title: Trifle

text: It was not until the 1750s that trifles took the form that many know of today. Two recipes for what now is considered a trifle first appeared in the mid-18th century in England. Both recipes described biscuits soaked in wine layered with custard and covered in a whipped syllabub froth. One was in the 4th edition of Hannah Glasse's "The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy" (1751) and the other was by an unknown author entitled "The Whole Duty of a Woman" (1751).


title: Trifle

text: Jelly is first recorded as part of a trifle recipe in Hannah Glasse's 'A grand trifle' in her book The Compleat Confectioner (1760). Her recipe instructs the reader to use calves' feet to make a rich calves-foot jelly, and to half fill the dish with this jelly. Biscuits and macaroons are broken into pieces and stuck into the jelly before it sets, 'thick sweet cream' is poured over the jelly and biscuits and the whole is decorated with pieces of calves-foot jelly, raspberry jam and currant jelly cut into pieces, and more macaroons finish the dish.


title: Trifle

text: The Dean's Cream from Cambridge, England was made about the same time as Hannah Glasse's version and was composed of sponge cakes, spread with jam, macaroons and ratafias soaked in sherry, and covered with syllabub. Trifle like deserts of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries include King's Pudding, Easter Pudding, Victoria Pudding or Colchester pudding.


title: Trifle

text: In 1855 Eliza Acton described The Duke's Custard, a mixture of sugared, brandied Morella cherries, covered in custard, edged with Naples biscuits (sponge fingers) or macaroons, which was then finished with solid whipped cream coloured pink with cochineal and 'highly flavoured' with brandy.


title: Trifle

text: English cookery writer Jane Grigson has a trifle in her book on English Food (first published in 1974) and she describes her version, which includes macaroons, Frontignan wine, brandy, eggs, raspberry jam and everlasting syllabub, as 'a pudding worth eating, not the mean travesty made with yellow, packaged sponge cakes, poor sherry and powdered custard'.


title: Trifle

text: The late 19th century was, according to food historian Annie Gray 'a sort of heyday' for trifles and by the early 1900s there were, in print, says Gray, 'a bewildering number of recipes for trifle'. There were thirteen in The Encyclopaedia of Practical Cooker (1891), from Theodore Francis Garrett, alone. That book is unusual, suggests Gray, in including two savoury versions, one with veal and one with lobster.


title: Trifle

text: In 2022, a trifle was selected to be the Platinum Pudding, to help celebrate the Platinum Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. A lemon Swiss roll and amaretti trifle, created by Jemma Melvin from Southport, Merseyside, in the United Kingdom won a competition run by Fortnum & Mason "to create a pudding fit for The Queen".


title: Trifle

text: In Italy, a dessert similar to and probably based on trifle is known as "zuppa inglese", literally "English soup". Tiramisù is prepared similarly to trifle, but it does not include fruits and the original recipe calls for the savoiardi (ladyfingers) to be dipped in coffee rather than spirits.


title: Thermographic camera

text: A thermographic camera (also called an infrared camera or thermal imaging camera, thermal camera or thermal imager) is a device that creates an image using infrared (IR) radiation, similar to a normal camera that forms an image using visible light. Instead of the 400–700 nanometre (nm) range of the visible light camera, infrared cameras are sensitive to wavelengths from about 1,000 nm (1 micrometre or μm) to about 14,000 nm (14 μm). The practice of capturing and analyzing the data they provide is called thermography.


title: Thermographic camera

text: Infrared was discovered in 1800 by Sir William Herschel as a form of radiation beyond red light. These "infrared rays" (infra is the Latin prefix for "below") were used mainly for thermal measurement. There are four basic laws of IR radiation: Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation, Stefan–Boltzmann law, Planck's law, and Wien's displacement law. The development of detectors was mainly focused on the use of thermometers and bolometers until World War I. A significant step in the development of detectors occurred in 1829, when Leopoldo Nobili, using the Seebeck effect, created the first known thermocouple, fabricating an improved thermometer, a crude thermopile. He described this instrument to Macedonio Melloni. Initially, they jointly developed a greatly improved instrument. Subsequently, Melloni worked alone, creating an instrument in 1833 (a multielement thermopile) that could detect a person 10 metres away. The next significant step in improving detectors was the bolometer, invented in 1880 by Samuel Pierpont Langley. Langley and his assistant Charles Greeley Abbot continued to make improvements in this instrument. By 1901, it could detect radiation from a cow from 400 metres away and was sensitive to differences in temperature of one hundred thousandths (0.00001 C) of a degree Celsius. The first commercial thermal imaging camera was sold in 1965 for high voltage power line inspections.


title: Thermographic camera

text: The first advanced application of IR technology in the civil section may have been a device to detect the presence of icebergs and steamships using a mirror and thermopile, patented in 1913. This was soon outdone by the first accurate IR iceberg detector, which did not use thermopiles, patented in 1914 by R.D. Parker. This was followed by G.A. Barker's proposal to use the IR system to detect forest fires in 1934. The technique was not genuinely industrialized until it was used to analyze heating uniformity in hot steel strips in 1935.


title: Thermographic camera

text: In 1929, Hungarian physicist Kálmán Tihanyi invented the infrared-sensitive (night vision) electronic television camera for anti-aircraft defense in Britain. The first American thermographic camera developed was an infrared line scanner. This was created by the US military and Texas Instruments in 1947 and took one hour to produce a single image. While several approaches were investigated to improve the speed and accuracy of the technology, one of the most crucial factors dealt with scanning an image, which the AGA company was able to commercialize using a cooled photoconductor.


title: Thermographic camera

text: The first infrared linescan system was the British Yellow Duckling of the mid-1950s. This used a continuously rotating mirror and detector, with Y-axis scanning by the motion of the carrier aircraft. Although unsuccessful in its intended application of submarine tracking by wake detection, it was applied to land-based surveillance and became the foundation of military IR linescan.


title: Thermographic camera

text: This work was further developed at the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment in the UK when they discovered that mercury cadmium telluride was a photoconductor that required much less cooling. Honeywell in the United States also developed arrays of detectors that could cool at a lower temperature, but they scanned mechanically. This method had several disadvantages which could be overcome using an electronic scanning system. In 1969 Michael Francis Tompsett at English Electric Valve Company in the UK patented a camera that scanned pyro-electronically and which reached a high level of performance after several other breakthroughs during the 1970s. Tompsett also proposed an idea for solid-state thermal-imaging arrays, which eventually led to modern hybridized single-crystal-slice imaging devices.


title: Thermographic camera

text: One of the essential areas of development for security systems was for the ability to intelligently evaluate a signal, as well as warning of a threat's presence. Under the encouragement of the US Strategic Defense Initiative, "smart sensors" began to appear. These are sensors that could integrate sensing, signal extraction, processing, and comprehension. There are two main types of smart sensors. One, similar to what is called a "vision chip" when used in the visible range, allow for preprocessing using smart sensing techniques due to the increase in growth of integrated microcircuitry. The other technology is more oriented to specific use and fulfills its preprocessing goal through its design and structure.


title: Thermographic camera

text: Towards the end of the 1990s, the use of infrared was moving towards civilian use. There was a dramatic lowering of costs for uncooled arrays, which along with the significant increase in developments, led to a dual-use market encompassing both civilian and military uses. These uses include environmental control, building/art analysis, functional medical diagnostics, and car guidance and collision avoidance systems.


title: Thermographic camera

text: Infrared energy is just one part of the electromagnetic spectrum, which encompasses radiation from gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, a thin region of visible light, infrared, terahertz waves, microwaves, and radio waves. These are all related and differentiated in the length of their wave (wavelength). All objects emit a certain amount of black body radiation as a function of their temperature.


title: Thermographic camera

text: Generally speaking, the higher an object's temperature, the more infrared radiation is emitted as black-body radiation. A special camera can detect this radiation in a way similar to the way an ordinary camera detects visible light. It even works in total darkness because ambient light level does not matter. This makes it useful for rescue operations in smoke-filled buildings and underground.


title: Thermographic camera

text: A major difference with optical cameras is that the focusing lenses cannot be made of glass, as glass blocks long-wave infrared light. Typically the spectral range of thermal radiation is from 7 to 14 μm. Special materials such as Germanium, calcium fluoride, crystalline silicon or newly developed special type of chalcogenide glasses must be used. Except for calcium fluoride all these materials are quite hard and have high refractive index (for germanium n=4) which leads to very high Fresnel reflection from uncoated surfaces (up to more than 30%). For this reason most of the lenses for thermal cameras have antireflective coatings. The higher cost of these special lenses is one reason why thermographic cameras are more expensive.


title: Thermographic camera

text: Images from infrared cameras tend to be monochrome because the cameras generally use an image sensor that does not distinguish different wavelengths of infrared radiation. Color image sensors require a complex construction to differentiate wavelengths, and color has less meaning outside of the normal visible spectrum because the differing wavelengths do not map uniformly into the system of color vision used by humans.


title: Thermographic camera

text: Sometimes these monochromatic images are displayed in pseudo-color, where changes in color are used rather than changes in intensity to display changes in the signal. This technique, called density slicing, is useful because although humans have much greater dynamic range in intensity detection than color overall, the ability to see fine intensity differences in bright areas is fairly limited.


title: Thermographic camera

text: For use in temperature measurement the brightest (warmest) parts of the image are customarily colored white, intermediate temperatures reds and yellows, and the dimmest (coolest) parts black. A scale should be shown next to a false color image to relate colors to temperatures. Their resolution is considerably lower than that of optical cameras, mostly only 160 x 120 or 320 x 240 pixels, although more expensive cameras can achieve a resolution of 1280 x 1024 pixels. Thermographic cameras are much more expensive than their visible-spectrum counterparts, though low-performance add-on thermal cameras for smartphones became available for hundreds of dollars in 2014. Higher-end models are often deemed dual-use military grade equipment, and are export-restricted, particularly if the resolution is 640 x 480 or greater, unless the refresh rate is 9 Hz or less. The export of thermal cameras is regulated by International Traffic in Arms Regulations. A thermal camera was first built into a smartphone in 2016, into the Cat S60.


title: Thermographic camera

text: In uncooled detectors the temperature differences at the sensor pixels are minute; a 1 °C difference at the scene induces just a 0.03 °C difference at the sensor. The pixel response time is also fairly slow, at the range of tens of milliseconds.


title: Thermographic camera

text: Thermography finds many other uses. For example, firefighters use it to see through smoke, find people, and localize hotspots of fires. With thermal imaging, power line maintenance technicians locate overheating joints and parts, a telltale sign of their failure, to eliminate potential hazards. Where thermal insulation becomes faulty, building construction technicians can see heat leaks to improve the efficiencies of cooling or heating air-conditioning.


title: Thermographic camera

text: Thermal imaging cameras are also installed in some luxury cars to aid the driver (automotive night vision), the first being the 2000 Cadillac DeVille.


title: Thermographic camera

text: Some physiological activities, particularly responses such as fever, in human beings and other warm-blooded animals can also be monitored with thermographic imaging. Cooled infrared cameras can be found at major astronomy research telescopes, even those that are not infrared telescopes.


title: Thermographic camera

text: Thermographic cameras can be broadly divided into two types: those with cooled infrared image detectors and those with uncooled detectors.


title: Thermographic camera

text: Cooled detectors are typically contained in a vacuum-sealed case or Dewar and cryogenically cooled. The cooling is necessary for the operation of the semiconductor materials used. Typical operating temperatures range from to just below room temperature, depending on the detector technology. Most modern cooled detectors operate in the 60 Kelvin (K) to 100 K range (-213 to -173 °C), depending on type and performance level.


title: Thermographic camera

text: Without cooling, these sensors (which detect and convert light in much the same way as common digital cameras, but are made of different materials) would be 'blinded' or flooded by their own radiation. The drawbacks of cooled infrared cameras are that they are expensive both to produce and to run. Cooling is both energy-intensive and time-consuming.


title: Thermographic camera

text: The camera may need several minutes to cool down before it can begin working. The most commonly used cooling systems are peltier coolers which, although inefficient and limited in cooling capacity, are relatively simple and compact. To obtain better image quality or for imaging low temperature objects Stirling engine cryocoolers are needed. Although the cooling apparatus may be comparatively bulky and expensive, cooled infrared cameras provide greatly superior image quality compared to uncooled ones, particularly of objects near or below room temperature. Additionally, the greater sensitivity of cooled cameras also allow the use of higher F-number lenses, making high performance long focal length lenses both smaller and cheaper for cooled detectors.


title: Thermographic camera

text: An alternative to Stirling engine coolers is to use gases bottled at high pressure, nitrogen being a common choice. The pressurised gas is expanded via a micro-sized orifice and passed over a miniature heat exchanger resulting in regenerative cooling via the Joule–Thomson effect. For such systems the supply of pressurized gas is a logistical concern for field use.


title: Thermographic camera

text: Materials used for cooled infrared detection include photodetectors based on a wide range of narrow gap semiconductors including indium antimonide (3-5 μm), indium arsenide, mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) (1-2 μm, 3-5 μm, 8-12 μm), lead sulfide, and lead selenide


title: Thermographic camera

text: Infrared photodetectors can be created with structures of high bandgap semiconductors such as in quantum well infrared photodetectors.


title: Thermographic camera

text: In principle, superconducting tunneling junction devices could be used as infrared sensors because of their very narrow gap. Small arrays have been demonstrated. They have not been broadly adopted for use because their high sensitivity requires careful shielding from the background radiation.


title: Thermographic camera

text: Superconducting detectors offer extreme sensitivity, with some able to register individual photons. For example, ESA's Superconducting camera (SCAM). However, they are not in regular use outside of scientific research.


title: Thermographic camera

text: Uncooled thermal cameras use a sensor operating at ambient temperature, or a sensor stabilized at a temperature close to ambient using small temperature control elements. Modern uncooled detectors all use sensors that work by the change of resistance, voltage or current when heated by infrared radiation. These changes are then measured and compared to the values at the operating temperature of the sensor.


title: Thermographic camera

text: Uncooled infrared sensors can be stabilized to an operating temperature to reduce image noise, but they are not cooled to low temperatures and do not require bulky, expensive, energy consuming cryogenic coolers. This makes infrared cameras smaller and less costly. However, their resolution and image quality tend to be lower than cooled detectors. This is due to differences in their fabrication processes, limited by currently available technology. An uncooled thermal camera also needs to deal with its own heat signature.


title: Thermographic camera

text: Uncooled detectors are mostly based on pyroelectric and ferroelectric materials or microbolometer technology. The material are used to form pixels with highly temperature-dependent properties, which are thermally insulated from the environment and read electronically.


title: Thermographic camera

text: Ferroelectric detectors operate close to phase transition temperature of the sensor material; the pixel temperature is read as the highly temperature-dependent polarization charge. The achieved NETD of ferroelectric detectors with f/1 optics and 320x240 sensors is 70-80 mK. A possible sensor assembly consists of barium strontium titanate bump-bonded by polyimide thermally insulated connection.


title: Thermographic camera

text: Silicon microbolometers can reach NETD down to 20 mK. They consist of a layer of amorphous silicon, or a thin film vanadium(V) oxide sensing element suspended on silicon nitride bridge above the silicon-based scanning electronics. The electric resistance of the sensing element is measured once per frame.


title: Thermographic camera

text: Current improvements of uncooled focal plane arrays (UFPA) are focused primarily on higher sensitivity and pixel density. In 2013 DARPA announced a five-micron LWIR camera that uses a 1280 x 720 focal plane array (FPA).


title: Thermographic camera

text: Some of the materials used for the sensor arrays are amorphous silicon (a-Si), vanadium(V) oxide (VOx), lanthanum barium manganite (LBMO), lead zirconate titanate (PZT), lanthanum doped lead zirconate titanate (PLZT), lead scandium tantalate (PST), lead lanthanum titanate (PLT), lead titanate (PT), lead zinc niobate (PZN), lead strontium titanate (PSrT), barium strontium titanate (BST), barium titanate (BT), antimony sulfoiodide (SbSI), and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF).


title: Thermographic camera

text: Originally developed for military use during the Korean War, thermographic cameras have slowly migrated into other fields as varied as medicine and archeology. More recently, the lowering of prices has helped fuel the adoption of infrared viewing technology. Advanced optics and sophisticated software interfaces continue to enhance the versatility of IR cameras.


title: Thermographic camera

text: Some specification parameters of an infrared camera system are number of pixels, frame rate, responsivity, noise-equivalent power, noise-equivalent temperature difference (NETD), spectral band, distance-to-spot ratio (D:S), minimum focus distance, sensor lifetime, minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRTD), field of view, dynamic range, input power, and mass and volume.


title: Ferrari F1-75

text: The Ferrari F1-75 is a Formula One racing car designed and constructed by Scuderia Ferrari which competed in the 2022 Formula One World Championship.


title: Ferrari F1-75

text: The car was driven by Charles Leclerc and Carlos Sainz Jr. The chassis is Ferrari's first single seater under the 2022 FIA Technical Regulations. The F1-75 scored four wins, from the Bahrain, the Australian, the British and the Austrian Grands Prix, and 20 podiums from its 22 races. The car made its competitive debut at the 2022 Bahrain Grand Prix.


title: Ferrari F1-75

text: South African engineer Rory Byrne, although not officially credited, was heavily involved in the design of the F1-75. As the car proved successful in the first part of the season, his contract was renewed for three years.


title: Ferrari F1-75

text: The name refers to the 75th anniversary since the first Ferrari production car rolled out of the factory in Maranello.


title: Ferrari F1-75

text: The F1-75 was used in a tyre test following the Emilia Romagna Grand Prix and was investigated after it appeared to have been run with a new floor specification that had not been previously used. The FIA ruled that the floor had been previously used during pre-season testing and was, therefore, compliant with the regulations.


title: Ferrari F1-75

text: Compared to the winless 2020 and 2021 cars, the F1-75 was immediately competitive; the team took pole and a dominant victory at the first race in Bahrain. This feat was repeated in Australia, despite the team's reluctance to add updates to the car. Compared to its main rival, the Red Bull RB18, the F1-75 often displayed superior cornering speeds, but the RB18 was better on the straights. Leclerc took four consecutive poles from Miami to Baku, but the team failed to convert any of these poles to wins through a combination of unreliability and poor strategy. At the British Grand Prix, Sainz took pole and won his first Formula One race. At the following race in Austria, the F1-75 took another victory with Leclerc, who achieved his 5th Grand Prix victory.


title: Ferrari F1-75

text: However, despite being competitive in the first half of the season, the F1-75 suffered from porpoising and poor engine reliability; to address that, Ferrari downtuned the engines at the 2022 Belgian Grand Prix. The porpoising was addressed by FIA's Technical Directive 39 which took effect at the same race. However, reports emerged that the Technical Directive caused the F1-75 to suffer increased tyre wear in subsequent races.


title: Ferrari F1-75

text: In November 2022, Mattia Binotto stated that Ferrari could not afford to upgrade the car due to them having hit the cost cap, which further contributed to the car's downturn in competitiveness in the second half of the season.


title: Félix Hernández

text: Félix Abraham Hernández García (born April 8, 1986), nicknamed "King Félix", is a Venezuelan former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Seattle Mariners from 2005 through 2019.


title: Félix Hernández

text: On August 15, 2012, Hernández threw the 23rd perfect game in MLB history against the Tampa Bay Rays in a 1–0 victory at Safeco Field. It was also the first perfect game in Seattle Mariners franchise history. His perfect game remains the most recent in Major League Baseball.


title: Félix Hernández

text: On April 23, 2016, Hernández claimed the record for most strikeouts by a Mariners pitcher when he struck out Rafael Ortega of the Los Angeles Angels for his 2,163rd strikeout as a Mariner pitcher. The previous record of 2,162 strikeouts had been held by Randy Johnson. Hernández's 146th win, which occurred on May 9, gave him the club record in that category as well, surpassing Jamie Moyer.


title: Félix Hernández

text: Hernández was born in Valencia, Venezuela. He was first spotted by Luis Fuenmayor, a part-time Mariners scout who saw him pitching at age 14 in a tournament near Maracaibo, Venezuela. Fuenmayor recommended Hernández to fellow scouts Pedro Avila and Emilio Carrasquel, who were impressed with the youngster who could already throw 90 mph. The Seattle Mariners signed Hernandez as soon as he turned 16, in accordance with MLB rules.


title: Félix Hernández

text: After graduating from high school, Hernández finally agreed to his first professional contract. Mariners director of international operations Bob Engle signed Hernández as a nondrafted free agent on July 4, 2002. Hernández received a large signing bonus of $710,000, although he said the Mariners were not the highest bidder. Other teams trying to sign him included the New York Yankees and the Atlanta Braves, with both teams reportedly offering more money than Seattle.


title: Félix Hernández

text: One reason Hernández chose the Mariners is that his idol, fellow Venezuelan pitcher Freddy García, was pitching for the team at the time. His agent, Wil Polidor, also attributed the decision to the influence of Hernández's father Félix Sr., a trucking business owner who handled negotiations for his son. Engle and the other Mariners scouts had cultivated a relationship with the family to explain their plans for Félix and earn the family's trust.


title: Félix Hernández

text: The following year, Hernández came to the United States and began pitching in the Mariners' minor league system. In 2003, Hernández tore through Class-A with a 7–2 mark in Everett and Wisconsin. Returning to his native Venezuela to pitch in the winter league there, he held his own at 17 years of age against competition that included established major league players.


title: Félix Hernández

text: Hernández was named the Mariners' minor league pitcher of the year in 2004, a season that also saw him make an appearance in the Futures Game. He started with Inland Empire in the California League, before being promoted to Double-A San Antonio, and finished a combined 14–4 with a 2.95 ERA and 172 strikeouts in 149 innings pitched.


title: Félix Hernández

text: At the beginning of 2005, "Baseball America" listed him as the No. 1 pitching prospect in baseball and No. 2 overall behind Joe Mauer. Hernández continued his success in 2005 with the Triple-A Tacoma Rainiers in the Pacific Coast League, posting a 9–4 record with a league-leading 2.25 ERA and 100 strikeouts in just 88 innings. He was selected for the Triple-A All-Star Game but did not participate as he spent a month on the disabled list with shoulder bursitis. He was also named the PCL Rookie of the Year and PCL Pitcher of the Year.


title: Félix Hernández

text: Soon after returning from his injury, Hernández was called up to the major leagues by the Mariners. He made his debut on August 4, 2005, in a 3–1 loss in a road game against the Detroit Tigers. At 19 years, 118 days, he was the youngest pitcher to appear in the major leagues since José Rijo in 1984. Hernández earned his first major league win in his next outing on August 9, 2005, pitching eight shutout innings in a 1–0 victory at home over the Minnesota Twins. Over his first several starts, he registered a streak of 112 batters faced before he allowed his first extra-base hit, a double by Jermaine Dye of the Chicago White Sox.


title: Félix Hernández

text: In 12 starts, Hernández posted a 4–4 record with 77 strikeouts and a 2.67 ERA. With innings pitched, he exhausted his rookie eligibility. After the season, he became the focus of a disagreement over the possibility of his pitching in the 2006 World Baseball Classic. Although Hernández was placed on a provisional roster by his native Venezuela, the Mariners objected, citing his earlier injury and expressing concern about the stress on his arm from adding this competition to the demands of a full season in the major leagues at such a young age. Their appeal to the WBC technical committee was eventually upheld.


title: Félix Hernández

text: When he arrived in the major leagues, Hernández was given uniform number 59. In 2006, he switched to number 34, the same number Freddy García (since traded to the Chicago White Sox) had worn as a Mariner.


title: Félix Hernández

text: For his first full year in the major leagues, Hernández arrived in spring training out of shape and had his preparation for the season interrupted by shin splints. He recovered in time to begin the season in the starting rotation, where he often struggled, but occasionally showed flashes of the potential that had generated such hype. His achievements included a few more personal milestones. He threw his first career complete game on June 11, beating the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim by a score of 6–2.


title: Félix Hernández

text: On August 27, once more against the Angels, Hernández registered his first shutout, needing only 95 pitches and allowing five hits while picking up four strikeouts. The game, which lasted only 1 hour, 51 minutes, was the shortest in the history of Safeco Field.


title: Félix Hernández

text: Concerned about avoiding possible injury to their young pitcher, the Mariners declared that they would limit the number of innings Hernández pitched to 200 (counting both the regular season and spring training). This required them to skip his turn in the rotation a couple times as the season went on, after the Mariners fell out of contention. To allow him to make one last start at the end of the year, the team decided to raise the limit to 205. His 191 regular-season innings were still the most on the team, and he finished 12–14 with a 4.52 ERA. His 12 victories and 176 strikeouts also led the Mariner pitching staff. He also threw the fastest fastball of all major league starters in 2006, averaging 95.2 miles per hour.


title: Félix Hernández

text: During the offseason, Hernández returned to his parents' home in a modest Valencia neighborhood, while awaiting completion of a house for himself, his girlfriend and daughter. At the team's insistence, he did not pitch in the Venezuelan winter league, unlike his older brother Moises, a pitching prospect trying to crack the majors with the Atlanta Braves. A "Seattle Times" profile of his life in Venezuela, with its relaxed daily routine, raised eyebrows among those who remained concerned about his conditioning. The team later explained that he had been specifically instructed to rest for two weeks after the season. He then picked up a workout regimen, including an improved diet, daily running, and regular weight training, to lose about 20 pounds. This put Hernández in much better physical condition upon his return to the United States in January, when he began a throwing program in advance of spring training.


title: Félix Hernández

text: Based on his improved condition and a successful spring training, the Mariners indicated that in 2007 they would no longer limit the number of innings Hernández could pitch, focusing instead on pitch counts to avoid overuse. Hernández won the honor of being named the team's Opening Day starter. He became the youngest pitcher chosen for this assignment since Dwight Gooden in 1985. He pitched eight innings of a 4–0 victory over the Oakland A's, allowing three hits and two walks while setting a career-high with 12 strikeouts.


title: Félix Hernández

text: Hernández thrust himself into the national spotlight with his next start on April 11 against the Boston Red Sox, a much-hyped duel with Japanese import Daisuke Matsuzaka, who was making his home debut at Fenway Park. Hernández lived up to his end and upstaged the matchup of Matsuzaka pitching to his countryman, Ichiro Suzuki, by hurling no-hit ball for seven innings, finishing with a one-hit, complete-game shutout in a 3–0 victory.


title: Félix Hernández

text: During the first inning of his next start against Minnesota he was removed from the game because of increasing tightness in his right elbow, especially when throwing his slider. After undergoing an MRI exam that night, he was examined the next day and was diagnosed with a strained flexor-pronator muscle in his forearm and was placed on the disabled list. Two planned returns were put off as the team took a cautious approach in bringing him back, although it opted not to send him to the minor leagues for a rehabilitation assignment. Instead, he was activated on May 15 and kept on a reduced pitch count initially.


title: Félix Hernández

text: Upon his return, Hernández initially battled to regain the form he had flashed in those first two starts of the year. Hernández finished the season with a 14–7 record. His victory over the New York Yankees on September 3, in his first appearance at Yankee Stadium, stopped a nine-game Mariner losing streak, but was not enough to keep the team from falling out of playoff contention. His 3.92 ERA for the season was the best among the team's starters, and he again led the Mariners in strikeouts with 165. He again threw the fastest fastball of all major league starters in 2007, averaging 95.6 miles per hour.


title: Félix Hernández

text: On June 17, Hernández became the thirteenth AL pitcher ever to throw an "immaculate inning" (striking out the side on exactly nine pitches). He did this versus the Florida Marlins in the 4th inning. On June 23, in his only at bat of the season, Hernández hit his first major league home run, a grand slam, off Johan Santana of the New York Mets. Hernández became the first American League pitcher to hit a grand slam since Cleveland's Steve Dunning hit one on May 11, 1971, and was the first to do so since interleague play and the DH rule began. It was also the first home run ever hit by a Mariners pitcher. Later on in the same game, Carlos Beltrán slid into Hernández as he covered home, injuring the pitcher's left ankle. He was forced to leave the ballgame and was placed on the 15-day disabled list. He finished the season with a perfect 4.000 slugging percentage.


title: Félix Hernández

text: Hernández finished the season with a 9–11 record posting 3.45 ERA and 175 strikeouts. He also threw the fastest fastball of all AL starters in 2008, averaging 94.6 miles per hour.


title: Félix Hernández

text: In January, Hernández avoided arbitration and agreed to a one-year, $3.8 million deal. Hernández got off to a fast start, starting the season with a 4–0 record, only to fall cold in May, going 1–3. After a particularly sloppy loss against the Anaheim Angels, manager Don Wakamatsu publicly called him out for not "stepping up" as an ace. Hernández would go on to lose just two games during the rest of the year.


title: Félix Hernández

text: On June 19 against San Diego, Hernández threw a complete game, two-hit shutout against the Padres. This was his first complete game of the season and one of the best starts of his career. His sizzling performance in June (3–0 record, 0.93 ERA, 35 strikeouts) would earn him the AL Pitcher of the Month award for June, and on July 5, 2009, Hernández was selected along with outfielder Ichiro Suzuki as the Mariners representatives in the 2009 MLB All Star Game. He made the first All-Star appearance of his career in the sixth inning, tossing a hitless inning.


title: Félix Hernández

text: By the All-Star break, Hernández was 9–3 with a 2.53 ERA while striking out 122 batters in innings pitched. At the age of 23 years, he became one of the youngest and fastest pitchers to strikeout 600 batters since Dwight Gooden. He would reach 800 strikeouts by season's end.


title: Félix Hernández

text: During the 2009 season, Hernández set career bests in wins, strikeouts, innings pitched, and earned run average. Hernández finished the season 19–5 with a 2.49 ERA and 217 strikeouts and was in strong contention for the AL Cy Young Award. Hernández ended up finishing second in the award voting behind Zack Greinke.


title: Félix Hernández

text: On January 21, 2010, the Seattle Mariners and Hernández agreed to a 5-year contract extension worth about $78 million, which added to the involved offseason in which the Mariners traded for Cliff Lee and Milton Bradley.


title: Félix Hernández

text: On June 3, 2010, Hernández struck out four batters in one inning. He did so by striking out Joe Mauer on a wild pitch before striking out Justin Morneau. He was the third Mariner to accomplish this feat.


title: Félix Hernández

text: On August 25, 2010, Hernández struck out David Ortiz to record his 1,000th career strikeout. He became the 3rd youngest pitcher to do so since 1952, behind Bert Blyleven and Dwight Gooden, and also the 4th overall, behind Bob Feller.


title: Félix Hernández

text: Hernández faced the Rangers on September 17, 2010, and was working on a no-hitter until Nelson Cruz broke it up with a home run in the eighth inning. In his next start, he threw a complete-game two-hitter in Toronto, surrendering only one run on José Bautista's 50th home run of the year in the first inning. The Mariners offense, however, was shut out by Blue Jays pitching and Hernández was dealt his twelfth loss of the season. Ten of Hernández's twelve losses were in games where the Mariners were shut out or scored only one run, and four other times, the bullpen blew a lead Hernandez turned over to them.


title: Félix Hernández

text: Despite the lackluster win–loss record, Hernández won the 2010 American League Cy Young Award on the strength of all of his other stats, leading the league in ERA, innings pitched, innings per start, quality starts, fewest hits per nine innings, and placing second in strikeouts, walks and hits per nine innings, and complete games, while facing the most batters in the league. Hernández finished the season 13–12 with a 2.27 ERA, 232 strikeouts, and innings pitched. His 13 wins were the fewest by a starting pitcher to win the Cy Young Award in a non-shortened season (Fernando Valenzuela won the award with 13 wins in a strike-shortened season). He was also named the "Sporting News" AL Pitcher of the Year, and was nominated for the This Year in Baseball Award. The "Baseball Prospectus" Internet Baseball Awards named him its AL Cy Young Winner.


title: Félix Hernández

text: In 2011 Hernández was selected to the American League All Star Team for the second time. He represented the Mariners alongside rookie starter Michael Pineda and closer Brandon League.


title: Félix Hernández

text: On August 31, 2011, Hernández struck out nine batters, giving him 204 strikeouts to that point in the season. It marked the third straight season in which he reached 200+ strikeouts. The only other pitchers to have three 200-K seasons at 25 or younger over the last 20 years are Clayton Kershaw, Kerry Wood and Yovani Gallardo. Kershaw did it in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013. Wood did it in 1998, 2001 and 2002. Gallardo did it in 2009, 2010, and 2011.


title: Félix Hernández

text: Hernández was selected for his third All-Star Game on July 1. He did not pitch in the July 3 game after AL Team manager, Ron Washington, stated Hernández's 113 pitches thrown on July 1 was the deciding factor. Hernández pitched his third shutout over his past eight starts when he recorded a 1–0 win over the Yankees on August 4. He gave up two hits and won his sixth decision in a row, the third-longest stretch of his career.


title: Félix Hernández

text: On August 15, Hernández threw the first perfect game in Mariners history and the 23rd and most recent perfect game in MLB history. He recorded 12 strikeouts, five of which were in the last two innings, against the Tampa Bay Rays in a 1–0 victory. It was the fourth no-hitter in team history and Hernández joined Randy Johnson and Chris Bosio as the only Mariners pitchers to throw individual no-hitters. One of the club's no-hitters was combined, needing six pitchers to do so on June 8 against the Dodgers. His perfect game was the last no-hitter thrown in the American League for the next three years, until his Japanese teammate, Hisashi Iwakuma succeeded him on August 12, 2015.


title: Félix Hernández

text: On February 13, 2013, Hernández signed a seven-year extension with the Mariners worth $175 million, voiding the final two years of his previous deal and including a team option for 2020. The contract made him the highest-paid pitcher in Major League history, until he was surpassed by the $180 million extension signed by Justin Verlander of the Detroit Tigers in March 2013. On April 22 in a 7–1 win against the Houston Astros, Hernández recorded his 100th career win. In that game Hernández pitched six innings allowed five hits, walked one and struck out nine. On July 6, 2013, Hernández was selected to his fourth All-star game. He pitched in the fourth inning, and let up one hit, but no runs were scored. Hernández had a bad August, going 1–4 with a 5.82 ERA and a .281 OBA. He made only 3 starts in September while trying to rest his oblique. In 31 starts in 2013, Hernández went 12–10 with a 3.04 ERA and 22 quality starts, striking out 216 in innings. He was 5th in the American League in strikeouts, and 6th in ERA.


title: Félix Hernández

text: On October 19, 2013, Carlos Peguero's wife Maria was charged with three counts of wire fraud after allegedly making $180,000 in online purchases with the debit card belonging to Hernandez's wife. Carlos Peguero told investigators he was unaware of any fraudulent purchases, believing his wife's brother worked for Saks Fifth Avenue, with whom the fraudulent purchases were made. Carlos is not a target of the investigation.


title: Félix Hernández

text: Hernández pitched the Mariners season opener on March 31 against the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. This marks the seventh time in a row he started the season for Seattle. He got the win going 6 innings, giving up three runs (two earned), and struck out 11 Angels. The Mariners won 10–3. He won his next two starts, both against Oakland. However, Hernández would not win again until May 12. Hernández went 0–1 in that span.


title: Félix Hernández

text: On May 12, Hernández was ejected for the first time in his career against the Tampa Bay Rays at Safeco. When he left the game in the seventh after a three-run double, Hernández started shouting at the home plate umpire in disagreement with his calls. On June 8, Hernández struck out a career-high 15 batters against the Rays in a 5–0 win. Hernández got a no-decision, as all five runs were scored after he left the game. Hernández got his tenth win on June 29, 2014 against the Cleveland Indians in a 3–0 victory in eight shutout innings with just one hit. Fernando Rodney got his 23rd save pitching a perfect ninth to secure the victory.


title: Félix Hernández

text: Hernández was announced as an All-Star along with teammates Robinson Canó, Kyle Seager and Fernando Rodney. On July 14, AL manager John Farrell announced that Hernández would be the starter for the game. Hernández pitched the first inning of the All-Star game, he gave up one infield base hit and struck out two National League batters. Between May 18 and August 11, Hernández pitched 16 straight outings going 7 or more innings and allowing 2 or fewer runs each time. This is the longest such streak in baseball history, surmounting the record previously held of 13 by Tom Seaver set during the 1971 season. This streak was snapped on August 16 against the Detroit Tigers. He gave up two earned runs in five innings. He had to throw 92 pitches.


title: Félix Hernández

text: Hernández won his second American League ERA title with a 2.14 ERA, three points under that of Chicago White Sox pitcher Chris Sale. He achieved the ERA title on the last day of the season, on September 28 against the Angels going 5.1 innings allowing no runs and seven strikeouts. In 2014, Hernández set the lowest ERA mark by an AL pitcher since Pedro Martínez in 2000. He also set the lowest WHIP by an AL pitcher (0.92) since Martinez in 2000. He finished second in the AL Cy Young Award race behind Cleveland Indians pitcher Corey Kluber. These two faced each other on July 30. Hernández lost 2–0 against him.


title: Félix Hernández

text: Hernández was again the opening day starter for the sixth straight time. Despite giving up Mike Trout's first home run of the season (Trout's first 2014 and 2015 at-bats were home runs off of Hernandez), he beat the Angels 4–1 with 7 innings pitched, two hits, one earned run, and struck out 10 Angels. On May 10 against the Oakland Athletics, Hernández recorded his 2,000th strikeout, becoming the fourth-youngest player to reach that milestone. Hernández was selected as an All-Star along with teammate Nelson Cruz by Ned Yost, the 2015 All-Star Game manager. This marks his fifth straight All-Star selection and sixth overall.


title: Félix Hernández

text: The season was not without its struggles for Hernández. Finishing the first two months of the season 8–1 with a 1.91 ERA, Hernández gave up 7 runs to the New York Yankees at home on June 1. On June 12, in a game against the Houston Astros, he gave up eight earned runs while only recording one out, matching the shortest outing of his career and recording a game score of 8, the second-lowest of his career. The outing increased his ERA from 2.51 to 3.38. On August 15, exactly three years to the day he threw a perfect game against the Tampa Bay Rays, he allowed a career-high 10 runs against the Boston Red Sox in only innings, recording a new career-low game score of −6. His ERA went up from 3.11 to 3.65.


title: Félix Hernández

text: Hernández would finish the season 18–9 with a 3.53 ERA, which was the worst ERA for Hernández ever since the 2008 season. He failed to reach 200 strikeouts for the first time in six years, as he had 201 innings and 191 strikeouts.


title: Félix Hernández

text: Hernández started on Opening Day again on April 4. He would lose for the first time ever on Opening Day, pitching six innings, walking five and striking out six. He gave up three runs, one earned. Two starts later at Yankee Stadium, Hernández tied Randy Johnson for most strikeouts as a Mariner, with 2,162, striking out Didi Gregorius looking for the final out of the fifth inning. The next start, Hernández surpassed Randy Johnson's record for most strikeouts by a Mariners' pitcher by striking out Rafael Ortega of the Los Angeles Angels for the second out in the bottom of the first inning. On May 9, Hernández recorded the 146th win of his career against the Tampa Bay Rays, surpassing Jamie Moyer for most wins as a Seattle Mariner. On June 1, Hernández was placed on the 15-day disabled list due to a right calf strain after jumping up to celebrate a home run. On August 15, Hernández earned his 150th career win, defeating Mike Trout and the Angels by a score of 3–2. This milestone win occurred on the fourth anniversary of his perfect game.


title: Félix Hernández

text: On April 11, 2016, David Schoenfeld of ESPN noted in an on-line article that Felix Hernandez might be the unluckiest pitcher in baseball. "In his time with the M's [though April 11, 2016], Felix failed to get the win in at least 45 games in which he gave up 0 or 1 run, in 317 IP, with a 0.88 ERA and a 0.90 WHIP, with 340K in those 317 IP." In following seasons through 2019, Hernandez would pitch 5 or more innings in another 7 games in which he gave up 0 or 1 run and did not get a win, with a 1.14 ERA in 47 IP with 45 K's. For his career, that left him with a total of 52 games in which he gave up either 0 or 1 run and did not get a win. <Felix Hernandez game-by-game pitching logs>


title: Félix Hernández

text: On April 25, Hernández was removed from the game after an apparent shoulder injury. The next day, on April 26, further tests revealed that he was diagnosed with right shoulder inflammation, which landed him on the 10-day disabled list. After spending 2 months on the disabled list, he was activated on the weekend of June 24, winning a game against the Houston Astros 13-3 and striking out eight batters. On August 5, Hernández was placed on the disabled list again, due to right biceps tendinitis. It was later revealed that he would miss from three to four weeks due to right shoulder bursitis.


title: Félix Hernández

text: On February 26, Hernández was removed from a Spring Training game against the Chicago Cubs. He was struck on his throwing arm after a comeback hit from Cubs catcher Victor Caratini. Manager Scott Servais removed Hernández from the game, and he was later diagnosed with a contusion on his right forearm. He was listed as out for at least 10 days, though two weeks was the expected timetable for return.


title: Félix Hernández

text: On March 29, 2018, Hernández made his tenth Opening Day start in a row. Only Jack Morris, Robin Roberts and Tom Seaver have made more consecutive Opening Day starts. He pitched 5.1 innings, giving up no earned runs on two hits, two walks, and four strikeouts. The Mariners won the game 2–1. On July 10, he was placed on the disabled list for the third straight season.


title: Félix Hernández

text: On August 7, 2018, Hernández allowed 11 runs in six innings, in a loss to the Texas Rangers. This raised his ERA to a career-worst 5.73 in 23 starts. After the game, manager Scott Servais would not commit to his next start in the rotation. On August 9, Servais removed Hernández from the starting lineup. On August 10, Hernández was removed from the starting rotation and transitioned to the bullpen. He made his first appearance as a reliever on August 14 against the A's when starting pitcher James Paxton was struck by a line drive. Hernández temporarily returned to the rotation with Paxton on the disabled list. Hernández finished the worst season of his career, going 8–14 with an ERA of 5.55 in innings.


title: Félix Hernández

text: On March 9, manager Scott Servais announced that Marco Gonzales would be the Opening Day starter in Tokyo, Japan, ending Hernández's streak of 10 consecutive Opening Day starts, a feat which had been accomplished by only 6 other pitchers in history. Hernández began the 2019 season against the Los Angeles Angels as the Mariners' number 5 starter in the rotation, pitching 5.1 innings allowing 3 runs (only 1 earned) on 7 hits and 4 strikeouts.


title: Félix Hernández

text: On May 11 against the Boston Red Sox, Hernández recorded his 2,500th strikeout by striking out Michael Chavis, becoming the sixth-youngest pitcher in Major League history to reach the 2,500 strikeout mark. However, he was placed on the 10-day injured list after the start with a right shoulder strain. In June, he went on a rehabilitation assignment with the Triple-A Tacoma Rainiers.


title: Félix Hernández

text: On September 26, 2019, Hernández pitched in his final game of the season in a 3–1 loss to the Oakland Athletics. In the game, he threw for innings, gave up 5 hits, 3 runs and walked 4 batters while striking out 3. Hernández ended the 2019 season with a 1–8 record, 57 strikeouts, and an ERA of 6.40 in innings. On October 31, Hernández became a free agent.


title: Félix Hernández

text: On May 28, 2011, a special cheering section for Hernández, dubbed "King's Court", debuted in Safeco Field on the foul territory side of the left field foul pole. The creation of the Mariners marketing director, it marked the first time in Major League Baseball that a stadium promotion was designed around a popular player. By popular demand, the cheering section was expanded from two to three sections – Sections 148, 149, and 150 – by the end of the year. Seats are sold at a discount and the ticket price includes a yellow "King Félix" T-shirt and a yellow placard imprinted with a large "K" to wave when cheering for strikeouts by Hernández. "King's Court" is typically occupied by about 1,500 fans on days that Hernández starts. Hernández reportedly liked the cheering squad, but was able to maintain his concentration and not give in to the temptation to throw a fastball on an 0–2 count in response to his cheering fans. Whenever there was a marquee matchup (duel of team aces), or a big/important game in which Hernández pitched, another King's Court was added in the upper deck directly above the King's Court. These sections were called the "High Court".


title: Félix Hernández

text: On January 20, 2020, Hernández signed a minor league deal with the Atlanta Braves for $1 million. On July 4, 2020, Hernández announced he would be opting out of the 2020 season due to concerns related to the COVID-19 pandemic. He became a free agent on November 2, 2020.


title: Félix Hernández

text: On February 3, 2021, Hernández signed a minor league contract with the Baltimore Orioles organization. On March 29, Hernandez opted out of his contract with the Orioles and became a free agent.


title: Félix Hernández

text: Hernández represented his native Venezuela in the 2009 World Baseball Classic. In his first outing, he pitched four innings in relief, surrendering only one hit while not allowing a run. In his next game, Hernández shut out Puerto Rico over innings. Hernandez participated in the 2017 World Baseball Classic, playing for Venezuela.


title: Félix Hernández

text: Hernández has been known to throw a sinker (two-seam fastball), a slider (he avoided the slider early in his career because the team was concerned it might injure his arm), a changeup, and a curveball. His fastball no longer reaches the 100 mph as it did when he first broke into MLB, but he has become a much craftier and more efficient pitcher over the years. In 2016, Hernández's sinker averaged about 90–92 mph; four-seam fastball at 90–92 mph; slider at 84–86 mph; curveball at 79–81 mph; changeup at 87-88 mph; and the occasional cut fastball at 88–90 mph. The changeup was his most commonly used two-strike pitch, and had the highest whiff rate of his pitches.


title: Félix Hernández

text: When at his best, Hernández can induce a steady procession of groundball outs and strikeouts, with very few balls being hit in the air. For example, in his perfect game, Hernández only allowed 5 batted balls to even leave the infield, and after the 3rd inning, no balls left the infield with the exception of one Ben Zobrist flyout. Meanwhile, he forced 8 groundouts and 12 strikeouts.


title: Félix Hernández

text: Like some other pitchers, Hernández wears a long-sleeved undershirt beneath his uniform jersey. While typically this is done to keep the pitcher's arm from getting chilled, Hernández wears it even in the hottest weather. For him it serves to keep perspiration from running down his arms and interfering with his hand's grip on the baseball.


title: Félix Hernández

text: Hernández and his wife have a son and daughter and the family resides in Clyde Hill. His family and relatives call him by his middle name, Abraham. Hernandez's older brother, Moises spent 12 seasons playing minor league baseball in various organizations.


title: Félix Hernández

text: Hernández has two dogs, King and Oreo, and he is a spokesman for the Seattle King County Humane Society. Hernández is also the Seattle Mariners Ambassador for the Pepsi Refresh Project, raising money for the Washington State Coalition Against Domestic Violence.


title: Barbara Kingsolver

text: Barbara Kingsolver (born April 8, 1955) is an American novelist, essayist and poet. She was raised in rural Kentucky and lived briefly in the Congo in her early childhood. Kingsolver earned degrees in biology at DePauw University and the University of Arizona and worked as a freelance writer before she began writing novels. Her widely known works include "The Poisonwood Bible", the tale of a missionary family in the Congo, and "Animal, Vegetable, Miracle", a non-fiction account of her family's attempts to eat locally.


title: Barbara Kingsolver

text: Her work often focuses on topics such as social justice, biodiversity and the interaction between humans and their communities and environments. Each of her books published since 1993 has been on the "New York Times" Best Seller list. Kingsolver has received numerous awards, including the Dayton Literary Peace Prize's Richard C. Holbrooke Distinguished Achievement Award 2011, UK's Orange Prize for Fiction 2010, for "The Lacuna", and the National Humanities Medal. She has been nominated for the PEN/Faulkner Award and the Pulitzer Prize.


title: Barbara Kingsolver

text: Kingsolver was born in Annapolis, Maryland, in 1955 and grew up in Carlisle, Kentucky. When Kingsolver was seven years old, her father, a physician, took the family to Léopoldville, Congo (now Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo). Her parents worked in a public health capacity, and the family lived without electricity or running water.


title: Barbara Kingsolver

text: After graduating from high school, Kingsolver attended DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana, on a music scholarship, studying classical piano. Eventually, however, she changed her major to biology when she realized that "classical pianists compete for six job openings a year, and the rest of [them] get to play <nowiki>'</nowiki>Blue Moon<nowiki>'</nowiki> in a hotel lobby". She was involved in activism on her campus, and took part in protests against the Vietnam war. She graduated Phi Beta Kappa with a Bachelor of Science in 1977, and moved to France for a year before settling in Tucson, Arizona, where she lived for much of the next two decades. In 1980, she enrolled in graduate school at the University of Arizona, where she earned a master's degree in ecology and evolutionary biology.


title: Barbara Kingsolver

text: Kingsolver began her full-time writing career in the mid-1980s as a science writer for the university, which eventually led to some freelance feature writing, including many cover stories for the local alternative weekly, the "Tucson Weekly". She began her career in fiction writing after winning a short story contest in a local Phoenix newspaper. In 1985, she married Joseph Hoffmann; their daughter Camille was born in 1987.


title: Barbara Kingsolver

text: She moved with her daughter to Tenerife in the Canary Islands for a year during the first Gulf War, mostly due to frustration over America's military involvement. After returning to the US in 1992, she separated from her husband.


title: Barbara Kingsolver

text: In 1994 Kingsolver was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Letters from her alma mater, DePauw University. In the same year, she married Steven Hopp, an ornithologist, and their daughter, Lily, was born in 1996. In 2004, Kingsolver moved with her family to a farm in Washington County, Virginia. In 2008, she received an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Duke University, where she delivered a commencement address entitled "How to be Hopeful".


title: Barbara Kingsolver

text: In the late 1990s she was a founding member of the Rock Bottom Remainders, a rock and roll band made up of published writers. Other band members included Amy Tan, Matt Groening, Dave Barry and Stephen King, and they played for one week during the year. Kingsolver played the keyboard, but is no longer an active member of the band.


title: Barbara Kingsolver

text: In a 2010 interview with "The Guardian", Kingsolver says, "I never wanted to be famous, and still don't... the universe rewarded me with what I dreaded most". She said she created her own website just to compete with a plethora of fake ones, "as a defence to protect my family from misinformation. Wikipedia abhors a vacuum. If you don't define yourself, it will get done for you in colourful ways".


title: Barbara Kingsolver

text: Kingsolver lives in the Appalachia area of the United States. She has said that friends in the urban literary community disparage rural areas such as Appalachia, but also that the COVID-19 pandemic might change these types of opinions as people move away from cities to practice social distancing longterm.


title: Barbara Kingsolver

text: Starting in April 2005, she and her family spent a year making every effort to eat food produced as locally as possible. Living on their farm in rural Virginia, they grew much of their own food, and obtained most of the rest from their neighbors and other local farmers. Kingsolver, her husband and her elder daughter chronicled their experiences that year in the book "Animal, Vegetable, Miracle". Although exceptions were made for staple ingredients which were not available locally, such as coffee and olive oil, the family grew vegetables, raised livestock, made cheese and preserved much of their harvest.


title: Barbara Kingsolver

text: Kingsolver's first novel, "The Bean Trees", was published in 1988, and told the story of a young woman who leaves Kentucky for Arizona, adopting an abandoned child along the way; she wrote it at night while pregnant with her first child and struggling with insomnia. Her next work of fiction, published in 1990, was "Homeland and Other Stories", a collection of short stories on a variety of topics exploring various themes from the evolution of cultural and ancestral lands to the struggles of marriage.


title: Barbara Kingsolver

text: The novel "Animal Dreams" was also published in 1990, followed by "Pigs in Heaven", the sequel to "The Bean Trees", in 1993. "The Poisonwood Bible", published in 1998, is one of her best known works; it chronicles the lives of the wife and daughters of a Baptist missionary on a Christian mission in Africa. Although the setting of the novel is somewhat similar to Kingsolver's own childhood in DRC (then Zaire), the novel is not autobiographical.


title: Barbara Kingsolver

text: Her next novel, published in 2000, was "Prodigal Summer", set in southern Appalachia. "The Lacuna" was published in 2009, and "Flight Behavior" was published in 2012. It explores environmental themes and highlights the potential effects of global warming on the monarch butterfly. "Unsheltered" was published in 2018 and follows two families in Vineland, New Jersey with one in the 1800s and the other in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy.


title: Barbara Kingsolver

text: Kingsolver is also a published poet and essayist. Two of her essay collections, "High Tide in Tucson" (1995) and "Small Wonder" (2003), have been published, and an anthology of her poetry was published in 1998 under the title "Another America". Her essay "Where to Begin" appears in the anthology "Knitting Yarns: Writers on Knitting "(2013), published by W. W. Norton & Company. Her prose poetry also accompanied photographs by Annie Griffiths Belt in a 2002 work titled "Last Stand: America's Virgin Lands".


title: Barbara Kingsolver

text: Her major non-fiction works include her 1990 publication "Holding the Line: Women in the Great Arizona Mine Strike of 1983" and 2007's "Animal, Vegetable, Miracle", a description of eating locally. She has also been published as a science journalist in periodicals such as "Economic Botany" on topics such as desert plants and bioresources.


title: Barbara Kingsolver

text: Kingsolver has written novels in both the first person and third person narrative styles, and she frequently employs overlapping narratives.


title: Barbara Kingsolver

text: Kingsolver often writes about places and situations with which she is familiar; many of her stories are based in places she has lived in, such as central Africa and Arizona. She has stated emphatically that her novels are not autobiographical, although there are often commonalities between her life and her work. Her work is often strongly idealistic and her writing has been called a form of activism.


title: Barbara Kingsolver

text: Her characters are frequently written around struggles for social equality, such as the hardships faced by undocumented immigrants, the working poor, and single mothers. Other common themes in her work include the balancing of individuality with the desire to live in a community, and the interaction and conflict between humans and the ecosystems in which they live. Kingsolver has been said to use prose and engaging narratives to make historical events, such as the Congo's struggles for independence, more interesting and engaging for the average reader.


title: Barbara Kingsolver

text: In 2000, Kingsolver established the Bellwether Prize for Fiction. Named for the bellwether, the literary prize is intended to support writers whose unpublished works support positive social change. The Bellwether Prize is awarded in even-numbered years, and includes guaranteed major publication and a cash prize of $25,000 USD, fully funded by Kingsolver. She has stated that she wanted to create a literary prize to "encourage writers, publishers, and readers to consider how fiction engages visions of social change and human justice".


title: Barbara Kingsolver

text: In May 2011, the PEN American Center announced it would take over administration of the prize, to be known as the PEN/Bellwether Prize for Socially Engaged Fiction.


title: Barbara Kingsolver

text: Kingsolver has received a number of awards and honors. In 2000, she was awarded the National Humanities Medal by the U.S. President Bill Clinton. Her 1998 bestseller, "The Poisonwood Bible", won the National Book Prize of South Africa, and was shortlisted for both the Pulitzer Prize and PEN/Faulkner Award. Her most notable awards include the James Beard Award, the Los Angeles Times Book Prize, the Edward Abbey EcoFiction Award, the Physicians for Social Responsibility National Award, and the Arizona Civil Liberties Union Award. Her novel, "The Lacuna", won the 2010 Orange Prize for Fiction. Every book that Kingsolver has written since 1993's "Pigs in Heaven" has been on "The New York Times" Best Seller list, and her novel "The Poisonwood Bible" was chosen as an Oprah's Book Club selection.


title: Barbara Kingsolver

text: In 2011, she was awarded the Dayton Literary Peace Prize Richard C. Holbrooke Distinguished Achievement Award. Kingsolver is the first ever recipient of the newly named award to celebrate the U.S. diplomat who played an instrumental role in negotiating the Dayton Peace Accords in 1995. In 2014, she was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award by the Library of Virginia. The award recognizes outstanding and long-lasting contributions to literature by a Virginian. In 2018 the Library of Virginia named her one of the Virginia Women in History.


title: Barbara Kingsolver

text: Kingsolver was criticized for a "Los Angeles Times" opinion piece following the U.S. bombing of Afghanistan in the wake of the September 11 attacks. She wrote, "I feel like I'm standing on a playground where the little boys are all screaming at each other, 'He started it!' and throwing rocks that keep taking out another eye, another tooth. I keep looking around for somebody's mother to come on the scene saying, 'Boys! Boys! Who started it cannot possibly be the issue here. People are getting hurt. By some accounts, she was "denounced as a traitor," but rebounded from these accusations and wrote about them.


title: Larry O'Brien

text: Lawrence Francis O'Brien Jr. (July 7, 1917September 28, 1990) was an American politician and basketball commissioner. He was one of the United States Democratic Party's leading electoral strategists for more than two decades. He served as Postmaster General in the cabinet of President Lyndon Johnson and chair of the Democratic National Committee. He also served as commissioner of the National Basketball Association from 1975 to 1984. The NBA Championship Trophy is named after him.


title: Larry O'Brien

text: O'Brien, son of Irish immigrants, was born in Springfield, Massachusetts. When he was not working in politics, O'Brien managed his family's real estate and worked in public relations.


title: Larry O'Brien

text: O'Brien was born on July 7, 1917, in Springfield, Massachusetts. He learned about politics at a young age. His father, a local leader of the Democratic Party, recruited him at 11 years old to serve locally as a volunteer in the 1928 presidential campaign of Al Smith. O'Brien became a passionate Democrat. He earned a bachelor's degree in law in 1942 at the Northeastern University – Springfield Division, now known as the Western New England University School of Law. O'Brien was married to the former Elva Brassard in 1945. They had one son, Lawrence F. O'Brien III, who became a lobbyist.


title: Larry O'Brien

text: He was appointed in 1946, 1948, and 1950 by his friend Foster Furcolo to serve locally as the director of the U.S. House of Representatives election campaigns. O'Brien was appointed in 1952 by John F. Kennedy to serve in Massachusetts as the director of his successful U.S. Senate election campaign and, in 1958, to serve in Massachusetts as the director of his successful reelection campaign. Kennedy's elections were largely attributed to O'Brien's recruitment, his use of volunteers, and his insistence upon reaching voters in every corner of every state .


title: Larry O'Brien

text: In 1959, he built the foundation for Kennedy's 1960 presidential campaign by canvassing the United States and working to connect with state Democratic stakeholders. O'Brien was appointed as Kennedy's national campaign director. His election planning in key primary states such as Wisconsin and West Virginia helped to defuse the party heavyweights' anxiety about Kennedy's Catholicism.


title: Larry O'Brien

text: In 1960, he was appointed by President-elect Kennedy to recruit staff for his administration and subsequently took on the job 1961 as the special assistant to the president for congressional relations and personnel. O'Brien also had a major role in awarding patronage as one of President Kennedy's inner circle of trusted advisers (known in Washington as the "Irish Mafia".)


title: Larry O'Brien

text: O'Brien's grassroots campaign strategies eventually inspired a new trend in Democratic party primary and general election processes, employing his "statewide strategy" as an update to traditional reliance on major city "political machines". As DNC chair he established a control structure for communications with state delegates and "dignitaries" which exists to this day; an achievement which cemented his role as perennial party leadership candidate.


title: Larry O'Brien

text: O'Brien accompanied President Kennedy and Jackie Kennedy on their trip to Texas in November 1963 and was riding in the motorcade in Dallas. As such he was an eyewitness to the assassination of President Kennedy. After the president was declared dead, O'Brien accompanied the coffin and Jackie Kennedy back to Air Force One at Love Field in Dallas. While aboard Air Force One, President Johnson called for O'Brien and Kenny O'Donnell, asking both of them to stay on and work with him in the new administration. Although O'Brien had never been close to Johnson (and many writers, including Johnson biographer Robert Caro, reported that O'Brien did not like or trust Johnson), he remained at the White House and worked for the new president - which was a pretty strong career decision even if he harbored doubts about Johnson's role in the assassination.


title: Larry O'Brien

text: O'Brien played his cards so well that he was appointed as President Lyndon B. Johnson's campaign director in 1964. A newly elected Johnson appointed O'Brien to serve as special assistant to the president for congressional relations and personnel which continued through 1965 when O'Brien was appointed U.S. Postmaster General.


title: Larry O'Brien

text: Then in 1968 after Johnson refused to seek the Democratic nomination again, O'Brien unsurprisingly reclaimed a position as Senator Robert F. Kennedy's campaign advisor. After RFK was assassinated, Vice President Hubert Humphrey hired O'Brien to serve as his national presidential campaign director. (Some reports previously mentioned on wikipedia assert that O'Brien also was working at this time as a public-policy lobbyist for Howard Hughes! TBD.)


title: Larry O'Brien

text: O'Brien was also elected (in a bit of reciprocal patronage) as national DNC chairman in 1968 on the tails of his Humphrey campaign job. He then bumbled into an infamous starring role at the 1968 Democratic convention in Chicago by engineering a series of party convention rule changes which served to exclude Eugene McCarthy delegates from certain roles in the convention and disallowed commentary on Humphrey's Vietnam War involvement (and led to the protests which defined the convention.) After re-election as chair in 1970, it was in this role that he became a central figure in both the Watergate scandal and the "Eagleton Affair" of 1972. 1972 presidential election.


title: Larry O'Brien

text: The legend has it that O'Brien was involved in a counter-intelligence type operation to confuse and traumatize Richard Nixon surrounding "business dealings" between the president's brother, Donald, and Howard Hughes. Apparently John H. Meier, a former business advisor to Hughes, either was recruited or volunteered to collaborate with the Democratic National Committee to agitate Donald Nixon into feeding misinformation to the president.


title: Larry O'Brien

text: Meier, by most accounts, told Donald that he was sure the Democrats had the ace-card in the 1972 election since O'Brien and the committee had information on the Nixon's illicit dealings with Hughes. (O'Brien may not have had any actual documents, but Meier wanted to disrupt the president's psyche - and the impact was fairly obviously effective in triggering the president.) The break-in at O'Brien's office in the DNC headquarters at the Watergate complex on June 17, 1972 became the epicenter of the entire cover-up which brought Richard Nixon down.


title: Larry O'Brien

text: Ironically, the DNC misinformation campaign re: Hughes took place nearly concurrently with a Republican operation to first bolster and then destroy Eagleton as McGovern's vice presidential running mate. The ubiquitous Roy Cohn took credit for gathering and securing intelligence about Eagleton's mental health issues (intelligence which somehow either evaded the DNC or was stupendously ignored in the botched vetting process leading up to the 72 Democratic convention) which was strategically released in late summer 1972, forcing the McGovern campaign to first defend and then ditch Eagleton (and then basically implode) just before the general election.


title: Larry O'Brien

text: The 1972 convention also was notable as the event which signaled the official diminishment (not abandonment) of the two decade co-dependency contract between the DNC and Mayor Richard Daley of Chicago. Even though the McGovern campaign was brutally flawed and doomed, the political banishment of Humphrey was a rebuke to the old guard of the AFL/CIO, Teamsters and Daley himself (whose Illinois delegation was replaced by the Jesse Jackson "Rainbow" coalition.)


title: Larry O'Brien

text: After the convention McGovern (maybe primarily the DNC), still in a panic to somehow maintain momentum, then capitulated to the cloistered Kennedy wing of the party in the vice-presidential candidate replacement choice of Sargent Shriver. The Chicago machine obviously lives on, albeit in a more polished neo-liberal form (with hybrid components of the Clinton machine), as became apparent in 2008.


title: Larry O'Brien

text: The DNC Lawrence O'Brien Award was created in 1992 by his family and the Democratic Party leaders to acknowledge the many years of service he gave to the party, his belief in the importance of volunteer contribution, and his role as counter-fixer to Cohn, Stone, and Mitchell et al. In his varied roles during the 60's and early 70's O'Brien defined the role that we now recognize as the modern Democratic Party 'Insider'; someone who strategically inter-connects national and state party campaign fund-raising and is rewarded with governmental roles in which he then funnels favors back to those funders (not a new concept, but a modern iteration made more challenging by slowly evolving campaign finance laws.)


title: Larry O'Brien

text: He lobbied successfully during President Kennedy's first year for the expansion of the U.S. House of Representatives Standing Committee on rules to ensure a liberal and moderate majority. O'Brien also lobbied for increasing the minimum wage. In 1962 he acted as President Kennedy's liaison to the Democratic Party during its mid-term election campaigns.


title: Larry O'Brien

text: During that tenure, in September 1967, the Post Office Department cancelled many "mail by rail" contracts, electing to move First Class mail via air and road transport. This had a devastating effect on passenger train revenues and led directly to the end of many passenger rail routes which had relied on mail contracts to supplement their income (see: Railway post office).


title: Larry O'Brien

text: The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration Lawrence F. O'Brien Gallery was named and opened in 2004 in his memory.


title: Larry O'Brien

text: Appointed commissioner in 1975, O'Brien oversaw the ABA–NBA merger and negotiated a broadcast agreement with CBS Television while seeing game attendance significantly increase. In response to public relations issues after the merger, O'Brien pushed for an anti-drug agreement with the NBA Players Association to improve the league's image. And, although the merger and expansion had solidified the NBA brand and games were broadcast live on weekend days, it still did not have the TV exposure of other pro sports. In the late 70's, and even into 1980 season, CBS was showing only tape-delayed broadcasts of weekday NBA playoff and Finals games after the late news. CBS would ultimately become synonymous with the great NBA Finals battles of the 80's.


title: Larry O'Brien

text: After retirement (1984), in honor of his service to the sport, the NBA Championship Trophy was renamed as the Larry O'Brien NBA Championship Trophy.


title: Larry O'Brien

text: O'Brien was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1991, located at his birthplace, Springfield, Massachusetts.


title: Larry O'Brien

text: O'Brien died of cancer after surgery in Manhattan, New York, on September 28, 1990, at the age of 73, and was interred in St. Michaels Cemetery in Springfield, Massachusetts.


title: Scientism

text: Scientism is the opinion that science and the scientific method are the best or only way to render truth about the world and reality.


title: Scientism

text: While the term was defined originally to mean "methods and attitudes typical of or attributed to natural scientists", some scholars (and subsequently many others) also adopted it as a pejorative term with the meaning "an exaggerated trust in the efficacy of the methods of natural science applied to all areas of investigation (as in philosophy, the social sciences, and the humanities)".


title: Scientism

text: With respect to the philosophy of science, the term "scientism" frequently implies a critique of the more extreme expressions of logical positivism and has been used by social scientists such as Friedrich Hayek, philosophers of science such as Karl Popper, and philosophers such as Mary Midgley, the later Hilary Putnam, and Tzvetan Todorov to describe (for example) the dogmatic endorsement of scientific methods and the reduction of all knowledge to only that which is measured or confirmatory.


title: Scientism

text: More generally, scientism is often interpreted as science applied "in excess". This use of the term "scientism" has two senses:


title: Scientism

text: It is also sometimes used to describe the universal applicability of the scientific method, and the opinion that empirical science constitutes the most authoritative worldview or the most valuable part of human learning, sometimes to the complete exclusion of other opinions, such as historical, philosophical, economic or cultural opinions. It has been defined as "the view that the characteristic inductive methods of the natural sciences are the only source of genuine factual knowledge and, in particular, that they alone can yield true knowledge about man and society". The term "scientism" is also used by historians, philosophers, and cultural critics to highlight the possible dangers of lapses towards excessive reductionism with respect to all topics of human knowledge.


title: Scientism

text: For social theorists practising the tradition of Max Weber, such as Jürgen Habermas and Max Horkheimer, the concept of scientism relates significantly to the philosophy of positivism, but also to the cultural rationalization for modern Western civilization.


title: Scientism

text: Reviewing the references to scientism in the works of contemporary scholars, Gregory R. Peterson detected two main general themes:


title: Scientism

text: The term "scientism" was popularized by F.A. Hayek, who defined it as the "slavish imitation of the method and language of Science". Karl Popper defines scientism as "the aping of what is widely mistaken for the method of science".


title: Scientism

text: Mikael Stenmark proposed the expression "scientific expansionism" as a synonym of scientism. In the "Encyclopedia of Science and Religion", he wrote that, while the doctrines that are described as scientism have many possible forms and varying degrees of ambition, they share the idea that the boundaries of science (that is, typically the natural sciences) could and should be expanded so that something that has not been previously considered as a subject pertinent to science can now be understood as part of science (usually with science becoming the sole or the main arbiter regarding this area or dimension).


title: Scientism

text: According to Stenmark, the strongest form of scientism states that science does not have any boundaries and that all human problems and all aspects of human endeavor, with due time, will be dealt with and solved by science alone. This idea has also been termed the Myth of Progress.


title: Scientism

text: E. F. Schumacher, in his "A Guide for the Perplexed", criticized scientism as an impoverished world view confined solely to what can be counted, measured and weighed. "The architects of the modern worldview, notably Galileo and Descartes, assumed that those things that could be weighed, measured, and counted were more true than those that could not be quantified. If it couldn't be counted, in other words, it didn't count."


title: Scientism

text: Intellectual historian T.J. Jackson Lears argued there has been a recent reemergence of "nineteenth-century positivist faith that a reified 'science' has discovered (or is about to discover) all the important truths about human life. Precise measurement and rigorous calculation, in this view, are the basis for finally settling enduring metaphysical and moral controversies." Lears specifically identifies Harvard psychologist Steven Pinker's work as falling in this category. Philosophers John N. Gray and Thomas Nagel have made similar criticisms against popular works by moral psychologist Jonathan Haidt, atheist author Sam Harris, and writer Malcolm Gladwell.


title: Scientism

text: Both religious and non-religious scholars have applied the term "scientism" to individuals associated with New Atheism. Theologian John Haught argued that philosopher Daniel Dennett and other New Atheists subscribe to a belief system of scientific naturalism, which includes the dogma that "only nature, including humans and our creations, is real: that God does not exist; and that science alone can give us complete and reliable knowledge of reality". Haught argued that this belief system is self-refuting since it requires its adherents to assent to beliefs that violate its own stated requirements for knowledge. Christian philosopher Peter Williams argued in 2013 that it is only by conflating science with scientism that New Atheists feel qualified to "pontificate on metaphysical issues". Daniel Dennett responded to religious criticism of his 2006 book "" by saying that accusations of scientism "[are] an all-purpose, wild-card smear ... When someone puts forward a scientific theory that [religious critics] really don't like, they just try to discredit it as 'scientism'. But when it comes to facts, and explanations of facts, science is the only game in town".


title: Scientism

text: Non-religious scholars have also associated New Atheist thought with scientism and/or with positivism. Atheist philosopher Thomas Nagel argued that philosopher Sam Harris conflated all empirical knowledge with scientific knowledge. Marxist literary critic Terry Eagleton argued that Christopher Hitchens possessed an "old-fashioned scientistic notion of what counts as evidence" that reduces knowledge to what can and cannot be proven by scientific procedure. Agnostic philosopher Anthony Kenny has also criticized New Atheist philosopher Alexander Rosenberg's "The Atheist's Guide to Reality" for resurrecting a self-refuting epistemology of logical positivism and reducing all knowledge of the universe to the discipline of physics.


title: Scientism

text: Michael Shermer, founder of The Skeptics Society, discussed resemblances between scientism and traditional religions, indicating the cult of personality that develops for some scientists. He defined scientism as a worldview that encompasses natural explanations, eschews supernatural and paranormal speculations, and embraces empiricism and reason.


title: Scientism

text: The Iranian scholar Seyyed Hossein Nasr has stated that in the Western world, many will accept the ideology of modern science, not as "simple ordinary science", but as a replacement for religion.


title: Scientism

text: Gregory R. Peterson wrote that "for many theologians and philosophers, scientism is among the greatest of intellectual sins". Genetic biologist Austin L. Hughes wrote in the conservative journal "The New Atlantis" that scientism has much in common with superstition: "the stubborn insistence that something ... has powers which no evidence supports."


title: Scientism

text: Repeating common criticisms of logical positivism and verificationism, philosopher of religion Keith Ward has said that scientism is philosophically inconsistent or even self-refuting, as the truth of the two statements "no statements are true unless they can be proven scientifically (or logically)" and "no statements are true unless they can be shown empirically to be true" cannot themselves be proven scientifically, logically, or empirically.


title: Scientism

text: Philosopher Paul Feyerabend, who was an enthusiastic proponent of scientism during his youth, later came to characterize science as "an essentially anarchic enterprise" and argued emphatically that science merits no exclusive monopoly of "dealing in knowledge" and that scientists have never operated within a distinct and narrowly self-defined tradition. In his essay "Against Method" he depicted the process of contemporary scientific education as a mild form of indoctrination, intended for "making the history of science duller, simpler, more uniform, more 'objective' and more easily accessible to treatment by strict and unchanging rules".


title: Scientism

text: Physicist and philosopher Mario Bunge used the term "scientism" with a favorable rather than pejorative sense in numerous books published during several decades, and in articles with titles such as "In defense of realism and scientism" and "In defense of scientism". Bunge said that scientism should not be equated with inappropriate reductionism, and he dismissed critics of science such as Hayek and Habermas as dogmatists and obscurantists:


title: Scientism

text: In 2018, philosophers Maarten Boudry and Massimo Pigliucci co-edited a book titled "Science Unlimited? The Challenges of Scientism" in which a number of chapters by philosophers and scientists defended scientism. In his chapter "Two Cheers for Scientism", Taner Edis wrote:


title: Scientism

text: Thomas M. Lessl argued that religious themes persist in what he terms scientism, the public rhetoric of science. There are two methods of describing this idea of scientism: the epistemological method (the assumption that the scientific method trumps other ways of knowing) and the ontological method (that the rational mind represents the world and both operate in knowable ways). According to Lessl, the ontological method is an attempt to "resolve the conflict between rationalism and skepticism". Lessl also argued that without scientism, there would not be a scientific culture.


title: Scientism

text: In the introduction to his collected works on the sociology of religion, Max Weber asked why "the scientific, the artistic, the political, or the economic development [elsewhere] ... did not enter upon that path of rationalization which is peculiar to the Occident?" According to the German social theorist Jürgen Habermas, "For Weber, the intrinsic (that is, not merely contingent) relationship between modernity and what he called 'Occidental rationalism' was still self-evident." Weber described a process of rationalisation, disenchantment and the "disintegration of religious world views" that resulted in modern secular societies and capitalism.


title: Scientism

text: Habermas is critical of pure instrumental rationality, arguing that the "Social Life–World" of subjective experiencing is better suited to literary expression, whereas the sciences deal with "intersubjectively accessible experiences" that can be generalized in a formal language, while the literary arts "must generate an intersubjectivity of mutual understanding in each concrete case". Habermas quoted writer Aldous Huxley in support of this duality of literature and science:


title: Peggy Carter

text: Margaret Elizabeth Carter is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She is usually depicted as a supporting character in books featuring Captain America. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby, she debuted, unnamed, in "Tales of Suspense" #75 as a World War II love interest of Steve Rogers in flashback sequences. She would later be better known as a relative of Captain America's modern-day significant other, Sharon Carter.


title: Peggy Carter

text: Hayley Atwell portrays the Marvel Cinematic Universe version of the character, Margaret "Peggy" Carter. She first appears in "" (2011), with subsequent appearances in the Marvel One-Shot "Agent Carter", "" (2014), the television series "Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." and "Marvel's Agent Carter", "" (2015), a flashback in "Ant-Man" (2015), "" (2019) and as variant versions of the character dubbed Captain Carter in the Disney+ animated series "What If...?" and the film "Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness" (2022).


title: Peggy Carter

text: The character debuted in a single panel (and unnamed) as a wartime love interest of Captain America in "Tales of Suspense" #75 (March 1966), and then receiving a backstory in #77 (May 1966). She was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby. She appeared again as the older sister of Sharon Carter in "Captain America" #161 (May 1973). She was later retconned as Sharon's aunt, then later great-aunt, due to the unaging nature of comic book characters (see "Captain America" vol. 5 #25 (April 2007)). The character has appeared frequently in Captain America stories set during World War II.


title: Peggy Carter

text: Dr. Peggy Carter joins the French Resistance as a teenager and becomes a skilled fighter, who serves on several operations alongside Captain America. The two fall in love, but an exploding shell gives her amnesia and she is sent to live with her parents in Virginia.


title: Peggy Carter

text: During the "Original Sin" storyline, it was revealed in 1952 that Peggy Carter worked with Howard Stark and Woody McCord when they investigated an alien ship in Siberia. The three of them worked to keep the alien from being taken by Hydra and had the alien live with Anton Vanko.


title: Peggy Carter

text: At the time when Captain America resurfaced in the world, Peggy Carter was taking treatments from Doctor Faustus. When she was rescued by Captain America, she maintained her friendship with him.


title: Peggy Carter

text: Peggy Carter later helped Captain America fight the Secret Empire. She also dealt with his decision to stop being Captain America for a while.


title: Peggy Carter

text: Peggy helps Captain America when her niece Sharon Carter and some S.H.I.E.L.D. Agents went missing while gathering information on the new Grand Director.


title: Peggy Carter

text: During her retirement, Peggy lived in a nursing home and started suffering dementia where she couldn't recognize Sharon. William Burnside later visited Peggy claiming to be the original Captain America. Following her death, S.H.I.E.L.D. erected a memorial statue of her outside the S.H.I.E.L.D. Academy in Newark. Steve Rogers, Nick Fury, and Dum Dum Dugan attended her funeral.


title: Peggy Carter

text: Through unknown means, Peggy Carter was revived and rejuvenated where she joined Sharon in forming the Daughters of Liberty under the alias of Dryad. Besides Sharon, the only other people who knew were Falcon and Winter Soldier. She assisted the group in working to clear Captain America's name when he was framed for the death of Thunderbolt Ross. Dryad fought Ross' real murder Foreigner until Crossbones and Sin fired a missile at them. Dryad survived while Foreigner presumably perishes. She secretly assists Winter Soldier into feeding false intel on Captain America's whereabouts to Nick Fury Jr. in order to throw him off. After getting some intel from Baron Strucker's mind, Peggy's location is stormed by Nick Fury Jr. and his men while Peggy was asking Sharon when she is going to tell Captain America about her revival. Peggy tells Nick Fury Jr. that he and his men will have to go through her first if they want to get to Captain America. Peggy subdues the soldiers and holds Nick Fury Jr. at gunpoint in order to straighten him out. Deciding it's time to let Steve know about her return, Peggy arranged for Daughters of Liberty teammate Agatha Harkness to bring Steve to her. She revealed to him that she has been tracking Aleksander Lukin ever since the event where Lukin and Selene took a soul fragment from Sharon. In addition, Peggy stated to Steve that Lukin was behind the death of Thunderbolt Ross, the attacks of the Watchdogs, and the new Scourge. Sharon, Falcon, and Winter Soldier enter while explaining why they kept Peggy's revival a secret. Peggy and Winter Soldier reveal to Steve that the soul fragment that manifested as a stone was used to revive Lukin which also revived the remnants of Red Skull's mind that is in him.


title: Peggy Carter

text: Peggy Carter is shown to be a superb hand-to-hand combatant and martial artist, also excelling in using firearms. She is a highly trained spy, tactician, strategist, and commander.


title: Peggy Carter

text: As Dryad, Peggy wears a type of battle armor that is strong enough to protect her from a missile attack and keep her insulated when it is ablaze.


title: Peggy Carter

text: In "Super-Soldier: Man of War" #1 from Amalgam Comics, Mademoiselle Peggy is a cross between Peggy Carter and DC Comics' World War II version of Mademoiselle Marie.


title: Peggy Carter

text: As a result of the success of the new Captain Carter from the "What If...?" animated series, Marvel introduced a similar character in the comic "Captain Carter" #1. It is set in its own universe, unrelated to the main Marvel universe or the MCU one. Captain Carter is cryogenically frozen from WWII up to the modern day, as in the usual origin story of Captain America, and discovers that HYDRA is still active.


title: Peggy Carter

text: Another Captain Carter, similar to the MCU character as well, appeared in "Avengers Forever" #4, a crossover involving the multiverse and many alternate versions of characters. She alongside Warbow and War Widow find Moon Knight and Vision from Earth-818 at the Center of Infinity and recruit them into Avenger Prime's army.


title: Peggy Carter

text: The concept of Peggy Carter serving as Captain America was created for the game "Marvel Puzzle Quest" for Captain America's 75th anniversary. She was adapted into the third series of the comic "Exiles".


title: Peggy Carter

text: In "Exiles" Vol. 3, the titular team is joined by a Peggy Carter who became the Captain America of her universe and a female version of Bucky Barnes named Becky Barnes.


title: Peggy Carter

text: In the alternate reality created by Scarlet Witch in the 2005 "House of M" storyline, Captain America is never frozen in the Arctic, and instead marries Peggy shortly after World War II ends.


title: Peggy Carter

text: On Earth-65, Peggy Carter (designed after Hayley Atwell) is the long-lived director of S.H.I.E.L.D., much like Nick Fury in the primary universe. She also sports an eye patch similar to the one worn by Fury, later recruiting an amnesiac Manji, the Immortal Mr. Murderhands to work for her as an assassin.


title: Peggy Carter

text: Peggy Carter appears in media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), portrayed by Hayley Atwell. This version is a British agent of the Strategic Scientific Reserve before co-founding S.H.I.E.L.D. with Howard Stark and becoming the aunt of Sharon Carter. She first appears in the live-action film "" before making subsequent appearances in the live-action Marvel One-Shot "Agent Carter", the live-action TV series "Agent Carter" and "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.", and the live-action films "", "", and "Ant-Man". While she does not appear in the live-action film "", she is stated to have died. Additionally, alternate timeline versions of Peggy appear in the live-action films "" and "Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness" (2022) as well as the Disney+ animated series "What If...?"


title: Man Singh II

text: Major General Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II GCSI GCIE (born Sawai Mor Mukut Singh; 21 August 1912 – 24 June 1970) was an Indian prince, government official, diplomat and sportsman.


title: Man Singh II

text: Man Singh II was the ruling Maharaja of the princely state of Jaipur in the British Raj from 1922 to 1947. In 1948, after the state was absorbed into independent India, he was granted a privy purse, certain privileges, and the continued use of the title "Maharaja of Jaipur" by the Government of India, which he retained until his death in 1970. He also held the office of Rajpramukh (Governor) of Rajasthan between 1949 and 1956. In later life, he served as Ambassador of India to Spain. He was a notable polo player.