title: Edmond Halley

text: Halley succeeded John Flamsteed in 1720 as Astronomer Royal, a position Halley held until his death in 1742 at the age of 85. He was buried in the graveyard of the old church of St Margaret's, Lee (since rebuilt), at Lee Terrace, Blackheath. He was interred in the same vault as the Astronomer Royal John Pond; the unmarked grave of the Astronomer Royal Nathaniel Bliss is nearby. His original tombstone was transferred by the Admiralty when the original Lee church was demolished and rebuilt – it can be seen today on the southern wall of the Camera Obscura at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. His marked grave can be seen at St Margaret's Church, Lee Terrace.


title: Edmond Halley

text: Despite the persistent misconception that Halley received a knighthood, it is not the case. The idea can be tracked back to American astronomical texts such as William Augustus Norton's 1839 "An Elementary Treatise on Astronomy", possibly due to Halley's royal occupations and connections to Sir Isaac Newton.


title: Edmond Halley

text: As a personal surname, the most common pronunciation in the 21st century, both in Great Britain and in the United States, is (rhymes with "valley"). This is the personal pronunciation used by most Halleys living in London today.


title: Edmond Halley

text: This is useful guidance but does not, of course, tell us how the name should be pronounced in the context of the astronomer or the comet.


title: Edmond Halley

text: Colin Ronan, one of Halley's biographers, preferred . Contemporary accounts spell his name "Hailey, Hayley, Haley, Haly, Halley, Hawley" and "Hawly", and presumably pronunciations varied similarly.


title: Edmond Halley

text: As for his given name, although the spelling "Edmund" is quite common, "Edmond" is what Halley himself used, according to a 1902 article, though a 2007 "International Comet Quarterly" article disputes this, commenting that in his published works, he used "Edmund" 22 times and "Edmond" only 3 times, with several other variations used as well, such as the Latinised "Edmundus". Much of the debate stems from the fact that, in Halley's own time, English spelling conventions were not yet standardised, and so he himself used multiple spellings.


title: Pumpkinhead (film)

text: Pumpkinhead is a 1988 American horror film. It was the directorial debut of special effects artist Stan Winston. The film has built up a cult following since its release. The first in the "Pumpkinhead" franchise, it was followed by a direct-to-video , two TV film sequels, and a comic book series. The film was originally called "Vengeance: The Demon" and it was inspired by a poem written by poet Ed Justin. The film inspired a video game called "".


title: Pumpkinhead (film)

text: In 1957, Tom Harley waits inside his farm cabin with his wife and his son, Ed. A doomed man seeks sanctuary at Tom's cabin, but Tom refuses and threatens to shoot him if he does not leave. Watching through a window, Ed witnesses the man caught and killed by a monster.


title: Pumpkinhead (film)

text: In the present, Ed Harley is a widowed father and owns a small store in the country. He leaves his young son, Billy, alone while he runs an errand. A group of teenage campers stop by at Harley's, and, while riding their dirt bikes, they mortally injure Billy. One teen, Steve, stays with the boy until his father's return; the rest flee the scene. At their cabin, the campers fight about whether or not to call the police. Joel, who is personally responsible for the boy's injury and is on probation for a similar incident, rips out the phone cord, knocks one of his friends unconscious and locks him and a girl in the closet to stop them from contacting the authorities.


title: Pumpkinhead (film)

text: Ed goes to see a witch and offers her gold, but she says that she cannot wake the dead. Instead, Ed says that he wants revenge; the witch agrees to help, but warns him that vengeance comes with a terrible price. On her orders, Ed goes to an old graveyard in the mountains, digs up a corpse, and brings it back to the witch's home. The witch uses blood from father and son to resurrect the corpse, which rises as a gigantic, spindly demonic monster referred to as "Pumpkinhead" by the locals.


title: Pumpkinhead (film)

text: Back at the cabin, Joel begins to experience remorse for his actions and decides to turn himself in to the police. The monster, however, has already arrived. One of the girls, Maggie, hears a voice whispering her name. Seemingly hypnotized, she follows the voice outside the cabin. Steve brings her out of her trance, but Pumpkinhead kills him. Ed experiences the murder through the monster's eyes. While the campers search for Steve, Pumpkinhead drags away Maggie, and Ed again experiences the ensuing murder. He returns to the witch and begs her to stop the monster's actions. The witch, however, tells him that nobody can stop Pumpkinhead and Ed will die if he interferes with the killing spree.


title: Pumpkinhead (film)

text: Joel confronts Pumpkinhead with a machete, but it swats him aside and drags Kim away, whom it drops from a fatal height. The three remaining campers unsuccessfully beg the locals for help. Ed arrives and shoots Pumpkinhead, but when Joel checks to see if the creature is still alive, it grabs a fallen rifle and impales him with it. A local boy, Bunt, helps the two remaining campers, Tracey and Chris, reach an abandoned church. Bunt relates the legend of the monster Pumpkinhead, explaining that the monster avenges one who was wronged. If anyone tries to stop Pumpkinhead or help his victims, that person becomes marked, too. Chris's dirt bike fails to start after Pumpkinhead removes the drive chain; he lifts up the bike, with Chris still on it, and throws it against a tree. He then drags Chris back to Harley's house, where Tracey, Bunt, and Ed have taken shelter.


title: Pumpkinhead (film)

text: Pumpkinhead captures Bunt. Ed stumbles out of the barn but is accidentally stabbed in the arm by a pitchfork. Both Ed and Pumpkinhead cry out in pain, and Pumpkinhead releases Bunt. Ed notices that Pumpkinhead's head is turning more human as Ed himself appears more monstrous, then realizes that he and Pumpkinhead are one; the only way for Ed to kill the monster is to die himself.


title: Pumpkinhead (film)

text: Pumpkinhead grabs Tracey by the neck, but before he can kill her, Ed shoots himself in the head. Pumpkinhead momentarily collapses to the ground, then grabs Bunt again. Tracey takes the gun and Ed begs her to finish him off. Ed, now fully metamorphosed, appears to menace Tracey. She shoots him until both he and Pumpkinhead fall to the ground dead. Tracey, Bunt, and Chris then watch as Pumpkinhead bursts into flames. Later that night, the witch buries Ed in Pumpkinhead's grave, ready to wait for the next person seeking revenge, and still wearing the necklace his son Billy made him.


title: Pumpkinhead (film)

text: "Pumpkinhead" was inspired by a poem by Ed Justin. The De Laurentiis Entertainment Group sent Stan Winston the script only expecting him to do the special creature effects, but Winston instead saw in the project as an opportunity to make it his directorial debut. Given Winston was then busy refining the story, he gave free reins regarding design to artists Alec Gillis, Shane Mahan, John Rosengrant and Tom Woodruff, Jr., the last of whom also wore the Pumpkinhead suit. Winston's experience regarding creature work enabled the effects not to use too much of the limited $3 million budget. Filming took place in Los Angeles, California.


title: Pumpkinhead (film)

text: The film was given a limited release theatrically in the United States by United Artists in October 1988 and again in January 1989. In total, it grossed $4,385,516 total at the domestic box office.


title: Pumpkinhead (film)

text: The film was released on VHS in the US by MGM/UA Home Entertainment in May 1989 and again in April 1995. MGM released the film on DVD twice: once in 2000 as a standard edition and again in 2008 in a 20th Anniversary Edition featuring an audio commentary and over an hour of featurettes. It was released on Blu-ray in September 2014.


title: Pumpkinhead (film)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, "Pumpkinhead" holds an approval rating of 65%, based on 23 reviews, and an average rating of 5.73/10. Its consensus reads: "With effects work and solid direction from Stan Winston -- and Lance Henriksen adding welcome gravitas -- "Pumpkinhead" is a creature feature that stands a cut above".


title: Pumpkinhead (film)

text: Dave Kehr of the "Chicago Tribune" wrote: "As a technician, Winston clearly knows how to make a monster, but as a director he's yet to learn how to bring one to life". Richard Harrington of "The Washington Post" wrote that the film has poor writing and acting, but it is surprisingly polished for a B movie. Chris Willman of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote that, despite its poor writing, the premise is interesting, but it's not executed as well as "Forbidden Planet". "Empire" rated it 2/5 stars and called it a "Friday the 13th" clone with "little atmosphere and no surprises". "TV Guide" rated it 2/5 stars and wrote that the film's second half becomes tedious because of its overdone slasher formula.


title: Pumpkinhead (film)

text: In a 1992 retrospective, Jon Nalick of the "Los Angeles Times" described it as "a well-executed film in a genre that is littered with dimwitted slasher flicks". Bloody Disgusting rated the film 4/5 stars and called it "a gothic story of love, loss, vengeance, and redemption". Joshua Siebalt of Dread Central rated the film 4/5 stars and wrote that film "stands as a timeless, dark fairy tale". Reviewing the 2000 DVD release, G. Noel Gross of DVD Talk rated it 3.5/5 stars and wrote that the film is "too good to pass over", despite its lackluster presentation. Nick Nunziata also criticized the 2000 DVD release and wrote that the film does not hold up. Nick Schager of The A.V. Club called it an endearing, pulp film that lacks subtlety. Reviewing the film on Blu-ray, Ken Hanley of "Starlog" said it is "one hell of an impressive directorial debut". Writing in "Horror Films of the 1980s", critic John Kenneth Muir called it "a meditation on vengeance" that is "surprising and rewarding" for its rejection of vigilante justice, a popular theme in the 1980s.


title: Pumpkinhead (film)

text: Despite its poor box office results, "Pumpkinhead" has become a cult film. In 2013, Tyler Doupe included Pumpkinhead in his list of Underrated Horror Killers at Fearnet, and "Fangoria" included it in their 101 Best Horror Movies You've Never Seen.


title: Pumpkinhead (film)

text: A sequel, "", was released directly to video in 1994. It was directed by Jeff Burr. Two additional sequels, "" and "", were filmed in 2006 as made for television movies. They were broadcast on Syfy in October 2006 and on February 2007, respectively.


title: Pumpkinhead (film)

text: A reboot of the series has been reported and was to be produced by "Saw" executive producer Peter Block. Nate Atkins was set to write the script for the reboot. Paramount Players currently develops the film as of November 2021, with a script already written and news of who will direct to be announced "in the coming months".


title: Pumpkinhead (film)

text: In 1993, Dark Horse Comics published a "Pumpkinhead" comic book series called "Pumpkinhead: The Rites of Exorcism". The comic was supposed to be a four-part mini-series but only two issues were published. The second one ended in a cliffhanger leaving readers with the prospect of a winged Pumpkinhead that would have appeared in the third issue.


title: Pumpkinhead (film)

text: Dynamite Entertainment began publishing a five issue "Pumpkinhead" limited series, written by Cullen Bunn and illustrated by Blacky Shepherd, in February 2018.


title: Pumpkinhead (film)

text: In 1995, Electronic Arts published a first-person shooter computer game for Microsoft Windows called "". The game was poorly received.


title: Pumpkinhead (film)

text: In 1991, GEOmetric Design, Inc. produced and marketed the first licensed Pumpkinhead model kit. It featured the demon on a display base depicting a portion of a burned out church. The model kit was sculpted by American artist Randy Bowen. The kit was discontinued when GEOmetric Design released its "Pumpkinhead: The Metamorphosis" kit in 1994. Sculpted by Japanese artist Takayuki Takeya (竹谷 隆之), the second kit was based on the Pumpkinhead sequel story written by Carducci and Gerani and published in the Dark Horse Comics series. The kit included a glossy, full-color booklet that concluded the cancelled comic.


title: Pumpkinhead (film)

text: The horror punk band The Misfits released a song entitled "Pumpkin Head", which was featured on their album "Famous Monsters", released in 1999.


title: Pumpkinhead (film)

text: The song "Vengeance the Demon/Close the Door/Out Crowd" by the horror folk punk band Harley Poe was featured on their 2013 album "Pagan Holiday". This song includes descriptions of the Pumpkinhead legend.


title: Kaatteri

text: Kaatteri (, and also spelled Katteri) is an 2022 Indian Tamil-language comedy horror film written and directed by Deekay. The film stars Vaibhav, Sonam Bajwa, Varalaxmi Sarathkumar and Aathmika. The film has no songs and score is composed by S. N. Prasad. It is produced by K. E. Gnanavel Raja under his production banner of Studio Green. The film was released theatrically on 5 August 2022, and was a box-office bomb.


title: Kaatteri

text: The film begins with a 1968 local village festival. One person cuts an electric post, another person comes and pushes down the post, and the electric wire rips all of the village people. And then the film is set in 2019. Gajja, Kaliyurunda, and Sankar, a group of kidnappers, kidnap Kamini and bring her to Naina. Naina orders his henchmen to kill the kidnappers so they can't tell anyone about it. The kidnappers escape from the henchmen and come to Kiran's first night room and tell them about the kidnap and Naina's plan to ask for a huge ransom from Kamini's family. Shwetha instructs them to kidnap Kamini from the henchmen and demand a large ransom. As per her instruction, Kiran and his friends kidnap Kamini and ask her about Maanga Mani. Kamini tells them about him. He was taking a treatment from her, and a few weeks ago, he said he was about to go on a treasure hunt for gold. Shwetha finds Maanga Mani's location by entering his number on Truecaller. They went to the same location that was shown on Truecaller. The village's name is Kolaatipuram. When they enter the village, the behavior of the villagers is weird, and they realize that the villagers are ghosts. They are the people who died in 1968. After knowing that the villagers are ghosts, they try to elope from the village, but they can't escape from the village. Wherever they run, they end up in the festival area. And Kamini tells them that Sankar was taken by a ghost, Mathamma, who asked her, "Am I beautiful?" Shwetha instructs them to meet Maathamma and correctly answer questions in order to obtain the gold. So they walked to the place of Mathamma. Shwetha ran away after seeing Mathamma, and Kiran and his friends got beaten by Mathamma. Mathamma tells her story, which happened in 1968. She, her sister Mohini, and her uncle Venu were living in the same house. Venu tells Sambath to dig a well at the back of their house and orders Mohini to help him. While digging the well, the land slides and the well becomes too deep. Sambath gets out of the well with the help of Mohini and Mathamma. He requests that they bring a lamp to measure the depth of the well. They tied a rope around the lamp and put the lamp into the well. When they pulled up the rope, the lamp was missing, but a mud pot was tied with the rope. When they opened the mud pot, the pot was filled with gold jewels. By seeing this, Sambath tells them he is going to buy more lamps to get more gold. After Sambath leaves, they discover a piece of paper with the words, "If you have anything else, send it to me." So they took a chicken and threw it down the well, and this time they got a large mud pot filled with gold and a piece of paper that said, "If you have anything else, send it to me." Sambath came back with a lot of lamps, and he put all of those lamps into the well, but when he pulled the rope, all of those lamps were damaged. When he saw those damaged lamps, he got angry and took an aruval and entered the well tied up with a rope. When Mathamma and Mohini pulled the rope, a big wooden barrel appeared with a paper written with "Keep sending this to me". By seeing the paper, they send their drunkard uncle Venu into the well. They understood that the well needed human flesh. So they ask Aarumugam, a police officer, for dead bodies. He also gave them some dead bodies. One night, he enters the house of Mathamma and sees a lot of gold. At that time, Kaatteri came out of the well and ate one of the policemen and wrote on the wall, "Do not starve the well." By knowing this, he planned to kill all of the villagers and feed the Kaatteri. During the festival, he cuts the electric post and the wire rips the people. They put all of the dead bodies into the well. He also pushed Mohini and Mathamma into the well. Mathamma's story ends, and she asks Kiran, "Tell me now, which part of my story was a fact and which was fiction." Suddenly, Kamini behaves abnormally, and her face changes to Mohini's. Ponnambalam comes to the house and asks Kiran to burn Kamini. Kiran burns her, and Ponnambalam captures the ghost of Mohini. When Kaatteri comes to kill them, they try to manage and save their lives. By luck, they managed that night, and then Ponnambalam tried to kill Kiran while running after him. He fell down and shot himself in the chest and died. Kiran took the bottle that has Mohini's ghost in it and gave it to Naina. Naina opens it, and he gets frightened by seeing the ghost. In bed, Kiran asks Shwetha about how she knows that Aarumugam is Naina, and Shwetha asks Kiran 'am I beautiful '?


title: Kaatteri

text: The principal photography of the film commenced around 20 April 2018, after the launch of the film in Chennai. The film initially speculated to cast four heroines in the female lead role including Oviya, but Oviya was later replaced by Aathmika in the shoot. However, the filmmakers managed to rope in Varalaxmi Sarathkumar, Sonam Bajwa, Aathmika and Manali Rathod in the female prominent roles. Telugu actor Aadi was initially selected as lead actor however he later opted out and was replaced by Vaibhav. It was revealed that most of the portions of the film were set in a jungle in Chennai and abroad, including the neighbourhood country Sri Lanka while most of the scenes of the film were apparent to have been shot during night time. The shooting of the film wrapped up in June 2018.


title: Kaatteri

text: Soundtrack was composed by S. N. Prasad collaborating with director Deekay for second time after "Yaamirukka Bayamey" (2014). A single track titled "En Peru Enna Kelu" was released in June 2020.


title: Kaatteri

text: The post-theatrical streaming rights of the film was bought by Netflix and the satellite rights of the film was bought by Zee Tamil.


title: Cytherea (actress)

text: Cytherea (born September 27, 1981) is an American pornographic actress and model. She is known for her ability to ejaculate (known as "squirting" in the adult industry) while performing sex acts.


title: Cytherea (actress)

text: Cytherea took her stage name from the Greek goddess of love, beauty, and music. She originally had a Yahoo! fan group when she was recruited by an agent into the adult industry. Her video career started in 2003, and she has performed in over 350 movies. Her first scene was with Tyce Bune for "I've Never Done That Before 14". Elegant Angel produced a series of movies featuring her dubbed as "Squirtwoman". Cytherea performed her first anal scene in the movie "Cytherea's Anal Whores" in 2006.


title: Cytherea (actress)

text: She won the Best New Starlet Award from AVN in 2005. Also that year she made her feature dancing debut in Charlotte, N.C. at The Gentlemen's Club. Cytherea formed a production company called "Cytherea Productions" in 2004.


title: Cytherea (actress)

text: In 2012, Cytherea signed with Ideal Image Management for representation, returning to performing after a brief stint in 2010–11 after a nearly four-year hiatus.


title: Cytherea (actress)

text: In 2014, Cytherea announced her intentions to crowdfund her return to the adult industry. She stated that since retiring from the industry in 2005, she has been a stay-at-home-mother to her two children. She also stated that she has had plastic surgery done in order to prepare herself for her return.


title: Cytherea (actress)

text: She has appeared on cable television shows, most notably the HBO/Cinemax series "Sex Games: Vegas", Playboy TV's "Night Calls" and has been a guest on the Tom Leykis Show and "The Howard Stern Show".


title: Cytherea (actress)

text: Cytherea also hosted an industry talk and interview radio show on KSEX in Los Angeles, California called "Goddess of Gush". According to her website, the show was cancelled in 2006 and Cytherea has toured as a feature dancer in the past.


title: Cytherea (actress)

text: She has also had minor roles in a variety of movies such as the thriller "Tumbling After" and the comedy film "Finishing the Game: The Search for a New Bruce Lee", both in 2007, and the cable television series "Sex Games Vegas" in 2005.


title: Cytherea (actress)

text: Cytherea was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. She has two children and self-identifies as bisexual. She is a former Mormon.


title: Cytherea (actress)

text: Cytherea's house was invaded and robbed in January 2015, which involved a sexual assault by three armed men. Police believed the house was selected at random. Cytherea, her husband, and her two children were all home at the time.


title: Aya Hirano

text: In 2006, she became known for her role as Haruhi Suzumiya in the "Haruhi Suzumiya" franchise, winning the Voice Acting Award at the 2007 Tokyo Anime Awards, the Best Newcomer Award at the 1st Seiyu Awards in 2007, and the Best Lead Actress award at the 2nd Seiyu Awards in 2008. In addition, she also provided the voice of Misa Amane in "Death Note", Konata Izumi in "Lucky Star", and Lucy Heartfilia in "Fairy Tail". In 2010, Hirano began transitioning her acting career to television and stage plays, starring in "Konna no Idol Janain!?" (2012) and "Muse no Kagami" (2012).


title: Aya Hirano

text: In the late 2000s and early 2010s, Hirano was regarded as an idol voice actor and is notable for being a voice actor who was able to cross over to mainstream entertainment. Along with voice acting, Hirano currently releases music through Universal Sigma. She released her first single "Breakthrough" in 2006, and she released her first album "Riot Girl" in 2008.


title: Aya Hirano

text: Hirano was born in Nagoya on October 8, 1987. She spent a few of her very early years of life in the United States before returning to Japan.


title: Aya Hirano

text: In 1998, Hirano joined the Tokyo Child Theatrical Group division of the company. After starting her acting career, Hirano began to appear in commercials and received her first role as a voice actress at 14 years old in the 2001 anime series "Angel Tales". In 2002, when she was 15, she voiced co-lead character Lumiere in "Kiddy Grade".


title: Aya Hirano

text: After graduating from high school, Hirano began seriously pursuing her voice acting and solo singing career. Her big break came in 2006, when she was cast as the voice of Haruhi Suzumiya, the title character and heroine of the anime series "The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya". The series' public success boosted her popularity and career in Japan. Hirano soon became one of the first voice actors who crossed over into mainstream media, as well as one of the first well-known idol voice actors. This success was followed by her voicing Reira Serizawa in "Nana" and Misa Amane in "Death Note". At the first Seiyu Awards, she won "Best Newcomer (female)", for her role as Haruhi Suzumiya; the same role also won her a nomination as "Best Main Character (female)". At the same awards, she was also nominated for "Best Supporting Character (female)", and earned two nominations for "Best Single" (one of which was for a solo, "Bōken Desho Desho?"; the other was a group nomination for the single "Hare Hare Yukai"). She also won in the Voice Acting category at the 2007 Tokyo Anime Awards for her role as the lead character in "The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya".


title: Aya Hirano

text: Hirano performed at the Animelo Summer Live concerts between 2006 and 2008, as well as the Suzumiya Haruhi no Gekisō concert on March 18, 2007. She was a guest at Anime Expo 2007, along with other cast members from "The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya", Minori Chihara and Yūko Gotō. In 2007, she continued to enjoy great success in her career, landing the role of Konata Izumi in the anime version of "Lucky Star". In 2008, at the second Seiyu Awards, she won for Best Lead Actress, and also for Best Singing along with cast members of "Lucky Star" for the series' opening theme "Motteke! Sailor Fuku".


title: Aya Hirano

text: In April 2011, Hirano announced that she had been prohibited from taking on new voice acting roles since the previous year. She still continued voicing characters for anime that received additional seasons or extended runs. Citing a need for a new agency that was more ideal for her career wishes, she announced on August 12, 2011, that she had left Space Craft Entertainment. On August 21, Hirano moved to the voice acting agency Grick. Days later, on August 27, she posted a message on her Twitter account, confirming that she had resumed new voice acting roles in anime.


title: Aya Hirano

text: In 2016, after a stint in the musical "The Mystery of Edwin Drood" in Tokyo, Hirano spent four months studying English and voice in New York.


title: Aya Hirano

text: Hirano's music career began as part of the band SpringS, which was active from 2002 to 2003. She then released two character image songs in 2005: , which was used as an ending theme to the original video animation "Itsudatte My Santa!", and , which was an image song for her character Mamori Anezaki in the anime series "Eyeshield 21".


title: Aya Hirano

text: Hirano's first solo single under the record label Lantis was "Breakthrough", which was released on March 8, 2006; the title track was used as the opening theme of the visual novel "Finalist". Her next single was , which was released on April 26, 2006; the title track is used as the opening theme of "The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya". The CD sold out in Japan the very day it was released. This was followed by the release of an image song single for her character Haruhi Suzumiya on July 5, 2006, which contained the songs and . Her third single was released on September 6, 2006.


title: Aya Hirano

text: Hirano released her fourth single "Love Gun" on October 10, 2007. This was followed by her fifth single "Neophilia" which was released on November 7, 2007, and her sixth single "MonStAR" which was released on December 5, 2007.


title: Aya Hirano

text: Hirano released her seventh single "Unnamed World" on April 23, 2008; the title track was used as the ending theme to the anime series "Nijū Mensō no Musume". This was followed by the release of her first solo album "Riot Girl" on July 16, 2008. She then released the song on October 8, 2008, which was used as the ending theme to the anime series "Hyakko".


title: Aya Hirano

text: Hirano released her eighth single "Set me free / Sing a song!" on April 29, 2009. She then released her ninth single "Super Driver" on July 22, 2009; the title track is used as the opening theme of the second season of "The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya". Her second album was released on November 18, 2009. Her tenth single "Hysteric Barbie" was released on June 23, 2010. To promote the single, she created a Twitter account which was originally intended to be only used for one day; however, she would continue to use the account after the promotion had ended.


title: Aya Hirano

text: In May 2011, Hirano released a compilation album titled "Aya Museum". Later that month, she announced via Twitter that she was no longer performing music for Lantis and had discontinued her music career until further notice. On August 2, 2011, Japanese magazine "Bubka" confirmed that she was dismissed by Lantis due to a sex scandal involving her sleeping with several band members. She then returned to music in 2012 and was signed to the record label Universal Sigma. Her first release on the label was the mini album "Fragments" on May 23, 2012. This was followed by the song which was released on August 15, 2012; the title track is used as the ending theme to the anime film "".


title: Aya Hirano

text: In 2013, Hirano released two singles: "TOxxxIC" which was released on February 20, and "Promise" which was released on October 9; "Promise" was used as an insert song in the documentary film "Kitakitsune Monogatari: Ashita e". She released her fourth album "Vivid" on February 19, 2014.


title: Aya Hirano

text: In 2018, Hirano performed the song "Pride", which was used as a character song to the mobile game "Granblue Fantasy".


title: Aya Hirano

text: In November 2010, Hirano posted a message on her Twitter account that she has had a pituitary gland tumor since junior high school. While not malignant, the tumor exerts pressure on certain motor functions, resulting in temporary memory loss, loss of vision and slurring of speech. She decided against elective surgery because the surgery would alter her nasal cavity and permanently modify her voice.


title: Aya Hirano

text: Once "The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya" broadcast in 2006, Hirano received widespread media attention and popularity, which led her to be known as a "super idol" in the voice acting industry. In 2007, she was ranked No. 36 in Daitan Map's Top 50 Voice Actors. She also notably became a voice actor who was able to cross over to mainstream media, where she began appearing on variety shows since 2010. In 2011, Hirano was the 5th best-selling voice actress, making in total sales.


title: Aya Hirano

text: Beginning in 2010, Hirano drew criticism from her anime fanbase when she openly discussed her dating and sex life on the variety show "Goût Temps Nouveau", as well as the implication that she was abandoning voice acting in favor of a career in mainstream entertainment. In early 2011, an acquaintance of a Lantis employee leaked that Hirano had sexual relations with three of her band members, leading to the dismissal of all four of them; in August 2011, Japanese magazine "Bubka" published photos of their affair. The incidents have caused several fans to destroy her merchandise and create petitions to remove her from her role in "Kizumonogatari". Hirano stopped posting on Twitter beginning on May 18, 2013, allowing her team to use her account as an information channel.


title: Aya Hirano

text: Hirano has had dubbing roles in localized versions of a number of foreign television series and films.


title: GNU Lesser General Public License

text: The GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) is a free-software license published by the Free Software Foundation (FSF). The license allows developers and companies to use and integrate a software component released under the LGPL into their own (even proprietary) software without being required by the terms of a strong copyleft license to release the source code of their own components. However, any developer who modifies an LGPL-covered component is required to make their modified version available under the same LGPL license. For proprietary software, code under the LGPL is usually used in the form of a shared library, so that there is a clear separation between the proprietary and LGPL components. The LGPL is primarily used for software libraries, although it is also used by some stand-alone applications.


title: GNU Lesser General Public License

text: The LGPL was developed as a compromise between the strong copyleft of the GNU General Public License (GPL) and more permissive licenses such as the BSD licenses and the MIT License. The word "Lesser" in the title shows that the LGPL does not guarantee the end user's complete freedom in the use of software; it only guarantees the freedom of modification for components licensed under the LGPL, but not for any proprietary components.


title: GNU Lesser General Public License

text: The license was originally called the GNU Library General Public License and was first published in 1991, and adopted the version number 2 for parity with GPL version 2. The LGPL was revised in minor ways in the 2.1 point release, published in 1999, when it was renamed the GNU Lesser General Public License to reflect the FSF's position that not all libraries should use it. Version 3 of the LGPL was published in 2007 as a list of additional permissions applied to GPL version 3.


title: GNU Lesser General Public License

text: In addition to the term "work based on the Program" of GPL, LGPL version 2 introduced two additional clarification terms "work based on the library" and a "work that uses the library". LGPL version 3 partially dropped these terms.


title: GNU Lesser General Public License

text: The main difference between the GPL and the LGPL is that the latter allows the work to be linked with (in the case of a library, "used by") a non-(L)GPLed program, regardless of whether it is licensed under a license of GPL family or other licenses. In LGPL 2.1, the non-(L)GPLed program can then be distributed under any terms if it is not a derivative work. If it is a derivative work, then the program's terms must allow for "modification of the work for the customer's own use and reverse engineering for debugging such modifications." Whether a work that uses an LGPL program is a derivative work or not is a legal issue. A standalone executable that dynamically links to a library through a .so, .dll, or similar medium is generally accepted as not being a derivative work as defined by the LGPL. It would fall under the definition of a "work that uses the Library". Paragraph 5 of the LGPL version 2.1 states:


title: GNU Lesser General Public License

text: Essentially, if it is a "work that uses the library", then it must be possible for the software to be linked with a newer version of the LGPL-covered program. The most commonly used method for doing so is to use "a suitable shared library mechanism for linking". Alternatively, a statically linked library is allowed if either source code or linkable object files are provided.


title: GNU Lesser General Public License

text: One feature of the LGPL is the permission to sublicense under the GPL any piece of software which is received under the LGPL (see section 3 of the LGPL version 2.1, and section 2 option b of the LGPL version 3). This feature allows for direct reuse of LGPLed code in GPLed libraries and applications.


title: GNU Lesser General Public License

text: Version 3 of the LGPL is not inherently compatible with version 2 of the GPL. However, works using the latter that have given permission to use a later version of the GPL are compatible: a work released under the GPLv2 "or any later version" may be combined with code from a LGPL version 3 library, with the combined work as a whole falling under the terms of the GPLv3.


title: GNU Lesser General Public License

text: The former name "GNU Library General Public License" gave some the impression that the FSF recommended that all software libraries should use the LGPL and programs should use the GPL. In 1999 essay "Why you shouldn't use the Lesser GPL for your next library" Richard Stallman explained that while the LGPL had not been deprecated, one should not necessarily use the LGPL for all libraries, as using GPL can give advantage to free-software developers.


title: GNU Lesser General Public License

text: On the other hand, the FSF sometimes advocate for even less restrictive licenses. For example, Stallman endorsed the use of BSD-style license by the Vorbis project in its libraries in 2001.


title: GNU Lesser General Public License

text: The license uses terminology which is mainly intended for applications written in the C programming language or its family. Franz Inc., the developers of Allegro Common Lisp, published their own preamble to the license to clarify terminology in the Lisp context. The LGPL with this preamble is sometimes referred to as the LLGPL.


title: GNU Lesser General Public License

text: In addition, Ada has a special feature, , which may prompt the use of the GNAT Modified General Public License (GMGPL): it allows code to link against or instantiate GMGPL-covered units without the code itself becoming covered by the GPL.


title: GNU Lesser General Public License

text: C++ templates and header-only libraries have the same problem as Ada generics. Version 3 of the LGPL addresses such cases in section 3.


title: GNU Lesser General Public License

text: Some concern has risen about the suitability of object-oriented classes in LGPL-licensed code being inherited by non-(L)GPL code. Clarification is given on the official GNU website:


title: Kaitlin Bennett

text: Kaitlin Marie Bennett (born October 15, 1995), also known as the Kent State Gun Girl, is an American gun rights activist and conservative social media personality. She received media attention in 2018 for open-carrying an AR-10 rifle at Kent State University after graduating.


title: Kaitlin Bennett

text: Bennett and her husband run Liberty Hangout. Initially described as a libertarian media outlet, the website later became more politically conservative.


title: Kaitlin Bennett

text: Bennett was the president of the Kent State chapter of Turning Point USA; however, after a protest against campus safe spaces backfired in October 2017, she resigned. In May 2018, Bennett graduated with a degree in biology from Kent State University in Kent, Ohio.


title: Kaitlin Bennett

text: In 2018, Bennett posed for her graduation photo from the university holding an AR-10 long gun in front of the university sign. She stated that as a student at Kent State, she should have been able to open-carry for self-defense, citing the 1970 Kent State shootings where Ohio National Guardsmen fired on unarmed students protesting the U.S. bombing of Cambodia. As social media users mainly associated Bennett with her gun rights activism, many media publications referenced her "Gun Girl" nickname.


title: Kaitlin Bennett

text: Later in 2018, Bennett organized an open-carry rally at the college. The university released a statement that a cease and desist order had been issued against advertising the event, as Bennett had not attempted to register it with the university. Following her initial protest of Kent State, Bennett became a correspondent for "InfoWars". Due to her affiliation with the extremist site, she was excluded from a campaign event for Bernie Sanders. She returned to the university in November of that year to host a discussion on gun rights.


title: Kaitlin Bennett

text: In January 2020, clips surfaced online of her 2019 interviews with University of Kentucky students. Originally posted by Liberty Hangout with the title "College Students Have No Morals", the videos show Bennett questioning the students on the issue of resources for transgender people in bathrooms. The clips quickly became popular on social media, with users entertained by the dichotomy between Bennett and the interviewees' reactions to the topic. One student seen in the interviews used the online attention to raise money for charity.


title: Kaitlin Bennett

text: In February 2020, Bennett went to Ohio University to ask trivia questions for President's Day, but was confronted by a large crowd of college students opposing her. Chants of "where's your diaper?" and "shit your pants” were heard in reference to an unsubstantiated rumor that she defecated in her pants while attending a Kent State fraternity party while in school. Drinks and other objects, including toilet paper, were hurled at her. Later in October, Bennett was similarly ridiculed when visiting the University of Central Florida.


title: Kaitlin Bennett

text: Criticism continued in 2020 when it was revealed that the website associated with Bennet, Liberty Hangout, made comments in 2016 denying the Holocaust on Twitter. The tweet and the anti-Semitic responses from followers had long been deleted.


title: Kaitlin Bennett

text: Bennett became engaged in 2019 to Justin Moldow, the founder of Liberty Hangout. She announced her conversion to Christianity on the site, and the couple later married in a March 2020 Catholic ceremony. On April 6, 2022, she announced the birth of their first child on Twitter.


title: Patrick Williams (basketball)

text: Patrick Lee Williams (born August 26, 2001) is an American professional basketball player for the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Florida State Seminoles. He was the fourth pick in the 2020 NBA draft.


title: Patrick Williams (basketball)

text: Williams was born on August 26, 2001, in Charlotte, North Carolina. His parents, Eddie and Janie, played college basketball at Johnson C. Smith University. Williams grew up in Charlotte and attended West Charlotte High School. He was a four-year starter on the Mighty Lions' varsity basketball team. Williams averaged 20.7 points, 7.7 rebounds, 3.7 assists and 2.8 steals in his junior season. Williams was rated a four-star recruit and a consensus top-50 prospect in his class. Williams committed to play college basketball at Florida State over offers from Arizona, Clemson, Louisville, Maryland, NC State, Ohio State, Texas, Virginia Tech and Wake Forest. As a senior, Williams averaged 22.1 points, 9.0 rebounds, 2.8 blocks and 3.1 assists per game and was named the Mecklenburg County Player of the Year by the Charlotte Observer as he led the Lions to the 4A State Championship game. Williams played in the 2019 Jordan Brand Classic. Williams finished his high school career with 1,787 points scored, 749 rebounds and 310 assists over four seasons.


title: Patrick Williams (basketball)

text: Williams entered his freshman year rated as 21st-best prospect for the 2020 NBA draft according to ESPN. He spent the season as the Seminoles' sixth man. Williams scored 18 points with four rebounds against Western Carolina followed by a 16-point performance against Tennessee-Chattanooga. He scored 14 points and grabbed a career-high nine rebounds in a 65–59 win over North Carolina. The following game, he had 14 points in a 99–81 victory over Miami (Florida). Williams contributed 17 points and seven rebounds in an 80–77 win over Syracuse on February 15. Williams was named to the ACC All-Freshman team and the conference Sixth Man of the Year at the end of the regular season after averaging 9.2 points, 4.0 rebounds and one block per game. After the season, Williams declared for the 2020 NBA draft alongside teammate Devin Vassell.


title: Patrick Williams (basketball)

text: Williams was selected by the Chicago Bulls with the fourth overall pick in the 2020 NBA draft. On December 23, 2020, Williams made his NBA debut, starting and putting up 16 points, four rebounds, one assist, one steal, and one block in a 124–104 loss against the Atlanta Hawks.


title: Patrick Williams (basketball)

text: During the Bulls' fifth game of the 2021–22 season against the Knicks, Williams suffered a dislocated wrist. The following day, it was announced that he would need surgery, ruling him out for 4-to-6 months.


title: Tabasco

text: Tabasco (), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Tabasco (), is one of the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 17 municipalities and its capital city is Villahermosa.


title: Tabasco

text: It is located in the southeast of the country, bordering the states of Campeche to the northeast, Veracruz to the west, and Chiapas to the south and the Petén department of Guatemala to the southeast. It has a coastline to the north with the Gulf of Mexico. Most of the state is covered in rainforest as, unlike most other areas of Mexico, it has plentiful rainfall year-round. The state is also home to La Venta, the major site of the Olmec civilization, considered to be the origin of later Mesoamerican cultures. It produces significant quantities of petroleum and natural gas.


title: Tabasco

text: The state is located in the southeast of Mexico, bordering the states of Campeche, Chiapas, and Veracruz, with the Gulf of Mexico to the north and the country of Guatemala to the south and east. The state covers , which is 1.3% of Mexico's total. The northwestern portion is on the coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico with the south and east as part of the mountain chain that extends into northern Chiapas. It is divided into seventeen municipalities. There are 36 communities designated as urban, with about 3,000 smaller towns and villages. 185 are classified as "regional development centers". Tabasco has seventeen municipalities: Balancán, Cárdenas, Centla, Centro (Villahermosa), Comalcalco, Cunduacán, Emiliano Zapata, Huimanguillo, Jalapa, Jalpa de Méndez, Jonuta, Macuspana, Nacajuca, Paraíso, Tacotalpa, Teapa and Tenosique.


title: Tabasco

text: In 1994, the state was officially divided into two regions and five sub-regions for socioeconomic development and geographic documentation. The two major regions are called the Grijalva and the Usumacinta. The Grijalva Region is named after the river on which most of the municipalities here are dependent. It is the smaller of the two regions with a territory of or 48.94% of the state's territory; however, it contains most of Tabasco's urban population as well as of its socioeconomic and political activity. It is divided into three sub-regions called Chontalpa, Centro and Sierra; it includes the municipalities of Huimanguillo, Cárdenas, Comalcalco, Cunduacán, Paraíso, Jalpa de Méndez, Nacajuca, Centro, Jalapa, Teapa and Tacotalpa. The Usumacinta Region is named after the main river on which the Centla, Jonuta, Emiliano Zapata, Balancán and Tenosique municipalities depend. It is divided into the Pantanos and Ríos subregions, which are both more rural than the Grijalva Region.


title: Tabasco

text: The environment of the state consists of extensive low-lying floodplains, mountains and valleys. Most of the territory is covered with tropical rainforest and wetlands. There are also areas with savanna, beaches and mangrove forests. Much of the rainforest has suffered degradation due to over-logging and conversion of territory into farmland. The east is formed of low humid plains formed by sediment deposited by a number of rivers. In the Chontalpa zone and in parts of the municipalities of Cental and Jonuta, there are swampy depressions extremely vulnerable to flooding from both riverflow and from excessive rainfall. In the south there are some elevations which are part of the central mesa of Chiapas. The most important of these is El Madrigal, La Campana, La Corona, Pomaná, Coconá, Mono Pelado and El Tortuguero. However, most hills in the state do not exceed above sea level.


title: Tabasco

text: Tabasco has of shoreline, of estuaries, lakes and numerous rivers and streams. Major rivers include the Mezcalapa, Pichucalco, Chacamax, Usumacinta, San Pedro y San Pablo and Tonalá. Almost all of the rivers the state belong to the Usumacinta River system, the largest in Mexico, and the Grijalva River basin, the second largest. These basins encompass numerous rivers and streams which all eventually flow into the Gulf of Mexico. The only rivers outside these basins are the Tonalá, on the border between Tabasco and Veracruz and some small rivers in Chontalpa. On the coastline, there are numerous lagoons and some inland lakes. The most important of these are El Carmen, Pajonal, La Machona and Mecoacán. Because of the flat terrain, there are areas where rivers pool due to shallow depressions. The total volume of fresh water flow in the state is about , which is about 35% of the flow of the entire country. Flooding is a frequent occurrence, especially in September and November.


title: Tabasco

text: There are four principal ecosystems in the state: tropical rainforest, tropical savannah, beaches and wetlands. Tropical rainforest dominates most of the state due to the high levels of rainfall the area receives. However, what exists today is only a fraction of what used to be, as much of the forest area has been over-exploited by man, mostly through logging and slash-and-burn agriculture. Most of the intact rainforest is found in the municipalities of Tenosique, Balancán, Macuspana, Teapa, Tacotalpa, Cárdenas and Huimanguillo.


title: Tabasco

text: These rainforests contain species such as mahogany, cedar, various types of palms, "macayo", ceiba, willows and many more. There are various types of orchids native to the state along with a native species of cactus. This environment also has the widest variety of wildlife, such as macaws, parrots, quetzals, hummingbirds, iguanas, and various kinds of snakes. Mammal species have declined because of deforestation, but still include spider monkeys, jaguars, pumas, raccoons, anteaters, deer, and wild boar.


title: Tabasco

text: Tropical savannah is mostly found in the southern part of the state, mixed in with areas of rainforest. These areas are dominated by grasses and bushes along with some smaller trees such as jahuacte, cocoyol and small palm trees. The savannah has wildlife such as rabbits, deer, foxes, and various species of birds.


title: Tabasco

text: Along the coast the soil is sandier and while the vegetation is still tropical, species are different from in the interior rainforest. They include coconut palms, palo mulato, royal palm, and pimento de Tabasco. These areas have suffered the most from slash and burn agriculture.


title: Tabasco

text: Along these areas of forest are the beaches and wetlands of the state. The beach areas are dominated by ground vegetation which is able to tolerate the high salinity of the soil. The wetlands are dominated by the most extensive mangrove forests in Mexico, concentrated on the lagoons that border the Mezcalcpa River along with the banks of the Tonalá, San Pedro y San Pablo and Grijalva rivers. There are four main types of mangroves locally called red, white, black and "prieto". Most of the wetlands of the state belong to the Pantanos de Centla Biosphere Reserve. The abundance of fresh water in wetlands and river areas supports a wide variety of aquatic life such as freshwater gar, mojarra, crocodiles, various species of turtles and frogs, and many species of native and migratory waterfowl. In larger bodies of water manatees can be found. In the brackish and salt water lagoons various ocean species are found, as well as shellfish and mollusks, and bird species such as seagulls and pelicans.


title: Tabasco

text: Tabasco has a hot tropical climate, with the Gulf of Mexico having significant influence on weather patterns. Over 95% of the state's territory has a hot, wet climate. The rest is hot and semi-humid, located in the far northeast of the state. The average annual temperature is with high temperatures averaging , mostly in May, and lows of in January. Unlike many parts of Mexico, Tabasco has abundant year round precipitation. The state receives an average annual rainfall of . Rain occurs all year but is particularly heavy from June to October. The flat areas of the state are subject to frequent flooding. One reason for this is the rivers that flow from the Sierra region and the Usuamacinta River. Another is that there are a number of dams such as the Angostura, Chicoasén, Malpas and Peñitas; these are built for hydroelectricity and flood control, but can overflow.


title: Tabasco

text: The state has of state protected lands such as the Agua Blanca waterfalls and the Sierra State Park in Teapa. The Grutas de Coconá caves are classified as a natural monument with . The Centla Biosphere Reserve covers an area of . The Yumká Park and Laguna de las Ilusiones Ecological Reserves have . The Laguna de la Lima Reserve has . The Chontalpa Ecological Park has . The Laguna del Camarón Ecological Park has .


title: Tabasco

text: The origin of the name Tabasco is not definitively known, with a number of theories debated among linguists. The name appears in the chronicles of Bernal Díaz del Castillo during the conquest era, who mentions a river named after local ruler Tabscoob. Other possible etymology is that it comes from a Mayan phrase meaning "our lord of the eight tigers". Another states that it is from Nahuatl with two possible derivations: one meaning "place that has a lord" and the other "place where the land is moist". The state seal is that which was granted in 1598 to the town of Villahermosa, then called San Juan Bautista by Philip II of Spain. This is one of the oldest coats of arms in the Americas.


title: Tabasco

text: The Olmec civilization dominated much of what is now Tabasco 3,000 years ago, reaching a height around 800 BC. It was the oldest Mesoamerican culture, dominating what are now the states of Mexico, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Veracruz and Tabasco as well as parts of Central America, and is considered the founding culture for all of Mesoamerica. The main Olmec site in Tabasco is La Venta. The site covers an area of surrounded by swamps and marshes linked to the Tonalá River, from the Gulf of Mexico. Around 300 AD, the Mayans began to dominate part of the state. Mayan sites include Comalcalco, Pomoná, El Tortuguero and Jonuta (Prehispanic). The Mayans in Tabasco reached their peak between the 6th and 7th centuries.


title: Tabasco

text: In the early 16th century, the main ethnicities of Tabasco were the Mayas-Chontals, the Zoque people, and the Popolocas, living in small villages with the Mayan language dominating. The first contact with the Spanish came in 1518 when an expedition headed by Captain Juan de Grijalva disembarked at the mouth of the river that now bears his name. Hernán Cortés came the following year and fought the natives here at the Battle of Centla. As conqueror, Cortés received twenty female slaves, one of whom was La Malinche.


title: Tabasco

text: Despite the early conquest and the foundation of Santa María de la Victoria (today Frontera), the territory was not fully subjugated because of the climate, terrain and lack of minerals. The Franciscans arrived in the 16th century to evangelize, but they did not stay. For this reason, the indigenous people of this area were not generally converted to Catholicism, unlike other parts of New Spain. Tabasco was a landing and crossing point for the conquest of southern Mexico and Guatemala, referenced by Hernán Cortés in one of his letters to the Spanish Crown. It was noted by him and by Bernal Díaz del Castillo for its abundance of cacao. The first to have success was Francisco de Montejo (Jr.) in the 1540s who assumed command of the city as part of the province of the Yucatán, governed by his father. Montejo introduced the first cattle to Tabasco.


title: Tabasco

text: The introduction of European diseases decimated the local population, resulting in the Spanish bringing African slaves to work plantations. This led to some mixing among the three races which has affected the ethnic appearance of the people of the state. Significant agricultural production was not achieved until the 18th century, primarily in cacao and cattle. During this time the sea traffic to Villahermosa increased, which made it a relatively important port. For the rest of the colonial period, most of Tabasco would have no major events and no major commerce in comparison to the rest of the country.


title: Tabasco

text: The Spanish did not begin to pacify the area until the second half of the 16th century, when Santa María de la Victoria was secured, slightly inland from the original Frontera location. However, in the meantime, English pirates had taken possession of the nearby Isla del Carmen and other points in the Gulf for piracy. Santa María de la Victoria was attacked and sacked, forcing the settlement to move inland in 1598 to San Juan Bautista (today Villahermosa), renamed Villa Hermosa by the Spanish Crown, which gave it the oldest coat of arms on the American mainland, today the seal of the state of Tabasco. At the beginning of the 18th century, Tabasco and Veracruz united to combat the pirate threat, and succeeded in expelling them from the Isla del Carmen. The city returned to its original and current location in 1795. At that time, the entire state had a population of only 36,000 in two towns, two villages, and various ranches and farms. The province sent a delegate to Spain to complain about the marginalization of the area to the Crown.


title: Tabasco

text: The first insurgent during the Mexican War of Independence in the state was José María Jiménez, who declared the state's independence in 1815. However, Jiménez was soon jailed and local authorities proclaimed allegiance to the Crown. At the end of the war in 1821, Tabasco became one of the first fourteen states under the 1824 Constitution. The first state constitution was ratified in 1825. In 1883, the state was divided into seventeen municipalities.


title: Tabasco

text: The struggle between Liberals, who wanted a federal government, and Conservatives, who wanted a centralized government, played out in Tabasco with various skirmishes between Ruiz de la Peña, leading the Liberals, and , the Conservatives. In 1829, the military in Campeche revolted against Mexico City and proclaimed its own government. Shortly after, Tabasco joined the movement and proclaimed a Conservative government. However, this government was short-lived.


title: Tabasco

text: Political instability in the state and an outbreak of cholera forced Tabasco to rejoin the federation. In 1836, a group of Conservatives took control of the federal government, but Tabasco Liberals decided to rebel against this government until they were defeated.


title: Tabasco

text: During the Mexican–American War, troops under Matthew C. Perry arrived in Tabasco in 1846. Other ships arrived soon after and took possession of the port of Frontera. On their first attempt to take Villahermosa upriver, they failed. The second attempt bombarded the city before successfully taking it. However, the Tabascans formed guerrilla groups and this along with the inhospitable climate forced the U.S. military to withdraw soon after. For the rest of the war, ships remained in the Frontera area to block commerce between Tabasco and central Mexico.


title: Tabasco

text: After the Americans left, Tabasco governor rebelled against Mexico City over its lack of support during the war. The Americans returned in 1847 to attack the capital. It was defended by local troops, but they did not have the necessary supplies. The Americans occupied the capital for another thirty-five days, causing great destruction.


title: Tabasco

text: During the French intervention in Mexico, the French took Villahermosa in 1862, installing a governor. Tabasco's forces retreated into the mountains. Meanwhile, various Tabascans formed a newspaper called "El Dissidente", which criticized the French-installed government. There were several insurrections against this government such as the one headed by in 1863. He raised a small army from various parts of the state and attacked the imperial army barracks in Comalcalco, then moved on to Villahermosa in November 1863. Here they encountered imperialist troops at what is now called the , where the insurgents won, expelling the French from the state.


title: Tabasco

text: The Porfirio Díaz period from the 1880s to 1910 was free from political violence and allowed the state to build infrastructure, but only slowly owing to its isolation. The capital, heavily damaged by decades of war, was reconstructed, with many old buildings torn down to make way for new ones. In 1879, the Instituto Juárez was inaugurated. In 1881, telegraph service connected Villahermosa with Mexico City. The capital received electricity in 1890, with the new state government palace opened in 1894 and the first bank in 1901. Tabasco experienced significant economic development during the Díaz period in the late 19th century, with cacao and other products shipped worldwide. However, this development led to widespread deforestation, which began in the latter decades of the 19th century when timber companies cut down large areas of rainforest.


title: Tabasco

text: While Díaz remained in power, Tabasco governor also remained from 1894 to 1910, re-elected to office sixteen times. Timber and agriculture made the elite in the state rich, with most of the rest of the population workers indebted to their employers. The technological progress was accompanied by poor and even slave-like conditions for many workers. This fueled resentment in the state and the rest of the country. This resentment led to the Mexican Revolution. In 1879, the first institute of higher education, the Instituto Juárez, was opened. During this time period, a woman by the name of Salomé Marín Virgilio founded schools in Balancán to teach workers to read and write along with liberal political ideas. Her work would later inspire José María Pino Suárez.


title: Tabasco

text: The sanctions imposed on Tabasco by President Bustamante represented a severe blow to the state economy; This unleashed unrest in the federalist authorities of Tabasco, so on February 13, 1841, the Congress of the State of Tabasco, made up of the deputies of the VIII Legislature: Manuel Zapata (President), Joaquín Burelo (secretary), Antonio Bordas, José María Maldonado, and Pedro Antonio Díaz, decreed the separation of Tabasco from Mexico, and the proclamation of the Republic of Tabasco in protest at the prevailing centralism in the country, and the unjust sanctions imposed by the Central Government, for which the local Congress assumed the powers of the General Congress, and granted Governor José Víctor Jiménez the powers of President of the Republic, in addition to creating three secretariats: the Interior and Relations under Don Joaquín Crescencio Rejón, the Treasury in charge of Don Carlos Serra, and the War and Navy in charge of General Ignacio Martínez de Pinillos.


title: Tabasco

text: Likewise, the general command was abolished and private commands were established, customs were regulated and it was decreed that the ecclesiastical, civil, and military authorities would swear before the governor, before the local Constitution and mayors.


title: Tabasco

text: In March, José Víctor Jiménez decreed that foreign ships that entered into friendship and trade treaties with the Republic would be allowed to transport products from any Mexican port to the port of Tabasco, paying duties as if they came from foreign ports, and it was announced that Mexican products would be classified as "imported" and would pay 12% duty.


title: Tabasco

text: However, due to political instability due to internal conflicts, led by Juan Pablo Anaya and Francisco de Sentmanat, which led to the overthrow of José Víctor Jiménez and the rise of new governors, the Tabasco authorities forgot to lay the foundations for the self-proclaimed republic, so the process remained unfinished and although the state continued to be separated from Mexico, the creation of the so-called "Republic of Tabasco" was not consolidated.


title: Tabasco

text: That same year, a commission from Yucatan headed by Don Justo Sierra O'Reilly came to Tabasco to meet with the Tabasco authorities in order to propose the creation of the an Autonomous Republic within Mexico, to which the local Congress after deliberating, decided not to accept said invitation, both governments agreeing that Tabasco will not intervene in the problem between Mexico and Yucatán, nor will it allow Mexican troops to attack Yucatán from its territory.


title: Tabasco

text: On September 3rd of that same year, the State Congress authorized the government of Tabasco to annex the canton of Huimanguillo, which belonged to Veracruz, and the district of Pichucalco, which was in possession of Chiapas, to the state. Both territories were claimed by Tabasco in 1824.


title: Tabasco

text: On November 4th, 1841, the President of the Republic, Antonio López de Santa Anna, issued a Decree through which the sanctions imposed on Tabasco by former President Bustamante were rendered null and void, also ordering the reopening of the port of San Juan Bautista and instructions for Tabasco products to be received at any port in the Republic.


title: Tabasco

text: In mid-November 1841, President Antonio López de Santa Anna sent a commission to convince the Tabasco authorities to return to the Union, assuring them of the return of Federalism to the Country. Said commission was attended by the interim governor Francisco Díaz del Castillo and the Commander General of the state Francisco de Sentmanat.


title: Tabasco

text: As a consequence of this meeting, on November 14th, Tabasco returned the territories of Huimanguillo to Veracruz and Pichucalco to Chiapas, and Governor Díaz del Castillo recognized Antonio López de Santa Anna as president and began negotiations for the reincorporation of Tabasco. to Mexico, however, the State Congress set as a condition for reincorporation, that a new Constitution is enacted that would guarantee a new federalist republic in the country. This is how the state of Tabasco was officially reincorporated into Mexico on December 2th, 1842.


title: Tabasco

text: In 1845, the governor of the state, José Víctor Jiménez, was overthrown by Commander General Ignacio Martínez de Pinillos, who was sympathetic to the movement led at the national level by Colonel Joaquín Rangel that tried to restore federalism in the country. Martínez de Pinillos led a military uprising against Governor Jiménez, ignoring him and separating Tabasco from the central government on June 14, 1845.


title: Tabasco

text: The City Council of San Juan Bautista proclaimed the reestablishment of the federalist Constitution of 1824 and the replacement of the Governor and Lieutenant Governor who functioned in 1834. Then Juan de Dios Salazar took charge of the governorship temporarily, on June 18th of that year, which caused there to be two governors at the same time, Salazar in the state capital, and the Constitutional Governor José Víctor Jiménez in Jalapa.


title: Tabasco

text: Salazar proposed to Martínez de Pinillos and the City Council of San Juan Bautista that Tabasco return to the national union and reconcile with President José Joaquín de Herrera, but his proposal was rejected, and Martínez de Pinillos with the support of the liberal Colonel of Colombian origin Miguel Bruno maintained his support for Joaquín Rangeland for the separation of Tabasco.


title: Tabasco

text: Shortly after, the interim governor Juan de Dios Salazar had serious differences with the General Commander of the state, Ignacio Martínez de Pinillos, and foreseeing a military uprising by him, he traveled to Veracruz to request support, in addition, he convinced Bruno to withdraw his support. Pinillos, who took up arms against Salazar.


title: Tabasco

text: In mid-July, Miguel Bruno organized his forces in Nacajuca and at the beginning of August, he attacked the state capital, while on the other hand the displaced governor José Víctor Jiménez did the same, who was trying to recover the government, and with the help of Chiapas troops he won. Pichucalco and Teapa, 14 declaring Teapa "Federal Capital of Tabasco" and calling for state union. At the beginning of September, Bruno defeated Martínez de Pinillos, remaining with the General Command of the State, while José Víctor Jiménez, with the support of the Chiapas troops, marched on the capital, Saint John the Baptist.


title: Tabasco

text: José Víctor Jiménez restored to his post, reincorporated Tabasco into the national union on September 9th, 1845.


title: Tabasco

text: The US invasion of Mexico (1846-1848) had its origin in the purpose of annexing the portion of national territory that corresponded to the northern part of the country, the border area, with the United States. If we discount Texas, which had already been lost in 1836 in the Battle of San Jacinto, we also count the territory of New Mexico and Alta California, the territories seized from Mexico were a total of 1,528,241 km²: 689,836 from Texas and 838,405 from New Mexico and Alta California.


title: Tabasco

text: From this territory, the states of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah, and part of Colorado, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming, of the United States, were formed. The situation was predictable: on the one hand, those regions were largely inhabited by Anglo-Saxon settlers, who were dissatisfied with belonging to Mexico. On the other hand, in the United States, the expansionist theory known as " Manifest Destiny " was already outlined quite clearly., on which that state would base its policy during the following eras.


title: Tabasco

text: At that time, the Tabasco garrison was headed by the commander, general Juan Bautista Traconis; four months had elapsed since the declaration of war when, in October 1846, the Americans laid siege to Veracruz and their next step was to send a posse under the command of Commodore Mathew C. Perry to Tabasco. Commander Traconis himself recounts the events: "On October 21th, 1846, a schooner was sighted in front of the Frontera bar, which, assuming it was a merchant ship, went out in search of it to put it on board; more when approaching its board, he noticed that it was American and war".


title: Tabasco

text: On the 22nd other ships were sighted; On the morning of the 23rd, they all entered and took possession of Frontera, which was without a garrison of any kind. On the 24th at six o'clock in the afternoon, the report of that invasion was received, the day on which they had precisely begun their march on the capital, on the 25th at twelve o'clock they arrived in front of the town of San Juan Bautista (today Villahermosa). In this state they ordered the surrender to be imposed, stating at the same time that if it was not carried out in fifteen minutes, they would demolish the plaza and then put the entire garrison to the sword; and as this was not answered but was expected, the commissioners returned on board and immediately opened their fires, bombarding the city, which they later assaulted five times without obtaining the least favorable success. On the 26th, at daybreak, they repeated their artillery fire on the square with more activity and assaulted it again two more times, in which without gaining any advantage in the first, in the second they were completely defeated, to the point of having abandoned field. The whole gang then left for Veracruz.


title: Tabasco

text: Once the Americans left Tabasco and it was apparently already pacified, Commander Juan Bautista Traconis urged the Government of the Republic to send him help, considering that a second assault was imminent and promising that "Tabasco would not fall into the hands of the Americans." Annoyed by the government's refusal to send him economic and military aid, he declared himself in rebellion, decreeing the separation of Tabasco from Mexico on November 9th, 1846.


title: Tabasco

text: Draconis was accused of treason, the Government of the Republic promised help to Tabasco. and so on December 9 of that same year, an act rectifying the separation is drawn up in the state capital: "Having ceased the causes that prompted the state of Tabasco to separate from Mexico, it returns to the national union and once again recognizes the supreme government."


title: Tabasco

text: However, Governor Traconis continued to ignore President Mariano Salas, so in the face of popular discontent and pressure from the central government, he was forced to leave office on January 5th, 1847, handing over political command to Justo Santa Anna and the General Command to Lieutenant Colonel Alejandro García, 18 returning Tabasco to the national union that same day.


title: Tabasco

text: Later, on June 13, 1847, the North Americans returned in two ships, and on June 16 they indiscriminately bombarded the city of San Juan Bautista. The Tabascans bravely defended their territory until, exhausted by the lack of resources to defend themselves, they had to abandon the place that falls into the power of the North Americans. The authorities transferred the powers to the Villa de Tacotalpa declaring its provisional capital. Commodore Mathew C. Perry takes the city of San Juan Bautista and appoints General Vant Brunt as Interim Governor, who stays in the capital with 420 men.


title: Tabasco

text: On June 25th, the Tabasco guerrillas began to act, attacking the advance of the invaders, especially at night. On June 26 and 29, as well as on July 12th, bloody battles were fought in the vicinity of San Juan Bautista.


title: Tabasco

text: Finally, on July 22th, overwhelmed by the Tabasco guerrillas and a hostile climate, the Americans withdrew from San Juan Bautista, but not before setting fire to and devastating the city, leaving the city of San Juan Bautista destroyed with houses and buildings in ruins, mainly the customs, the jail, the church of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, El Principal, and the Cathedral of Esquipulas.


title: Tabasco

text: Anti-Díaz sentiment began in the decade of 1900 with efforts to keep Bandala from being re-elected. The first vocal opponent to the Díaz regime in Tabasco was local journalist . In Huimanguillo, Chontalpa, the first "Club Anti reelection Melchor Ocampo" was formed to oppose the government but it was disbanded quickly. By 1909, there were a number of large protests in the state which led to the formation of the Gutierrista Party, headed by along with his two brothers. These and others in the state joined forces politically with Francisco I. Madero and a new Club Anti-reelecionista was formed in Huimanguillo. These efforts succeeded in defeating Bandala and replacing him with , calming the situation in the state for a short while. After Madero was assassinated, the politics of the state fractured, with various factions vying for the governor's position leading to insurrection and frequent government changes who were allied with the various armies vying for power nationally.


title: Tabasco

text: Another important episode in the history of the state was the governorship of Tomás Garrido Canabal after the end of the Revolution. He was elected in 1922, allied with Mexican presidents Álvaro Obregón and later Plutarco Elías Calles. He implemented an ambitious socialist program, organizing unions and consolidating power though his Radical Socialist Party (Partido Socialista Radical). He reestablished the state's teachers’ college and established a system of rural schools. Livestock-raising increased and general economic levels rose. He prohibited the production and sale of alcoholic beverages in the state. An atheist, he persecuted the Catholic Church, destroying various churches including the Tabasco Cathedral. Events relating to this were portrayed in the novel "The Power and the Glory" by Graham Greene. He organized "cultural assemblies with the aim of persuading people away from religion, sometimes burning images of saints. He even forbade the use of crosses on graves and changed the names of towns and ranches to rid them of religious references. Unlike other parts of the country, there was little resistance against this repression of the church and the success of Garrido's dissuasion left a vacuum, which was later filled by missionaries from Protestant and Evangelical groups." His tenure as governor ended in 1935, when he was appointed the federal Secretary of Agriculture and he appointed to take over. Opponents of Garrido declared this a violation of due process and held their own elections. Supporters of Garrido tried to stop the election, resulting in shooting and twelve dead.


title: Tabasco

text: In the 1950s, Carlos A. Madrazo became governor; he promoted large public works, agricultural and industrial projects, and initiated exploration for petroleum. The highway along the Gulf Coast linking eastern Tabasco with Veracruz and the Yucatan Peninsula was completed in 1956. During the same decade, a museum dedicated to the La Venta archeological site was founded by Carlos Pellicer.


title: Tabasco

text: In the 1960s and 1970s, the educational system was modernized, instituting free breakfasts for students. Infrastructure projects improved or created docks, roads, monuments and sporting facilities mostly in the capital and municipal seats. Agriculture was the focus of programs called Plan Chontalpa and Plan Balacán-Tenosique and free health care clinics were built in rural areas.


title: Tabasco

text: Oil and natural gas were discovered at this time and in 1974, the development of these resources began. The petroleum boom produced great wealth, but there have been disputes over the money earned from the facilities owned by PEMEX, the nation's oil company. The industry has put pressure on the state's infrastructure, housing and supplies of basic necessities. New roads, bridges and a modern airport have been constructed with oil money, along with a Centro de Investigaciones de la Cultura Olmeca y Maya, the Teatro del Estado, a planetarium and a convention center in the capital. The PEMEX facilities have caused environmental damage, and damage to local farmers’ crops. There have been issues related to the breaking of environmental laws, but corruption and the lack of legal jurisdiction outside of the federal government, which owns PEMEX, has hampered efforts to sue for enforcement. In 1996, hundreds of blockades of installations were carried out by locals with the active support of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). The most notable was the blocking of the bridge to the Sen oil field. It was broken up by police but the following month 30,000 marched on Villahermosa to protest. The friction between the populace and the government over oil and other issues led to some political restructuring in the state. This was accompanied with general dissatisfaction with the ruling party, the PRI, nationwide. Reforms to decentralize power away from Villahermosa were undertaken but in the 1990s, political instability remained with farmers, ranchers and others continuing to complain about how PEMEX was affecting their economic activities.


title: Tabasco

text: Flooding has historically been an issue in the state, which has year-round heavy rainfall and various rivers flowing through it. Villahermosa was founded on a hill between the Sierra and Grijalva Rivers. The growth of the city from the 1970s on has brought development down from the hill onto the floodplains. Recent major flooding includes events in 1975, 1990 and 1999. The last prompted the creation of the Programa Integral de Control de Inundaciones (Integral Program for Flood Control) to build dams, dikes and other flood control measures. These were in process of construction when the 2007 floods hit. From October 28 to 30, unusually heavy rainfall caused the Grijalva River to rise, overflowing the Peñitas Dam, as well as other area rivers. This eventually covered about eighty percent of the state's territory as deep as in places, affecting over a million people. The flood damage was made worse by the presence of human settlements on flood plains and the lack of hydraulic infrastructure on the Sierra and Usumacinta rivers. There was also a lack of warning systems and evacuation plans for those downriver.


title: Tabasco

text: In the 1990s, various technical colleges were established in the state along with the Universidad Popular de la Chontalpa and another in Tenosique. Hospitals in various municipalities and various historic centers were reconstructed, especially that of Villahermosa.


title: Tabasco

text: The state accounts for 3.4% of Mexico's national GDP. Although the recent oil boom has helped to bring the state out of complete poverty, there are still areas in which this is a serious problem. In urban areas running water, sewerage and electricity is available to over ninety percent of the population; however, in rural areas, running water reaches about forty percent, sewerage under seventy percent and electricity under 85%. The state has about 150,000 families or about half a million people living in poverty, mostly due to lack of employment according to the Sedesol. Most of the state's poor are concentrated in the Jonuta, Tacotalpa, Centla and Humanguillo municipalities as these lack any major industry.


title: Tabasco

text: The heavy rainfall in the state does not lend itself well to annual crops and frequent flooding is a problem as well. Despite this, there is significant production of corn, sorghum and beans. Most of the commercially important crops are perennials, such as cacao, coconut, oranges, bananas and sugar cane. There is also important pasture, both natural and seeded. The state has extensive areas of natural grasslands. Due to the climate, the Zebu breed of cattle does best and is mostly raised for meat. Cattle accounts for about three quarters of the meat produced in the state. Other livestock includes pigs, sheep, goats and domestic fowl. Most livestock is raised in the Villahermosa, Cárdenas and Emiliano Zapata municipalities.


title: Tabasco

text: Tabasco has salt water and fresh water fishing along its shoreline and in the many rivers and small lakes but they are not extensively exploited, providing less than two percent of Mexico's total fish production. Commercial species include oysters, mojarra, shrimp, sea bass, shark, lobster and gar. Most fishing fleets are located in Frontera, with others in Sanchez Magallanes, and Dos Bocas. The state has natural resources such as mahogany, cedar and other tropical hardwoods.


title: Tabasco

text: Mining, mostly of petroleum and natural gas, provides most of the state's GDP. Only 14.6% of the working population is in mining. About 19% work in construction, transportation and manufacturing. Most manufacturing is food processing, bottling and tobacco products. About ninety percent of industrial establishments are family-owned, mostly dedicated to food processing in and around Villahermosa. The most important industry is petroleum refining, done by PEMEX in the Macuspana municipality. There are 860 wells in various municipalities extracting crude oil and natural gas. It produces 556,371 barrels of crude oil and of natural gas per day. It has deposits of gravel and sand, along with the Cementos Apasco factory.


title: Tabasco

text: Just over 61% of the working population is employed in services and commerce. There are 86 traditional public markets. The Tabasco Fair is the most important commercial event. It has its origins in 1880. It has been held on and off since then in various locations. Today, it is held in Villahermosa at Parque Tabasco 2000 where the various municipalities of the state demonstrate their products. It features cultural and sporting events as well.


title: Tabasco

text: Tourism in the state is organized into various routes. The Centro or Villahermosa route is centered on the state capital with its museums and historic buildings. These include the cultural center of Villahermosa, the regional anthropology museum, Tomás Garrido Canabal Park, the Yumka’ Ecological Reserve, the Paseo Tabasco Malecon tourist corridor, the Papagayo Interactive Museum and the Tabasco Cathedral.


title: Tabasco

text: The Cacao route consists of various cacao haciendas, where guides give lessons on how the plant is cultivated and the cacao bean is harvested, then processed into chocolate. It also includes a visit to the Comalcalco archeological site. The Cacao route focuses on the municipalities of Nacajuca, Jalpa de Méndez, Comalcalco and Paraíso. In Nacajuca, located on the river of the same name, the main attractions are its boardwalk area, handcrafts and surrounding Chontal villages such as Tucta, Mazateupa, Oxiacaque, Tecoluta and Guatacalca, where many customs and the Chontal Maya language are preserved. In Jalpa de Méndez, the main attractions are its gourd handcrafts, the San Remo cigar factory, the La Encantada Turtle Farm and the Pomposú Juliva wetlands on the Mezcalapa River. In Comalcalco, attractions include the Comalcalco archeological site, cacao haciendas such as La Luz with its cacao museum, Jesús María, La Chonita and Cholula. Paraíso is a small port with beaches and some resort facilities.


title: Tabasco

text: The river route is based in the interior portion of the state, between the Grijalva and Usumacinta Rivers. This is an ecotourism route with activities such as canopy climbing, rafting and rappelling. There is also an option to visit the Ponomá archeological site. It includes the Cascadas de Reforma ecological reserve, the Reforma Mayan archeological site, the Dr. José Gómez Pánaco museum, El Popalillo Lake and the Ribera de Acallán lookout point.


title: Tabasco

text: The wetlands route emphasizes flora and fauna both on land and on the water. The main attraction is the Centla biosphere reserve. The reserve is home to a wide variety of wildlife species such as herons, storks, ibis, crocodiles, fresh water turtles, manatees and more. There are also over 500 species of plants with some of the most important concentration of aquatic plants in Mesoamerica. Other attractions include the Centla maritime port, the Museum of Navigation, the town of Frontera (where the Spanish founded the first European settlement on mainland America) and the Punta Manglar ecotourism facility. Beaches in the area include Pico de Oro, Playa Azul, Miramar and El Bosque.


title: Tabasco

text: The mountain adventure route is in the highlands of the state with its forests, sulphurate waters and caves, centered on the town of Tapijulapa, which is noted for its handcrafts of wood and wicker. It features hills, rainforest, sulfur springs and caves in the Teapa, Tacotalpa and Macuspana municipalities. Sites include the Río Puyacateno park, Los Azufres hacienda and spa, the José Natividad Correa Tosca museum and Coconá Caverns. Ecotourism activities include spelunking, rappelling and hiking.


title: Tabasco

text: The Olmec Zoque route encompasses the municipalities of Cardenas and Huimanguillo. Cardenas is near the ocean with various attractions. One is the fishing village of Villa Sánchez Magallenes. Huimanguillo has archeological sites and a number of natural attractions. The best known is La Venta, an Olmec site, but another important one is Malpasito, which belongs to the Zoque culture. In addition, there are areas of tropical rainforest, waterfalls, petroglyphs and lakes.


title: Tabasco

text: The Biji Yokot’an route centers on the municipality of Nacajuca. It features the crafts of the area such as decorated containers made from gourds, its cuisine, especially river fish, the Chontal people of the area and the river boardwalk.


title: Tabasco

text: Tabasco's population has been growing rapidly: between 1990 and 2005 the population grew from 1,501,744 to 1,989,969. Tabasco's population is mostly young, with an average age of 19 years and over 38% of the population is under 15 years of age.


title: Tabasco

text: The state's population is more rural than the national average: 57% live in urban areas, in contrast to 78% of Mexico's population in general. Those who leave the state mostly go to Quintana Roo, Campeche and Veracruz. Those that migrate to the state mostly come from Chiapas, Veracruz and Campeche. As of the 2000s, only about 2% of the population has left to live abroad, mostly to the United States. The national average is 16%. Three percent of the population speaks an indigenous language, which is lower than the national average of 6%. Most speak the Tabascan dialect of the Chontal language. This is followed by Ch’ol, Tzeltal, Maya, Zapotec languages, Nahuatl and Tzotzil.


title: Tabasco

text: According to the 2020 Census, 1.56% of Tabasco's population identified as Black, Afro-Mexican, or of African descent.


title: Tabasco

text: Traditional masculine dress consists of a white shirt and pants, with black boots or shoes, black belt, a hat in a style called "chontal" and a red handkerchief around the neck. This dress is based on an older type of clothing called "traje choco", made of cotton cloth called manta, used to work in the fields. Traditional female dress consists of a wide skirt trimmed with a ruffle. Under the skirt is a slip designed to fluff the skirt and make the waist look smaller. The blouse is white with an embroidered band in bright colors, often with flower and/or animal designs. It has short sleeves ending in a square form in the lower part. The woman often carried a small handkerchief and a shawl called a "rebozo" in bright colors, often complementing the skirt. The shoes are black.


title: Tabasco

text: The state has a number of unique traditional dances due to its relative isolation from the rest of the country. These include "El Gigante" of Nacajuca, performed on 14 August. "Baila Viejo" is performed in Tucta and Guaytalpa in the municipality of Nacajuca as well as the Atasta de Serra in Villahermosa. "El Pochó" is of pre Hispanic origin and is performed during Carnival in Tenosique. "Los Blanquitos" is also performed in Tenosique and symbolizes the struggle of black slaves during the colonial period. "El Caballito Blanco" depicts the struggles of the indigenous against the Spanish at the Battle of Centla. Zapateo is said to be derived from the fandango, brought to the area by a conquistador called Ortíz de Séquito. It is considered to be the regional dance of the state.


title: Tabasco

text: Traditional music has its origins in the Olmec period with other indigenous influences such as those of the Maya, Mexicas and Nahuas. It is based on flute and percussion, including drums made of tortoise shells and flutes/whistles made of ceramic. Purely indigenous music has almost entirely disappeared, replaced by that of European influence. Fandango influence was the first to arrive, which was modified then called fandanguillo leading to songs called zapateos in the colonial period, played by small orchestras. These were mostly composed of wind instruments but the marimba and drums called temborileros were added. This music was accompanied by a dance of the same name. Later, short improvised rhymes called "bombas" were added varying by region often consisting of a man and woman answering each other.


title: Tabasco

text: The cuisine is based on the foods of the ancient Mayas and Chontals, using plants and animals native to the region such as achiote, chili peppers, chipilín (amashito) and banana leaves, with corn and beans serving as the base. (amashito) Traditionally, people in Tabasco eat seven times a day, these meals are called "puntal" (after getting out of bed), breakfast, "refigerio," "apertivo," "comida," "merienda" and "cena." This regime is based on rural work customs which required starting the day before the sun rose. Typical dishes include those with iguana meat, gar fish, beef puchero, smoked oysters, totopostes, pork with beans and tortillas made with banana and fresh corn. Chocolate is still found in preparations which have not changed since pre Hispanic times mostly as hot and cold beverages. The most common cold chocolate beverage is pozol, served fresh or fermented. Each of the regions has certain specialties. Teapa is known for its cheese and longaniza sausage. Jalpa de Méndez produces head cheese, longaniza sausage and another cured meat called butifarra. Macuspana's dishes are often based on ingredients from the area's rivers such as bass, turtle and gar. Paraíso is known for its oysters, often cooked in their shell over an open flame. Jalapa is known for its sweets such as sweetened fruits in corn husks, often accompanied by a cacao and corn beverage called chorote.


title: Tabasco

text: The state has sixteen important museums. Most are located in the Villahermosa area but others can be found in Comalcalco, Huimanguillo, Balancán, Emiliano Zapata, Jalpa de Méndez, Jonuta and Teapa. These include the Carlos Pellicer Museum (anthropology) Museum of Popular Culture, Museum of History and the La Venta site museum.


title: Tabasco

text: Patron saint days are still popular events in the state, with some of the more notable being San Isidro in Comalcalco and Nacajuca, James the Greater in Chontalpa, Our Lady of the Remedies in Nacajuca, Our Lady of the Assumption in Cupilco, Francis of Asissi in , events related with Lent in Atasta and Tamulté and the Saint Sebastian in Tenosique. There are also notable Carnival celebrations in Pochó, Tenosique and Villahermosa.


title: Tabasco

text: La Venta was the most important civic-religious center of the Olmec civilization, the first major culture of Mesoamerica. The site shows a number of the characteristics of Olmec culture, including depictions of jaguars, colossal heads and images of figures of rotund children. The site dates back to about 1000 BC and declined around 400 AD, replaced in importance by San Lorenzo. The museum associated with La Venta is in Villahermosa proper, and called Parque Museo de la Venta. It contains thirty three major pieces from the site and includes displays about Olmec customs, government, astronomy and writing. This park was created in the 1950s by writer Carlos Pellicer to protect the most important pieces of the archeological site. There are also exhibits on the flora and fauna of the area.


title: Tabasco

text: Comalcalco is a Maya archeological site near the modern city of the same name, on a bank of the Mezcalapa River. While it is not the only Mayan city whose monumental architecture is of adobe brick instead of stone, it is the only one which has had extensive reconstruction, and is open to the public. The Mayas here used adobe because of the lack of building stone in the area, instead using the abundant clay and lime extracted from shells. The Mayan city developed between 800 and 1100 AD, contemporary with Palenque and Yaxchilan. The name of the site comes from Nahuatl and means place of comals (a kind of cooking pan), but its Mayan name was Hoi Chan, which means "cloudy sky". The site covers 577 hectares and with a total of 282 structures. The main monuments are La Plaza Norte, La Gran Acropolis and the Eastern Acropolis.


title: Tabasco

text: Malpasito is located near the modern settlement of the same name. This site is related to the Zoque culture and was at its height between 250 and 400 AD. To date, the site is only partially explored. The structures of the site rest on a series of artificial terraces with twenty seven mounds. These structures include a Mesoamerican ball court, a main plaza and a sunken patio. Other features of the site are the sixty petroglyphs.


title: Tabasco

text: Pomoná is a Mayan site discovered in 1959. The city was established in the Classic period, achieving its height in the late Classic and falling in the early Post Classic. It is on the Usumacinta River, giving it an important role in the political and economic relations of the time, as many ocean products passed through here on their way to the Peten area. Its original name is not known and it is currently named after a nearby modern settlement. It has six important groups of buildings with residential areas extending over 175 hectares.


title: Tabasco

text: Reforma is also known as Morales or Moral. There is little information about this Mayan site, but it had an established ruling lineage by 633 AD and was tied politically and economically with Pomoná, Palenque and Bonampak.


title: Tabasco

text: The main plazas with their ceremonial structures are similar to those found in Tikal and the towers of Río Bec. There are seven principal structures surrounded by numerous smaller ones. Many of the stele from the site can be found at the José Gómez Panaco Museum in the nearby city of Balancán.


title: Tabasco

text: In 2020, the largest and oldest Mayan temple yet discovered was uncovered using lidar at the Aguada Fénix site in Tabasco.


title: Tabasco

text: The state's population growth has put pressure on the educational system with about forty percent of its population school age. The average schooling in Tabasco has climbed from 2.7 years in 1970 to 6.7 years in 1995. In the same time period, the level percentage of the population which was illiterate fell from 25.7% to 11%. Today, the average schooling is 8.6 years or the third year of middle school, which is the national average.


title: Tabasco

text: As of the 2008/2009 school year, the state has 4,910 primary and middle school. Primary and middle school education is ranked next to last of all federal entities. It has 269 high schools and vocational school, ranking 30th of 32. It has 57 colleges and universities, ranking next to last. The state has sixteen major institutes of higher education, with four universities, three technological colleges, seven teachers’ colleges an "instituto de estudios superiors" and one post graduate college. These include the Escuela Normal Urbana de Balancán, Escuela Normal Justo Sierra Méndez, Escuela Normal Graciela Pintado de Madrazo, Escuela Normal Pablo García Avalos, Colegio Rosario María Gutiérrez Eskildsen, Colegio Monte Cristo, Centro de Estudios Culturales, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Universidad Olmeca, Institutio Tecnológico de Villahermosa, Instituto Tecnológico Agropecuario Num.28, Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Comalcalco, Centro de Estudios Universitarios de Villahermosa, Instituto de Educación Superior Alfa y Omega, Universidad Pedagógica Nacional and the Colegio de Posgraduados en Ciencias Agrícolas.


title: Tabasco

text: The Universidad Intercultural del Estado de Tabasco was founded in 2006 as a state university to offer higher education to those from lower socioeconomic classes and indigenous communities.


title: Tabasco

text: The state has thirty-three radio stations and thirteen television stations, nine of which are repeaters for programs from Mexico City. The two local stations are Televisión de Tabasco and Canal 9.


title: Tabasco

text: Newspapers of Tabasco include: "Diario de la Tarde de Tabasco", "El Heraldo de Tabasco", "El Sol del sureste", "Esto de Tabasco", "Milenio Tabasco", "Novedades de Tabasco", "Presente Diario del Sureste", and "Tabasco Hoy."


title: Tabasco

text: The state has of federal, state and rural roads. The most important highways in the state are the Coatzacoalcos-Villahermosa, Tuxtla Gutiérrez-Villahermosa, Escárcega-Villahermosa and Cd. Del Carmen-Frontera-Villahermosa. There are also of rail line which transports 523,468 tons of cargo per year as well as passengers.