title: A Street Cat Named Bob (film)

text: After letting him go, that same evening the cat returns to James's flat, this time with a purulent wound on his back leg. Worried, James consults his animal-loving but allergic neighbour, Betty. She informs James of a local charity vet where she volunteers, and names the cat Bob. Waiting on a queue at the vet, James misses a meeting with Val.


title: A Street Cat Named Bob (film)

text: After the appointment, James has Bob neutered and sets him free. However, Bob keeps following James into town, eventually drawing more crowds of people, making James more wealthy, and he eventually decides to keep Bob. Bob becomes a tourist hotspot and James and Betty start to become romantically attached.


title: A Street Cat Named Bob (film)

text: One night while returning home, James finds his old friend, Baz, unconscious on his flat estate, overdosed on heroin. Baz later dies in hospital, and James finds out that Betty cannot be around drug addicts, as her deceased brother had been one. On New Year's Eve, James makes an impromptu visit to his biological father, Jack, his stepmother, Hilary, and his lost sisters, Pris and Faith. After Bob destroys their living room, Hilary sends James and Bob out.


title: A Street Cat Named Bob (film)

text: One day, while busking, James gets into an argument with a thug causing the crowd to get in a brawl with the man and James getting arrested for it. Although found innocent, he is prohibited from busking for six months. At the pharmacy where he is waiting to receive his methadone, Betty notices James; they argue and go their separate ways. Later, James visits the offices of "The Big Issue" to make some more money for him and Bob. He regains his popularity with tourists by selling "The Big Issue".


title: A Street Cat Named Bob (film)

text: After being accused of illegally selling magazines on another vendor's patch, James and Bob are banned for a whole month. After going back in business James gets into an argument with a rude woman trying to buy Bob off him, losing Bob in the scuffle. Bob does not return for a few days, leaving James devastated. After Bob returns, James feels he is ready to come off the methadone.


title: A Street Cat Named Bob (film)

text: After a week of gruelling withdrawal symptoms, James awakes clean and healthy. He goes to visit Betty, who is in the middle of moving and living a life meant for her to live. James and Betty end on a good note. A journalist, Mary, requests to write a book about James and Bob after his Internet and media popularity, and James agrees.


title: A Street Cat Named Bob (film)

text: James then fixes up his relationship with his father Jack, and his life turns around for the better. Later, at a book signing, James is celebrated by Val, his father, and a visiting Betty. James and Betty remain supportive friends as James and Bob continue on their journey together.


title: A Street Cat Named Bob (film)

text: On 24 August 2015, it was announced that Roger Spottiswoode would direct a film based on the book "A Street Cat Named Bob" by James Bowen, while Tim John scripted the film. Adam Rolston would produce the film through his Shooting Script Films. The Exchange sold the film's international rights. Maria Nation also wrote the script.


title: A Street Cat Named Bob (film)

text: Principal photography on the film began on 25 October 2015 in London, at Twickenham Film Studios and on location in Covent Garden. Filming wrapped on 6 December 2015.


title: A Street Cat Named Bob (film)

text: The world premiere of "A Street Cat Named Bob" took place at the Curzon Mayfair Cinema, London on 3 November 2016 and was attended by the Duchess of Cambridge. The film opened to the public in the UK on 4 November and in the US on 18 November.


title: A Street Cat Named Bob (film)

text: "A Street Cat Named Bob" grossed $82,703 in the United States and Canada and $17,852,881 in other countries for a worldwide total of nearly $18 million, against a production budget of $8 million.


title: A Street Cat Named Bob (film)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 77% based on 65 reviews, with an average score of 5.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""A Street Cat Named Bob" uses a fact-based feelgood tale as the inspiration for an unapologetically heartwarming movie that should move all but the most cynical of viewers." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 54 out of 100, based on 12 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Distance from a point to a line

text: In Euclidean geometry, the "'distance from a point to a line" is the shortest distance from a given point to any point on an infinite straight line. It is the perpendicular distance of the point to the line, the length of the line segment which joins the point to nearest point on the line. The formula for calculating it can be derived and expressed in several ways.


title: Distance from a point to a line

text: Knowing the distance from a point to a line can be useful in various situations—for example, finding the shortest distance to reach a road, quantifying the scatter on a graph, etc. In Deming regression, a type of linear curve fitting, if the dependent and independent variables have equal variance this results in orthogonal regression in which the degree of imperfection of the fit is measured for each data point as the perpendicular distance of the point from the regression line.


title: Distance from a point to a line

text: In the case of a line in the plane given by the equation , where , and are real constants with and not both zero, the distance from the line to a point is


title: Distance from a point to a line

text: In the general equation of a line, , and cannot both be zero unless is also zero, in which case the equation does not define a line. If and , the line is horizontal and has equation . The distance from to this line is measured along a vertical line segment of length in accordance with the formula. Similarly, for vertical lines ("b" = 0) the distance between the same point and the line is , as measured along a horizontal line segment.


title: Distance from a point to a line

text: The denominator of this expression is the distance between and . The numerator is twice the area of the triangle with its vertices at the three points, , and . See: . The expression is equivalent to , which can be obtained by rearranging the standard formula for the area of a triangle: , where is the length of a side, and is the perpendicular height from the opposite vertex.


title: Distance from a point to a line

text: This proof is valid only if the line is neither vertical nor horizontal, that is, we assume that neither nor in the equation of the line is zero.


title: Distance from a point to a line

text: The line with equation has slope , so any line perpendicular to it will have slope (the negative reciprocal). Let be the point of intersection of the line and the line perpendicular to it which passes through the point (, ). The line through these two points is perpendicular to the original line, so


title: Distance from a point to a line

text: Drop a perpendicular from the point "P" with coordinates ("x", "y") to the line with equation "Ax" + "By" + "C" = 0. Label the foot of the perpendicular "R". Draw the vertical line through "P" and label its intersection with the given line "S". At any point "T" on the line, draw a right triangle "TVU" whose sides are horizontal and vertical line segments with hypotenuse "TU" on the given line and horizontal side of length |"B"| (see diagram). The vertical side of ∆"TVU" will have length |"A"| since the line has slope -"A"/"B".


title: Distance from a point to a line

text: ∆"PRS" and ∆"TVU" are similar triangles, since they are both right triangles and ∠"PSR" ≅ ∠"TUV" since they are corresponding angles of a transversal to the parallel lines "PS" and "UV" (both are vertical lines). Corresponding sides of these triangles are in the same ratio, so:


title: Distance from a point to a line

text: If point "S" has coordinates ("x","m") then |"PS"| = |"y" - "m"| and the distance from "P" to the line is:


title: Distance from a point to a line

text: A variation of this proof is to place V at P and compute the area of the triangle ∆"UVT" two ways to obtain that formula_16


title: Distance from a point to a line

text: where D is the altitude of ∆"UVT" drawn to the hypotenuse of ∆"UVT" from "P". The distance formula can then used to express formula_17, formula_18, and formula_19in terms of the coordinates of P and the coefficients of the equation of the line to get the indicated formula.


title: Distance from a point to a line

text: Let "P" be the point with coordinates ("x", "y") and let the given line have equation "ax" + "by" + "c" = 0. Also, let "Q" = ("x", "y") be any point on this line and n the vector ("a", "b") starting at point "Q". The vector n is perpendicular to the line, and the distance "d" from point "P" to the line is equal to the length of the orthogonal projection of formula_20 on n. The length of this projection is given by:


title: Distance from a point to a line

text: Although the distance is given as a modulus, the sign can be useful to determine which side of the line the point is on, in a sense determined by the direction of normal vector (a,b)


title: Distance from a point to a line

text: It is possible to produce another expression to find the shortest distance of a point to a line. This derivation also requires that the line is not vertical or horizontal.


title: Distance from a point to a line

text: The equation of a line is given by formula_29. The equation of the normal of that line which passes through the point P is given formula_30.


title: Distance from a point to a line

text: The point at which these two lines intersect is the closest point on the original line to the point P. Hence:


title: Distance from a point to a line

text: The "y" coordinate of the point of intersection can be found by substituting this value of "x" into the equation of the original line,


title: Distance from a point to a line

text: Using the equation for finding the distance between 2 points, formula_34, we can deduce that the formula to find the shortest distance between a line and a point is the following:


title: Distance from a point to a line

text: Recalling that "m" = -"a"/"b" and "k" = - "c"/"b" for the line with equation "ax" + "by" + c = 0, a little algebraic simplification reduces this to the standard expression.


title: Distance from a point to a line

text: Here is a point on the line, and is a unit vector in the direction of the line. Then as scalar "t" varies, gives the locus of the line.


title: Distance from a point to a line

text: This formula can be derived as follows: formula_38 is a vector from to the point . Then formula_39 is the projected length onto the line and so


title: Distance from a point to a line

text: is a vector that is the projection of formula_38 onto the line and represents the point on the line closest to formula_42. Thus


title: Distance from a point to a line

text: is the component of formula_38 perpendicular to the line. The distance from the point to the line is then just the norm of that vector. This more general formula is not restricted to two dimensions.


title: Distance from a point to a line

text: If the vector space is orthonormal and if the line goes through point and has a direction vector , the distance between point and the line is


title: Louis XI

text: Louis XI (3 July 1423 – 30 August 1483), called "Louis the Prudent" (), was King of France from 1461 to 1483. He succeeded his father, Charles VII.


title: Louis XI

text: Louis entered into open rebellion against his father in a short-lived revolt known as the Praguerie in 1440. The king forgave his rebellious vassals, including Louis, to whom he entrusted the management of the Dauphiné, then a province in southeastern France. Louis's ceaseless intrigues, however, led his father to banish him from court. From the Dauphiné, Louis led his own political establishment and married Charlotte of Savoy, daughter of Louis, Duke of Savoy, against the will of his father. Charles VII sent an army to compel his son to his will, but Louis fled to Burgundy, where he was hosted by Philip the Good, the Duke of Burgundy, Charles' greatest enemy.


title: Louis XI

text: When Charles VII died in 1461, Louis left the Burgundian court to take possession of his kingdom. His taste for intrigue and his intense diplomatic activity earned him the nicknames "the Cunning" () and "the Universal Spider" (), as his enemies accused him of spinning webs of plots and conspiracies.


title: Louis XI

text: In 1472, the subsequent Duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, took up arms against his rival Louis. However, Louis was able to isolate Charles from his English allies by signing the Treaty of Picquigny (1475) with Edward IV of England. The treaty formally ended the Hundred Years' War. With the death of Charles the Bold at the Battle of Nancy in 1477, the dynasty of the dukes of Burgundy died out. Louis took advantage of the situation to seize numerous Burgundian territories, including Burgundy itself and Picardy.


title: Louis XI

text: Without direct foreign threats, Louis was able to eliminate his rebellious vassals, expand royal power, and strengthen the economic development of his country. He died on 30 August 1483, and was succeeded by his minor son Charles VIII.


title: Louis XI

text: Louis was born in Bourges on 3 July 1423, the son of King Charles VII of France. At the time of the Hundred Years War, the English held northern France, including the city of Paris, and Charles VII was restricted to the centre and south of the country. Louis was the grandson of Yolande of Aragon, who was a force in the royal family for driving the English out of France, which was at a low point in its struggles. Just a few weeks after Louis's christening at the Cathedral of St. Étienne on 4 July 1423, the French army suffered a crushing defeat by the English at Cravant. Shortly thereafter, a combined Anglo-Burgundian army threatened Bourges itself.


title: Louis XI

text: During the reign of Louis's grandfather Charles VI (1380–1422), the Duchy of Burgundy was very much connected with the French throne, but because the central government lacked any real power, all the duchies of France tended to act independently. In its position of independence from the French throne, Burgundy had grown in size and power. By the reign of Louis's father Charles VII, Philip the Good was reigning as duke of Burgundy, and the duchy had expanded its borders to include all the territory in France from the North Sea in the north to the Jura Mountains in the south and from the Somme River in the west to the Moselle River in the east. During the Hundred Years War, the Burgundians allied themselves with England against the French crown.


title: Louis XI

text: In 1429, young Louis found himself at Loches in the presence of Joan of Arc, fresh from her first victory over the English at the Siege of Orléans, which initiated a turning point for the French in the Hundred Years War. Joan later led troops in other victories at the Battle of Jargeau and the Battle of Patay.Paris was recaptured after her death, and Louis and his father were able to ride in triumph into the city on 12 November 1437. Nevertheless, Louis grew up aware of the continuing weakness of France. He regarded his father as a weakling, and despised him for this.


title: Louis XI

text: On 24 June 1436, Louis met Margaret, daughter of King James I of Scotland, the bride his father had chosen for diplomatic reasons. There are no direct accounts from Louis or his young bride of their first impressions of each other, and it is mere speculation whether they actually had negative feelings for each other. Several historians think that Louis had a predetermined attitude to hate his wife, but it is universally agreed that Louis entered the ceremony and the marriage itself dutifully, as evidenced by his formal embrace of Margaret upon their first meeting.


title: Louis XI

text: Louis's marriage with Margaret resulted from the nature of medieval royal diplomacy and the precarious position of the French monarchy at the time. The wedding ceremony—very plain by the standards of the time—took place in the chapel of the castle of Tours on the afternoon of 25 June 1436, and was presided over by Renaud of Chartres, the Archbishop of Reims. The 13-year-old Louis clearly looked more mature than his 11-year-old bride, who was said to resemble a beautiful doll and was treated as such by her in-laws. Charles wore "grey riding pants" and "did not even bother to remove his spurs". The Scottish guests were quickly hustled out after the wedding reception, as the French royal court was quite impoverished at this time. They simply could not afford an extravagant ceremony or to host their Scottish guests for any longer than they did. The Scots, however, saw this behaviour as an insult to their small but proud country.


title: Louis XI

text: Following the ceremony, "doctors advised against consummation" because of the relative immaturity of the bride and bridegroom. Margaret continued her studies, and Louis went on tour with Charles to loyal areas of the kingdom. Even at this time, Charles was taken aback by the intelligence and temper of his son. During this tour, Louis was named Dauphin of France by Charles, as was traditional for the eldest son of the king. The beautiful and cultured Margaret was popular at the court of France, but her marriage to Louis was not a happy one, in part because of his strained relations with her father-in-law, who was very attached to her. She died childless at the age of 20 in 1445.


title: Louis XI

text: In 1440, Louis, aged 16, took part in an uprising known as the Praguerie, which sought to neutralize Charles and install Louis as regent of France. The uprising failed, and Louis was forced to submit to the king, who chose to forgive him. In this revolt, Louis came under the influence of Charles I, Duke of Bourbon, whose troops were in no condition to mount such a serious threat to royal authority. Louis was forced to retreat to Paris, but was "by no means trounced". In fact, before his final defeat, "[Louis's]...military strength, combined with antipathy of the masses for great lords, won him the support of the citizens of Paris." This was a great learning experience for Louis. James Cleugh notes:


title: Louis XI

text: Louis continued soldiering. In 1444, he led an army of "écorcheurs" (bands of mercenary soldiers) against the Swiss at the Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs and was impressed by the latter's military might. He still quarreled with his father, however, and his objectionable scheming, which included disrespectful behavior directed against his father's beloved mistress Agnès Sorel, caused him to be ordered out of court on 27 September 1446 and sent to his own province of Dauphiné. He lived mainly in Grenoble, in the "tour de la Trésorerie". Despite frequent summons by the king, the two would never meet again. In Dauphiné, Louis ruled as king in all but name, continuing his intrigues against his father. On 14 February 1451, Louis, who had been widowed for six years, made a strategic marriage to the eight-year-old Charlotte of Savoy, without Charles' consent. This marriage was to have long-ranging effects on foreign policy as the beginning of French involvement in the affairs of the Italian peninsula.


title: Louis XI

text: Finally, in August 1456, Charles sent an army to Dauphiné under the command of Antoine de Chabannes. Louis fled to Burgundy, where he was granted refuge by Duke Philip the Good and settled in the castle of Genappe. King Charles was furious when Philip refused to hand over Louis and warned the duke that he was "giving shelter to a fox who will eat his chickens."


title: Louis XI

text: In 1461, Louis learned that his father was dying. He hurried to Reims to be crowned, in case his brother, Charles, Duke of Berry, should try to do the same. Louis XI became King of France on 25 July 1461.


title: Louis XI

text: Louis pursued many of the same goals that his father had, such as limiting the powers of the dukes and barons of France, with consistently greater success. Among other initiatives, Louis instituted reforms to make the tax system more efficient. He suppressed many of his former co-conspirators, who had thought him their friend, and he appointed to government service many men of no rank, but who had shown promising talent. He particularly favored the associates of the great French merchant Jacques Coeur. He also allowed enterprising nobles to engage in trade without losing their privileges of nobility. He eliminated offices within the government bureaucracy, and increased the demand on other offices within the government in order to promote efficiency. Louis spent a large part of his kingship on the road. Travelling from town to town in his kingdom, Louis would surprise local officials, investigate local governments, establish fairs, and promote trade regulations. Perhaps the most significant contribution of Louis XI to the organization of the modern state of France was his development of the system of royal postal roads in 1464. In this system, relays at instant service to the king operated on all the high roads of France; this communications network spread all across France and led to the king acquiring his nickname "Universal Spider".


title: Louis XI

text: As king, Louis became extremely prudent fiscally, whereas he had previously been lavish and extravagant. He wore rough and simple clothes and mixed with ordinary people and merchants. A candid account of some of his activities is recorded by the courtier Philippe de Commines in his memoirs of the period. Louis made a habit of surrounding himself with valuable advisers of humble origins, such as Commines himself, Olivier Le Daim, Louis Tristan L'Hermite, and Jean Balue. Louis was anxious to speed up everything, transform everything, and build his own new world. In recognition of all the changes that Louis XI made to the government of France, he has the reputation of a leading "civil reformer" in French history, and his reforms were in the interests of the rising trading and mercantile classes that would later become the bourgeoisie classes of France.


title: Louis XI

text: Louis XI also involved himself in the affairs of the Church in France. In October 1461, Louis abolished the Pragmatic Sanction that his father had instituted in 1438 to establish a French Gallican Church free of the controls of the popes in Rome.


title: Louis XI

text: Philip III was the Duke of Burgundy at the time that Louis came to the throne, and was keen to initiate a Crusade to the Holy Lands. However, he needed funds to organize such an enterprise. Louis XI gave him 400,000 gold crowns for the Crusade in exchange for a number of territories, including Picardy and Amiens. However, Philip's son, the future Charles I, Duke of Burgundy (known as the Count of Charolais at the time of Louis's accession) was angry about this transaction, feeling that he was being deprived of his inheritance. He joined a rebellion called the League of the Public Weal, led by Louis's brother Charles, the Duke of Berry. Although the rebels were largely unsuccessful in battle, Louis had no better luck. Louis XI fought an indecisive battle against the rebels at Montlhéry and was forced to grant an unfavourable peace as a matter of political expediency.


title: Louis XI

text: When the Count of Charolais became Duke of Burgundy in 1467 as Charles I ("the Bold"), he seriously considered declaring an independent kingdom of his own. However, Louis's progress toward a strong centralized government had advanced to the point where the dukes of Burgundy could no longer act as independently as they had in the past. The duchy now faced many problems and revolts in its territories, especially from the people of Liège, who conducted the Liège Wars against the Duke of Burgundy. In the Liège Wars, Louis XI allied himself at first with the people of Liège.


title: Louis XI

text: In 1468, Louis and Charles met at Péronne, but during the course of negotiations, they learned that the citizens of Liège had again risen up against Charles and killed the Burgundian governor. Charles was furious. Philippe de Commines, at that time in the service of the duke of Burgundy, had to calm him down with the help of the duke's other advisors for fear that he might hit the king. Louis was forced into a humiliating treaty. He gave up many of the lands he had acquired from Philip the Good, turned on his erstwhile allies in Liège and swore to help Charles put down the uprising in Liège. Louis then witnessed a siege of Liège in which hundreds were massacred.


title: Louis XI

text: However, once out of Charles's reach, Louis declared the treaty invalid, and set about building up his forces. His aim was to destroy Burgundy once and for all. Nothing was more odious to Louis' dream of a centralized monarchy than the existence of an over-mighty vassal such as the Duke of Burgundy. War broke out in 1472. Duke Charles laid siege to Beauvais and other towns. However, these sieges proved unsuccessful; the Siege of Beauvais was lifted on 22 July 1472, and Charles finally sued for peace. Philippe de Commines was then welcomed into the service of King Louis.


title: Louis XI

text: In 1469, Louis founded the Order of St. Michael, probably in imitation of the prestigious Burgundian Order of the Golden Fleece, founded by Charles' father Philip the Good, just as King John II of France had founded the now defunct Order of the Star in imitation of the Order of the Garter of King Edward III of England. In both cases, a French king appears to have been motivated to found an order of chivalry to increase the prestige of the French royal court by the example of his chief political adversary.


title: Louis XI

text: At the same time that France and Burgundy were fighting each other, England was experiencing a bitter civil conflict now known as the Wars of the Roses. Louis had an interest in this war, for the Duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, was allied with the Yorkists who opposed King Henry VI. When the Earl of Warwick fell out with the Yorkist King Edward IV, after helping Edward attain his throne, Louis granted Warwick refuge in France. Through Louis's diplomacy, Warwick then formed an alliance with his bitter enemy Margaret of Anjou in order to restore her husband Henry VI to the throne. The plan worked, and Edward was forced into exile, but he later returned to England. Warwick was then killed at the Battle of Barnet in 1471. King Henry VI was soon murdered afterwards.


title: Louis XI

text: Now the undisputed master of England, Edward invaded France in 1475, but Louis was able to negotiate the Treaty of Picquigny, by which the English army left France in return for a large sum of money. The English renounced their claim to French lands such as Normandy, and the Hundred Years' War could be said to be finally over. Louis bragged that although his father had driven the English out by force of arms, he had driven them out by force of pâté, venison, and good French wine.


title: Louis XI

text: Just as his father had done, Louis spent most of his reign dealing with political disputes with the reigning Duke of Burgundy, and for this purpose he employed the Swiss, whose military might was renowned. He had admired it himself at the Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs.


title: Louis XI

text: War broke out between Charles and the Swiss after he invaded Switzerland. The invasion proved to be a tremendous mistake. On 2 March 1476, the Swiss attacked and defeated the Burgundians first at Grandson and then again a few months later, on June 22 of the same year, at Murten. The duke was killed at the Battle of Nancy on 5 January 1477, an event that marked the end of the Burgundian Wars.


title: Louis XI

text: Louis was thus able to see the destruction of his sworn enemy. Those lords who still favored the feudal system gave in to his authority. Others, such as Jacques d'Armagnac, Duke of Nemours, were executed. The lands belonging to the Duchy of Burgundy as constituted by Louis's great-great-grandfather John II for the benefit of his son Philip the Bold reverted to the crown of France.


title: Louis XI

text: The marriage on 14 February 1451 between 28-year-old Louis and the 8-year-old Charlotte of Savoy was the true beginning of French involvement in the affairs of Italy. The Italian peninsula was a compact and politically competitive space dominated by five powers: Venice, Milan, Florence, the Papacy, and the Kingdom of Naples. Beside these five great regional powers, there were about a dozen smaller states in Italy that were constantly changing policies and shifting alliances between and towards the various regional powers. The city/state of Genoa and the rising state of Savoy, which centered on the city of Turin, were examples of these lesser powers in northern Italy. Even the Italic League – the combination of the five major powers of Italy that had been born out of the Treaty of Lodi of 1454 – was constantly undergoing internal realignments.


title: Louis XI

text: Both Louis XI and his father Charles VII had been too busy with their struggles with Burgundy to pay much attention to political affairs smoldering in Italy. Additionally, Louis had his attention drawn away from Italy by disagreements with the rulers of England and his struggles with Maximilian of Austria, who married the heir of Charles the Bold, Mary of Burgundy, and wanted to keep her territorial inheritance intact. However, the death of the Duke of Burgundy in 1477, which conclusively settled the issue of Burgundy's position under the French throne, the conclusion of the Treaty of Picquigny with England in 1475 and the peaceful resolution in 1482 of the disposition of the "Burgundian inheritance" left to Mary of Burgundy finally allowed Louis XI to turn his attention to Italy.


title: Louis XI

text: Viewed from the Italian states, the death of the Duke of Burgundy in 1477 and the resultant downfall of his duchy as a threat to the French throne signalled vast changes in the states' relationships with the kingdom of France.Despite his connection by marriage to the royal house of Savoy, Louis XI continuously courted a strong relationship with Francesco I Sforza, the Duke of Milan, who was a traditional enemy of Savoy. As a confirmation of the close relationship between Milan and the king of France, Sforza sent his son Galeazzo Maria Sforza to aid Louis XI in his war against the League of Public Weal in 1465 at the head of a large army. Later, differences arose between France and Milan that caused Milan to seek ways of separating itself from dependence on the French. However, with the downfall of Burgundy in 1477, France was seen in a new light by Milan, which now hurriedly repaired its relationship with Louis XI. Likewise, France's old enemy King Ferdinand I of Naples began to seek a marriage alliance between the Kingdom of Naples and France. Louis XI also opened new friendly relations with the Papal States, forgetting the past devotion of the popes for the Duke of Burgundy. In January 1478, he signed a favorable treaty with the Republic of Venice.


title: Louis XI

text: French involvement in the affairs of Italy would be carried to new levels by Louis XI's son Charles VIII in 1493, when he answered an appeal for help from Ludovico Sforza, the younger son of Francesco Sforza, that lead to an invasion of Italy. This would become a significant turning point in Italian political history.


title: Louis XI

text: Louis XI, having suffered from bouts of apoplexy and years of illness, died on 30 August 1483 and was interred in the Basilica of Notre-Dame de Cléry in Cléry-Saint-André in the Arrondissement of Orléans. His widow, Charlotte, died a few months later, and is interred with him. Louis XI was succeeded by his son Charles VIII, who was thirteen years of age. Louis' eldest daughter, Anne, became regent on Charles' behalf.


title: Louis XI

text: Eager to obtain information about his enemies, Louis created, from 1464, a net of postal relays all over France, which was a precursor to the modern French postal service.


title: Louis XI

text: Louis developed his kingdom by encouraging trade fairs and the building and maintenance of roads. Louis XI pursued the organization of the kingdom of France with the assistance of bourgeois officials. In some respects, Louis XI perfected the framework of the modern French Government which was to last until the French Revolution. Thus, Louis XI is one of the first modern kings of France who helped take it out of the Middle Ages.


title: Louis XI

text: Louis XI was very superstitious and surrounded himself with astrologers. Interested in science, he once pardoned a man sentenced to death on condition that he serve as a guinea pig for a gallstone operation.


title: Louis XI

text: Through wars and guile, Louis XI overcame France's mostly independent feudal lords, and at the time of his death in the Château de Plessis-lez-Tours, he had united France and laid the foundations of a strong monarchy. He was, however, a secretive, reclusive man, and few mourned his death.


title: Louis XI

text: Despite Louis XI's political acumen and overall policy of "Realpolitik", Niccolò Machiavelli criticized him harshly in Chapter 13 of "The Prince", calling him shortsighted and imprudent for abolishing his own infantry in favor of Swiss mercenaries.


title: Women and children first

text: "Women and children first", known to a lesser extent as the "Birkenhead" drill, is a code of conduct whereby the lives of women and children were to be saved first in a life-threatening situation, typically abandoning ship, when survival resources such as lifeboats were limited. However, it has no basis in maritime law.


title: Women and children first

text: In the 19th and 20th centuries, "women and children first" was seen as a chivalric ideal. The concept "was celebrated among Victorian and Edwardian commentators as a long-standing practice – a 'tradition', 'law of human nature', 'the ancient chivalry of the sea', 'handed down in the race'." Its practise was featured in accounts of some 18th-century shipwrecks with greater public awareness during the 19th century. Notable invocations of the concept include during the 1852 evacuation of the Royal Navy troopship and most famously during the 1912 sinking of RMS "Titanic". Despite its prominence in the popular imagination, the doctrine was unevenly applied. The use of "women and children first" during the "Birkenhead" evacuation was a "celebrated exception", used to establish a tradition of English chivalry during the second half of the 19th century.


title: Women and children first

text: According to one expert, in modern-day evacuations people will usually help the most vulnerabletypically those injured, elderly or very young childrento escape first.


title: Women and children first

text: The first documented application of "women and children first" was in May 1840 when, after a lightning strike, fire broke out aboard the American packet "Poland" en route from New York to Le Havre. According to a passenger, J.H. Buckingham of Boston:


title: Women and children first

text: This led to a precautionary evacuation of women, children and a few male passengers into the longboat, while the other male passengers and crew remained aboard to fight the blaze. As Buckingham was a journalist, his vivid account of the incident was published first in the "Boston Courier", picked up by other papers including "The Times" (London) and also reprinted in a book published in the same year, thus gaining wide currency.


title: Women and children first

text: The phrase appeared prominently in the 1860 novel "Harrington: A Story of True Love", by William Douglas O'Connor, during the recounting of the death of Captain Harrington, the father of the eponymous character John Harrington. Captain Harrington's fictional death illustrates not only the concept of "women and children first" but also that of "the captain goes down with his ship".


title: Women and children first

text: During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, ships typically did not carry enough lifeboats to save all the passengers and crew in the event of disaster. In 1870, answering a question at the House of Commons of the United Kingdom about the sinking of the paddle steamer "Normandy", George Shaw-Lefevre said that,


title: Women and children first

text: The practise of women and children gained widespread currency following the actions of soldiers during the sinking of the Royal Navy troopship in 1852 after it struck rocks. Captain Robert Salmond RN ordered Colonel Seton to send men to the chain pumps; sixty were directed to this task, sixty more were assigned to the tackles of the lifeboats, and the rest were assembled on the poop deck in order to raise the forward part of the ship. The women and children were placed in the ship's cutter, which lay alongside. The sinking was memorialized in newspapers and paintings of the time, and in poems such as Rudyard Kipling's 1893 "Soldier an' Sailor Too".


title: Women and children first

text: By the turn of the 20th century, larger ships meant more people could travel, but regulations were generally still insufficient to provide for all passengers: for example British legislation concerning the number of lifeboats was based on the tonnage of a vessel and only encompassed vessels of "10,000 gross tons and over". The result was that a sinking usually involved a moral dilemma for passengers and crew as to whose lives should be saved with the limited available lifeboats.


title: Women and children first

text: The phrase was popularised by its usage on the . The Second Officer suggested to Captain Smith, "Hadn't we better get the women and children into the boats, sir?", to which the captain responded: "put the women and children in and lower away". The First and Second officers (William McMaster Murdoch and Charles Lightoller) interpreted the evacuation order differently; Murdoch took it to mean women and children "first", while Lightoller took it to mean women and children "only". Second Officer Lightoller lowered lifeboats with empty seats if there were no women and children waiting to board, while First Officer Murdoch allowed a limited number of men to board if all the nearby women and children had embarked. As a consequence, 74% of the women and 52% of the children on board were saved, but only 20% of the men. Some officers on the "Titanic" misinterpreted the order from Captain Smith, and tried to prevent men from boarding the lifeboats. It was intended that women and children would board first, with any remaining free spaces for men. Because not all women and children were saved on the "Titanic", the few men who survived, like White Star official J. Bruce Ismay, were initially branded as cowards.


title: Women and children first

text: In the Boy Scouts of America's Sea Scouting program, "Women and children first" was considered "the motto of the sea" and was part of the Sea Promise until 2020.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: The Mask is an American comic book series created by Doug Mahnke and John Arcudi and published by Dark Horse Comics. Its artists include Mark Badger, Chris Warner and Keith Williams. The series tells the story of a supernatural mask that grants its wearers nearly limitless power, often at the cost of their sanity. The original trilogy of "The Mask", "The Mask Returns", and "The Mask Strikes Back" was published as a limited series, from 1991 to 1995, and has since expanded into various spin-offs and other media. The series is known for its dark tone and graphic violence.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: The stories of The Mask revolve around a magical mask which bestows on its wearer reality-bending powers and an altered appearance, characterized by a large set of teeth and a green head. The mask affects the wearer's personality by removing all social and moral inhibitions, causing the wearer to become insane. The character was inspired by a combination of villains from DC Comics, Marvel Comics, and horror movies such as the Joker, the Green Goblin, Freddy Krueger, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and Steve Ditko's version of the Creeper. In the original comics, Stanley Ipkiss wears the mask and becomes a villain; other characters who later wore the Mask became, regardless of their intentions in donning it, cruel antiheroes or murderous, vengeful villains with ultra-violent tendencies. In the 1994 film and the , the Mask was toned down to make it only as dangerous as its wearer; the main character Stanley Ipkiss is depicted as a nice guy, and his alter-ego The Mask is a mischievous trickster but a good-hearted superhero, whereas Dorian Tyrell, the main villain, actually became a sadistic malefic being while wearing the mask. The same is true of the 2005 sequel's main character Tim Avery, who is named after Tex Avery.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: The title of the comic book originally referred to the mask itself and not the character it unleashed. In early stories, the character was referred to as Big Head; it was not until the films and television series that the character became known as The Mask.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: The base concept of The Mask was created by Mike Richardson on 5 February 1982. It first saw life as a single sketch he drew in 1985 for "APA-5", an amateur press publication created by writer Mark Verheiden. After starting Dark Horse Comics, Richardson pitched his concept to Marvel Comics comic book writer/artist Mark Badger. The outcome was the Masque strip that ran in the early issues of "Dark Horse Presents". Badger's strips became increasingly political, and Richardson ended the strip to bring the character back to his original concept.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: Artist Chris Warner was hired to revamp the character based on Richardson's original "APA-5" drawing and created the definitive look for the character. This new look was launched in 1989 in the pages of Dark Horse's "Mayhem" anthology. Aspiring writer John Arcudi and artist Doug Mahnke were hired to create the new adventures, which became the first very popular use of the character, "a combination of Tex Avery and The Terminator". The Mask stories from "Mayhem" #1-4 were later collected as the 1991 issue "The Mask #0" and also in a trade paperback collection.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: "Mayhem" was canceled after four issues, but, in 1991, Arcudi and Mahnke continued with "The Mask" four issue limited series, which introduced one of the Mask's antagonists, a mute brutish hulk named Walter. This run was among Dark Horse's best sellers; following it, the company continued a succession of miniseries around the Mask, with various antagonists and protagonists wearing the mask. These series concluded in 2000 with the DC Comics crossover "Joker/Mask", in which the magical Mask finds its way into the hands of Batman's arch-enemy The Joker. The first major storylines and the Joker/Mask crossover have all been collected in trade-paperback format and in a limited-edition hardcover box set. It was later revived as two spin-off series: "Itty Bitty Mask" and "I Pledge Allegiance To The Mask".


title: The Mask (comics)

text: In an antiques shop, a weak, neurotic man named Stanley Ipkiss shops for a gift to give to his girlfriend, Kathy. At the store he purchases an old jade mask which begins to speak to him. When Stanley wears it, he is transformed into a wacky super-powered being with an abnormally large, bald, green-skinned head and a mouthful of large teeth. After exploring his new abilities, Ipkiss goes on a rampage, taking revenge on those with whom he has a grudge, and earns the nickname Big Head.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: After taking the mask off, Stan begins to realize what has been happening. His acts as Big Head begin to take an emotional toll on him. He becomes verbally abusive toward Kathy. She kicks him out, but keeps the mask since it was a gift from Stanley.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: Later, Stan breaks into Kathy's apartment to steal it back just as the police arrive in response to an earlier housebreaking call. Deciding his only way out is as Big Head, Stan puts the mask back on and kills multiple cops during his escape in addition to causing a great deal of property damage. He returns home as Big Head and removes the mask, preparing to leave the city; only to be shot in the back and killed by Kathy now wearing the mask, who figured out the identity of Big Head and donned the mask while Stan's back was turned after he took it off.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: Kathy takes the mask to Lieutenant Kellaway for safe-keeping. Kellaway, who had been struggling with both the recent Big Head murders, and organized crime lords on the loose in his city, disregards Kathy's warnings, believing she is stressed and not thinking clearly, and tries on the mask. Becoming Big Head, Kellaway sets out to take down the crime lords who have plagued his police career.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: City dwellers, not knowing of the magical mask, assumes Big Head is still the same killer whose targets are now high-profile crime lords. Despite Kellaway's good intentions, the mask causes his methods to become increasingly more violent. Big Head encounters Walter, a behemoth-sized mob muscle-man who never speaks, who has undertaken a vendetta against Big Head for killing his employers. Walter never shows pain and is the only one who can injure Big Head to any real degree.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: While fighting off Walter's attacks, Lieutenant Kellaway, as Big Head, becomes the target of a police manhunt. Big Head fights off the police and tracks down the remaining mobsters. When Kellaway's partner attempts to stop Big Head, the mask-altered policeman nearly kills his friend and colleague. Kellaway, realizing what he has been doing, flees. He removes the mask, buries it in his basement in cement, and vows never to let it be worn again.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: The first half of the story following Stan as Big Head was originally published in the four-issue anthology series "Mayhem", between May–September 1989, and was then collected as issue #0 and the first part of the trade paperback.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: The crime lords send men to Lieutenant Kellaway's home and attempt to kill him. Kellaway makes his way to the basement in an attempt to retrieve the mask. But he is wounded before he can put it on and ends up in a coma. After the shooting, the men escape, taking the mask with them. One of them puts it on the wimpy driver, Nunzio, as a joke, but he becomes Big Head. Big Head kills the thugs and all of the crime lords, thus becoming the city's preeminent crime boss. Kathy, realizing the return of Big Head means Kellaway failed to hide the mask well enough, knows that it is up to her to stop him. She dresses as a hooker, and Big Head falls head over heels for her. She tricks him into taking off the mask, pulls out a gun, and as Nunzio dives for the mask she shoots and kills him. Kathy uses the mask to escape and decides to go after the real crime boss (from whom Big Head had stolen the office while he was in Miami), Don Mozzo. When Don comes back from Miami, he knows Big Head is after him and he goes to get help from the one man who can help him, Walter. After Kathy destroys the remaining mobsters, she comes across and gets into a fight with the only man left, Walter. However, Kathy decides to throw caution to the wind and surrenders after deciding neither one of them are going to die and soon some random bystander will just come across the Mask anyway and tosses it to Walter, but he seems to have no interest in it. Kellaway, recovered from the hospital, drives his car into Walter, sending him and the Mask into the docks.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: Four friends, named Rick (a disgruntled anarchist), Ben (a failed musician), Hugo (a recovering drug addict) and Archie (a teenage savant), feel that their lives are at a dead end, until Rick, fascinated by the Big Head murders, finds the magical mask by the city pier and brings it home. Realizing this was the source of their hero's power, each of the four take turns trying it on. They attempt to use its power to fix their lives but end up making things worse for themselves. By the end, Walter, having recovered since being plowed into by Kellaway, finds the mask in his hands and is unable to use it and, in frustration, throws it off into the distance with tremendous force.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: This was the last series in the original Mask storyline by Arcudi and Mahnke. It was also the first to be made after the success of the film, and, as such, the violence of the earlier stories was toned down and the comic aspects were more prominent than before.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: The Mask continues to find its way into the hands of unwitting wearers. One of these is Ray Tuttle, a loser film-buff with a grudge against an entrepreneur who escaped responsibility after a faulty theme park ride the latter owned caused the death of his wife, leaving his daughter, Emily, mute. Tuttle discovers the mask's power, but Lieutenant Kellaway and a group of terrorists aware of the mask's secrets are looking to take it from him. The title parodies the novel "The Hunt for Red October".


title: The Mask (comics)

text: In New Orleans, the mask ends up in the hands of Eric Martin who tries to find his sister, who has been kidnapped by voodoo gangsters, while Lieutenant Kellaway looks for the mask so that he can destroy it.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: Toy designer named Aldo Krasker gets his hands on the mask which leads him to subconsciously embark on a murder spree against high school colleagues who had ridiculed his acting skills. Lieutenant Kellaway joins the investigation so he can find the mask.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: Acknowledging how the main series was dormant for twenty years, the mask had been buried in concrete for two decades, during which Kellaway retired in California and Kathy became mayor of Edge City. Struggling politician Abner Mead finds it, and as Big Head uses his uninhibited and at times violent outbursts to make himself endearing to the populace and run for President of the United States.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: "The Mask: Official Movie Adaptation" is a two-issue comic book adaptation of the 1994 film starring Jim Carrey. In addition to retelling its story, the comic book version also contains deleted scenes most often seen as extra features in video releases of the movie, such as the death of the supporting character Peggy Brandt, and completely unseen moments, such as Stanley Ipkiss' watch being stolen by the same group of thugs that he pays back with the balloon animal routine. Some dialogue is also changed.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: Following the success of "The Mask" film, which led to the release of "", Dark Horse published this spinoff comic series, which followed the continuity of the television cartoon. Like the show, this title combined elements of both the original adult comics and the movie. Elements from the film included The Mask as he was portrayed in the film: goofy, good-hearted and heroic with his trademark yellow suit and hat. From the early comics were Walter, still Pretorius' Henchman, and a Lieutenant Kellaway more like his original counterpart than as he was depicted in film.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: After Kathy visits Ipkiss' grave, he returns from the dead as a zombie Big Head, with a thirst for revenge. Walking around the city, he finds and kills Kellaway, Walter, Don Mozzo, Lionel, many police officers, and a biker. When he finally finds Kathy, she yells at him, telling him that he does not have the mask anymore and he could not have come back to life as Big Head. After that, he becomes a pile of dust and all the individuals he murdered are brought back to life.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: Grifter, of the WildC.A.T.s., is sent to Las Vegas to break up a weapons smuggling ring at a gun show. Trouble ensues when one of the tourists ends up with the mask, and Big Head causes a riot at the gun show by pulling a knife. Grifter initially mistakes the Mask for a target, but when the tourist's girlfriend is threatened, Grifter and the Mask team up to stop the smuggling ring.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: The alien bounty hunter Lobo is hired to find the "Ultimate Bastich", a being who has decimated numerous planets. Lobo's hunt leads him to Earth, where a petty thief has become Big Head. In a battle that decimates Manhattan, Big Head finally offers to "help" Lobo find the "previous wearer."


title: The Mask (comics)

text: The duo head through space causing mass destruction. At a space truck stop, Lobo eventually wins the mask for himself, puts it on, and causes even more damage. A black hole sends him back in time by a month and it turns out that he is, in fact, the Ultimate Bastich. Waking up on Earth and realizing this, Lobo tosses the mask back to the same spot where the thief found it. Lobo breaks the time loop when he meets his past self and turns his past self in for the reward money.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: "The Mask: Virtual Surreality" is a collection of stories by different authors. Stanley Ipkiss watches his favorite TV show "The Dukes of Hazzard" when a commercial broadcast of Dr. Buzz Hedgaymes offers a new gadget for home entertainment: the Virtual Surreality. Dr. Hedgaymes offers The Mask a chance to test his new machine. Stanley takes up the offer, puts on the mask to bring his alter-ego out, and The Mask spins to Dr. Hedgaymes' lab within moments. The Mask arrives just as Hedgaymes begins to explain the machine to him, while testing it on him, and various events, including barbarians, superheroes and weird cartoons to demons, suddenly play with The Mask in Stanley Ipkiss's childhood, then ends up meeting Stanley's mother while he ends up being turned into a boy which Stanley's mother is like Stanley being kind, polite, nice and motherly to him, but then starts to get aggressive to him when she tells him to take his face off but he refuses so she tries to take his face off, which is when he realises something's not right considering that Stanley's mother is never like that and Stanley never told his mother about him. So The Mask discovers that Pretorius was Hedgaymes all along. Pretorius challenges The Mask to play rock–paper–scissors. Pretorius foresees the outcome, decides not to play fair and, using giant scissors, tries to cut The Mask's head off. The Mask counters with a giant hand made out of stone. The Mask then shows he is a fan of the show that Stanley was watching early, since he opts to go for another round of "The Dukes of Hazzard" before sending Pretorius to the police.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: The Mask is applied to a superhuman serial killer as part of a secret government experiment which inevitably goes disastrously wrong. Marshal Law is called in to take down a nemesis who is not only immune to his usual ultra-violence, but can warp reality according to his psychotic whims.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: "Angry Young Mask" is a short comic book story focusing on an 11-year-old boy named Ned, who has a problem with his unfair parents. One day he finds the mask and wears it, causing a lot of mischief in the process. Later, Ned removes the Mask and throws it in his backyard, but when morning comes, Ned finds his two-year-old brother Josh wearing the mask.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: On hill roads at night, a professor of anthropology tells a young museum collector the history about the mask and its victims.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: A depressed airplane pilot, smoking in a cargo area, finds the mask and goes insane. He flies and crashes an aircraft into a mountain killing the rest of his crew. He survives and, after removing the mask, becomes a resident of a mental institution.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: Later at the crash site, a little girl living on a nearby farm, finds the mask and races home to show her abusive drunken father. That night the girl wears the mask and murders her father. She then calls the police to report a green-faced lunatic. Afterwards the girl is sent to a foster home with kindly foster parents. She goes to a church for confession and the priest takes the mask for safe keeping. A short time later he dons the mask and becomes a sex-crazed maniac with the nuns.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: After the church's unsuccessful attempt at exorcism, the priest sadly removes the mask and claims that the mask forced him to do unspeakable things. The church hires a professor to trace the mask's origins and he discovers it is a thousand years old, made using African techniques, but decorated with Scandinavian motifs. After analyzing the mask, the professor can not give the church an explanation for it so they decide to destroy it. But the professor finds a museum which is willing to donate a small fortune to acquire the mask.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: The young museum collector does not really believe the professor's story and puts the mask back in a box as they head for the city - presumably Gotham City.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: The Joker inadvertently gets his hands on the magical mask after it is found in a Gotham City museum. With its power, the Joker begins to feel it is time to rejuvenate his career as a criminal, taking over Gotham TV and broadcasting his own shows. Lieutenant Kellaway finds his way to Gotham and helps Batman and Commissioner Gordon to defeat the newly super-powered Joker, Batman determining that the mask is not having its usual psychological effect on the wearer as the Joker always expressed his 'innermost desires', with the mask merely making him unstoppable. Batman is able to trick the Joker into removing the Mask by claiming that the villain is no longer funny, and is relying on tired schtick and the power of the Mask instead of using his own style, prompting the Joker's original head to emerge from his shoulder and actually converse with his Mask-head before he takes it off. Lieutenant Kellaway asks Batman to give him the Mask. Batman agrees and the Mask is last seen as Kellaway digs up Stanley Ipkiss's grave and buries the Mask there with his corpse.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: When mild-mannered zookeeper Herman Shazbert buys his wife a strange mask, his whole family wants to try it on.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: The comics of the short-lived line "Itty Bitty" took a more silly and kid-friendly approach, similar to DC Comics' "Tiny Titans", also illustrated by Art Baltazar. Dark Horse Comics also released "Itty Bitty Hellboy", "Itty Bitty Comics: Grimmiss Island", and "Itty Bitty Hellboy: The Search for the Were-Jaguar".


title: The Mask (comics)

text: Dark Horse Comics has published two omnibus editions featuring "The Mask" stories in chronological order. However, this collection didn't reprint bonus materials previously released in the individual trade paperbacks for the individual series, such as deleted pages, author forwards, and retrospectives.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: Collects "The Mask" #0–4, "The Mask Returns" #1–4 and "The Mask Strikes Back" #1–5. Published August 13, 2008. Second Edition published March 27, 2019.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: Collects "The Mask: The Hunt for Green October" #1–4, "The Mask: World Tour" #1–4, "The Mask: Southern Discomfort" #1–4, "Night of the Return of the Living Ipkiss... Kinda" and "The Mask: Toys in the Attic" #1–4. Published March 11, 2009. Second Edition published September 11, 2019.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: Collects "The Mask: Official Movie Adaptation" #1–2, "Adventures of the Mask" #1–12, "The Mask: Virtual Surreality", "Angry Young Mask" and "No Mask Is an Island". Published July 15, 2009.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: A film version of "The Mask" was released in the United States on July 29, 1994, starring Jim Carrey in the title role. Directed by Chuck Russell, the film co-starred Peter Greene as Dorian Tyrell, Peter Riegert as Lt. Mitch Kellaway, Orestes Matacena as Niko, Richard Jeni as Charlie Schumacher, Amy Yasbeck as Peggy Brandt, and Cameron Diaz, in her screen debut, as Tina Carlyle. Ben Stein has a cameo role as Dr. Arthur Neuman.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: While there were early efforts to take the film in the direction of horror (some at New Line Cinema saw it as a replacement for their fading "A Nightmare on Elm Street" franchise), it was never completely intended as a "dark horror" picture. New Line had problems coming up with a script that could show violence that was comical, but had more success with a story that was primarily a comedy and had violence. Mike Richardson and Chuck Russell always pushed in the direction of the second option, which was eventually adopted. Executive producer Michael De Luca's suggestion of Jim Carrey for the lead, together with the "Cuban Pete" production number in the screenplay, set the final tone for the film.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: The film version of the character subsequently appeared in an animated TV series entitled "" (with Rob Paulsen as Stanley Ipkiss/The Mask). John Arcudi wrote season one's "How Much is That Dog in the Tin Can" and season three's "The Goofalotatots" (a parody of Warner Bros. Animation's "Animaniacs", which Paulsen starred in). The series took many elements from the source film but made numerous changes. Tina was absent, and reporter Peggy Brandt had become the main female character, but not a love interest. Also, unlike in the film, Ipkiss appeared to be able to use the mask in daytime as well as at night, while gaining the mischievous and heroic personality of The Mask along with having superpowers. The series also had a crossover with "", another animated series based on a Jim Carrey film.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: Four VHS volumes of the series were released (an extra two in Australia), all of which are now out of print. Upon the initial DVD release of "Son of the Mask", Wal-Mart stores sold an exclusive two-pack of the film with the pilot episode of the animated series ("The Mask Is Always Greener on the Other Side" Parts 1 and 2).


title: The Mask (comics)

text: "Son of the Mask" is the stand-alone sequel to the 1994 film, directed by Lawrence Guterman. The film had an $84 million budget and a $17 million domestic box office gross, along with a $40 million foreign box office gross.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: Director Chuck Russell, who helmed the original film, expressed his interest in a sequel in his 1996 LaserDisc commentary. He was hoping Carrey would return, along with Amy Yasbeck. Russell had decided to cut the scenes when Peggy dies and leave the character open for the sequel, which became this film. The concept was completely changed when Carrey decided not to return. Though it does exist in the same universe as the 1994 film, the plot instead focuses on another man (played by Jamie Kennedy) who finds the mask and unintentionally conceives a child while wearing it. The result is a son who possesses the powers of the mask without needing to wear it. At the same time, Loki (played by Alan Cumming), the Norse God and original creator of the mask, searches the human world attempting to find it.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: Ben Stein reprises his role of Dr. Arthur Neuman from the first film. He is involved in the film to reestablish the relationship between the mask and its creator Loki. He is the only actor to appear in both films as well as the animated series.


title: The Mask (comics)

text: The Stanley Ipkiss version of the Mask appears in "". He is among the Warner Bros. Serververse inhabitants that watch the basketball match between the Tune Squad and the Goon Squad. The Mask can be seen with two versions of the Penguin from the Batman franchise, one from the 1966 "Batman" Television series and one from the 1992 film "Batman Returns".


title: Lynwood, California

text: Lynwood is a city in Los Angeles County, California. At the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 69,772, down from 69,845 at the 2000 census. Lynwood is located near South Gate and Compton in the central portion of the Los Angeles Basin. Incorporated in 1921, the city is named for Lynn Wood Sessions, wife of a local dairyman, Charles Sessions. The local railroad siding and later Pacific Electric Railway station were named after the dairy.


title: Lynwood, California

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.8 square miles (12.5 km), all land.


title: Lynwood, California

text: At the 2010 census Lynwood had a population of 69,772. The population density was . The racial makeup of Lynwood was 27,444 (39.3%) White (2.2% Non-Hispanic White), 7,168 (10.3%) African American, 464 (0.7%) Native American, 457 (0.7%) Asian, 206 (0.3%) Pacific Islander, 31,652 (45.4%) from other races, and 2,381 (3.4%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 60,452 persons (86.6%).


title: Lynwood, California

text: The census reported that 67,120 people (96.2% of the population) lived in households, 449 (0.6%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 2,203 (3.2%) were institutionalized.


title: Lynwood, California

text: There were 14,680 households, 9,790 (66.7%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 8,303 (56.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 3,266 (22.2%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,569 (10.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,281 (8.7%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 105 (0.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 1,064 households (7.2%) were one person and 328 (2.2%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 4.57. There were 13,138 families (89.5% of households); the average family size was 4.62.


title: Lynwood, California

text: The age distribution was 22,977 people (32.9%) under the age of 18, 8,705 people (12.5%) aged 18 to 24, 21,245 people (30.4%) aged 25 to 44, 13,075 people (18.7%) aged 45 to 64, and 3,770 people (5.4%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 27.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.1 males.


title: Lynwood, California

text: There were 15,277 housing units at an average density of 3,156.4 per square mile, of the occupied units 6,829 (46.5%) were owner-occupied and 7,851 (53.5%) were rented. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.9%; the rental vacancy rate was 3.7%. 34,023 people (48.8% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 33,097 people (47.4%) lived in rental housing units.


title: Lynwood, California

text: At the 2000 census, there were 69,845 people in 14,395 households, including 12,941 families, in the city. The population density was 5,560.3/km (14,389.2/mi). There were 14,987 housing units at an average density of 1,193.1/km (3,087.6/mi). The racial makeup of the city was 33.62% white, 13.53% African American, 1.20% Native American, 0.76% Asian, 0.39% Pacific Islander, 46.14% from other races, and 4.36% from two or more races. 82.33% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Lynwood, California

text: There were 14,395 households, 63.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.5% were married couples living together, 20.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 10.1% were non-families. 7.7% of households were made up of individuals, and 2.6% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 4.70 and the average family size was 4.76.


title: Lynwood, California

text: The age distribution was 38.0% under the age of 18, 13.1% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 13.5% from 45 to 64, and 4.2% who were 65 or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.2 males.


title: Lynwood, California

text: The median household income was $35,888 and the median family income was $35,808. Males had a median income of $23,241 versus $19,149 for females. The per capita income for the city was $9,542. 23.5% of the population and 21.0% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 28.3% were under the age of 18 and 14.3% were 65 or older.


title: Lynwood, California

text: As of 2000, speakers of Spanish as their first language accounted for 77.43% of residents, while English was spoken by 22.13%, Thai was spoken by 0.16%, Samoan was spoken by 0.09%, Gujarati was spoken by 0.07%, Tagalog was spoken by 0.07%, Vietnamese by 0.05% of the population.


title: Lynwood, California

text: Lynwood went through five phases of demographic change in the 20th century. First, a colonial settlement. Second, a farming small town. Third, a mostly working-class white suburb from 1940 to 1970. Fourth, a majority African-American city between 1970 and 1990, and today, predominantly Latino.


title: Lynwood, California

text: The Long Beach Freeway (I-710) and Century Freeway (I-105) run through the city. The C Line of the Los Angeles Metro also runs through the city, in the median of I-105, and serves the city at Long Beach Boulevard station.


title: Lynwood, California

text: Fire protection in Lynwood is provided by the Los Angeles County Fire Department. The LACFD operates Station #147 at 3161 East Imperial Highway and Station #148 at 4262 Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, both in Lynwood, as a part of Battalion 13 The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department (LASD) operates the Century Station in Lynwood. The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the South Health Center in Watts, Los Angeles, serving Lynwood.


title: Lynwood, California

text: Lynwood is represented in the 63rd Assembly District by Democrat Anthony Rendon and in the 33rd Senate District represented by Democrat Ricardo Lara. In the United States House of Representatives, Lynwood is in .


title: Lynwood, California

text: On March 20, 2006, former mayor Paul H. Richards II was sentenced to 188 months in federal prison after being convicted in 2005 on numerous corruption charges that centered on his funneling of $6 million in city business — including exorbitant no-bid contracts — to a "consulting company" controlled by him and his family. Richards had served on the City Council from 1986 until he was recalled by voters in 2003; during that time he served seven terms as mayor.


title: Lynwood, California

text: The United States Postal Service operates the Lynwood Post Office at 11200 Long Beach Boulevard and the East Lynwood Post Office at 11634 Atlantic Avenue.


title: Lynwood, California

text: The City of Lynwood operates three parks: Lynwood City Park, Lynwood Skate Park, and Yvonne Burke-John D. Ham Park.


title: Lynwood, California

text: Most of Lynwood is served by the Lynwood Unified School District. High schools include Lynwood High School, Marco Antonio Firebaugh High School, and Vista High School.


title: Srikalahasteeswara temple

text: Srikalahasti Temple is located in the town of Srikalahasti, in Tirupati district in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is one of the most famous Shiva temples in South India, and is said to be the site where Kannappa was ready to offer both his eyes to cover blood flowing from the linga before Shiva stopped him and granted him moksha.


title: Srikalahasteeswara temple

text: Srikalahasti temple, situated 36 km away from Tirupati is famous for its Vayu Lingam (Wind Lingam), one of the Panchabhoota Sthalams, representing wind. The temple is also regarded as "Rahu-Ketu kshetra" and "Dakshina Kailasam". The inner temple was constructed around 5th century and the outer temple was constructed in the 11th century by the Rajendra Chola I, later Chola kings and the Vijayanagara kings. Shiva in his aspect as Vayu is worshiped as Kalahasteeswara.


title: Srikalahasteeswara temple

text: In primordial times, the wind-god Vayu performed penance for thousands of years to the "Karpoora lingam", the lingam of Shiva made of camphor. Pleased with Vayu's penance, Shiva manifested before him and bestowed him three boons. Vayu was blessed to present everywhere in the world in form of air and want to be an integral part of every being in form of "vayu"s. Further, The linga Vayu worshipped was named as "Vayu lingam" after him and was declared to be worshipped by various beings.


title: Srikalahasteeswara temple

text: Another legend narrates that Shiva's consort Parvati who was cursed by him to discard her divine form and assume human form. To atone, Parvati performed penance at Srikalahasti and pleased Shiva. Shiva granted her a heavenly body, a hundred times better than her previous divine form. Parvati is worshipped as Shiva-Gnanam Gnana Prasunamba or Gnana Prasunambika Devi in the temple.


title: Srikalahasteeswara temple

text: Cursed to become a ghost, Ghanakala prayed at Srikalahasti for 15 years and after chanting the Bhairava Mantra, Shiva restored her original form.


title: Srikalahasteeswara temple

text: Mayura, Chandra and Devendra were also freed from their curses after taking bath in the river Swarnamukhi and praying at Srikalahasti.


title: Srikalahasteeswara temple

text: Shiva appeared before the sage Markandeya in Srikalahasti and preached that a Guru alone could make esoteric teachings and, therefore he is Brahma, Vishnu and Maheswara.


title: Srikalahasteeswara temple

text: As per another legend, Vayu and Shesha had a dispute to find out who is superior, to prove the superiority Shesha encircled Mount Kailash, the abode of Shiva, Vayu tried to remove this encircle by creating a twister. Because of the twister, 8 parts of the mountain fell into 8 different places which are Trincomalee, Srikalahasti, Thiruchiramalai, Thiruenkoimalai, Rajathagiri, Neerthagiri, Ratnagiri, and Suwethagiri Thirupangeeli.


title: Srikalahasteeswara temple

text: Around the 11th century, the Chola king Rajendra Chola I king renovated the temple and constructed the main structure. The temple received contributions from various ruling dynasties like Chola Dynasty and Vijayanagar Empire. The high main gopuram and the hundred pillared hall with intricate carvings was commissioned during the regime of the Vijayanagara Krishnadevaraya during 1516 AD.


title: Srikalahasteeswara temple

text: The main gopuram built by the king Krishnadevaraya, collapsed on 26 May 2010. As per the Archaeology Department, the temple tower stood on a foundation that had a depth of only one-and-a-half feet and had a thin crack 25 years before it collapsed which expanded as years passed by. The Rajagopuram was reconstructed in its original form at the same location with a budget of 45 crores and was consecrated on 18 January 2017.


title: Srikalahasteeswara temple

text: The presiding image of Shiva in the form of Linga is made of white stone in a shape resembling trunk of elephant. The temple faces south, while the sanctum faces west. The temple is located on the foothills of a hill, while there is also a belief that the temple was carved out of a monolithic hill. There is a rock cut shrine of Vinayaka, below the ground level. Vallaba Ganapathi, Mahalakshmi-Ganpathi and Sahasra Lingeswara are some of the rare images found in the temple. There is a large shrine of Jnanaprasanammba, the consort of Kalahatisvara. There are smaller shrines in the temple for Kasi Viswanatha, Annapurna, Suryanarayana, Sadyoganapathi and Subramanya. There are two large halls namely Sadyogi Mandapa and Jalkoti Mandapa. There are two water bodies associated with the namely, Surya Pushkarani and Chandra Pushkarani.


title: Srikalahasteeswara temple

text: The temple is revered as one of the Pancha Bhoota Stalam where the presiding deity is worshipped as Vayu linga (air).


title: Srikalahasteeswara temple

text: This temple is considered "Kashi of the South". Saivaite saints of the first century sang about this temple. This is the only temple in India which remains open during Solar and lunar eclipses, while, all other temples are closed. This temple is famous for Rahu-Kethu pooja. It is believed that performing this pooja will ward the people from astrological effects of Rahu and Kethu.


title: Srikalahasteeswara temple

text: As per Hindu legend, Kalahatiswara was worshipped at this place by Brahma during all four Yugas. Arjuna, the Pandava prince during Mahabharata is believed to have worshipped the presiding deity. The legend of Kannappa, who was a hunter and turned into an ardent devotee of Shiva accidentally, is associated with the temple. The temple also finds mention in the works of Nakeerar and the Nalvars, namely, Appar, Sundarar, Sambandar and Manickavasagar in the canonical works of Tirumura. As the temple is revered in "Tevaram", it is classified as "Paadal Petra Sthalam", one of the 275 temples that find mention in the Saiva canon.


title: Srikalahasteeswara temple

text: The temple follows Saivite tradition. Maha Shivaratri is the most important festival when lakhs of devotees offer prayers to seek the blessings of the Lord. Mahasivaratri Brahmotsavams are celebrated in par with Maha Shivaratri for 13 days during which the Utsava murtis of Siva and Parvati will be taken on Vahanams in a procession around the temple streets.


title: Srikalahasteeswara temple

text: The presiding deity of the temple Gnana Prasunambika Devi was born in Vellathurar Gotra of Senguntha Kaikolar. Customary for the bride to bring home the dowry and submit it by these Vellathurar peoples at the Shiva-Parvati wedding held here.


title: Honda Acty

text: The is a series of cabover microvans and kei trucks produced by the Japanese automaker Honda from 1977 to 2021, designed for the Japanese domestic market (JDM). "Acty" is short for "Activity".


title: Honda Acty

text: The Acty's primary competitors were the Subaru Sambar, Suzuki Carry/Every, Daihatsu Hijet, Mazda Scrum, Nissan NT100/NV100 Clipper and the Mitsubishi Minicab.


title: Honda Acty

text: The Acty range is designed to be economical, agile work vehicles, and generally lack luxury options, although air conditioning and power steering are available along with various trim, decoration, and customization options. The first generation was produced from 1977 to 1988 (model series TA, TB, TC, VD, VH), the second generation's years were 1988-1999 (model series HA1, HA2, HH1, HH2 with the E05A engine; HA3, HA4, HA5, HH3, HH4 with the EN07A engine - the Street continued in production until 2011) and the third generation's years were 1999-2009 (model series HA6, HA7, HH5, HH6 with E07Z engine) with the van remaining in production until April 2021. The fourth generation was introduced, as a truck only, at the 41st Tokyo Motor Show in 2009 on December 17, showing the HA8 series and continuing to use the E07Z engine. Since the merger of the Subaru Sambar and Daihatsu Hijet, the Acty truck has become the only remaining Kei truck not to have a front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout.


title: Honda Acty

text: The first Acty trucks were introduced July 27, 1977, and replaced several "Keitoras" Honda had previously offered, such as the Honda TN360 (most recently sold as the TN7) and the Honda T360. On 1 September 1975, the Japanese Government revised the rules on Road Trucking Vehicle Law that regulated the dimensions and engine size of vehicles in this class. As a result, the first Acty trucks and vans were available with a "midship" mounted 545 cc 2-cylinder SOHC water-cooled engine, known as the EH engine, which produces at 5500 rpm and of torque at 4000 rpm. This was about 50% larger than the engine used in the preceding TN7. Export models, with less emissions equipment, claim at the same engine speed.


title: Honda Acty

text: The van was introduced November 1979, although a truck-based panel van with a boxy rear was available from the beginning (TB). To save money, the van uses the same taillights as the truck and also has side doors with center mounted handles, meaning that the same pressing can be used for either side of the car. The Acty was exported to a number of markets, including Great Britain, where it is considered to have created an entire new category. The Suzuki Carry/Bedford Rascal was GM's response to the Acty in the British market.


title: Honda Acty

text: An upper trim level of the Acty van intended mainly for passenger usage went on sale 1 February 1981 and was called the ; it was produced for two generations of the Acty van. Available with a standard or an all-new high roof design, the high roof was also made available for the Acty van (SDX only). The name was discontinued in 2001 after the Honda Vamos name had been reintroduced as a replacement trim level for the Street, on a shared platform of the Acty van. In March 1983 the four-wheel drive Acty/Street was added. This model receives 12-inch wheels for increased ground clearance and has an engine with an improved cylinder head, increasing power to at 5300 rpm and torque to at 3500 rpm. This was also the first Acty/Street to receive a five-speed manual gearbox, initially only available on the 4WD models. A larger, was also part of the 4WD's equipment.


title: Honda Acty

text: In June 1982 the series received a facelift, with wraparound turn signals. At this time the Hondamatic version was added, as was the "Big Cab" version, with a passenger compartment stretched by . While the Acty has round headlamps, the Street received square units after the facelift. Starting with model year 1985, the Acty/Street was exclusive to a chain of Japanese Honda dealerships established for small and commercial vehicles, called "Honda Primo".


title: Honda Acty

text: The first generation Acty was also sold in a few export markets, such as the United Kingdom and Australia. Subsequent models were marketed almost entirely in the Japanese domestic market only. As a bit of an oddity, the Acty was sold during 1982 in Australia, but was made unavailable inside of Sydney due to concerns by Honda that the vehicle was underpowered for the hilly terrain.


title: Honda Acty

text: The second generation Acty was launched in May 1988 with the introduction of the Honda E05 engine, with an additional cylinder added, making it a 547 cc 3-cylinder with SOHC. The engine is rated at 5500 rpm and of torque at 5,000 rpm. The first models were the Acty truck and van, with the commercial grade Acty van appearing a month later. The 4WD models (HA2, HA4 after the 1990 facelift) were no longer available with an automatic transmission. There was also an "Acty Attack" version of the truck, intended for farmers in particular this model has a differential lock in the rear and features Ultra-Low forward and reverse gears (UL/UR). The other models of STD, SDX, SDX2 and TOWN had slight variations with the TOWN and SDX2 adding a color coded (white) bumper and side mirrors along with a tachometer. The TOWN features tweed seats with a brown interior (as opposed to "vinyl" like seats on STD models). The only other notable options were a light for rear work area and radio.


title: Honda Acty

text: The original Actys have distinct round headlights (known as “round-eye”) while the Street Van has large, rectangular headlamps. After a thorough March 1990 update to meet altered kei car regulations the Acty Truck received the same headlights as the Street Van, while all models grew longer by . At this time the Street also received the taillights from the contemporary Honda Today (which were also used for the third generation Acty van). The 1990 changeover also meant that the 547 cc engine was replaced with the larger 656 cc Honda E07A engine (with fuel injection added in 1996). The carburetted version of this engine produced at 5,300 rpm and of torque at 4,500 rpm. The Street could reach a top speed of , while the four-wheel drive version only could attain . Trucks received the HA3/HA4 chassis numbers depending on whether they are two- or four-wheel drive, while vans/Streets are called HH3/HH4.


title: Honda Acty

text: In October 1993, the Honda Street and Acty's front design was changed yet again, receiving larger, more square headlamp units with one chamfered corner. A PGM-FI version in "Fox" and "Xi" equipment levels was also introduced to the Street at this time. This version produces . The front end changes were applied to the Acty as well, beginning in January 1994. The Acty Crawler (HA5), with treads mounted on tandem axles replacing the rear wheels, was released in January 1994 and remained in production for special order until 1999. The Acty and the Street were further modified in January 1996 when the front turn signals were changed from amber to clear. At this time, the fuel injected Acty SDX-Hi was also introduced - only with two-wheel drive and a five-speed manual - with the same engine as the Street Xi (the Fox was dropped, replaced by the carburetted Street V). Production of the Acty continued until the arrival of the third generation in 1999, although the Honda Street continued to be built until 2001 as it was only partially replaced by the pricier Honda Vamos.


title: Honda Acty

text: The third generation Acty truck was introduced on 27 May 1999. The van went on sale one month later. On September 30, 1996, the Japanese Government amended the Enforcement Regulations Vehicle Law, Ministerial Ordinance No. 53, which addressed safety requirements for front passengers, but did not allow for larger overall dimensions. Honda pushed the driving position back while keeping the engine in its traditional location underneath the vehicle. The new design retained the mid-engined, rear-wheel-drive layout although it was now of a "semi-bonneted" design. Meeting the increased safety requirements was a major focus during development. The base price of the pickup model is ¥777,000 (approximately $7,920 USD), with the van starting at ¥1,060,500 (approximately US$10,810) as of December 2008. Four-wheel drive is available as an option on all vans, and all but one model of pickup truck, making the Acty one of a handful of mid-engine, AWD vehicles that are not designed as supercars.


title: Honda Acty

text: The 656 cc engine is of an LEV design, with low emissions and high gas mileage. Fuel economy was further increased by the use of electric power steering. Max power in 1999 was at 5,000 rpm. The engine was since upgraded to the current 660 cc 12-valve inline-three E07Z gasoline engine making at 7,000 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm (4WD models). Currently, the maximum payload is . The truck was available as a basic standard model, SDX (Super Deluxe) and more comfortable Town versions. There was also the Acty Attack, a spartanly equipped four-wheel drive version with a differential lock, particularly intended for farmers. The van was available as a two-seater Pro-B (with division) or as the somewhat more comfortable Pro-A. There were also four-seater SDX and Town versions. The Acty van (and the related Vamos Hobio) kept using the taillights of the 1988 facelift version of the Honda Today.


title: Honda Acty

text: The "Street" name was discontinued in favor of the Honda Vamos, based on the Acty van. In December 2009, the Acty truck was replaced by the new fourth generation model, but the bonneted Acty van continued to be produced with the third generation bodywork. On 12 July 2018, the Acty van was discontinued and it was replaced by the N-Van.


title: Honda Acty

text: On 17 December 2009, the fourth generation Acty truck was introduced. As for the Daihatsu Hijet and Suzuki Carry competitors, this model has become delinked from the van as a result of differing safety requirements for commercial vehicles and passenger-type vans. It continues to use the predecessor and van's E07Z engine, although now with . The chassis codes are HA8 (2WD) or HA9 (4WD). The wheelbase was shortened dramatically, returning to the as used on the second generation Acty, in order to increase cabin space and to shrink the turning circle. In June 2012, the Acty underwent some light modifications so as to meet new upcoming standards on lighting.


title: Honda Acty

text: In November 2018, Honda renewed the "Spirit Color Style", a special-purpose vehicle commemorating the 55th anniversary of T360, the origin of Honda's four-wheeled vehicle, based on the "TOWN" type, in the light commercial vehicle "ACTY TRUCK" released on November 9.


title: Honda Acty

text: The Acty ended production in April 2021 due to new emissions regulations and mandatory crash mitigation brakes that must be installed sequentially, thus increasing development costs.


title: Vicks VapoRub

text: Vicks VapoRub is a mentholated topical ointment, part of the Vicks brand of over-the-counter medications owned by the American consumer goods company Procter & Gamble.


title: Vicks VapoRub

text: VapoRub is intended for use on the chest, back and throat for cough suppression or on muscles and joints for minor aches and pains. Users of VapoRub often apply it immediately before sleep.


title: Vicks VapoRub

text: First sold in 1905, VapoRub was originally manufactured by the family-owned company Richardson-Vicks, Inc., based in Greensboro, North Carolina. Richardson-Vicks was sold to Procter & Gamble in 1985 and is now known as Vicks. VapoRub is also manufactured and packaged in India and Mexico. In German-speaking countries (apart from Switzerland), it is sold under the name "Wick VapoRub" to avoid brand blundering, as "Vicks" when pronounced in German would sound similar to the vulgar word "fick". VapoRub continues to be Vicks's flagship product internationally, and the Vicks brand name is often used synonymously with the VapoRub product.


title: Vicks VapoRub

text: The product can be traced to Jules Bengue, a French pharmacist, who created Ben-Gay, a menthol-based treatment for arthritis, gout and neuralgia. Lunsford Richardson, a pharmacist in Selma, North Carolina, sold Ben-Gay and heard from his customers that it cleared their sinuses. He blended menthol into petroleum jelly, at first calling it Richardson's Croup and Pneumonia Cure Salve, later changing the name to Vicks VapoRub. It was named after Richardson's brother-in-law, Joshua Vick, a physician who had arranged for Richardson to have access to a laboratory to create the product. Richardson began selling it in 1905, renaming it Vaporub in 1912. In 2019, Vicks re-introduced VapoCream, a cream version of VapoRub - which was previously discontinued in the early 2000s.


title: Vicks VapoRub

text: VapoRub can be inhaled with hot steam. Any oil-based product can get into the lungs if used improperly.


title: Vicks VapoRub

text: In pre-clinical animal studies, the application of Vicks VapoRub directly onto the tracheae of ferrets caused an increase in mucus production compared to a water-based lubricant.


title: Vicks VapoRub

text: A Penn State study showed Vicks VapoRub to be more effective than placebo petroleum rub for helping cough and congestion with regard to helping children and adults sleep. However, the study also showed that, unlike with the petroleum rub placebo, Vicks VapoRub was associated with burning sensations to the skin (28%), nose (14%) and eyes (16%), with 5% of study participants reporting redness and rash when using the product. The study's first author is a paid consultant for Procter & Gamble, maker of VapoRub.


title: Vicks VapoRub

text: A study conducted in 1994 suggests menthol and camphor are effective cough suppressants for guinea pigs. It has been suggested that thymol oil can reduce or cure onychomycosis (nail fungus), although the same source mentions that "no human studies have been conducted to test whether thymol is a lasting and effective treatment".


title: Vicks VapoRub

text: The ingredients, as listed on older product labels, are: camphor, methanol, spirits of turpentine, oil of eucalyptus, cedarwood, nutmeg, and thymol, all "in a specially balanced Vick formula".


title: Vicks VapoRub

text: In India, Vicks VapoRub is made by Procter & Gamble (P&G). The formulation is almost the same as the one stated above. P&G claims Vicks Vaporub to be an Ayurvedic medicine, as indicated on the package. The ingredients (per 100 g of product) are stated as follows:


title: Marble Hornets

text: Marble Hornets (abbreviated MH) is an alternate reality game YouTube web series inspired by the Slender Man online mythos. The first video was posted on YouTube on June 20, 2009, following a post that its creator, Troy Wagner, created on the Something Awful forum the previous day. It was the first web-series to be created around the character, with the first episode premiering exactly 10 days after the appearance of the original images of Slender Man on the Something Awful forums, and the first Marble Hornets affiliated post being 9 days after the character’s creation.


title: Marble Hornets

text: To date, there are 92 videos on the main channel (87 entries). The series also has 38 accompanying videos from a side-channel, "totheark". These videos, as well as the eponymous "totheark", have been featured multiple times throughout the story. As of December 17th, 2022, the principal channel has over 113 million views, with over 600K subscribers. The cryptic side channel "totheark" has over 100K subscribers, and 15 million views. It was filmed in Tuscaloosa, Alabama and other nearby areas.


title: Marble Hornets

text: On August 3, 2015, a follow-up series titled Clear Lakes 44 was uploaded onto the "Marble Hornets" channel. In April 2016, "Clear Lakes 44" was cancelled after the members of the creative team went their separate ways, as confirmed by Wagner. On October 16, 2016, a successor to "Clear Lakes 44", titled ECKVA, was launched. On December 27, 2017, Wagner posted a new photo to his Twitter page, teasing a comic related to "Marble Hornets" slated for a 2018 release. The first issue released on February 25th, 2019, with a total of six being slated for the series, with 5 main story comics, and a special "totheark" comic. Four have been released as of 2022, the latest being "Issue 3.5: ToTheArk," published on December 13th, 2021. The series is illustrated by Canadian artist Jackie Reynolds.


title: Marble Hornets

text: The series follows Jay Merrick (Troy Wagner), a young man who attempts to find out what happened during the filming of "Marble Hornets", an unfinished student film project helmed by his friend, Alex Kralie (Joseph DeLage). Alex had abruptly ended the project after only three months of production, whereafter he left the tapes of raw footage with Jay, cut contact with him, and transferred schools.


title: Marble Hornets

text: Three years later, Jay decides to watch the tapes, and upload them to YouTube in the form of "Entries". Through the footage, he discovers that the filming of "Marble Hornets" seemed to be hampered by the menacing presence of a humanoid figure known as "The Operator". The Operator appears to have constantly stalked Alex, including while he was on set with his actors, walking his dog to the park, and at his own home. Alex's physical and mental state became severely affected by The Operator’s presence, causing him to develop coughing fits and severe paranoia. As a result of the paranoia, Alex became more stressed, irritable, and aggressive towards cast members Tim Wright (Tim Sutton), Sarah Reid (Mary Kathleen Bishop) and camera operator Seth Wilson (Seth McCay).


title: Marble Hornets

text: Jay discovers that Alex resorted to using cameras and large amounts of video tapes to set up constant video surveillance on himself with the hopes of catching footage of The Operator on camera. Jay also finds that Alex’s tapes have severe periodic audio and visual problems such as static, distortion, missing footage, and occasionally missing or inaudible audio. Jay speculates that Alex may be responsible for some of these problems.


title: Marble Hornets

text: Soon after Jay becomes more involved with the case, The Operator begins invading Jay’s personal life. In response, Jay also sets up constant video surveillance in his home and begins posting the recordings to YouTube alongside the actual tape Entries, which often net cryptic and threatening responses from a mysterious user named "totheark", who would post cryptic ciphers or messages in the form of videos, and would utilize the 'video reply" feature to try and get Jay's attention.


title: Marble Hornets

text: Jay's investigation drives him to meet with Tim to seek answers about Alex’s disappearance, then to visit the abandoned house of another cast member, Brian Thomas (Brian Haight). Jay finds Brian’s home vacant, in severe disrepair, and without functioning lighting. Upon further investigation, Jay finds an empty closet with a blanket and water bottle on the floor, as well as a trail of blood upstairs. The blood trail leads Jay to the bathroom, where he finds the sink full of dried blood.


title: Marble Hornets

text: Throughout his exploration of the house, Jay repeatedly hears unexplainable noises and briefly has a severe coughing fit. He finds several items of interest including a bullet casing, pill bottle, and several of Alex's cryptic drawings. Jay decides to take these items when he leaves the house.


title: Marble Hornets

text: Jay posts an entry about his visit to Brian’s house, leading totheark to post a video response. In the response video, totheark reveals that they were responsible for the noises Jay heard while investigating Brian’s house and that they were watching Jay the whole time. Jay then uploads 'Entry #17', which is footage of himself, Alex, and Tim during the filming of a scene from "Marble Hornets", where The Operator is seen watching the men through a window. Jay then notes that he finds the events of the footage disturbing as he has no memory of them ever happening.


title: Marble Hornets

text: As a response to 'Entry #17', totheark uploads a video where they tell Jay to come back to Brian's decrepit house. Jay decides to go back to the house due to totheark's response, and to do more investigation in case he missed something important during his first visit. At the house, he has a brutal encounter with 'The Masked Man', who tackles Jay to the ground. After the attack, The Masked Man, unofficially dubbed as 'Masky' by the fandom, has a seizure. Jay then remarks that upon waking up the next day, the knife he brought to the house is now missing.