title: ICalendar

text: The memo "Calendar Access Protocol" (RFC 4324) was an initial attempt at a universal system to create real-time calendars, but was eventually abandoned. Instead, iCalendar saw some adoption for such purposes with "ad hoc" extensions such as GroupDAV and CalDAV emerging as informal standards and seeing some adoption in both client and server software packages.


title: ICalendar

text: A first effort to simplify iCalendar standards by the IETF "Calendaring and Scheduling Working Group" (ietf-calsify WG) ended in January 2011 without seeing adoption. The work was then picked up by the "Calendaring Extensions Working Group" (ietf-calext WG).


title: ICalendar

text: The top-level element in iCalendar is the Calendaring and Scheduling Core Object, a collection of calendar and scheduling information. Typically, this information will consist of a single iCalendar object. However, multiple iCalendar objects can be grouped together.


title: ICalendar

text: The first line must be codice_8, and the last line must be codice_9; the contents between these lines is called the "icalbody".


title: ICalendar

text: The body must include the "PRODID" and "VERSION" calendar properties. In addition, it must include at least one calendar component. Note that while this article frequently uses an email style codice_10, this is now considered bad practice and a UUID should be used instead.


title: ICalendar

text: codice_11 is 2.0 for the current iCalendar format as of 2016. codice_12 was used to specify that data is in the old vCalendar format.


title: ICalendar

text: The body of the iCalendar object (the icalbody) contains single-line "Calendar Properties" that apply to the entire calendar, as well as one or more blocks of multiple lines that each define a "Calendar Component" such as an event, journal entry, alarm, or one of the other types described below.


title: ICalendar

text: Here is a simple example of an iCalendar object with a single calendar containing a single "Calendar Component", a "Bastille Day Party" event starting at 5pm on July 14, 1997, and ending at 4am the following morning.


title: ICalendar

text: The most common representation of date and time is a "tz timestamp" such as codice_13 with the format codice_14 for a total fixed length of 16 characters. "Z" indicates the use of UTC (referring to its ""Zulu"" time zone). When used in codice_15 and codice_16 properties, start times are inclusive while end times are not. This allows an event's end time to be the same as a consecutive event's start without those events overlapping and potentially creating (false) scheduling conflicts.


title: ICalendar

text: codice_17 describes an event, which has a scheduled amount of time on a calendar. Normally, when a user accepts the calendar event, this will cause that time to be considered busy. A codice_17 may include a codice_19 which allows an alarm. Such events have a codice_15 which sets a starting time, and a codice_16 which sets an ending time. If the calendar event is recurring, codice_15 sets up the start of the first event.


title: ICalendar

text: codice_17 also is used for calendar events without a specific time, such as anniversaries and daily reminders.


title: ICalendar

text: If the user needs to send in a cancellation for an event, the UID should be the same as the original event, and the component properties should be set to cancel.


title: ICalendar

text: For sending an codice_24 for an event the codice_10 should match the original codice_10. The other component property to be set is:


title: ICalendar

text: In Microsoft Outlook, the codice_27 corresponds to the "Subject" entry in the "Appointment" form, and codice_28 to the descriptive text below it. In addition, Outlook 2002 and Outlook 2003 demand a codice_10 and a codice_30.


title: ICalendar

text: Not all calendar applications recognize VTODO items. In particular, Outlook does not export Tasks as VTODO items, and ignores VTODO items in imported calendars.


title: ICalendar

text: The following is an example of a to-do due on April 15, 1998. An audio alarm has been specified to remind the calendar user at noon, the day before the to-do is expected to be completed and repeat hourly, four additional times. The SEQUENCE element shows this to-do has been modified twice since it was initially created.


title: ICalendar

text: VJOURNAL is a journal entry. They attach descriptive text to a particular calendar date, may be used to record a daily record of activities or accomplishments, or describe progress with a related to-do entry. A "VJOURNAL" calendar component does not take up time on a calendar, so it has no effect on free or busy time (just like TRANSPARENT entries). In practice, few programs support VJOURNAL entries.


title: ICalendar

text: VFREEBUSY is a request for free/busy time, is a response to a request, or is a published set of busy time.


title: ICalendar

text: Other component types include VAVAILABILITY, VTIMEZONE (time zones) and VALARM (alarms). Some components can include other components (VALARM is often included in other components).


title: ICalendar

text: The UID field distributes updates when a scheduled event changes. When the event is first generated a globally unique identifier is created. If a later event is distributed with the same UID, it replaces the original one.


title: ICalendar

text: vCalendar and iCalendar support private software extensions, with a "X-" prefix, a number of which are in common usage.


title: ICalendar

text: iCalendar's design was based on the previous file format vCalendar created by the Internet Mail Consortium (IMC).


title: ICalendar

text: After iCalendar was released, the Internet Mail Consortium stated that it "hopes that all vCalendar developers take advantage of these new open standards and make their software compatible with both vCalendar 1.0 and iCalendar."


title: ICalendar

text: hEvent is an HTML representation of a subset of iCalendar data using addressing some accessibility concerns with the hCalendar format.


title: West Chester, Pennsylvania

text: West Chester is a borough and the county seat of Chester County, Pennsylvania. Located within the Philadelphia metropolitan area, the borough had a population of 18,461 at the 2010 census. West Chester is the mailing address for most of its neighboring townships. When calculated by mailing address, the population as of the 2010 U.S. Census was 108,696, which would make it the 10th largest city by mailing address in the state of Pennsylvania.


title: West Chester, Pennsylvania

text: Much of the West Chester University of Pennsylvania North Campus and the Chester County government are located within the borough. The center of town is located at the intersection of Market and High Streets.


title: West Chester, Pennsylvania

text: The area was originally known as Turk's Head—after the inn of the same name located in what is now the center of the borough. West Chester has been the seat of government in Chester County since 1786 when the seat was moved from nearby Chester in what is now Delaware County. The borough was incorporated in 1799. In the heart of town is its courthouse, a classical revival building designed in the 1840s by Thomas U. Walter, one of the architects for the Capitol in Washington, D.C. In the 18th century West Chester was a center of clockmaking. Irish revolutionary Wolfe Tone briefly lived in West Chester during his exile. In the late 19th century the Hoopes, Bro. and Darlington company became a major wheelworks, first for wagons and later automobiles. In the early 20th century, an important industry was the Sharples cream separator company. In the late 20th century, Commodore International, one of the pioneers of home computers, giving its headquarters as West Chester, was located approximately a mile northeast of the borough.


title: West Chester, Pennsylvania

text: The West Chester Downtown Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. Other listed buildings are the Bank of Chester County, Buckwalter Building, Butler House, Chester County Courthouse, William Everhart Buildings, Farmers and Mechanics Building, First Presbyterian Church of West Chester, New Century Clubhouse, Joseph Rothrock House, Sharples Homestead, Sharples Separator Works, Warner Theater, West Chester Boarding School for Boys, and the components of the West Chester State College Quadrangle Historic District.


title: West Chester, Pennsylvania

text: West Goshen Township borders West Chester to the north, south, and east, while East Bradford Township borders West Chester to the west. The borough straddles the Brandywine Creek and Chester Creek watersheds. It is located west of Philadelphia and north of Wilmington, Delaware.


title: West Chester, Pennsylvania

text: As with much of eastern Pennsylvania east of the Appalachian mountains, West Chester lies in the transition zone between the humid continental (Köppen: "Dfa") and humid subtropical (Köppen: "Cfa") climate zones, with generally more characteristics of the former than the latter. Summers are hot and humid and winters are cold but variable. Annual high temperatures average between and , annual low temperatures average between and , with the record high being , and record low being .


title: West Chester, Pennsylvania

text: At the 2010 census, the borough was 72.1% non-Hispanic White, 12.1% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American, 1.4% Asian, and 2.4% was of two or more races. About 13.4% of the population was of Hispanic or Latino ancestry.


title: West Chester, Pennsylvania

text: As of the census of 2000, 17,861 people, 6,265 households, and 2,662 families resided in the borough. The population density was 9,703.3 people per square mile (3,747.9/km). The 6,541 housing units averaged 3,553.5 per square mile (1,372.6/km). The racial makeup of the borough was 75.44% White, 17.08% Black, 3.64% from other races, 1.46% Asian, 0.31% Native American, 0.07% Pacific Islander, and 2.00% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 8.94%.


title: West Chester, Pennsylvania

text: Of the 6,265 households, 19.1% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 26.8% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 57.5% were not families. About 35.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.95.


title: West Chester, Pennsylvania

text: In the borough the population was spread out, with 13.4% under the age of 18, 37.7% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 13.3% from 45 to 64, and 9.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 25 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.7 males.


title: West Chester, Pennsylvania

text: The median income for a household in the borough was $37,803, and for a family was $51,018. Males had a median income of $35,540, versus $30,819 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $19,073. About 9.8% of families and 21.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.5% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over.


title: West Chester, Pennsylvania

text: QVC has its headquarters and television studios in West Goshen Township, near West Chester. It is located in the same buildings that were once the corporate headquarters of Commodore International. Electronics Boutique, when it existed as an independent company, had its headquarters in West Goshen Township, in proximity to West Chester.


title: West Chester, Pennsylvania

text: Among the major shopping centers in the area is Bradford Plaza, a 22-acre property with a 161,000-square-ft center which sold in 2014 to New York Life for $35.7 million.


title: West Chester, Pennsylvania

text: The West Chester Public Library has provided library services to area residents since 1872. It currently has a collection of 50,000 items and receives 110,000 visits every year. The Francis Harvey Green Library on the university campus has additional collections.


title: West Chester, Pennsylvania

text: The "Daily Local News", headquartered in West Chester, covers Chester County events. WCHE (1520 AM) broadcasts from downtown West Chester and is a local commercial radio station that provides news and entertainment to Chester County. "The Quad" is the student-run newspaper of West Chester University. Published since 1932, it covers not only campus events, but also regional and national news. Radio station WCUR (91.7 FM) broadcasts from the borough and is managed by university students.


title: West Chester, Pennsylvania

text: The main east–west road to West Chester is West Chester Pike, which begins in Upper Darby, Delaware County, just outside Philadelphia, and is part of Pennsylvania Route 3 (PA 3). The West Chester Pike originally existed as a private turnpike connecting Philadelphia and West Chester between 1850 and 1918, when it became a public road. In West Chester, PA 3 follows Market Street eastbound and Gay Street westbound. The main north–south road in West Chester is High Street. To the north of town, the road is known as Pottstown Pike, which connects to PA 100 near Exton (PA 100 formerly ran through town). To the south of town, the road is known as Wilmington-West Chester Pike (US 202 and US 322). US 202 and US 322 both bypass the center of West Chester on the limited-access West Chester Bypass, with US 202 heading northeast to King of Prussia and south to Wilmington, Delaware and US 322 heading northwest to Downingtown and southeast to Chester. US 322 Business passes through West Chester along Hannum Avenue, Chestnut and Market streets, and South High Street. Other state routes serving West Chester include PA 162 and PA 842, which head west towards Unionville, and PA 52, which heads southwest towards Kennett Square.


title: West Chester, Pennsylvania

text: West Chester is home to the West Chester Transportation Center, which serves as a parking garage for the Chester County Justice Center and a bus terminal, which is located on the lower level of the facility. Three of SEPTA's Suburban Division bus routes serve West Chester. The Route 92 bus connects West Chester to the King of Prussia Transit Center, the Route 104 bus runs between West Chester University and the 69th Street Transportation Center, mostly following West Chester Pike, and the Route 135 bus connects West Chester to Exton, Downingtown, and Coatesville. The Route 104 bus replaced a trolley service that connected West Chester to Philadelphia along the West Chester Pike between 1898 and the 1950s. West Chester is also served by the Transportation Management Association of Chester County's SCCOOT, which provides service to Kennett Square and Oxford.


title: West Chester, Pennsylvania

text: Until September 1986, West Chester was served by SEPTA's Media/Wawa Line commuter rail line, then known as the Media/West Chester Line. Service on the line was discontinued because of poor track conditions west of the Elwyn station. At the time, SEPTA had limited funds for the necessary repairs and offered Chester County the option of either improving the rail line or expanding parking availability at the nearby Exton station on SEPTA's Paoli/Thorndale Line. The county opted for the latter, and service on the line was cut back to Elwyn (service was re-extended to Wawa station in August 2022). The rail line into West Chester is used by the West Chester Railroad, a heritage railroad.


title: West Chester, Pennsylvania

text: The borough is governed by the town council form of government. Led by the Borough Manager, there are seven council members, each representing one of the seven voting wards. The council controls all departments except the Police Department (the Mayor directs Police Department activities through the Chief of Police). The mayor and council members are directly elected by borough voters. In January 2010, Carolyn Comitta took office as the borough's 58th Mayor. In succeeding the term-limited incumbent, Republican Dick Yoder, Comitta became West Chester's first ever female Mayor, and the first Democrat to hold the office since 1992. Upon Comitta's election to the State Legislature, Councilman Jordan Norley (D) was sworn in as the interim Mayor of West Chester. Dianne Herrin was elected mayor in November 2017 and served from January 2, 2018, until February 20, 2021. Norley was re-appointed interim mayor to succeed Herrin. On January 3, 2022, Lillian DeBaptiste (D), daughter of former mayor Clifford DeBaptiste (R), succeeded Norley as mayor.


title: West Chester, Pennsylvania

text: The West Chester Area School District, an independent entity, manages the area's public school system. All of the secondary schools operated by the district serve sections of West Chester borough: they are three high schools (Henderson High School, West Chester East High School, Rustin High School) and three middle schools (E.N. Peirce Middle School, J.R. Fugett Middle School, G.A. Stetson Middle School).


title: West Chester, Pennsylvania

text: Elementary schools serving sections of West Chester borough include: East Bradford, East Goshen, Exton, Fern Hill, Glen Acres, Hillsdale, Mary C. Howes, Penn Wood, Sarah Starkweather, and Westtown-Thornbury. Under some zoning proposals circa 2018, Exton, Glen Acres, Howes, and Penn Wood would no longer serve portions of West Chester borough.


title: West Chester, Pennsylvania

text: St. Agnes School, a K-8 school of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia is in the borough limits. It opened in 1871. its enrollment is over 300.


title: West Chester, Pennsylvania

text: Much of West Chester University's North Campus is located in the borough, south of the commercial and retail center.


title: West Chester, Pennsylvania

text: West Chester has a variety of places to visit, including restaurants, shops, parks, and historical sites. Some popular tourist attractions include the Uptown! Knauer Performing Arts Center, Chester County Historical Society, the American Helicopter Museum, the West Chester Railroad, Brandywine Picnic Park, and QVC studio tours. People can also explore Downtown West Chester, which features a selection of dining and retail options along with historical buildings.


title: Jonathan Blow

text: Jonathan Blow (born 1971) is an American video game designer and programmer. He is best known for his work on the independent video games "Braid" (2008) and "The Witness" (2016).


title: Jonathan Blow

text: Born in California, Blow developed a passion for game programming during middle school and later pursued a double degree in computer science and creative writing at the University of California, Berkeley. He dropped out of college and briefly worked as a software developer before he started a game company with a friend. Once the company closed a few years later with the dot-com bubble bust, Blow worked as a game development contractor. He co-founded the Experimental Gameplay Workshop and wrote a monthly column for "Game Developer" before he started part-time work on "Braid" in 2005. The game was released in 2008 to critical acclaim, made Blow a millionaire, and is often credited with catalyzing a period of independent game development in the years following its release. He co-founded investment organization Indie Fund, and is one of the subjects of the 2012 documentary film "".


title: Jonathan Blow

text: Blow began work on "The Witness" shortly after the release of "Braid", using most of its revenue to fund development. Blow hired many people to work on "The Witness" full-time, forming the company Thekla, Inc. in the process. After more than seven years of development, the game was released in 2016 to critical acclaim. It was financially successful, and received several nominations for British Academy Games Awards and Game Developers Choice Awards. During development of "The Witness", Blow became frustrated at using C++ to program its game engine, and began designing and creating a new programming language for game development. Full-time work on the language, codenamed Jai, and a new game written in the language, began in 2016. By working on both Jai and the game at the same time, Blow is able to test out the design of the language, improve it early in its lifetime, and demonstrate the capability of the language. Jai has been released in a closed beta, and in December 2021 its compiler reached beta version 100.


title: Jonathan Blow

text: Jonathan Blow was born in Southern California in 1971. His father worked as a defense contractor for TRW, and his mother was an ex-nun. He has an older sister. He was raised Christian, Blow noting "we went to church every Sunday". Blow attended middle school in Northern San Diego County. While there, he attended a fifth or sixth-grade computer class with Commodore VIC-20s which provided him with his first introduction to programming and computers. Blow said "That was my favorite thing at school. I got it right away." When his parents noticed that he was very interested in computers, they got him a TRS-80 Color Computer, on which Blow learned how to program in BASIC, often using exercise books from RadioShack. In high school he also programmed games on a Commodore 64. Some of the games he programmed were inspired by Indiana Jones and "Pac-Man".


title: Jonathan Blow

text: Blow attended UC Berkeley as an undergraduate in 1989, majoring in computer science and creative writing. He started as a physics major, but switched to computer science because he "just felt called in that direction". Blow said that of the computer science major "you had to know what you were doing", while the bachelor's degree in english was "all about bullshitting things". He was a member of the university's undergraduate computer science association, the CSUA, going on to become a president of the club. Blow said he wrote some science fiction during college, but published it under a pseudonym. His favorite game in college was made by some fellow UC Berkeley students called Netrek, which Blow described as "like playing football with Star Trek ships". He spent five years at UC Berkeley, but dropped out with less than one semester to go. When asked about why he left, Blow said "I was really depressed about being at school, I didn't like it. I didn't have a good time."


title: Jonathan Blow

text: After leaving UC Berkeley, Blow worked at a "really boring" enterprise software company for six months, before taking up a contracting role at Silicon Graphics. There he ported "Doom" and "Doom II" to a set-top box. Blow noted "trying to play "Doom" on a TV remote is terrible, but I had it working."


title: Jonathan Blow

text: Around February 1996 Blow started a game company in Oakland with a friend from college using $24,000 of savings. They worked on a game which Blow described as an "online-only, 32 player drop-in drop-out science fiction Hovertank combat game". The game was playable in 1997, but they kept working on it to make it better. The name of the game went through several changes; the final version of the game on the internet was called "Wulfram 2". The company signed the game with Total Entertainment Network (TEN), which made it available through a subscription service. Blow said the contract "kept us alive at subsistence level for some amount of time". After TEN was shut down in 1999, Blow brought the game to Interactive Magic. Blow said his company lasted until the dot-com bubble bust of the early 2000s, after which a former business partner of his ran the game for free on the internet.


title: Jonathan Blow

text: In a 2020 interview, Blow said he was convinced that 1996 was the hardest time in history to start a video game company, because of the transition from 2D to 3D titles. A number of components of the game were challenging to implement, but Blow learned a lot from the experience. He summarized "we went broke, and I was burned out for several years after that from working hard... but that's how I became a good programmer."


title: Jonathan Blow

text: After Blow closed his first studio, he did contracting work with a number of game studios with larger budgets. Games he worked on included "", "" and "". In 2002, together with Chris Hecker, Doug Church and Robin Hunicke, Blow co-founded the experimental gameplay workshop at the Game Developers Conference. Around this time, he also wrote "The Inner Product", a monthly column for magazine "Game Developer".


title: Jonathan Blow

text: During this time period, Blow moved to New York City where he was introduced to an IBM research project about servers based on cell processors, which IBM had partly developed. Blow pitched them a proof of concept of a physics-intensive online multiplayer game about giant robots attacking a town. The idea was that the server would run the physics simulation of the game and then send the results to the clients. The robots in the game, for example, moved not through fixed animations, but by physics simulation of forces applied to the robots' joints. The players could shoot and destroy these joints, and the game's server would simulate the results. Blow and Atman Binstock did most of the programming for the game, Blow writing the client-side code, graphics, and gameplay, while Binstock wrote the physics engine to run on the server from scratch. After submitting their final report to IBM, the team tried to bring the game to EA, but Blow said "they were like, 'Yeah, we're not impressed'".


title: Jonathan Blow

text: Further contract work for Blow included particle effect programming on "Flow" (running on the PS3, which used the cell processor), and code review when MTV purchased Harmonix "to make sure there weren't legal landmines" in the company's code. Blow said of this part of his life "I didn't really know what I was doing in life yet, I was just stumbling forward like people do sometimes, and doing the best that I knew how to do, which at that time was programming."


title: Jonathan Blow

text: The 2D puzzle-platformer "Braid" (2008) was a landmark of independent game development. Released on the Xbox 360 through Xbox Live Arcade (XBLA), the game was "an immediate sensation", and a critical and commercial success. "Braid" demonstrated that it was possible for indie developers to release games on storefronts (instead of through publishers) and remain financially successful. The game "is often credited as the catalyst for the indie [game] boom of the following years".


title: Jonathan Blow

text: In "Braid", the player solves puzzles using a combination of platforming gameplay and the ability to rewind time. The puzzles typically require the player to figure out how to move the character to the jigsaw pieces located throughout the world. Rewinding time is usually an essential part of the solutions to the puzzles, and the precise mechanism of the rewind changes throughout the course of the game. The plot is told through a combination of textual exposition between worlds, environmental art, and gameplay. The story initially appears to be about the protagonist searching for a princess, although Blow stated that the narrative was "big and subtle and resists being looked at directly."


title: Jonathan Blow

text: Blow created a prototype for "Braid" in December 2004, and began work on the game proper five months later. Much of the work was part-time as Blow also did consulting work for a stable income and invested time into martial-arts training. By December 2005 Blow had finished the first version of the game; however, he felt the graphics and artstyle "looked extremely amateur". After many "false starts" trying to find a good artist, he hired David Hellman, who would eventually create all of the game's art. For the game's story, Blow drew inspiration from a variety of his favourite books and films such as "Invisible Cities" and "Mulholland Drive". Blow used licensed music for the game as this allowed him to choose high-quality long tracks which worked well with time reversal while reducing development costs.


title: Jonathan Blow

text: In mid 2007 he signed with Microsoft to release the game on the Xbox 360's Xbox Live Arcade. Blow felt that time spent meeting the XBLA certification process would have been better spent polishing the game, but added "for the most part, working with Microsoft has been great". He noted that Microsoft was "very hands-off" with respect to game design, and that "the final game is exactly what I wanted to put there". Blow estimated that he spent more than $180,000 of his own money to develop "Braid".


title: Jonathan Blow

text: The game was released digitally in August 2008 to critical acclaim and commercial success. The Xbox 360 version holds a score of 93 on review aggregator Metacritic, and the game sold more than 55,000 copies during the first week of release. The game made Blow a millionaire. Available only through download, the game represented an early shift in video games from physical to digital stores. The success of the game inspired many other indie developers; in particular, a designer at Supergiant Games claimed the studio wouldn't exist without the success of "Braid". By 2010 some other indie games had also found commercial success, leading Blow to cofound Indie Fund in 2010. Blow was featured in the documentary film "", where he discusses his experiences developing and releasing "Braid". By mid-2012 the game had sold more than 450,000 copies, and in 2014 Blow stated that sales had brought in more than $4 million in revenue. Blow used most of the revenue to fund "The Witness".


title: Jonathan Blow

text: Blow's next project was "The Witness" (2016), a first-person game in which the player explores an island while solving a large variety of puzzles on panels. The panel puzzles require the player to draw a path on the panel, and the puzzle is solved if the path satisfies a number of rules. Blow wanted to create a game utilizing non-verbal communication, and as such, the puzzle rules are never explained with words. Instead, the puzzles themselves teach the player the rules. Blow felt that solving puzzles in this way could generate epiphanies for players, and tried to design the game so that the player experiences "miniature epiphanies over and over again". The game includes around 650 panels, and Blow estimated that solving every puzzle in the game would take more than 80 hours.


title: Jonathan Blow

text: Work on "The Witness" began shortly after the release of "Braid" in 2008. Blow created prototypes of several different game ideas before choosing the one he liked the most, despite it being a 3D game which he "absolutely didn't want to do". Throughout development, Blow hired people to work on the game full-time, forming the company Thekla, Inc. in the process (he remains its president). By the time the game was revealed to the public in 2010, three people were working on the game full-time, and by 2015 this number had grown to eight. Blow had hoped to release the game as a launch title for the PS4 in 2013; however, work on the game continued until its release in 2016. At the time, it was virtually unheard of for a small independent game studio to spend more than seven years on a game. Blow said that "The Witness" ended up being "a much bigger game than I thought", and that "as long as it looked like we were going to have the money and time... we decided to make it the best thing we can."


title: Jonathan Blow

text: The game was released on Windows and the PlayStation 4 in January 2016 to critical acclaim and commercial success. The Windows and PS4 versions hold scores of 87 on review aggregator Metacritic, and several popular gaming publications awarded the game perfect scores. The game received several BAFTA and Game Developers Choice Awards nominations. "The Witness" debuted at $39.99, a price point that was met with outcry in some gaming forums. Blow stated that the price point was "fairly reflective of what the game is", and journalists noted that other independent games of a similar scope and quality debuted with the same price. Blow reported that the first week sales revenue of "The Witness" totaled over $5 million USD, and that it had sold more than 100,000 units. Blow noted that after release "The Witness" was one of the top downloads on illegal BitTorrent websites, and was pirated "just as heavily" as "Braid". He noted that piracy "will not help [Thekla] afford to make another game."


title: Jonathan Blow

text: Towards the end of development of "The Witness", Blow became frustrated with C++, the programming language Thekla used to implement the game's engine. Blow considered C++ to be fiendishly complex, and noted "C++ is a powerful language in some ways... but it makes [software development] a lot harder than it should be." He looked into the de facto alternatives to C++ at the time (namely Go, D, and Rust), but found none that addressed his concerns. He then released some videos on YouTube where he tried to convince people that game developers "could do better than get off C++." Blow estimated that by eliminating some of the tedious techniques required for game development in C++, a new programming language could reduce development time for a typical game by at least 20% and advance the art form by making programming more enjoyable. Further, he anticipated that the language would be relatively easy to create, predicting that it would be a quicker project than a game like "The Witness".


title: Jonathan Blow

text: In 2014, Blow began work on designing and programming the new language, which is codenamed Jai. Among other things, Blow hopes the language will improve the experience of game programming and allow programmers to build more functionality with less code. When asked about the real name of the language in 2020, Blow quipped that for many projects "people put all their effort into the cool name" before working on the project itself, and that he was "doing things in the opposite way". For about the first year and a half, his work on Jai was part time as Thekla was busy shipping "The Witness". In mid-2016, full-time work on Jai began, including a game engine written in Jai and a sokoban game built in that engine. By working on the sokoban game, its engine, and Jai at the same time, Blow is able to test the language's design and adjust it early in its lifetime. Blow has noted that no previous programming languages have debuted with a piece of demo software as large and complex as a game. The game is intended to prove the capability of the language, thus reducing the risk associated with adopting Jai when it is released. During a 2018 conference talk, Blow demonstrated that a clean non-optimized compilation of the 80,000-line sokoban game took less than two seconds on his laptop. Blow predicted that as work on the compiler continued, the compilation rate would increase significantly, with a target compilation rate of a million lines of Jai per second for a clean non-optimized build. In July 2018 Blow felt the language had already improved his productivity by 15%, and thought that given time the language could improve productivity by 50–80%. Blow intends to release much of the source code of the sokoban game upon release, and said Thekla is trying to structure the code of the game to be "very malleable", so that when it is released it can "provide an in for people who actually want to start experimenting with a program." The Jai compiler is currently in closed beta and reached beta version 100 in December 2021.


title: Jonathan Blow

text: The Jai-based sokoban game combines puzzle elements from a variety of other sokoban games while adding ideas of its own. For example, the majority of characters from Jonah Ostroff's "Heroes of Sokoban" trilogy appear in the game, as do the lily pads and skipping stones from Alan Hazelden's "Skipping Stones To Lonely Homes". By combining so many puzzle elements together, Thekla is able to "explode out the combinatorics [of the puzzle space] even further than Thekla did with "The Witness"." In mid 2018, two programmers were working on the game, and the art team consisted of five people. The sokoban game had over 700 levels as of May 2021, and Blow stated that it will probably have more than 1000 upon release. Work on the sokoban game, its engine, and Jai are regularly streamed by Blow on his twitch channel.


title: Jonathan Blow

text: In August 2020, Thekla announced "Braid, Anniversary Edition", a remastered edition of "Braid". The game's art is being repainted with significantly more detail, and will have smoother animations and enhanced sound. The new edition will include detailed and thorough developer commentary from Blow. Players will be able to toggle between the original and upgraded version while playing. Blow explained that the remaster will be faithful to the original, remarking that "Braid" will not get the "Greedo shoots first" treatment (a reference to a change made to Star Wars). Thekla planned to launch the game in early 2021.


title: Jonathan Blow

text: In 2013 Blow began making a prototype for a singleplayer game that was not a puzzle game. In 2018 Blow said the game had 40–50 hours of playable gameplay. He intends for Thekla to make the game using the game engine being developed for the sokoban game, once it has matured. He plans to work on the game over the course of 20 years, releasing the game in installments. Each installment will make the game larger and add complexity.


title: Jonathan Blow

text: Blow noted that one of his goals for the project is to expand his design abilities, and stated "I want to design something that is out of my comfort zone that will make me [a better designer]." Another goal is for the game to be similar to "Gravity's Rainbow" in having a "high dynamic range" and in how the work "is not afraid to leave you behind when it flies. It expects you to do some work and come with it".


title: Jonathan Blow

text: Blow, a strong proponent of ethical game design and the potential of video games as an art form, has expressed his views in interviews, blog posts, and public speeches. He's claimed that "World of Warcraft" causes societal problems by diluting the meaning of life to "running on a treadmill". On "FarmVille", Blow claimed the developers' goal was to degrade the quality of players' lives, calling its game design "inherently evil".


title: Jonathan Blow

text: He has received praise, being called "the kind of righteous rebel video games need", and "a spiritual seeker, questing after truth in an as-yet-uncharted realm". Blow has spoken of the potential for games to be greater and his own attempts to make more adult games. He's noted that in the future games could have a "much bigger role" culturally, but current game development does not address this potential, instead aiming for low-risk, high-profit titles. As a former physics major, Blow has expressed that games could examine the universe in similar ways that a physicist could.


title: Jonathan Blow

text: Despite "Braid"s success on the platform, Blow has criticized Microsoft's Xbox Live Arcade certification process as a major deterrence to developers.


title: Jonathan Blow

text: Blow is a member of Giving What We Can, a community who have pledged to give at least 10% of their income to effective charities.


title: Khumbu Icefall

text: The Khumbu Icefall is located at the head of the Khumbu Glacier and the foot of the Western Cwm, which lies at an elevation of on the Nepali slopes of Mount Everest, not far above Base Camp and southwest of the summit. The icefall is considered one of the most dangerous stages of the South Col route to Everest's summit.


title: Khumbu Icefall

text: The Khumbu Glacier moves an estimated down the flank of Mt. Everest every day. Ice entering the fall takes approximately 4.3 years to emerge at the base which is 2,000 vertical feet lower and one linear mile away. The speed of ice flow and the precipitous elevation drop, creates a bergschrund (ice berg shoulder) characterized at the top by massive transverse blocks that calve off the upper glacier creating gaping crevasses (hundreds of feet deep and often over 50 feet wide). As these massive initial glacial segments descend the fall, they are slowly twisted and crushed by the churning pressure of glacial flow, generating increasingly torturous crevasse fields in the middle of the fall, and a chaotic maze of smaller blocks toward the bottom of the fall.


title: Khumbu Icefall

text: Due to constant glacial motion, snow bridges concealing crevasses, and overhanging ice blocks (called "seracs") ranging in size from several tons to thousands of tons, can open or collapse with little warning generating extreme danger for climbers. A climber caught in an avalanche or other "movement event" in the icefall can do very little to avoid injury, because the topography of the fall zone prevents fast evasive action. Crossing the Khumbu Icefall is so dangerous that even extensive rope and ladder networks installed by professional guides cannot prevent loss of life.


title: Khumbu Icefall

text: The official Himalayan Database records 44 deaths in the Icefall between 1953 to 2016. No deaths have been recorded between 2017 and 2021.


title: Khumbu Icefall

text: Prudent climbers place emphasis on avalanche and crevasse-fall survival and rescue techniques prior to entering this terrain. Most climbers try to pass through the ice fall before sunrise when it is usually more immobile due to freezing in the nighttime cold. As sunlight warms the area, ice-melt causes friction within the structure to decline, which increases the rate of flow and hence, crevasse opening and ice-block or serac collapse. The most dangerous time to cross the fall is generally mid-to-late afternoon. Experienced, acclimatized climbers can ascend the icefall in a few hours, while inexperienced or non-altitude-acclimatized climbers may take 10–12 hours to complete the passage. "Camp I" on Everest's South Col route is typically slightly beyond the top of the Khumbu Icefall.


title: Khumbu Icefall

text: Around 6:30 am local time on 18 April 2014, 16 Nepalese climbers were killed by an avalanche in the Khumbu Icefall. Only 13 bodies were recovered. Nine others sustained blunt trauma injuries. The climbers were preparing the route through the dangerous icefall for the spring climbing season when the avalanche engulfed them.


title: A Million Little Pieces (film)

text: A Million Little Pieces is a 2018 psychological drama film directed by Sam Taylor-Johnson, and written by Sam and Aaron Taylor-Johnson. Based on the 2003 semi-fictional of the same name by James Frey, it follows Frey, a drug-addicted young man, who checks himself into a rehabilitation center to battle his addiction. Aaron Taylor-Johnson stars as Frey, and co-stars Billy Bob Thornton, Odessa Young, Giovanni Ribisi, Juliette Lewis, and Charlie Hunnam.


title: A Million Little Pieces (film)

text: "A Million Little Pieces" premiered at the 2018 Toronto International Film Festival, and was released in the United States by Momentum Pictures on December 6, 2019, and internationally by Entertainment One. It received heavily mixed reviews from critics.


title: A Million Little Pieces (film)

text: Initial rights for a film adaptation were held by Warner Bros., which had shelved the project after it emerged the book was not a memoir as promoted, and the author James Frey fabricated elements of the story. In October 2017, Sam Taylor-Johnson was announced to be directing the film, with her husband Aaron Taylor-Johnson attached to star.


title: A Million Little Pieces (film)

text: In January 2018, Billy Bob Thornton, Carla Juri, Charlie Hunnam and Giovanni Ribisi were added to the cast, with production beginning on January 25. David Dastmalchian and Juliette Lewis were cast a few days later. Odessa Young and Charles Parnell joined the cast in February, with Young replacing Juri.


title: A Million Little Pieces (film)

text: Atticus Ross, Leopold Ross and Claudia Sarne composed the film's score. Republic Records released the soundtrack with a score suite from the composers and songs by Otis Redding, Tom Waits, The Velvet Underground, Greta Van Fleet and others.


title: A Million Little Pieces (film)

text: "A Million Little Pieces" premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2018. The film was released in select theaters and video-on-demand in the United States by Momentum Pictures on December 6, 2019, and internationally by Entertainment One (who also owns Momentum). Additionally the film was released on DVD in the United States by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment on January 6, 2020.


title: A Million Little Pieces (film)

text: Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of , based on reviews, with an average rating of . The site's consensus reads, "While solidly cast and competently helmed, "A Million Little Pieces" amounts to little more than a well-intentioned but unpersuasive echo of a deeply problematic memoir." Metacritic gave the film a score of 45 out of 100 based on the opinions of 14 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Pontus (mythology)

text: In Greek mythology, Pontus (; ) was an ancient, pre-Olympian sea-god, one of the Greek primordial deities. Pontus was Gaia's son and has no father; according to the Greek poet Hesiod, he was born without coupling, though according to Hyginus, Pontus is the son of Aether and Gaia.


title: Pontus (mythology)

text: For Hesiod, Pontus seems little more than a personification of the sea, "ho pontos" ("the sea"), by which Hellenes signified the Mediterranean Sea. After the castration of his brother, Uranus, Pontus, with his mother Gaia, fathered Nereus (the Old Man of the Sea), Thaumas (the awe-striking "wonder" of the Sea, embodiment of the sea's dangerous aspects), Phorcys and his sister-consort Ceto, and the "Strong Goddess" Eurybia. With the sea goddess Thalassa (whose own name simply means "sea" but is derived from a Pre-Greek root), he fathered the Telchines and all sea life.


title: Pontus (mythology)

text: In a Roman sculpture of the 2nd century AD, Pontus, rising from seaweed, grasps a rudder with his right hand and leans on the prow of a ship. He wears a mural crown, and accompanies Fortuna, whose draperies appear at the left, as twin patron deities of the Black Sea port of Tomis in Moesia.


title: Wet T-shirt contest

text: A wet T-shirt contest is a competition involving exhibitionism, typically featuring young women contestants at a nightclub, bar, or resort. Wet T-shirt contestants generally wear white or light-colored T-shirts without bras, bikini tops, or other garments beneath. Water (often ice water) is then sprayed or poured onto the participants' chests, causing their T-shirts to turn translucent and cling to their breasts. The comparatively rarer male equivalent is the wet boxer contest, sometimes held at gay bars.


title: Wet T-shirt contest

text: Contestants may take turns dancing or posing before the audience, with the outcome decided either by crowd reaction or by judges' vote. In racier contests, participants may tear or crop their T-shirts to expose midriffs, cleavage, or the undersides of their breasts. Depending on local laws, participants may be allowed to remove their T-shirts or strip completely naked during their performance.


title: Wet T-shirt contest

text: In the United States, skiing filmmaker Dick Barrymore claims in his memoir "Breaking Even" to have held the first wet T-shirt contest at Sun Valley, Idaho's Boiler Room Bar in January 1971, as part of a promotion for K2 skis. The contest was promoted as a simple "T-shirt contest" in which airline stewardesses would dance to music wearing K2 promotional T-shirts. However, the first contestant to appear was a professional stripper who danced topless and the amateur contestants responded by drenching their T-shirts before competing. Barrymore held a second "K2 Wet T-Shirt Contest" in the Rusty Nail at Stowe Mountain Resort, Vermont in order to film it, despite the fact that Stowe City Council had passed a resolution banning nudity at the event. He held another promotional contest for K2 on 10 March 1971 at Aspen, Colorado's The Red Onion restaurant and bar, and the contests were featured in a pictorial in the March 1972 issue of "Playboy".


title: Wet T-shirt contest

text: The first known mention of the term "Wet T-shirt contest" in the press occurred in 1975 in "The Palm Beach Post", describing the contest's appearance at New Orleans discotheques. The contest subsequently became established at spring break events in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, with some bar owners being fined under public indecency laws for holding one. Despite a lack of clarity as to their legal status, contests began to take place elsewhere in the United States. A contest in a Milwaukee tavern in 1976 was subject to a police raid, despite contestants wearing Scotch Tape under their T-shirts as required by the police.


title: Wet T-shirt contest

text: Jacqueline Bisset's appearance in the 1977 film "The Deep", where she swam underwater wearing only a T-shirt for a top, helped to bring the wet T-shirt contest to broader public awareness. On Frank Zappa's 1979 album "Joe's Garage" the track "Fembot in a Wet T-Shirt" tells of Mary from Canoga Park who takes part in a wet T-shirt contest in order to raise money to return home after being abandoned by a rock group in Miami.


title: Wet T-shirt contest

text: The Spanish festival of La Tomatina, a large public tomato fight where participants become soaked with juice from tomatoes, has been suggested as another possible origin of the wet T-shirt contest, although La Tomatina began in 1945.


title: Wet T-shirt contest

text: In 1983, the King & Spalding law firm in Atlanta asked women summer interns attending that firm's annual picnic to participate in a wet T-shirt contest. The proposed contest was replaced with a swimsuit competition and the winner was promised a permanent job on graduation. Some participants said they felt humiliated but did not protest because they were candidates for jobs with the firm. "The Wall Street Journal" included details of the event in a front-page article on sex discrimination in large law firms. The fact that a wet T-shirt contest was proposed led to the case being used to demonstrate institutional sexism in law firms.


title: Wet T-shirt contest

text: In 1998, teenagers from Portland, Oregon, celebrating the completion of high school held a wet T-shirt contest on a Boeing 727 en route to a Mexican resort, with a flight attendant encouraging the activity. An FAA investigation followed, as pilots supposedly judged the contest on the flight deck, disregarding rules that passengers are not allowed in the cockpit. A video showed contestants emerging from the cockpit wearing wet T-shirts. The FAA disciplined the pilots for sexual misconduct.


title: Wet T-shirt contest

text: Lawsuits have been filed on behalf of underaged contestants who lied about their age to participate in wet T-shirt contests.


title: Wet T-shirt contest

text: In 2002, the parents of teenager Monica Pippin brought a federal lawsuit against Playboy Entertainment, Anheuser-Busch, Deslin Hotels, Best Buy, and other companies relating to her appearance the previous year in a Daytona Beach wet T-shirt contest, at which time she had been a 16-year-old high school student. Pippin had danced topless during the contest and had allowed men to pour jugs of water over her bare breasts. After footage of her performance began to appear in videos and on cable television, a neighbor alerted Pippin's parents, who retained a lawyer. Although Pippin admitted in court that she had lied to contest organizers about her age, her attorney claimed that, as a minor, she was unable to give informed consent to perform or be filmed topless. Pippin settled with Anheuser-Busch and Playboy in April 2006.


title: Wet T-shirt contest

text: In a similar suit in 2007, two women sued Deslin Hotels, Girls Gone Wild, and various websites that published footage of their appearance in another 2001 Daytona Beach contest. The two girls, who were both sixteen at the time, had been filmed exposing their breasts, buttocks, and pubic areas. Like Pippin, they had lied about their age to gain admission to the contest.


title: Kaadhal Kondein

text: Kaadhal Kondein () is a 2003 Indian Tamil-language romantic psychological thriller film written and directed by Selvaraghavan, starring his brother Dhanush and newcomers Sonia Agarwal and Sudeep Sarangi, while Nagesh and Daniel Balaji play supporting roles. The film, which has music scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja and cinematography handled by Aravind Krishna, released on 4 July 2003, winning critical acclaim and becoming a commercial success upon release. The film is considered a breakthrough for Dhanush as it catapulted him into the league of lead actors in the Tamil film industry.


title: Kaadhal Kondein

text: The film was remade in Telugu in 2004 as "Nenu", in Bangla in 2004 as "Onno Manush", in Kannada in 2009 as "Ravana" and in Bengali in 2010 as "Amanush".


title: Kaadhal Kondein

text: In 2003, Vinod (Dhanush), an orphan, has grown up under the care of church father Rozario (Nagesh). He is an introvert but a genius. He scores well in his +2 exams and gets free admission into one of the top engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu. He is forcibly sent to Chennai to college by Rozario where he is a complete misfit in class. Though shunned by the rest of his class, Divya (Sonia Agarwal) becomes his friend, and he gradually warms up to her. Vinod excels in his studies, and everyone begins to see him differently. His feelings for Divya soon turn into love, but he realizes that Divya considers him only as a friend and learns that she is in love with another classmate, Aadhi (Sudeep).


title: Kaadhal Kondein

text: Divya's father is enraged on learning of her love. He locks her up in her room and prevents her from contacting anyone. Vinod comes and requests to meet her on the pretext of purchasing second-hand clothes for himself. Pitying Vinod, her father allows him to meet Divya. Vinod escapes with Divya and convinces her that she will meet Aadhi in Ooty. Vinod has set up a secret place in Ooty to execute his plan of wooing Divya. He makes her stay with him, while convincing her to stay by talking about Aadhi's arrival. On one such day, he reveals information about his past.


title: Kaadhal Kondein

text: In 1995, near the forest of Hosur, a gang runs a brick factory which employs only children as labour. The gang's leader is a ruthless money-lending lady who buys orphans for work. The boys and girls are enslaved under highly inhuman conditions and work for 16 hours a day. Vinod, a 13-year-old-boy, is sold by his uncle and aunt for money after his parents died in an accident. He befriends three boys and one girl of the same age. One day, Vinod tries to inform the cruelty the children are exposed, to an officer who later accepts a bribe and leaves. He is then sent to solitary confinement within a metal box under the sun as punishment. Vinod's female friend agrees to the sexual advances made by the owners husband in exchange for freeing Vinod from the metal box, yet she dies during the sexual assault and the murder is covered up. Weeks later, the boys, lead by Vinod, rebel and kill the entire gang. They manage to vandalise the place and escape, following which the government takes over the plant, and all children are admitted into an orphanage run by Father Rozario.


title: Kaadhal Kondein

text: Divya is touched by his past. Incidentally, the police and Aadhi arrive at the place. While Vinod was away to get some food, they try to explain to Divya that Vinod is a psychopath, with the evidence of a dead body in his earlier residence. Divya scoffs at their claims, citing his gentlemanly behaviour over the days that she has been alone with him. Vinod, learning that the police have arrived at the scene, begins to indulge in violence. He opens fire, killing a police constable. Forcing them out of their hideout, he manages to evade the police inspector and Aadhi and successfully brings Divya back to their original place of stay. Divya soon identifies the wolf in the sheep's clothing. Vinod pleads with her, telling Divya that all he wanted in his life was her presence, but she called him a friend and stated her inability to accept him as her partner for life.


title: Kaadhal Kondein

text: Meanwhile, Aadhi regains consciousness and comes back to attack Vinod and rescue his girlfriend. A violent fight follows, where Vinod treats Aadhi with disdain. The fight culminates with Vinod, Aadhi, and Divya teetering at the edge of a slippery cliff. While Divya clutches a tree bark tightly, Vinod and Aadhi slip out and barely manage to hold either of her hands. Divya is forced to choose between her boyfriend and friend. Aadhi's pleas notwithstanding, Divya does not have the heart to kill Vinod, who smiles at Divya and he himself leaves hand falling to his death. The film closes with a dead Vinod looking up, with a smile on his face.


title: Kaadhal Kondein

text: Following the success of the previous film "Thulluvadho Ilamai" (2002), the team chose to collaborate again with the psychotic romantic thriller "Kaadhal Kondein", credited as Selvaraghavan's directorial debut.Jyothika was selected as lead heroine. Due to her unavailablity lead to chose a New Comer, Sonia Agarwal.The venture, produced by his home production, also marked the first collaboration of Selvaraghavan with cinematographer Arvind Krishna, whom he would later associate with newcomer Sonia Agarwal. Selvaraghavan had written the script for the film in the late 1990s and had first narrated the story to Dhanush in their shared bedroom at home, before asking him to play the lead role of Vinod.


title: Kaadhal Kondein

text: For "Kaadhal Kondein", director Selvaraghavan and music composer Yuvan Shankar Raja came together again after their earlier successful collaboration in "Thulluvadho Ilamai" (2002), for which Selvaraghavan worked as a writer. The soundtrack of "Kaadhal Kondein" released on 20 March 2003, featuring seven tracks with lyrics written by Palani Bharathi and Na. Muthukumar. The music, especially the film score, received universal critical acclaim, establishing composer Yuvan Shankar Raja as one of the "most sought after music directors" in the Tamil film industry.


title: Kaadhal Kondein

text: Most of the songs from this film were plagiarized from various sources: for example the song "Kadhal Mattum Purivathillai" was plagiarised from the song "Raven" in the album of "Tra" by "Hedningarna" and the song "Manasu Rendum" was copied from "A rose in the wind" by "Anggun". More than one year after the release of the film, an "original soundtrack" was released, that followed the Hollywood-style. It was said to be the first time, that an original soundtrack was released for a film in India as the soundtracks released in India do not contain any film score pieces but full songs that feature in the film itself. The OST of "Kaadhal Kondein" contains 20 tracks overall, which includes the seven earlier released tracks, four "montage" bit songs, that featured in the film, but not in the soundtrack, and nine pieces from the actual film score, which were titled as "Theme Music".


title: Kaadhal Kondein

text: The film opened in July 2003 to critical acclaim and commercial success. A reviewer from "The Hindu" noted, "his story, screenplay, dialogue and direction are focussed and hit the bull's eye straightway — hardly missing the mark."


title: Kaadhal Kondein

text: Since its release, the film has been remade into several Indian languages; Boney Kapoor bought the rights to remake the film in Hindi, but the project did not materialise. The film was later remade in Telugu as "Nenu" (2004), in Kannada as "Ravana" (2009), in Bangladeshi Bengali as "Onno Manush" (2004) and in Indian Bengali as "Amanush" (2010).


title: Kaadhal Kondein

text: The film proved to be career breakthroughs for both Selvaraghavan and Dhanush in the Tamil film industry. The success of the song "Devathaiyai Kandaen" prompted Boopathy Pandian to name his 2005 film starring Dhanush after the song title.


title: Chaat

text: Chaat, or chāt (IAST: "cāṭ)" () is a family of savoury snacks that originated in North India, typically served as an hors d'oeuvre or at roadside tracks from stalls or food carts across South Asia in North India, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh. With its origins in Uttar Pradesh, India, chaat has become immensely popular in the rest of South Asia.


title: Chaat

text: The word derives from Hindi "cāṭ" चाट (tasting, a delicacy), from "cāṭnā" चाटना (to lick, as in licking one's fingers while eating), from Prakrit "caṭṭei" चट्टेइ (to devour with relish, eat noisily).


title: Chaat

text: The chaat variants are all based on fried dough, with various other ingredients. The original chaat is a mixture of potato pieces, crisp fried bread dahi vada or dahi bhalla, gram or chickpeas and tangy-salty spices, with sour Indian chili and saunth (dried ginger and tamarind sauce), fresh green coriander leaves and yogurt for garnish, but other popular variants included alu tikkis or samosa (garnished with onion, potatoes, coriander, peas, hot spices and a dash of yogurt), bhel puri, dahi puri, panipuri, dahi vada, papri chaat, and sev puri.


title: Chaat

text: There are common elements among these variants including dahi (yogurt); chopped onions and coriander; sev (thin dried yellow salty noodles); and chaat masala, typically consisting of amchoor (dried mango powder), cumin, kala namak (Himalayan black rock salt), coriander, dried ginger, salt, black pepper, and red pepper. The ingredients are combined and served on a small metal plate or a banana leaf, dried and formed into a bowl.


title: Chaat

text: Some of the dishes now categorized as chaats, such as Dahi Vada, can be traced back to ancient periods. A recipe for a dahi vada analogue called "kshiravata" is mentioned in "Manasollasa", a 12th-century Sanskrit encyclopedia compiled by Someshvara III, who ruled from present-day Karnataka. According to food historian K.T Achaya, descriptions of dahi vada also appear in literature far ealier from 500 BC.


title: Chaat

text: Chaat as an organized phenomenon or distinct group of dishes, according to culinary anthropologist Kurush Dalal, originated in northern India (now Uttar Pradesh) in the late 17th century during the reign of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. The royal doctors had asked the people of Delhi to consume spicy and fried snacks, as well as dahi, as a countermeasure to the alkaline water of the Yamuna river that coursed through the city. Thus, chaat was invented.


title: Chaat

text: Most chaats originated in some parts of Uttar Pradesh in India, but they are now eaten all across South Asia and neighboring countries. Some are results of cultural syncretism.


title: Alone (2022 film)

text: Alone is an upcoming Indian Malayalam-language thriller film directed by Shaji Kailas, written by Rajesh Jayaraman, and produced by Antony Perumbavoor through Aashirvad Cinemas. It stars Mohanlal as Kalidas, the only character who appears in the film, the film also features some voice roles. 4 Musics composed the film's background score.


title: Alone (2022 film)

text: Mohanlal plays Kalidas, who works for Universal Declaration of Human Rights. He is the only actor appearing in the film.


title: Alone (2022 film)

text: Shaji Kailas said that "Alone" was developed after Mohanlal put forward a proposal to make a "small film" during the COVID-19 pandemic in India to help unemployed workers in film industry during the pandemic. For which, producer Antony Perumbavoor enquired for potential stories, to whom Kailas suggested a single character film about a man named Kalidas who gets trapped in Kerala during the pandemic while travelling from Coimbatore. Mohanlal and Kailas were collaborating for a film after 12 years. The screenplay was written by Rajesh Jayaraman. The title was announced on 4 October 2021. By then, filming had already begun. The title comes with the tagline "real heroes are always alone".


title: Alone (2022 film)

text: Principal photography of the film began on 27 September 2021. Filming was concluded on 22 October. The whole filming process was completed in 18 days. Kailas took the project after he had begun the production of "Kaduva" and was shot during its break. Abinandhan Ramanujam and Pramod K. Pillai was the cinematographers. Production design was done by Santhosh Raman. Kailas' son Jagan Shaji Kailas worked as an assistant director in the film. Mohanlal began dubbing in May 2022.


title: Alone (2022 film)

text: In November 2021, it was reported that "Alone" would be releasing on a digital streaming platform. In June 2022, Kailas revealed that the film would be releasing on an OTT platform in August 2022. On 21 October 2022, a teaser of the film was released announcing the film will have a theatrical release.


title: Work of art

text: A work of art, artwork, art piece, piece of art or art object is an artistic creation of aesthetic value. Except for "work of art", which may be used of any work regarded as art in its widest sense, including works from literature and music, these terms apply principally to tangible, physical forms of visual art:


title: Work of art

text: This article is concerned with the terms and concept as used in and applied to the visual arts, although other fields such as aural-music and written word-literature have similar issues and philosophies. The term "objet d'art" is reserved to describe works of art that are not paintings, prints, drawings or large or medium-sized sculptures, or architecture (e.g. household goods, figurines, etc., some purely aesthetic, some also practical). The term oeuvre is used to describe the complete body of work completed by an artist throughout a career.


title: Work of art

text: A "work of art" in the visual arts is a physical two- or three- dimensional object that is professionally determined or otherwise considered to fulfill a primarily independent aesthetic function. A singular art object is often seen in the context of a larger art movement or artistic era, such as: a genre, aesthetic convention, culture, or regional-national distinction. It can also be seen as an item within an artist's "body of work" or "oeuvre". The term is commonly used by museum and cultural heritage curators, the interested public, the art patron-private art collector community, and art galleries.


title: Work of art

text: Physical objects that document immaterial or conceptual art works, but do not conform to artistic conventions can be redefined and reclassified as art objects. Some Dada and Neo-Dada conceptual and readymade works have received later inclusion. Also, some architectural renderings and models of unbuilt projects, such as by Vitruvius, Leonardo da Vinci, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Frank Gehry, are other examples.


title: Work of art

text: The products of environmental design, depending on intention and execution, can be "works of art" and include: land art, site-specific art, architecture, gardens, landscape architecture, installation art, rock art, and megalithic monuments.


title: Work of art

text: Marcel Duchamp criticized the idea that the work of art should be a unique product of an artist's labour, representational of their technical skill or artistic caprice. Theorists have argued that objects and people do not have a constant meaning, but their meanings are fashioned by humans in the context of their culture, as they have the ability to make things mean or signify something.


title: Work of art

text: Artist Michael Craig-Martin, creator of "An Oak Tree", said of his work – "It's not a symbol. I have changed the physical substance of the glass of water into that of an oak tree. I didn't change its appearance. The actual oak tree is physically present, but in the form of a glass of water."


title: Work of art

text: Some art theorists and writers have long made a distinction between the physical qualities of an art object and its identity-status as an artwork. For example, a painting by Rembrandt has a physical existence as an "oil painting on canvas" that is separate from its identity as a masterpiece "work of art" or the artist's "magnum opus". Many works of art are initially denied "museum quality" or artistic merit, and later become accepted and valued in museum and private collections. Works by the Impressionists and non-representational abstract artists are examples. Some, such as the "Readymades" of Marcel Duchamp including his infamous urinal "Fountain", are later reproduced as museum quality replicas.


title: Work of art

text: There is an indefinite distinction, for current or historical aesthetic items: between "fine art" objects made by "artists"; and folk art, craft-work, or "applied art" objects made by "first, second, or third-world" designers, artisans and craftspeople. Contemporary and archeological indigenous art, industrial design items in limited or mass production, and places created by environmental designers and cultural landscapes, are some examples. The term has been consistently available for debate, reconsideration, and redefinition.


title: Gabbar Singh (film)

text: Gabbar Singh is a 2012 Indian Telugu-language action comedy film directed by Harish Shankar. The film is a remake of the 2010 Hindi film "Dabangg" and stars Pawan Kalyan and Shruti Haasan. The plot follows a police officer who embarks on a mission to take down a corrupt politician. Devi Sri Prasad composed the film's music and Jayanan Vincent was the cinematographer.


title: Gabbar Singh (film)

text: Made on a budget of 30 crore, the film was formally launched on 18 August 2011 at Hyderabad with shooting primarily held at Pollachi. It was released on 11 May 2012 and was declared a blockbuster, grossing around 150 crore worldwide, becoming one of the highest-grossing South Indian films of all time. Kalyan won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu award at the 59th Filmfare Awards South. A sequel, "Sardaar Gabbar Singh", was released in 2016.


title: Gabbar Singh (film)

text: Venkataratnam Naidu lives with his mother, stepfather Naidu, and a younger step-brother Ajay in Kondaveedu. His stepfather is always partial towards his step-brother much to the anger of Venkataratnam. He stops bothering about what other people think about him and renames himself after the fictional character "Gabbar Singh". As his anger towards his brother and father grows, Gabbar Singh runs away from home. His stepfather, Naidu gets hold of him and admits him in a boarding school away from Kondaveedu.


title: Gabbar Singh (film)

text: 21 years later, Gabbar Singh is a police officer posted as the Circle Inspector (CI) for the Kondaveedu region. His anger towards his brother and stepfather remains the same and lives separately from them. Though he wants to live with his mother in his new house, she wants him to stay with her and Naidu. Ajay is a gambling addict and has debts all over the village. Gabbar Singh falls in love with a handicraft vendor named Bhagya Lakshmi, whom he chances upon during a police raid that he conducts against gambling.


title: Gabbar Singh (film)

text: Siddhappa Naidu is a goon in Kondaveedu who With the help of his uncle, aspires to become the MLA of that region in the upcoming by-election. He wants to be nominated by the ruling party. Though Siddhappa despises Gabbar Singh for obstructing his illegal affairs, he tries to appreciate him. Gabbar Singh refuses and tells Siddhappa that he actually knows who he is and tells him to behave himself. Angered by Gabbar Singh's response, Siddhappa sends goons to disrupt the market yard in Kondaveedu. Gabbar Singh confronts the goons and defeats them with ease to reopen the market yard. Enraged Siddhappa now plans to kill Gabbar Singh but his uncle instead advises him to speak with the Home Minister about transferring Gabbar Singh out of Kondaveedu. Siddhappa and his uncle meet the minister, who simply denies their request. He also advises Siddhappa to make peace with Gabbar Singh or it would hurt his political aspirations.


title: Gabbar Singh (film)

text: Meanwhile, Gabbar Singh meets Bhagya Lakshmi and proposes marriage. She rejects by saying that she has to look after her ailing father, who is an alcoholic and she cannot marry while he is alive. Gabbar Singh then comes home to find his mother dead. He goes to his stepfather to make peace, as he is the only family left. His stepfather rejects and despises him as an outcast. Gabbar Singh is then attacked at the handicraft exhibition by Siddhappa's men when he is with Bhagya Lakshmi; he kills all of them in a fight. He confronts Siddhappa and warns him to stop bothering him and tells him that he will never allow Siddhappa to become an MLA.


title: Gabbar Singh (film)

text: Provoked by Siddhappa's men, Gabbar Singh's brother hits one of his creditors brutally and injuring him. Siddhappa calls the police station to warn them about the fight. Gabbar Singh beats up his brother in public, thus disgracing him. Siddhappa decides to take advantage of the situation and suspend Gabbar Singh. However, Naidu resolves the situation by accepting an apology from Gabbar Singh. Angered by the outcome, Siddhappa tells Gabbar Singh that something big will happen in the next 24 hours and challenges him to stop it. Gabbar Singh interrogates the henchmen of Siddhappa and finds out that Siddhappa arranged the marriage of Bhagya Lakshmi with a local merchant by paying her father a lot of money to enrage Gabbar Singh. Gabbar Singh goes to the wedding and confronts Bhagya Lakshmi about whether she loves him or not. Bhagya Lakshmi reveals her love and Gabbar Singh rescues and marries her in the same event.


title: Gabbar Singh (film)

text: Siddhappa, as a last effort tries to bribe the high command to get a party nomination to contest in the election. He offers 50 million to get the ticket. Gabbar Singh learns of the arrangement and steals the money that Siddhappa sends to the high command. Gabbar Singh's brother in desperate need of money is approached by Siddhappa. He offers help and money and in exchange asks him to work for his elections. Siddhappa orders him to deliver a cellphone (an iPhone 4 box) and a box of sweets to the Minister's house. But, unknown to him, a bomb has been placed in the sweet box, and kills the minister. Knowing that it was Gabbar Singh's brother who did the blast, the district superintendent suspends Gabbar Singh. Gabbar Singh confronts his stepfather Naidu tells him about his brother. Naidu suffers a heart attack after hearing the news and is hospitalized. Gabbar Singh takes care of Naidu at the hospital, thus bonding again. Gabbar's brother who is shocked by the events and the blast convinces Siddhappa to kill Gabbar before the latter catches him. Although he has no intention to kill his brother, he accepts to do it to escape from them and meets Gabbar Singh. He confesses to Gabbar that he was sent to kill him by Siddhappa. Gabbar tries to take him to the commissioner for a confession against Siddhappa. But Siddhappa calls Gabbar on his phone and reveals to him that he killed Gabbar's mother when he came to Gabbar's old home in search of his money. In a final battle, Gabbar arrives to Siddhappa's house and takes down the goons, and kills Siddhappa. Gabbar Singh later hires most of the Siddhappa's henchmen and gives them low-profile police jobs.


title: Gabbar Singh (film)

text: In 2011, Pawan expressed interest in remaking the Hindi film "Dabangg" to Telugu as he was impressed with the film. Arbaaz Khan sold the remake rights to Pawan. It was originally announced that Pawan would produce the film under his newly formed production banner "Pawan Kalyan Creative Works"; however, it was announced as Bandla Ganesh will produce the film under his banner Parameswara Cine Creations. Pawan approached Harish to direct the Telugu remake of "Dabangg". Harish Shankar revealed he was supposed to direct "Mirapakaay" (originally titled "Romantic Rishi") with Pawan Kalyan which was dropped due to various reasons. Pawan Kalyan reportedly told the director to take the basic theme of the film and change all the scenes to suit the Telugu nativity. Harish wrote a fresh screenplay of "Dabangg" with new situations different from the original. Pawan who read the script was satisfied with the screenplay and called it "so fresh ... apt for Telugu sensibilities". Harish said that it was Pawan who suggested to name the film as "Gabbar Singh" with the tagline "He is Special".


title: Gabbar Singh (film)

text: Sonu Sood was approached to reprise his character from the Hindi and Tamil versions, which he rejected, stating that he did not want to repeat it again. Abhimanyu Singh was recruited to play the character. Harish revealed that he "loved Abhimanyu Singh’s eyes in Rakta Charitra film. I thought he would match the hero in the role of Siddappa Naidu". Tanikella Bharani was selected to play Om Puri's character. Harish said that he increased the length of the Om Puri character played by Tanikella Bharani in Telugu so that he would support the villain with the dialogue part. Srikanth and Sushanth were originally considered to reprise Arbaaz Khan's character but eventually was replaced by Ajay. It was rumoured that either Krishnam Raju or Nandamuri Harikrishna would don the father's character but Nagineedu was selected to play the character. Harish Shankar signed Shruti Haasan as the film's actress. Shruti had signed the film in November 2011 replacing Ileana D'Cruz who had opted out, and played the role of Bhagyalakshmi, a village girl, which had been played by Sonakshi Sinha in the original version. Nathalia Kaur, Parvati Melton and Anushka Shetty were originally considered to perform the item number. Malaika Arora Khan was finally selected to perform item number for which she was reported to be paid ; however, Ganesh denied that Malaika was paid 1 cr and also refused to divulge details about her remuneration. Kota Srinivasa Rao, Rao Ramesh and Jaya Prakash Reddy were selected to portray supporting roles.


title: Gabbar Singh (film)

text: Pawan Kalyan wears a cargo shirt (with the buttons taken off) fitted with police logos. He ties a red towel around his head before fighting. He also wears dark shades and hooded shirts. Shruthi Haasan wears half sarees in the first half of the movie while she sticks to sarees in the second half. She uses bluish shades for the costumes. She uses crape and chiffon sarees in songs and in the second half with pattern blouses. Abhimanyu wears linen fabric pattern Kurtis with bordered patti on collar and cuffs which brings in the look of a local politician. He appears in both dark and lighter shades. His accessories, a lot of gold ornaments, rudrakshas, etc., show the nativity of a village's political villain.


title: Gabbar Singh (film)

text: The filming began in September 2011. All the scenes especially related to the police station were shot in Pollachi. The shooting was started without Pawan Kalyan as he needed to grow his beard again after shaving it off for a song shoot of Panjaa. Pawan Kalyan entered the sets of Gabbar Singh on the afternoon of 4 December 2011. The first dialogue of him was okayed in the first take. The song "Akasam ammai aithe" was completely planned at the green fields of Pollachi but the team had to do a part of the song in Hyderabad due to bad weather in Pollachi. The climax sequence was shot on the Hyd – Vijayawada national highway. The song "Dekho Dekho Gabbar Singh" was shot for four days at Gujarat and one day at ICRISAT. The interval fight scene was shot at Gayathri Hills in January 2012. The team then shot scenes at the house set at Kokapet which was built for the film "Maryada Ramanna" (2010) in March 2012.


title: Gabbar Singh (film)

text: The film was a remake of "Dabangg" (2010). Several new scenes were included in the Telugu version like the "Antakshari" and "Kabaddi" sequences. Harish said: "After watching Dabangg, I analysed why it became a hit. It is a multi-layered film with a rustic backdrop. It has Vishal Bharadwaj and Anurag Kashyap type of treatment to it. It’s a completely different genre film for Salman Khan. The hero has grey shades to him. [..] The script has a typical 70s type of Manmohan Desai's commercial formula".


title: Gabbar Singh (film)

text: Few dialogues were written for and uttered by Pawan Kalyan's character in the film. Dialogues like "Naku konchem thikka undi, kani daniko lekka undi" (I am crazy, but my craziness has a calculation) epitomises the nature of the characterisation of cop roles in Telugu cinema. Director Harish Shankar defended by quoting, "Fans like to see their favourite stars doing incredible things. I just tried to tweak Pawan's character for a better audience connection. The last dialogue of Pawan in the film "Police ane vaadu...Janam lo bhayam pogottevaadu avvali, kaani jananni bhayapette vaadu kaadu" (Police are there to prevent fear among people, but people should not be feared of us) sums up our film. I respect police officers and have made sure that we do not offend them in any way". The lyrics of the song Kevvu Keka draw heavily from folk literature (Jana Padams), this art form was developed by uneducated farmers who wrote those songs to entertain themselves while working in the fields.


title: Gabbar Singh (film)

text: The soundtrack of the film was composed by Devi Sri Prasad. On 15 April 2012, Pawan Kalyan along with Bandla Ganesh, Harish Shankar and few others visited Tirumala, where they released the first song from the film and soon after that they went to Visakhapatnam and visited Simhachalam Temple where they released the second song from the film. The audio was released through Aditya Music label and an audio launch event took place at Shilpakala Vedika in Hyderabad on the very same day.


title: Gabbar Singh (film)

text: Popular Telugu actor Kota Srinivasa Rao lent his vocals for a song in the film. Lyrics for the two songs were penned by Sahithi and remaining songs were written by Ramajogayya Sastry, Chandrabose, Devi Sri Prasad and Bhaskarabhatla. Devi Sri Prasad had written the lyrics for the song "Pilla". There were rumours that the song called "O Bava" were circulating around the internet but Devi denied that he had composed such a song for the film and "someone have might have uploaded it 'by mistake' as our song."


title: Gabbar Singh (film)

text: "Gabbar Singh" was initially planned to be released on Sankranthi. The film was supposed to release on 27 April but was eventually released worldwide on 11 May 2012. The film was released worldwide in around 2500 theaters. Central Board of Film Certification passed the film with an 'U/A' certificate. British Board of Film Classification passed the film with a '15' rating due to strong violence.


title: Gabbar Singh (film)

text: Bluesky Cinemas acquired the entire overseas theatrical distribution rights. TGM acquired the distribution rights for Gulf. Leo Entertainment, purchased the complete UK and Europe theatrical rights of the film. Elixir Entertainment bought theatrical rights for New Zealand and Australia.


title: Gabbar Singh (film)

text: AP Police Officers Association were upset with the way the police has been portrayed in the film. KV Chalapathi Rao, State President of AP Police Officers Association said, "The red towel which Pawan Kalyan wears in one of the movie stills is the point of contention. We see municipality workers in such attire generally and it is derogatory to show a police officer in such light".


title: Gabbar Singh (film)

text: The VCDs, DVDs and Blu-ray discs of the film were released by Sri Balaji Videos on 22 August 2012 on the occasion of Chiranjeevi's birthday. The satellite rights were purchased by Gemini TV for a price of around which is a record sum. The film was broadcast on 14 January 2013 on the occasion of Sankranthi festival and registered a TRP of 24 points during its premiere surpassing "Magadheera" (2009).


title: Gabbar Singh (film)

text: 123Telugu.com termed the film as "A Solid Entertainer". Idlebrain.com commented, "Pawan Strikes". Sify wrote:"The first half is filled with mass masala, while the second half turns hackneyed, but the drawback is instantly overcome thanks to the comedy". Rediff wrote:"Entertaining it may be, but Gabbar Singh is filled with violence and some vulgarity and not meant for the very young audience". Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of "Hindu" said: "The story is formulaic. Don't expect anything out of the box. What comes as a saver is an engaging screenplay, witty dialogues and performances from the actors". Karthik Pasupulate of "Times of India" rated the film 4 out of 5 stars stating that: "The movie sets a new benchmark as far as "paisa vasool" goes." Indiaglitz wrote:"All in all, GS is a treat to Pawan's fans, but it has not been made for the first week audience alone. This one will be a genuine hit, registering repeat audience for sure".


title: Gabbar Singh (film)

text: "Gabbar Singh" created a new opening day box office record and subsequently created the records for the highest grossing weekend and highest grossing first week in the Tollywood of the time. It also stands amongst highest openers ever in the Indian film industry. On its first day the film grossed approximately 18 crore generating a net share of approximately 13 crore. The film had collected a record share of 27.4 crore worldwide with a record first week share of 25 crore from Andhra Pradesh alone. At the end of two weeks the film has collected a record share of 39 crore worldwide. The total three weeks share of the film now stands at 50.45 crore. The film has grossed more than 1 million at the United States box office. The film had earned gross worldwide in the first three weeks. The film has completed 50 days in 307 centres on 29 June 2012. Sources added that "Gabbar Singh" has also registered another record of running in 250 direct centers. The film has shattered the box office collections records and has created a new history by raking around 53 crore share after 50 days run.


title: Gabbar Singh (film)

text: The success of the film made Shruti Haasan one of the most sought-after actresses in Telugu cinema. The film catapulted Pawan again into beckoning after his continuous failures "Puli" (2010), "Theenmaar" (2011) and "Panjaa" (2011). Nisha Kothari starrer "Bullet Rani" is said to be inspired by "Gabbar Singh". Suresh Goswami, director of the film clarified that "I don't mind if my film is called the female version of Gabbar Singh, but it's definitely not a spoof. In fact, Nisha's role is inspired by Pawan's tough cop act in his film". Teaser of "Aagadu" (2014) was also said to be inspired by that film.


title: Gabbar Singh (film)

text: The films "Kevvu Keka" (2012), "Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde" (2013) and "Pilla Nuvvu Leni Jeevitham" (2014) were named after the songs from the film. The song "Kevvu Keka" was parodied in "Atharintiki Daaredi" (2013). In "Naayak" (2013), Nayak (Ram Charan) and Nandini (Amala Paul) are seen watching the Bengali dub of "Gabbar Singh" in a theatre. The "Antakshari" sequence was parodied in "Shadow" (2013), featuring "Kevvu Keka". In "Race Gurram" (2014), Lucky (Allu Arjun) and Spandana (Shruti Haasan) are watching "Gabbar Singh" at a cafe.


title: Gabbar Singh (film)

text: Pawan Kalyan announced his intention to star in "Gabbar Singh 2", which he would begin working on after his film "Atharintiki Daaredi" released in October 2013. However, the film was postponed due to the political entry of Pawan Kalyan and was set to go on floors in December 2014. The film will not be a prequel or sequel to the original "Gabbar Singh", but a stand-alone film within the "Gabbar Singh" franchise and the film was scripted by Kalyan himself. Sampath Nandi has been named as the film's director, with Devi Sri Prasad set to compose the film's music. Later, K. S. Ravindra (Bobby) of "Power" fame was announced as the director. Anisha Ambrose was announced as the lead female role; however, she was replaced by Kajal Agarwal. The regular shooting for "Gabbar Singh 2" commenced on 29 May 2015 at Malshej Ghats in Maharashtra. The film (later titled "Sardaar Gabbar Singh") was released in April 2016. The sequel however received negative reviews from critics and bombed at the box office.


title: Tom Davis (British actor)

text: Tom Davis (born 27 April 1979) is an English actor and comedian best known for his role as DI Sleet in the BBC Three comedy "Murder in Successville", and as Gary King (Jr) in the BBC sitcom "King Gary".


title: Tom Davis (British actor)

text: Before television, Davis worked as a scaffolder, bouncer, market stall trader and a stand-up comedian. When his friend was working as a runner on "Bo' Selecta," they gave some videos of their own comedy sketches to Leigh Francis, who then invited Davis to appear on the show. He appeared in various comedy roles on TV over the following years. In 2015 he co-created and starred in "Murder in Successville". This semi-improvised show, in which a celebrity guest must help DI Sleet solve a fictional crime, became a cult hit. In 2016, Davis was named a BAFTA Breakthrough Brit and appeared in the films "Free Fire" and "Prevenge".


title: Thou shalt not covet

text: "Thou shalt not covet" is the most common translation of one (or two, depending on the numbering tradition) of the Ten Commandments or Decalogue, which are widely understood as moral imperatives by legal scholars, Jewish scholars, Catholic scholars, and Protestant scholars. The Book of Exodus and the Book of Deuteronomy both describe the Ten Commandments as having been spoken by God, inscribed on two stone tablets by the finger of God, and, after Moses broke the original tablets, rewritten by God on replacements.


title: Thou shalt not covet

text: The "Catechism of the Catholic Church" connects the command against coveting with the command to "love your neighbor as yourself." Ibn Ezra on the question of "how can't a person covet a beautiful thing in his heart?" wrote that the main purpose of all the commandments is to straighten the heart.


title: Thou shalt not covet

text: The Hebrew word translated "covet" is "chamad" (חמד) which is commonly translated into English as "covet", "lust", and "strong desire." The Hebrew Bible contains a number of warnings and examples of negative consequences for lusting or coveting. For example, when God was instructing Israel regarding the false religion of the Canaanites, he warned them not to covet the silver or gold on their idols, because this can lead to bringing detestable things into the home.


title: Thou shalt not covet

text: The Book of Joshua contains a narrative in which Achan incurred the wrath of God by coveting prohibited gold and silver that he found in the destruction of Jericho. This is portrayed as a violation of covenant and a disgraceful thing.


title: Thou shalt not covet

text: The Book of Proverbs warns against coveting, "Above all else, guard your heart, for it's the wellspring of life." The prophet Micah condemns the coveting of houses and fields as a warning against lusting after physical possessions. The Hebrew word for "covet" can also be translated as "lust", and the book of Proverbs warns against coveting in the form of sexual lust.


title: Thou shalt not covet

text: This commandment is directed against the sin of envy. Man is given the gift of human intelligence in order to be able to sift out the good from the bad, even in his/her own thoughts. Bava Batra teaches that a person can even harm his neighbor with his eyes. It asserts that damage caused by looking is also regarded as damage that is prohibited. Even if the covetous desire is concealed in the heart, the covetous desire in itself is regarded by the Torah as damaging to the neighbor.


title: Thou shalt not covet

text: Philo of Alexandria describes covetous desire as a kind of insurrection and plotting against others, because the passions of the soul are formidable. He regards desire as the worst kind of passion, but also one over which the individual exercises voluntary control. Therefore, near the conclusion of his discourse on the Decalogue, Philo exhorts the individual to make use of this commandment to cut off desire, the fountain of all iniquity. Left unchecked, covetous desire is the source of personal, interpersonal, and international strife: "Is the love of money, or of women, or of glory, or of any one of the other efficient causes of pleasure, the origin of slight and ordinary evils? Isn't it owing to this passion that relationships are broken asunder, and change the good will which originates in nature into an irreconcilable enmity? And aren't great countries and populous kingdoms made desolate by domestic seditions, through such causes? And aren't earth and sea continually filled with novel and terrible calamities by naval battles and military expeditions for the same reason?"


title: Thou shalt not covet

text: Abraham ibn Ezra taught that a person can control his desires by training his heart to be content with what God has allotted to him.


title: Thou shalt not covet

text: "When he knows that God has forbidden his neighbor's wife to him, then she's more elevated in his eyes than the princess in the eyes of the peasant. And so he's satisfied with his portion and doesn't allow his heart to covet and desire something that's not his, for he knows that God doesn't wish to give it to him; he cannot take it by force or by his thoughts or schemes. He has faith in his Creator, that He'll provide for him and do what's good in His eyes."


title: Thou shalt not covet

text: Maimonides (the Rambam) viewed the prohibition of coveting as a fence or boundary intended to keep adherents a safe distance away from the very serious sins of theft, adultery, and murder: "Desire leads to coveting, and coveting leads to stealing. For if the owner (of the coveted object) doesn't wish to sell, even though he is offered a good price and is entreated to accept, the person (who covets the object) will come to steal it, as it's written (Mikha 2:2) [Micah 2:2], 'They covet fields and (then) steal them.' And if the owner approaches him with a view to reclaiming his money or preventing the theft, then he'll come to murder. Go and learn from the example of Achav [Ahab] and Navot [Naboth]." Maimonides' admonition to learn from the example of Ahab and Naboth refers to the narrative in 1 Kings 21 in which King Ahab of Israel tried to convince Naboth the Jezreelite to sell him the vineyard Naboth owned adjacent to the king's palace. Ahab wanted the land to use as a vegetable garden, but Naboth refused to sell or trade the property to Ahab saying, "The forbid that I should give up to you what I've inherited from my fathers!" Ahab's wife Jezebel then conspired to obtain the vineyard by writing letters in Ahab's name to the elders and nobles in Naboth's town instructing them to have two scoundrels bear false witness claiming that Naboth has cursed both God and the king. After Naboth was subsequently stoned to death, Ahab seized possession of Naboth's vineyard. The text describes the as very angry with Ahab, and the prophet Elijah pronounces judgment on both Ahab and Jezebel.


title: Thou shalt not covet

text: The Gospel of Luke describes Jesus' warning to guard one's heart against covetousness. "Take care, and be on your guard against all covetousness, for one's life doesn't consist in the abundance of his possessions." Jesus also describes the sins that defile a person as sins from coming from untamed desires in the heart. The Epistle of James portrays covetous desire residing in the heart as being the internal source of temptation and sin. James goes on to describe how covetous desire leads to fighting and that lack of material possessions is caused by not asking God for them and by asking with wrong motives.


title: Thou shalt not covet

text: The Epistle to the Ephesians and the Epistle to the Colossians regard the sin of covetousness as a kind of idolatry and list this sin along with sexual immorality and impurity which give rise to the wrath of God.


title: Thou shalt not covet

text: The New Testament stresses thanksgiving and contentment as proper heart attitudes that contrast covetousness. John the Baptist exhorted soldiers to be content with their pay rather than extorting money by threats and false accusations. The book of Hebrews encourages one to keep his life free from the love of money and "be content with what you have" and depend on the promises and help of God rather than trusting in wealth. The book of 1 Timothy contains a classic warning against the love of money and stresses that it's great gain to be content with food and clothing.


title: Thou shalt not covet

text: The Catholic Church considers the prohibition on coveting in Deuteronomy 5:21 and Exodus 20:17 to include two commandments, which are numbered the ninth and tenth. In the Catholic view, the ninth commandment is a prohibition on carnal concupiscence (or lust), and the tenth commandment prohibits greed and the setting of one's heart on material possessions.


title: Thou shalt not covet

text: The ninth commandment forbids "the interior, mental desire or plan" to do adultery, which is strictly forbidden by the sixth commandment. It's considered sinful when desired or thought lustfully and deliberately with "full knowledge and full consent of the will".


title: Thou shalt not covet

text: A key point in the Catholic understanding of the ninth commandment is Jesus' statement in the Sermon on the Mount, "Every one who looks at a woman lustfully has already committed adultery with her in his heart." There is an emphasis on the thoughts and attitudes of the heart as well as the promise that the pure in heart will both see God and be like him.


title: Thou shalt not covet

text: While baptism confers upon the Christian the grace of purification from sins, the baptized must continue to struggle against disordered desires and the lust of the flesh. By God's grace he can prevail 1) by virtue of the gift of chastity which empowers love with an undivided and upright heart 2) by purity of intention which seeks to find and fulfill the will of God in everything 3) by purity of vision which disciplines the feelings and imagination and refuses complicity with impure thoughts, and 4) by prayer which looks to God for help against temptation and casts one's cares upon God.