance to swap their posts between India and Pakistan. The educated urban upper and middle classes, the rural gentry, traders, businessmen and artisans left for India soon after partition. They often had relatives and other connections in West Bengal and settled with less difficulty. Muslims followed a similar pattern. The urban and educated upper and middle classes left for East Bengal first.


title: Partition of Bengal (1947)

text: However, poorer Hindus in East Bengal, most of whom are Dalits found it much more difficult to migrate. Their only property was immovable land holdings. Many sharecropped had no skills other than farming. As a result, most of them decided to stay in East Bengal. However, the political climate in Pakistan deteriorated soon after partition and communal violence started to rise. In 1950, severe riots occurred in Barisal and other places in East Pakistan, causing a further exodus of Hindus. The situation was vividly described by Jogendra Nath Mandal's to Pakistani Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan. Mandal was a dalit leader and despite being a depressed classes, he supported the Muslim League as a protest to the subjugation of lower-castes by their higher-caste coreligionists. He fled to India and resigned from his cabinet minister's post. For the next two decades, Hindus left East Bengal whenever communal tensions flared up or relationship between India and Pakistan deteriorated as in 1964. The situation of the Hindu minority in East Bengal reached its worst in the months preceding and during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, when the Pakistani Army systematically targeted ethnic Bengalis, regardless of religious background, as part of Operation Searchlight.


title: Partition of Bengal (1947)

text: In independent Bangladesh, state-sponsored discrimination of Hindus largely stopped. However, like India, the two communities' relationship remains tense and occasional communal violence occurred, such as in the aftermath of Babri Mosque demolition. Illegal immigration to India has continued but is now mostly economic and is not limited to Hindus alone.


title: Partition of Bengal (1947)

text: Though Muslims in post-independence West Bengal faced some discrimination, it was unlike the state-sponsored discrimination faced by the Hindus in East Bengal. Most Hindus fled from East Bengal, but Muslims largely stayed on in West Bengal. Over the years, however, the community became ghettoised and was socially and economically segregated from the majority community. West Bengali Muslims are highly marginalised, as can be seen from social indicators like literacy and per capita income.


title: Partition of Bengal (1947)

text: Apart from West Bengal, thousands of Bihari Muslims also settled in East Bengal. They had suffered terribly in severe riots before partition. However, they supported West Pakistan during the Liberation War and were subsequently denied citizenship in independent Bangladesh. Most of the Bihari refugees have remained stateless.


title: Partition of Bengal (1947)

text: The 1951 census in India recorded 2.523 million refugees from East Bengal, 2.061 million of whom settled in West Bengal. The rest went to Assam, Tripura and other states. By 1973 their number reached over 6 million. The following table shows the major waves of refugee influx and the incident that caused it.


title: Partition of Bengal (1947)

text: The 1951 census in Pakistan recorded 671,000 refugees in East Bengal, the majority of which came from West Bengal. The rest were from Bihar. By 1961 the numbers reached 850,000. Crude estimates suggest that about 1.5 million Muslims migrated from West Bengal and Bihar to East Bengal in two decades after partition.


title: Partition of Bengal (1947)

text: In Punjab, the Indian government anticipated a population transfer and was ready to take proactive measures. Land plots that were evacuated by Muslims were allotted to incoming Hindu and Sikh refugees. The government allocated substantial resources for the rehabilitation of refugees in Punjab. In contrast, there was no such planning in the eastern part of the country. Neither the central nor the West Bengal state governments anticipated any large-scale population exchange, and no co-ordinated policy was in place to rehabilitate millions of homeless people. The newly independent country had few resources, and the central government was exhausted in resettling 7 million refugees in Punjab. Instead of providing rehabilitation, the Indian government tried to stop and even to reverse the refugee influx from East Bengal. India and Pakistan signed the Liaquat–Nehru Pact in 1950 to stop any further population exchange between West and East Bengal. Both countries agreed to take the refugees back and to return them their property which they evacuated in their respective countries. However, in practice, both countries failed to uphold it. Even after it became clear that refugees were determined not to be sent back, the governments of both countries failed to provide any significant assistance. The government policy of East Bengal refugee rehabilitation mostly consisted of sending them to empty areas, mostly outside of West Bengal. One of the most controversial scheme was the government's decision to settle the refugees by force in Dandakaranya, a barren plot of land in Central India.


title: Partition of Bengal (1947)

text: Without the government's assistance, the refugees often settled themselves. Some found jobs in factories. Many took small businesses and hawking. Numerous refugee colonies sprang up in Nadia, 24 Paraganas and Kolkata's suburbs. It has been argued recently that the refugees facilitated an incremental urbanization without accumulation, in the frontiers of Calcutta. The process has been termed as 'urbanization with de-accumulation'.


title: Partition of Bengal (1947)

text: The princely state of Tripura had a predominantly-tribal population, but educated Bengalis were welcomed by the King and were prominent in the state's administration in pre-independence India. However, after partition, thousands of Bengali Hindus migrated to Tripura, which changed the state's demography completely. Tripura's tribes became a minority in their own homeland and lost their land holdings. As a result, a tribal insurgency began caused violent riots among tribes and Bengalis in 1980. A low-scale insurgency has continued ever since.


title: Partition of Bengal (1947)

text: Many Bengalis migrated from East Bengal side during Partition and the Liberation War, but half of the Bengali community of Tripura has lived in Tripura for hundreds of years, according to the 1901 census report, which clearly stated that Bengali and Tripura had numbers that were almost equal.


title: Partition of Bengal (1947)

text: Radcliffe's line split Bengal, which had always historically been always a single economic, cultural and ethnic (Bengali-Hindu or Bengali-Muslim) zone, into two halves. Both halves were intricately connected. The fertile East produced food and raw materials which the West consumed and the industrialised West produced manufactured goods which were consumed by the East. According to the POV, this was either considered an exploitative or a mutually-beneficial trade and exchange. This was naturally, severely disrupted by Partition. Rail, road and water communication routes were severed between them.


title: Partition of Bengal (1947)

text: After Partition, West Bengal suffered from a substantial food shortage as the fertile rice-producing districts went to East Bengal. The shortage continued into the 1950s and the 1960s. By 1959, West Bengal faced an annual food shortage of 950,000 tones. Hunger marches became a common sight in Kolkata.


title: Partition of Bengal (1947)

text: Jute was the largest industry in Bengal at Partition. The Radcliffe Line left every single jute mill in West Bengal but four fifths of the jute-producing land in East Bengal. The best quality fibre yielding breeds of jute were cultivated mostly in East Bengal. India and Pakistan initially agreed to a trade agreement to import raw jute from East Bengal for West Bengal's mills. However, Pakistan had plans to set up its own mills and put restrictions on raw jute export to India. West Bengal's mills faced acute shortage, and the industry faced a crisis. On the other hand, jute farmers in East Bengal were now without a market to sell their produce. Exporting jute to West Bengal suddenly became an anti-national act for Pakistan. Smuggling of raw jute shot up across the border, but West Bengal rapidly increased jute production and in the mid-to-late 1950s became largely self-sufficient in jute. West Bengal's mills became less dependent on East Bengal for raw materials. Pakistan also set up new factories to process its local produce instead of exporting to India. The following table shows jute production details in both countries in 1961:


title: Partition of Bengal (1947)

text: West Bengal's paper and leather industry faced similar problems. The paper mills used East Bengal's bamboo, and the tanneries consumed leather, which were also mainly produced in East Bengal. Like jute, the lack of raw material pushed both industries into decline.


title: Partition of Bengal (1947)

text: Despite central and state governments' best efforts, the pressure of millions of refugees, food shortages and industrial decline after independence put West Bengal in a severe crisis. Dr. B. C. Roy's government tried to cope up with the situation by initiating several projects. The government built irrigation networks like DVC and Mayurakshi project, the Durgapur industrial zone and the Salt Lake City, but they failed to arrest West Bengal's decline. Poverty rose, and West Bengal lost its top place and lagged well behind other Indian states in industrial development. Massive political unrest, strikes and violence crippled the state for the three decades after Partition.


title: Partition of Bengal (1947)

text: Rail and road links connecting North East India to the rest of the country passed through East Bengal territory. The lines connecting Siliguri in North Bengal to Kolkata and Assam to Chittagong were severed. The whole Assam Railway was cut off from the rest of the Indian system. Those lines carried almost all freight traffic from those regions. The most important commodities were tea and timber. The tea industry in Assam depended on the Chittagong Port to export its produce and import raw materials for the industry such as coal, which was used as the fuel to dry the tea leaves. The industry was severely hit, as Chittagong went to Pakistan. Initially, India and Pakistan reached an agreement to allow cross-border transit traffic, but India now had to pay a tariff. By 1950, India had reconnected Assam to the rest of the country's rail network by building a 229 km meter gauge rail link through the Siliguri Corridor, but now the Tea chests from Assam's gardens would have to be carried over a much longer distance to reach the Port of Kolkata. Exporting tea via the nearby Chittagong port was still an option, but after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, all transit traffic was switched off by Pakistan.


title: Partition of Bengal (1947)

text: East Pakistan became independent Bangladesh in 1971 but cross-border railway traffic did not resume until 2003. By the 1990s, India upgraded the Assam rail link to broad gauge up to Dibrugarh, thereby easing the traffic problem in Brahmaputra Valley region, but the southern section of the area, which comprises Tripura, Mizoram, Manipur and Barak valley of Assam, still faces serious connectivity problems. Talks between both countries are underway to allow transit traffic between the area and Mainland India through Bangladesh.


title: Partition of Bengal (1947)

text: At Partition, East Bengal had no large industry. There were few mineral resources in this region. Its economy was completely agrarian. The main produce was food grains and other crops, jute, bamboo, leather and fish. The raw materials were consumed by factories in and around Kolkata. Kolkata was the centre of Bengal's economic and social development for both Hindus and Muslims. All large industries, military bases and government offices and most of the institutions of higher education were in Kolkata. Without Kolkata, East Bengal was decapitated. It lost its traditional market for agricultural products. It also lost Kolkata, the most important port of the country. East Bengal had to begin from nothing. Dhaka was then only a district headquarters. Government offices had to be placed inside makeshift buildings. Dhaka also faced a severe human resource crisis. The majority of high-ranking officers in British Indian administration were Hindu and migrated to West Bengal. Often, the posts had to be filled up by West Pakistani officers. Desperately poor, East Bengal soon became politically dominated by West Pakistan. Economic disparities and subjugation of Bengalis by the Punjabi elite eventually led to a struggle for separation in 1971.


title: Partition of Bengal (1947)

text: "Chinnamul" (The Uprooted) a 1950 Bengali film directed by Nemai Ghosh, first dealt with the theme of partition of Bengal. This was followed by Ritwik Ghatak's trilogy, "Meghe Dhaka Tara" (Cloud-covered stars) (1960), "Komal Gandhar" (1961), and "Subarnarekha" (1962), all dealing with the aftermath of the partition.


title: Partition of Bengal (1947)

text: The film "Rajkahini" directed by Srijit Mukherji is also based on the theme of partition of Bengal 1947.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: Gun laws in Illinois regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition in the state of Illinois in the United States.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: To legally possess firearms or ammunition, Illinois residents must have a Firearm Owners Identification (FOID) card, which is issued by the Illinois State Police on a shall-issue basis. Non-residents who may legally possess firearms in their home state are exempt from this requirement.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: The state police issue licenses for the concealed carry of handguns to qualified applicants age 21 or older who pass a 16-hour training course. However, any law enforcement agency can object to an individual being granted a license "based upon a reasonable suspicion that the applicant is a danger to himself or herself or others, or a threat to public safety". Objections are considered by a Concealed Carry Licensing Review Board, which decides whether or not the license will be issued, based on "a preponderance of the evidence". Licenses issued by other states are not recognized, except for carry in a vehicle. Open carry is prohibited in most areas. When a firearm is being transported by a person without a concealed carry license, it must be unloaded and enclosed in a case, or broken down in a non-functioning state, or not immediately accessible.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: For private sales, the seller must verify the buyer's FOID card, and keep a record of the sale for at least 10 years. Lost or stolen guns must be reported to the police. There is a waiting period of 72 hours to take possession after purchasing a firearm. Possession of automatic firearms, short-barreled shotguns, or suppressors is prohibited. Possession of short-barreled rifles is permitted only for those who have an ATF Curios and Relics license or are a member of a military reenactment group. The state does not restrict the sale or possession of firearms that have been defined as assault weapons, or of magazines that can hold more than a certain number of rounds of ammunition, but some local jurisdictions do restrict them.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: Illinois has state preemption for certain areas of gun law, which overrides the home rule guideline in those cases. Some local governments have enacted ordinances that are more restrictive than those of the state in areas not covered by state preemption.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: To legally possess or purchase firearms or ammunition, Illinois residents must have a Firearm Owner's Identification (FOID) card, which is issued by the Illinois State Police. The police may issue FOID cards to eligible applicants. An applicant is disqualified if he or she has been convicted of a felony or an act of domestic violence, is the subject of an order of protection, has been convicted of assault or battery or been a patient in a mental institution within the last five years, has been adjudicated as a mental defective, or is an illegal immigrant. Applicants under the age of 21 must have the written consent of a parent or legal guardian who is also legally able to possess firearms.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: When a firearm is sold or transferred, the buyer is required to present their FOID card. This applies to private sales between individuals as well as to sales by Federal Firearms License (FFL) holders. For firearm sales by an FFL holder, or at a gun show, the seller must perform an automated dial-up check with the State Police, to verify that the FOID card is valid, and to redo the background check of the buyer. This additional checking is known as the Firearm Transfer Inquiry Program (FTIP). For private sales not at a gun show, the seller must also verify the buyer's FOID card with the state police, and receive a transfer approval number, either via a web site or with a phone call.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: A FOID card does not authorize the carrying of a concealed firearm, but having a FOID card is a prerequisite for obtaining a concealed carry license.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: In 2011, in the case of "People v. Holmes", the Illinois Supreme Court ruled that non-Illinois residents who are permitted to possess a firearm in their home state are not required to have an Illinois FOID card. Non-Illinois residents do not qualify to obtain a FOID card, but the FOID statute does make provisions for applicants who are employed in Illinois as law enforcement officers, armed security officers, or by the U.S. military.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: On February 14, 2018, in a ruling that applies only to the defendant, a circuit court in Illinois found that the requirement to obtain a FOID in order to acquire or possess a firearm is unconstitutional. The court ruled that "to require the defendant to fill out a form, provide a picture ID and pay a $10 fee to obtain a FOID card before she can exercise her constitutional right to self-defense with a firearm is a violation of the Second Amendment... and a violation of Article I, Section 22, of the Constitution of the State of Illinois." After the state requested reconsideration, the court ruled on October 16, 2018 that, in addition to reaffirming its previous ruling, the requirement to physically possess a FOID while in possession of a firearm is also unconstitutional. The case, "People v Brown", was appealed to the Illinois Supreme Court. The Illinois Supreme Court determined that the case could have reached the same result without presenting a constitutional issue. The circuit court was directed to present a modified judgment that excludes the constitutional finding.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: The Illinois State Police Department issues licenses for the concealed carry of handguns to qualified applicants age 21 or older who pass a 16-hour training course. Illinois law says that the state police "shall issue" a license to a qualified applicant. However, any law enforcement agency can object to an individual being granted a license "based upon a reasonable suspicion that the applicant is a danger to himself or herself or others, or a threat to public safety". Objections are considered by a Concealed Carry Licensing Review Board, which decides whether or not the license will be issued, based on "a preponderance of the evidence". Under revised rules implemented in July 2014, the Review Board notifies the applicant by mail of the basis of the objection and identifies the agency that brought it.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: In order to apply for a license the applicant must have in their possession the certificate from the required training, a valid drivers license or state ID card, a valid FOID card, a head and shoulder electronic photograph taken in the last 30 days, ten years of documented residency, fingerprints (optional, but submitting an application without prints increases the potential processing time from 90 to 120 days), and the application fee.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: Permits cost $150 for residents or $300 for non-residents, and are valid for five years. An Illinois resident is defined as someone who qualifies for an Illinois driver's license or state identification card due to establishment of a primary domicile in Illinois. A non-resident is someone who has not resided in Illinois for more than 30 days and resides in another state or territory.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: Non-residents may apply if their state is on a list of states with laws related to firearm ownership, possession, and carrying, that are "substantially similar" to the requirements to obtain a carry license in Illinois. A non-resident applicant must also possess a carry license or permit from his or her state of residence, if applicable. Prior to February 2017, the Illinois State Police considered only Hawaii, New Mexico, South Carolina, and Virginia to qualify as substantially similar. In February 2017, the list of substantially similar states changed to Arkansas, Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia. Idaho and Nevada were added to the list in 2020. Illinois concealed carry licensees from the three states removed from the list of approved states received letters stating that their Illinois licenses were no longer valid.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: Concealed carry permits or licenses issued by other states are not recognized, except that non-residents in possession of a carry permit or license from their home state may carry in a vehicle while traveling through Illinois.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: Concealed carry is prohibited on public transportation, at a bar or restaurant that gets more than half its revenue from the sale of alcohol, at a public gathering or special event that requires a permit (e.g. a street fair or festival), at a place where alcohol is sold for special events, and on private property where the owner has chosen not to allow it (and, unless the property is a private residence, has posted an appropriate sign). Concealed carry is also not allowed at any school, college or university, preschool or daycare facility, government building, courthouse, prison, jail, detention facility, hospital, playground, park, Cook County Forest Preserve area, stadium or arena for college or professional sports, amusement park, riverboat casino, off-track betting facility, library, zoo, museum, airport, nuclear facility, or place where firearms are prohibited under federal law. However, concealed carry license holders who are in the parking lot of a prohibited location (except a nuclear facility) are allowed to carry a concealed firearm when they are in their vehicle, and to store their gun locked in their vehicle and out of plain view. On February 1, 2018, the Illinois Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the state's ban on possession of a firearm within 1,000 feet of a public park was unconstitutional. On June 14, 2018, the Illinois Appellate Court ruled the law banning carrying firearms within 1,000 feet of a school to be unconstitutional.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: When a license holder is carrying a concealed handgun, and is asked by a police officer if they are carrying, there is a duty to inform the officer that they are. This can be done with a verbal reply, or by showing their concealed handgun license.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: In accordance with federal law, persons who have been convicted of a felony, or of a misdemeanor act of domestic violence, are ineligible to receive a concealed carry license. In Illinois persons who, within the last five years, have been convicted of a misdemeanor involving the use of force or violence, or received two convictions for driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs, or been in residential or court-ordered treatment for substance abuse, are also ineligible to receive a license. There are other conditions that make an applicant ineligible under state law, including having been a patient in a mental health facility in the last five years.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: In compliance with the federal Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act, off-duty and retired police officers who qualify annually under state guidelines are allowed to carry concealed.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: Open carry of firearms is generally illegal, except when hunting, or on one's own land, or in one's own dwelling or fixed place of business, or on the land or in the dwelling or fixed place of business of another person with that person's permission.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: When a firearm is being transported it must be (a) unloaded and enclosed in a case, firearm carrying box, shipping box, or other container, or (b) broken down in a non-functioning state, or (c) not immediately accessible, or (d) carried or possessed in accordance with the Firearm Concealed Carry Act by a person with a valid concealed carry license.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: On June 14, 2018, the Illinois Appellate Court said that the mere possession of a gun does not constitute probable cause for arrest.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: Illinois was the last state to pass a law to allow the concealed carry of firearms by citizens. The state's original handgun carry ban was enacted in 1949, with the ban's most recent revision being enacted in 1962. The pre-existing law forbade concealed carry, and generally prohibited open carry, except in counties that had enacted ordinances allowing open carry. On December 11, 2012, a three-judge panel of the U.S. Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals, in the case of "Moore v. Madigan", ruled that Illinois' concealed carry ban was unconstitutional, and gave the state 180 days to change its laws. Subsequently, the court granted a 30-day extension of the deadline. On July 9, 2013, Illinois enacted the Firearm Concealed Carry Act, which established a system for the issuing of concealed carry licenses. On September 12, 2013, the Illinois Supreme Court, in the case of "People v. Aguilar", also ruled that the state's Aggravated Unlawful Use of a Weapon law, which completely prohibited concealed carry, was unconstitutional. On January 5, 2014, the state police began accepting applications for licenses to carry concealed handguns. On February 28, 2014, the state police announced that they had begun issuing concealed carry licenses.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: Article 1 section 22 of the Illinois Constitution states, "Subject only to the police power, the right of the individual citizen to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed."


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: For private sales of firearms, the seller must verify the buyer's FOID card with the Illinois State Police, and must keep a record of the sale for at least ten years. Effective January 1, 2024, private sales of firearms must be done through a gun dealer with a Federal Firearms License (FFL).


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: When purchasing a firearm in Illinois there is a 72-hour waiting period after the sale before the buyer can take possession.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: When a firearm is sold by a licensed dealer, the seller is required to provide a gun lock, unless the firearm itself includes an integrated locking mechanism.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: A gun owner can be charged with a crime if a minor under the age of 14 gains access to their firearm when it is unsecured (i.e. not locked in a box or secured with a trigger lock) and causes death or great bodily harm.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: Regarding Title II weapons, the possession of automatic firearms (such as machine guns), short-barreled shotguns, and suppressors is prohibited. Possession of short-barreled rifles is allowed for ATF Curios and Relics license holders, or, if the rifle is historically accurate has an overall length of at least 26 inches, for members of a bona fide military reenactment group. While possession of a large-bore destructive device itself is not prohibited, possession of an artillery projectile, shell or grenade with over 1/4 ounce of explosive is prohibited. There is no prohibition against non-sporting shotguns (such as the Armsel Striker) deemed destructive devices by the ATF, nor is there one for AOWs (Any Other Weapons). There is a specific prohibition against the possession of firearms designed to appear as a wireless telephone.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: Illinois has no stand-your-ground law, but there is also no duty to retreat. The use of force is justified when a person reasonably believes that it is necessary "to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm to himself or another, or the commission of a forcible felony." There are some additional protections for defense against unlawful entry into a dwelling.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: Illinois has a red flag law that allows family members or police to petition a judge to issue an order to confiscate the firearms of a person deemed an immediate and present danger to themselves or others. The petitioner must prove by clear and convincing evidence that the person poses a danger by having a firearm. The hearing for issuing the order may be done without the person being present, but the person may then request a hearing, to be held within two weeks, where they may defend themselves. If the order of confiscation is upheld, the person's guns may be taken away, and their FOID card suspended, for up to six months. After that the person's guns must be returned to them, and their FOID card reinstated, unless the court finds grounds to renew the suspension.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: If a qualified medical examiner, law enforcement official, or school administrator determines that a gun owner's mental state makes them "a clear and present danger" to themselves or to others, they must report this to the Illinois State Police (ISP) within 24 hours. The ISP may then revoke the person's Firearm Owners Identification (FOID) card, making them ineligible to legally possess firearms.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: Firearm dealers must be licensed by the state. To obtain a state license, a gun store must submit proof that it has a Federal Firearms License. The store must have surveillance equipment, maintain an electronic inventory, establish anti-theft measures, and require employees to receive training annually.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: It is illegal to sell, import, or manufacture a handgun "having a barrel, slide, frame or receiver which is a die casting of zinc alloy or any other nonhomogeneous metal which will melt or deform at a temperature of less than 800 degrees Fahrenheit." Private sales are exempt from this restriction, and it is legal to possess such a gun.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: Building, selling, or possessing privately made firearms without serial numbers – so-called "ghost guns" – is banned in Illinois.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: Illinois has state preemption of firearm laws for "the regulation, licensing, possession, and registration of handguns and ammunition for a handgun, and the transportation of any firearm and ammunition". There is also state preemption for "the regulation of the possession and ownership of assault weapons", except for laws passed before July 20, 2013, which are grandfathered in. In other areas of gun law, some local governments have passed ordinances that are more restrictive than those of the state.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: Chicago has banned the possession of certain semi-automatic firearms that it defines as assault weapons, as well as laser sights. Chicago residents must "immediately" report a firearm that is stolen or lost, and must report the transfer of a firearm within 48 hours of such transfer. In a home where a person younger than 18 is present, all guns must be secured with a trigger lock, or stored in a locked container, or secured to the body of the legal owner.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: Chicago formerly prohibited the sale of firearms within city limits, but on January 6, 2014, a federal judge ruled that this was unconstitutional. The judge granted the city's request for six months to pass new laws regulating gun shops. On June 25, 2014, the city council passed a new law, allowing gun stores but restricting them to certain limited areas of the city, requiring that all gun sales be videotaped, and limiting buyers to one gun per 30-day period. Store owners must make their records available to the police, and employees must be trained to identify possible straw purchasers. With the passage of the gun shop ordinance, Chicago also struck a previous ban on the transfer of ammunition. On January 18, 2017, a federal appeals court ruled that the city's revised gun shop law was unconstitutional.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: Cook County has banned the possession of certain semi-automatic firearms that it has defined as assault weapons. Residents must report to the county sheriff within 48 hours any firearms that are stolen, lost, destroyed, or sold or otherwise transferred. The sheriff may share this information with other law enforcement agencies. Licensed firearms dealers must provide information to the county regarding purchasers and the guns they purchase, and receive approval before conducting sales. An individual may not purchase more than one firearm in a 30-day period. In a home where a person younger than 21 is present, all guns must be secured with a trigger lock, or stored unloaded in a locked container separate from the ammunition, or secured to the body of the legal owner. In Cook County, local laws, such as those of Chicago, take precedence over county laws that regulate similar matters. Cook County imposes a twenty-five dollar tax on the sale of any firearm by a retail dealer, in addition to the usual county sales tax. The county also has a tax on the sale of ammunition — five cents per round for centerfire ammunition and one cent per round for rimfire ammunition.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: The possession of firearms that have been variously defined as assault weapons is also illegal in Lincolnwood, Skokie, Evanston, Highland Park, North Chicago, Melrose Park, Riverdale, Dolton, Hazel Crest, Homewood, and the part of Buffalo Grove that's in Cook County. The storage or transportation of assault weapons is restricted in Morton Grove, Winnetka, Country Club Hills, and University Park. Sales and transfers of assault weapons are prohibited in Niles, and commercial sales are banned in Naperville. In December 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear the case of "Friedman v. Highland Park", a challenge to that city's assault weapons ban. Deerfield had passed an ordinance in 2013 that regulated the storage and transportation of assault weapons and high capacity magazines; in April 2018 the ordinance was amended to ban possession. In June 2018 the law was blocked from going into effect by a Lake County Circuit Court judge who held that the ordinance violates a state preemption statute; in March 2019 the judge ruled that the law was invalid, and permanently barred the village from enforcing it. In December 2020, a state appellate court overturned the ruling, allowing the ban to go into effect. In November 2021 the Illinois Supreme Court let this ruling stand by a vote of 3 to 3.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: The East St. Louis Housing Authority's ban on firearm possession by residents of public housing was struck down by a federal judge on April 11, 2019.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: Some counties have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary resolutions in opposition to some gun control laws.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: By the late 1980s, several Illinois municipalities had banned the possession of handguns. Chicago required the registration of all firearms but did not allow handguns to be registered, which had the effect of outlawing their possession, unless they were grandfathered in by being registered before April 16, 1982. Additionally, several Chicago suburbs had enacted outright prohibitions on handgun possession.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: On June 26, 2008, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down Washington, D.C.'s handgun ban in the case of "District of Columbia v. Heller". Chicago and the other municipalities came under legal pressure to change their laws. In the months following the "Heller" decision, handgun bans were repealed in the suburbs of Wilmette, Morton Grove, Evanston, and Winnetka, but Chicago and Oak Park kept their laws in effect.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: On June 28, 2010, in the case of "McDonald v. Chicago", the U.S. Supreme Court ruled the handgun bans of Chicago and Oak Park to be unconstitutional.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: On July 12, 2010, a new Chicago city ordinance took effect that allowed the possession of handguns with certain restrictions. Residents were required to obtain a Chicago Firearms Permit. To get the permit they were required to complete a 5-hour firearms training course, pass a background check (including fingerprinting), and pay a $100 permit fee. Chicago's gun registration requirement was retained, with new registrations being allowed for the first time since 1982. Possession of firearms was permitted only inside a dwelling, not in a garage or on the outside grounds of the property. Only one gun at a time was allowed to be kept in a usable state.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: On July 19, 2010, Oak Park amended its town ordinance to allow handgun possession in one's home, leaving no remaining town in Illinois that completely banned handguns.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: On July 9, 2013, Illinois enacted the Firearm Concealed Carry Act, which set up a permitting system for the concealed carry of firearms. Another provision of this law is state preemption for "the regulation, licensing, possession, and registration of handguns and ammunition for a handgun, and the transportation of any firearm and ammunition". This invalidated Chicago's requirements for gun registration and for an additional permit for the possession of firearms.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: On September 11, 2013, the Chicago City Council repealed the law requiring the registration of firearms and the law requiring a city issued firearm owners permit. They also changed the law to allow the carrying of firearms on the grounds of one's property outside as well as inside the home.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: In Illinois, air guns that are larger than .18 caliber and that have a muzzle velocity greater than 700 feet per second are regulated as firearms.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: To purchase or possess a Taser or stun gun, a Firearm Owners Identification (FOID) card is required. There is a 24-hour waiting period between purchase and taking possession. On March 21, 2019, the Illinois Supreme Court ruled unanimously that the ban on carrying Tasers or stun guns in public violated the Second Amendment and was therefore unconstitutional. The court stated that Tasers and stun guns are not covered under the state's concealed carry laws. It also said that since Tasers and stun guns are less lethal than firearms, they are entitled to at least as much legal protection.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: In Illinois, it is illegal to possess a throwing star or ballistic knife. A knife with a blade more than in length is considered a dangerous weapon, and it is illegal to carry such a knife with an intent to inflict harm on another person's well-being.


title: Gun laws in Illinois

text: Some local governments have knife laws that are more restrictive than those of the state. In Chicago, it is illegal to carry a knife with a blade more than in length.


title: Tate Martell

text: Tathan "Tate" Martell (born January 26, 1998) is a former American football player. He played mainly as a quarterback for the UNLV Rebels and Ohio State, as well as quarterback & wide receiver at the University of Miami.


title: Tate Martell

text: Tathan Martell grew up in the San Diego area, where he began playing Pop Warner football at the age of 7. He drew attention due to the fact that he was a throwing quarterback, when most kids at that age were running quarterbacks. He even drew attention of the coach of Washington at the time, Steve Sarkisian, whom Martell originally committed to play college football for.


title: Tate Martell

text: Martell first attended Poway High School, his hometown high school, but was only able to lead them to a 4–7 season. He then transferred to Bishop Gorman High School in Las Vegas, Nevada. He attended Bishop Gorman to succeed the quarterback play of Randall Cunningham II for his sophomore, junior and senior seasons, but graduated from Desert Pines High School in Las Vegas because Bishop Gorman would not allow Martell to graduate early in order to start the spring semester at Ohio State University. As a senior, he was the Gatorade Football Player of the Year after leading the team to a 15–0 record, while passing for 2,362 yards and 41 touchdowns, and rushing for 1,253 yards and 21 touchdowns. For his career, after transferring to Bishop Gorman, Martell went 45–0 as a starter and finished second in Nevada history with 7,510 passing yards and 113 touchdowns. Martell and quarterbacks Jake Fromm and Tayvon Bowers were documented in the Netflix series "".


title: Tate Martell

text: Martell was rated by Scout.com as a five-star recruit and was ranked as the second best dual-threat quarterback, fifth best quarterback of any type, and 56th best player overall in his class. He originally committed to the University of Washington when he was 14. In 2015, he changed his commitment to Texas A&M University. In May 2016 he decommitted from A&M and a month later committed to Ohio State University.


title: Tate Martell

text: Martell redshirted his true freshman season at Ohio State in 2017. As a redshirt freshman in 2018, Martell battled for the starting role in spring camp but ultimately served as the backup to Dwayne Haskins. In Ohio State's opener against Oregon State, Martell completed three passes for 33 yards on four attempts. The next week against Rutgers, Martell secured his first career touchdown via a 51-yard pass to Terry McLaurin, his first-and-only touchdown pass as a college quarterback; as well as a 47-yard touchdown run. Martell appeared in six games for the Buckeyes in 2018, finishing with 269 passing yards, one passing touchdown, 128 rushing yards, and two rushing touchdowns.


title: Tate Martell

text: In January 2019, Georgia quarterback Justin Fields announced his intention to transfer to Ohio State, prompting Martell to tweet, "Word of advice: don't swing and miss...especially not your second time." Prior to this, on December 30, 2018—upon word that Fields was giving thought to transferring to Ohio State—Martell stated, "Why would I leave for someone who hasn't put in a single second into this program? To just run away from somebody who hasn't put a single second into workouts anything like that and doesn't know what the program is all about, there's not a chance. I will [be the starting quarterback]. I am 100 percent sure on that. I am not just going to walk away from something that I have put so much time into and there is not a chance that I won't go out there and compete for that." Less than two weeks later, on January 10, Martell chose to enter the NCAA transfer portal.


title: Tate Martell

text: On January 15, 2019, Martell announced on social media that he would be transferring from Ohio State to Miami. Martell, who would normally have to sit out one year due to NCAA transfer rules, sought a hardship waiver in order to be immediately eligible, citing Ohio State's coaching change from Urban Meyer to Ryan Day. On March 19, 2019, Martell was granted a waiver by the NCAA and was eligible to play for Miami in 2019. On August 12, 2019, it was announced via the Miami Football Twitter account that redshirt freshman Jarren Williams had beaten out Martell for the starting quarterback job. He then switched to wide receiver, then switched back to quarterback. In September 2020, Martell opted out of the 2020 season after having been suspended to start the year.


title: Tate Martell

text: On July 26, 2021, it was announced that Martell would be transferring to UNLV. He appeared in only two games with one pass attempt during the 2021 season due to injury.


title: FAW Group

text: China FAW Group Corp., Ltd. (First Automobile Works) is a Chinese state-owned automobile manufacturer headquartered in Changchun, Jilin. Founded in 1953, it is currently the second largest of the "Big Four" state-owned car manufacturers of China, together with SAIC Motor, Dongfeng Motor Corporation and Changan Automobile.


title: FAW Group

text: The company produces and sells vehicles under its own branding, such as Hongqi, Bestune (Benteng) as well as under foreign-branded joint ventures such as FAW-Toyota and FAW-Volkswagen (Volkswagen, Audi).


title: FAW Group

text: Its principal products are automobiles, buses, light, medium and heavy-duty trucks, and auto parts. FAW became China's first automobile manufacturer when it unveiled the nation's first domestically produced passenger car, the Hongqi, in 1958.


title: FAW Group

text: The company has three publicly traded subsidiaries: FAW Car Co., Ltd. (), Tianjin FAW Xiali Automobile Co., Ltd. (), and Changchun FAWAY Automobile Components Co., Ltd. ().


title: FAW Group

text: First Automobile Works broke ground on its first factory in 1953 (the first year of the first five-year plan), and produced its first product, the Jiefang CA-10 truck (based on the Soviet ZIS-150) in 1956.


title: FAW Group

text: Soviet Russia lent assistance during these early years providing technical support, tooling, and production machinery. Before the first factory opened, 39 Chinese FAW employees traveled to the Stalin Truck Factory for instruction in truck production. Operations were conducted under Soviet direction, and the USSR is even credited with choosing Changchun as the location for the first FAW facility.


title: FAW Group

text: The Faw "winged 1" badge is derived from the Chinese 一汽 ("一" meaning "one" and "汽", from "汽车" meaning "automotive") and depicts a hawk spreading its wings, 一 (1). The logo was introduced in 1964.


title: FAW Group

text: First Automobile Works initially made only commercial trucks, but started producing passenger cars in 1958. These vehicles, Hongqi luxury sedans, were the first domestically produced Chinese automobiles. Made primarily for the party elite, the design changed little over their thirty-year production run. Following this, FAW's Audi products are the traditionally favoured choice for ranking Chinese state officials.


title: FAW Group

text: Though FAW was the fourth Chinese automaker to take on Western partners, its early joint venture with Volkswagen in 1990 saw it become the second Chinese auto company to develop a strong cooperative relationship with a foreign counterpart. SAIC was the first, in 1984 and also with VW.


title: FAW Group

text: Volkswagen was the first foreign partner for FAW, but others soon followed. The company acquired 50% ownership of Tianjin Automotive Xiali in September, 2002, and renamed the brand FAW Tianjin. As a result, FAW ended up with Toyota as a foreign joint venture partner. FAW established a joint venture with General Motors in 2009 and has joint ventures with a handful of other foreign companies as well.


title: FAW Group

text: The company produced more than 1.5 million vehicles in 2008, and in 2009 it was the largest machinery corporation and the second largest auto manufacturer in China. In 2010, the 2.56 million units sold made it the third most-productive vehicle maker in China that year, and one of its offerings, the FAW Xiali, was the 7th most-purchased car in China in 2010. It produced 2.6 million vehicles in 2011, the third-largest output of any China-based company. While it retained its third place rank, the number of whole vehicles produced in 2012 slowed to 2.3 million. Passenger cars made up a relatively scant 64% of total production that year.


title: FAW Group

text: FAW sells products under at least ten different brands including its own. The following is an incomplete list.


title: FAW Group

text: Established as a subsidiary on 18 January 2003, it is a producer of medium and heavy trucks. With two subsidiaries of its own, Qingdao Truck Division and FAW Trading Company, it is one make of Jiefang branded trucks. As of 2003, FAW Jiefang Truck utilizes production lines dating from 1956.


title: FAW Group

text: Founded in January 1992 as Hainan Mazda Motor, a joint venture between the Hainan provincial government and Mazda to produce Mazda models for sale in China. In 2006, Mazda's share of Hainan Mazda was acquired by FAW Group, and the company became a subsidiary of FAW.


title: FAW Group

text: Created in 2003, FAW operates this joint venture with Japanese automaker Toyota through Tianjin FAW. Key subsidiaries include:


title: FAW Group

text: Operates a passenger car production base in the Nansha Economic Development District of Guangzhou, Guangdong province.


title: FAW Group

text: Operates a passenger car production base in the Chenghua District of Sichuan province and another in Changchun, Jilin province. As of 2008, its 10,000 units/year capacity production base in Changchun makes the Toyota Prius and the Toyota Land Cruiser. The other production base it controls may make buses.


title: FAW Group

text: This equally owned joint venture with Toyota makes engines at its production bases in the Xiqing District of Tianjin and at the Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Zone. Combined, both bases can produce 440,000 units annually.


title: FAW Group

text: Making engines at a 130,000 units/year capacity production base in the Changchun Economic and Technology Development Zone, this equally owned joint venture was established in 2004.


title: FAW Group

text: Established in 1991, this large-scale automobile manufacturer is a joint venture between FAW Group and Volkswagen AG which, as of 2003, have ownership stakes of 60% and 40%, respectively. It manufactures Audi and Volkswagen-branded automobiles for sale in China.


title: FAW Group

text: This subsidiary of FAW's joint venture with VW controls production bases in Chengdu, Sichuan province.


title: FAW Group

text: A joint venture with General Motors that mainly produces Jiefang light-duty trucks, this JV includes the Harbin Light Vehicle and FAW Hongta Yunnan factories.


title: FAW Group

text: FAW has at least 28 wholly owned subsidiaries and controlling shares in 18 partially owned subsidiaries. These include the wholly owned subsidiaries FAW Jiefang Truck Co Ltd and FAW Bus and Coach Co Ltd, and the publicly traded FAW Car Co Ltd, Tianjin FAW Xiali Automobile Co Ltd, and Changchun FAWAY Automobile Components Co Ltd.


title: FAW Group

text: Chengdu FAW produces "Huaxi" brand light and medium buses based on the Toyota Coaster. Originally the Sichuan Bus Company, it became a partially-owned subsidiary in 2002 after acquisition by FAW.


title: FAW Group

text: Created in 1997 from the merger of Changchun Gear Factory, the FAW No. 2 Engine Factory, the FAW No. 2 Car Factory, and the former FAW No. 1 Car Factory, this publicly listed subsidiary produces cars, transmissions, and engines. It has a production base in western Changchun, Jilin province.


title: FAW Group

text: Created in 1997 when FAW purchased a controlling interest in Hongta Yunnan Automobile Co Ltd, this subsidiary company, as of 2003, produces 1/2-3 ton pickups and light trucks as well as license-built Daihatsu models. This factory was included in the "FAW-GM Light Duty Commercial Vehicle" joint venture.


title: FAW Group

text: Founded in 1980, this company became a wholly owned subsidiary of FAW Group in either 1987 or March 1991. It manufactures compact trucks and buses originally based on Suzukis. More recently, Jilin participated in a five-year-long joint venture with Daihatsu.


title: FAW Group

text: As of 2012, this company has two factories and some of the products it produces carry the Oley brand.


title: FAW Group

text: Established in 1997, this part-owned subsidiary designs, produces, and markets medium and heavy truck bodies, wheels, and components for both FAW and other manufacturers.


title: FAW Group

text: Established in 1965, this FAW Group subsidiary made military vehicles until partnering with FAW in the 1990s. It has since produced pickups, Jiefang trucks, and mini-vehicles (small trucks and vans that see commercial use). This factory was included in the "FAW-GM Light Duty Commercial Vehicle" joint venture.


title: FAW Group

text: FAW has production bases located in 14 provinces throughout China including the provinces of Guangdong, Hainan, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Sichuan, and Yunnan. Non-provincial locales include Pudong and Tianjin.


title: FAW Group

text: FAW headquarters are located in Changchun, Jilin province, and operations here include an R&D and test center. Additionally, FAW has two production bases here—one produces for the FAW-Volkswagen joint venture and the other makes self-branded autos.


title: FAW Group

text: An unfinished production base in the Longquan Economic Development Zone in Chengdu, Sichuan province, replaces an older Sichuan base and will produce passenger cars for a FAW-Toyota joint venture, Tianjin FAW Toyota Motor Co Ltd, when it is completed in 2010.


title: FAW Group

text: Another site in Chengdu produces cars for FAW-Volkswagen, and a second VW production base is, as of 2009, scheduled to be built in the city.


title: FAW Group

text: The Dalian division of FAW Bus and Coach Co Ltd manufactures Jiefang and Yuan Zheng brand medium and large-size buses in a production base in Dalian, Liaoning province. An unfinished bus production base in at the Dalian Economic & Technological Development Zone is expected to be complete in mid-2010 and will produce hybrid buses.


title: FAW Group

text: Another Dalian base produces engines for commercial trucks, construction equipment, and agricultural machinery.


title: FAW Group

text: As of 2010, 150,000 units/year production capacity FAW-VW production base will soon be built in this Guangdong province city.


title: FAW Group

text: Located in the sunny, southern vacation spot of Hainan island and built in 1958, Hainan Island Test Grounds is an auto testing site that includes a test track. FAW Hainan Automobile Co Ltd operates FAW's southernmost production facility here.


title: FAW Group

text: A planned production base at the Aviation & Automobile Development Zone (Pingfang Development Zone) in the city of Harbin, Heilongjiang province, will see completion in December 2010 and produce light trucks.


title: FAW Group

text: Plants No. 1, 2, and 3 in the city of Tianjin produce automobiles for the FAW-Toyota joint venture Tianjin FAW Toyota Motor Co Ltd. Plant No. 1 is in Yangliuqing Town, Xiqing District, and plants No. 2 and 3 are located in the Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Zone and began production in 2007. Tianjin FAW Toyota Motor Co Ltd also has an engine plant in Tianjin.


title: FAW Group

text: A FAW Jiefang Truck Co Ltd medium, heavy, and severe-duty truck production base is located in Qingdao, Shandong province.


title: FAW Group

text: While primarily manufacturing products for sale in its home market, FAW has exported to many countries beginning in 1957 with the sale of three commercial trucks to a businessperson in Jordan.


title: FAW Group

text: FAW has had customers in more than 80 countries throughout the life of the company. Nations it has exported products to include Egypt, Iraq, Kenya, Mexico, Myanmar, Pakistan, Russia, South Africa, Iran, Zimbabwe and Uruguay.


title: Anaerobic respiration

text: Anaerobic respiration is respiration using electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen (O). Although oxygen is not the final electron acceptor, the process still uses a respiratory electron transport chain.


title: Anaerobic respiration

text: In aerobic organisms undergoing respiration, electrons are shuttled to an electron transport chain, and the final electron acceptor is oxygen. Molecular oxygen is an excellent electron acceptor. Anaerobes instead use less-oxidizing substances such as nitrate (), fumarate (), sulfate (), or elemental sulfur (S). These terminal electron acceptors have smaller reduction potentials than O. Less energy per oxidized molecule is released. Therefore, anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic.


title: Anaerobic respiration

text: Anaerobic cellular respiration and fermentation generate ATP in very different ways, and the terms should not be treated as synonyms. Cellular respiration (both aerobic and anaerobic) uses highly reduced chemical compounds such as NADH and FADH (for example produced during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle) to establish an electrochemical gradient (often a proton gradient) across a membrane. This results in an electrical potential or ion concentration difference across the membrane. The reduced chemical compounds are oxidized by a series of respiratory integral membrane proteins with sequentially increasing reduction potentials, with the final electron acceptor being oxygen (in aerobic respiration) or another chemical substance (in anaerobic respiration). A proton motive force drives protons down the gradient (across the membrane) through the proton channel of ATP synthase. The resulting current drives ATP synthesis from ADP and inorganic phosphate.


title: Anaerobic respiration

text: Fermentation, in contrast, does not use an electrochemical gradient but instead uses only substrate-level phosphorylation to produce ATP. The electron acceptor NAD is regenerated from NADH formed in oxidative steps of the fermentation pathway by the reduction of oxidized compounds. These oxidized compounds are often formed during the fermentation pathway itself, but may also be external. For example, in homofermentative lactic acid bacteria, NADH formed during the oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is oxidized back to NAD by the reduction of pyruvate to lactic acid at a later stage in the pathway. In yeast, acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol to regenerate NAD.


title: Anaerobic respiration

text: There are two important anaerobic microbial methane formation pathways, through carbon dioxide / bicarbonate () reduction (respiration) or acetate fermentation.


title: Anaerobic respiration

text: Anaerobic respiration is a critical component of the global nitrogen, iron, sulfur, and carbon cycles through the reduction of the oxyanions of nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon to more-reduced compounds. The biogeochemical cycling of these compounds, which depends upon anaerobic respiration, significantly impacts the carbon cycle and global warming. Anaerobic respiration occurs in many environments, including freshwater and marine sediments, soil, subsurface aquifers, deep subsurface environments, and biofilms. Even environments, such as soil, that contain oxygen also have micro-environments that lack oxygen due to the slow diffusion characteristics of oxygen gas.


title: Anaerobic respiration

text: An example of the ecological importance of anaerobic respiration is the use of nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor, or dissimilatory denitrification, which is the main route by which fixed nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere as molecular nitrogen gas. The denitrification process is also very important in host-microbe interactions. Similar to mitochondria in oxygen-respiring microorganisms, some single-cellular anaerobic ciliates use denitrifying endosymbionts to gain energy. Another example is methanogenesis, a form of carbon-dioxide respiration, that is used to produce methane gas by anaerobic digestion. Biogenic methane is used as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. On the negative side, uncontrolled methanogenesis in landfill sites releases large volumes of methane into the atmosphere, where it acts as a powerful greenhouse gas. Sulfate respiration produces hydrogen sulfide, which is responsible for the characteristic 'rotten egg' smell of coastal wetlands and has the capacity to precipitate heavy metal ions from solution, leading to the deposition of sulfidic metal ores.


title: Anaerobic respiration

text: Dissimilatory denitrification is widely used in the removal of nitrate and nitrite from municipal wastewater. An excess of nitrate can lead to eutrophication of waterways into which treated water is released. Elevated nitrite levels in drinking water can lead to problems due to its toxicity. Denitrification converts both compounds into harmless nitrogen gas.


title: Anaerobic respiration

text: Specific types of anaerobic respiration are also critical in bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to convert toxic chemicals into less-harmful molecules to clean up contaminated beaches, aquifers, lakes, and oceans. For example, toxic arsenate or selenate can be reduced to less toxic compounds by various anaerobic bacteria via anaerobic respiration. The reduction of chlorinated chemical pollutants, such as vinyl chloride and carbon tetrachloride, also occurs through anaerobic respiration.


title: Anaerobic respiration

text: Anaerobic respiration is useful in generating electricity in microbial fuel cells, which employ bacteria that respire solid electron acceptors (such as oxidized iron) to transfer electrons from reduced compounds to an electrode. This process can simultaneously degrade organic carbon waste and generate electricity.


title: Andrea Navedo

text: Andrea Navedo is an American actress and published author. She began her career on the daytime soap operas "One Life to Live" (1995–97) and "Guiding Light" (1999-2000), and in later years had several supporting roles on primetime television. From 2014 to 2019, Navedo starred as Xiomara "Xo" Villanueva in The CW comedy-drama series, "Jane the Virgin".


title: Andrea Navedo

text: A second-generation New York Puerto Rican, Navedo grew up in New York City. She said she relates to her "Jane the Virgin" character because her mother was also a young single mother. Navedo graduated from DeWitt Clinton High School in 1988 and graduated from the State University of New York at Old Westbury in 1998 with a B.A. in Communicative and Creative Arts with a concentration in theater. Navedo was also featured in a DeWitt Clinton notable alumni article alongside other famous alumni such as Stan Lee.


title: Andrea Navedo

text: Navedo began her professional acting career on the daytime soap operas. From 1995 to 1997, she played the role of Linda Soto in the ABC soap opera, "One Life to Live". In 1999, she joined the cast of CBS soap opera "Guiding Light" as Theresa Sandoval. She made her film debut with small part in "Girl 6" (1996), and later guest starred in episodes of "New York Undercover" and "The District". In 2001, Navedo co-starred in the action comedy film, "Double Take" and the following year in the drama film "Washington Heights".


title: Andrea Navedo

text: From 2001 to 2004, Navedo had a recurring role on the NBC legal crime series, "Law & Order", as Detective Ana Cordova. later guest-starred on "", "Damages" and "Blue Bloods". Navedo also has appeared in the number of films such as "El Cantante" and "Remember Me". From 2011 to 2013, Navedo also had the recurring roles on "How to Make It in America", "Golden Boy" and "". She starred in the comedy film "Superfast!", the parody of "The Fast and the Furious" film series, which was released in 2015.


title: Andrea Navedo

text: In 2014, Navedo was cast in the series regular role of Xiomara "Xo" Villanueva, title character's mother (played by Gina Rodriguez) in The CW critically acclaimed comedy-drama series, "Jane the Virgin". She received the 2015 Imagen Award for Best Supporting Actress – Television for her performance. The series ended in 2019 after five seasons. In 2017, she appeared in the fantasy crime film "Bright" starring Will Smith. In 2020, she was cast as


title: Andrea Navedo

text: Navedo has found the love of her life and is in a deeply committed relationship with Bob Sewell, CEO and founder of Bellwether Investment Management. She also has two children, a daughter (Ava) and a son (Nico).


title: João Mário (footballer, born January 1993)

text: João Mário Naval da Costa Eduardo (born 19 January 1993), known as João Mário (), is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Primeira Liga club Benfica and the Portugal national team.


text: He started out at Sporting CP in whose youth system he developed, being loaned to Vitória de Setúbal in 2014 and subsequently returning to be an important part of the squads that won major trophies, including the 2015 Taça de Portugal. In 2016 he joined Inter Milan, having loan spells at West Ham United and Lokomotiv Moscow prior to rejoining Sporting, also on loan, in 2020.


text: João Mário made his senior debut for Portugal in 2014. He was named in the squads for Euro 2016 and the 2018 and 2022 World Cups, winning the 2016 tournament.


text: Following a brief youth spell with local Porto in his hometown, where he was deployed as a central defender, João Mário moved to Sporting CP in 2004 at the age of 11, going on to complete his development with the Lisbon club. On 14 December 2011 he was called for a UEFA Europa League group stage game away against Lazio, alongside youth graduates Betinho, Ricardo Esgaio, Tiago Ilori and João Carlos, as the "Lions" had already secured the first place in its group: he entered the pitch in the 76th minute of the 2–0 away loss, after replacing Oguchi Onyewu.


text: João Mário's first full season as a senior was 2012–13, as he appeared in 31 games (30 as a starter) for Sporting CP B in the Segunda Liga, with the team finishing in fourth position. On 8 January 2014 he was loaned to Vitória de Setúbal for the remainder of the campaign, starting in all but one Primeira Liga matches he appeared in and being voted the league's best young player for January and February.


text: On 31 May 2015, again with Sporting' main squad, João Mário started in the final of the Taça de Portugal against Braga, but was substituted in the first half due to the dismissal of defender Cédric Soares, in order to bring on Miguel Lopes; Sporting eventually won in a penalty shootout.


text: On 27 August 2016, João Mário signed with Inter Milan for €40 million plus €5 million in bonuses. His maiden appearance in Serie A occurred on 11 September when he played the full 90 minutes in a 2–1 victory at Pescara, and his first goal for the team opened a loss by the same score at home to Cagliari on 16 October.


text: Under new manager Luciano Spalletti, João Mário grew increasingly frustrated about the lack of playing time. On 25 January 2018, he signed on loan for Premier League team West Ham United– the contract included a €1.5 million loan fee, and an option for the club to buy the player for a sum in the region of €40 million. He made his debut two days later, replacing Pablo Zabaleta at half-time in a 2–0 away loss to Wigan Athletic in the fourth round of the FA Cup.


text: João Mário scored his first goal for West Ham on 31 March 2018, helping the hosts defeat Southampton 3–0. He made 14 competitive appearances during his half-season spell, scoring twice, and was praised for his work rate.


text: On 27 August 2019, João Mário joined Russian club Lokomotiv Moscow on a season-long loan. On 6 October 2020, also on loan, he returned to Sporting. He scored his first goal in his second spell on 27 December, from a penalty to close a 2–1 away win against Belenenses SAD. He contributed another until the end of the campaign (from 28 appearances), helping his team to win the league for the first time in 19 years.


text: On 12 July 2021, Inter announced they had reached an agreement to early terminate João Mário's contract by mutual consent.


text: João Mário joined Benfica on 13 July 2021, on a five-year deal. He scored his first competitive goal on 10 August, opening the 2–0 home victory over Spartak Moscow in the third qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League.


text: In the following edition of that tournament, João Mário scored four times in the group stage; this included a first-half penalty in a 2–1 away defeat of Juventus on 14 September 2022, and the sixth goal in the 92nd minute of the 6–1 win at Maccabi Haifa on 2 November that qualified his team as group winners on away goal difference.


text: Of Angolan descent, João Mário earned 82 caps for Portugal at youth level, including 13 for the under-21 team. He made his senior debut on 11 October 2014, replacing Cristiano Ronaldo for the final 14 minutes of the friendly against France in Paris: soon after coming on, he was fouled by Paul Pogba for a penalty converted by Ricardo Quaresma, in an eventual 2–1 loss.


text: João Mário represented Portugal at the UEFA European Under-21 Championship in 2015, netting the only goal of their opening group win over England as the tournament ended with a runner-up finish. He was selected by the full side for their UEFA Euro 2016 campaign, starting in the first match, a 1–1 draw with Iceland in Saint-Étienne; he played in all of his team's seven games during Euro 2016, including the final against France which they won.


text: João Mário scored his first goal for the nation on 10 November 2017, closing the 3–0 friendly defeat of Saudi Arabia. Subsequently, he was included in the final squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.


text: João Mário's older brother, Wilson, is also a footballer. He too graduated from Sporting's youth academy.


title: Iaijutsu

text: Iaijutsu is a combative sword-drawing art but not necessarily an aggressive art because iaijutsu is also a counterattack-oriented art. Iaijutsu technique may be used aggressively to wage a premeditated surprise attack against an unsuspecting enemy. The formulation of iaijutsu as a component system of classical bujutsu was made less for the dynamic situations of the battlefield than for the relatively static applications of the warrior's daily life off the field of battle.


title: Iaijutsu

text: Historically, it is unclear when the term "iaijutsu" originated. It is also unclear when techniques to draw katana from the scabbard were first practiced as a dedicated form of exercise. The Japanese sword has existed since the Nara period (710–794), where techniques to draw the sword have been practiced under other names than 'iaijutsu'. The term 'iaijutsu' was first verified in connection with Iizasa Chōisai Ienao (c. 1387 – c. 1488), founder of the school Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū.


title: Iaijutsu

text: Archaeological excavations dated the oldest sword in Japan from at least as early as second century B.C. The "Kojiki" (Record of Ancient Matters) and the "Nihon Shoki" (History of Japan), ancient texts on early Japanese history and myth that were compiled in the eighth century A.D., describe iron swords and swordsmanship that pre-date recorded history, attributed to the mythological age of the gods (kami).


title: Iaijutsu

text: The development of Japanese swordsmanship as a component system of classical bujutsu created by and for professional warriors (bushi), begins only with the invention and widespread use of the Japanese sword, the curved, single-cutting-edged long sword.


title: Iaijutsu

text: In its curved form, the sword is known to the Japanese as tachi in the eighth century. It evolved from and gained ascendancy over its straight-bladed prototype because years of battlefield experience proved that the curved form of sword was better suited to the needs of the bushi than the straight-bladed kind. Around the curved long sword the bushi built a mystique of fantastic dimensions, one that still influences Japanese culture today. The nature of the bushi's combative deployment, mounted as he was on horseback, required the classical warrior to reach out for his enemy, who might either be similarly mounted or otherwise ground-deployed.


title: Iaijutsu

text: During the Kamakura period (1185–1333) the Japanese sword smiths achieved the highest level of technical excellence and because the war between two influential families, the Minamoto and the Taira, made it possible to test and evaluate swords under the severest of conditions. By the end of the Kamakura period the tachi was superseded by a shorter weapon in a new form, called katana.


title: Iaijutsu

text: It was with the general widespread use of the curved sword mounted and worn as a katana that classical Japanese swordsmanship for infantry applications really begins. The earliest reliable documentation to prove that the bushi practiced swordsmanship in a systematic manner is dated in the 15th century. In this connection it is believed that kenjutsu, which deals with the art of swordsmanship as it is performed with an unsheathed sword, is the preceding form of iaijutsu.


title: Iaijutsu

text: Iaijutsu is extant today, but there also exists a modern form for drawing the Japanese sword called iaido, a term which first appeared in 1932.


title: Iaijutsu

text: According to Donn F. Draeger, iaijutsu is a combative art and, therefore, the warrior considered only two starting positions in the execution of a sword-drawing technique:


title: Iaijutsu

text: Two other postures are not used in iaijutsu because they possessed technical issues that would place their users at a disadvantage:


title: Iaijutsu

text: It would be difficult for the swordsman using either of these two postures to go quickly into action in an emergency.


title: Iaijutsu

text: Some of the Ryū that still exist and include iaijutsu in their curriculum are listed below - these schools are "koryū", or arts developed before the Meiji era:


title: Roar (song)

text: "Roar" is a song by American singer Katy Perry for her fourth studio album, "Prism" (2013). It was released as the lead single from the record on August 10, 2013. Perry co-wrote the song with Bonnie McKee and its producers Dr. Luke, Max Martin, and Cirkut. It is a power pop song containing elements of arena rock and lyrics centering on standing up for oneself and self-empowerment.


title: Roar (song)

text: To promote the song, Perry performed under the Brooklyn Bridge at the end of the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards, on "The X Factor Australia", at the Sydney Opera House in late October 2013, and on the German TV show "Schlag den Raab". Grady Hall and Mark Kudsi directed the song's music video, which features Perry trying to adapt to the jungle and taming a tiger after surviving a plane crash. The song was nominated for Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards.


title: Roar (song)

text: The song was a commercial success, topping charts in Australia, Austria, Canada, Ireland, Israel, Lebanon, New Zealand, Scotland, Slovenia, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States. By the end of 2013, "Roar" had sold over 9.9 million units (combined sales and track-equivalent streams) globally according to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI). "Roar" has sold 6.6 million copies in the US, over 1 million in the United Kingdom, and was Australia's best-selling female song of the year with 560,000 copies sold within that time. When "Roar" was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), Perry became the first artist to have three Diamond certified singles in the country, the others being "Firework" and "Dark Horse". In February 2020, the music video for "Roar" reached 3 billion views, becoming the first female-centered video to reach the milestone in YouTube's history.


title: Roar (song)

text: The song was mixed by Serban Ghenea at MixStar Studios. "Roar" was recorded in four other studios: Luke's in the Boo, Playback Recording Studio and Secret Garden Studios, all located in the state of California, as well as MXM Studios in Stockholm, Sweden. Perry co-wrote the song with Bonnie McKee and its producers Dr. Luke, Max Martin, and Cirkut. All its development took place in March 2013. McKee told MTV that "Roar" is "kind of a 'pick yourself up and dust yourself off and keep going', female-empowerment song" and "kind of an epiphany song." Perry said she wrote the song after undergoing therapy, saying she was "sick of keeping all these feelings inside and not speaking up for myself".


title: Roar (song)

text: Musically, "Roar" is a power pop song that features elements of arena rock. Throughout the song, Perry "flexes diva-like vocals", singing the lyric "Hey!" several times in a way resemblant of The Lumineers. The song's instrumentation is composed of "pounding" pianos and "booming" bass drums. According to the sheet music published by Alfred Music. on Musicnotes.com, "Roar" is composed in the key of B major and set in a time signature at a moderate tempo of 90 beats per minute. Perry's vocal range spans from the low note B to the high note E, while the music follows the chord progression of B–Cm–Gm–E. The song shares the theme of empowerment with Perry's single "Firework". Perry described the track as a song speaking about standing up for oneself.


title: Roar (song)

text: Perry announced "Roar" would be the first single from "Prism" with the release of a video teaser featuring the singer burning a blue wig. More video teasers were released onto YouTube, showing Perry at a funeral with a coffin decorated with the singer's famous pink and white pinwheels dress, and entering a recording booth while dressed with a "throwback" jacket featured in the single's cover art, which was revealed on August 8, 2013. It features a tiger print border around Perry, who wears a blue Japanese silk sukajan jacket, with the image of a tiger printed on its back. On the same day of the song's digital release, a lyric video for it, produced by Joe Humpay, Aya Tanimura, Tim Zimmer, and Tuan Le, was released onto YouTube. It primarily shows Perry doing daily activities such as eating breakfast, going to the bathroom, and taking a bath, while texting the lyrics of "Roar" to friends. Some words are substituted with various Emoji characters. It was target of plagiarism accusations by music producer Dillon Francis, who felt it copied the concept of instant messaging from his video entitled "Messages".


title: Roar (song)

text: The first video teaser for "Roar" was released on August 2, 2013, along with an announcement that the American release was scheduled for August 12 with a subsequent release to mainstream radio on August 13. However, the song debuted two days earlier than expected by leaking on August 10. The UK release was originally scheduled for September 8, but on August 30 Perry announced the release date would be moved up to September 1.


title: Roar (song)

text: Miriam Coleman from "Rolling Stone" appreciated the songs's "easy poppy beat" and its "repeated refrains", factors she believed contributed to make the song a "determined note for the new album". James Montgomery of MTV described it as "one of the more perfect pop songs to come down the pipeline in quite a while". Gerrick D. Kennedy from "Los Angeles Times" also gave a positive review, classifying "Roar" as a "sweet, poppy confection with a bit of bite". Melinda Newman from HitFix saw the song as a "change of pace" for Perry, whilst Andrew Hampp from "Billboard" believed it to be a return to the style of her album "One of the Boys", but criticized its tempo and its lyrics that "rarely rise above easy clichés and rhymes". Sal Cinquemani from "Slant Magazine" described the song as "more of a yelp than a roar".


title: Roar (song)

text: Upon the release of "Roar", many accused Perry of copying Sara Bareilles's "Brave". When Bareilles herself was asked about the controversy between the two songs, she responded: "Katy's a friend of mine and we've known each other a really long time", and was upset that there was a "negative spin on two artists that are choosing to share positive messages." She also mentioned she had known about "Roar" before its release and stated "If I'm not mad I don't know why anybody else is upset". In response to the accusations, Dr. Luke tweeted on August 14, 2013: "Roar was written and recorded before Brave came out." In direct response to the attention "Brave" received as a result of the plagiarism accusations, Bareilles's record label, Epic Records, decided to promote "Brave" to the mainstream pop radio format.


title: Roar (song)

text: On the "Billboard" Hot 100, the song debuted at number 85 on the week-ending August 24, 2013 due to radio airplay. The following week, during its first week on sale, "Roar" sold 557,000 digital copies, earning Perry the highest first-week sales numbers of 2013 and also her biggest digital song sales week ever, breaking her previous record held by "Firework", which sold 509,000 digital copies for the week ending January 8, 2011. The song soared eighty-three positions to number two in its second week, becoming Perry's twelfth top-ten entry in the United States, and her ninth consecutive single to reach the top three on the Hot 100. After another week at number two, "Roar" reached number one for the chart dated September 4, 2013, becoming Perry's eighth number one on the Hot 100 and her ninth digital number-one single, after selling 448,000 copies. "Roar" spent a total two weeks at number one before it was surpassed by Miley Cyrus's "Wrecking Ball". On its seventh frame, the song moved 2-1 (peak audience impressions of 159 million) and became Perry's sixth number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 Airplay, as well as becoming her fastest climb to the top position.


title: Roar (song)

text: "Roar" also reached number one on both the US Mainstream Top 40 and Adult Pop Songs. The number-one position on the "Pop Songs" chart gave Perry her tenth number one, tying her with Rihanna for the most number ones on the airplay-based chart. The number-one position on the "Adult Pop Songs" chart also gave Perry multiple milestones; it became her eighth chart topper, tying her with Maroon 5 and Pink as the act with the most number-ones there. It also made the fastest ascension to the top spot; a record previously held by Perry's own single "California Gurls" (2010). It also set airplay records in both of the charts, by becoming the most weekly-played song in history, with 16,065 and 5,309 plays per week, respectively.


title: Roar (song)

text: The song has also reached the top spot on both the Adult contemporary chart and Hot Dance Club Songs. In addition to this, the track also reached number one on both the On Demand and Streaming charts, with a weekly peak of 2.1 million and 12 million, respectively. "Roar" surpassed digital sales of four million in its seventeenth week, faster than any other song in digital history. Its sales reached 4.41 million by the end of 2013, becoming the sixth best-seller of the year. Perry has eight of her songs with sales more than four million, including "Firework" (7.3 million), "Roar (6.4 million), "Dark Horse" (6.3 million), "E.T." (5.9 million), "California Gurls" (5.8 million), "Hot n Cold" (5.7 million), "Teenage Dream" (4.9 million), and "I Kissed A Girl" (4.7 million), the most for any artist. The track has sold 6,600,000 copies in the US as of August 2020, and when it was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in June 2017, Perry became the first artist to achieve this with 3 singles.


title: Roar (song)

text: On August 31, 2013, "Roar" debuted at number one on the Canadian Hot 100 on the strength of digital downloads. In doing so, it became only the eleventh song to debut at number one on the chart, and it also became Perry's third number-one debut, making her the artist with most number-one debuts at the time. It also became Perry's ninth Canadian Hot 100 number one, breaking the tie she shared with Rihanna for the most chart toppers. It has so far spent five non-consecutive weeks atop the chart. "Roar" was also in the top of the Canadian Digital Chart for three non-consecutive weeks; there, it was Perry's sixth number-one single. In Mexico, it reached number one on the Monitor Latino English-language airplay chart.


title: Roar (song)

text: In the United Kingdom, "Roar" entered at number one on the UK Singles Chart on September 8, 2013, selling 179,500 copies in its first week and ending the prolonged number-one run of Ellie Goulding's "Burn". The song became Perry's fourth UK number-one single. The single spent two weeks atop the chart before being succeeded by "Talk Dirty" by Jason Derulo ft. 2 Chainz. The song also debuted atop the adjacent UK chart of Scotland and the Irish Singles Chart. "Roar" was the 6th best-selling song of 2013 in the United Kingdom where it became her second single after "Firework" to sell over a million copies in January 2015, thus making Katy Perry one of only 18 artists ever to achieve more than one million sales in the nation. It has sold 1,112,787 copies in the United Kingdom as of September 2017, and has been certified quadruple platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI).


title: Roar (song)

text: The song reached number four on the Italian Singles Chart, where it was eventually certified platinum by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry, for sales of over 15,000 digital copies. In Spain, the single peaked at number five on the sales chart, according to PROMUSICAE. In Austria, it became a number-one on the Ö3 Austria Top 40, while in Germany and Switzerland it reached numbers two and three, respectively. In the Belgian Ultratop 50, "Roar" peaked at number five in Flanders and number seven in Wallonia. In France the song peaked at number six. The single also reached the top five in Norway. "Roar" found placings among the top-ten of the airplay charts in Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia. Within the unofficial digital charts of Greece, Luxembourg and Portugal, compiled outside of the respective countries by "Billboard", "Roar" peaked at number two in both the Greece and Luxembourg charts and at number eight in the Portuguese chart.


title: Roar (song)

text: "Roar" entered at the top of the New Zealand Singles Chart after just four days on sale, becoming Perry's ninth number-one single, second top debut and her eleventh top ten. After less than five weeks, the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand certified the single quadruple platinum, denoting sales exceeding 60,000 units. The song is listed as the 48th best-selling single of all time in New Zealand, making Perry the only singer to have the most entries, which including "California Gurls", "Firework" and "E.T.". In Australia, the song became Perry's third song to top the ARIA Singles Chart after "I Kissed a Girl" and "California Gurls". It was the country's highest performing song of the year, topping the charts for 9 weeks and selling 560,000 copies by the end of 2013. "Roar" has since been certified 11× platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). "Roar" peaked at number two in the Venezuelan Pop Rock Chart. On the Gaon Chart of South Korea, it reached number one on the international chart. In Japan, the song entered the Japan Hot 100 at number seven. They reached number one in both the Media Forest airplay chart in Israel, and the Lebanese Singles Chart. Similarly, in South Africa, the song peaked at number two on the EMA airplay chart.


title: Roar (song)

text: In Russia, on the Tophit Weekly General Airplay chart the song debuted at number 395 on August 25, 2013, and it has climbed the chart, peaking so far at number five on November 17, 2013. On the Top Hit Weekly Audience Choice chart, it peaked at number three on the issue dated October 27, 2013. According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), "Roar" sold 9.9 million units (combined sales and track-equivalent streams) globally throughout 2013 and was the fifth best-selling single of the year.


title: Roar (song)

text: Filming of the music video for "Roar" began on August 7, 2013 and ended on August 9, 2013. The video was released on September 5, 2013, directed by Grady Hall and Mark Kudsi, and filmed at the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden. A 21-second teaser of the video had previously been uploaded on August 25, 2013. Nokia posted a two-minute behind the scenes video on September 4, 2013. On November 14, 2013, an extended 17-minute behind-the-scenes video was uploaded to Vevo. "Roar" music video reached 3 billion views on February 6, 2020, making Katy Perry the first female artist to reach 3 billion views on the platform.


title: Roar (song)

text: At the beginning of the video, Perry and her boyfriend (played by actor and model Brian Nagel) have crashed their plane in the middle of the jungle. Perry shows signs of worry, while her boyfriend takes pictures of himself and dumps his bags on her to explore. As it turns to night, they wander through the jungle as he throws things back at her. Suddenly, he is attacked by a tiger and Perry dumps her bags and runs off screaming. She approaches a lake and is almost bitten by a crocodile when she tries to take a drink. She sits on a rock and ends up with a tarantula crawling on her. As she looks into the lake while singing the chorus, she sees a reflection of a tiger instead of herself. Behind her in the darkness there are dozens of pairs of blinking eyes, but they are revealed to be fireflies which fly around her before forming an image of a roaring tiger in the sky.


title: Roar (song)

text: Presumably a few days later, Perry has since made friends with a monkey and uses her stiletto heel to form a spear where she is now barefoot and only wearing what is left of her outfit. She uses the spear to shoot a banana, which she gives to the monkey. In another scene, she bathes in the lake, with the help of an elephant who sprays her with water from the lake using its trunk. Perry helps a crocodile by brushing its teeth using a toothbrush she has salvaged, and tries to reach her clothes which have been taken by the elephant. At night, she holds a torch and explores a cave. Inside, she watches an animated drawing on the wall in which humans try to kill a tiger with fire; attempting to burn it as it grows stronger and shooting spears which it sends firing back towards them with its roar. The next morning, Perry emerges from the cave wearing a leopard-print bikini top, a grass skirt, and unspecified lacings on her legs. She displays a boost of confidence and holding the spear she made earlier. She stands on top of a waterfall, overlooking the jungle, and then swings across the sky on a vine.


title: Roar (song)

text: With the help of the monkey, Perry builds a cat toy that she uses to distract the tiger who killed her boyfriend earlier in the video. The two of them roar at each other until her roar tames the tiger as it sits in front of her submissively. Afterwards, she is shown sitting on a giant grass throne, wearing a flower crown as the rest of the jungle animals sit around her, including the tiger, monkey and elephant. The tiger is shown wearing a collar that says "Kitty Purry", a reference to her real-life cat of the same name. Perry takes selfies with the monkey on her boyfriend's phone, applies lipstick made from berry juice, and gives the elephant a pedicure with paint made from berries.


title: Roar (song)

text: She then awakens from sleeping in the plane, leading the viewer to think all the previous events have just been a dream, but walks out of the plane wreckage still in the jungle, stretching her arms and yawning with the animals sitting around her.


title: Roar (song)

text: Upon its release, the music video received mixed reviews from critics. "Idolator" contributors Robbie Daw, Sam Lansky, and Carl Willott gave it mostly lackluster reviews. Daw considered that the release of such a "safe" video was a disappointment for Perry and expressed eagerness to her next single; while Lansky likened its "edg[iness]" to that of a "woman's antiperspirant commercial"; and the latter divided the video in what he considered to be of "good cheesy" and "bad cheesy": he highlighted the fake set, Perry's acting and the ending, but criticized the CGI, which he deemed "dopey", the product placement and Perry's "overly literal roar-off with a tiger". The only writer for the website that gave the visual a favorable review was Mike Wass, who appreciated the "campy element[s]" in it, while noting that it drew inspiration from the music video for "Doctor Jones" by the dance-pop group Aqua. In total, the reviews had an average score of approximately 6 out of 10.