title: The Yogscast

text: In December 2010, they recorded a "Minecraft" video series subsequently named "Shadow of Israphel" which amassed a large number of views and subscribers, and catapulted them to popularity. On 3 May 2011, Brindley and Lane officially incorporated The Yogscast as a registered company in Reading, Berkshire. They also moved into a house which they also shared with their friend Hannah Rutherford ("Lomadia") in Reading. They also started a secondary channel for showcasing dubbed-over trailers that they called "yogscast2". In October 2011, The Yogscast's main YouTube channel "YOGSCAST Lewis & Simon" hit one million subscribers, making them the biggest YouTube channel in the United Kingdom at that time.


title: The Yogscast

text: Other members of Ye Olde Goone Squade subsequently joined Brindley and Lane in creating their own content under the Yogscast brand. Rutherford initially ran The Yogscast's secondary channel which later became her own channel to create her own content, while other early associates such as Duncan Jones ("Lalna"), Paul Sykes ("Sjin"), and Chris Lovasz ("Sips") created their own channels to record their own videos, marking the start of the Yogscast family.


title: The Yogscast

text: The Yogscast team held their own panel at MineCon 2011, where they showcased some of the work of the "Minecraft" community. Following the event, the group came under fire from "Minecraft" creator Markus Persson, who stated that he would no longer work with the group, citing use of profanity and unprofessional behaviour. These claims were questioned by some MineCon attendees as well as game commentator TotalBiscuit. The Yogscast responded on Reddit and via a YouTube video, denying the accusations and expressing their disappointment and frustration with the organisation of MineCon, as well as their respect for Persson and the "Minecraft" community at large. Persson later apologised for the misunderstanding and retracted his accusations, attributing the statements to stress and miscommunication. To date, however, The Yogscast have not published further coverage of subsequent MineCons, nor have they ever worked professionally with Persson.


title: The Yogscast

text: In 2012, indie games developer Winterkewl Games ran a Kickstarter campaign to develop a video game called "Yogventures!" based upon the intellectual property of The Yogscast featuring Brindley's and Lane's "Shadow of Israphel" avatars. The goal of $250,000 was quickly reached, with a full total of $567,000 eventually being raised by 13,647 donators. However, the project stalled after Winterkewl Games ran out of funds, and was eventually cancelled in July 2014. Brindley later clarified that the $150,000 the Yogscast had received from the Kickstarter "was spent directly fulfilling physical rewards for Kickstarter backers, packing and shipping the rewards, covering marketing expenses... and supporting the project over close to three years", and that The Yogscast spent "considerably more than any money [they] received on rewards" for backers. Backers were compensated with a copy of the game "TUG" developed by Nerd Kingdom, who also took hold of all developmental "Yogventures!" artwork and source code. Later in September of that year, backers were also given a copy of the game "Landmark" by Sony Online Entertainment.


title: The Yogscast

text: Despite the setbacks, The Yogscast continued to grow rapidly in scale and popularity. In January 2012, their main channel was the fourth most popular YouTube channel in the United Kingdom with 632 million views, ahead that of BBC Worldwide's YouTube channel, but by June 2012, The Yogscast's main channel became the first channel in the United Kingdom to reach one billion views, and by June 2013, they had acquired five million subscribers.


title: The Yogscast

text: In 2012, Brindley and Lane moved their operations out of their bedrooms in Reading and set up their first office at New Bond House in Bond Street, Bristol, dubbing it "YogTowers". Bristol was chosen for its infrastructure and transport links to London and within South West England for ease of access by the other members of their team. Their team continued to expand as other members of The Yogscast also moved in to the office to consolidate their operations in the shared space, and by July 2012 The Yogscast had more than a dozen members and staff in their office. A variety of new friends and content creators such as Martyn Littlewood ("InTheLittleWood") and Hat Films also joined, marking the expansion of the Yogscast line-up beyond the original "World of Warcraft" group.


title: The Yogscast

text: The Yogscast also began to hold regular public appearances in exhibitions and events throughout the United Kingdom where they would perform live shows and organise signings at events like the Insomnia Gaming Festival and the London Comic Con. In 2014, Brindley was named by "The Sunday Times" as one of Britain's 500 most influential people.


title: The Yogscast

text: Citing professional difficulties, The Yogscast left Maker Studios in 2016 and set up their own multi-channel network. The Yogscast also partnered with Microsoft to produce and manage the Xbox On channel on YouTube on behalf of Xbox UK. In addition, numerous content creators such as Matthew Meredith ("Caff"), BasicallyBea, GeestarGames, Overwatch Central, and Vidiots also joined as part of the larger Yogscast network.


title: The Yogscast

text: In May 2017, The Yogscast announced their first published game, "Caveblazers", developed by indie games developer Deadpan Games, as part of their foray into the game publishing business. Their second published game, "Brunch Club" was released in August 2019.


title: The Yogscast

text: In July 2017, The Yogscast left their old headquarters at Bond Street and shifted to larger offices elsewhere in Bristol at the King William House in Queen Square, furnishing it with new amenities and upgraded equipment. Their new dedicated recording suites were also made available for rental by content producers to record and stream content. These new headquarters were named The Yogscast Studios, abbreviated as "YogStudios". Old studio equipment that was previously used by The Yogscast in the old offices was also given to the National Science and Media Museum to be used as part of a new museum development.


title: The Yogscast

text: In November 2017, The Yogscast spun off Fourth Floor Creative, a creative agency specialising in influencer marketing within the video game industry headed by The Yogscast's chief revenue officer Rich Keith. They were formed as a separate entity with the stated intention of drawing upon their experience gathered from being in The Yogscast to work with companies and influencers outside of The Yogscast. They began with a team of two, but within their first year they had grown to encompass eighteen staff and conduct 140 marketing campaigns, most of them for non-Yogscast influencers.


title: The Yogscast

text: From July to August 2019, members Meredith and Paul "Sjin" Sykes as well as CEO Mark Turpin were removed from The Yogscast or resigned following various allegations of inappropriate conduct.


title: The Yogscast

text: In August 2019, The Yogscast hosted their own convention named YogCon. The event was hosted in Motion in Bristol, and 800 tickets were made available for purchase. The event featured three stages, two of which were live-streamed on Twitch. These stages featured events such as a live book reading, a live version of the Triforce! podcast, a live music session and a pub quiz which both attendees of YogCon and people following the livestream could take part in.


title: The Yogscast

text: In June 2020, Yogscast member "ThatMadCat" was removed from the network following allegations of inappropriate messages and support of former members who had faced sexual misconduct allegations.


title: The Yogscast

text: In 2021, The Yogscast made a six-figure investment in Chance & Counters, a board game café based in Bristol, to help fund further expansion plans.


title: The Yogscast

text: Also in 2021, Yogscast launched a podcast division, Pickaxe. They promote a successful slate of shows, including "Simon's Peculiar Portions", Hat Films' "The Hat Chat Podcast", "Chance & Counters", "Zero Degrees" and "The Review of Death: A Doctor Who Podcast".


title: The Yogscast

text: , the main Yogscast YouTube channel has 7,190,000 subscribers, 4,271,600,000 video views, and featured 30 other YouTube channels, while the Yogscast Twitch channel has 954,000 followers and a total of 137,820,000 video views.


title: The Yogscast

text: The Yogscast's "World of Warcraft" videos were the first videos released by The Yogscast and largely took the form of parodic how-to videos. In July 2010, Brindley and Lane also began a series of play-through videos previewing the "" expansion pack's closed beta. Much of The Yogscast's initial popularity was due to media and blog coverage of these videos, with Joystiq (later becoming Engadget) regularly covering them as they were released.


title: The Yogscast

text: One of the most popular video features of The Yogscast are their many "Minecraft" series. In December 2010, Brindley and Lane began an ongoing series of Let's Play-style "Minecraft" survival multiplayer videos. As the series progressed, it evolved into a semi-improvised comedy drama named "Shadow of Israphel". This new series led to a boom in the number of the group's YouTube subscribers and was a major contributing factor in their rise to fame. The last installment, episode 42, was released in July 2012. The series has been put on hold since and has not been officially cancelled, although its indefinite hiatus remains a recurring joke amongst The Yogscast and their audience.


title: The Yogscast

text: Since then, they have also produced other narrative-driven series set in "Minecraft", often with the use of modpacks like "Tekkit", such as "Jaffa Factory", "YogLabs", "MoonQuest" and "Hole Diggers" which have also attracted a large audience.


title: The Yogscast

text: Another of Brindley and Lane's "Minecraft" series also involved them playing and bumbling through different player-made adventure maps, showcasing different maps made by the player community.


title: The Yogscast

text: In June 2011, The Yogscast curated and released a collection of "Minecraft" mods which they named the "Yogbox".


title: The Yogscast

text: The Yogscast have participated and produced their own large-scale live action series. The most common of these are the group's coverage of various gaming conventions, as well as RPG sessions and studio-promoted "challenge" videos. Other notable live action productions include a discussion with television and radio presenter Jonathan Ross, a mockumentary-style interview with actor Warwick Davis, an interview with Sigourney Weaver, a promotional project with Peter Molyneux, and a series of promotional live action sketches with Ubisoft, EA, Microsoft, the BBC, Lucasfilm, Disney, Universal Studios, Blizzard Entertainment, Sony, and some smaller indie developers.


title: The Yogscast

text: The YoGPoD is the group's first podcast, first released on 5 February 2009, and was intended to run alongside the group's YouTube video releases. Along with hosts Brindley and Lane, it often featured other members of their "World of Warcraft" guild, and was initially released with a proposed weekly schedule. Releases became more sporadic over time, however, to the point that "YoGPoD 42: Strawnana" came out on 4 July 2012, 5 months after its predecessor. A Halloween-themed YoGPoD, "YoGPoD 44: Halloween Spack-2-cular" was released on 28 October 2012, followed by "YoGPoD 45: Halloween Spack-3-cular" on 30 October 2013. Following the 2013 Halloween YoGPoD, there was a short run of releases from October 2015 to January 2016, before the schedule paused again.


title: The Yogscast

text: On 9 July 2018, a surprise Halloween-themed episode entitled "YoGPoD 51: Halloween Spack-10-cular" was released to celebrate a decade of Yogscast content. Despite the name, it was recorded and released far from Halloween.


title: The Yogscast

text: The "YoGPoD" has no strict structure, but one of the more prominent features has Lane impersonate public figures that Brindley then "interviews". Brian Blessed, Warwick Davis and Queen Elizabeth II are often parodied in this fashion.


title: The Yogscast

text: The podcast reached #1 on the iTunes UK Podcasts chart on 4 July 2012, following the release of "YoGPoD 42: Strawnana".


title: The Yogscast

text: Triforce! is a gaming and general discussion podcast hosted by Brindley, Sips and Pyrion Flax (Edward Forsyth). It was first released on 23 March 2016. The podcast is posted alongside "The YoGPoD" and features the trio talking about various ideas centred on gaming but also expand to current topics and sporadic thoughts. The structure of the podcast is fairly loose, with an introduction, miscellaneous topics, a gaming section, a reading from Pyrion Flax's homebrew fiction "Bodega" (Episode 19 to Episode 43) and in the early episodes, a Q and A from Twitter followers at the close of the podcast.


title: The Yogscast

text: In 2017, the official "YoGPoD" YouTube channel was rebranded for the "Triforce!" podcast. A spinoff audiobook style series, titled "Bodega", was also debuted.


title: The Yogscast

text: The series features excerpts of the regular "Triforce!", podcast where Pyrion Flax narrates his homebrew Science fiction. "Bodega: Tales from the Bodegaverse" was published in print and ebook formats in 2019.


title: The Yogscast

text: "Hat Chat" is a comedy variety podcast hosted by Chris Trott, Ross Hornby, and Alex Smith of the Hat Films


title: The Yogscast

text: "Simon's Peculiar Portions" takes the form of hosts Simon Lane and Lewis Brindley discussing odd but true news stories Simon has found on the internet each week. The podcast is also published in video form to the main Yogscast Youtube channel.


title: The Yogscast

text: "Pitch, Please" is hosted by Yogscast editors Tom Hazell and Alex Turner. Each episode, the hosts discuss wacky pitches for new video games with one or more of the developers from Yogscast Games, often guest starring another member or friend of the Yogscast.


title: The Yogscast

text: "High Rollers: Aerois" is an RPG Dungeons and Dragons podcast hosted by a group of Yogscast members known as the High Rollers, led by Mark "Sherlock" Hulmes in the role of Dungeon Master.


title: The Yogscast

text: The Yogscast Jingle Jam is a series of live streams that are shown over the course of December each year with the intention to raise money for charity.


title: The Yogscast

text: High Rollers D&D is a "Dungeons & Dragons" series being played on the Sunday Tabletop RPG Show, part of the daily Yogscast live stream schedule. The show is broadcast live on the Yogscast Twitch channel on Sundays from 5pm GMT. It is the largest Dungeons and Dragons livestream in Europe, and has partnered with Wizards of the Coast on several miniseries.


title: The Yogscast

text: The Yogscast Poker Nights is a series of poker games broadcast live on Twitch. In May 2018, The Yogscast signed a six-episode sponsorship deal with KamaGames to promote the latter's "Pokerist" app on the live stream.


title: The Yogscast

text: The Yogscast formed a video game publishing division, Yogscast Games, in 2017. It has since published games such as "Caveblazers", "Brunch Club", "Landlord's Super" and "Drink More Glurp," as well as "Helheim Hassle", "Startenders", "Trolley Problem, Inc", "Golfie", and "PlateUp!" In August 2020, it announced Tiny Teams, a week-long indie games festival broadcast on The Yogscast's Twitch channel and hosted by director of publishing at the time Ben Edgar. In August 2021, the label hired Simon Byron as director of publishing, who had previously worked in the same role at Curve Digital.


title: The Yogscast

text: "Drink More Glurp", a game in which players compete in alien olympics, was released in August 2020 on the Nintendo Switch.


title: The Yogscast

text: "PlateUp!", a roguelike restaurant management game made by solo developer Alastair Janse van Rensburg, was released in August 2022. Within 12 days of its release, the game had grossed $1 million on Steam.


title: The Yogscast

text: Since 2011, The Yogscast have organised a series of live streams every year in December to benefit charity. The idea began when fans would send presents to Brindley and Lane during the Christmas season, but they would instead insist that the money be donated to charity.


title: The Yogscast

text: The Yogscast started their first charity live stream in December 2011 with the intention to raise money for Oxfam's Give a Goat programme to "send locally-sourced and vaccinated goats to families living in poverty." As part of their charity drive, the group hosted a live stream on Twitch every day in December while viewers were encouraged to donate to the charity through the JustGiving fundraising portal. The live streams were broadcast out of the basement of the house which Brindley, Lane, and Rutherford shared at that time. A total of £66,040.30 was raised, exceeding the target goal of £60,000. For this achievement, The Yogscast was named JustGiving's Most Popular Fundraiser of 2012.


title: The Yogscast

text: For the 2012 holiday season, the Yogscast team conducted another charity drive for Oxfam called "Honeydew's Honey Drive", with a target of raising £60,000. Improvements over the previous year included upgrading to a dedicated streaming studio in their new offices in Bristol, as well as the participation of other YouTube content producers such as Hat Films, TotalBiscuit, and Athene. The charity drive was organised in aid of Oxfam's 'Plan Bee' to provide training and equipment for beekeeping in Ethiopia and '365 Emergency Fund' for the provision of urgent aid in emergencies. In addition to viewer donations through the JustGiving website, the team also raised additional proceeds through the sale of Twitch subscriptions, merchandise and Christmas songs to be donated to charity. As incentive to donate and at Lane's goading, Brindley agreed to cross-dress in a female bee costume should the charity drive reach their target goal. The goal was reached, and as promised, Brindley dressed up in the costume for Christmas Day. Honeydew's Honey Drive was successful in raising £240,568.25, more than triple that of the previous year. The group were again nominated for JustGiving's Most Popular Fundraiser of 2013, and received a Special Recognition Award at the JustGiving Awards ceremony.


title: The Yogscast

text: In 2013, The Yogscast hosted the "Dwarven Dairy Drive". Starting with this charity drive, donations were made through Humble Bundle instead of JustGiving, allowing donators to receive an assortment of games and in-game content as a token of appreciation. Donations were also distributed to benefit multiple charities rather than just one — in addition to Oxfam, the charity drive also supported GamesAid, Little People UK, Special Effect, and War Child. This charity drive attracted considerably more donators than previous livestreams, and raised a total of $1,159,746.33, triple that of the previous year.


title: The Yogscast

text: In 2014, The Yogscast named their live stream charity drive the "Yogscast Jingle Jam", which has remained the theme for every year's charity drive since then. The "Yogscast Jingle Jam 2015" invited special guests to the live streams including fellow YouTube celebrities Adam Montoya ("SeaNanners"), Jordan Maron ("CaptainSparklez") and Toby Turner ("Tobuscus").


title: The Yogscast

text: Subsequent years saw the charity drive break records in quick succession. The "Yogscast Jingle Jam 2016" surpassed the previous year's total within the first week of the charity drive, and raised more than double their 2013 record, about $2.5 to 2.6 million. As with previous years, it featured a list of supported charities, but also enabled a new option for donators to pick another beneficiary from a list of thousands of charities.


title: The Yogscast

text: The 2017 instalment was even more successful, raising $500,000 in the first hour, $1 million in the first day, and breaking the 2016 record within the first week. It drew a peak of 60,400 concurrent viewers in the first week of December, and by the end of the month they had broadcast more than 700 hours of live streaming and were watched by 2.5 million people, amounting to 6.8 million viewer-hours or 779 viewer-years watched, making the Yogscast the most-watched channel on Twitch that month by time watched. The charity drive raised a grand total of $5,245,772, again more than twice that of the previous year. For their work with Whale and Dolphin Conservation, The Yogscast was awarded the Celebrity Charity Champion for the Third Sector Awards in 2018.


title: The Yogscast

text: In 2018, The Yogscast launched the "Yogscast Jingle Jam 2018", adding Save the Children and Call of Duty Endowment to the list of featured charities. Again, The Yogscast became the most watched channel on Twitch by hours watched, with 2.62 million viewer-hours watched from 30 November to 6 December. In addition, the first two days produced the best-performing broadcasts of the year for the channel. The Yogscast raised $1 million within the first two days and $1.5 million within the first three. Some of the live streams included a live baking stream on 5 December in collaboration with "The Great British Bake Off" contestant Briony Williams, during which they also hit a milestone of raising $2 million, as well as a "Sex and Science" discussion panel on 22 December with YouTubers Hannah Witton and Simon Clark. By the end of the charity drive, the Jingle Jam 2018 had raised $3.3 million for charity, for a cumulative total of $14,939,930.53 after 2018.


title: The Yogscast

text: The "Jingle Jam 2019" raised $250,000 in the first 8 minutes and $1 million within the first 24 hours. It was the second-most watched channel on Twitch for the week of 2 to 8 December 2019, attracting 1.9 million viewer-hours, second only to ESL Pro League. Its events included the inaugural Yogscast Game Jam, a 48-hour game jam, with the theme of the year of 'GIVING!'. Eventually, it raised $2.7 million.


title: The Yogscast

text: In 2020, the "Jingle Jam 2020" switched its fundraising platform to Tiltify after 7 years on Humble Bundle, while continuing to provide game bundles in return for donations. It featured a longer list of twelve charities, with limited numbers of game bundles being assigned to each charity. The duration of the charity livestream was also shortened to 2 weeks, owing due to social distancing requirements during the COVID-19 pandemic and difficulty in content generation toward the end of the fundraiser. The fundraiser raised a total of £2,120,590 ($2,841,000), bringing the cumulative total to $20 million.


title: The Yogscast

text: The "Jingle Jam 2021", in its tenth anniversary, was organised for the benefit of 14 charities, with the new additions of Autistica, End Violence and Racism Against ESEA Communities, Global's Make Some Noise, and Lifelites. In addition, other content creators were invited to create their own community fundraising live streams alongside the main campaign, with their donators also able to receive the game bundle as a reward. It again raised more than $1 million within the first 24 hours, and a total of £3,342,063. Of this, more than £480,000 were raised by 215 community fundraisers.


title: The Yogscast

text: The "Yogscast Ukraine Fundraiser", held August 9, 2022, successfully raised £19,280.18 for War Child UK (humanitarian aid for children displaced during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine).


title: The Yogscast

text: The "Jingle Jam 2022", was announced to benefit 12 charities, with the new additions of the British Red Cross, Campaign Against Living Miserably, Dogs for Autism, Huntington’s Disease Association, Kidscape, Mermaids, Movember, Reset Mental Health, and Special Olympics Great Britain. It also bundled its largest games collection to date with a donation of at least £35 being rewarded with 90 games with a retail value of more than £1,000.


title: Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

text: The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) is an international treaty adopted in 1979 by the United Nations General Assembly.


text: Described as an international bill of rights for women, it was instituted on 3 September 1981 and has been ratified by 189 states. Over fifty countries that have ratified the Convention have done so subject to certain declarations, reservations, and objections, including 38 countries who rejected the enforcement article 29, which addresses means of settlement for disputes concerning the interpretation or application of the convention. Australia's declaration noted the limitations on central government power resulting from its federal constitutional system. The United States and Palau have signed, but not ratified the treaty. The Holy See, Iran, Somalia, Sudan, and Tonga are not signatories to CEDAW.


text: The convention has a similar format to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, "both with regard to the scope of its substantive obligations and its international monitoring mechanisms". The convention is structured in six parts with 30 articles total.


text: Article 1 defines discrimination against women in the following terms:Any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field.Article 2 mandates that states parties ratifying the Convention declare intent to enshrine gender equality into their domestic legislation, repeal all discriminatory provisions in their laws, and enact new provisions to guard against discrimination against women. States ratifying the Convention must also establish tribunals and public institutions to guarantee women effective protection against discrimination, and take steps to eliminate all forms of discrimination practiced against women by individuals, organizations, and enterprises.


text: Article 3 requires states parties to guarantee basic human rights and fundamental freedoms to women "on a basis of equality with men" through the "political, social, economic, and cultural fields."


text: Article 4 notes that "[a]doption...of special measures aimed at accelerating de facto equality between men and women shall not be considered discrimination." It adds that special protection for maternity is not regarded as gender discrimination.


text: Article 5 requires states parties to take measures to seek to eliminate prejudices and customs based on the idea of the inferiority or the superiority of one sex or on stereotyped role for men and women. It also mandates the states parties "[t]o ensure...the recognition of the common responsibility of men and women in the upbringing and development of their children."


text: Article 6 obliges states parties to "take all appropriate measures, including legislation, to suppress all forms of trafficking in women and exploitation of prostitution of women."


text: Article 7 guarantees women equality in political and public life with a focus on equality in voting, participation in government, and participation in "non-governmental organizations and associations concerned with the public and political life of the country."


text: Article 8 provides that states parties will guarantee women's equal "opportunity to represent their Government at the international level and to participate in the work of international organizations."


text: Article 9 mandates state parties to "grant women equal rights with men to acquire, change or retain their nationality" and equal rights "with respect to the nationality of their children."


text: Article 10 mandates equal opportunity in education for female students and encourages coeducation. It also provides equal access to athletics, scholarships and grants as well as requires "reduction in female students' drop out rates."


text: Article 11 outlines the right to work for women as "an unalienable right of all human beings." It requires equal pay for equal work, the right to social security, paid leave and maternity leave "with pay or with comparable social benefits without loss of former employment, seniority or social allowances." Dismissal on the grounds of maternity, pregnancy or status of marriage shall be prohibited with sanction.


text: Article 12 creates the obligation of states parties to "take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in the field of healthcare in order to ensure...access to health care services, including those related to family planning."


text: Article 13 guarantees equality to women "in economic and social life," especially with respect to "the right to family benefits, the right to bank loans, mortgages and other forms of financial credit, and the right to participate in recreational activities, sports and all aspects of cultural life."


text: Article 14 provides protections for rural women and their special problems, ensuring the right of women to participate in development programs, "to have access to adequate health care facilities," "to participate in all community activities," "to have access to agricultural credit" and "to enjoy adequate living conditions."


text: Article 15 obliges states parties to guarantee "women equality with men before the law," including "a legal capacity identical to that of men." It also accords "to men and women the same rights with regard to the law relating to the movement of persons and the freedom to choose their residence and domicile."


text: Article 16 prohibits "discrimination against women in all matters relating to marriage and family relations." In particular, it provides men and women with "the same right to enter into marriage, the same right freely to choose a spouse," "the same rights and responsibilities during marriage and at its dissolution," "the same rights and responsibilities as parents," "the same rights to decide freely and responsibly on the number and spacing of their children," "the same personal rights as husband and wife, including the right to choose a family name, a profession and an occupation" "the same rights for both spouses in respect of the ownership, acquisition, management, administration, enjoyment and disposition of property, whether free of charge or for a valuable consideration."


text: Articles 17 – 24 These articles describe the composition and procedures of the CEDAW Committee, like the hierarchical structure and rules and regulations of systematic procedure of the relationship between CEDAW and national and international legislation and the obligation of States to take all steps necessary to implement CEDAW in full form.


text: These articles describe the general administrative procedures concerning enforcement of CEDAW, ratification and entering reservations of concerned states.


text: The 10th anniversary of Resolution 1325 in October 2010 highlighted the increasing demand for accountability to UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security. Many expressed concern about the fact that only 22 Member States out of 192 have adopted national action plans. Women are still underrepresented, if not totally absent, in most official peace negotiations and sexual violence in peacetime and in conflict continue to increase.


text: These realities emphasized the need to use external legal mechanisms to strengthen the implementation of SCR 1325, particularly CEDAW. The well-established mechanisms of CEDAW – the Member States compliance report and the civil society shadow reporting process were cited as possible instruments to ensure accountability.


text: Several regional and international meetings including the High Level Seminar "1325 in 2020: Looking Forward…Looking Back", organized by the African Center for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes, and the "Stockholm International Conference 10 years with 1325 – What now?" called for the use of CEDAW to improve 1325 implementation.


text: While CEDAW and UN Security Council Resolutions 1325 and 1820 on Women, Peace and Security are important international instruments on their own, there is also an intersection among the three standards that can be used to enhance their implementation and impact.


text: Resolutions 1325 and 1820 broaden the scope of CEDAW application by clarifying its relevance to all parties in conflict, whereas CEDAW provides concrete strategic guidance for actions to be taken on the broad commitments outlined in the two Resolutions.


text: CEDAW is a global human rights treaty that should be incorporated into national law as the highest standard for women's rights. It requires the UN Member States that have ratified it (185 to date) to set in place mechanisms to fully realize women's rights.


text: Resolution 1325 is an international law unanimously adopted by the Security Council that mandates the UN Member States to engage women in all aspects of peacebuilding including ensuring women's participation on all levels of decision–making on peace and security issues.


text: Resolution 1820 links sexual violence as a tactic of war with the maintenance of international peace and security. It also demands a comprehensive report from the UN Secretary-General on implementation and strategies for improving information flow to the Security Council; and the adoption of concrete protection and prevention measures to end sexual violence.


text: Resolutions 1325 and 1820, and CEDAW share the following agenda on women's human rights and gender equality:


text: A General Comment from the CEDAW committee could strengthen women's advocacy for the full implementation of Resolutions 1325 and 1820 at the country and community levels. Conversely, CEDAW's relevance to conflict-affected areas will be underscored further by the two Resolutions. In other words, all three international instruments will reinforce each other and be much more effective if used together in leveraging women's human rights.


text: The six UN member states that have not ratified or acceded to the convention are Iran, Palau, Somalia, Sudan, Tonga, and the United States.


text: The Republic of China (Taiwan) in 2007 has also ratified the treaty in its legislature, but is unrecognized by the United Nations and is a party to the treaty only unofficially.


text: The United States made several unsuccessful attempts at ratification in 1988, 1990, 1994, 2000 and 2010. Within the United States, over 40 cities and local governments have adopted CEDAW ordinances or resolutions.


text: Many reservations have been entered against certain articles of the convention. There are also some reservations that are not specific to an article within the convention but rather a general reservation to all aspects of the Convention that would violate a stated principle. For example, Mauritania made a reservation stating it approved the Convention "in each and every one of its parts which are not contrary to Islamic Sharia." A number these reservations, especially those entered by Islamic states parties, are subject to much debate.


text: Article 28 of the Convention states that "a reservation incompatible with the object and purpose of the present Convention shall not be permitted." As a result, many states parties have entered objections to the reservations of other states parties. Specifically, many Nordic states parties were concerned that some of the reservations were "undermining the integrity of the text." Over the years, some states parties have withdrawn their reservations.


text: As of May 2015, sixty-two states parties have entered reservations against some part of the convention. Twenty-four states parties have entered objections to at least one of these reservations. The most reserved article is Article 29, concerning dispute resolution and interpretation of the convention, with thirty-nine reservations. Because reservations to Article 29 are expressly allowed by the Convention itself, these reservations were not very controversial. Article 16, concerning the equality of women in marriage and family life is subject to twenty-three reservations. The committee, in General Recommendation No. 28, specifically stated that reservations to Article 2, concerning general non-discrimination, are impermissible. However, Article 2 has seventeen reservations.


text: The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, usually abbreviated as 'CEDAW Committee', is the United Nations (UN) treaty body that oversees the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). The formation of this committee was outlined in Article 17 of the CEDAW, which also established the rules, purpose, and operating procedures of the committee. Throughout its years of operation the committee has held multiple sessions to ensure the rules outlined in the CEDAW are being followed. Over time the practices of the committee have evolved due to an increased focus on women's rights issues.


text: The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women was formed on 3 September 1981 after the CEDAW received the 20 ratifications required for it to enter into force. Article 17 of the CEDAW established the committee in order to ensure that the provisions of the CEDAW were followed by the countries that had signed and agreed to be bound by it. The first regular session of the committee was held from 18 to 22 October 1982. In this session the first officers of the committee were elected by simple majority, with Ms. L. Ider of Mongolia becoming chairperson. Other officers elected were three vice-chairpersons: M. Caron of Canada, Z. Ilic of Yugoslavia and L. Mukayiranga of Rwanda. The final officer elected was D. P. Bernard of Guyana as rapporteur of the committee. During this session, the committee also unanimously approved to adopt its rules of procedure.


text: The rules regarding where and when the committee can hold sessions are laid out in their rules of procedure.


text: The committee is allowed to hold as many meetings as are required to perform their duties effectively, with the states party to the CEDAW and the Secretary-General of the United Nations authorizing the number of regular sessions held. In addition, special sessions can be held at the request of either a state party to the convention or the majority of the members serving on the committee. Seventy-two sessions have been held to date, with the most recent taking place from 18 February to 9 March 2019. The first thirty-nine sessions were held at the United Nations headquarters building in New York City, with the fortieth and subsequent sessions held at the Palais des Nations in Geneva. At its regular sessions, the Committee hears reports from states party to the CEDAW on their progress in adhering to CEDAW and implementing its ideas in their countries. The committee also holds pre-sessional work groups to discuss the issues and questions that the committee should deal with during the following session.


text: Under article 18 of the CEDAW states must report to the committee on the progress they have made in implementing the CEDAW within their state. As most of the information the committee works with comes from these reports, guidelines have been developed to help states prepare accurate and useful reports. Initial reports discussing the current picture of discrimination against women in the reporting states are required to specifically deal with each article of the CEDAW, and consist of no more than one-hundred pages. States are required to prepare and present these initial reports within one year of ratifying the CEDAW. Periodic reports detailing the state's progress in adhering to the articles of the CEDAW should be no more than seventy-five pages in length and should focus on the specific period of time since the state's last report. States party to the CEDAW are typically required to provide periodic reports every four years, but if the committee is concerned about the situation in that state they can request a report at any time.


text: The committee chooses which reports addressing by considering factors such as the amount of time the report has been pending, whether the report is initial or periodic (with more priority given to initial reports), and from which region the report originates. Eight states are invited to give their reports during each session and it is required a representative from the state is in attendance when the report is presented. The committee focuses on constructive dialogue when a report is presented and appreciates careful time management on the part of the state presenting its report. Due to the high backlog of overdue reports the committee has encouraged states to combine all of their outstanding reports into one document and sends reminders to states who have reports that are five years overdue. The CEDAW also requires that the committee provide an annual report that includes its activities, comments relating to the reports provided by states, information relating to the Optional Protocol of the CEDAW, and any other general suggestions or recommendations the committee has made. This report is given to the United Nations General Assembly through the Economic and Social Council. All reports, agendas and other official documents pertaining to the committee, including the reports provided by the states, are provided to the public unless otherwise decided by the committee.


text: Along with issuing its annual report and offering advice to reporting states, the committee has the ability to issue general recommendations that elaborate on its views of the obligations imposed by CEDAW. To date, the committee has issued thirty-two general recommendations, the latest dealing with the gender related dimensions of refugee status, asylum, nationality and statelessness of women. The recommendations issued by the committee in its first decade were short and dealt mainly with the content of states' reports and reservations to the convention. Since 1991, however, recommendations have been focused on guiding states' application of the CEDAW in specific situations. The formulation of a general recommendation begins with dialogue between the committee on the topic in the recommendation with various non-governmental organizations and other UN bodies. The recommendation is then drafted by a member of the committee and discussed and revised in the next session, and finally adopted in the following session.


text: Currently the committee is working on the General Recommendation Trafficking in women and girls in the context of global migration.


text: For the first ten years the committee operated significantly differently from now. The only form of censure given to the committee by the CEDAW was their general recommendations and concluding comments following a report. Due to the emergence of the Global Campaign for Women's Human Rights in 1991 more attention was given to the CEDAW, reviving the committee. The committee made changes to the CEDAW that allowed it to meet more than once a year, and have taken advantage of this by meeting at least twice a year since 1997. The committee originally only met for two weeks in its annual sessions, but that has now been changed to meeting multiple times a year in eighteen-day sessions. CEDAW also gained new complaint and inquiry proceedings allowing the committee to initiate inquiry proceedings if it believes a state is in severe violation of the articles of the CEDAW.


text: Despite evolving since the committee was first formed, members believe there are ways in which the committee can better meet the goals outlined in the CEDAW. One of the committee's main goals moving forward is expanding its information base, allowing it to more effectively deal with issues that arise concerning the CEDAW. The committee is authorized in Article 22 of the CEDAW to invite specialized UN agencies such as the United Nations Development Programme to deliver reports discussing women's rights issues in the state under discussion. Another method for gathering information is requesting reports from non-governmental organizations dealing with discrimination against women that are operating in the country under discussion. This is recommended to insure that the committee is receiving the full, unbiased picture of affairs within the reporting state.


text: Another recommendation for improvement involves interpreting and clarifying the language used in the CEDAW in order to make the document as useful as it can be. A third improvement that has been suggested is improving the efficiency of the committee. Due to the backlog in reports faced by the committee it has been suggested that the government officials who prepare reports presented to the committee should be trained, in order to make all reports uniform and more easily processed. A final suggestion for improvement is the implementation of a right of petition in the CEDAW, allowing the committee to hear complaints from citizens of a state against the state, increasing the committee's strength and direct impact on the problem of discrimination against women.


text: The official languages of the committee are English, Arabic, French, Russian, and Spanish, with any statement made in one of the official languages translated into the other four. A speaker who does not speak one of the official languages provides a translator. All formal decisions and documents issued by the committee are provided in each of the official languages. The original rules of procedure adopted by the committee did not include Arabic as an official language, but the rule was amended in the committees second session to include Arabic.


text: Twenty-three members serve on the committee, described as experts for their experience and expertise in women's issues. The members are nominated by their national governments and elected through a secret ballot by states party to the convention. Upon winning the election and taking up their responsibilities the members of the committee recite the following statement, known as the solemn declaration, "I solemnly declare that I shall perform my duties and exercise powers as a member of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women honourably, faithfully, impartially and conscientiously". The members come from a wide range of occupations including doctors, lawyers, diplomats and educators, providing various viewpoints to the committee due to their diversity. Many members continue to hold full-time jobs outside the committee and receive little monetary payment for their work on the committee.


text: To insure that the nationality of members encompasses all the diverse states who have signed the CEDAW, members are elected according to regions divided into Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa, Asia, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe. The members of the committee differ from those of other treaty bodies of the United Nations in that they have all been women with only one exception. In the event a member of the committee is unable to continue serving on the committee before their term is up, the state that had nominated the resigning member shall nominate another expert from their country to fill the seat. Committee members and experts also attend an annual luncheon, hosted by the NGO Committee on the Status of Women, NY (NGO CSW/NY), where key issues are discusses and the efforts of the committee are honored.


text: The officers of the committee are composed of a chairperson, three vice-chairpersons and a rapporteur. Officers of the committee are nominated by another member of the committee, as opposed to a government which nominates members for the committee. All officers are elected by majority vote to a two-year term of office, and remain eligible for re-election after their term expires. The chairperson's duties include declaring a meeting to be open or closed, directing the discussion in a session, announcing decisions made by the committee, preparing agendas in consultation with the secretary-general, designating the members of pre-sessional working groups and representing the committee at United Nations meetings which the committee is invited to participate in. In the case the chairperson is unable to perform any her duties she designates one of the three vice-chairpersons to take over her role. If the chairperson fails to designate a vice-chairperson prior to her absence then the vice-chairperson with the first name in English alphabetical order takes over. In the event an officer is unable to continue serving on the committee before her term expires a new officer from the same region as the original officer shall be nominated, elected and will take over the vacated office.


text: The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women is a side-agreement to the Convention which allows its parties to recognise the competence of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women to consider complaints from individuals.


text: The Optional Protocol was adopted by the UN General Assembly on 6 October 1999 and entered into force on 22 December 2000. Currently it has 80 signatories and 114 parties.


text: Controversy around CEDAW comes from two opposite directions: social and religious conservatives which claim that CEDAW is seeking to impose a liberal, progressive, feminist standard on countries, in detriment of traditional values; and radical feminists, who are skeptical of the power, or even desire, of CEDAW to radically transform societies and truly liberate women, and claim that CEDAW adheres to a form of weak liberal feminism similar to other mainstream organizations. They also claim that UN members cannot create goals which represent values of the poor, conservative, religious, or weak, because few, if any, UN officials/staff are actually from this group for which they claim to represent.


text: In 2016 the candidate nominated from the Nordic countries, Gunnar Bergby, caused controversy, after the Norwegian government had used "radical gender quotas" to nominate him over a 'more qualified' woman, CEDAW expert Anne Hellum whose candidacy had been supported by all the large women's rights NGOs and the research environments in women's law in the Nordic countries as well as the outgoing Nordic committee member Niklas Bruun; as a result Bergby's nomination was 'widely condemned' by women's rights NGOs and experts in all the Nordic countries. Bergby was the third man in a row from the Nordic countries nominated to the committee while no women had been nominated from the Nordic countries since the 1990s; the Norwegian Foreign Ministry told the women's rights NGOs that they refused to nominate a woman as a matter of principle because they wanted a man for the third time due to a need for "men's voices". Law professor at the University of Oslo Cecilia Bailliet stated that the women's rights NGOs in the Nordic countries were "shocked" over the nomination of Bergby over a "more qualified" woman and that Norway had "violated its commitments to gender equality as well as Norwegian law".


text: In 2019 Andorran human rights activist Vanessa Mendoza Cortés presented a case to CEDAW for the decriminalisation of abortion in Andorra and was subsequently taken to court for defamation by the government of Andorra.


title: Safiya Nygaard

text: Safiya Nygaard (born July 16, 1992) is an American YouTuber. She gained prominence through her work with BuzzFeed, creating the series "LadyLike". Her video explaining why she left the network went viral. She is now known for her solo YouTube channel, containing content such as her Bad Makeup Science series.


title: Safiya Nygaard

text: Nygaard was born in Santa Clara, California to a Danish father Niels Nygaard, who is a businessman by profession and an Indian mother Mumtaz. She has an younger brother named Adil Nygaard. She was raised in Chicago where she attended Whitney M. Young Magnet High School until 2010. Upon graduating from high school, she entered Stanford University where she completed a Bachelor of Arts degree in Drama and English.


title: Safiya Nygaard

text: Nygaard was hired by BuzzFeed in April 2015 and worked as a video producer for BuzzFeed's show Ladylike. She left BuzzFeed in January 2017. Nygaard explained her reasoning for leaving the company in her popular 2017 video titled "Why I Left BuzzFeed". "Why I Left BuzzFeed" has over 14.9 million views.


title: Safiya Nygaard

text: Nygaard appeared on the 2018 season of "Escape the Night". She is known for her YouTube series "Bad Beauty Science" in which she has mixed together all of her liquid lipsticks, foundations, eye shadows and highlighters to create "Franken" products. Nygaard is often credited with starting a YouTube trend of mixing large quantities of a single type of beauty product together. She has also made several fashion related videos including wearing strange or novelty clothing items such as clear pants, 9-foot long jeans, and thigh-high Ugg boots.


title: Safiya Nygaard

text: In October 2019, Nygaard released a lipstick collection in collaboration with ColourPop. In 2022, Nygaard signed with the management company, Night.


title: Safiya Nygaard

text: Nygaard is married to YouTube collaborator Tyler Williams. Several YouTubers, including Jenna Mourey (Jenna Marbles), Shane Dawson, and Cristine Rotenberg (Simply Nailogical), attended Nygaard and Williams' 2019 wedding.


title: Safiya Nygaard

text: In 2015, Nygaard and Williams adopted a street cat and named him Crusty. He ended up becoming a prominent part of Safiya's channel. Crusty died in late 2021 due to old age. Nygaard uploaded a YouTube video as a tribute to Crusty on April 2, 2022.


title: Safiya Nygaard

text: In 2021, Nygaard and Williams sold their house in Studio City, Los Angeles, which they originally purchased in 2019. It was bought by actress Uzo Aduba for $3.1 million, turning a $200k profit in under two years of ownership. Nygaard and Williams temporarily moved to Philadelphia from Los Angeles in early 2021 before permanently relocating to Raleigh, North Carolina that February.


title: K Callan

text: Katherine Elizabeth Callan (née Borman; January 9, 1936) is an American author and actress known for playing Clark Kent's mother Martha in the ABC television series "".


title: K Callan

text: Callan was born in Dallas, Texas. When she was 5 years old, she felt that she wanted to act. She did so in school, and as a student at North Texas State University at Denton, she studied drama. She went on to teach drama at a Catholic girls' school, and she began a children's theater.


title: K Callan

text: Callan first appeared on television in an episode of "Route 66" that happened to be shooting in Dallas. She resumed her on-camera career in 1970, guest-starring in roles on "One Day at a Time", "St. Elsewhere", "Carnivàle", "JAG", "Coach" and "King of the Hill". She played a key role in the Emmy Award-winning episode "Cousin Liz" of "All in the Family" and portrayed the mother of April Stevens Ewing in several episodes of the penultimate season of "Dallas". She played Daisy LaRue in the TV show "Meet the Browns" and appeared as Mrs. Monroe, Gabe Duncan's teacher, in "Good Luck Charlie". She also appeared in the third-season finale of "Desperate Housewives" as Ilene Britt, the mother of Edie Britt (Nicollette Sheridan), and has portrayed Lily's maternal grandmother on several episodes of "How I Met Your Mother". She played the part of Charlie (as an elderly woman) in "Heroes" for one episode.


title: K Callan

text: She appeared in the films "Joe" (1970), "A Touch of Class" (1973), "The Onion Field" (1979), "American Gigolo" (1980), "A Change of Seasons" (1980), "Fast-Walking" (1982), and "Knives Out" (2019), as well as the 1972 television adaptation of the 1966 Lanford Wilson play "The Rimers of Eldritch".


title: K Callan

text: She has written several books, including "The Los Angeles Agent", "The Script Is Finished, Now What Do I Do?", "Directing Your Directing Career", and "How to Sell Yourself as an Actor". She received her acting training at HB Studio in New York City.


title: K Callan

text: Callan was married to and divorced from author James Ruskin Callan. The couple have three children, Jamie Callan, Kelly Callan, and Kristi Callan.


title: Story within a story

text: A story within a story, also referred to as an embedded narrative, is a literary device in which a character within a story becomes the narrator of a second story (within the first one). Multiple layers of stories within stories are sometimes called nested stories. A play may have a brief play within it, such as Shakespeare's play "Hamlet"; a film may show the characters watching a short film; or a novel may contain a short story within the novel. A story within a story can be used in all types of narration: novels, short stories, plays, television programs, films, poems, songs, video games, and philosophical essays.


title: Story within a story

text: The inner stories are told either simply to add entertainment or more usually to act as an example to the other characters. In either case, the inner story often has a symbolic and psychological significance for the characters in the outer story. There is often some parallel between the two stories, and the fiction of the inner story is used to reveal the truth in the outer story. Often the stories within a story are used to satirize views, not only in the outer story, but also in the real world. When a story is told within another instead of being told as part of the plot, it allows the author to play on the reader's perceptions of the characters—the motives and the reliability of the storyteller are automatically in question.


title: Story within a story

text: Stories within a story may disclose the background of characters or events, tell of myths and legends that influence the plot, or even seem to be extraneous diversions from the plot. In some cases, the story within a story is involved in the action of the plot of the outer story. In others, the inner story is independent, so that it can either be skipped over or be read separately, although many subtle connections may be lost. Sometimes, the inner story serves as an outlet for discarded ideas that the author deemed to be of too much merit to leave out completely, somewhat analogous to the inclusion of deleted scenes with home video releases of films. Often there is more than one level of internal stories, leading to deeply-nested fiction. "Mise en abyme" is the French term for a similar literary device (also referring to the practice in heraldry of placing the image of a small shield on a larger shield).


title: Story within a story

text: The literary device of stories within a story dates back to a device known as a "frame story", where a supplemental story is used to help tell the main story. Typically, the outer story or "frame" does not have much matter, and most of the work consists of one or more complete stories told by one or more storytellers.


title: Story within a story

text: The earliest examples of "frame stories" and "stories within stories" were in ancient Egyptian and Indian literature, such as the Egyptian "Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor" and Indian epics like the "Ramayana", "Seven Wise Masters", "Hitopadesha" and "Vikram and the Vampire". In Vishnu Sarma's "Panchatantra", an inter-woven series of colorful animal tales are told with one narrative opening within another, sometimes three or four layers deep, and then unexpectedly snapping shut in irregular rhythms to sustain attention. In the epic "Mahabharata", the Kurukshetra War is narrated by a character in Vyasa's "Jaya", which itself is narrated by a character in Vaisampayana's "Bharata", which itself is narrated by a character in Ugrasrava's "Mahabharata".


title: Story within a story

text: Both "The Golden Ass" by Apuleius and "Metamorphoses" by Ovid extend the depths of framing to several degrees. Another early example is the "One Thousand and One Nights" ("Arabian Nights"), where the general story is narrated by an unknown narrator, and in this narration the stories are told by Scheherazade. In many of Scheherazade's narrations, there are also stories narrated, and even in some of these, there are some other stories. An example of this is "The Three Apples", a murder mystery narrated by Scheherazade. Within the story, after the murderer reveals himself, he narrates a flashback of events leading up to the murder. Within this flashback, an unreliable narrator tells a story to mislead the would-be murderer, who later discovers that he was misled after another character narrates the truth to him. As the story concludes, the "" is narrated within it. This perennially popular work can be traced back to Arabic, Persian, and Indian storytelling traditions.


title: Story within a story

text: Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" has a deeply nested frame story structure, that features the narration of Walton, who records the narration of Victor Frankenstein, who recounts the narration of his creation, who narrates the story of a cabin dwelling family he secretly observes. Another classic novel with a frame story is "Wuthering Heights", the majority of which is recounted by the central family's housekeeper to a boarder. Similarly, Roald Dahl's story "The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar" is about a rich bachelor who finds an essay written by someone who learned to "see" playing cards from the reverse side. The full text of this essay is included in the story, and itself includes a lengthy sub-story told as a true experience by one of the essay's protagonists, Imhrat Khan.


title: Story within a story

text: Lewis Carroll's "Alice" books, "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" (1865) and "Through the Looking-Glass" (1871), have several multiple poems that are mostly recited by several characters to the titular character. The most notable examples are "You Are Old, Father William", "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster", "Jabberwocky", and "The Walrus and the Carpenter".


title: Story within a story

text: Chaucer's "The Canterbury Tales" and Boccaccio's "Decameron" are also classic frame stories. In Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales", the characters tell tales suited to their personalities and tell them in ways that highlight their personalities. The noble knight tells a noble story, the boring character tells a very dull tale, and the rude miller tells a smutty tale. Homer's "Odyssey" too makes use of this device; Odysseus' adventures at sea are all narrated by Odysseus to the court of king Alcinous in Scheria. Other shorter tales, many of them false, account for much of the "Odyssey". Many modern children's story collections are essentially anthology works connected by this device, such as Arnold Lobel's "Mouse Tales", Paula Fox's "The Little Swineherd", and Phillip and Hillary Sherlock's "Ears and Tails and Common Sense".


title: Story within a story

text: A well-known modern example of framing is the fantasy genre work "The Princess Bride" (both the book and the movie). In the movie, a grandfather is reading the story of "The Princess Bride" to his grandson. In the book, a more detailed frame story has a father editing a much longer (but fictive) work for his son, creating his own "Good Parts Version" (as the book called it) by leaving out all the parts that would bore or displease a young boy. Both the book and the movie assert that the central story is from a book called "The Princess Bride" by a nonexistent author named S. Morgenstern.


title: Story within a story

text: In the Welsh novel, "Aelwyd F'Ewythr Robert" (1852) by Gwilym Hiraethog, a visitor to a farm in north Wales tells the story of "Uncle Tom's Cabin" to those gathered around the hearth.


title: Story within a story

text: Sometimes a frame story exists in the same setting as the main story. On the television series "The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles", each episode was framed as though it were being told by Indy when he was older (usually acted by George Hall, but once by Harrison Ford). The same device of an adult narrator representing the older version of a young protagonist is used in the films "Stand By Me" and "A Christmas Story", and the television show "The Wonder Years" and "How I Met Your Mother".


title: Story within a story

text: In "The Amory Wars", a tale told through the music of Coheed and Cambria, tells a story for the first two albums but reveals that the story is being actively written by a character called the Writer in the third. During the album, the Writer delves into his own story and kills one of the characters, much to the dismay of the main character.


title: Story within a story

text: The critically acclaimed Beatles album "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" is presented as a stage show by the fictional eponymous band, and one of its songs, "A Day in the Life" is in the form of a story within a dream. Similarly, the Fugees album "The Score" is presented as the soundtrack to a fictional movie, as are several other notable concept albums, while Wyclef Jean's "The Carnival" is presented as testimony at a trial. The majority of Ayreon's albums outline a sprawling, loosely interconnected science fiction narrative, as do the albums of Janelle Monae.


title: Story within a story

text: On Tom Waits's concept album, "Alice" (consisting of music he wrote for the musical of the same name) most of the songs are (very) loosely inspired by both "Alice in Wonderland" and the book's real life author, Lewis Carroll, and inspiration Alice Liddell. The song "Poor Edward," however, is presented as a story told by a narrator about Edward Mordrake, and the song "Fish and Bird" is presented as a retold story that the narrator heard from a sailor.


title: Story within a story

text: In his 1895 historical novel "Pharaoh", Bolesław Prus introduces a number of stories within the story, ranging in length from vignettes to full-blown stories, many of them drawn from ancient Egyptian texts, that further the plot, illuminate characters, and even inspire the fashioning of individual characters. Jan Potocki's "The Manuscript Found in Saragossa" (1797–1805) has an interlocking structure with stories-within-stories reaching several levels of depth.


title: Story within a story

text: The provenance of the story is sometimes explained internally, as in "The Lord of the Rings" by J. R. R. Tolkien, which depicts the Red Book of Westmarch (a story-internal version of the book itself) as a history compiled by several of the characters. The subtitle of "The Hobbit" ("There and Back Again") is depicted as part of a rejected title of this book within a book, and "The Lord of the Rings" is a part of the final title.


title: Story within a story

text: An example of an interconnected inner story is "The Mad Trist" in Edgar Allan Poe's "Fall of the House of Usher", where through somewhat mystical means the narrator's reading of the story within a story influences the reality of the story he has been telling, so that what happens in "The Mad Trist" begins happening in "The Fall of the House of Usher". Also, in "Don Quixote" by Miguel de Cervantes, there are many stories within the story that influence the hero's actions (there are others that even the author himself admits are purely digressive).


title: Story within a story

text: Most of the first part is presented as a translation of a found manuscript by (fictional) Cide Hamete Benengeli.


title: Story within a story

text: A commonly independently anthologised story is "The Grand Inquisitor" by Dostoevsky from his long psychological novel "The Brothers Karamazov", which is told by one brother to another to explain, in part, his view on religion and morality. It also, in a succinct way, dramatizes many of Dostoevsky's interior conflicts.


title: Story within a story

text: An example of a "bonus material" style inner story is the chapter "The Town Ho's Story" in Herman Melville's novel "Moby-Dick"; that chapter tells a fully formed story of an exciting mutiny and contains many plot ideas that Melville had conceived during the early stages of writing "Moby-Dick"—ideas originally intended to be used later in the novel—but as the writing progressed, these plot ideas eventually proved impossible to fit around the characters that Melville went on to create and develop. Instead of discarding the ideas altogether, Melville wove them into a coherent short story and had the character Ishmael demonstrate his eloquence and intelligence by telling the story to his impressed friends.


title: Story within a story

text: One of the most complicated structures of a story within a story was used by Vladimir Nabokov in his novel "The Gift". There, as inner stories, function both poems and short stories by the main character Fyodor Cherdyntsev as well as the whole Chapter IV, a critical biography of Nikolay Chernyshevsky (also written by Fyodor). This novel is considered one of the first metanovels in literature.


title: Story within a story

text: With the rise of literary modernism, writers experimented with ways in which multiple narratives might nest imperfectly within each other. A particularly ingenious example of nested narratives is James Merrill's 1974 modernist poem "Lost in Translation".


title: Story within a story

text: In Rabih Alameddine's novel "The Hakawati", or "The Storyteller", the protagonist describes coming home to the funeral of his father, one of a long line of traditional Arabic storytellers. Throughout the narrative, the author becomes hakawati (an Arabic word for a teller of traditional tales) himself, weaving the tale of the story of his own life and that of his family with folkloric versions of tales from Qur'an, the Old Testament, Ovid, and One Thousand and One Nights. Both the tales he tells of his family (going back to his grandfather) and the embedded folk tales, themselves embed other tales, often 2 or more layers deep.


title: Story within a story

text: In Sue Townsend's "", Adrian writes a book entitled "Lo! The Flat Hills of My Homeland", in which the main character, Jake Westmorland, writes a book called "Sparg of Kronk", whose eponymous character, Sparg, writes a book with no language.


title: Story within a story

text: In Anthony Horowitz's "Magpie Murders", a significant proportion of the book features a fictional but authentically formatted mystery novel by Alan Conway, titled 'Magpie Murders'. The secondary novel ends before its conclusion returning the narrative to the original, and primary, story where the protagonist and reviewer of the book attempts to find the final chapter. As this progresses characters and messages within the fictional 'Magpie Murders' manifest themselves within the primary narrative and the final chapter's content reveals the reason for its original absence.


title: Story within a story

text: Dreams are a common way of including stories inside stories, and can sometimes go several levels deep. Both the book "The Arabian Nightmare" and the curse of "eternal waking" from the Neil Gaiman series "The Sandman" feature an endless series of waking from one dream into another dream. In Charles Maturin's novel "Melmoth the Wanderer", the use of vast stories-within-stories creates a sense of dream-like quality in the reader.


title: Story within a story

text: This structure is also found in classic religious and philosophical texts. The structure of "The Symposium" and "Phaedo", attributed to Plato, is of a story within a story within a story. In the Christian Bible, the gospels are accounts of the life and ministry of Jesus. However, they also include within them the parables that Jesus told. In more modern philosophical work, Jostein Gaarder's books often feature this device. Examples are "The Solitaire Mystery", where the protagonist receives a small book from a baker, in which the baker tells the story of a sailor who tells the story of another sailor, and "Sophie's World" about a girl who is actually a character in a book that is being read by Hilde, a girl in another dimension. Later on in the book Sophie questions this idea, and realizes that Hilde too could be a character in a story that in turn is being read by another.


title: Story within a story

text: The experimental modernist works that incorporate multiple narratives into one story are quite often science-fiction or science fiction influenced. These include most of the various novels written by the American author Kurt Vonnegut. Vonnegut includes the recurring character Kilgore Trout in many of his novels. Trout acts as the mysterious science fiction writer who enhances the morals of the novels through plot descriptions of his stories. Books such as "Breakfast of Champions" and "God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater" are sprinkled with these plot descriptions. Stanisław Lem's "Tale of the Three Storytelling Machines of King Genius" from "The Cyberiad" has several levels of storytelling. All levels tell stories of the same person, Trurl.


title: Story within a story

text: "House of Leaves" is the tale of a man who finds a manuscript telling the story of a documentary that may or may not have ever existed, contains multiple layers of plot. The book includes footnotes and letters that tell their own stories only vaguely related to the events in the main narrative of the book, and footnotes for fake books.


title: Story within a story

text: Robert A. Heinlein's later books ("The Number of the Beast", "The Cat Who Walks Through Walls" and "To Sail Beyond the Sunset") propose the idea that every real universe is a fiction in another universe. This hypothesis enables many writers who are characters in the books to interact with their own creations. Margaret Atwood's novel "The Blind Assassin" is interspersed with excerpts from a novel written by one of the main characters; the novel-within-a-novel itself contains a science fiction story written by one of "that" novel's characters.


title: Story within a story

text: In Philip K. Dick's novel "The Man in the High Castle", each character comes into interaction with a book called "The Grasshopper Lies Heavy", which was written by the Man in the High Castle. As Dick's novel details a world in which the Axis Powers of World War II had succeeded in dominating the known world, the novel within the novel details an alternative to this history in which the Allies overcome the Axis and bring stability to the world – a victory which itself is quite different from real history.


title: Story within a story

text: In "Red Orc's Rage" by Philip J. Farmer a doubly recursive method is used to intertwine its fictional layers. This novel is part of a science-fiction series, the "World of Tiers". Farmer collaborated in the writing of this novel with an American psychiatrist, Dr. A. James Giannini. Dr. Giannini had previously used the World of Tiers series in treating patients in group therapy. During these therapeutic sessions, the content and process of the text and novelist was discussed rather than the lives of the patients. In this way subconscious defenses could be circumvented. Farmer took the real life case-studies and melded these with adventures of his characters in the series.


title: Story within a story

text: The "Quantum Leap" novel "Knights of the Morningstar" also features a character who writes a book by that name. In Matthew Stover's novel "Shatterpoint", the protagonist Mace Windu narrates the story within his journal, while the main story is being told from the third-person limited point of view.


title: Story within a story

text: Several "Star Trek" tales are stories or events within stories, such as Gene Roddenberry's novelization of "", J. A. Lawrence's "Mudd's Angels", John M. Ford's "The Final Reflection", Margaret Wander Bonanno's "Strangers from the Sky" (which adopts the conceit that it is book from the future by an author called Gen Jaramet-Sauner), and J. R. Rasmussen's "Research" in the anthology " II". Steven Barnes's novelization of "Far Beyond the Stars" partners with Greg Cox's "" (Volume Two) to tell us that the story "Far Beyond the Stars"—and, by extension, all of "Star Trek" itself—is the creation of 1950s writer Benny Russell.


title: Story within a story

text: The book "Cloud Atlas" (later adapted into a film by The Wachowskis and Tom Tykwer) consisted of six interlinked stories nested inside each other in a Russian doll fashion. The first story (that of Adam Ewing in the 1850s befriending an escaped slave) is interrupted halfway through and revealed to be part of a journal being read by composer Robert Frobisher in 1930s Belgium. His own story of working for a more famous composer is told in a series of letters to his lover Rufus Sixsmith, which are interrupted halfway through and revealed to be in the possession of an investigative journalist named Luisa Rey and so on. Each of the first five tales are interrupted in the middle, with the sixth tale being told in full, before the preceding five tales are finished in reverse order. Each layer of the story either challenges the veracity of the previous layer, or is challenged by the succeeding layer. Presuming each layer to be a true telling within the overall story, a chain of events is created linking Adam Ewing's embrace of the abolitionist movement in the 1850s to the religious redemption of a post-apocalyptic tribal man over a century after the fall of modern civilization. The characters in each nested layer take inspiration or lessons from the stories of their predecessors in a manner that validates a belief stated in the sixth tale that "Our lives are not our own. We are bound to others, past and present and by each crime, and every kindness, we birth our future."


title: Story within a story

text: "The Crying of Lot 49" by Thomas Pynchon has several characters seeing a play called "The Courier's Tragedy" by the fictitious Jacobean playwright Richard Wharfinger. The events of the play broadly mirror those of the novel and give the main character, Oedipa Maas, a greater context with which to consider her predicament; the play concerns a feud between two rival mail distribution companies, which appears to be ongoing to the present day, and in which, if this is the case, Oedipa has found herself involved. As in "Hamlet", the director makes changes to the original script; in this instance, a couplet that was added, possibly by religious zealots intent on giving the play extra moral gravity, are said only on the night that Oedipa sees the play.


title: Story within a story

text: From what Pynchon relates, this is the only mention in the play of Thurn and Taxis' rivals' name—Trystero—and it is the seed for the conspiracy that unfurls. A significant portion of Walter Moers' "Labyrinth of Dreaming Books" is an ekphrasis on the subject of an epic puppet theater presentation. Another example is found in Samuel Delany's "Trouble on Triton", which features a theater company that produces elaborate staged spectacles for randomly selected single-person audiences. Plays produced by the "Caws of Art" theater company also feature in Russell Hoban's modern fable, "The Mouse and His Child". Raina Telgemeier's best-selling "Drama" is a graphic novel about a middle-school musical production, and the tentative romantic fumblings of its cast members.


title: Story within a story

text: In Manuel Puig's "Kiss of the Spider Woman", ekphrases on various old movies, some real, and some fictional, make up a substantial portion of the narrative. In Paul Russell's "Boys of Life", descriptions of movies by director/antihero Carlos (loosely inspired by controversial director Pier Paolo Pasolini) provide a narrative counterpoint and add a touch of surrealism to the main narrative. They additionally raise the question of whether works of artistic genius justify or atone for the sins and crimes of their creators. Auster's The Book of Illusions (2002) and Flicker by Theodore Roszak (1991) also rely heavily on fictional films within their respective narratives.


title: Story within a story

text: This dramatic device was probably first used by Thomas Kyd in "The Spanish Tragedy" around 1587, where the play is presented before an audience of two of the characters, who comment upon the action. From references in other contemporary works, Kyd is also assumed to have been the writer of an early, lost version of "Hamlet" (the so-called "Ur-Hamlet"), with a play-within-a-play interlude. William Shakespeare's "Hamlet" retains this device by having Hamlet ask some strolling players to perform "The Murder of Gonzago". The action and characters in "The Murder" mirror the murder of Hamlet's father in the main action, and Prince Hamlet writes additional material to emphasize this. Hamlet wishes to provoke the murderer, his uncle, and sums this up by saying "the play's the thing wherein I'll catch the conscience of the king." Hamlet calls this new play "The Mouse-trap" (a title that Agatha Christie later took for the long-running play "The Mousetrap"). Christie's work was parodied in Tom Stoppard's "The Real Inspector Hound", in which two theater critics are drawn into the murder mystery they are watching. The audience is similarly absorbed into the action in Woody Allen's play "God", which is about two failed playwrights in Ancient Greece. The phrase "The Conscience of the King" also became the title of a Star Trek episode featuring a production of Hamlet which leads to the exposure of a murderer (although not a king).


title: Story within a story

text: The play "I Hate Hamlet" and the movie "A Midwinter's Tale" are about a production of "Hamlet", which in turn includes a production of "The Murder of Gonzago", as does the "Hamlet"-based film "Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead", which even features a third-level puppet theatre version within their play. Similarly, in Anton Chekhov's "The Seagull" there are specific allusions to "Hamlet": in the first act a son stages a play to impress his mother, a professional actress, and her new lover; the mother responds by comparing her son to Hamlet. Later he tries to come between them, as Hamlet had done with his mother and her new husband. The tragic developments in the plot follow in part from the scorn the mother shows for her son's play.


title: Story within a story

text: Shakespeare adopted the play-within-a-play device for many of his other plays as well, including "A Midsummer Night's Dream" and "Love's Labours Lost". Almost the whole of "The Taming of the Shrew" is a play-within-a-play, presented to convince Christopher Sly, a drunken tinker, that he is a nobleman watching a private performance, but the device has no relevance to the plot (unless Katharina's subservience to her "lord" in the last scene is intended to strengthen the deception against the tinker) and is often dropped in modern productions. The musical "Kiss Me, Kate" is about the production of a fictitious musical, "The Taming of the Shrew," based on the Shakespeare play of the same name, and features several scenes from it. "Pericles" draws in part on the 14th century "Confessio Amantis" (itself a frame story) by John Gower and Shakespeare has the ghost of Gower "assume man's infirmities" to introduce his work to the contemporary audience and comment on the action of the play.


title: Story within a story

text: In Francis Beaumont's "Knight of the Burning Pestle" (ca. 1608) a supposed common citizen from the audience, actually a "planted" actor, condemns the play that has just started and "persuades" the players to present something about a shopkeeper. The citizen's "apprentice" then acts, pretending to extemporise, in the rest of the play. This is a satirical tilt at Beaumont's playwright contemporaries and their current fashion for offering plays about London life.


title: Story within a story

text: The opera "Pagliacci" is about a troupe of actors who perform a play about marital infidelity that mirrors their own lives, and composer Richard Rodney Bennett and playwright-librettist Beverley Cross's "The Mines of Sulphur" features a ghostly troupe of actors who perform a play about murder that similarly mirrors the lives of their hosts, from whom they depart, leaving them with the plague as nemesis. John Adams' "Nixon in China" (1985-7) features a surreal version of Madam Mao's "Red Detachment of Women", illuminating the ascendance of human values over the disillusionment of high politics in the meeting.


title: Story within a story

text: In Bertolt Brecht's "The Caucasian Chalk Circle," a play is staged as a parable to villagers in the Soviet Union to justify the re-allocation of their farmland: the tale describes how a child is awarded to a servant-girl rather than its natural mother, an aristocrat, as the woman most likely to care for it well. This kind of play-within-a-play, which appears at the beginning of the main play and acts as a 'frame' for it, is called an "'induction'". Brecht's one-act play "The Elephant Calf" (1926) is a play-within-a-play performed in the foyer of the theatre during his "Man Equals Man".


title: Story within a story

text: In Jean Giraudoux's play "Ondine", all of act two is a series of scenes within scenes, sometimes two levels deep. This increases the dramatic tension and also makes more poignant the inevitable failure of the relationship between the mortal Hans and water sprite Ondine.


title: Story within a story

text: "The Two-Character Play" by Tennessee Williams has a concurrent double plot with the convention of a play within a play. Felice and Clare are siblings and are both actor/producers touring ‘The Two-Character Play.’ They have supposedly been abandoned by their crew and have been left to put on the play by themselves. The characters in the play are also brother and sister and are also named Clare and Felice.


title: Story within a story

text: "The Mysteries", a modern reworking of the medieval mystery plays, remains faithful to its roots by having the modern actors play the sincere, naïve tradesmen and women as they take part in the original performances.


title: Story within a story

text: Alternatively, a play might be about the production of a play, and include the performance of all or part of the play, as in "Noises Off", "A Chorus of Disapproval" or "Lilies". Similarly, the musical "Man of La Mancha" presents the story of Don Quixote as an impromptu play staged in prison by "Quixote"'s author, Miguel de Cervantes.


title: Story within a story

text: In most stagings of the musical "Cats", which include the song "Growltiger's Last Stand" — a recollection of an old play by Gus the Theatre Cat — the character of Lady Griddlebone sings "The Ballad of Billy McCaw". (However, many productions of the show omit "Growltiger's Last Stand", and "The Ballad of Billy McCaw" has at times been replaced with a mock aria, so this metastory isn't always seen.) Depending on the production, there is another musical scene called The Awful Battle of the Pekes and the Pollices where the Jellicles put on a show for their leader. In "", there are three play within a plays. First, when Lestat visits his childhood friend, Nicolas, who works in a theater, where he discovers his love for theater; and two more when the Theater of the Vampires perform. One is used as a plot mechanism to explain the vampire god, Marius, which sparks an interest in Lestat to find him.


title: Story within a story

text: A play within a play also occurs in the musical "The King and I", where Princess Tuptim and the royal dancers give a performance of "Small House of Uncle Thomas" (or "Uncle Tom's Cabin") to their English guests. The play mirrors Tuptim's situation, as she wishes to run away from slavery to be with her lover, Lun Tha.


title: Story within a story

text: In stagings of Dina Rubina's play "Always the Same Dream", the story is about staging a school play based on a poem by Pushkin.


title: Story within a story

text: Joseph Heller's 1967 play "We Bombed in New Haven" is about actors engaged in a play about military airmen; the actors themselves become at times unsure whether they are actors or actual airmen.


title: Story within a story

text: The 1937 musical "Babes in Arms" is about a group of kids putting on a musical to raise money. The central plot device was retained for the popular 1939 film version with Judy Garland and Mickey Rooney. A similar plot was recycled for the films "White Christmas" and "The Blues Brothers".


title: Story within a story

text: The François Truffaut film "Day for Night" is about the making of a fictitious movie called "Meet Pamela" ("Je vous présente Pamela") and shows the interactions of the actors as they are making this movie about a woman who falls for her husband's father. The story of "Pamela" involves lust, betrayal, death, sorrow, and change, events that are mirrored in the experiences of the actors portrayed in "Day for Night". There are a wealth of other movies that revolve around the film industry itself, even if not centering exclusively on one nested film. These include the darkly satirical classic "Sunset Boulevard" about an aging star and her parasitic victim, and the Coen Brothers' farce "Hail, Caesar!"


title: Story within a story

text: The script to Karel Reisz's movie "The French Lieutenant's Woman" (1981), written by Harold Pinter, is a film-within-a-film adaptation of John Fowles's book. In addition to the Victorian love story of the book, Pinter creates a present-day background story that shows a love affair between the main actors.


title: Story within a story

text: "The Muppet Movie" begins with the Muppets sitting down in a theater to watch the eponymous movie, said by Kermit the Frog to be a semi-biographical account of how they all met.


title: Story within a story

text: In Buster Keaton's "Sherlock Jr.", Keaton's protagonist actually enters into a film while it is playing in a cinema, as does the main character in the Arnold Schwarzenegger children's film "The Last Action Hero". A similar device is used in the seminal music video "Take on me" by A-ha, which features a young woman entering a cartoon universe. Conversely, Woody Allen's "Purple Rose of Cairo" is about a movie character exiting the movie to interact with the real world. Allen's earlier film "Play it Again, Sam" featured liberal use of characters, dialogue and clips from the film classic "Casablanca" as a central device.


title: Story within a story

text: The 2002 Pedro Almodóvar film "Talk to Her" ("Hable con ella") has the chief character Benigno tell a story called "The Shrinking Lover" to Alicia, a long-term comatose patient whom Benigno, a male nurse, is assigned to care for. The film presents "The Shrinking Lover" in the form of a black-and-white silent melodrama. To prove his love to a scientist girlfriend, "The Shrinking Lover" protagonist drinks a potion that makes him progressively smaller. The resulting seven-minute scene, which is readily intelligible and enjoyable as a stand-alone short subject, is considerably more overtly comic than the rest of "Talk to Her"—the protagonist climbs giant breasts as if they were rock formations and even ventures his way inside a (compared to him) gigantic vagina. Critics have noted that "The Shrinking Lover" essentially is a sex metaphor. Later in "Talk to Her," the comatose Alicia is discovered to be pregnant and Benigno is sentenced to jail for rape. "The Shrinking Lover" was named Best Scene of 2002 in the "Skandies", an annual survey of online cinephiles and critics invited each year by critic Mike D'Angelo.


title: Story within a story

text: "Tropic Thunder" (2008) is a comedy film revolving around a group of prima donna actors making a Vietnam War film (itself also named "Tropic Thunder") when their fed-up writer and director decide to abandon them in the middle of the jungle, forcing them to fight their way out. The concept was perhaps inspired by the 1986 comedy Three Amigos, where three washed-up silent film stars are expected to live out a real-life version of their old hit movies. The same idea of life being forced to imitate art was also reprised in the Star Trek parody "Galaxy Quest".


title: Story within a story

text: The first episode of the anime series "The Melancholy Of Haruhi Suzumiya" consists almost entirely of a poorly made film that the protagonists created, complete with Kyon's typical, sarcastic commentary.


title: Story within a story

text: Chuck Jones's 1953 cartoon "Duck Amuck" shows Daffy Duck trapped in a cartoon that an unseen animator repeatedly manipulates. At the end, it is revealed that the whole cartoon was being controlled by Bugs Bunny. The "Duck Amuck" plot was essentially replicated in one of Jones' later cartoons, "Rabbit Rampage" (1955), in which Bugs Bunny turns out to be the victim of the sadistic animator (Elmer Fudd). A similar plot was also included in an episode of "New Looney Tunes", in which Bugs was the victim, Daffy was the animator, and it was made on a computer instead of a pencil and paper. In 2007, the "Duck Amuck" sequence was parodied on "Drawn Together" ("Nipple Ring-Ring Goes to Foster Care").


title: Story within a story

text: All feature-length films by Jörg Buttgereit except "Schramm" feature a film within the film. In "Nekromantik", the protagonist goes to the cinema to see the fictional slasher film "Vera". In "Der Todesking" one of the character watches a video of the fictional Nazi exploitation film "Vera - Todesengel der Gestapo" and in "Nekromantik 2", the characters go to see a movie called "Mon dejeuner avec Vera", which is a parody of Louis Malle's "My Dinner with André".


title: Story within a story

text: Quentin Tarantino's "Inglourious Basterds" depicts a Nazi propaganda film called "Nation's Pride", which glorifies a soldier in the German army. "Nation's Pride" is directed by Eli Roth.


title: Story within a story

text: Joe Dante's "Matinee" depicts "Mant", an early-'60s sci-fi/horror movie about a man who turns into an ant. In one scene, the protagonists see a Disney-style family movie called "The Shook-Up Shopping Cart".


title: Story within a story

text: The 2002 martial arts epic "Hero" presented the same narrative several different times, as recounted by different storytellers, but with both factual and aesthetic differences. Similarly, in the whimsical 1988 Terry Gilliam film "The Adventures of Baron Munchausen", and the 2003 Tim Burton film "Big Fish", the bulk of the film is a series of stories told by an (extremely) unreliable narrator. In the 2006 Tarsem film "The Fall", an injured silent-movie stuntman tells heroic fantasy stories to a little girl with a broken arm to pass time in the hospital, which the film visualizes and presents with the stuntman's voice becoming voiceover narration. The fantasy tale bleeds back into and comments on the film's "present-tense" story. There are often incongruities based on the fact that the stuntman is an American and the girl Persian—the stuntman's voiceover refers to "Indians," “a squaw” and “a teepee,” but the visuals show a Bollywood-style devi and a Taj Mahal-like castle. The same conceit of an unreliable narrator was used to very different effect in the 1995 crime drama "The Usual Suspects" (which garnered an Oscar for Kevin Spacey's performance).


title: Story within a story

text: Walt Disney's 1946 live-action drama film "Song of the South" had three animated sequences, all based on the Br'er Rabbit stories, told by Uncle Remus (James Baskett) to the main character, seven-year-old Johnny (Bobby Driscoll), and his friends Ginny (Luana Patten) and Toby (Glenn Leedy) as moral fables.


title: Story within a story

text: The seminal 1950 Japanese film "Rashomon", based on the Japanese short story "In a Grove" (1921), utilizes the flashback-within-a-flashback technique. The story unfolds in flashback as the four witnesses in the story—the bandit, the murdered samurai, his wife, and the nameless woodcutter—recount the events of one afternoon in a grove. But it is also a flashback within a flashback, because the accounts of the witnesses are being retold by a woodcutter and a priest to a ribald commoner as they wait out a rainstorm in a ruined gatehouse.


title: Story within a story

text: The movie "Inception" has a deeply nested structure that is itself part of the setting, as the characters travel deeper and deeper into layers of dreams within dreams. Similarly, in the beginning of the music video for the Michael Jackson song "Thriller", the heroine is terrorized by her monster boyfriend in what turns out to be a movie within a dream. The film "The Grand Budapest Hotel" has four layers of narration; starting with a young girl at the author's memorial reading his book, it cuts to the old author in 1985 telling of an incident in 1968 when he, as a young author, stayed at the hotel and met the owner, old Zero. He was then told the story of young Zero and M Gustave, from 1932, which makes up most of the narrative.


title: Story within a story

text: The 2001 film "Moulin Rouge!" features a fictitious musical within a film, called "Spectacular Spectacular". The 1942 Ernst Lubitsch comedy "To Be or Not to Be" confuses the audience in the opening scenes with a play, "The Naughty Nazis", about Adolf Hitler which appears to be taking place within the actual plot of the film. Thereafter, the acting company players serve as the protagonists of the film and frequently use acting/costumes to deceive various characters in the film. "Hamlet" also serves as an important throughline in the film, as suggested by the title. Laurence Olivier sets the opening scene of his 1944 film of "Henry V" in the tiring room of the old Globe Theatre as the actors prepare for their roles on stage. The early part of the film follows the actors in these "stage" performances and only later does the action almost imperceptibly expand to the full realism of the Battle of Agincourt. By way of increasingly more artificial sets (based on mediaeval paintings) the film finally returns to The Globe.


title: Story within a story

text: Mel Brooks' film, "The Producers", revolves around a scheme to make money by producing a disastrously bad Broadway musical, "Springtime for Hitler." Ironically the film itself was later made into its own Broadway musical (although a more intentionally successful one). The Outkast music video for the song "Roses" is a short film about a high school musical. In "Diary of a Wimpy Kid", the middle-schoolers put on a play of "The Wizard of Oz", while "High School Musical" is a romantic comedy about the eponymous musical itself. A high school production is also featured in the gay teen romantic comedy "Love, Simon".