title: Black War

text: Over the summer of 1826–7 clans from the Big River, Oyster Bay and North Midlands nations speared a number of stock-keepers on farms and made it clear that they wanted the settlers and their sheep and cattle to move from their kangaroo hunting grounds. Settlers responded vigorously, resulting in many mass-killings, though this was poorly reported at the time. On 8 December 1826 a group led by Kickerterpoller threatened a farm overseer at Bank Hill farm at Orielton, near Richmond; the following day soldiers from the 40th Regiment killed 14 Aboriginal people from the Oyster Bay nation and captured and jailed another nine, including Kickerterpoller. In April 1827 two shepherds were killed at Hugh Murray's farm at Mount Augustus near Campbell Town, south of Launceston, and a party of settlers with a detachment of the 40th Regiment launched a reprisal attack at dawn on an undefended Aboriginal camp, killing as many as 70 Aboriginal men, women and children. In March and April several settlers and convict servants were killed and a pursuit party avenged one of the incidents in a dawn raid in which "they fired volley after volley in among the Blackfellows ... they reported killing some two score (40)." In May 1827 a group of Oyster Bay Aboriginal people killed a stock-keeper at Great Swanport near Swansea and a party of soldiers, field police, settlers and stock-keepers launched a night raid on the culprits' camp. A report noted: "Volley after volley of ball cartridge was poured in upon the dark groups surrounding the little camp fires. The number slain was considerable."


title: Black War

text: Over 18 days in June 1827 at least 100 members of the Pallittorre clan from the North nation were killed in reprisals for the killing of three stockmen and Ryan calculates that in the eight months from 1 December 1826 to 31 July 1827 more than 200 Aboriginal people were killed in the Settled Districts in reprisal for their killing of 15 colonists. An entire clan of 150 Oyster Bay people may have been killed in one pursuit through the Sorell Valley in November 1827, significantly reducing population numbers. In September Arthur appointed another 26 field police and deployed another 55 soldiers from the 40th Regiment and New South Wales Royal Veteran Company into the Settled Districts to deal with the rising conflict. Between September 1827 and the following March, at least 70 Aboriginal attacks were reported throughout the Settled Districts, taking the lives of 20 colonists. By March 1828 the death toll in the Settled Districts for the 16 months since Arthur's November 1826 official notice had risen to 43 colonists and probably 350 Aboriginal people. But by then reports were being received that Aboriginal people were more interested in plundering huts for food—stealing bread, flour, tea and digging up potatoes and turnips from settlers' gardens—than killing colonists.


title: Black War

text: Arthur reported to the Colonial Office secretary in London that the Aboriginal people "already complained that the white people have taken possession of their country, encroached upon their hunting grounds, and destroyed their natural food, the kangaroo" and in a memo he proposed settling the Aboriginal people "in some remote quarter of the island, which should be reserved strictly for them, and to supply them with food and clothing, and afford them protection ... on condition of their confining themselves peaceably to certain limits". He said Tasmania's northeast coast was the preferred location for such a reserve and suggested they remain there "until their habits shall become more civilised". He pursued the proposal by issuing on 19 April 1828 a "Proclamation Separating the Aborigines from the White Inhabitants" that divided the island into two parts to regulate and restrict contact between blacks and whites. The northeast region was an area traditionally visited by many groups for its rich food reserves, and rivers, estuaries and sheltered bays as well as its mild climate. It was also largely unoccupied by colonists. But the proclamation partitioning the island also provided the first official sanction of the use of force to expel any Aboriginal people from the Settled Districts. Historian James Boyce observed: "Any Aborigine could now be legally killed for doing no more than crossing an unmarked border that the government did not even bother to define."


title: Black War

text: Arthur enforced the border by deploying almost 300 troops from the 40th and 57th Regiments at 14 military posts along the frontier and within the Settled Districts. The tactic appeared to deter Aboriginal attacks; through the winter of 1828 few Aboriginal people appeared in the Settled Districts, and those that did were driven back by military parties. Among them were at least 16 undefended Oyster Bay people who were killed in July at their encampment in the Eastern Tiers by a detachment of the 40th Regiment.


title: Black War

text: Any hopes of peace in the Settled Districts were dashed in spring. Between 22 August and 29 October 15 colonists died in 39 Aboriginal attacks—about one every two days—as the Oyster Bay and Big River clans launched raids on stock huts, while Ben Lomond and North clans burned down stock huts along the Nile and Meander rivers in the east and west. From early October Oyster Bay warriors also began killing white women and children. Galvanised by the escalation of violence, Arthur called a meeting of Van Diemen's Land's Executive Council—comprising himself, the chief justice and the colonial treasurer—and on 1 November declared martial law against the Aboriginal people in the Settled Districts, who were now "open enemies of the King". Proclamation of martial law was a crown prerogative to be used "against rebels and enemies as a ... convenient mode of exercising a right to kill in war, a right originating in self-defence" and Arthur's move was effectively a declaration of total war. Soldiers now had the right to apprehend without warrant or to shoot on sight any Aboriginal person in the Settled Districts who resisted them, though the proclamation ordered settlers:


title: Black War

text: Martial law would remain in force for more than three years, the longest period of martial law in Australian history.


title: Black War

text: About 500 Aboriginal people from five clan groups were still operating in the Settled Districts when martial law was declared and Arthur's first action was to encourage civilian parties to begin capturing them. On 7 November a party operating from Richmond captured Umarrah—who was thought to have led a fatal attack on stockmen in the Norfolk Plains in February 1827—and four others including his wife and a child. Umarrah remained defiant and was placed in Richmond jail and remained there for a year. Arthur then established military patrols or "pursuing parties" of eight to 10 men from the 39th, 40th and 63rd Regiments who were ordered to remain in the field for about two weeks at a time, scouring the Settled Districts for Aboriginal people, whom they should capture or shoot. By March 1829, 23 military parties, a total of about 200 armed soldiers, were scouring the Settled Districts, mainly intent on killing, rather than capturing, their quarry. Aboriginal people were killed in groups of as large as 10 at a time, mainly in dawn raids on their camps or running them down in daylight, and by March press reports indicated that about 60 Aboriginal people had been killed since martial law had been declared, with the loss of 15 colonists.


title: Black War

text: The Aboriginal attacks fuelled settlers' anger and a craving for revenge, but according to Clements the primary emotion colonists experienced was fear, ranging from a constant unease to paralysing terror. He noted: "Everybody on the frontier was afraid, all the time." The financial loss from theft, destruction of stock and arson attacks was a constant threat: there were no insurance companies and settlers faced financial ruin if crops and buildings were burnt or their stock destroyed. The "Hobart Town Courier" newspaper warned that the Aboriginal people had declared a "war of extermination" on white settlers, while the "Colonial Times" declared: "The Government must remove the natives. If not they will be hunted down like wild beasts and destroyed."


title: Black War

text: By winter 1829 the southern part of the Settled Districts had become a war zone and Aboriginal people later identified campsites where their relatives had been killed and mutilated. Several more incidents were reported in which Aboriginal people were raiding huts for food and blankets or digging up potatoes, but they too were killed. In an effort to conciliate Aboriginal people, Arthur arranged for the distribution of "proclamation boards" comprising four panels that depicted white and black Tasmanians dwelling together peaceably, and also illustrated the legal consequences for members of either race that committed acts of violence—that an Aboriginal would be hanged for killing a white settler and a settler would be hanged for killing an Aboriginal person. No colonist was ever charged in Van Diemen's Land, or committed for trial, for assaulting or killing an Aboriginal person.


title: Black War

text: Aboriginal people maintained their attacks on settlers, killing 19 colonists between August and December 1829—the total for the year was 33, six more than for 1828. Among the white victims was a servant burned to death in a house at Bothwell and a settler mutilated. But the white response was even more vigorous, with the report after one expedition noting "a terrible slaughter" resulting from an overnight raid on a camp. In late February 1830 Arthur introduced a bounty of £5 for every captured Aboriginal and £2 per child, and also sought a greater military presence, trying to halt the departure to India of the last detachment of the 40th Regiment and requesting reinforcements from the 63rd Regiment in Western Australia, but without success. In April he also advised London that a significant boost to the convict population in remote frontier areas would help protect settlers and explicitly asked that all convict transport ships be diverted to Van Diemen's Land.


title: Black War

text: In March 1830 Arthur appointed Anglican Archdeacon William Broughton as chairman of a six-man Aborigines Committee to conduct an inquiry into the origin of the black hostility and recommend measures to stop the violence and destruction of property. Sixteen months had now passed since the declaration of martial law in November 1828 and in that time there had been 120 Aboriginal attacks on settlers, resulting in about 50 deaths and more than 60 wounded. Over the same period at least 200 Aboriginal people had been killed, with many of them in mass killings of six or more. Among submissions it received were suggestions to set up "decoy huts, containing flour and sugar, strongly impregnated with poison", that Aboriginal people be rooted out with bloodhounds and that Maori warriors be brought to Tasmania to capture the Aboriginal people for removal to New Zealand as slaves. Settlers and soldiers gave evidence of killings and atrocities on both sides, but the committee was also told that despite the attacks, some settlers believed very few Aboriginal people now remained in the Settled Districts. The inquiry was conducted in the context of a further escalation in hostilities: in February alone there were 30 separate incidents in which seven Europeans were killed.


title: Black War

text: In its report, published in March 1830, the committee noted that "It is manifest that (the Aboriginal people) have lost the sense of superiority of white men, and the dread of the effects of fire-arms" and were now on a systematic plan of attacking the settlers and their possessions. The committee's report supported the bounty system, recommended an increase in mounted police patrols and urged settlers to remain well armed and alert. Arthur, in turn, forwarded their report to Secretary of State for War and the Colonies Sir George Murray, pointing out that although "lawless convicts" and convict stock-keepers had acted with great inhumanity towards the black natives, "it is increasingly apparent the Aboriginal natives of this colony are, and have ever been, a most treacherous race; and that the kindness and humanity which they have always experienced from the free settlers has not tended to civilize them to any degree." Murray responded in a letter that it was possible that in the near future the entire "race" of Tasmanian Aborigines would extinct, and any lines of conduct aimed at the declared or occult extinction of the native population could leave an indelible stain on the British government's reputation.


title: Black War

text: News of friendly encounters with Aboriginal people and a season decline in attacks prompted Arthur on 19 August to issue a government notice expressing his satisfaction "a less hostile disposition" being displayed by the indigenous population and advising that settlers cautiously "abstain from acts of aggression against these benighted beings" and allow them to feed and depart. But still the attacks continued, however, and as public panic and anger mounted, the Executive Council met a week later and decided a full-scale military operation would be required to force an end to what threatened to become a "war of extermination" between settlers and the Big River and Oyster Bay people. Martial law was extended to the whole of Van Diemen's Land on 1 October and every able-bodied male colonist was ordered by Arthur to assemble on 7 October at one of seven designated places in the Settled Districts to join a massive drive to sweep "these miserable people" from the region. The campaign, which became known as the Black Line, was greeted enthusiastically by the colonist press. The "Hobart Town Courier" said it doubted settlers would need persuading "to accomplish the one grand and glorious object now before them".


title: Black War

text: Violence in the island's north-west, where the colonists were servants of the Van Diemen's Land Company, erupted in 1825, fuelled by disputes over Aboriginal women, who were often violated or abducted, and the destruction of kangaroo stocks. An escalating cycle of violence broke out in 1827 after white shepherds attempted to force themselves on black women; a shepherd was speared and more than 100 sheep killed in retribution and in turn a white party launched a dawn attack on an Aboriginal campsite, killing 12. The conflict led to the Cape Grim massacre of 10 February 1828 in which shepherds armed with muskets ambushed up to 30 Aboriginal people as they collected shellfish at the foot of a cliff.


title: Black War

text: On 21 August 1829 four company servants shot an Aboriginal woman in the back, then executed her with an axe at Emu Bay, near present-day Burnie. Violence continued in the region, with three company men fatally speared in July and October 1831 and heavy losses inflicted on sheep and oxen. The population of North West clans fell from 700 to 300 through the 1820s, while in the North nation—where shepherds vowed to shoot Aboriginal people whenever they saw them—numbers had plummeted from 400 in 1826 to fewer than 60 by mid-1830. Violence ceased in 1834 but resumed between September 1839 and February 1842 when Aboriginal people made at least 18 attacks on company men and property.


title: Black War

text: The Black Line consisted of 2,200 men: about 550 soldiers—a little over half of the entire garrison in Van Diemen's Land—as well as 738 convict servants and 912 free settlers or civilians. Arthur, who maintained overall control, placed Major Sholto Douglas of the 63rd Regiment in command of the forces. Separated into three divisions and aided by Aboriginal guides, they formed a staggered front more than 300 km long that began pushing south and east across the Settled Districts from 7 October with the intention of forming a pincer movement to trap members of four of the nine Aboriginal nations in front of the line and drive them across the Forestier Peninsula to East Bay Neck and into the Tasman Peninsula, which Arthur had designated as an Aboriginal Reserve.


title: Black War

text: The campaign was beset by severe weather, rugged terrain, impenetrable scrub and vast swamps, inadequate maps and poor supply lines and although two of the divisions met in mid-October the hostile terrain soon resulted in the cordon being broken, leaving many wide gaps through which the Aboriginal people were able to slip. Many of the men, by then barefoot and their clothes tattered, deserted the line and returned home. The campaign's single success was a dawn ambush on 25 October in which two Aboriginal people were captured and two killed. The Black Line was disbanded on 26 November.


title: Black War

text: Ryan estimates that barely 300 Aboriginal people were still alive on the entire island, including 200 within the region in which the Black Line was operating. Yet they launched at least 50 attacks on settlers—both in front of and behind the line—during the campaign, often plundering huts for food.


title: Black War

text: Colonists' hopes of peace rose over the summer of 1830-31 as Aboriginal attacks fell to a low level and the "Colonial Times" newspaper speculated that their enemy had either been wiped out or frightened into inaction. But the north remained a dangerous place: on 29 January a Dairy Plains woman was murdered—three months after her husband had died in a similar attack—and in March a mother carrying her infant was fatally speared while working in her garden on the East Tamar. Though the number of attacks in 1831 was less than a third of those the previous year—a total of 70, compared with 250 in 1830—settlers remained so fearful that many men refused to go out to work.


title: Black War

text: Yet, as the Aborigines Committee discovered in a new series of hearings, there was some positive news arising from the work of evangelical humanitarian George Augustus Robinson, who in 1829 had been appointed storekeeper at a ration depot for Aboriginal people on Bruny Island. From January 1830 Robinson had embarked on a series of expeditions across the island to make contact with Aboriginal people and in November he secured the surrender of 13 of them, prompting him to write to Arthur claiming he could remove "the entire black population", which he estimated to be 700. In a new report on 4 February 1831, the Aborigines Committee praised Robinson's "conciliatory mission" and his efforts to learn the local languages and "explain the kind and pacific intentions of the government and the settlers generally towards them". The committee recommended that Aboriginal people who surrendered should be sent to Gun Carriage Island in Bass Strait. But the committee also urged settlers to remain vigilant, recommending that parties of armed men should be stationed in the most remote stock huts. In response up to 150 stock huts were turned into ambush locations, military posts were established on native migratory routes and new barracks were built at Spring Bay, Richmond and Break O'Day Plains.


title: Black War

text: Arthur's conciliatory approach and his support for Robinson's "friendly mission" brought widespread condemnation from colonists and the settler press, which intensified after a series of violent mid-winter raids launched by evidently hungry, cold and desperate Aboriginal people in the Great Western Tiers in the island's northern highlands. Those raids culminated in the murder of Captain Bartholomew Thomas and his overseer James Parker at Port Sorell on the north coast on 31 August 1831. The killings would, in fact, turn out to be the last of the Black War, but they triggered an unprecedented surge of fear and anger, particularly because Thomas—the brother of the Colonial Treasurer—had been sympathetic towards Aboriginal people and had made attempts to conciliate the local indigenous population. The "Launceston Advertiser" declared that the only course left was the "utter annihilation" of Aboriginal population, while another newspaper expressed fears that the natives would resort to even greater atrocities in the coming season. Several weeks later a group robbed huts at Great Swansea, causing panic, and in late October 100 armed settlers formed a cordon across the narrow part of Freycinet Peninsula in an attempt to capture several dozen Aboriginal people who had passed on to the peninsula. The cordon was abandoned four days later after Aboriginal people slipped through and escaped at night.


title: Black War

text: On the 31st of December, 1831, Robinson and his group of about 14 black envoys negotiated the surrender of 28 members of the Mairremmener people, an amalgam of Oyster Bay and Big River tribes. The tiny group of 16 men, nine women and a child, led by Tongerlongeter and Montpelliatta, was all that remained of what had once been one of the island's most powerful clans and much of Hobart Town's population lined the streets as Robinson walked with them through the main street towards Government House. They were sent to the Wybalenna settlement on Flinders Island, joining another 40 Aboriginal people who had previously been captured, although another 20 interned on the island had earlier died. By late May many more, including Kickerterpoller and Umarrah, had also contracted influenza and died.


title: Black War

text: The December surrender effectively brought to a close the Black War. There were no further reports of violence in the Settled Districts from that date, although isolated acts of violence continued in the north-west until 1842.


title: Black War

text: Martial law was revoked in January 1832, two weeks after the well-publicised surrender, and the bounty on captured Aboriginal people was scrapped on 28 May 1832.


title: Black War

text: In February, 1832, Robinson embarked on the first of several expeditions to the west, north-west and the Launceston area to secure the surrender of remaining Aboriginal people, believing the strategy was "for their own good" and would save them from extermination at the hands of settlers while providing them with the benefits of British civilisation and Christianity. Warning that they faced violent hostility without protection, he persuaded several small groups to be transported to Flinders Island—where many died of pneumonia, influenza and catarrh—but from early 1833 began to use force to capture those who still lived freely in the north-east, despite the cessation of violence. Both Hunter Island, at Tasmania's north-west tip, and penal stations on islands in Macquarie Harbour, on the west coast, were used to detain captured Aboriginal people, where many succumbed quickly to disease and the mortality rate reached 75 percent. Robinson noted of conditions in the Macquarie Harbour penal stations: "The mortality was dreadful, its ravages was unprecedented, it was a dreadful calamity." In November, 1833, all surviving Aboriginal people were moved from Macquarie Harbour to Flinders Island.


title: Black War

text: By early 1835 almost 300 people had surrendered to Robinson, who reported to the colonial secretary: "The entire Aboriginal population is now removed", although in 1842 he located one remaining family near Cradle Mountain, who surrendered. Men on the island were expected to clear forest land, build roads, erect fences and shear sheep, while women were required to wash clothes, attend sewing classes and attend classes. All were expected to wear European clothes and many women were given European names. A high rate of infectious disease at the Wybalenna settlement on Flinders Island cut the population from about 220 in 1833 to 46 in 1847.


title: Black War

text: Estimates of Tasmania's Aboriginal population in 1803, the year of the first British arrivals, range from 3,000 to 7,000. Lyndall Ryan's analysis of population studies led her to conclude that there were about 7,000 spread throughout the island's nine nations; However, Nicholas Clements, citing research by N.J.B Plomley and Rhys Jones, settled on a figure of 3,000 to 4,000.


title: Black War

text: But Aboriginal numbers began dropping almost immediately: violent encounters were reported in the Hobart region, while at Port Dalrymple in the colony's north, Lieutenant-Governor William Paterson is thought to have ordered soldiers to shoot at Aboriginal people wherever they were found, leading to the virtual disappearance of North Midlands clans in that region after 1806. In 1809 New South Wales surveyor-general John Oxley reported that kangaroo hunting by whites had led to a "considerable loss of life among the natives" throughout the colony. One settler, the convict adventurer Jørgen Jørgensen, also claimed that Aboriginal numbers were "much reduced during the first six or seven years of the colony" as whites "harassed them with impunity". By 1819 the Aboriginal and British population reached parity with about 5,000 of each, although among the colonists men outnumbered women four to one. At that stage both population groups enjoyed good health, with infectious diseases not taking hold until the late 1820s.


title: Black War

text: Ryan accepts a figure of 1,200 Aboriginal people dwelling in the Settled Districts in 1826 at the start of the Black War, while Clements believes the number in the eastern part of Tasmania was about 1,000.


title: Black War

text: Historians have differed in their estimates of the total number of fatalities in the Black War and acknowledge that most killings of Aboriginal people went unreported. The "Colonial Advocate" newspaper reported in 1828 that "up country, instances occur where the Natives are 'shot like so many crows', which never come before the public'." The table above, depicting fatalities among Aboriginal people and colonists, is based on statistics in Ryan's account of the conflict in the Settled Districts.


title: Black War

text: About 100 Tasmanian Aboriginal people survived the conflict and Clements—who calculates that the Black War began with an indigenous population of about 1,000—has therefore concluded 900 died in that time. He surmises that about one-third may have died through internecine conflict, disease and natural deaths, leaving a "conservative and realistic" estimate of 600 who died in frontier violence, though he admits: "The true figure might be as low as 400 or as high as 1,000."


title: Black War

text: The near-destruction of Tasmania's Aboriginal population has been described as an act of genocide by historians including Robert Hughes, James Boyce, Lyndall Ryan, Tom Lawson, Mohamed Adhikari, Benjamin Madley, and Ashley Riley Sousa. The author of the concept of genocide, Raphael Lemkin, considered Tasmania the site of one of the world's clear cases of genocide and Hughes has described the loss of Aboriginal Tasmanians as "the only true genocide in English colonial history". However, other historians including Henry Reynolds, Richard Broome, and Nicholas Clements do not agree with the genocide thesis, arguing that the colonial authorities did not intend to destroy the Aboriginal population in whole or in part.


title: Black War

text: Boyce has claimed that the April 1828 "Proclamation Separating the Aborigines from the White Inhabitants" sanctioned force against Aboriginal people "for no other reason than that they were Aboriginal". However, as Reynolds, Broome and Clements point out, there was open warfare at the time. Boyce describes the decision to remove all Aboriginal Tasmanians after 1832—by which time they had given up their fight against white colonists—as an extreme policy position. He concludes: "The colonial government from 1832 to 1838 ethnically cleansed the western half of Van Diemen's Land and then callously left the exiled people to their fate."


title: Black War

text: As early as 1852 John West's "History of Tasmania" portrayed the obliteration of Tasmania's Aboriginal people as an example of "systematic massacre" and in the 1979 High Court case of Coe v Commonwealth of Australia, judge Lionel Murphy observed that Aboriginal people did not give up their land peacefully and that they were killed or forcibly removed from their land "in what amounted to attempted (and in Tasmania almost complete) genocide".


title: Black War

text: Historian Henry Reynolds says there was a widespread call from settlers during the frontier wars for the "extirpation" or "extermination" of the Aboriginal people. But he has contended that the British government acted as a source of restraint on settlers' actions. Reynolds says there is no evidence the British government deliberately planned the wholesale destruction of indigenous Tasmanians—a November 1830 letter to Arthur by Sir George Murray warned that the extinction of the race would leave "an indelible stain upon the character of the British Government"—and therefore what eventuated does not meet the definition of genocide codified in the 1948 United Nations convention. He says Arthur was determined to defeat the Aboriginal people and take their land, but believes there is little evidence he had aims beyond that objective and wished to destroy the Tasmanian race. In contrast to Reynolds' argument, historian Lyndall Ryan, based on a sample of massacres taking place in the Meander River region in June 1827, concludes that massacres of Aboriginal Tasmanians by white settlers were likely part of an organised process and were sanctioned by government authorities.


title: Black War

text: Clements accepts Reynolds' argument but also exonerates the colonists themselves of the charge of genocide. He says that unlike genocidal determinations by Nazis against Jews in World War II, Hutus against Tutsis in Rwanda and Ottomans against Armenians in present-day Turkey, which were carried out for ideological reasons, Tasmanian settlers participated in violence largely out of revenge and self-preservation. He adds: "Even those who were motivated by sex or morbid thrillseeking lacked any ideological impetus to exterminate the natives." He also argues that while genocides are inflicted on defeated, captive or otherwise vulnerable minorities, Tasmanian natives appeared as a "capable and terrifying enemy" to colonists and were killed in the context of a war in which both sides killed noncombatants.


title: Black War

text: Lawson, in a critique of Reynolds' stand, argues that genocide was the inevitable outcome of a set of British policies to colonise Van Diemen's Land. He says the British government endorsed the use of partitioning and "absolute force" against Tasmanians, approved Robinson's "Friendly Mission" and colluded in transforming that mission into a campaign of ethnic cleansing from 1832. He says that once on Flinders Island, indigenous peoples were taught to farm land like Europeans and worship God like Europeans and concludes: "The campaign of transformation enacted on Flinders Island amounted to cultural genocide."


title: Black War

text: The conflict has been a controversial area of study by historians, even characterised as among Australia's history wars. Geoffrey Blainey wrote that, in Tasmania, by 1830: "Disease had killed most of them but warfare and private violence had also been devastating." Josephine Flood wrote: "The catastrophic death rate was due to new diseases, particularly pulmonary and sexually transmitted ones." Keith Windschuttle in his 2002 work, "The Fabrication of Aboriginal History, Volume One: Van Diemen's Land 1803–1847", questioned the historical evidence used to identify the number of Aboriginal people killed and the extent of conflict. He stated his belief that it had been exaggerated and he challenged what is labelled the "Black armband view of history" of Tasmanian colonisation. Windschuttle argued that there were only 2000 Aboriginal people in Tasmania at the moment of colonisation, that they had an internally dysfunctional society with no clear tribal organisation or connection to the land and were politically incapable of conducting a guerrilla war with the settlers. He argued they were more like "black bushrangers" who attacked settlers' huts for plunder and were led by "educated black terrorists" disaffected from white society. He concluded that two colonists had been killed for every Aboriginal person and there was only one massacre of Aboriginal people. He also claimed that the Aboriginal Tasmanians, by prostituting the women tribe members to sealers and stock-keepers, by catching European diseases, and through intertribal warfare, were responsible for their own demise. His argument in turn has been challenged by a number of authors, including S.G. Foster in "Quadrant", Lyndall Ryan and Nicholas Clements.


title: Exit Through the Gift Shop

text: Exit Through the Gift Shop is a 2010 British documentary film directed by street artist Banksy. It tells the story of Thierry Guetta, a French immigrant in Los Angeles who, over the course of several years, filmed a host of street artists at work, including Shepard Fairey and Banksy, but failed to do anything with the footage. Eventually, Banksy decided to use the footage to make a documentary, which includes new footage depicting Guetta's rise to fame as the artist "Mr. Brainwash". In addition to narration read by Rhys Ifans, the story is largely related by Banksy himself, whose face is obscured and voice altered to preserve his anonymity. Geoff Barrow composed the film's score, and Richard Hawley's "Tonight The Streets Are Ours" plays during the opening and closing credits. The film premiered at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival on 24 January 2010, and it was nominated for Best Documentary Feature at the 83rd Academy Awards.


title: Exit Through the Gift Shop

text: Since its release, there has been extensive debate over whether the film is a genuine documentary or a mockumentary. When asked if the film is real, Banksy simply replied: "Yes."


title: Exit Through the Gift Shop

text: His face obscured in shadow and his voice altered, Banksy tells the story of Thierry Guetta, a French immigrant living in Los Angeles who ran a successful upscale vintage clothing shop and obsessively filmed his life. While visiting France in 1999, Guetta discovered his cousin was the street artist Invader. Fascinated, he accompanied Invader and his friends, who included Monsieur André and Zevs, on their nocturnal adventures, documenting everything.


title: Exit Through the Gift Shop

text: A few months later, Invader visited Guetta in LA and arranged a meeting with Shepard Fairey. Guetta continued to film Fairey after Invader returned to France, and when Fairey asked what Guetta planned to do with the footage, Guetta said he was going to make a documentary about street art. He followed Fairey as Fairey traveled the world executing the OBEY Giant campaign, and filmed numerous artists at work, among them Poster Boy, Seizer, Neck Face, Sweet Toof, Cyclops, Ron English, Dotmasters, Swoon, Azil, Borf, and Buff Monster. No one suspected Guetta just liked to film things and had no intention of making a film out of the footage, which he never watched.


title: Exit Through the Gift Shop

text: Guetta became obsessed with filming the mysterious Banksy, but could not arrange an introduction. Then, in spring 2006 Banksy visited LA without his usual accomplice, so he contacted Fairey, who recommended Guetta would make a good guide. Things went well, and Banksy invited Guetta to England to film the production and deployment of his "Murdered Phone Booth" piece, plus the crowd reaction. This confused Banksy's crew, but Banksy saw value in documenting street art, which typically has a "short lifespan". After Guetta returned home, he began to put up his own stickers and posters.


title: Exit Through the Gift Shop

text: When Banksy was back in LA preparing for his "Barely Legal" show, he took Guetta to Disneyland to film the reaction after he deployed an inflatable doll dressed like a Guantanamo Bay detainee there. Guetta was noticed and interrogated by security, but he was able to stash his videotape in his sock and delete his still photographs, so he was released after four hours. Following this, Banksy trusted Guetta implicitly.


title: Exit Through the Gift Shop

text: "Barely Legal" was a huge success, and the price of street art began to rocket in auction houses. Banksy was stunned by the sudden hype and urged Guetta to finish his documentary to show what the movement was really about. Over the next six months, Guetta formed his several thousand hours of footage into a film titled "Life Remote Control", which was an unfocused 90 minutes of disorienting fast cutting. Banksy deemed it "unwatchable", but felt the street art footage itself was valuable, and decided to try to produce a film himself, casually suggesting Guetta go home, make some art, and put on a show.


title: Exit Through the Gift Shop

text: Adopting the name "Mr. Brainwash", Guetta mortgaged his business and home to rent equipment, hire a production team to create art under his supervision, and rent the 15,000 square-foot former-CBS Studios complex for his first show, "Life Is Beautiful". Banksy became worried things were out of control and sent some professionals to help. They took care of the show's practical considerations, while Guetta focused on publicity. He got quotes from Fairey and Banksy, after which the "LA Weekly" did a cover story about the show, but he still had not chosen which of his team's works he wanted to include. The press led private art collectors to call Guetta about buying pieces before the opening, and he quoted prices of tens of thousands of dollars.


title: Exit Through the Gift Shop

text: The day of the opening, the nearly 200 paintings finally arrived to be hung, but Guetta was busy giving interviews, so the crew decided where to put them. The doors opened, and over 4,000 people saw the show that day. Almost a million dollars' worth of Guetta's art was sold the first week of the show, which was extended by two months, and his pieces were included in shows and galleries around the world. The success of Mr. Brainwash confused Banksy and Fairey, who found Guetta derivative and unready for the world stage, but Guetta insisted time would tell whether or not he was a real artist. The closing titles reveal Guetta went on to create the cover artwork for Madonna's hits collection "Celebration".


title: Exit Through the Gift Shop

text: About the film's arduous editing process, Banksy said: "I spent a year [...] watching footage of sweaty vandals falling off ladders", and "The film was made by a very small team. It would have been even smaller if the editors didn't keep having mental breakdowns. They went through over 10,000 hours of Thierry's tapes and got literally seconds of usable footage out of it." Producer Jaimie D'Cruz wrote in his production diary that obtaining the original tapes from Guetta was particularly complicated.


title: Exit Through the Gift Shop

text: Film industry veterans John Sloss and Bart Walker founded a new distribution company, Producers Distribution Agency (PDA), to release the film in the US, and the company employed a unique grassroots promotional campaign. The film earned $3.29 million at the American box office, and Oscilloscope Laboratories released it on DVD and Blu-ray in 2011.


title: Exit Through the Gift Shop

text: The film received overwhelmingly positive reviews. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, it holds an approval rating of 96% based on 116 reviews, with an average rating of 8.10/10; the site's "critics consensus" reads: "An amusing, engrossing look at underground art, "Exit Through the Gift Shop" entertains as it deflates the myths and hype surrounding its subjects." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 85 out of 100, based on 27 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". French journalist Marjolaine Gout gave the film 4 out of 5 stars, while linking Mr. Brainwash to Jeff Koons and criticizing Thierry Guetta's work as "artistic toilet papering".


title: Exit Through the Gift Shop

text: At the 83rd Academy Awards, the film was nominated for Best Documentary Feature. The New York Film Critics Online bestowed its Best Documentary Award on the film in 2010.


title: Exit Through the Gift Shop

text: One consistent theme in reviews of the film was whether or not it was an elaborate ruse by Banksy. For example, Jeannette Catsoulis of "The New York Times" wrote that the film "could be a new subgenre: the prankumentary", while Ty Burr of "The Boston Globe", who found the film to be quite entertaining and awarded it four out of four stars, dismissed the notion of it being a "put on", writing: "I'm not buying it; for one thing, this story's too good, too weirdly rich, to be made up. For another, the movie's gently amused scorn lands on everyone." Roger Ebert, who gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, wrote: "The widespread speculation that "Exit Through the Gift Shop" is a hoax only adds to its fascination."


title: Exit Through the Gift Shop

text: In an interview with SuicideGirls, producer Jaimie D'Cruz and editor Chris King denied the film was a hoax and expressed their growing frustration with speculation it was. King said: "For a while we all thought that was quite funny, but it went on for so long. It was a bit disappointing when it became basically accepted as fact, that it was all just a silly hoax I felt it was a shame that the whole thing was going to be dismissed like that really because we knew it was true." Cruz said: "It pisses me off when you read in serious newspapers that the film "is" a mockumentary. That's not true."


title: Exit Through the Gift Shop

text: For his part, Guetta said: "This movie is 100% real. Banksy captured me becoming an artist. In the end, I became his biggest work of art."


title: Exit Through the Gift Shop

text: Following the release of the film, Glen Friedman, an American photographer, sued Guetta over his use of a photograph of the rap group Run-DMC taken by Friedman. Though Guetta claimed he had altered the original image enough for the result to be considered an original piece of art, the presiding judge, Judge Pregerson, ruled Friedman's photograph was protected under the transformative fair use law. Guetta also faced copyright claims from Joachim Levy, a Swiss filmmaker who edited and produced Guetta's film "Life Remote Control", clips of which were included in "Exit Through the Gift Shop", as Levy was not credited for his work, but Guetta owned the footage, which was licensed to Banksy.


title: Exit Through the Gift Shop

text: Banksy had coincidentally chosen the name of the existing band Exit Through the Gift Shop. He gifted his work Brace Yourself (2010), valued then at £200,000, to the band in exchange for the rights to their name.


title: Exit Through the Gift Shop

text: The film's opening montage includes archival footage from the following street art films: "", "Infamy", "Inside Outside", "", "Open Air", "The Lyfe", "Popaganda: The Art and Crimes of Ron English", "Rash", "Restless Debt of the Third World", "Spending Time with Poster Boy", "Turf War", "Elis G The Life of a Shadow", "Memoria Canalla", "C215 in London", and "Beautiful Losers".


title: I-beam

text: An I-beam, also known as H-beam (for universal column, UC), w-beam (for "wide flange"), universal beam (UB), rolled steel joist (RSJ), or double-T (especially in Polish, Bulgarian, Spanish, Italian and German), is a beam with an or -shaped cross-section. The horizontal elements of the are flanges, and the vertical element is the "web". I-beams are usually made of structural steel and are used in construction and civil engineering.


title: I-beam

text: The web resists shear forces, while the flanges resist most of the bending moment experienced by the beam. The Euler–Bernoulli beam equation shows that the I-shaped section is a very efficient form for carrying both bending and shear loads in the plane of the web. On the other hand, the cross-section has a reduced capacity in the transverse direction, and is also inefficient in carrying torsion, for which hollow structural sections are often preferred.


title: I-beam

text: The method of producing an I-beam, as rolled from a single piece of wrought iron, was patented by Alphonse Halbou of the company "Forges de la Providence" in 1849.


title: I-beam

text: Bethlehem Steel was a leading supplier of rolled structural steel of various cross-sections in American bridge and skyscraper work of the mid-twentieth century. Today, rolled cross-sections have been partially displaced in such work by fabricated cross-sections.


title: I-beam

text: I-beams are commonly made of structural steel but may also be formed from aluminium or other materials. A common type of I-beam is the "rolled steel joist" (RSJ)—sometimes incorrectly rendered as "reinforced steel joist". British and European standards also specify Universal Beams (UBs) and Universal Columns (UCs). These sections have parallel flanges, as opposed to the varying thickness of RSJ flanges which are seldom now rolled in the UK. Parallel flanges are easier to connect to and do away with the need for tapering washers. UCs have equal or near-equal width and depth and are more suited to being oriented vertically to carry axial load such as columns in multi-storey construction, while UBs are significantly deeper than they are wide are more suited to carrying bending load such as beam elements in floors.


title: I-beam

text: I-joists—I-beams engineered from wood with fiberboard and/or laminated veneer lumber—are also becoming increasingly popular in construction, especially residential, as they are both lighter and less prone to warping than solid wooden joists. However, there has been some concern as to their rapid loss of strength in a fire if unprotected.


title: I-beam

text: I-beams are widely used in the construction industry and are available in a variety of standard sizes. Tables are available to allow easy selection of a suitable steel I-beam size for a given applied load. I-beams may be used both as beams and as columns.


title: I-beam

text: I-beams may be used both on their own, or acting compositely with another material, typically concrete. Design may be governed by any of the following criteria:


title: I-beam

text: A beam under bending sees high stresses along the axial fibers that are farthest from the neutral axis. To prevent failure, most of the material in the beam must be located in these regions. Comparatively little material is needed in the area close to the neutral axis. This observation is the basis of the I-beam cross-section; the neutral axis runs along the center of the web which can be relatively thin and most of the material can be concentrated in the flanges.


title: I-beam

text: The ideal beam is the one with the least cross-sectional area (and hence requiring the least material) needed to achieve a given section modulus. Since the section modulus depends on the value of the moment of inertia, an efficient beam must have most of its material located as far from the neutral axis as possible. The farther a given amount of material is from the neutral axis, the larger is the section modulus and hence a larger bending moment can be resisted.


title: I-beam

text: When designing a symmetric I-beam to resist stresses due to bending the usual starting point is the required section modulus. If the allowable stress is and the maximum expected bending moment is , then the required section modulus is given by


title: I-beam

text: where is the moment of inertia of the beam cross-section and is the distance of the top of the beam from the neutral axis (see beam theory for more details).


title: I-beam

text: For a beam of cross-sectional area and height , the ideal cross-section would have half the area at a distance above the cross-section and the other half at a distance below the cross-section. For this cross-section


title: I-beam

text: However, these ideal conditions can never be achieved because material is needed in the web for physical reasons, including to resist buckling. For wide-flange beams, the section modulus is approximately


title: I-beam

text: Though I-beams are excellent for unidirectional bending in a plane parallel to the web, they do not perform as well in bidirectional bending. These beams also show little resistance to twisting and undergo sectional warping under torsional loading. For torsion dominated problems, box beams and other types of stiff sections are used in preference to the I-beam.


title: I-beam

text: In the United States, the most commonly mentioned I-beam is the wide-flange (W) shape. These beams have flanges whose inside surfaces are parallel over most of their area. Other I-beams include American Standard (designated S) shapes, in which inner flange surfaces are not parallel, and H-piles (designated HP), which are typically used as pile foundations. Wide-flange shapes are available in grade ASTM A992, which has generally replaced the older ASTM grades A572 and A36. Ranges of yield strength:


title: I-beam

text: The American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) publishes the Steel Construction Manual for designing structures of various shapes. It documents the common approaches, Allowable Strength Design (ASD) and Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), (starting with 13th ed.) to create such designs.


title: I-beam

text: Cellular beams are the modern version of the traditional "castellated beam" which results in a beam approximately 40–60% deeper than its parent section. The exact finished depth, cell diameter and cell spacing are flexible. A cellular beam is up to 1.5 times stronger than its parent section and is therefore utilized to create efficient large span constructions.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: Matthew Martin Lee Carpenter (born November 26, 1985) is an American professional baseball third baseman who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Cardinals and New York Yankees. A left-handed batter and right-handed thrower, Carpenter stands and weighs .


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: Since becoming a regular player in 2013, Carpenter has spent considerable time at first base, second base and third base. The Cardinals selected him in the 13th round of the 2009 MLB draft from Texas Christian University (TCU). A three-time second-team All Mountain West Conference selectee, he broke TCU's school record for games played and at bats and is second in hits, doubles and walks. He was the Cardinals' organization Player of the Year in 2010. A three-time MLB All-Star Game selection, he became the first Silver Slugger Award winner at second base in Cardinals franchise history after leading the major leagues in hits, runs scored and doubles in 2013.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: Carpenter was born in Galveston, Texas, on November 26, 1985, the son of Rick and Tammie Carpenter. The elder Carpenter is a former college baseball player turned high school coach. His mother played softball in her youth. The Carpenter family spent seven years in La Marque, Texas, where Rick Carpenter taught and coached at La Marque High School before moving to Fort Bend Dulles High School and eventually at Fort Bend Lawrence E. Elkins High School. There, Rick coached for another fifteen years. The school's baseball team won numerous championships, including nine at the district level, six regional, three state, and one national. He also coached three other major leaguers: James Loney, Kip Wells and Chad Huffman. Rick Carpenter used to coach at Prosper High School near Dallas until he retired in 2019. Carpenter's brother, Tyler, was a minor league baseball player in the New York Mets organization.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: At Elkins High School, Carpenter was a three-year first-team all-district performer and two-time all-state tournament team selection. He helped lead the team to a 35–1 record and the "USA Today" National Prep Championship in 2002, and was named the District Sophomore of the Year that year. Rick Carpenter was honored as the "USA Today" High School Baseball Coach of the Year. Matt Carpenter was named a 2004 TPX second-team High School All-American. He holds the Elkins High School record for most career hits. One of his high school teammates was Loney.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: Carpenter attended Texas Christian University (TCU) and majored in communications. One of Carpenter's teammates at TCU was pitcher and fellow future major leaguer Jake Arrieta—who, after Carpenter became a St. Louis Cardinal, would later join the Chicago Cubs on the opposite end of the storied Cardinals–Cubs rivalry. In his freshman year as an athlete, Carpenter played 50 games and batted .289, 27 runs batted in (RBI), eight doubles (2B) and one home run (HR) with 11 multi-hit games and eight multiple-RBI games. The next season, he finished second on the team with a .349 average, one home run, and 36 RBIs in 62 games. He hit safely in 47 games and reached base in 56.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: However, Carpenter's junior season was cut short after eight games due to a tearing a ligament in his elbow while throwing from first base. Tommy John surgery was necessary making him the first TCU position player to undergo a procedure much more common for pitchers to have. As a result he was granted a two-year medical redshirt (RS). Because his weight increased to and he was rehabilitating his elbow at an age more advanced than most players who are drafted, doubt lingered about Carpenter's future as a professional baseball player. While he was very disciplined as a player, his discipline off the field was poor, including his grades and physical conditioning. This contributed to his weight being higher than average. Carpenter attributes personal motivation and a speech from his head coach Jim Schlossnagle to getting him motivated to change his habits off the field. Thus, he applied the same dedication off the field as he did on the field. As a result Carpenter lost .


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: While Carpenter was still rehabilitating during his junior year, major league outfielder Torii Hunter moved to Prosper, Texas, the same high school district where Rick Carpenter coached baseball. Hunter introduced himself to Carpenter because his son, Torii, Jr., would attend and play baseball there. The elder Hunter also met Matt Carpenter, who he eventually invited to train at the same gymnasium where he trained. It was an expensive facility, and at this point Carpenter was still in the minor leagues; he could not afford to pay for a membership at the gym. However Hunter covered the fees because he believed that Carpenter would take full advantage of the opportunity to train.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: In Carpenter's RS-junior season, he played in all 63 games and was named second-team all-conference at third base. He finished with a .283 batting average, team-high 11 home runs and 46 RBI and ranked third on the team with 48 runs scored. His fifth-year senior season included a .333 batting average, .472 on-base percentage (OBP) and .662 slugging percentage (SLG) with 11 home runs. Along with Carpenter's increased performance, TCU's overall strong effort nearly led to a College World Series appearance. During his collegiate career, Carpenter broke school career records for games played (241) and at-bats (843), and finished second in hits (263), doubles (57) and walks (BB, with 150). He was named second-team All Mountain West Conference in 2006, 2008 and 2009.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: The St. Louis Cardinals selected Carpenter in the 13th round of the 2009 Major League Baseball draft. Due to advanced age stemming from his redshirt senior season at TCU, he had little leverage in negotiations, and was forced to settle for a $1,000 bonus. He spent his first professional season with various A-level teams, including the Batavia Muckdogs, Quad Cities River Bandits, and the Palm Beach Cardinals Between the three clubs, he batted .283 with two home runs and 22 RBIs. In 2010, Carpenter returned to Palm Beach to begin the year; over 28 games, he hit .283 while also drawing 26 walks, placing his OBP at .441.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: This resulted in a call-up to the Springfield Cardinals, with whom he played 105 games. With Springfield he batted .316 with 76 runs scored, 26 doubles, 12 home runs, 53 RBIs, and 11 stolen bases. He was chosen as a Topps' Double-A All-Star, Texas Mid-Season All-Star, and Texas Post-Season All-Star for his 2010 season. Carpenter also garnered the TCN/Scout.com Cardinals Minor League Player of the Year and Cardinals organization Player of the Year awards for 2010.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: After his 2010 performance, Carpenter started to garner attention, and was expected to compete for one of the MLB Cardinals final roster openings the next spring training. Despite batting .333 with a .414 OBP and six extra base hits in spring training, he started the 2011 season in the minor leagues with the Triple-A Memphis Redbirds of Pacific Coast League (PCL). He spent 130 total games with Memphis, batting .300 with 12 home runs, seventy RBIs, 84 walks, a .417 on-base percentage, and a .483 slugging percentage. His OBP placed fourth in the PCL.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: Carpenter made his major league debut on June 4, 2011, starting at third base and batting seventh. During his brief stint in the majors that year, he played seven games, collecting one double, a .067 batting average and four walks. The Cardinals qualified for the postseason by clinching the wild card, but left him off the postseason roster. St. Louis became the World Series champions when they defeated the Texas Rangers. The Cardinals awarded Carpenter a championship ring for his contributions throughout the year.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: After the 2011 season, the departures of Albert Pujols and Nick Punto — along with an injury to Allen Craig — opened up an opportunity for Carpenter to make the major league club. During the following spring training, he worked at first base and in the outfield to increase his versatility, where he served as a backup and spot starter in 2012 season. He made an early-season impact against the Chicago Cubs on April 15, driving in five runs with a home run and triple as the Cardinals won, 10–3.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: Incurring a right flank strain on May 23, the team placed Carpenter on the disabled list (DL). The injury happened while swinging the bat for a double. At the time, he was batting .288 with three home runs and 20 RBI in 39 games while filling in at first base for the injured Lance Berkman. In July, he made his first appearance at second base since turning professional. He played in 114 games for the season, tallying 340 plate appearances and batting .294 with six home runs, 46 RBIs, 22 doubles, a .365 OBP, and .463 SLG.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: Carpenter hit his first career postseason home run on October 17, 2012, during Game 3 of the National League Championship Series (NLCS) against the San Francisco Giants. The two-run home run came with two out in the bottom of the third inning off Giants starter Matt Cain. Carpenter was inserted into the game from the bench to replace an injured Carlos Beltrán in the second inning. After a lengthy rain delay, the Cardinals won the game 3–1 to take a two-game-to-one series lead in the NLCS. However the Giants won the NLCS in seven games on their way to becoming the World Series champions.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: Uncertain of where the club would find adequate offensive production from second base, the Cardinals advised Carpenter to work out there in the off-season prior to 2013. He had played mainly third base and had totaled just 18 total innings at second base since the Cardinals drafted him — all during the 2012 season after his major league call-up. After his tryout in spring training, he made the team as the starting second baseman.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: With Rafael Furcal out for the season due to injury, and Jon Jay starting the season slowly, the Cardinals clamored for productivity from their leadoff hitters. Manager Mike Matheny moved Carpenter into the leadoff spot midway through April in spite of him lacking the speed sought after for that post in the lineup. He responded by proving to be an all-around hitter, gaining his first All-Star selection at Citi Field with 25 doubles, 65 runs scored, and two 12-game hitting streaks at the All-Star break.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: With his 54th double on September 21, Carpenter broke Stan Musial's six decade-old franchise record for doubles (Musial's 53 came in 1953) by a left-handed batter. He finished the season leading the Major Leagues in hits (199), doubles (55), and runs (126), while batting .318. He also finished in the top ten in the NL in batting average, on-base percentage (.392), total bases (301), singles (126), triples (seven), walks (72), and adjusted OPS (143), among others. Among NL leadoff hitters, he finished second in OBP to Shin-Soo Choo's .423.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: Despite his stellar regular season, Carpenter batted only .203 in the postseason. Against the Pittsburgh Pirates in the NLDS, he started slowly, managing just one hit in 19 at-bats (.053). He improved his batting average to .261 against the Los Angeles Dodgers in the NLCS. In the fourth inning of Game 6, Carpenter faced Dodgers ace Clayton Kershaw and lined a double to right field to end an 11-pitch at bat and ignite a four-run outburst. They eventually won, 9–0, securing a trip to the World Series. Carpenter batted .296 in the World Series against the Boston Red Sox. However, in the ninth inning in Game 6 against Boston closer Koji Uehara, he struck out for the final out of the series and season, resulting in the Cardinals' elimination from the final round of the postseason.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: The following November, in earning his first Silver Slugger Award, Carpenter also became the first winner at second base in Cardinals history. He finished fourth in the NL Most Valuable Player Award balloting. He was also selected as the team finalist for Heart & Hustle Award; Boston's Dustin Pedroia was the winner. The club then signed Carpenter to a six-year, $52 million extension to run through 2019 on March 6, 2014. Included was an option for 2020 worth $18.5 million. General manager John Mozeliak cited his work ethic as another factor in Carpenter getting the extension.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: With second base prospect Kolten Wong viewed as major league-ready, Carpenter moved back to his customary position of third base in 2014. He continued as the Cardinals leadoff hitter. He started the season slowly, batting .264 in April with three doubles and one home run. His productivity returned in May, when he batted .307 with 10 doubles. However on May 15, his batting average had dropped to .256 with a .315 SLG. From May 18 to June 1, he hit safely in 14 consecutive games and collected a combined 24 hits in 60 at-bats for a .400 batting average.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: In a June 4 matchup against the Kansas City Royals, Carpenter raked five hits in five at-bats to raise his batting average to a season-high .307. His double in the eleventh inning provided the game-winning RBI in a 5–2 victory. It was the first five-hit game for the Cardinals since Ryan Ludwick's on September 4, 2009. Carpenter finished that game having reached base in 10 consecutive plate appearances. The five hits brought him into a tie for the NL lead in hits (73), and until that point he led NL leadoff hitters in runs (40) and BB (33). After first-half results through July 6 including a .282 batting average, four home runs, 32 RBI, and a .375 OBP, he was selected to his second All-Star Game at Target Field in Minneapolis, Minnesota.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: For the season, Carpenter batted .271 with a .375 OBP, .375 SLG, 33 doubles, eight home runs, 59 RBIs, 99 runs scored and 95 walks in 158 games. He finished third in the NL in runs scored and eighth in OBP, and led the league in walks. His average of 4.36 pitches per plate appearance was far above the MLB average of 3.82. According to a computerized tracking system, he also led the league in pitches taken that were erroneously pronounced strikes. In spite of the significant drop in batting average from the season before, his increased walk total helped him produce an OBP of no less than .362 in each month of 2014.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: In the NLDS against the Dodgers, the Cardinals again faced Kershaw in Game 1. Carpenter's home run against him in the sixth inning stopped a string of 14 consecutive batters the lefty ace had retired. In the following at bat opposing Kershaw in the seventh inning, he found himself in an 0–2 count, but battled eight pitches for a bases-clearing double that gave the Cardinals a 7–6 lead. The Cardinals won 10–9.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: In Game 2, Carpenter's second home run of the series tied the game late, but the Dodgers prevailed 3–2. In the first three games of the Cardinals-Dodgers playoff, Carpenter knocked in seven runs with two doubles, two solo homers, and a two-run homer. By hitting a home run and a double in each of the first three games of the NLDS, he became the first player to do so in the postseason. Between the NLDS and NLCS against the Giants, Carpenter hit safely ten times in 26 at bats with four home runs, four doubles, and eight RBI.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: Showing initial great success in early at-bats in 2015, Carpenter's first home run was also a game-winner. Deciding a 7–5 margin, the home run occurred in the 11th inning of the April 12 contest against Cincinnati. During the Cardinals' first homestand of the season, he doubled four times in a six at-bat span on April 17–18 against the Reds. On April 17, he scored a run when he somersaulted over catcher Brayan Peña; traditionally runners attempt to score with a direct collision with the catcher.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: Including his fifth career leadoff home run against Cincinnati on April 19, Carpenter recorded his seventh straight two-hit game. It was the seventh consecutive game with an extra base hit and it was just the 37th occasion in the century in which a Cardinal achieved this feat. Further, the seven consecutive multi-hit games with at least one extra base hit in each tied the Cardinals' franchise record which Ripper Collins originally set in 1935. That same streak was the longest in the Major Leagues since Paul Molitor achieved the same as a member of the Brewers in 1991. From April 12–19, Carpenter netted a .480 average, .880 SLG, seven doubles, one home run, and five RBI. His 22 total bases led the NL. MLB subsequently named him to his first NL Player of the Week Award for that period. Carpenter continued his extra-base hit surge. He ripped his second leadoff home run of the season against Washington on April 22, and the next day he lined the first pitch of the game off Max Scherzer for a double.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: Matheny moved Carpenter to the number two spot in the batting order in late April. He continued a strong hitting effort. His second game-winner of the season was a sacrifice fly against Pittsburgh on May 2, giving the Cardinals a walk-off 2–1 win in the 11th inning. He left early the next day due to lightheadedness. On May 6 against the Chicago Cubs, his three-run home run tied the score as St. Louis triumphed, 7–4. It was a four-RBI game, giving him 20 in his team's first 26 games.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: He was withheld from a weekend series against Pittsburgh May 8–10 due to "extreme fatigue", after team physicians diagnosed dehydration and an accelerated heart rate. On May 24 against the Royals, his eighth home run off Yordano Ventura matched his previous season's total. It was also Carpenter's 500th career hit and 300th career run scored. In the month of June, he batted .190 with four doubles, no home runs and 10 RBI.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: After being moved down in the order, Carpenter then endured a three-month slump in which he batted .216. He returned to the lead off position on July 30 for his first career multi-home run game. He also had four hits, four runs scored and four RBI, and was instrumental in a 9–8 home walk-off victory over the Colorado Rockies. Carpenter's ground rule double in the bottom of the ninth started the decisive rally. He hit five home runs from July 30 to August 5. In August, "Baseball America" rated Carpenter as having the third-best strike zone judgment in the NL. Carpenter reached 20 home runs for the first time in his career on August 30 in a 7–5 win over the Giants. He led the National League in doubles (44) for a second time, and the Cardinals in home runs (28) and RBI (84). He also finished in the top ten in the National League in slugging percentage, on-base plus slugging, runs scored, total bases, walks, home runs and strikeouts. During his time batting second, he batted .225 with six home runs and 33 RBI. As the leadoff hitter, he batted .322 with 22 home runs, fifty RBIs and a 1.022 OPS. He finished 12th in the MVP balloting.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: Carpenter's first career walk-off home run came on May 7, 2016, in a 6–4 win over Pittsburgh. On May 19, he established a new career-high six RBI in a game at Busch Stadium against the Colorado Rockies, with two doubles and his ninth home run of the season in 13–7 win. From 2013 through May 2016, he led all major league leadoff hitters in hits, runs, home runs and RBI. MLB named Carpenter the NL Player of the Week on June 6 after batting .560 with five doubles. He generated consecutive four-hit games against Milwaukee on May 30−31, then six hits in a three games series versus San Francisco, leading all of MLB with a .577 OBP and 10 runs. He produced a .920 SLG and 1.497 OPS. After the series against the Giants, he moved back to second base to accommodate the return of Jhonny Peralta from the DL.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: After leading the NL in OPS (1.008) for the first half of the season, Carpenter was selected as a reserve on July 5 for the All-Star Game at Petco Park in San Diego. The Cardinals placed him on the 15-day DL on July 7 with an abdominal oblique strain. After returning from the DL, he played in 51 games, batting .229, having a .410 slugging percentage, and a .726 OPS. He indicated he was still unable to swing properly after returning from the oblique injury. He completed the season having appeared in 129 games, and batting .271 with a career-high .885 OPS, twenty home runs, 36 doubles, and 68 RBIs. His 81 walks placed seventh and 135 adjusted OPS+ eighth in the league. On defense, he made at least 40 appearances each at first base, second base, and third base.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: The Cardinals made Carpenter their primary first baseman to begin the 2017 season. He served a one-game suspension on April 25 of a series opener versus the Toronto Blue Jays for having bumped umpire John Tumpane two days prior, when he had been ejected for arguing a pair of called strikes in the seventh inning. Carpenter hit a walk-off grand slam, and the first grand slam of his career, in the 11th inning of an 8−4 victory, in the first game of a split double-header versus the Blue Jays on April 27. He homered on May 14 versus Arrieta, then with the Cubs, to end an 0-for-28 and nine-strikeout slump in their matchups. On May 17 versus the Boston Red Sox, Carpenter's sacrifice fly to shortstop Xander Bogaerts—the third of his career to the shortstop position—made him the only player since at least 1970 to accomplish the feat.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: After experiencing tightness in his right quadriceps on July 23 versus the Cubs, Carpenter exited the game. He was removed from the lineup on August 23 versus the San Diego Padres due to an illness. In the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey flooding Greater Houston in late August, Carpenter announced that he would donate $10,000 to relief efforts for every homer he hit for the rest of the season. At the time, he had hit 17 in 121 games. Both Wainwright and the Cardinals offered to match his pledge. On September 5, an MRI of his shoulder revealed inflammation without significant damage. Carpenter walked a career-high 109 times in 2017, ranking second in the NL. For the season, he had the lowest ground ball percentage of all major league hitters (26.9%). Over 145 games for the 2017 season, Carpenter batted .241/.384/.451 with 23 home runs and 69 RBIs.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: While batting leadoff, Carpenter continued to produce at an elite level: in 2017, he attained a .418 OBP. Over 2,191 career plate appearances through 2017 while leading off, he slashed .291/.391/.487 with park-adjusted runs created (WRC+) of 142, or 42 percent above the league average. However as Matheny continued to utilize him in other spots in the batting order to attempt to increase the overall productivity of the Cardinals' lineup, the results were significantly inferior. Over 1,044 plate appearances, Carpenter went.243/.343/.395 with 104 WRC+. Because Carpenter did not permanently bat as the leadoff hitter, widespread debate and questioning of Matheny's decisions ensued.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: Following the season, an MRI on Carpenter's shoulder again revealed inflammation without further damage. It was determined that surgery was not necessary and an offseason of rest would be sufficient for recuperation.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: The 2018 season commenced with Carpenter laboring through one of the deepest hitting slumps of his career: through May 15, he batted .140 with a .558 OPS, ranking 157th of 163 hitters who had qualified for the batting title. However that period of time was not without highlights for Carpenter. On April 10, he hit a walk-off home run in the 11th inning versus the Brewers, capping a 5−3 victory. He hit his 100th career home run on May 1, a game-tying hit in the ninth inning versus Joakim Soria of the Chicago White Sox, which the Cardinals eventually won, 3−2. On June 26, Carpenter became the first player in Cardinals history to attain five hits, five runs scored, and two home runs in one game, in an 11–2 victory over ace Corey Kluber and the Cleveland Indians. From May 15 until July 20 — a span of 214 at bats — Carpenter hit 20 home runs, 24 doubles, and .738 SLG. Meanwhile his improved performance garnered nomination as one of five finalists for the NL Final Vote to play in the All-Star Game, which the Brewers' Jesús Aguilar won.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: During a matchup on July 20 at Wrigley Field versus the Chicago Cubs, Carpenter's three home runs and two doubles contributed to him tying or setting multiple records, while amassing all five hits and seven RBI within the first six innings of an 18−5 rout. He became the first player in Cardinal franchise history, and second in Major League history, to hit three home runs and two doubles in a single game, following Kris Bryant of the Cubs. One of Carpenter's home runs was leading off the game, passing Lou Brock for the franchise record with five in one season. Carpenter also tied Mark Whiten's club record with 16 total bases, which he generated in his landmark four home run game in 1993. Carpenter was removed from the game after the sixth inning. On July 22, he was named NL Player of the Week after batting .529 with six home runs and a 1.706 slugging percentage during St. Louis' five-game set in Chicago.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: On July 31, 2018, at Busch Stadium versus the Colorado Rockies Carpenter hit his 22nd career leadoff home run, breaking Brock's franchise record for most career leadoff home runs. Meanwhile, Carpenter won his first career Player of the Month Award, having hit a major league-leading 11 home runs in July. He also batted .333/.447/.774, raising his season OPS from .871 to .960. He later set a career high in home runs with 29 before being named Player of the Week again on August 6. That week's production included 11-for-35, four home runs, seven runs scored, two doubles and eight walks, while extending an on-base streak to 24 games. His resurgent performance gained national attention as an MVP candidate, having established himself as the league leader in doubles, home runs, slugging percentage, OPS, and Fangraphs WAR in early August. However, Carpenter faltered in September, batting just .170 and hitting only one home run.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: Carpenter finished the 2018 campaign batting .257 with 36 home runs and 81 RBI in 156 games. He had the highest percentage of hard-hit batted balls in the majors (49.0%), and for the second season in a row, he had the lowest ground ball percentage of all major league hitters (26.4%). Over 564 at bats, the entire season elapsed with Carpenter having avoided grounding into a double play, making him the first Cardinal to achieve the feat with at least 550 at-bats.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: On April 10, 2019, Carpenter signed a two-year, $39 million contract extension to remain with the Cardinals. The deal included a vesting option for 2022 worth $18.5 million by reaching 1,100 plate appearances in 2019–20.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: From September 9, 2017, to April 14, 2019, Carpenter hit 43 home runs between grounding into double plays, a record until surpassed by Byron Buxton in 2022.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: Carpenter struggled to begin the 2019 season. Through July 2, he was hitting .216/.325/.381 with ten home runs, and was placed on the injured list with a lower back strain that same day. He was activated on July 11, but placed back on the IL after fouling a ball off of his foot. He was reinstated from the IL on August 4. Overall, Carpenter hit .226/.334/.392 with 15 home runs and 46 RBIs over 129 games.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: In the pandemic-shortened 60-game season in 2020, Carpenter appeared in 50 games, with new career-lows in his entire slash line of .186/.325/.314.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: Carpenter entered the 2021 season as a backup and bench player after the Cardinals acquired third baseman Nolan Arenado and announced that Tommy Edman would be the primary second baseman. On May 15, 2021, in the bottom of the 7th inning against the San Diego Padres, Carpenter made his first appearance pitching. He gave up an RBI single to Austin Nola, before getting Brian O’Grady to pop out to end the inning. For the 2021 season, Carpenter batted .169/.305/.275 with three home runs and 21 RBIs over 207 at-bats.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: Following the season's end, the Cardinals declined Carpenter's option for the 2022 season, making him a free agent for the first time in his career.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: On March 18, 2022, Carpenter signed a minor-league contract with the Texas Rangers with an invitation to major-league spring training. Carpenter did not make the Rangers' Opening Day roster, and he accepted an assignment with the Triple-A Round Rock Express. On May 19, 2022, the Rangers released Carpenter after he batted .275 with six home runs over 21 games.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: On May 26, 2022, the New York Yankees signed Carpenter to a major-league contract. On June 12, Carpenter became the first Yankee to hit six or more home runs in his first 10 games with the team. That day, he tied his career high with seven RBI, while hitting two home runs with a double and a walk to lead a defeat of the Chicago Cubs, 18–4. Carpenter broke a team record for home runs in a player's first 30 games with the Yankees, hitting two three-run home runs against the Red Sox on July 16; his total of 13 homers broke the team record previously set by Kevin Maas in 1990 and Glenallen Hill in 2000. He became the first Yankees outfielder with seven RBIs in a game against the Red Sox since Joe DiMaggio accomplished the feat in 1940.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: During his tenure on the Yankees, Carpenter served as a utility player, far exceeding offensive expectations from manager Aaron Boone. On July 18, 2022, Carpenter was named AL Player of the Week, succeeding teammate Aaron Judge. On August 8, Carpenter fouled a pitch off his left foot, breaking it and putting him on the injured list for an estimated 6-8 weeks.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: When he was in high school, Matt Carpenter was given a framed poster of Lance Berkman, his childhood hero and also his teammate from 2011–12. The poster was a gift from his now-wife, Mackenzie (Detmore) Carpenter. The couple were married on December 10, 2011, in Missouri City, Texas. Jake Arrieta served as a groomsman. The Carpenters' first child, a daughter, was born May 25, 2016. Mackenzie gave birth to their second child, a boy, on November 20, 2017.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: Carpenter is a Christian. He has said, “There was so much relief in [surrendering my life to Christ]. From that point on, literally, like it changed me. … The game of baseball I have no control over. The game of life I have no control over. All I have is my faith. If you’re looking for some solid ground or some rock to hold onto, there’s only one way and that’s through Him.”


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: Known for being one of the few major leaguers to not wear batting gloves during games, Carpenter has said that he has not worn them in organized baseball except for one game during college in Colorado Springs while visiting Air Force. His right palm shows the effects of not wearing gloves; he has many calluses and small cuts.


title: Matt Carpenter (baseball)

text: In the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey flooding the Greater Houston area in 2017, Carpenter pledged to donate $10,000 to the flooding victims for every home run he hit the remainder of the season.


title: Jay Ajayi

text: Jay Ajayi (born 15 June 1993) is a former American football running back who played in the National Football League (NFL) and professional "FIFA" esports player. He played five seasons with the Miami Dolphins and Philadelphia Eagles. He played college football at Boise State and was selected by the Dolphins in the fifth round of the 2015 NFL Draft. Ajayi spent three seasons with the Dolphins, earning Pro Bowl honors in 2016, before being traded to Philadelphia during the 2017 season. As a member of the Eagles, he was part of the team that won the franchise's first Super Bowl title in Super Bowl LII over the New England Patriots. He struggled with injuries afterwards, leading to his 2022 retirement.


title: Jay Ajayi

text: Ajayi was born in London, England, on 15 June 1993, to Nigerian parents and moved to Maryland in the United States when he was seven years old in 2000. He eventually moved to Texas, where he attended Frisco Liberty High School. As a senior on the football team, he rushed for 2,240 yards and had 35 touchdowns. He also earned one varsity letter in track & field as a member of the 4 × 400-meter (3:21.75), 4 × 200 m (1:29.44), and 4 × 100 m (42.86) district championship teams.


title: Jay Ajayi

text: Considered a three-star recruit by "Rivals.com", he was ranked as the 41st best running back prospect of his class.


title: Jay Ajayi

text: Ajayi attended and played college football for Boise State from 2011 to 2014. He was redshirted as a freshman at Boise State University in 2011. In October 2011, he was arrested for shoplifting after stealing a pair of sweatpants at a local Walmart and was later sentenced to five days in jail. As a redshirt freshman in 2012, he played in 11 games. He had 82 rushes for 548 yards and four touchdowns, including 118 yards and a touchdown on just six carries against New Mexico in his second career game. As a sophomore in 2013, he started 12 of 13 games and rushed for 100+ yards in six of them, including 24 carries for 222 yards and three touchdowns in game seven against Nevada. He ended the season having carried the ball 249 times for 1,425 yards and 18 touchdowns. As a junior in 2014, he became the first Boise State player to rush for 100+ yards in 10 games in a season, including two 200+ yard performances against Colorado State and Utah State. He ended his season with a 134-yard, three touchdown performance in the Broncos' 38–30 victory over the Arizona Wildcats in the 2014 Fiesta Bowl. He finished the season ranked fifth in the nation with a school-record 1,823 rushing yards and second nationally only to Wisconsin's Melvin Gordon with 28 rushing touchdowns (also a school record). Ajayi finished his final season at Boise State having accounted for 41.3% of the team's total yards and touchdowns, third among running back prospects entering the 2015 NFL Draft, trailing only Melvin Gordon and Indiana's Tevin Coleman. He was named a first-team All-Mountain West Conference selection for the second consecutive season and earned third-team All-American honors by the Associated Press.


title: Jay Ajayi

text: On 21 December 2014, Ajayi announced that he would forgo his senior season and enter the 2015 NFL Draft. He finished his collegiate career with 678 rushes for 3,796 yards and 50 rushing touchdowns, which ranked third, third, and tied for second on the Boise State career lists. He is the only player in Boise State history with three games of 200+ yards rushing.


title: Jay Ajayi

text: Ajayi was drafted in the fifth round of the 2015 NFL Draft with the 149th overall pick by the Miami Dolphins (traded from the Minnesota Vikings in exchange for Mike Wallace). He was the 14th of 22 running backs selected in that year's draft. On 7 May 2015, the Dolphins signed him to a four-year, $2.50 million rookie contract, which included a signing bonus of $220,813.


title: Jay Ajayi

text: On 6 September 2015, Ajayi was placed on injured reserve/designated to return due to broken ribs he suffered in the Dolphins' last exhibition game. On 8 November 2015, he made his NFL debut against the Buffalo Bills and rushed five times for 41 yards (8.2 average). He scored his first professional touchdown against the San Diego Chargers in a 30–14 defeat. He finished his rookie season with 49 carries for 187 yards (3.8 average) and one touchdown. He also recorded seven receptions for 90 yards.


title: Jay Ajayi

text: After the Dolphins lost starting running back Lamar Miller to the Houston Texans via free agency, Ajayi was appointed the de facto starter going into the season. However, he was declared the backup after free agent running back Arian Foster supplanted him as the starter during training camp. After growing disgruntled, head coach Adam Gase deactivated him for the season opener and Ajayi was left in Miami as the team traveled for a road game against the Seattle Seahawks. He was activated the following week and had five carries for 14 yards against the New England Patriots after Foster was sidelined in the second half due to a groin injury. After Foster's injury and eventual in-season retirement, Ajayi settled into a role as the Dolphins' lead running back.


title: Jay Ajayi

text: Ajayi followed up a Week 6 204-yard and two touchdown performance against the Pittsburgh Steelers with a 214-yard and one touchdown effort against AFC East rival Buffalo in Week 7, becoming only the fourth player in NFL history along with O. J. Simpson (twice), Earl Campbell, and former Miami Dolphin Ricky Williams to rush for over two hundred yards in two consecutive games. Ajayi was named AFC Offensive Player of the Week two weeks in a row for his 200+ rushing yards in back-to-back games in Weeks 6 and 7. In Week 16, on Christmas Eve, Ajayi recorded a third 200-yard game, again at the expense of the Buffalo Bills, including a 57-yard rush to set Andrew Franks up to kick a game-winning field goal in overtime. With his 32 carries for 206 yards and a touchdown, he became only the fourth player in NFL history to rush over 200 yards in three games in a single season, and the only player to do it as early as his second season. As a result of his Week 16 performance, he became one of only 15 players in NFL history with three or more "career" 200+ yard rushing games. He earned AFC Offensive Player of the Week for the third time in the 2016 season. In the 30–12 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the of the playoffs, he had 16 carries for 33 yards in his playoff debut. As a result of his successful season in 2016, he was named to the AFC roster for the 2017 Pro Bowl. He was ranked 69th on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017 list by his fellow players.


title: Jay Ajayi

text: Ajayi entered the 2017 season as the Dolphins' top running back. The Dolphins did not play in Week 1 due to Hurricane Irma, so Ajayi made his season debut in Week 2 against the Los Angeles Chargers, where he had 28 carries for 122 yards in the 19–17 win. After just 16 and 46 yards in Weeks 3 and 4, Ajayi rebounded for 77 yards against the Tennessee Titans and 130 yards against the Atlanta Falcons. He had just 74 yards total in his next two games, and through Week 8 was the only NFL rusher with 100+ carries yet to record a rushing touchdown.


title: Jay Ajayi

text: On 31 October 2017, Ajayi was traded to the Philadelphia Eagles for a 2018 fourth round draft pick. In Ajayi's debut with the Eagles, he rushed for 77 yards on eight carries and one touchdown in a 51–23 rout of the Denver Broncos five days after being traded, his longest being a 48-yard rush for a touchdown. In week 11 Ajayi rushed for 91 yards on 7 carries against the Dallas Cowboys, helping his team increase their record to 9–1. In the game he had a career high 71 yard rush in the third quarter. The Eagles made the playoffs as the #1-seed in the NFC. In the Divisional Round against the Atlanta Falcons, he had 54 rushing yards and 44 receiving yards in the 15–10 victory. In the NFC Championship against the Minnesota Vikings, he finished with 73 rushing yards and 26 receiving yards in the 38–7 victory. During Super Bowl LII against the New England Patriots, Ajayi rushed for 57 rushing yards as the Eagles won 41–33, giving them their first Super Bowl win in franchise history.


title: Jay Ajayi

text: In the 2018 season opener against the Atlanta Falcons, Ajayi recorded his second career multi-touchdown game. He had 15 carries for 62 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns, with the second being the late go-ahead touchdown, in the 18–12 victory. On 8 October 2018, Ajayi was placed on injured reserve after suffering a torn ACL during Week 5 against the Minnesota Vikings. He finished the season with 184 rushing yards and three touchdowns.


title: Jay Ajayi

text: Ajayi re-signed with the Eagles on 15 November 2019 after they placed running back Darren Sproles on injured reserve. On 23 December he was released by the Eagles. He appeared in three games and recorded 10 carries for 30 rushing yards.


title: Jay Ajayi

text: On 7 January 2020, Ajayi was signed by Major League Soccer's Philadelphia Union as the club's esports player in eMLS League Series One.


title: Jay Ajayi

text: Ajayi took part in the NFL's "My Cause, My Cleats" campaign in the 2016 season. The campaign allowed players to wear custom cleats supporting their favorite charities. His cause was multiple endocrine neoplasia. He is a lifelong fan of Arsenal F.C. in the Premier League.


title: Suspended chord

text: A suspended chord (or sus chord) is a musical chord in which the (major or minor) third is omitted and replaced with a perfect fourth or a major second. The lack of a minor or a major third in the chord creates an open sound, while the dissonance between the fourth and fifth or second and root creates tension. When using popular-music symbols, they are indicated by the symbols "sus4" and "sus2". For example, the suspended fourth and second chords built on C (C–E–G), written as C and C, have pitches C–F–G and C–D–G, respectively.<score sound="1">


title: Suspended chord

text: </score>Suspended fourth and second chords can be represented by the integer notation {0, 5, 7} and {0, 2, 7}, respectively.


title: Suspended chord

text: The term is borrowed from the contrapuntal technique of "suspension", where a note from a previous chord is carried over to the next chord, and then resolved down to the third or tonic, "suspending" a note from the previous chord. However, in modern usage the term concerns only the notes played at a given time – the suspended tone does not necessarily resolve and is not necessarily "prepared" (i.e., held over) from the prior chord. As such, after C (C–F–G), F may resolve to E (or E, in the case of C minor), but in rock and popular music the term indicates only the harmonic structure with no implications about what comes before or after, though preparation of the fourth still occurs about half the time and traditional resolution of the fourth occurs usually. In modern jazz, a third can be added to the chord voicing, as long as it is above the fourth.


title: Suspended chord

text: Each suspended chord has two inversions. Suspended second chords are inversions of suspended fourth chords, and vice versa. For example, G (G–A–D) is the first inversion of D (D–G–A) which is the second inversion of G (G–A–D). The sus2 and sus4 chords both have inversions that create quartal and quintal chords (A–D–G, G–D–A) with two stacked perfect fourths or perfect fifths.


title: Suspended chord

text: Sevenths on suspended chords are "virtually always minor sevenths" (7sus4), while the 9sus4 chord is similar to an eleventh chord and may be notated as such. For example, C (C–F–G–B–D) may be notated C (C–G–B–D–F).


title: Suspended chord

text: A jazz sus chord or 9sus4 chord is a dominant ninth chord with a suspended fourth, typically appearing on the dominant 5th degree of a major key. Functionally, it can be written as V. For example, the jazz sus chord built on C, written as C has pitches C–F–G–B–D.


title: Suspended chord

text: Compared to the otherwise similar dominant eleventh chord, the dominant 9sus4 chord generally doesn't include the third factor. It may be thought of as a slash chord: G without the 5th (G–C–F–A) is equivalent to F/G (G–F–A–C). It may also be written Dm/G, which shows the merging of ii and V functions in one chord. Although the suspended fourth is not always resolved down to a third, the note is still not usually notated as an eleventh because of the chord's function as a cadence point to the tonic.


title: Suspended chord

text: It is also possible to have the third included in a sus chord, the third being generally voiced above the fourth (i.e. as a tenth) though this is not absolutely necessary. For example, a G chord played on a piano could have its root note played with the left hand, and the notes (from the bottom up) C (suspended 4th), F, A, and B (the third) with the right hand.


title: Suspended chord

text: Red Garland's piano introduction to "Bye Bye Blackbird" on the Miles Davis album "'Round About Midnight" features suspended 9th chords. In his book "Thinking in Jazz", Paul Berliner writes at length and in detail about how the improvisation unfolds from this opening.


title: Suspended chord

text: With the advent of modal jazz in the 1960s, suspended chords were to feature with increasing regularity. For example, they dominate the structure of Herbie Hancock's 1965 composition "Maiden Voyage". In his book, "What to Listen For in Jazz", Barry Kernfeld cites Hancock's own explanation of how the harmony works: "You start with a 7th chord with the 11th on the bottom—a 7th chord with a suspended 4th—and then that chord moves up a minor third. ... It doesn't have any cadences; it just keeps moving around in a circle." Kernfeld comments: "Thus in addition to a slow-paced harmonic rhythm, this composition features chords that individually and collectively avoid a strong sense of tonal function." Kernfeld admires the way that "Hancock's cleverly ambiguous chords intentionally obscure the identity" of a particular key. Roger Scruton sees the jazz sus chord in "Maiden Voyage" as opening "a completely new harmonic perspective... as we come to understand sus chords on the tonic as supporting improvisations on the dominant."


title: Suspended chord

text: Suspended chords are commonly found in folk music and popular music. Ian MacDonald writes of the "heartbreaking suspensions" that characterise the harmony of "The Long and Winding Road" from the Beatles' final album "Let It Be" (1970). MacDonald describes another Beatles song "Yes It Is" as having "rich and unusual harmonic motion" through its use of suspensions. Joni Mitchell was perhaps one of the most prolific songwriters to make extensive use of multiple sus chords, explaining that "so much in my life was unresolved from 'when were they going to drop the big one?' to 'where is my daughter?' that I had to use unresolved chords to convey my unresolved questions".


title: Suspended chord

text: The instrumental opening to The Four Tops’ song "Reach Out I'll Be There" (1966) features an E chord containing a suspended fourth, resolved immediately by being followed by an E minor chord. Burt Bacharach's "The Look of Love" in the arrangement performed by Dusty Springfield (1967) opens with a clearly audible Dm7 suspension. Carole King's song "I Feel the Earth Move" from her album "Tapestry" (1971) features a striking B chord at the end of the phrase "mellow as the month of May". The last chord of the first bridge of The Police's "Every Breath You Take" is an unresolved suspended chord, the introduction and chorus of Shocking Blue's "Venus" each contain an unresolved suspended chord, and the introduction of Chicago's "Make Me Smile" has two different suspended chords without traditional resolution. The verses of Oasis’s Champagne Supernova (1996) is entirely based on an Asus2 chord.


title: Suspended chord

text: Examples of suspended chords can be found in the pieces below (usually in connection with pedal points).


title: Suspended chord

text: The piano postlude to the song "Ich grolle nicht" from Robert Schumann's 1844 song cycle "Dichterliebe".


title: The Scooby-Doo Show

text: The Scooby-Doo Show is an American animated mystery comedy series. The title of the series is an umbrella term for episodes of the third incarnation of Hanna-Barbera's "Scooby-Doo" franchise. A total of 40 episodes ran for three seasons, from 1976 to 1978, on ABC, marking the first "Scooby" series to appear on the network. Sixteen episodes were produced as segments of "The Scooby-Doo/Dynomutt Hour" in 1976, eight episodes were produced as segments of "Scooby's All-Star Laff-A-Lympics" in 1977 and sixteen episodes were produced in 1978, with nine of them running by themselves under the "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!" name and the final seven as segments of "Scooby's All-Stars".