title: Lord Guildford Dudley

text: A majority of the Privy Council moved out of the Tower before switching their allegiance. Becoming aware of his colleagues' change of mind, Jane's father, the Duke of Suffolk, abandoned his command of the fortress and proclaimed Mary I on nearby Tower Hill. After he had left, his wife was told she could also go home, while Jane, Guildford, and the Duchess of Northumberland were not allowed to. Jane was later moved from the royal apartments to the Gentleman Gaoler's lodgings and Guildford was imprisoned in the Bell Tower. There he was soon joined by his brother, Robert. His remaining brothers were imprisoned in other towers, as was his father, who was for the moment the only prominent person to go to the scaffold; Mary was prepared to spare Jane's and Guildford's lives.


title: Lord Guildford Dudley

text: Jane and Guildford were indicted on 12 August, and Jane submitted a letter of explanation to the Queen, "asking forgiveness ... for the sin she was accused of, informing her majesty about the truth of events." In this account she spoke of herself as "a wife who loves her husband". On 13 November 1553 Jane and Guildford were tried at Guildhall, together with Archbishop Cranmer and Guildford's brothers Ambrose and Henry. They were all convicted of high treason after pleading guilty. Guildford was convicted of compassing to depose Queen Mary I by sending troops to the Duke of Northumberland, and by proclaiming and honouring Jane as queen.


title: Lord Guildford Dudley

text: In December, Jane was allowed to walk freely in the Queen's Garden. Lord Robert and Lord Guildford had to be content with taking the air on the leads of the Bell Tower. Jane and Guildford may have had some contact with each other, and at some point Guildford wrote a message to his father-in-law in Jane's prayer book:


title: Lord Guildford Dudley

text: Your loving and obedient son wishes unto your grace long life in this world with as much joy and comfort as ever I wish to myself, and in the world to come joy everlasting. Your humble son to his death, G. Dudley


title: Lord Guildford Dudley

text: Queen Mary I's plan to marry Philip II of Spain was greeted with widespread opposition, not just among the populace but also among Members of Parliament and privy councillors. Thomas Wyatt's rebellion in early 1554, in which the Duke of Suffolk took part, was a result of this dislike. It was not the intention of the conspirators to bring Jane Grey to the throne again. Nevertheless, the government, at the height of the military crisis around 7 February, decided to execute Jane and her husband for high treason, of which they had both been found guilty. It was also an opportunity for removing possible inspirations for future unrest and unwelcome reminders of the past. It troubled Mary to let her cousin die, but she accepted the Privy Council's advice. Bishop Gardiner pressed for the young couple's execution in a court sermon, and the Imperial ambassador Simon Renard was happy to report that "Jane of Suffolk and her husband are to lose their heads."


title: Lord Guildford Dudley

text: The day before their executions Guildford asked Jane for a last meeting, which she refused, explaining it "would only ... increase their misery and pain, it was better to put it off ... as they would meet shortly elsewhere, and live bound by indissoluble ties." Around ten o'clock in the morning of 12 February Guildford was led towards Tower Hill, where "many ... gentlemen" waited to shake hands with him. Guildford made a short speech to the assembled crowd, as was customary. "Having no ghostly father with him", he knelt, prayed, and asked the people to pray for him, "holding up his eyes and hands to God many times". He was killed with one stroke of the axe, after which his body was conveyed on a cart to the Tower chapel of St Peter ad Vincula. Watching the scene from her window, Jane exclaimed: "Oh, Guildford, Guildford!" He was buried in the chapel with Jane, who was dead within the hour.


title: Lord Guildford Dudley

text: The executions did not contribute to Mary or the government's popularity. Five months after the couple's death, John Knox, the famous Scottish reformer, wrote of them as "innocents ... such as by just laws and faithful witnesses can never be proved to have offended by themselves." Of Guildford, the chronicler Grafton wrote ten years later: "even those that never before the time of his execution saw him, did with lamentable tears bewail his death."


title: Lord Guildford Dudley

text: Lord Guildford Dudley was portrayed by John Mills in the 1936 film "Tudor Rose", Cary Elwes in the 1986 film "Lady Jane", and Jacob Avery in the 2022 drama series "Becoming Elizabeth".


title: God Friended Me

text: God Friended Me is an American comedy-drama television series created by Steven Lilien and Bryan Wynbrandt. It stars Brandon Micheal Hall, Violett Beane, Suraj Sharma, Javicia Leslie, Joe Morton and Erica Gimpel. The series was ordered on May 11, 2018 and premiered on September 30, 2018, and concluded with a two-hour series finale on April 26, 2020, on CBS. CBS renewed the series for a second season which premiered on September 29, 2019. In March 2020, season 2 filming was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In April 2020, the series was canceled after two seasons.


title: God Friended Me

text: The series chronicles the life of Miles Finer (Hall), an outspoken atheist and podcaster, who is sent a friend request on Facebook by an account named "God". This account suggests new friends to Miles, people in his hometown of New York City, who will require assistance. Initially skeptical, Miles decides to follow these suggestions to help people. His first suggestion is a doctor who lost a patient and is on the verge of losing his girlfriend. While following up on his second suggestion, he meets and befriends Cara (Beane), a struggling magazine writer. Together with Cara and his hacker friend Rakesh (Sharma), Miles tries to find out who is behind the "God" account while still providing help to the account's continuing friend suggestions. Miles' atheist views sometimes cause friction with his father (Morton), who is the pastor of an Episcopal church in Harlem.


title: God Friended Me

text: "God Friended Me" uses Facebook frequently as a narrative device. The "Friended" in the title "God Friended Me" refers to the act of friending someone on social media, granting that person special privileges (on the service in question) with respect to oneself. In "God Friended Me", this allows for God to contact Miles.


title: God Friended Me

text: While the majority of Facebook's revenue is advertisement-derived, show creator Steven Lilien says that their conversations with Facebook have been limited to discussing "how much we can portray it." According to executive producer Bryan Wynbrandt, the "God" of the show will be active on Facebook outside the show, with liking pages and changing their profile picture given as examples of their possible online activities.


title: God Friended Me

text: On August 31, 2017, it was announced that Steven Lilien and Wynbrandt had decided to develop the pilot and had teamed with Greg Berlanti and Sarah Schechter to develop the concept. Warner Bros. Television was shopping the show to the American broadcast networks. Both Lilien and Wynbrandt would write the series, while Berlanti and Schechter would serve as executive producers through Berlanti Productions, and Marcos Siega would direct the pilot. CBS ordered a pilot on January 23, 2018. In addition to Berlanti and Schechter, Lilien and Wynbrandt would also serve as executive producers for the series. The pilot was picked up straight-to-series by CBS on May 11, 2018 and the series premiered on September 30, 2018. On October 19, 2018, CBS picked up the series for a full season of 20 episodes.


title: God Friended Me

text: On January 29, 2019, the series was renewed for a second season which premiered on September 29, 2019. On March 13, 2020, Warner Bros. Television announced that production would be suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On April 14, 2020, CBS announced the series had been canceled after two seasons, and the last two episodes aired on April 26, 2020. The last-filmed episode was reworked into a series finale, mainly by using unused footage originally filmed for the pilot.


title: God Friended Me

text: On February 5, 2018, it was announced that Brandon Micheal Hall had joined the production as Miles Finer. Several additional cast members were announced in February 2018. Suraj Sharma and Javicia Leslie would portray Rakesh Singh and Ali Finer, then four days later Joe Morton was announced as Rev. Arthur Finer. Finally, Violett Beane was cast as Cara Bloom.


title: God Friended Me

text: On June 11, 2019, it was reported that Erica Gimpel was promoted as a series regular for second season.


title: God Friended Me

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 59% based on 29 reviews, with an average rating of 6.36 out of 10. The site's critical consensus for season one reads, "A sincere and thoughtful handling of spiritual themes helps "God Friended Me" overcome—and even benefit from—its earnest approach to a potentially off-putting premise." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 57 out of 100 based on 14 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."


title: God Friended Me

text: In his review of the show's pilot episode, Matthew Gilbert of "The Boston Globe" wrote that "Based on the title alone, I was fully prepared to despise this show", but declared that "the premiere holds some promise as a thoughtful feel-good drama." Michael Starr of the "New York Post" wrote that "While 'God Friended Me' does sometimes stray into saccharine-sweet, 'Touched By An Angel'-type territory [...] it doesn't overstay its welcome and seems to know when to dial it back and inject some levity into the proceedings." Steve Greene of IndieWire gave the show a grade of "C", writing that "It's anchored by a likable cast, and works from an admirably high-concept premise, but for now the result is an overstuffed hodgepodge of exaggerated emotions and familiar swings at family drama."


title: God Friended Me

text: Vinnie Mancuso of Collider gave the show a rating of three stars, calling Hall's performance as Miles "endlessly likable" but writing that the show is "heavy on the hamminess, rooted in religion and old-fashioned morality, and misunderstands the lifestyle of your average human under the age of 35 on every fundamental level". Hemant Mehta of Patheos wrote that "God Friended Me" is "not a bad show", but criticized the show for presenting Miles' atheism as being a result of his mother's death. Mehta wrote that "In short, he's an atheist because he went through something traumatic [...] it bears no resemblance to why so many atheists today don't believe in God."


title: God Friended Me

text: The website "TV Series Finale" acknowledged that during the show's second season, ratings averaged 25% less in the key 18-49 demo compared to the first season. Overall viewership fell 20% compared to the first season. TV Line reported that God Friended Me had the "smallest gain via Live+7 DVR playback — just 23 percent — of any scripted CBS program."


title: God Friended Me

text: "God Friended Me" premiered in the United States and Canada on September 30, 2018. The series premiered in Australia on November 5, 2018.


title: IMovie

text: iMovie (known at times as iMovie HD) is a preinstalled video editing application developed by Apple Inc. for macOS, iOS, and iPadOS devices.


title: IMovie

text: It was originally released in 1999 as a Mac OS 8 application bundled with the first FireWire-enabled consumer Mac model, the iMac DV. Since version 3, iMovie has been a macOS-only application included with the iLife suite of Mac applications. iMovie was included for free with the purchase of a new Mac or iOS device in late 2013 and has been free to all users since early 2017.


title: IMovie

text: Apple positions its iMovie video editor for the consumer market. For the professional market, Apple provides another product, Final Cut Pro.


title: IMovie

text: Starting in 2005, iMovie was renamed to iMovie HD, and added support for high-definition video from HDV


title: IMovie

text: camcorders. Later versions added support for footage from AVCHD camcorders, and H.264-compressed video from MPEG-4 or QuickTime Movie files (.mov)., as generated by e.g. a number of digital photo cameras with HD video recording feature.


title: IMovie

text: To facilitate this, iMovie/iLife installs the Apple Intermediate Codec on the system as a QuickTime component. iMovie transcodes (‘optimizes’) HD video upon ingestion (‘import’) using this codec and stores it in the QuickTime file format (.movie).


title: IMovie

text: Beginning in 2007, iMovie HD was renamed to iMovie again, but continues to include high definition support.


title: IMovie

text: iMovie includes options to modify and enhance video color settings, crop and rotate of a video clip, stabilize shaky videos, add video transitions (such as fade, doorway, slide, swap, mosaic, cube, and page curls), and changing the speed (speed up or slow down) of clips. There are multi-clip video effects, such as creating a cutaway, using a green/blue screen to cut out a subject and replace the background with a different clip, creating a split-screen, and picture-in-picture effect. iMovie can also manipulate and enhance the audio of a project by reducing background noise and boosting audio levels of quiet clips.


title: IMovie

text: With iMovie having versions on Apple's mobile and desktop operating systems Apple introduced a feature which allowed users to import iMovie projects from iOS to macOS. Similarly, if a project ends up requiring more advanced editing than iMovie can provide, iMovie allows projects to be sent to Final Cut Pro X.


title: IMovie

text: iMovie allows for the creation of movie trailers through included templates. The trailers feature in iMovie allows for clips to be easily dropped into the timeline which consists of storyboard panes which have a label that lists which type of clip should be placed in each pane. The template also includes an outline for adding titles and credits to the trailer.


title: IMovie

text: iMovie can be used to create app previews for use in Apple's App Store. App previews allow developers to give users a brief overview of an app through video rather than images.


title: IMovie

text: The following media formats will no longer be compatible with versions of iMovie after macOS Mojave due to Apple transitioning to 64-bit technology in macOS. These files formats can be converted within iMovie on macOS Mojave or prior to be compatible with future releases. Instructions for this conversion process can be found here.


title: IMovie

text: The first version of iMovie was released in 1999 as a Mac OS 8 application bundled with the first FireWire-enabled consumer Mac model, the iMac DV.


title: IMovie

text: iMovie 4 introduced nondestructive video editing. In prior versions of iMovie, trimming a clip removed the trimmed portion permanently. Beginning in version 4, iMovie introduced Direct Trimming, implementing editing functionality closer to professional grade editing software.


title: IMovie

text: Beginning with version 5, iMovie was renamed to iMovie HD, and included support for HDV (720p and 1080i) as well as integration with the rest of the iLife suite, with toolbox buttons allowing the importing of images from iPhoto, music from iTunes and the setting of chapter markers ready for exporting to iDVD.


title: IMovie

text: iMovie HD 5 imported MJPEG files as DV by default, which introduces noise; MJPEG files are cryptically lumped with "iSight" files in this version.


title: IMovie

text: Another new feature was included called "Magic iMovie", which attempted to automate the whole process of video editing, by allowing a common transition to be added between scenes, a music track to be synchronised with the video and a DVD to be created with the accompanying iDVD software.


title: IMovie

text: iMovie 6 was released in January 2006 as part of the iLife '06 suite, and was also originally optionally included with iLife '08 as a substitution for iMovie '08 (due to the new version's incompatibility with older Power PC Macintosh computers). However, this option was removed after iLife '09 was released. It was integrated with iPhoto, iTunes, iDVD, GarageBand and iWeb. iMovie HD 6 was designed for ease of use, and included new themes. Themes allow the user to drop movie clips or photos into professionally designed backdrops. Each theme included full-motion graphic bumpers and transitions. iMovie HD 6 also added real-time effects, which took advantage of the computer's graphic processing unit to perform some effects without rendering. It also introduced real-time titling, enhanced audio tools and effects, the ability to have multiple projects open at once, video podcasts and blogs (using integration with iWeb), and a refined look based on iTunes 5 and 6.


title: IMovie

text: iMovie '08 (Version 7.0) was released in August 2007 as a part of the iLife '08 suite. iMovie '08 was a complete redesign and rewrite of iMovie. It had much better HD output, and more formats to convert to. This was limited, however, by an undocumented restriction on supported codecs. iPhoto uses the QuickTime library and can create thumbnails for all QuickTime supported formats, but most of these cannot be used by iMovie '08. Some of the formats that iMovie '08 is able to import will not be recognized when they are added to an iPhoto library. Though Motion JPEG-encoded AVI files do appear to be recognized, this was the most common format used by digital cameras. A new feature called "skimming" for quickly previewing video in the library at a user controlled speed was added, and so was a feature that allows the user to highlight parts of video clips just like highlighting text. iMovie 08 also had the ability to add more than two layers of background sound, including multiple music, narration and sounds; previous versions could play multiple tracks but could display only two extra audio tracks. It included more exportation formats, including iPhone-sized video. It also supported non-tape-based HD video, such as AVCHD and footage from DVD and HDD camcorders. iMovie '08 also has the ability to export movies to the YouTube video sharing website.


title: IMovie

text: According to Apple's system requirements, iMovie '08 requires a Mac with either a 1.9 GHz or faster PowerPC G5 or Intel processor. G4s are not supported, even though Apple sold its last G4-based Computers (iBook G4s) 14 months before the release of iLife '08. However, a system hack enables iMovie 7.1 or higher to run on a PowerPC G4.


title: IMovie

text: iMovie 08 was criticized due to its drastic abandonment of some iMovie HD 6 features. Former New York Times reviewer David Pogue said "iMovie ‘08 is an utter bafflement... incapable of the more sophisticated editing that the old iMovie made so enjoyable...All visual effects are gone — even basic options like slow motion, reverse motion, fast motion, and black-and-white. And you can’t have more than one project open at a time."


title: IMovie

text: Features removed included the classic timeline, the ability to create DVD chapter markers, support for plugins, and in-timeline audio adjustment and control. iMovie '08 imports to a much more limited set of video codecs and metadata formats than previous versions of iMovie or today's QuickTime Player. For example, QuickTime Player can be extended to support the FLIP Video 3ivx MPEG-4 codec, but iMovie '08 cannot. iMovie '08 also removed the ability to import DV footage. As a result, all resulting videos have lossy compression applied and there is no facility for managing full format video. The peculiar lack of QuickTime support means QuickTime Pro can edit a larger range of video than iMovie '08.


title: IMovie

text: Apple released iMovie HD 6 as a free download to those who had purchased iMovie '08. However, in response to the release of the subsequent newer version of iMovie '09, Apple removed the download in late January 2009 while also reducing the $299 price tag for Final Cut Express to $199. Several of the features removed from iMovie '08 that were previously included with iMovie HD 6 have been restored into iMovie '09 and, more recently, iMovie '11.


title: IMovie

text: iMovie '09 (Version 8.0) was released January 2009 as part of the iLife '09 package. It introduced some new features and restored some features from previous versions of iMovie, including basic video effects (such as fast/slow motion and aged film) and image stabilization as well as travel map functions for marking locations where a video was shot. iMovie '09 also introduced simple implementations of more advanced features such as picture-in-picture and Chroma keying. It also improved editing with a precision cut editor and a clip trimmer, improved support for hard drive-based cameras such as the Flip Mino, added some new titles and transitions, and added full iDVD support (which was unavailable in iMovie '08). In addition, it introduced a Full-Screen Library Browser with which the user can find and examine all of his or her video in one place.


title: IMovie

text: iMovie '11 (Version 9.0) was released on October 20, 2010, as part of the iLife '11 package. It has the ability to make trailers for home movies, more control over audio, instant replay and flash and hold effects, facial recognition, news themes, and the ability to watch the video on a Mac, iPad, iPhone/iPod touch, or Apple TV, as well as sharing on Facebook and YouTube. It now supports the AVCHD Lite format.


title: IMovie

text: Apple worked with Abbey Road Studios in London, England, to bring original music/film scores to iMovie '11. The music is most notably used in the "trailers" feature provided by the software.


title: IMovie

text: On January 6, 2011, Apple made iMovie '11 (along with Aperture, the iWork suite, and the rest of the iLife suite) available on the then-new Mac App Store.


title: IMovie

text: Prior versions of iMovie had the ability to split an event so that the unwanted portion of a long event could be deleted in order to save memory. This feature was removed in iMovie ‘11 and is no longer available in iMovie or Final Cut Pro X (FCPX). But in FCPX, as a workaround, you can cut out all but the desired part of a project, export that project in ProRes 422 format, and then import that export. This can be used as a smaller source clip instead of the original larger one.


title: IMovie

text: iMovie 10.0 was released on October 22, 2013, by Apple Inc. This version of iMovie was a complete redesign with more options to share a movie, more movie and trailer theme options from iMovie for iOS, easier to make picture-in-pictures, cutaways, side-by-sides etc., more realistic green-screen effects and easier refinements. Because it was not compatible with projects created with iMovie 9, upgrading to iMovie 10 did not replace the earlier version, but instead moved it to a folder where it could still be used.


title: IMovie

text: iMovie 10.1 was released on October 13, 2015. It added support for 4K video editing and included a major user interface overhaul, as well as the removal of some peripheral features.


title: IMovie

text: On June 7, 2010, Steve Jobs announced in his WWDC keynote that the upcoming iPhone 4 would support a new, iOS-native version of iMovie that supports many of the basic features of the Mac version of the software. iMovie for iPhone was officially available on June 24, 2010, to coincide with the launch of the iPhone 4.


title: IMovie

text: On September 1, 2010, iMovie was made compatible with the new 4th-generation iPod Touch. An iPad version of iMovie for iOS was made available with the release of iPad 2, announced at an Apple media event on March 2, 2011, and released seven days later. On March 7, 2012, Tim Cook announced an updated version of iMovie for iOS along with the third-generation iPad.


title: IMovie

text: The app was later made free and preinstalled on future Apple devices for no extra charge. Later versions have added support for 4K resolution in version 2.2, Metal graphics processing in version 2.2.5, external displays, and green screen effects in version 2.2.7.


title: IMovie

text: In April 2022, Apple Inc. introduced their new version iMovie 3.0 with new features that enable easier and faster creation of edited videos on the iPhone and the iPad. These new features, namely Storyboards and Magic Movie, have been designed to enhance the overall experience of storytelling and movie making process for aspiring creators. The new iMovie Storyboards provide pre-made templates for easier sharing on different content formats and the Magic Movie feature allows effortless transitions and personalization of videos.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: Nevado Ojos del Salado is a dormant complex volcano in the Andes on the Argentina–Chile border. It is the highest volcano on Earth and the highest peak in Chile. The upper reaches of Ojos del Salado consist of several overlapping lava domes, lava flows and volcanic craters, with an only sparse ice cover. The complex extends over an area of and its highest summit reaches an altitude of above sea level. Numerous other volcanoes rise around Ojos del Salado.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: Due to its location near the Arid Diagonal of South America, the mountain has extremely dry conditions, which prevent the formation of glaciers and a permanent snow cover. Despite the arid climate, there is a permanent crater lake about in diameter at an elevation of - within the summit crater and east of the main summit. This is the highest lake of any kind in the world. Owing to its altitude and the desiccated climate, the mountain lacks vegetation.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: Ojos del Salado was volcanically active during the Pleistocene and Holocene, during which it mainly produced lava flows. Activity was in two phases and a depression or caldera formed in the course of its growth. The volcano was also impacted by eruptions of its neighbour to the west, Nevado Tres Cruces. The last eruption occurred around 750 CE; steam emissions observed in November 1993 may have constituted another eruptive event.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: An international highway between Argentina and Chile crosses north of the mountain. Ojos del Salado can be ascended from both countries, but the first ascent was made in 1937 by Jan Alfred Szczepański and Justyn Wojsznis, members of a Polish expedition in the Andes. During the middle of the 20th century there was a debate on whether Ojos del Salado or Aconcagua was the highest mountain in South America which was eventually resolved in favour of Aconcagua.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: The name "" refers to a river that the 1937 Polish expedition used to reach the mountain, although the river Salado does not originate on Ojos del Salado and the name was already known before. Another theory posits that the volcano was named after mineral deposits on its flanks. There are two summits, known as the eastern or Argentine and western or Chilean summit; both lie along the international boundary and get their names after the country from which they can be more easily reached.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: Ojos del Salado is part of the High Andes and rises from the southern end of the Puna de Atacama, a high plateau next to the Atacama Desert with an average elevation of metres. The border between Argentina and Chile runs across the summit of the mountain in east-west direction. The Argentine part is within Catamarca Province and the Chilean in Copiapo Province of the Atacama Region. The highway runs between the city of Copiapo west of the volcano and the Paso San Francisco to Argentina, lying about north of the volcano, making it more accessible than many other volcanoes there. The region is uninhabited and lacks water resources; many parts are only accessible through dirt roads.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: Ojos del Salado is a dormant volcano that rises to , or elevation. It is the world's highest volcano and the second-highest summit of the Andes, and the highest summit in Chile. Ojos del Salado is not a single conical summit but a massif/complex volcano formed by overlapping smaller volcanoes, with over 20 craters. Two edifices, less than wide, flank the wide summit crater on its eastern and western side. Basalt, gravel, pumice and scoria crop out in its rim, which is lower on the northern side. A second wide crater lies just west of the summit crater. Reportedly, the summit is separated by a deep gap into two separate peaks. Thick short dacitic lava flows make up the core area of the volcano but pyroclastic fall material covers much of the summit area.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: The massif rises about above the surrounding terrain and covers an oval area of about -, consisting of lava domes, lava flows, pyroclastic cones and volcanic craters that rise about above the surrounding terrain. The massif appears to feature a buried caldera, visible through a slope break from the western side, and/or a wide depression. The occurrence of a rift-like structure with numerous small craters has also been reported. Volcanic cones form a north-northeast trending alignment on the western flank. Cerro Solo and El Fraile are large lava domes on the flanks of Ojos del Salado, and produced pyroclastic flows.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: Wind-driven erosion has produced megaripple sand fields on the northern flank. Above elevation talus-covered slopes and lava flows form the bulk of the surface, while the vast desert plains begin below elevation. The ground above elevation is expected to contain permafrost, which is likely continuous at higher elevations and overlaid with a thin active layer. Cryoturbation landforms were not conspicuous according to Nagy "et al." 2019, presumably because wind-driven phenomena overprint the effects of cryoturbation. Mass movements have left traces on the mountain.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: Ojos del Salado hosts the highest lake in the world in the form of the crater lake in the summit crater. Fed by permafrost and snowfields, it lies at - elevation. It is surrounded by fumaroles and covers an area of . Waters in a creek flowing into this lake reach temperatures of .


title: Ojos del Salado

text: There are two lakes at elevation on the northeastern slope, away from the higher lake. Each has an area of and an estimated depth of . Ephemeral lakes occur at elevation, when meltwater from permafrost accumulates in closed depressions. Such ponds may form in depressions at elevation. Some of the lakes may be permanently frozen. Lakes might disappear with climate change owing to the breakdown of permafrost.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: The landscape is dominated by volcanoes, many of Pleistocene or Holocene age, and is the highest volcanic region in the world. Young volcanoes have conical shapes and often feature summit craters. Travellers have compared the region to a "moonscape". There are hot springs in the region, such as the Termas Laguna Verde at the shores of Laguna Verde, which are frequented by visitors.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: The volcano lies in the middle of an over long east-west trending chain of volcanoes that form a drainage divide and includes the volcanoes Nevado Tres Cruces, Incahuasi and Cerro Blanco. This chain of volcanoes appears to be part of the Ojos del Salado-San Buenaventura tectonic lineament, which corresponds to a geographic (southern boundary of the Puna de Atacama) and tectonic discontinuity in the region. The lineament may be a consequence of the subduction of the Copiapo Ridge at this latitude. An alternative view is that the subducting Copiapo Ridge is actually located north of the lineament; this would be more consistent with the theory that the subduction of such ridges gives rise to gaps in the volcanic chain.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: Except for firn and small glaciers in sheltered parts of the mountain, Ojos del Salado lacks substantial ice cover. This is due to the arid climate of the region, which causes the equilibrium line altitude of ice to rise above the top of the mountain and keeps most peaks in the area ice-free. Glacier areas shown on maps are often actually immobile firn fields. The ice reaches thicknesses of only and areal extents of a few hundred metres. Meltwater feeds streams.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: Climbing parties in 1956 reported two glaciers on the northwestern slope, a 1958 report indicated that an ice body at elevation descends into two branches and is followed at lower elevation by another glacier also with two branches—but in neither case with any evidence of movement—and in 2014 there was ice in the summit crater and substantial glaciers on the eastern and southern slopes, which reached elevations below . There have been increases in ice area between 1974 and 1983 but between 1986 and 2000, ice area decreased by 40%. The melting of the ice is expected to produce an increased discharge at first, but eventually ice diminishes to the point that runoff will decline.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: Penitentes have been encountered by climbers as early as 1937, in 1949 there were reportedly high penitentes on Ojos del Salado. Penitentes are high ice spires which form when ice sublimates in the intense insolation.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: Ice buried beneath sand and encased in moraines is more important than surface ice at Ojos del Salado. It is retreating but the insulating effect of the cover slows the retreat. Cryokarst, erosional gullies and so-called "infilled valleys" have been observed; they most likely form when buried ice and snow melt. The combined effect of erosion by the meltwater and the disappearance of ice volume creates cavities that collapse and form the valleys and pseudokarst landforms. Pseudokarst landforms and dolines are other structures generated by the melting of buried ice.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: Lateral moraines altered by wind erosion occur north of Ojos del Salado and some lava flows bear traces of glaciation. Research published in 2019 found cirques and U-shaped valleys on Ojos del Salado. However, there is no evidence of Pleistocene glacier advances in the region nor any indication of a Pleistocene snowline, although cirques have been reported from Nevado Tres Cruces and some sources propose the existence of glaciers 19,000 years ago. The monsoon reached farther south during the Pleistocene but did not reach Ojos del Salado, allowing the development of glaciers only at more northern latitudes. Westerly winds did not regularly influence the climate at the volcano, either.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: In South America, there are about 200 volcanoes with evidence of eruptions during the Pleistocene and Holocene along the western coast, where the Nazca Plate and Antarctic Plate subducts beneath the South America Plate in the Peru-Chile Trench. Volcanic activity is localized in four major volcanic belts, the Northern Volcanic Zone, the Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ), Southern Volcanic Zone and the Austral Volcanic Zone; these are separated by belts without volcanic activity. Where volcanic activity occurs, the subduction process releases fluids from the downgoing slab which trigger the formation of melts in the mantle that eventually ascend to the surface and give rise to volcanism. Ojos del Salado is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: The CVZ spans Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina and contains about 1,100 recognized volcanoes, many of which are extremely old and are still recognizable owing to the low erosion rates in the region. Apart from stratovolcanoes, the CVZ includes numerous calderas, isolated lava domes and lava flows, maars and pyroclastic cones. Most of the volcanoes are remote and thus constitute a low hazard. Ojos del Salado is part of the CVZ and constitutes its southern boundary. South of the volcano volcanism ceased during the last six million years and until 32° south, subduction takes place at a shallow angle and volcanism is absent in the "Pampean flat-slab". The shallow angle may be a consequence of the subduction of submarine topography, such as the Copiapo Ridge at the northern and of the Juan Fernández Ridge at the southern margin of the gap.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: The basement in the region crops out in the Cordillera Claudio Gay area, and consists of sedimentary rocks of Devonian-Carboniferous age. The rocks are intruded by and covered by granites and rhyolites associated with Permian volcanic rocks and the Choiyoi Group. Oligocene to recent volcanic rocks and volcano-sedimentary formations cover this basement. The topography at Ojos del Salado bears evidence of what may have been past magmatic uplift. Seismic tomography has yielded evidence of a low seismic velocity anomaly underneath the volcano that may constitute the pathway through which water emanating from the downgoing slab rises through the mantle and gives rise to melting.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: Volcanism in the region commenced 26 million years ago, when the Farallon Plate broke up and subduction speed increased. Initially between 26 and 11 million years ago activity was concentrated in the Maricunga region west of the Ojos del Salado region, where only small-volume volcanism took place and which constituted the back-arc to the Maricunga arc. Between 8-5 million years ago activity declined in the Maricunga region and increased in the Ojos del Salado region, until Maricunga volcanism ceased 4 million years ago. This shift coincided with a gradual flattening of the subduction process since the Miocene and was accompanied by change in crustal and mantle properties that are reflected in the isotope ratios of erupted volcanic rocks. During the Quaternary, volcanism formed the edifices of Cerro Solo, El Fraile, Incahuasi, El Muerto, El Muertito, Falso Azufre, Nevado San Francisco, Nevado Tres Cruces and Ojos del Salado, which together cover over half of the area. Apart from the large volcanoes, many smaller mafic monogenetic volcanoes developed in the area, especially east of Ojos del Salado. Pleistocene volcanism was limited to the Ojos del Salado area, where recent faulting offset volcanic rocks. The large dimensions of Ojos del Salado indicate that magmatism was focused here.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: Volcanic rocks erupted by Ojos del Salado form a calc-alkaline potassium-rich suite of dacitic rocks, with occasional andesite and rhyodacite. Earlier in the geological history of the region more mafic magmas also erupted. The rocks contain phenocrysts like augite, biotite, hornblende, hypersthene, opaque minerals, plagioclase, pyroxene and quartz. Magma mixing phenomena produced olivine and pyroxene xenocrysts and amphibole reaction rims.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: Detailed climate data do not exist for the area. The Puna de Atacama region has an extreme climate with strong wind, high elevation, a dry climate and high insolation; the area is just south of the Arid Diagonal.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: Temperatures at lower elevations can exceed but mean annual temperatures only reach . Mean winds at Laguna Verde reach maximum speeds of in winter, on the mountaintops they can exceed and can impede climbing attempts. Winds blow strongest in the afternoon. The winds produce aeolian landforms such as aeolian sediments, dunes, gravel pavements, abraded rocks and megaripples at lower elevations, and redeposit snow.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: Annual precipitation consists mostly of hail and snow. It either amounts to less than per year or reaches per year. Compared to sites farther north falls primarily during winter although snowfall is common in summer. Precipitation probably peaks at where the cloud base lies; above that elevation it decreases to about . Snow cover in the area is sporadic and quickly sublimates, which hinders its measurement; the average snow cover is less than thick. The dry climate prevents the development of substantial glaciers in the region; only farther south at Tronquitos does more extensive glaciation begin although temporary ice and snow accumulations can be mistaken for glaciers.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: Due to the dry climate, the region is a desert with no vegetation occurring above elevation. However, lichens and mosses have been found at higher elevations and green growths have been reported from the summit region. , there were no reports of plants in the waterbodies on Ojos del Salado. Salt, acid and cold-tolerant bacteria have been recovered from sediments in the lakes on Ojos del Salado, consistent with microorganism samples from similar dry volcanic environments.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: A diverse flora and fauna has been described in the lower elevation regions south-southeast of Ojos del Salado. Birds such as ducks, flamingos and geese and mammals such as guanacos and vicuñas occur in the Santa Rosa-Maricunga-Negro Francisco region. Chinchillas and vicunas live in the valleys south of Ojos del Salado, and have drawn humans to the region. Earwigs have been observed at elevation.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: West of the volcano lies the Nevado Tres Cruces National Park and in 1991/1994 there were plans to make a national park on the Argentine side as well. , the establishment of a "zone of touristic interest" encompassing Ojos del Salado was under discussion in Chile.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: Volcanic activity probably commenced 26 million, 3.3-1.5 million years ago or during the late Pleistocene. The 3.7±0.2 million years old Las Lozas Andesite may have been a precursor of Ojos del Salado. The oldest rocks of Ojos del Salado are 3.5-3.4 million years old dacites in the lower parts of the volcano. Argentine geological maps define a "Ojos del Salado basal complex", which consists of a number of Miocene volcanoes that have erupted andesite and dacite, partially in glacial environments.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: The volcano developed in two stages, with the more recent one grown on top of the older. A somma volcano structure may have formed during an eruption that generated the pumice deposits on the lower slopes of the volcano, and there are potential air fall deposits north of it. Ojos del Salado may or may not have produced pyroclastic flows; the neighbouring Nevado Tres Cruces 67,000 years ago produced extensive deposits on, around Ojos del Salado and in the valley between the two volcanoes; these were originally interpreted to have originated at Ojos del Salado. A pyroclastic flow erupted by Ojos del Salado descended the Cazadero valley and constitutes the "El Quemado Ignimbrite". Cerro Solo, whose emplacement was probably accompanied by intense pyroclastic flow activity, and lava domes in the summit region are of Pleistocene age. The long-term growth rate of Ojos del Salado amounts to .


title: Ojos del Salado

text: Radiometric dating has yielded ages of 1.53 ± 0.13, 1.2 ± 0.3 million and less than one million years ago for rocks in the northwestern part of Ojos del Salado, 1.08 ± 0.09 million years for flows underlying the summit, 1.08 ± 0.04 million years for the northern flank of Ojos del Salado, 700,000±50,000 for its western flank, 450,000±60,000 for El Muerto, 340,000 ± 190,000 years for the summit rocks, and 230,000±40,000 years for El Fraile. Lava flows and a lava dome on the northern flank have yielded ages of 100,000 ± 17,000 and 35,000 years, respectively. The "El Quemado Ignimbrite" may be either 200,000 or less than 50,000 years old. The youngest dates reported are 30,000 years ago.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: The volcano produced lava flows during the Holocene, which cover an area of , as well as pumice deposits at Laguna Verde and elongated fractures in the summit region. A rhyodacitic eruption was dated with tephrochronology to have occurred 750 ± 250 CE. Many volcanic rocks have a fresh appearance but there is no clear evidence of recent activity.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: There are no confirmed historical eruptions and the volcano is presently inactive. In November 1993, observers witnessed ash and steam columns on two separate days but no deformation of the volcano was observed by satellites during this occasion. An ash cloud observed on the June 13, 2015, and which led to a warnings about volcanic ash to aircraft turned out to be wind-blown volcanic ash in the Fiambala valley.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: There is no information on volcanic hazards at Ojos del Salado and volcanic hazards in the Central Volcanic Zone are poorly reconnoitered, but a 2018 presentation at the University of Auckland ranked it 14th of 38 Argentine volcanoes and the Chilean geological agency SERNAGEOMIN 75th out of 92, thus as a very low risk volcano. The latter has published hazard maps for the Chilean part of the volcano. Future eruptions would most likely produce lava domes, lava flows and minor explosive activity, and the presence of ice on the mountain makes it a potential source for lahars. Effects would most likely be limited to the direct surroundings of the volcano, such as highway .


title: Ojos del Salado

text: There are fumaroles that emit sulfurous smokes. Polish climbers in 1937 first observed this activity, below the summit and in the summit crater. Fumarolic activity appears to be linked to a rift structure on the volcano. Climbers in 1957 reported that the fumaroles were noisy and the emissions intense enough that with unfavourable winds they could suffocate people. The fumaroles can be observed from satellites in the form of temperature anomalies which reach , but the steam plumes are poorly visible from the ground except from close distance. The occurrence of geysers in the summit region has been reported.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: As Ojos del Salado is hidden behind and nested among many peaks of similar elevation, for centuries travellers and mountaineers paid little attention to the mountain. Its remoteness meant that for a long time, both its elevation and exact topography were unclear. The positions and names of the mountains were frequently confused.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: The Inca used the Paso San Francisco as a major crossing of the Andes but there is no evidence of them building any archeological sites on Ojos del Salado even though a number of such sites exist in the surrounding region. The Spanish conquistador Diego de Almagro crossed the Andes at Ojos del Salado but did not mention it. Ojos del Salado is likewise absent from the 1861 plans of William Wheelwright for a railway across Paso San Francisco. The explorer Walter Penck crossed the area in 1912/13 and 1913/14 but did not identify the mountain.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: In 1896, 1897 and 1903 the Chile-Argentina boundary commission identified a peak in the area and named it "Ojos del Salado"; according to a myth their "Ojos del Salado" was a much smaller mountain and the actual Ojos del Salado was their "Peak 'e'". The Polish climbers Justin Wojsznis, Stefan Osiecki, Witold Paryski, Jan Szczepański reached the summit on February 26, 1937 and left a cairn but most of the maps and report they drafted were lost during World War II.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: After the Polish expedition, the mountain remained unclimbed, although expeditions went to its lower slopes and sometimes confused other peaks for Ojos del Salado until 1955. In that year an expedition from Tucumán ascended a mountain south of Ojos del Salado, which they mistook for the volcano. They stated that the peak may be higher than Aconcagua, which media reported as if it were proven fact. These measurements set off a debate whether Ojos del Salado was higher than Aconcagua and thus the highest summit of the Western Hemisphere, and drew attention to the mountain. Three separate Chilean, Argentine and Austrian parties went to Ojos del Salado in 1956; the Chilean party measured an elevation of with a barometer, a value that was once again presented as proven by the press despite the unreliability of this technique. The Chilean party also claimed seeing the Argentine pampa and the Pacific Ocean from the summit. In 1957, the official elevation of Ojos del Salado was according to Argentina and according to Chile.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: The debate on the elevation and confusion about which mountain was Ojos del Salado and who climbed which peak prompted an expedition by the American Alpine Club in 1956. The expedition was hindered by bad weather conditions and a gust of wind stretching a measurement line may have almost frustrated the goal to determine the summit elevation of Ojos del Salado. The same party later used geodetic methods to establish the elevation of Ojos del Salado as and lower than Aconcagua. In 1989, Francesco Santon of the University of Padua in Italy and with Argentine assistance, used GPS-based positioning to determine an elevation of .


title: Ojos del Salado

text: Ojos del Salado and the surrounding mountains draw fewer mountaineers than Aconcagua, with only several hundred climbers every year. Since the 1990s commercial tours have become important facilitators for ascents. The mountain can be ascended from both the Argentine and the Chilean side, but owing to the better logistics most ascents occur from the Chilean side. The high elevation, cold and windy weather and impassable terrain are common challenges for would-be climbers. The mountain is also accessible by vehicle, up to elevation.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: Ascent from the Chilean side is easier as the first refuge can be reached by car, but the actual climb is easier from the Argentine side. A dirt road departing from the highway to Paso San Francisco heads south to Ojos del Salado, past Refugio Murray to the bivouac Refugio Universidad de Atacama/Jorge Rojas at elevation, from there a path goes to Refugio Tejos at elevation and eventually to the summit of Ojos del Salado. From Argentina, the path runs from Cazadero Grande (Quemadito hut) along a large creek to its origin at Aguas Calientes at . From there it continues first up dry valleys to Acqua di Vicuna at elevation, to the El Arenal plateau at elevation and eventually along various routes to Ojos del Salado.


title: Ojos del Salado

text: Astronomers have reconnoitered the volcano for the possibility of creating an observatory there. The landforms such as the gullies and crater lakes and their conditions, and climatic conditions around Ojos del Salado have also led researchers to investigate it as a potential analogue to environments on Mars.


title: Television producer

text: A television producer is a person who oversees one or more aspects of video production on a television program. Some producers take more of an executive role, in that they conceive new programs and pitch them to the television networks, but upon acceptance they focus on business matters, such as budgets and contracts. Other producers are more involved with the day-to-day workings, participating in activities such as screenwriting, set design, casting, and directing.


title: Television producer

text: There are a variety of different producers on a television show. A traditional producer is one who manages a show's budget and maintains a schedule, but this is no longer the case in modern television.


title: Television producer

text: In live television or "as-live", an executive producer seldom has any operational control of the show. their job is to stand back from the operational aspects and judge the show as an ordinary viewer might.


title: Television producer

text: In film or video productions, the executive producer is almost always given an opportunity to comment on a rough cut, but the amount of attention paid to their comments is highly dependent on the overall personnel structure of the production.


title: Television producer

text: Because of the restrictions the Writers Guild of America screenwriting credit system places on writing credits, many script writers in television are credited as "producers" instead, even though they may not engage in the responsibilities generally associated with that title. On-screen, a "producer" credit for a TV series will generally be given to each member of the writing staff who made a demonstrable contribution to the final script. The actual producer of the show (in the traditional sense) is listed under the credit "produced by".


title: Television producer

text: Bill Lawrence, a television screenwriter, producer, director and series creator ("Scrubs", "Cougar Town" and "Spin City") explained during an interview on "Off Camera" that:


title: Television producer

text: Sometimes the star of a successful television series can have a degree of influence over the creative process. For example, besides his leading role as Jack Bauer in "24", Kiefer Sutherland was credited as producer during the show's second season, then rising to co-executive producer from season 3 to the last few episodes of season 5, from where he was finally promoted to executive producer. Claire Danes, the star of "Homeland", also produces the show. Mark Harmon, star of the series "NCIS", serves as one of the show's producers. Similarly, Tom Welling, the star of the CW show "Smallville", became co-executive producer for the show in season 9 and executive producer in season 10. "House" star Hugh Laurie became co-executive producer for the show in its sixth season. Holly Marie Combs and Alyssa Milano, the stars of "Charmed", became producers of the show in its fifth season. Ellen Pompeo on "Grey's Anatomy" became a producer in season 14.


title: New Tang Dynasty Television

text: New Tang Dynasty Television (NTD Television) is a multilingual American television broadcaster, founded by adherents of the Falun Gong new religious movement and based in New York City. The station was founded in 2001 as a Chinese-language broadcaster, but has since expanded its language offerings; in July 2020, it launched its 24/7 English channel which now broadcasts nationwide in the U.S. and UK. It is under the Epoch Media Group, a consortium which also includes the newspaper "The Epoch Times".


title: New Tang Dynasty Television

text: NTD was founded in 2001 by practitioners of the Falun Gong new religious movement. The station has a regular focus on the promotion of traditional Chinese culture and western classical arts, and devotes extensive news coverage to Chinese human rights issues, scrutinizing abuses of power by the Chinese Communist Party. The name was chosen to invoke the ancient Tang dynasty that the company considers "the golden age of Chinese spirituality and civilization ... known for its high moral standards and unparalleled cultural achievements."


title: New Tang Dynasty Television

text: NTD's content offerings include news and analysis, arts and culture, travel, entertainment news, health and lifestyle, and children's programming. NTD has correspondents in dozens of cities worldwide.


title: New Tang Dynasty Television

text: The station's critical reporting on the Chinese Communist Party has prompted censorship by the Chinese government. NTD also alleged that the Chinese government interfered with its reporting and business operations. Since its founding, some of NTD programs has expanded to include English, Spanish, Japanese, French, Russian, and several other language editions.


title: New Tang Dynasty Television

text: NTD began broadcasting its Chinese programming via satellite in North America in February 2002. At present, the station's satellite coverage reaches Asia and Europe reaching 100 million of population. NTD's Chinese programming is also available on Spectrum 1416, Verizon FiOS 478, Optimum 1151, and WMBC63.5 in New York, Spectrum 1416 and KXLA 44.7 in Los Angeles, KCNS 38.5 in San Francisco and KYAZ 51.4 in Houston. Viewers in Canada, France and other countries can also watch NTD's Chinese programming via local cable service providers; more information can be found at its website.


title: New Tang Dynasty Television

text: In July 2020, NTD launched its 24/7 English Channel. It's carried by major cable service providers in New York, Los Angeles, Washington D.C., San Francisco and Chicago and is now available to 23 million cable homes. It also reaches 150 Million population in the U.S. through over 65 digital over-the-air channels (see rabbitears.info). Meanwhile, NTD's English programming is streamed 24/7 as well as on demand via Roku, Apple TV, Fire TV, Sony Smart TV and Online.


title: New Tang Dynasty Television

text: It has started broadcasting to the UK on Sky TV on 22 February 2021 on channel 190 (previously used for MyTV channel), and subsequently on Freeview channel 271. This follows Ofcom revoking the broadcast license for CGTN, another Chinese channel that was broadcasting in the UK.


title: New Tang Dynasty Television

text: "The Christian Science Monitor" in 2004 called NTD "the first independent Chinese-language TV station in the US". "The Wall Street Journal" said in 2007 that NTD "serves as a platform for China's pro-democracy dissidents, who have been torn by internal squabbling and lack of organization".


title: New Tang Dynasty Television

text: In 2009, NTD had income of $5.3 million, including $2.4 million from 3,000 donations. In 2011, NTD had a staff of 80, nearly all volunteers.


title: New Tang Dynasty Television

text: By 2016, NTD's revenues were $7.4 million. In 2017, they more than doubled to $18 million, according to reports from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service.


title: New Tang Dynasty Television

text: NTD, along with "The Epoch Times" and Sound of Hope, was founded by Falun Gong practitioners who had immigrated to the West. Many of its staff are Falun Gong adherents who volunteer their time and services. In an interview with the "Wall Street Journal", the former president Zhong Lee stated that the company's original purpose was to "speak as the voice of Falun Gong", but that "media can also play a big role pushing democracy in China".


title: New Tang Dynasty Television

text: NTD is one of the organizations that Falun Gong founder Li Hongzhi has referred to as "our media", along with "The Epoch Times" newspaper and the Shen Yun dance troupe.


title: New Tang Dynasty Television

text: NTD broadcasts 24/7, and offers a variety of original and syndicated programming, including news, arts and culture shows, travel, entertainment news, health and lifestyle, and children's programing in both English and Chinese.


title: New Tang Dynasty Television

text: The station is best known for its news and analysis segments, which typically contain criticism of the Chinese government, particularly over human rights abuses, including the persecution of Falun Gong.


title: New Tang Dynasty Television

text: The "Wall Street Journal" reported that the station broke news of SARS in 2003, three weeks before the Chinese government admitted publicly that there was an epidemic. (It went on to cause at least 774 deaths.) The station offered extensive coverage of democratic elections in Taiwan, and the death of purged former Chinese General Secretary Zhao Ziyang. The Chinese-language station regularly airs a video version of the Nine Commentaries on the Communist Party, an editorial series offering a strong critique of Chinese Communist Party rule, which is often used against the Chinese Communist Party.


title: New Tang Dynasty Television

text: NTD broadcasts programming regularly on its moderated YouTube channels, which include "NTD Evening News", "NTD Business News, China in Focus," "Capital Report", "NTD UK News and other shows".


title: New Tang Dynasty Television

text: In 2019, NTD released a docudrama produced by Steve Bannon, the former Breitbart News chairman and advisor to Donald Trump. The film, "Claws of the Red Dragon", is about the telecom company Huawei and the Chinese government. Bannon said that, in his dealings with NTD, the group was always able to provide enough funding when he asked for it.


title: New Tang Dynasty Television

text: Snopes and NBC News reported that TruthMedia had ties to the NTD and "Epoch Times", but Stephen Gregory, publisher of "The Epoch Times", denied this. NTD and "Epoch Times" also contributed to a COVID-19 documentary on YouTube which features the researcher Judy Mikovits. The video promoted claims about COVID-19, saying it was created in China as a bioweapon.


title: New Tang Dynasty Television

text: China Uncensored is a satirical online news program that focuses on sensitive political issues in China with elements of humor. It was broadcast on NTD from 2017 through 2020. Chris Chappell is the host of the series. In April 2017, Apple TV temporarily blocked "China Uncensored" in mainland China, citing local laws, and also blocked the show in Hong Kong and Taiwan.


title: New Tang Dynasty Television

text: Chappell also hosts, since October 2017, the YouTube program "America Uncovered". In April 2018, he debuted as co-host of "China Unscripted", a podcast with Matt Gnaizda and Shelley Zhang.


title: New Tang Dynasty Television

text: As part of its proclaimed mission to promote "appreciation and awareness of traditional Chinese culture," NTD organizes and produces a variety of cultural outreach programs, including Chinese classical dance, martial arts, and culinary competitions. The station frames these activities within a context of reviving "true Chinese cultural and moral traditions that have been lost under Communist Party rule".


title: New Tang Dynasty Television

text: From 2004 to 2006, NTD produced and televised an annual "Chinese New Year Spectacular", a performance featuring classical Chinese dance and music. The show's performances contained ethnic and folk dances, dances depicting Chinese legends and moral tales, solo musical performances, and messaging and imagery sympathetic to Falun Gong, and included "artistic representations of the persecution of practitioners" in China. These shows have since been continued as traveling stage productions by a dedicated organization, Shen Yun Performing Arts.


title: New Tang Dynasty Television

text: In 2008, the station began organizing a series of annual competitions open to ethnic Chinese participants in fields of classical Chinese dance, martial arts, traditional clothing design, painting, music, photography, and Chinese cooking.


title: New Tang Dynasty Television

text: In January 2008, the Chinese embassy in the United States discouraged viewers from watching or attending NTD's Chinese New Year galas, and accused NTD of spreading "anti-China propaganda" and "distorting Chinese culture".


title: New Tang Dynasty Television

text: In June 2008, the media watchdog Reporters Without Borders (RSF) accused Eutelsat, a European satellite operator, of closing down transmissions of NTD to Asia through its W5 satellite to appease the Chinese government, and appealed to Eutelsat CEO Giuliano Berretta to resume the broadcasts. RSF said it possessed a recording of a Beijing employee of Eutelsat revealing a "premeditated, politically motivated decision". Eutelsat responded that the shutdown resulted solely from a technical failure of its W5 satellite, denied the validity of the conversation alleged by RSF, and said that it still broadcast NTD to Europe. The International Federation of Journalists said Eutelsat was capable of resuming NTD transmissions to Asia, and it and members of the European Parliament called on Eutelsat to do so.


title: New Tang Dynasty Television

text: NTD Television Canada officially launched on Rogers Cable on September 30, 2008, on Bell Fibe TV in 2010, and on Shaw Cable on March 28, 2012. It is also available on Novus Entertainment in Vancouver.


title: New Tang Dynasty Television

text: On July 25, 2012, NTD Television officially launched NTD Canada, a local Canadian channel for Chinese viewers in Canada. NTD Canada is a multilingual service airing programming in Cantonese, Mandarin, English and French, with the aim of reaching out to second- and third-generation Chinese-Canadians who may not speak Chinese as well as they do English or French.


title: New Tang Dynasty Television

text: In June 2010 the Canadian Prime Minister's Office cancelled a press conference that NTD and "The Epoch Times" would have attended, so that Chinese President Hu Jintao would not come into contact with the broadcaster, allegedly following terms from the Chinese consulate. According to the "Toronto Star", such press conferences are usually standard procedure for foreign leaders visiting the Parliament, and the cancellation was seen as an extraordinary measure to keep NTD away from the Chinese President.


title: The Thieves

text: The Thieves () is a 2012 South Korean heist action comedy film directed by Choi Dong-hoon with an ensemble cast.


title: The Thieves

text: With over 12.9 million ticket sales, the action comedy is the ninth highest-grossing film in Korean film history.


title: The Thieves

text: Yenicall, a cat burglar seduces the owner of Leesung Gallery, and steals a rare artifact with the help of three other partners: Popie, the leader, Zampano, the assistant, and Chewingum, a middle-aged conwoman. They are visited by a detective shortly after and realize that staying in South Korea is too dangerous. They decide to join a heist led by a master thief named Macau Park, a Korean based in Macau who is also Popie's former boss. Popie brings along Pepsee, a convicted safe-cracker who was recently released on parole. In Hong Kong, Chen, Jonny and Andrew are contacted by Macau Park and agree to enroll as the Chinese part of the team, along with a safe-cracker named Julie.


title: The Thieves

text: Macau Park reveals the target to be the Tear of the Sun, a valuable diamond in the possession of Tiffany, the mistress of a powerful crime lord named Wei Hong. The plan is to steal the diamond while Tiffany is visiting a casino in Macau, and to sell it back to Wei Hong, a risky venture seeing that Wei Hong is known for murdering whoever offends him. Each team agrees, however, when they find out that the diamond is worth 20 million. It turns out that Julie is really an undercover cop hoping to arrest Wei Hong. Both the Chinese and Korean teams are mistrustful of Macau Park. Chen, Johnny, and Andrew plan to ignore the diamond and run off with Tiffany's money, while Popie and Pepsee have purchased a fake diamond to swap with the real one. A flashback reveals that Macau Park, Popie, and Pepsee were formerly a team, but Park's cable snapped during an escape as he was rappeling and he ran off with the gold. Worried for his safety, Pepsee inadvertently exposed herself to a security camera, leading to her conviction.


title: The Thieves

text: With the help of Tiffany's step-sister, Macau Park lays out the plan. Chen and Chewingum are to pose as a Japanese couple and keep Tiffany occupied at the gambling table. Yenicall and Zampano are to infiltrate Tiffany's private suite through a window and open the door from the inside. Popie, Pepsee, and Julie are to enter the suite and open the two safes, one of which allegedly contains the diamond. As this takes place, Johnny and Andrew must enter the security room and hold the guards at gun-point. All of this has to happen within 10 minutes, after which the police will arrive. Chen and Chewingum find common ground in the Japanese language and end up growing closer. They fall in love over the course of the evening and spend the night together.


title: The Thieves

text: Meanwhile, Zampano unsuccessfully prods Yenicall for a confession of love, but she avoids answering by setting the plan in motion. As the plan is being executed, the team discovers that neither of the two safes contains the diamond, much to their dismay. As the police rush in, Chen and Chewingum try to escape in a car, but Chen is shot dead and the car collides with a wall, killing Chewingum. Johnny manages to escape, and so does Yenicall after Zampano surrenders to the police to buy her time. In the commotion, Macau Park, disguised as an old janitor, steals the diamond from a safety deposit box. Popie, Pepsee, and Andrew are arrested but fight inside the police van. Popie, Andrew, and the police jump out before the van plunges into a sea.


title: The Thieves

text: However, Pepsee is still handcuffed and nearly drowns, except that Macau Park suddenly arrives and rescues her. Pepsee regroups with Popie, Yenicall, and Andrew, and they force Tiffany's step-sister (who is in fact an actress hired by Macau Park) to reveal Macau Park's place of exchange: the Busan Grand Hotel, located in Busan, South Korea. While the step-sister distracts Macau Park in a cafe, the four break into Macau Park's apartment to search for the diamond. Macau Park reveals that it was Popie who cut the rappelling cable four years ago because he too was in love with Pepsee. When Macau Park tried to find his way back to them, he discovered the two locked in a passionate kiss. Not realizing that it was Pepsee's way of dealing with his "betrayal", he left.


title: The Thieves

text: Hearing this via earpiece, Pepsee confronts Popie and then walks off of the job. Yenicall finishes it by taking the real diamond and replacing it with a fake. Macau Park meets with Wei Hong, revealing that his main motive is revenge, as Wei Hong killed Macau Park's father. The meeting is raided by the South Korean police and SWAT and multiple gun-fights ensue. Popie tricks Yenicall into giving him the diamond and then runs away with it, leaving Andrew and Yenicall behind. While running Popiee is hit by a car and the diamond breaks, revealing that this too is a fake, planted by Yenicall. Pepsee is waiting at Busan Pier and spots Macau Park in the crowd, but Wei Hong arrives to kill him and Julie arrives to arrest Pepsee.


title: The Thieves

text: After Wei Hong opens fire, Julie turns her attention on Wei Hong and shoots him to death, while Macau Park and Pepsee escape. Pepsee returns to Korea and learns that Yenicall has travelled to Hong Kong again, hoping to find another buyer for the diamond. Pepsee also finds a gift of gold bars left by Macau Park. In the epilogue, Pepsee meets Leesung Gallery's owner, whom Yenicall had seduced, and asking him to buy the diamond. Before the exchange can take place, Macau Park calls Pepsee and reveals that he has infiltrated Yenicall's hotel room and stolen the diamond, and he promises that Pepsee will reunite with him soon.


title: The Thieves

text: Casting negotiations began since late 2010, and on March 21, 2011, film distributor Showbox confirmed the star-studded cast in a press release. Director Choi Dong-hoon was quoted: "These are the very actors that inspired me to write what I have for the movie's script starting from its first line. I'm dreaming of creating explosive ensembles that will clash or harmonize within a single movie due to their different styles." Choi later confessed that the thought of directing this group of high-profile actors and actresses was "really scary", but "during filming, I couldn't take my eyes off the monitor because of the charisma of all these actors. Never did it occur to me that they needed to be handled in a certain way. It's just that the screenplay must be fully understood... We talk. Slowly infect them with my thoughts, mixing the individual with the movie's tone and manner."


title: The Thieves

text: Calling Choi "a genius who also works extremely hard," actress Kim Hye-soo was in awe when she first read the script, saying, "It was a product of great effort, genius ideas and a detail-oriented, calculative mind. I think he knows who he is, the exact kind of films that he wants to make, and how to make them. "The Thieves" proves it."


title: The Thieves

text: On comparisons with "Ocean's Eleven", the director said he never went into production consciously thinking about the hit Hollywood film. Though similar to it, he thinks "The Thieves" is actually closer to his previous films "The Big Swindle" and "", with the action featured "invested with more emotion." Kim Yoon-seok added that contrary to the characters' compatible and harmonious collaboration in "Ocean's Eleven", "In "The Thieves," we are all over the place, all with our own faults. But I think that you will see through the friendships and love in the film, our unique emotional developments will show through."


title: The Thieves

text: After six months of location shoots in Seoul, Busan, Macau, and Hong Kong, filming wrapped up on December 7, 2011.


title: The Thieves

text: With 436,622 tickets sold on the day of its release, "The Thieves" recorded the second highest single day opening of all time in Korea after "The Host" opened with 449,500 tickets sold in 2006. On its sixth day of release, it broke the 3 million mark in audience number, drawing 3.35 million viewers.


title: The Thieves

text: After 22 days, it reached the "magic number" of 10 million viewers, only the sixth film to have done so in Korean film history. Kim Soo-hyun then fulfilled his public pledge to give a piggyback ride to the 10 millionth ticket holder, a middle school girl.


title: The Thieves

text: After reaching over 11 million viewers on its fourth week, it rose to number 4 on the Korean all-time box office charts, beating "Haeundae". It then passed 12 million to leapfrog over "Taegukgi", and on its sixth week its 12.31 million overtook "King and the Clown"'s record to become the second highest-grossing movie in Korean film history.


title: The Thieves

text: Though the film's promoter sent out a press release that "The Thieves" reached 13,020,393 admissions on October 2 (70 days since its opening), making it the highest on the all-time box office chart, the Korean Film Council reported the actual admissions to be at 12,983,334 — leaving the previous record of "The Host" unbroken.


title: The Thieves

text: The distribution rights to the picture were purchased by several countries including Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Taiwan, China, Hong Kong, Thailand, and Vietnam. It made its North American premiere at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival, and was distributed in the US by Well Go USA Entertainment. Well Go released it on DVD and Blu-ray on February 12, 2013.


title: Glenfiddich

text: Glenfiddich () is a Speyside single malt Scotch whisky produced by William Grant & Sons in the Scottish burgh of Dufftown in Moray. The name Glenfiddich derives from the Scottish Gaelic "Gleann Fhiodhaich" meaning "valley of the deer", which is reflected in Glenfiddich's stag logo.


title: Glenfiddich

text: The Glenfiddich Distillery was founded in 1886 by William Grant in Dufftown, Scotland, in the glen of the River Fiddich. The Glenfiddich single malt whisky first ran from the stills on Christmas Day, 1887.


title: Glenfiddich

text: In the 1920s, with prohibition in force in the US, Glenfiddich was one of a very small number of distilleries to increase production. This put them in a strong position to meet the sudden rise in demand for fine aged whiskies that came with the repeal of prohibition.


title: Glenfiddich

text: In the 1950s, the Grant family built up an onsite infrastructure that included coppersmiths to maintain the copper stills, and a dedicated cooperage that is now one of the very few remaining in distilleries. In 1956 the Grant's brand launched the now-iconic triangular bottle, designed by Hans Schleger.


title: Glenfiddich

text: Following difficult times in the 1960s and '70s, many small, independent distillers were bought up or went out of business. In order to survive, W. Grant & Sons expanded their production of the drink, and introduced advertising campaigns and a visitors' centre. In this period they also took the decision to begin marketing single malt as a premium brand in its own right, effectively creating the modern single malt whisky category with the 1963 introduction of Glenfiddich single malt to the United States and other foreign markets.Later, W. Grant & Sons was one of the first distilleries to package its bottles in tubes and gift tins, as well as recognising the importance of the duty-free market for spirits. This marketing strategy was successful, and Glenfiddich has since become the world's best-selling single malt. It is sold in 180 countries, and accounts for about 35% of single malt sales.


title: Glenfiddich

text: In September 2014, William Grant & Sons agreed to acquire Drambuie for an undisclosed price rumoured to be in the region of £100 million.


title: Glenfiddich

text: Since 2002, Glenfiddich has an Artists in Residence (AiR) programme with a total budget of £130,000 allowing artists to stay and work in the distillery each year. In 2019 there were eight artists in residence and in 2021, there were six artists in residence.


title: Glenfiddich

text: In 2021, the distillery began converting distillery trucks to run on Biogas made from the distillery waste products.


title: Glenfiddich

text: Glenfiddich is a single malt Scotch whisky, this means the whisky was distilled at a single distillery using a pot still distillation process and must be made from a mash of malted barley.


title: Glenfiddich

text: Onsite there are 31 distinctively-shaped "swan neck" copper pot stills. These stills are smaller than those now in use at most other major distilleries. All stills are handmade and Glenfiddich employs a team of craftsmen and coppersmiths to maintain them. These stills have a capacity of around 13,000,000 litres of spirit.


title: Glenfiddich

text: Once the spirit has matured, the casks are emptied and the whisky is "cut" with pure Robbie Dhu spring water.


title: Glenfiddich

text: Glenfiddich is a distillery in Scotland's Malt Whisky Trail, a tourism initiative featuring seven working Speyside distilleries including Glenfiddich, a historic distillery (Dallas Dhu, now a museum) and the Speyside Cooperage.


title: Glenfiddich

text: Glenfiddich's whiskies have performed well at international spirits ratings competitions. The 12, 15, 18, and 21-year offerings have all rated well in the San Francisco World Spirits Competition and the Beverage Testing Institutes' reviews. On balance, the 15-year whisky has performed the best, receiving three double-gold medals (in four years) at the 2007–2010 San Francisco competitions and a score of 91 with the Beverage Testing Institute.


title: Glenfiddich

text: Started in 1970, Glenfiddich promoted the Glenfiddich Food and Drink Awards to honour distinguished writing and broadcasting in the fields of food and drink in the UK. In 2008, Glenfiddich decided to discontinue distributing Food and Drink Awards, reviewing their "strategy, scope and potential application in some of Glenfiddich’s key markets outside the UK."


title: Glenfiddich

text: Started in 1998, Glenfiddich promoted the Glenfiddich Spirit of Scotland Awards. The Glenfiddich Spirit of Scotland Awards were annual awards given to notable Scottish people. Glenfiddich sponsored the event, in association with The Scotsman newspaper. Nine awards were distributed for art, business, environment, food, music, screen, sport, writing and "Top Scot". A consulting panel nominated four people in each category, with the winner decided by a public vote. The "Top Scot" is an open award, with the public able to nominate anyone. The awards haven't been hosted since 2014.


title: Mayor of Chicago

text: The mayor of Chicago is the chief executive of city government in Chicago, Illinois, the third-largest city in the United States. The mayor is responsible for the administration and management of various city departments, submits proposals and recommendations to the Chicago City Council, is active in the enforcement of the city's ordinances, submits the city's annual budget and appoints city officers, department commissioners or directors, and members of city boards and commissions.


title: Mayor of Chicago

text: During sessions of the city council, the mayor serves as the presiding officer. The mayor is not allowed to vote on issues except in certain instances, most notably where the vote taken on a matter before the body results in a tie.


title: Mayor of Chicago

text: The first mayor was William Butler Ogden (1837–1838). Forty-five men and two women (Jane Byrne, 1979–1983, Lori Lightfoot, 2019–), have held the office. Two sets of father and son have been elected Mayor of Chicago: Carter Harrison, Sr. (1893) and Carter Harrison, Jr. (1897–1905, 1911–1915), as well as Richard J. Daley (1955–1976) and Richard M. Daley (1989–2011). Carter Harrison, Jr. was the first mayor to have been born in the city.


title: Mayor of Chicago

text: As an interim mayor, David Duvall Orr had the shortest mayoral term. Richard M. Daley was elected six times becoming Chicago's longest-serving mayor, surpassing his father's record.


title: Mayor of Chicago

text: The first Irish Catholic mayor was John Patrick Hopkins (1893–1895), and Rahm Emanuel (2011–2019) is the only Jewish American to have served as mayor.


title: Mayor of Chicago

text: Harold Washington (1983–1987) was the first African American mayor. Current Mayor Lightfoot (sworn in May 2019) is the city's first African American woman and first LGBT mayor.


title: Mayor of Chicago

text: The mayor appoints the commissioner of the Chicago Fire Department, the superintendent of the Chicago Police Department and the heads of other departments, the largest of which are the Water Management Department (formed by the consolidation of the former Water Department and Sewer Department under Richard M. Daley), and the Streets & Sanitation Department. The mayor also appoints members to the boards of several special-purpose governmental bodies including City Colleges of Chicago, Chicago Park District, Chicago Public Library, Chicago Housing Authority, Chicago Transit Authority, and the Metropolitan Pier and Exposition Authority. Under Richard M. Daley, the Illinois legislature granted the mayor power to appoint the governing board and chief executive officer of the Chicago Public Schools and subordinated the district to the mayor; the district had long been an independent unit of government.


title: Mayor of Chicago

text: The Chicago City Clerk and City Treasurer of Chicago are elected separately, as are the 50 aldermen who form the city council. The mayor is empowered, however, to fill vacancies in any of these 52 elected offices by appointment. In turn, the city council elects one of its own to fill a mayoral vacancy.


title: Mayor of Chicago

text: By charter, Chicago has a "weak-mayor" system, in which most of the power is vested in the city council. In practice, however, the mayor of Chicago has long been one of the most powerful municipal chief executives in the nation. Unlike in most other weak-mayor systems, the mayor has the power to draw up the budget. For most of the 20th century, before the decline of patronage and the mayor's office becoming officially nonpartisan in 1999, the mayor was the "de facto" leader of the city's Democratic Party, and had great influence over the ward organizations. Located in City Hall, "the fifth floor" is sometimes used as a metonym for the office and power of the mayor.


title: Mayor of Chicago

text: The mayor of Chicago is elected by popular vote every four years, on the last Tuesday in February. A run-off election, in case no candidate garners more than fifty percent of the vote, is held on the first Tuesday in April. The election is held on a non-partisan basis. Chicago is the largest city in the United States not to limit the term of service for its mayor.


title: Mayor of Chicago

text: In accordance with Illinois law, the city council elects a vice mayor who serves as interim mayor in the event of a vacancy in the office of the mayor or the inability of the mayor to serve due to illness or injury, until the city council elects one of its members acting mayor or until the mayoral term expires. As of May 2019, the current vice mayor is Tom Tunney. However, if a vacancy occurs in the office of mayor with more than 28 months remaining in the mayoral term and at least 130 days before the next general municipal election, then a special election must be held to choose a new mayor to serve out the remainder of the term at that general municipal election; if a vacancy occurs with fewer than 28 months remaining in the mayoral term or fewer than 130 days before the next general municipal election, then the acting mayor serves as mayor until the mayoral term expires.


title: Mayor of Chicago

text: The order-of succession involving the vice mayor was made concrete following disputes that arose in the aftermath of the death in office of Richard J. Daley, and was subsequently implemented following the death in office of Harold Washington, which saw Vice Mayor David Orr become acting mayor. Prior to this, the city had vague succession laws which indicated that the president pro tempore of the City Council would succeed as mayor. This was not followed after the death of Daley, and the city council appointed Michael Bilandic acting mayor instead of having pro tempore Wilson Frost become mayor, due to City Corporation Counsel William R. Quinlan ruling that, since the city did not have a statute specifically outlining succession, the City Council would need to elect the interim mayor.


title: Mayor of Chicago

text: Six instances have seen the City Council appoint either an acting mayor, acting mayor pro tempore, or interim mayor.


title: Mayor of Chicago

text: In the absence of the mayor during meetings of the city council, the president pro tempore of the city council, who is a member of and elected by the city council, acts as presiding officer. Unlike the mayor, the president pro tempore can vote on all legislative matters. If neither the mayor nor pro tempore can preside, the vice mayor presides.


title: Mayor of Chicago

text: Between 1833 and 1837, Chicago was incorporated as a town and headed by town presidents. Since 1837, it has been incorporated as a city and headed by mayors.


title: Mayor of Chicago

text: The mayoral term in Chicago was one year from 1837 through 1863, when it was changed to two years. In 1907, it was changed again, this time to four years. Until 1861, municipal elections were held in March. In that year, legislation moved them to April. In 1869, however, election day was changed to November, and terms expiring in April of that year were changed. In 1875, election day was moved back to April by the city's vote to operate under the Cities and Villages Act of 1872.


title: Mayor of Chicago

text: As of 2018, three former mayors of Chicago are still living, the oldest of whom is Richard M. Daley. The most recent former mayor to die was Jane Byrne (1979–1983), on November 14, 2014.


title: Mayor of Chicago

text: In accordance with Illinois law, the city council elects a vice mayor who serves as interim mayor in the event of a vacancy in the office of the mayor or the inability of the mayor to serve due to illness or injury, until the city council elects one of its members acting mayor or until the mayoral term expires. The current vice mayor is Tom Tunney.


title: Mayor of Chicago

text: The position was created by state law after the power struggle following Richard J. Daley's death in office.


title: Mayor of Chicago

text: If neither the mayor nor president pro tempore can preside over a City Council meeting, then the vice mayor presides.


title: Giant Haystacks

text: Martin Austin Ruane (10 October 1946 – 29 November 1998) was an English professional wrestler of Irish parentage, best known by the ring name Giant Haystacks. He was one of the best-known wrestlers on the British wrestling scene in the 1970s and 1980s. He also worked in both Canada and the United States under the name Loch Ness Monster or simply Loch Ness.


title: Giant Haystacks

text: Ruane was known for his massive physical size, billed as standing tall and weighing from 31 stone (434 lb; 196 kg) at the beginning of his career to 48 stone (672 lb; 304 kg) by the end of it; at his heaviest, he weighed 49 stone 13 lb (699 lb; 317 kg). In the 1970s he formed a heel (those that portray the villains) team with Big Daddy and later had a long-running, high drawing feud with a face Big Daddy as the team broke up. During his career, he held the European Heavyweight Championship and British Heavyweight Championship in the UK, and won the Stampede International Tag Team Championship in Canada, with the Dynamite Kid.


title: Giant Haystacks

text: Ruane was born in Camberwell, London, on 10 October 1946. He weighed 14 lbs and 6 oz at birth. His father was from Ballyhaunis, County Mayo, Ireland. In 1949, when he was three years old, Ruane and his family moved from London to Broughton in Salford, Lancashire, which remained his home. He attended St. Thomas' School until he left aged 14. He worked as a scraper driver building motorways, and as a nightclub bouncer before a friend suggested he take up wrestling.


title: Giant Haystacks

text: Ruane began wrestling in 1967, initially for the independent WFGB as Luke McMasters (later incorrectly reported as being his legal name). In the early 1970s, Ruane worked for Wrestling Enterprises (of Birkenhead), where he was billed as Haystacks Calhoun, after the American wrestling star William Calhoun who had wrestled under that name in and the World Wide Wrestling Federation. Ruane's name was subsequently modified to Giant Haystacks.


title: Giant Haystacks

text: In summer 1975, he moved to Joint Promotions, where he formed a heel tag team with Big Daddy (also a heel at this point). Haystacks' TV debut came in July that year, when he and Daddy teamed up against the brothers Roy and Tony St. Clair, losing by disqualification. Although mainly known as brutal superheavyweight heels who crushed blue-eye opponents, they also had a major feud with masked fellow heel Kendo Nagasaki.


title: Giant Haystacks

text: Daddy in particular heard cheers during this feud and eventually completed a turn to blue eye. This was cemented when Haystacks and Daddy broke up their tag team in 1977 and feuded with each other, with Haystacks remaining as the heel, resulting in high ratings on Britain's ITV Saturday sports show "World of Sport" any time they battled one another and establishing Haystacks as a household name during the 1970s and 1980s. The feud began on television when the two reached the finals of a four man knockout tournament only for Haystacks to walk out in the opening seconds of the final match. It would continue on and off until Daddy's retirement in 1993.


title: Giant Haystacks

text: Haystacks also wrestled all over the world. Ruane wrestled in Calgary, Alberta, Canada for Stu Hart's Stampede Wrestling promotion as the Loch Ness Monster, managed by J.R. Foley from Wigan, England (alias John Foley, alumnus of Billy Riley's "Wigan Snakepit" wrestling school). He also worked for the CWA in Germany and Austria, winning several trophy tournaments there, including in India and Zimbabwe, where he was made an honorary citizen.


title: Giant Haystacks

text: In January 1996, after spending time in a short retirement as a debt-collector in Manchester, selling cars, and undergoing knee surgery, Ruane debuted in the United States for World Championship Wrestling, under the ring name Loch Ness. His only pay-per-view appearance was a loss to The Giant at Uncensored. He served as a member of The Dungeon of Doom who were at that time, feuding with Hulk Hogan. However, the feud was short-lived, ending abruptly when Ruane contracted lymphoma and returned to Britain.


title: Giant Haystacks

text: Ruane, a private person, was a devout Catholic and refused to wrestle on Sundays. He ate three pounds of bacon and a dozen eggs every morning to maintain his strength. Ruane married his childhood sweetheart Rita Boylan at the age of 17 in 1965. They had three sons, Martin, Stephen, and Noel. All of them worked in construction.


title: Giant Haystacks

text: On 29 November 1998, Ruane died of lymphoma at his home in Prestwich near Manchester. He was 52, and was survived by his wife Rita and three sons.


title: Giant Haystacks

text: Ruane appeared in the films "Quest for Fire" (1981) and "Give My Regards to Broad Street" (1984); the latter was written by Paul McCartney, who was a fan of Ruane, and both were later lifelong friends. Roy Jenkins, Queen Elizabeth, and Frank Sinatra were also fans of Ruane.


title: Giant Haystacks

text: In 1990, he also appeared on S4C in an episode of the Welsh language soap opera Pobol y Cwm, as himself when he came to the valley for a wrestling match with El Bandito (Orig Williams).


title: Giant Haystacks

text: A play by Brian Mitchell and Joseph Nixon, "Big Daddy vs Giant Haystacks", was performed at the Brighton Festival Fringe between 26 and 28 May 2011.


title: Giant Haystacks

text: Manic Street Preachers mention Giant Haystacks in their song "Me and Stephen Hawking" from their ninth studio album "Journal for Plague Lovers" (2009).


title: Giant Haystacks

text: In late 2021 a Giant Haystacks Retro figure was release by Chella Toys. There was a blue and brown variant for 2022 release.


title: Giant Haystacks

text: In February 2022 writer Rob Cope released a memoir "Giant Haystacks: My Heavyweight Hero" via online publisher lulu.com detailing his meetings with Haystacks, then in the last months of his life and the story the wrestler had told him of his life and career. The book was released to raise funds for the Christie Cancer Hospital in Manchester.


title: Trans-Alaska Pipeline System

text: The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) is an oil transportation system spanning Alaska, including the trans-Alaska crude-oil pipeline, 11 pump stations, several hundred miles of feeder pipelines, and the Valdez Marine Terminal. TAPS is one of the world's largest pipeline systems. The core pipeline itself, which is commonly called the Alaska pipeline, trans-Alaska pipeline, or Alyeska pipeline, (or the pipeline as referred to in Alaska), is an long, diameter pipeline that conveys oil from Prudhoe Bay, on Alaska's North Slope, south to Valdez, on the shores of Prince William Sound in southcentral Alaska. The crude oil pipeline is privately owned by the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company.


title: Trans-Alaska Pipeline System

text: Oil was first discovered in Prudhoe Bay in 1968 and the 800 miles of 48" steel pipe was ordered from Japan in 1969 (US steel manufacturers did not have the capacity at that time) however, construction was delayed for nearly 5 years due to legal and environmental issues. The eight oil companies that owned the rights to the oil hired Bechtel for the pipeline design and construction and Fluor for the 12 pump stations and the Valdez Terminal. Preconstruction work during 1973 and 1974 was critical and included the building of camps to house workers, construction of roads and bridges where none existed, and carefully laying out the pipeline right of way to avoid difficult river crossings and animal habitats. Construction of the pipeline system took place between 1975 and 1977. It was important for the US to have a domestic source of oil to offset the high rise in foreign oil and the Alaska Pipeline fulfilled that obligation.


title: Trans-Alaska Pipeline System

text: Building oil pipelines in the 1950s and 60s in the US was not difficult in the lower 48, however, in building the Alaska Pipeline, engineers faced a wide range of difficulties, stemming mainly from the extreme cold and the difficult, isolated terrain. The construction of the pipeline was one of the first large-scale projects to deal with problems caused by permafrost, and special construction techniques had to be developed to cope with the frozen ground. The project attracted tens of thousands of workers to Alaska due to high wages, long work hours, and paid for housing, causing a boomtown atmosphere in Valdez, Fairbanks, and Anchorage.


title: Trans-Alaska Pipeline System

text: The first barrel of oil traveled through the pipeline in the summer with full-scale production by the end of the year. Several notable incidents of oil leakage have occurred since, including those caused by sabotage, maintenance failures, and bullet holes. As of 2015, it had shipped over of oil. The pipeline has been shown capable of delivering over two million barrels of oil per day but nowadays usually operates at a fraction of maximum capacity. If flow were to stop or throughput were too little, the line could freeze. The pipeline could be extended and used to transport oil produced from controversial proposed drilling projects in the nearby Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR).


title: Trans-Alaska Pipeline System

text: Iñupiat people on the North Slope of Alaska had mined oil-saturated peat for possibly thousands of years, using it as fuel for heat and light. Whalers who stayed at Point Barrow saw the substance the Iñupiat called pitch and recognized it as petroleum. Charles Brower, a whaler who settled at Barrow and operated trading posts along the Arctic coast, directed geologist Alfred Hulse Brooks to oil seepages at Cape Simpson and Fish Creek in the far north of Alaska, east of the village of Barrow. Brooks' report confirmed the observations of Thomas Simpson, an officer of the Hudson's Bay Company who first observed the seepages in 1836. Similar seepages were found at the Canning River in 1919 by Ernest de Koven Leffingwell. Following the First World War, as the United States Navy converted its ships from coal to fuel oil, a stable supply of oil became important to the U.S. government. Accordingly, President Warren G. Harding established by executive order a series of Naval Petroleum Reserves (NPR-1 through -4) across the United States. These reserves were areas thought to be rich in oil and set aside for future drilling by the U.S. Navy. Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4 was sited in Alaska's far north, just south of Barrow, and encompassed . Other Naval Petroleum Reserves were embroiled in controversy over government corruption in the Teapot Dome Scandal.


title: Trans-Alaska Pipeline System

text: The first explorations of NPR-4 were undertaken by the U.S. Geological Survey from 1923 to 1925 and focused on mapping, identifying and characterizing coal resources in the western portion of the reserve and petroleum exploration in the eastern and northern portions of the reserve. These surveys were primarily pedestrian in nature; no drilling or remote sensing techniques were available at the time. These surveys named many of the geographic features of the areas explored, including the Philip Smith Mountains and quadrangle.