title: Morissette (singer)

text: In her first singing contest held by a radio station in Cebu, she sang Christina Aguilera's "Reflection". Thereafter she became a frequent singing contestant in Cebu, joining competitions such as "Young Star Singing Idol". At 9 years of age, she became a finalist in the Little Division of "Little Big Star Cebu". She also did front acts in mall tours for different artists like Sarah Geronimo and Kim Chiu, among others, in Cebu. Morissette is known to execute a whistle register and expressed she got this inspiration from another Filipina singer Nina Girado. Growing up, her other musical influences include Regine Velasquez and Sarah Geronimo.


title: Morissette (singer)

text: At the age of 14, she competed on TV5's "Talentadong Pinoy" and immediately exit the competition but was highly endorsed by the chairman of the board of judges to join an upcoming reality star search. She then entered a production deal with production team Muller and Patton (Jaye Muller, Ben Patton) to record 14 songs written by them for Morissette. Those songs were not then released officially but appeared as pirate releases online; they were later officially released in two volumes on November 20, 2020, and March 21, 2021. After Talentadong Pinoy, Morissette then was asked to join the new "Artista Search" of TV5, the "Star Factor". Because of her strong desire to become a singer and performer, she auditioned in Cebu, where the judges picked her as one of the finalists. She then moved to Manila together with her mother to compete in the finals. She reached the top 4 and then was the first runner-up to Eula Caballero, the "Star Factor" winner. Talent manager David Cosico offered to manage her career on TV5. She eventually appeared in several TV5 shows, such as "Kapitan Awesome" and "".


title: Morissette (singer)

text: In 2012, Morissette played the lead role of Mitchie Torres in the Repertory Philippines production of Disney's "Camp Rock: The Musical". The production ran at Onstage, Greenbelt 1, Makati City from November 16 until December 16, 2012. Rehearsing and performing in the musical took its toll on Morissette's voice, and she was diagnosed with vocal cord nodules. Morissette's last project at TV5 was "Cassandra: Warrior Angel".


title: Morissette (singer)

text: Morissette's work at TV5 supported her family financially, but she wanted to pursue a singing career. She decided to join ABS-CBN's new singing competition, "The Voice of the Philippines". During the blind auditions, Morissette sang "Love On Top"; and with her strong vocals she instantly made it to be part of Team Sarah Geronimo. She progressed into the live shows, as Geronimo chose her over teammate Lecelle Trinidad when they both sang "No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)" during the Battle Rounds.


title: Morissette (singer)

text: During the first live show of "The Voice of the Philippines" Morissette sang "Jar of Hearts". She received the highest percentage of votes in Geronimo's team, with 57.16%, and advanced to the next level of the competition. For the second live show, Morissette sang "What About Love", and Geronimo picked her over former South Border member Maki Ricafort, scoring her 60% for her performance. Added to her public vote of 50.41% her total score of 110.41 points advanced her to the next round. During the semi-finals, she sang Jessie J's "Who You Are", losing to teammate Klarisse De Guzman, and was eliminated.


title: Morissette (singer)

text: In 2014 Morissette started recurring appearances on ABS-CBN's "ASAP." For the drama series "Moon of Desire", she recorded the self-titled theme song by Trina Belamide. This was followed by more theme songs on ABS-CBN's "teleseryes". Together with her former teammate from "The Voice of the Philippines", De Guzman and Angeline Quinto, she was given a segment on "ASAP" called "HD" or "Homegrown Divas". She also started performing in "It's Showtime", ABS-CBN's noontime variety show, where she was allowed to sing solo numbers. This show provided Morissette an opportunity to demonstrate both her singing and dancing skills. She was accused of lip-syncing Ariana Grande's "Break Free" after the hosts of the show praised her for keeping her voice steady while dancing across the stage. Morissette denied the accusation.


title: Morissette (singer)

text: In May 2014, Morissette gave her first solo concert entitled "This Is Me", which doubled as her 18th birthday celebration. Her repertoire included international pop hits, as well as those from Philippine singers such as Regine Velasquez. She even paid homage to her namesake by singing her own versions of Alanis Morissette's "Ironic" and "You Learn". During this concert she announced that she had joined Star Records, with which she signed a one-year contract in August 2014. Morissette had the opportunity to perform with Jessie J at her concert on July 14, 2014, at Smart Araneta Coliseum. She was interviewing Jessie J for the music channel Myx and mentioned that she sang one of her songs on "The Voice of the Philippines". Jessie J then requested Morissette to sing for her, and Morissette sang part of "Who You Are". Jessie J immediately invited Morissette to join her onstage during her concert.


title: Morissette (singer)

text: In September 2014, Morissette performed in the 2014 finals of "Himig Handog P-Pop Love Songs", the country's most popular songwriting and music video competition. She interpreted "Akin Ka Na Lang", an original song written by Francis Louis "Kiko" Salazar which was chosen as one of the 15 finalists out of more than 6,000 entries submitted since November 2013. In November 2014, Morissette sang several Disney songs in a two-day concert entitled "Disney in Concert: A Tale as Old as Time", along with Sam Concepcion and Karylle, accompanied by the ABS-CBN Philharmonic Orchestra under the direction of Gerard Salonga.


title: Morissette (singer)

text: In March 2015, Star Records released her first studio album, the self-titled album, "Morissette". The carrier single, "Di Mapaliwanag" was used as a theme song for the Koreanovela, "My Lovely Girl" on Kapamilya ABS CBN and won as Asianovela Themesong of the Year (2015). The album was launched at Shangri-La Plaza EDSA on April 12, 2015, and eventually reached platinum status.


title: Morissette (singer)

text: Morissette sang theme songs for big movies under Star Cinema including a cover of Starship's hit song "Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now" with Daniel Padilla for the film "Crazy Beautiful You" starring Padilla and Kathryn Bernardo and "Someone's Always Saying Goodbye" for the film "You're Still the One" starring Dennis Trillo, Maja Salvador, Ellen Adarna and Richard Yap. In 2016 she performed a duet with Piolo Pascual entitled "Something I Need" for the movie "Everything About Her" starring Angel Locsin, Xian Lim and Vilma Santos.


title: Morissette (singer)

text: In mid-2015, she was tapped to be one of the main casts in "Chuva Choo Choo – Mr. Kupido Musicale" featuring the songs of Mr. Vehnee Saturno. She played Darla, who along with her sister Dina (played by Joanna Ampil) are talented amateur singers hoping to break into the entertainment business.


title: Morissette (singer)

text: Morissette was awarded as the Best New Female Recording Artist at the "2015 PMPC Star Awards for Music". She was also recognized by the "National Consumer Affairs Foundation's Seal of Excellence Awards" as the 2015 Outstanding Female Performing Artist of the Year.


title: Morissette (singer)

text: In December 2015, she performed a mini-concert at the 26th St. Bistro, Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf produced by Stages Sessions. Singing to acoustic accompaniment, she covered several artists such as Jessie J, Rihanna and Nina.


title: Morissette (singer)

text: Morissette also was part of the concert Confessions: A Night of Secrets, Stories and Songs in February 2016 at the Music Museum by the Stages Sessions.


title: Morissette (singer)

text: She was awarded at the 1st Wish 107.5 Music Awards (WMA) as Female Artist of the Year for 2016. Winners in WMA's major award categories were allowed to choose beneficiaries of financial assistance worth Php 100,000. Morissette's choice was Home for the Angels in Santa Ana, Manila, a crisis center for abandoned infants. She commended this unique aspect of the event and shared "I feel blessed because last year I've won awards but they recognized me as a new artist. This one is different because I'm giving away to a beneficiary ... not just winning for myself".


title: Morissette (singer)

text: For the second time, she performed in the 2016 "Himig Handog P-Pop Love Songs" competition. She interpreted "Diamante", composed by Jungee Marcelo.


title: Morissette (singer)

text: Morissette is a regular on ABS-CBN's Sunday afternoon show "ASAP", as one of the Birit Queens. Other members of this group include Angeline Quinto, Klarisse de Guzman, and Jonalyn Viray. There were speculations that the individual members of the group tried to outshine each other. Morissette stated in an interview that "ASAP" assigned them songs to sing and that the group worked together for the various song numbers. She further clarified that when it was her turn she would give her all, but during the time the group merged voices they should blend together. On January 22, 2017, it was announced the group would stage their first concert, which was held on March 31, 2017, at the SM Mall of Asia Arena. The group disbanded in late 2017, but had a reunion on June 2, 2019, as part of her birthday production number.


title: Morissette (singer)

text: Morissette held her first major concert at the Music Museum on the August 13, 2016. During this sold-out show, she sang a combination of old and new songs, including Beyoncé's "Love On Top", which she had sung during her blind audition for "The Voice", Barbra Streisand's "Papa, Can You Hear Me?", as well as Basil Valdez's "Iduyan Mo", and her singles, "'Di Mapaliwanag" and "Throwback". Her performance of "I'm Here" from the musical "The Color Purple" garnered praise from Lea Salonga, who said that she sang the song with authority. Prior to the concert Morissette stated that she wanted to break free from her stereotype as a belter and show her skill in dancing as well as demonstrating her softer side.


title: Morissette (singer)

text: She topped the 2017 2nd Wish 107.5 Music Awards with a total of eight awards, more than any artist nominated. Morissette won all six categories she was nominated in, and joined the Wishclusive Elite Circle with two Bronze Awards for her version of Mariah Carey's "Against All Odds" and Little Mix's "Secret Love Song". It is awarded to any Wish 107.5 artist garnering at least 10 million YouTube views. Four of her awards were for her cover of "Secret Love Song", which became popular and reached 1 million YouTube views within a week after it premiered. As of February 2017 this performance was the first to hit 25 million views in Wish 107.5's YouTube channel, and has guaranteed Morissette at least a Silver WISHclusive Elite Circle award for the next WMA.


title: Morissette (singer)

text: Morissette has often been referred to as "Asia's Phoenix" since her performance at the 14th Asia Song Festival in Busan, South Korea on September 24, 2017, where she represented the Philippines. She returned to the same festival to represent the Philippines in the succeeding 15th Asia Song Festival in Busan on October 3, 2018.


title: Morissette (singer)

text: In February 2018, Morissette had her biggest concert to date which was called "Made". The highlight of the concert was the introduction of her idol, Regine Velasquez, who joined her for an emotional duet of Morissette's hit "Akin Ka Na Lang". Morissette's Wishclusive performance of Secret Love Song has garnered over 100 million views on YouTube, making Morissette the first Female OPM singer to reach that YouTube milestone.


title: Morissette (singer)

text: In January 2020, Morissette was inducted as the first Wish 107.5 Hall of Famer. In November 2020, Morissette released her first co-written and co-produced single "Love You Still" through Underdog Music PH. Co-written with her husband (then fiancé) Dave Lamar and co-produced with Lamar and Xergio Ramos, the song was in English to help promote OPM (Original Pilipino Music) around the world. In December 2020, she released a music video for the song, which charted in 12 countries including the U.S. and U.K. Morissette debuted on Pandora Predictions Chart, and on December 22, 2020, she debuted at number 7 on the Billboard Next Big Sound chart, making her the first female OPM artist to do so. In February 2021, she released another single, "Phoenix", through Underdog, co-written with Lamar and co-produced with Lamar and Ramos. It debuted at number 3 on the iTunes Philippines Chart and became her first co-written original song to hit number 1 on that chart. She also released a music video for the song.


title: Morissette (singer)

text: In May 2021, Morissette released a 25th anniversary recording of "Shine", which reintroduced "Shine's" original lyrics composed by Trina Belamide. In August 2021, Morissette released an EP, "Signature", with her lead single "Trophy". This was her first EP as a singer-songwriter and co-producer along with Lamar and Ramos and was released under Stages Sessions' label Underdog PH. In October 2021, Morissette became part of the Christian music label from Sony Music Philippines, Waterwalk Records. She then released her first single from that record label, "Waterwalk", written by Jungee Marcelo.


title: Morissette (singer)

text: Morissette celebrated her tenth anniversary in the music industry through a virtual concert titled "Phoenix", held on KTX on January 23–24, 2022. The concert highlighted her performances through the years. The show was repeated on February 5, 2022. She also joined NYMA Talent Management in 2022. In February 2022, Morissette's rendition of "Gusto Ko Nang Bumitaw" appeared on the soundtrack of "The Broken Marriage Vow". It also peaked at the No. 1 spot on iTunes Philippines. A digital concert for "The Broken Marriage Vow" was given on April 29, 2022, on KTX.PH, featuring the series' stars including Morissette.


title: Morissette (singer)

text: In April 2022, Morissette, Christian Bautista and Erik Santos, gave a tour together, titled "Threelogy", in US. Upon her return to the Philippines, Morissette performed an original song, "Power", at the Miss Universe Philippines 2022 pageant; written by Salazar, it was released on July 15, 2022. Also in July 2022, Morissette became one of the Jukebosses of the Kids edition of "Sing Galing" on TV5.


title: Morissette (singer)

text: In August 2022, Morissette released her first English-Bisaya track entitled "Undangon Ta Ni", under Underdog, composed and produced by Cebu-based songwriters Relden Campanilla, Carlisle Tabanera, and Ferdinand Aragon, along with Morissette and Lamar. Her rendition of Christian Bautista's "Colour Everywhere" was released in October 2022, on digital music platforms.


title: Morissette (singer)

text: Morissette and Dave Lamar were married on June 28, 2021. Leading up to their marriage, on December 21, 2020, Morissette wrote on Instagram, "More than just an 11:11 wish, you're an answered prayer. I love you @davejlamar, always have and always will". Morissette, when 24, said that the proposal happened a few months ago, with friends and family the first to know. "Nine years since we've met, bestfriends for seven, our second round at love, each other's firsts... and now, last and only... It's definitely a Y E S to a forever with you!" she added. Morissette and Dave were both on The Voice of the Philippines Season 1 in 2013. They married in 2021, which Morissette captioned on their wedding video "We are so happy to finally officially announce that WE ARE MARRIED! it was so hard trying to keep this a secret for the past several months, but we're finally Free!"


title: Morissette (singer)

text: One of Morissette's most distinctive vocal features is her ability to sing in the whistle register with ease. Morissette revealed in an interview that Mariah Carey served as an inspiration to develop her talent in whistling, and to date she has done numerous performances of Mariah's songs. To showcase her talent, Morissette occasionally adds whistle notes when doing covers, and songs from her debut album also include whistles. Another distinctive feature is her use of intentional vocal breaks, which sound like high-pitched squeaks. This technique is used by some singers to add expression to their singing. Morissette is an admirer of the vocal performances of Mariah Carey and has also credited the influence of Shoshana Bean, Cynthia Erivo, Chandler Moore and Tasha Cobbs.


title: Morissette (singer)

text: Cast as one of "ASAP's" "Birit" Queens (literally "Belter" Queens), most of her performances revolve around songs that require belting. This has led her to being described as a power belter. However, Morissette has commented that she wants to go beyond her stereotype as a belter, and has taken some opportunities to do so by performing songs not usually identified with her, such as in her debut solo concert and her Stages Sessions mini-concert.


title: Morissette (singer)

text: Jonathan Manalo, the head of Star Records' audio content, has been quoted as saying "Morissette is not just like any traditional diva who can hit high notes. She has a very distinct tone that can adapt to many music genres. And that versatility is something that we will showcase in her debut album with us". Morissette's record company asked her to include some whistle tones in her debut album.


title: Walter Mercado

text: Walter Mercado Salinas (9 March 1932 – 2 November 2019), also known by his stage name Shanti Ananda, was a Puerto Rican astrologer, actor, dancer, and writer, best known as a television personality for his shows as an astrologer. His astrological prediction shows aired for decades in Puerto Rico, Latin America and the United States, and he became a cultural phenomenon in the Hispanic community.


title: Walter Mercado

text: Mercado was born on 9 March 1932, in Ponce, Puerto Rico, where he spent his early childhood. His parents were José María Mercado, from San Germán, Puerto Rico, and Aída Salinas from Catalonia, Spain. Mercado believed that he had spiritual abilities, even as a child. He attended university majoring in pedagogy, psychology and pharmacy, and used these skills to teach others, to study the human mind and to learn about the healing properties of medicinal plants.


title: Walter Mercado

text: Mercado Salinas studied singing and had a talent for dancing. He also studied classical and modern ballet. He was one of the most prolific dancers in Puerto Rico. He was the dancing partner of comedian Velda González.


title: Walter Mercado

text: Walter Mercado worked as an actor in the 1960s Puerto Rican telenovelas "Un adiós en el recuerdo" (A Farewell to the Memory) and "Larga distancia" (Long Distance), and also had a dramatic arts school called Walter Actors Studio 64.


title: Walter Mercado

text: His TV debut as an entertainer came when Puerto Rican producer Elín Ortíz invited him to perform on his TV show when one guest artist did not show up. Walter Mercado happened to be at the station and Ortiz asked Mercado to use the 25-minute allotment scheduled for the other guest, to make astrological predictions wearing colorful and extravagant robes. After that, Mercado was made a regular in the show making astrological predictions. He would frequently appear in heavily decorated costumes and capes.


title: Walter Mercado

text: In 1970, Mercado started his regular astrology segment in El Show de las 12. He enhanced his studies with formal study into astrology, tarot, and other occult disciplines. Mercado hosted a weekly astrology television show at WKAQ-TV, Channel 2/Telemundo. After several years, when the network changed its programming, Mercado moved his show to WRIK-TV (channel 7 in Ponce) where he hosted it for many years. Westinghouse was a steady and long-time sponsor. In the 1980s, his show was seen on several TV channels throughout Latin America and the United States. When Tommy Muñiz bought WRIK-TV, Mercado stayed for two years then moved his show to WKBM-TV, Channel 11/Tele Once (later renamed WLII-TV/Univision). In addition to the TV programs, Mercado also wrote his predictions for newspapers, magazines, and web pages. He was a syndicated writer in the "Miami Herald". He also appeared on various radio segments.


title: Walter Mercado

text: In 1986, Mercado was awarded the title "Mr. Televisión" by the "Asociación de Cronistas del Espectáculo de Nueva York" (Association of Latin Entertainment Critics of New York). By the end of the 1980s, Mercado had authored seven books, of which one, "Más allá del horizonte" ("Beyond the Horizon"), was published in three languages (Spanish, English and Portuguese).


title: Walter Mercado

text: From the mid 1990s until 2010, Mercado's show aired in the Univision network throughout the Americas, but on 8 January 2010, after a fifteen-year relationship, he announced that he and Univision had parted ways. He was managed by entrepreneur Bill Bakula. In 2005, he was invited to appear on Welsh singer/songwriter Lisa Scott-Lee’s show Totally Scott-Lee to give her a special reading. From 1994 to 2009, he also appeared on "Primer Impacto", which airs on the Univision network in the United States.


title: Walter Mercado

text: Other ventures Mercado was involved with in the mid-2010s included a dating website; a line of Zodiac-themed soaps and hygiene items; and a popular personal website and app offering daily horoscopes and more. His eponymous website received over 1 million visits in the first month. On a limited basis, Mercado continued to make public appearances during this time period as well.


title: Walter Mercado

text: In October 2010, Mercado changed his name to "Shanti Ananda", a translation in Sanskrit of "peace happiness." He says a "being of light" imparted a spiritual revelation to him, which he refers to as his "authentic mystic name."


title: Walter Mercado

text: In January 2012, Mercado lost a lawsuit against Bart Enterprises International. He was trying to prevent it from using his name and likeness in future commercial ventures. Mercado signed a contract with the company in 1995. He severed ties with the company in 2006, which resulted in litigation being filed by both parties against each other. Chief Judge Sandra Lynch of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ruled that Bart Enterprises can continue using Mercado's name and likeness in future commercial projects. When asked about his legal case over the rights to his name, he replied, "I worked for many years, and gave some releases without thinking much about human wickedness."


title: Walter Mercado

text: In 2003, he announced that he maintained a "spiritual relationship" with the Brazilian actress and dancer Mariette Detotto, with whom he shared a TV program. In archival and recent interview clips on his life shown in a 2020 documentary, "", Mercado defined himself as androgynous and insisted that the primary relationship of his life was with his fans; he also joked about being a virgin into his 80s. He always maintained his residence in Puerto Rico.


title: Walter Mercado

text: In January 2012, Mercado was flown to Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, with cardiac problems. He said he "had gone and seen death and came back to life again". Since the experience he said he had changed. He said he wanted to work with Puerto Rican youth, he planned to establish the Shanti Ananda foundation, create a mystic center, and donated three of his capes to a museum. Most of his capes had already been sold at auctions.


title: Walter Mercado

text: Mercado died on the night of Saturday, 2 November 2019, reportedly from kidney failure, at Auxilio Mutuo Hospital in San Juan, Puerto Rico, according to hospital spokeswoman Sofia Luquis. He was 87. He is buried at Señorial Memorial Park in Cupey barrio, San Juan, Puerto Rico.


title: House of Orléans

text: The 4th House of Orléans (), sometimes called the House of Bourbon-Orléans () to distinguish it, is the fourth holder of a surname previously used by several branches of the Royal House of France, all descended in the legitimate male line from the dynasty's founder, Hugh Capet. The house was founded by Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, younger son of Louis XIII and younger brother of Louis XIV, the "Sun King".


title: House of Orléans

text: From 1709 until the French Revolution, the Orléans dukes were next in the order of succession to the French throne after members of the senior branch of the House of Bourbon, descended from Louis XIV. Although Louis XIV's direct descendants retained the throne, his brother Philippe's descendants flourished until the end of the French monarchy. The Orléanists held the French throne from 1830 to 1848 and are still pretenders to the French throne today.


title: House of Orléans

text: The House of Orléans has a cadet branch in the House of Orléans-Braganza, founded with the marriage between Isabel of Braganza, Princess Imperial of Brazil, and Prince Gaston of Orléans, Count of Eu. Although never reigning, the House of Orléans-Braganza has claimed the Brazilian throne since 1921, and are second in line in the Orleanist line of succession.


title: House of Orléans

text: It became a tradition during France's "ancien régime" for the duchy of Orléans to be granted as an appanage to a younger (usually the second surviving) son of the king. While each of the Orléans branches thus descended from a junior prince, they were always among the king's nearest relations in the male line, sometimes aspiring to the throne itself, and sometimes succeeding.


title: House of Orléans

text: Since they had contemporaneous living descendants, there were two Bourbon-Orléans branches at court during the reign of Louis XIV. The elder of these branches consisted of Prince Gaston, Duke of Anjou, younger son of king Henry IV, and the four daughters of his two marriages.


title: House of Orléans

text: Prince Gaston became the Duke of Orléans in 1626, and held that title until his death in 1660. Upon the death of Gaston, the appanage of the Duchy of Orléans reverted to the Crown. His nephew, Louis XIV, then gave Gaston's appanages to his younger brother Prince Philippe, who became Duke of Orléans. At court, Gaston was known as "Le Grand Monsieur" ("The Big Milord"), and Philippe was called "Le Petit Monsieur" ("The Little Milord") while both princes were alive.


title: House of Orléans

text: Philippe and his second wife, the famous court writer Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, founded the modern House of Bourbon-Orléans. Before then, Philippe had been styled as the Duke of Anjou, like Prince Gaston. Besides receiving the appanage of Orléans, he also received the duchies of Valois and Chartres: "Duke of Chartres" became the courtesy title by which the heirs apparent of the Dukes of Orléans were known during their fathers' lifetimes. Until the birth of the king's son, the Dauphin Louis, the Duke of Orléans was the heir presumptive to the crown. He was to maintain a high position at court till his death in 1701.


title: House of Orléans

text: As a "fils de France", Philippe's surname was "de France". Upon his death, his son inherited the Orléans dukedom, but as a "petit-fils de France". His surname "d'Orléans" (used also by his descendants) was taken from his father's main title. The first two dukes, as son and patrilineal grandson, respectively, of a French king, were entitled to be addressed as Royal Highness. But Philippe I was primarily known as "Monsieur", the style reserved at the French court for the king's eldest brother.


title: House of Orléans

text: Philippe II was succeeded as duke by his only legitimate son, Louis d'Orléans, who was entitled to the style of Serene Highness as a "prince du sang". After 1709, the heads of the Orléans branch of the House of Bourbon ranked as the "premier princes du sang" – this meant that the dukes could be addressed as "Monsieur le Prince" (a style they did not, however, use). More importantly, should there be no heir to the Crown of France in the king's immediate family, then the Orléans family would ascend by right the throne.


title: House of Orléans

text: In 1709, the 5th prince de Condé died. He was the "premier prince du sang" and head of the "House of Bourbon-Condé". As a result of this death, the title of "premier prince" passed to the House of Orléans, as they were closer in blood to the throne of France. But since the two senior males of that line held higher rank as, respectively, "fils de France" and "petit-fils de France", they did not make use of the title and had no need of its attached prerogative; a household and retinue maintained at the expense of the Crown.


title: House of Orléans

text: The Orléans household was already large, as it held the staff of Philippe II d'Orléans and of his wife, as well as the staff of his widowed mother, the dowager Duchess. This combined household, though not fully functional until 1723, contained almost 250 members including officers, courtiers, footmen, gardeners, and even barbers.


title: House of Orléans

text: On the death of Louis XIV in September 1715, the new king, Louis XV, was but five years old. The country was then governed by the new king's older relative Philippe II d'Orléans as the regent of France. This period in French history is known as the Regency ("La Régence"), and gave the "House of Orléans" the pre-eminent position and political role in France during the king's minority. The regent ruled France from his family residence in Paris, the Palais-Royal. He installed the young Louis XV in the Palais du Louvre which was opposite the Palais-Royal.


title: House of Orléans

text: In January 1723 Louis XV gained his majority and began to govern the country on his own. The young king moved the court back to Versailles and in December, Philippe II died and his son, Louis d'Orléans succeeded him as 3rd duke and, more importantly, as France's heir presumptive. Nonetheless, since his rank by birth (as a great-grandson of a French king) was "prince du sang", that of "premier prince du sang" constituted a higher style, of which he and his descendants henceforth made use.


title: House of Orléans

text: Louis d'Orléans was in several ways his father's opposite, being retiring by nature and extremely devout. Although still in his twenties when widowed, he did not remarry after his wife's death, and is not known to have ever taken a mistress. He died in the Monastery of St. Geneviève in Paris.


title: House of Orléans

text: His son, Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, was the fourth of his line to hold that title. After having a distinguished military career, he decided to live quietly with his mistress (later, his morganatic wife), the marquise de Montesson, at the "Château de Sainte-Assise".


title: House of Orléans

text: Louis Philippe I d'Orléans and his wife Louise Henriette de Bourbon had two children: the fifth duke, Louis Philippe II d'Orléans, known to history as "Philippe Egalité", and Bathilde d'Orléans. As the duc de Chartres, Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, married one of his cousins, Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon. She was the sole heiress of the House of Bourbon-Penthièvre, which had accumulated vast wealth bestowed, despite their bar sinister, on the "princes légitimés" by their father, Louis XIV. The duchesse de Chartres had a dowry of six million livres, , and an annual allowance of over 500,000 livres, . Upon the death of her father she inherited the remainder of the Bourbon-Penthièvre revenues and châteaux.


title: House of Orléans

text: Louis Philippe II was given the surname "Egalité" ("Equality") when French titles of nobility were abolished in 1790. His wife outlived him by almost thirty years.


title: House of Orléans

text: Louise Marie Thérèse "Bathilde" d'Orléans married Louis Henry II, Prince of Condé, the last of his house, and was the mother of the duc d'Enghien, who was executed by Napoleon. She died in 1822, the same year as her sister-in-law the duchesse d'Orléans. They were both buried in the "Chapelle royale de Dreux".


title: House of Orléans

text: At the time of the French Revolution, Philippe Egalité, was the only person of royal blood to actively support the revolution.


title: House of Orléans

text: He went so far as to vote for the execution of his cousin, King Louis XVI, an act which earned him popularity among the revolutionaries, and the undying hostility of many French monarchists. He remained in prison until October, the beginning of the Reign of Terror. He was shortlisted for a trial on 3 October, and effectively tried and guillotined in the space of one day, on the orders of Maximilien Robespierre.


title: House of Orléans

text: Most of the Orléans family were forced to flee. The new duc d'Orléans had fled to Austria several months previously, triggering the arrest of his father. His brother, the duc de Montpensier, would die in England, and his sister fled to Switzerland after being imprisoned for a while. The youngest brother, Louis-Charles, Count of Beaujolais, was thrown into a prison in the south of France (Fort-Saint-Jean in Marseille) in 1793, but later escaped to the United States. He too died in exile. Of the Orléans, only the widow of Philippe Egalité was able to remain in France unhindered until, in 1797 she, too, was banished to Spain along with the few remaining Bourbons who still lived in France.


title: House of Orléans

text: In 1814 during the Bourbon Restoration, the three remaining members of the family, the duc d'Orléans, his mother and sister, returned to Paris. The family's properties and titles were returned to them by Louis XVIII.


title: House of Orléans

text: In 1830, following the French July Revolution, the House of Orléans became the ruling house when the monarch of the elder restored Bourbon line, Charles X, was replaced by the 6th duke, Louis Philippe III d'Orléans, son of Philippe Egalité. Louis Philippe ruled as a constitutional monarch, and as such was called King of the French, rather than "of France". His reign lasted until the Revolution of 1848, when he abdicated and fled to England.


title: House of Orléans

text: Even after his ouster, an Orléanist faction remained active, supporting a return of the House of Orléans to power. Legitimist monarchists however continued to uphold the rights of the elder line of Bourbons, who came close to regaining the throne after the fall of the Second Empire. In the early 1870s, a majority of deputies in the National Assembly were monarchists, as was the nation's president, MacMahon. Thus, it was widely expected that the old dynasty would be invited to re-mount the throne, in the person of either the Bourbon or the Orléans claimant.


title: House of Orléans

text: To seize this opportunity the Orléanists offered a so-called "fusion", whereby King Louis Philippe's grandson and heir, Philippe, comte de Paris, accepted the childless Legitimist pretender's right to the throne, thereby potentially uniting French royalists in support of a single candidate. But the refusal of the last male of Louis XIV's direct line, the comte de Chambord, to accept the tricolore as France's flag under a restored monarchy proved an insurmountable obstacle to his candidacy.


title: House of Orléans

text: Although the Orléans had reigned under the tricolor without objection, this time the Orléans princes did not abandon the cause of the head of their dynasty by seeking to offer themselves as alternative candidates; by the time Chambord died and the Orléans felt free to re-assert their claim to the throne, the political moment had passed, and France had become resolutely republican. France has had neither a Bourbon nor Orléans monarch since 1848.


title: House of Orléans

text: Louis-Philippe and his family lived in England until his death in Claremont, Surrey. Like his mother, he and his wife, Amelia (1782–1866), were buried at the "Chapelle royale de Dreux". In 1883, the comte de Chambord died without children. As a result, some Legitimists recognized the House of Orléans as the heirs to the throne of France.


title: House of Orléans

text: However, a portion of the Legitimists, still resentful of the revolutionary credentials of the House of Orléans, transferred their loyalties to the Carlist heirs of the Spanish Bourbons, who represented the most senior branch of the Capetians even though they had renounced their claim to the French throne to obtain Spain in 1713.


title: House of Orléans

text: Thus to their supporters, not only are the heads of the House of Orléans the rightful heirs to the constitutionalist title of "King of the French", but also to the Legitimist title of "King of France and Navarre".


title: House of Orléans

text: ! colspan=7 | Louis Philippe II continued to be the informal head of the House until his execution in 1793; after that his son Louis Philippe III claimed his titles.


title: House of Orléans

text: The current head of the house is Jean, Count of Paris (born 1965), who is a claimant to the French throne as John IV. For the Orléanists, his pretense is due to being the heir of King Louis Philippe of the French. For Legitimists, his pretense is due to being the heir of Henri, comte de Chambord, and so of Charles X of France.


title: House of Orléans

text: On 5 July 1957, Henri, Count of Paris married Duchess Marie Thérèse of Württemberg (born 1934), another descendant of King Louis Philippe. He received the title "Comte de Clermont". Five children were born from this union, before the marriage ended in divorce.


title: House of Orléans

text: Throughout the years of the "ancien régime", the Orléans household received vast riches in terms of wealth and property. Philippe de France obtained for the House of Bourbon-Orléans, during the rule of his brother Louis XIV, the following:


title: House of Orléans

text: Because the Dukes of Orléans were also the "premier princes du sang", the kingdom's treasury paid for their personal household of 265 staff and officers. Along with towns and buildings, the family derived income from its forests on the ducal lands at Orléans, Beaugency, Montargis, Romorantin, Dourdan, Bruadan, Villers-Cotterêts (at which they had a château), Laigne, Coucy, La Fère, Marle, and Saint-Gobin.


title: House of Orléans

text: Philippe I and his wife had to spend most of their time at the royal court of his brother Louis XIV. For this purpose they had apartments at the Palace of Versailles, the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, the Palace of Fontainebleau and the Château de Marly, as did most other members of the House of Bourbon. Their private home, given to them by the king, was the Palais Royal, Paris. Furthermore, Philippe I had bought the Château de Saint-Cloud, located between Paris and Versailles, in 1658. Later he replaced it with a new baroque building, including vast gardens on the Seine River. He also had a number of smaller rural properties. Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, sold the Palais Royal and the Château de Saint-Cloud to King Louis XVI, shortly before the Revolution, however still occupying an apartment at the Palais Royal. Their private residences then became the Château du Raincy and the Château de Sainte-Assise at Seine-Port.


title: House of Orléans

text: Before the court was officially moved to Versailles, and before the birth of his nephew, the king's son, the Dauphin Louis de France, in 1661, the Duc d'Orléans' apartments in the Palace of Versailles were where the Dauphin's now are located. The apartments looked over the "Parterres du Midi" of the south and were directly under the "Grand Appartement de la reine". After the dauphin's birth, the Orléans had to move to the north wing and occupied large quarters there. These looked out onto the "Parterres du Midi" of the south. The family also had apartments where the modern day "Galerie des batailles" are. This area was used by the duc himself, his second wife, Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, his son, Philippe II and daughter-in-law, Françoise-Marie de Bourbon. The apartments of the family were later moved to the bottom floor of the north wing, opposite the Chapelle Royal de Versailles, this time looking over the "Parterres du Midi" of the north. The family had been moved in order to accommodate three of Louis XV's daughters, Madame Adélaïde, Madame Victoire and Madame Élisabeth. The family remained there till the French Revolution.


title: House of Orléans

text: Along with their government allowances and because the family were known as the "Premier Princes du Sang", they often received fortunes and titles from inheritances:


title: House of Orléans

text: Upon the death of the Duc d'Orléans's father-in-law in 1793 (the hugely wealthy duc de Penthièvre), the "House of Orléans" became the richest in France, however not for a long time. During the French Revolution the surviving members of the House of Orléans sought refuge in exile and their properties were confiscated and mostly resold to new owners. After the Bourbon Restoration of 1815 some of the properties were restituted to the Orléans branch of the Bourbons.


title: House of Orléans

text: After King Louis Philippe I had died in exile in Claremont House, Surrey, in 1850, his property in the French Second Republic was split between his many children and grandchildren. All male members of the House of Orléans were exiled from France by law between 1886 and 1950. When Henri, Count of Paris (1908–1999), returned to France in 1950, he didn't find much property left, except for a few castles which produced no income. Having 11 children and divorcing his wife, he decided, in 1974, to transfer the most important family assets to a family foundation, "Fondation Saint-Louis", in order to save them from future inheritance distribution and taxes. The respective head of the House of Orléans is honorary chairman of the foundation. Its assets comprise Château d'Amboise (with a family museum), the Château de Bourbon-l'Archambault and the Château de Dreux (private residence), with the Chapelle royale de Dreux, the necropolis of the Orléans royal family. He sold further property, resulting in legal action by his sons, and still died heavily in debt.


title: House of Orléans

text: On 15 October 1864 at Rio de Janeiro the eldest son of Louis Charles Philippe Raphael d'Orléans, Duke of Nemours, (son of King Louis Philippe of France) married Dona Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil, eldest daughter and heiress of Emperor Dom Pedro II of Brazil.


title: House of Orléans

text: It was from that marriage the royal house of Orléans-Braganza was formed. Today they are the present claimants to the throne of the former Empire of Brazil, which ended with the Brazilian Imposition of the republic, on 15 November 1889 after a military coup d'état headed by Marshall Deodoro da Fonseca, the 1st President of Brazil.


title: House of Orléans

text: In the Affair of the Spanish Marriages, Louis Philippe arranged for the marriage of his youngest son, Antoine, Duke of Montpensier, to Infanta Luisa Fernanda of Spain, younger sister of Isabella II of Spain. It was generally thought that she would succeed her sister as queen, since the Spanish queen's prospective husband was the effeminate Francis, Duke of Cádiz.


title: House of Orléans

text: The British wanted a prince of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha for the Spanish princess, and claimed that her future children with Montpensier would not be able to succeed to the French throne, due to the Treaty of Utrecht, wherein Montpensier's ancestor the Duke of Orleans renounced his rights to succeed to the Spanish throne for himself and his descendants. Louis Philippe opposed this interpretation and claimed that the only purpose of the Treaty of Utrecht was to keep France and Spain separate.


title: House of Orléans

text: On 10 October 1846, Montpensier married Infanta Luisa, on the same day her sister Isabella II married Cádiz. However, the marriage of Isabella II produced many children. Montpensier funded the rebels, which helped to overthrow the government of his sister-in-law. However, the Cortes elected Amadeo of Savoy instead of him.


title: House of Orléans

text: Montpensier was later reconciled to the restored Bourbons, and his daughter married Alfonso XII of Spain, son of Isabella II. Montpensier's son, Infante Antonio, successfully claimed the succession to the dukedom of Galliera, from which this branch takes its name.


title: Fox Entertainment

text: Fox Entertainment is an American production company owned by Fox Corporation. The company was formed in 2019 after The Walt Disney Company's acquisition of 21st Century Fox. The programming is created for the Fox Broadcasting Company, MyNetworkTV, and Tubi; Fox First Run serves as the syndication arm of the former, as well as a television distribution company for Fox Television Stations.


title: Fox Entertainment

text: Fox Entertainment was formed in 2019 after Fox's former television studio, 20th Century Fox Television (among other assets), were acquired by Disney.


title: Fox Entertainment

text: In April 2020, Fox Entertainment announced their partnership with Caffeine to bring the "AniDom Beyond Show", a recap show hosted by Andy Richter.


title: Fox Entertainment

text: Fox Entertainment planned to develop scripted and unscripted projects through a unit known as Sidecar, identifying and incubating programming for both Fox's broadcast network and third-party platforms. In June 2020, Fox shut down Sidecar, with reports citing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the industry as being a factor.


title: Fox Entertainment

text: In August 2021, Gordon Ramsay signed an overall deal with Fox Entertainment to form Studio Ramsay Global, which acquired all of Ramsay's existing Studio Ramsay business with All3Media, and will produce his future projects.


title: Fox Entertainment

text: In September 2021, Fox Entertainment acquired TMZ from WarnerMedia in a deal worth about $50 million.


title: Fox Entertainment

text: In November 2021, Fox Alternative Entertainment signed Wonwoo Park, creator of the South Korean format "King of Mask Singer" (which had been adapted by Fox as "The Masked Singer") to a first-look deal with the studio.


title: Fox Entertainment

text: In December 2021, Fox Entertainment acquired television film studio MarVista Entertainment, with a focus on producing content for its streaming service Tubi.


title: Fox Entertainment

text: In September 2022, Fox Corporation announced the launch of Fox Entertainment Studios. This is the company's first venture into entirely in-house television production. The studio debuted its first show, "Monarch", on September 11, 2022. Fox also announced that Fox Entertainment would re-enter the international distribution business by launching a sales unit called Fox Entertainment Global.


title: Fox Entertainment

text: Fox First Run is the television syndication arm owned by Fox Corporation. it serves as the syndication arm of Fox Entertainment, the Fox Broadcasting Company, and MyNetworkTV. it was founded in 2019. It is also a television syndication/distribution company of Fox Television Stations.


title: Fox Entertainment

text: Studio Ramsay Global is a division of Fox Entertainment led by British chef Gordon Ramsay. Formed as part of an overall deal with Ramsay, the studio is focused on food and lifestyle-related programming. The studio was formed after Fox Entertainment acquired the existing Studio Ramsay from All3Media.


title: Fox Entertainment

text: Fox Entertainment Studios is a division of Fox Entertainment, launched in 2022, with "Monarch" being its first production.


title: VIXX

text: VIXX ( pronounced "vicks"; acronym for "voice, visual, value in excelsis") is a South Korean boy band formed by Jellyfish Entertainment through the 2012 reality show "MyDOL". Originally a sextet, the group is presently composed of five members: N, Leo, Ken, Ravi and Hyuk—former vocalist Hongbin left the group and the agency in August 2020. They are predominantly known as a concept or performance group whose music, lyrics, choreography, and overall stage performances are crafted together to tell a story or concept.


title: VIXX

text: Prior to their debut, the original six group members were contestants on the Mnet survival reality show "MyDOL". The members made several guest appearances in the music videos of fellow artists under Jellyfish Entertainment. N, Leo, Hongbin, and Ravi featured in the music videos for Brian Joo's song "Let This Die"; N, Leo, and Ravi featured in Seo In-guk's "Shake It Up"; Hongbin featured in Seo's "Tease Me".


title: VIXX

text: VIXX debuted with their first single, "Super Hero" on May 24, 2012 on "M Countdown". Their first overseas performance was at the Otakon convention in Baltimore, Maryland on July 27. On August 14, VIXX released their second single album with the song "Rock Ur Body", where Sistar's Dasom appeared in the music video.


title: VIXX

text: VIXX was part of Jellyfish Entertainment's first live concert "Jellyfish Live" at Tokyo's Zepp Diver City in Japan on September 12, 2012. The group also attended KCON 2012 on October 13. VIXX participated in Jellyfish Entertainment's winter project, "Jelly Christmas 2012 Heart Project", with their label mates Lee Seok Hoon, Park Hyo-shin, Seo In-guk and Sung Si-kyung. The lead single, "Because It's Christmas" was released digitally on December 5, 2012.


title: VIXX

text: On January 6, 2013, VIXX pre-released the single, "Don't Want to Be an Idol", from their third single album "On and On". The title track "On and On" was released alongside the album on January 17. Their first mini album "Hyde", and its lead single of the same name, was released on May 20. A repackaged album titled "Jekyll" was later released along with the lead single "G.R.8.U", on July 31. In the months of October and November, VIXX held their first global showcase tour, "The Milky Way" Global Showcase, which was held in South Korea, Japan, Italy, Sweden, Malaysia, and America.


title: VIXX

text: On November 8, 2013, VIXX pre-released the single "Only U", from their upcoming full-length album "Voodoo", and an accompanying music video. The title track "Voodoo Doll" was released on November 20, followed by the album on November 25. On December 6, VIXX earned the top spot on that week's episode of "Music Bank" with "Voodoo Doll", marking their first music show win since debut. VIXX, along with the artists of Jellyfish Entertainment, released their annual Christmas song on December 10, titled "Winter Confession" for "겨울 고백 (Jelly Christmas 2013)". The song topped the Instiz chart for two consecutive weeks, the Billboard K-Pop 100, and two Gaon charts.


title: VIXX

text: On March 5, 2014, Jellyfish Entertainment announced that VIXX would be having a comeback in mid-April or early May. On May 18, the title of VIXX's fourth single album "Eternity," was revealed through the group's official fancafe, where the music video teaser was released on May 22. On May 27, the music video for "Eternity" was released along with the album itself.


title: VIXX

text: On May 19, Jellyfish revealed that VIXX will be making their official debut in Japan with a full-length compilation album, "Darkest Angels", on July 2. The album charted at number 10 for five consecutive weeks on the Oricon chart and sold 12,332 copies. On June 20, it was announced that VIXX will be attending KCON from August 9 to August 10, this being their second year attending the festival since the first in 2012. They received awards that were voted by their fanclub, such as Best Visual and Best Actor. From July to September, VIXX held their first "VIXX Live Fantasia" tour "Hex Sign" visiting Japan and several countries in Europe. On September 25, 2014, Jellyfish Entertainment confirmed that VIXX will be having a comeback on October 14. On October 4, the title song and track list of VIXX's second mini album were revealed via their official website. On October 10, VIXX released the music video teaser for "Error," with the music video later released along with the mini album, "Error" on October 14. On December 10, VIXX released the Japanese version of "Error" along with the Japanese version of "Youth Hurts".


title: VIXX

text: On February 8, 2015, VIXX was invited to "The KKBOX Music Awards" that was held at the Taipei Arena. VIXX became the first Korean artist ever to be invited to the event. On February 20, the music video teaser for "Love Equation" was released. On February 24, "Boys' Record" was released along with the music video for "Love Equation". After its release, the song was an all-kill on all the music shows. The group achieved their first triple crown on "The Show". From March to May, VIXX held their second "VIXX Live Fantasia" tour "Utopia" in several countries including South Korea, Japan, Philippines, and Singapore. On March 18, 2015, VIXX marked their first official entry into the Chinese and Taiwanese markets with the release of "命中注定 (Destiny Love)", a remake of Harlem Yu's "Destiny Love" as part of "Boys' Record". It was released through Avex Taiwan. A music video was also released through Avex Taiwan's YouTube Channel. On July 7, VIXX entered the Chinese and Taiwanese markets again with the Chinese-language version release of "Error" in China through QQ and in Taiwan through KKBOX.


title: VIXX

text: In 2015, VIXX LR was confirmed to be VIXX's first official sub-unit; it is composed of Ravi and Leo. Their debut mini album, "Beautiful Liar", was released on August 17, 2015. On August 29, VIXX appeared on the "Billboard" Social 50 at number 16 and later climbed to number 14.


title: VIXX

text: On September 9, 2015, VIXX made their second Japanese comeback with the single "Can't Say". In late October, Jellyfish announced that VIXX would be having a comeback on November 10, with their second full studio album. On November 1, Jellyfish released individual image teasers on VIXX's official Facebook and Twitter and a group image teaser on their official website along with the upcoming title, "Chained Up". On November 10, VIXX's second studio album "Chained Up" was released along with the music video for "Chained Up". On November 30, Jellyfish] and CJ Victor Entertainment revealed that VIXX will be releasing their first original full-length Japanese studio album, "Depend on Me", on January 27, 2016. On December 15, 2015, Jellyfish released their "Jelly Christmas 2015 – 4랑" single album featuring the song, "Love in the Air" (). The announced participating the Jellyfish artists were Seo In-guk, VIXX, former Jewelry member Park Jung-ah and Park Yoon-ha.


title: VIXX

text: On January 7, 2016, Jellyfish and Victor revealed the jacket photographs which will be used for all three editions of VIXX's first Japanese studio album "Depend on Me", and released a teaser to the music video. On January 18, VIXX released their first original soundtrack recording for the fantasy action-romance drama "" with the song "Alive", the drama's main theme song, released in "Moorim School: Saga of the Brave OST Part. 1". Viewers of the drama have shown positive responses to the refreshingly edgy theme song. It was revealed that VIXX hoped to express their support for Hongbin's first drama lead role as the troublemaker Wang Chi-ang by contributing to the soundtrack. On the same day, the short version of VIXX's first Japanese album "Depend on Me"'s lead single's music video was released in Japan. On January 27, VIXX's first Japanese studio album, "Depend on Me", was released which features the single "Depend on Me" and previously released Japanese singles "Error" and "Can't Say". On the same day of the release, "Depend on Me" charted at number 4 on the Oricon daily album chart. To promote the album VIXX held "Mini Live & High Touch" events in Sapporo, Kobe, Tokyo, Osaka and Fukuoka from January 13, 2016 to January 31, 2016. On February 1, 2016, "Moorim School: Saga of the Brave OST Part. 2" was released with the title song "The King" by VIXX.


title: VIXX

text: On March 29, 2016, Jellyfish Entertainment released the "Conception Art Film", which was said to signal the start of their year-long project "VIXX 2016 Conception", through which the group would show their wide musical and conceptual spectrum and would be themed around the gods that appear in Greek mythology.


title: VIXX

text: On April 14, 2016, the group revealed the "Zelos Concept Film", along with the release of the track list and highlight medley. On April 19, 2016, the group released their fifth single album, "Zelos", along with the title track "Dynamite" (). The music video for "Dynamite" was released on the following day. In April and May VIXX won 1st place five times on the music shows and achieved their second Triple Crown on "The Show. Zelos" charted at number 1 on the Gaon album chart selling cumulative 89,910 copies in April, with the title song "Dynamite" charting at number 14 on the Gaon Digital Chart and number 4 on "Billboard" World Digital Songs.


title: VIXX

text: On June 29, 2016, VIXX released their third Japanese single . The single charted at number 3 on the Oricon Albums Chart and sold 32,411 cumulative copies.


title: VIXX

text: On August 12, 2016, VIXX released their sixth single album and the second part of their "VIXX 2016 Conception" trilogy, "Hades", along with the title track "Fantasy". The music video for "Fantasy" was released two days later on August 14, 2016. "Fantasy" has a darker theme that emphasizes the concept of Hades, Greek god of the Underworld, unlike the first "2016 Conception" release that was conceptualized around Zelos, representative of zeal and jealousy. In August and September VIXX won 1st place three times on the music shows for "Fantasy". "Hades" charted at number 1 on the Gaon album chart, with the title song "Fantasy" charting at number 22 on the Gaon Digital Chart and number 5 on "Billboard" World Digital Songs. "Hades" sold cumulative 97,222 copies in August.


title: VIXX

text: On October 31, 2016, VIXX released their third mini album and final part and of their "VIXX 2016 Conception" trilogy, "Kratos" along with the title track "The Closer". "Kratos" is conceptualized around the God Kratos; the personification of strength, might, sovereign rule, and authority in all its forms. "Kratos" charted at number 2 on the Gaon album chart, at number 5 on Taiwan's FIVE-MUSIC Korea-Japan Album Chart and Billboard's world albums chart, with the title song "The Closer" charting at number 8 on the Gaon Digital Chart and number 14 on Billboard World Digital Songs. "Kratos" sold cumulative 57,456 copies in October.


title: VIXX

text: On November 21, 2016, VIXX released a special compilation album to wrap up and celebrate the end of the "VIXX 2016 Conception" project titled "VIXX 2016 Conception Ker", supported by a music video and a new song titled "Milky Way". "VIXX 2016 Conception Ker" charted at number 2 on the Gaon album chart and sold 18,082 cumulative copies in November.


title: VIXX

text: VIXX participated in Jellyfish Entertainment's winter project, "Jelly Christmas 2016", with their label mates Seo In-guk, Gugudan, Park Yoon-ha, Park Jung-ah, Kim Gyu-sun, Kim Ye-won and Jiyul. The title track, "Falling" () was released digitally on December 13, 2016.


title: VIXX

text: On May 15, 2017, VIXX released their fourth mini album "Shangri-La". It was a part of a three-event festival titled "VIXX V FESTIVAL" to celebrate their fifth anniversary since their debut. The festival began on May 12 with their "VIXX Live Fantasia Daydream" concert and ended with an exhibition titled "VIXX 0524". "Shangri-La" charted at number 2 on the Gaon album chart, at number 3 on Taiwan's FIVE-MUSIC Korea-Japan Album Chart and at number 4 on Billboard's world albums chart, with the title song "Shangri-La" charting at number 13 on the Gaon Digital Chart and number 6 on Billboard World Digital Songs. "Shangri-La" sold cumulative 73,116 copies in May. VIXX also joined other artists at KCON 2017 in Los Angeles in mid-August showcasing titles from their album.


title: VIXX

text: On September 27, 2017, VIXX released their first Japanese extended play . Upon its release the album charted at number one in the Oricon Daily CD album charts.


title: VIXX

text: During the year-end music show "2017 MBC Gayo Daejun" the group managed to gain major public attention with a special performance of "Wind of Starlight" and "Shangri-La Remix" by remaining the most trending video clip for over 24 hours on the TV Cast's 'Celebrity HOT Ranking' chart and their performance clip having over 3 mio. views as of now. Due to popular demand, they were able to perform their remix on the "Show! Music Core" broadcast in January 2018 again. Later it was announced, that VIXX would take part as an act in the opening ceremony of the celebratory cultural performance of the IOC's 132nd conference in Pyeongchang on February 5 at Gangneung Art Center.


title: VIXX

text: On April 17, 2018, VIXX released their third full studio album "Eau de VIXX", featuring "Scentist" (), the lead single inspired by scents. The album charted at number 1 on the Gaon Weekly Album Chart and at number 3 on Billboard's US


title: VIXX

text: On September 26, 2018, VIXX released their third full Japanese album, "Reincarnation", with a total of 10 songs. The album contains songs from "Eau de VIXX" but also presents new songs that explore VIXX's artistry by showing a different concept of scent through the title song "Reincarnation," as a personification of a flower that is destined to bloom.


title: VIXX

text: On February 1, 2019, VIXX released their single "Walking" which they sang on their 5th fan meeting "V TOY STORY" on January 27. They wanted to thank their fans and cheer them up before the coming enlistment date of two of the members.


title: VIXX

text: On May 24, Leo, Ken, Hongbin, and Hyuk renewed their contracts, but Ravi decided to part ways with Jellyfish Entertainment in order to establish his own one-man label. However, Ravi intends to continue be a part of VIXX.


title: VIXX

text: On August 7, 2020, Jellyfish Entertainment announced that Hongbin had departed from VIXX and that the group would be continuing activities as five members.


title: VIXX

text: On October 31, 2020, it was announced that N has chosen not to renew his contract with Jellyfish Entertainment, but he will continue as a part of VIXX. N officially signed with 51k on November 4.


title: VIXX

text: On June 1, 2022, Hyuk announced that he would be leaving Jellyfish Entertainment, but he will continue as a part of VIXX.


title: VIXX

text: The members are heavily involved in the development of their concepts and their "commitment to concept is especially impressive with live performances of songs". Micah Levin Isla from The Philippine Star commented, "You can be someone who'll never be truly on board with this whole K-Pop craze. But there's something about VIXX that's really fascinating and intriguing. Their music and appeal have this lingering effect." VIXX has cemented a "niche in the theatrical side of K-pop" with performances that follow a storyline that is carefully put together. In a review of one of their concerts, journalist Park Jung Sun commented, "They presented live performances which broke prejudices people have towards idols. VIXX presented a musical-like stage as coming off from the-usual-concert which displays singing and dancing. VIXX led their fans to UTOPIA that they constructed".


title: VIXX

text: With many of their releases, VIXX has tackled themes such as hope, dreams, falling madly in love with a girl although it hurts, such in the songs "On and On" (), which literally translates into "I'm Ready to Get Hurt", "Voodoo Doll" and "Chained Up"; breaking up with their lovers "Love Equation", "Don't Want to Be An Idol"'; generally sad or dark love songs, with the themes of obsession and insanity such as the songs "Hyde" and "G.R.8.U"; and emotional breakdown in "Error" and the timelessness of love in "Eternity". Most, if not all of their songs, play on the depth of raw human emotion. VIXX plays an active role producing their music, with all members participating in the ideas and concepts. Majority of the members have an active role in their music. Ravi, Leo, Hyuk and most recently N and Ken play an active role in composition and lyric-writing of their songs.


title: VIXX

text: In 2012, VIXX became the Goodwill Ambassadors for The Salvation Army as a part of the 2012 Salvation Army Christmas Kettle, with the 14th of December 2012 as their Kettle Day—a date which was chosen by fans.


title: VIXX

text: In November 2013, VIXX along with Boys Republic became ambassadors for "Eye Camp Expedition," a charity campaign, joining other volunteers in Vietnam to help those visually impaired. Their charity work was documented through a four episodes reality show aired on SBS MTV. In 2014, VIXX became the official ambassadors at the Korea & Korean brand Commodities Fair (KBEE) in Sao Paulo, Brazil.


title: VIXX

text: In 2015, VIXX helped Daehwan, a fan of the group who had muscular dystrophy, to see the "VIXX Live Fantasia – Utopia" concert after Daehwan's mother started a Twitter account and tweeted to VIXX. Enough money was donated to the fund to allow Daehwan travel to and from the concert venue safely, and provided a bed for him to lie upon. Daehwan met with VIXX after the concert.


title: VIXX

text: In the course of the national preparations for 2018 Winter Olympics, on September 12, 2017, N announced on his personal Instagram account his selection as torchbearer followed by Leo on October 8, 2017. Leo made his torchbearer run on January 13, 2018, whereas N's turn came on January 15, 2018.


title: VIXX

text: VIXX LR () is the first official sub-unit of VIXX formed under Jellyfish Entertainment. Established in August 2015, the sub-unit comprises vocalist Leo and rapper Ravi. The duo debuted with their first mini album, "Beautiful Liar", on August 17, 2015. VIXX LR released their second mini album "Whisper" on August 28, 2017.


title: Proxmox Virtual Environment

text: Proxmox Virtual Environment (Proxmox VE or PVE) is an open-source software server for virtualization management. It is a hosted hypervisor that can run operating systems including Linux and Windows on x64 hardware. It is a Debian-based Linux distribution with a modified Ubuntu LTS kernel and allows deployment and management of virtual machines and containers. Proxmox VE includes a web console and command-line tools, and provides a REST API for third-party tools. Two types of virtualization are supported: container-based with LXC (starting from version 4.0 replacing OpenVZ used in version up to 3.4, included), and full virtualization with KVM.


title: Proxmox Virtual Environment

text: Development of Proxmox VE started when Dietmar Maurer and Martin Maurer, two Linux developers, found out OpenVZ had no backup tool and no management GUI. KVM was appearing at the same time in Linux, and was added shortly afterwards.


title: Proxmox Virtual Environment

text: The first public release took place in April 2008. It supported container and full virtualization, managed with a web-based user interface similar to other commercial offerings.


title: Proxmox Virtual Environment

text: Proxmox VE is an open-source server virtualization platform to manage two virtualization technologies: Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) for virtual machines and LXC for containers - with a single web-based interface.


title: Proxmox Virtual Environment

text: The source is open, based on the GNU AGPL, v3. The company sells optional subscription-based customer support. With a subscription, users get access to an enterprise software repository.


title: Proxmox Virtual Environment

text: Since Proxmox VE for Virtual Machines are using KVM (+QEMU) as hypervisor, it natively (from the GUI) supports many emulated and paravirtualized hardware components such as:


title: Proxmox Virtual Environment

text: Proxmox VE also supports PCI and USB pass-through devices from the physical server. Additional options like CPU flags, different type of emulated hardware (that QEMU supports) etc. are also available from the CLI (shell).


title: Proxmox Virtual Environment

text: Since Proxmox VE is using KVM in the background, it supports all operating systems that KVM supports for virtual machines, like:


title: Proxmox Virtual Environment

text: Relating to Linux containers, since Proxmox VE is using LXC Linux containers, it supports any Linux distribution as a Linux container.


title: Proxmox Virtual Environment

text: Proxmox VE use integrated web based management based on cluster and Proxmox VE cluster filesystem (pmxcfs). It means that there is no single point of failure in cluster, since every node (physical host) has all the configuration files stored in database-driver multi master cluster wide filesystem, shared among the nodes via corosync. Even more, every node has all the roles/functions (management/firewall/storage/network/...) needed for work. As the cluster grows, level of redundancy also grows with them. It also means that user can configure anything on any node inside the cluster, since all the changes are synchronized inside the cluster and immediately available to the other nodes.


title: Proxmox Virtual Environment

text: Proxmox VE use bridge model by default. Bridges are like physical network switches that work in OSI layer 2 (OSI 2), but implemented in software. All virtual machines or Linux containers can share a single bridge, or you can create multiple bridges to isolate (segment) the network. For the bridge itself you can choose between Linux native bridge and/or Open vSwitch bridge. In addition to that you can also natively use a bond (aggregation): Linux native or Open vSwitch kind, with the mode that is best suited for you (e.g. balance-rr, active-backup, balance-xor, broadcast, LACP, balance-tlb, balance-alb).


title: Proxmox Virtual Environment

text: All of the above interfaces support VLANs (802.1Q). There is an additional SDN module (currently in testing in v.7.2.x) with which you can utilize: VLAN, QinQ, VxLAN and EVPN for network isolation/segmentation, among the other options specific to the SDN.


title: Proxmox Virtual Environment

text: Even more, there is a need (and possibilities) to define the type of the storage (for each and every storage), depending on the usage of the specific storage (for storing the VM/Container disk images, ISO images, LXC templates, backups, etc).


title: Proxmox Virtual Environment

text: Proxmox VE supports redundancy for guests that are using the local storage in the way that it can replicate guest volumes to another PVE node (host) using the method so called storage replication (available only for ZFS). Those replication tasks can be started automatically in selected replication time interval.


title: Proxmox Virtual Environment

text: Official documentation guarantees/tested the cluster size of up to 32 physical servers (nodes), no matter the CPU core number or any other hardware limitations, but even bigger cluster size is possible. Those limitation are not imposed by PVE itself, but come from Corosync limits.


title: Proxmox Virtual Environment

text: Since version 2.0, Proxmox VE offers a high availability option for clusters based on the Corosync communication stack. Starting from the PVE v.6.0 Corosync v.3.x is in use (not compatible with the earlier PVE versions). Individual virtual servers can be configured for high availability, using the built-in ha-manager. If a Proxmox node becomes unavailable or fails, the virtual servers can be automatically moved to another node and restarted. The database and FUSE-based Proxmox Cluster filesystem (pmxcfs) makes it possible to perform the configuration of each cluster node via the Corosync communication stack with SQlite engine.


title: Proxmox Virtual Environment

text: At least since 2012, in a HA cluster, live virtual machines can be moved from one physical host to another without downtime. Since Proxmox VE 1.0, released 29.10.2008 KVM and OpenVZ live migration is supported (starting from version 4.0 OpenVZ is replaced by LXC).


title: Proxmox Virtual Environment

text: Also PVE supports VM/Container migration from local storage's (local to Host/Hypervisor) or from (using) a shared storages (e.g. NFS/iSCSI/Ceph).


title: Proxmox Virtual Environment

text: PVE supports clones and templates. Clones are exact copy of the VM/container and a template can be created from VM/Container. One can use the template(s) to clone them to the new VM/container.


title: Proxmox Virtual Environment

text: Proxmox VE has pre-packaged server software appliances which can be downloaded via the GUI. It is possible to download and deploy appliances from the TurnKey Linux Virtual Appliance Library.


title: Proxmox Virtual Environment

text: PVE includes backup software, vzdump, which allows data compression and on-line operation (snapshot mode). Since 2020 there's also an advanced client-server software for that called Proxmox Backup Server (PBS), which offers deduplication, compression, authenticated encryption and incremental backups.


title: Proxmox Virtual Environment

text: PVE also support creating the snapshot of the VM/container in time. You can create many snapshots (for example before updating the VM/container) and switch back to any one of them.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: Hakainde Hichilema (born 4 June 1962) is a Zambian businessman, farmer, and politician who is the seventh and current president of Zambia since 24 August 2021. After having contested five previous elections in 2006, 2008, 2011, 2015 and 2016, he won the 2021 presidential election with over 59% of the vote. He has led the United Party for National Development since 2006 following the death of the party founder Anderson Mazoka.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: Prior to his election, Hichilema was a major opponent of Edgar Lungu, the President of Zambia from 2015 to 2021. On 11 April 2017, Hichilema was arrested and charged with treason, a move that was seen as an illegitimate act by Lungu to silence a political rival. The arrest and charge were widely condemned, with protests held in Zambia and abroad, demanding Hichilema's release and condemning the increasing authoritarianism of Lungu's regime. Hichilema was released from prison on 16 August 2017, and the charge of treason was dropped.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: Hichilema was born in a village in Monze District in present-day Zambia. He received a scholarship to study at the University of Zambia and graduated in 1986 with a bachelor's degree in Economics and Business Administration. He thereafter pursued an MBA in Finance and Business Strategy at the University of Birmingham in the United Kingdom.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: He served as the chief executive officer of both Coopers and Lybrand Zambia (1994–1998) and Grant Thornton Zambia (1998–2006).


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: Hichilema is a member of the ruling United Party for National Development, a liberal political party. Following the death of Anderson Mazoka in 2006, he was elected as the party's new President. He also served as the leader of the United Democratic Alliance (UDA), an alliance of three opposition political parties.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: In the 2006 election, Hichilema was the candidate of the UDA and ran against incumbent president Levy Mwanawasa of the Movement for Multiparty Democracy and Patriotic Front candidate Michael Sata. He received the endorsement of former President Kenneth Kaunda. The election was held on 28 September 2006 and Hichilema took third place with about 25% of the vote.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: Hichilema ran as the UPND candidate in the 2008 election, which was called following the death of President Levy Mwanawasa. He came 3rd with 19.7% of the vote. In June 2009, Hichilema's party, the UPND, formed a pact with Michael Sata's Patriotic Front (PF) to contest the 2011 election together. However, indecision on the pact candidate, deep mistrust, and accusations of tribalism from both sides resulted in the collapse of the pact in March 2011.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: He was one of the two main candidates in the January 2015 presidential election, which he lost by a narrow margin of 27,757 votes (1.66%) against the ruling party's candidate, Edgar Lungu. Hichilema denounced the election as a sham and urged his supporters to remain calm. He again faced Lungu as the main opposition candidate in the August 2016 presidential election, and was again narrowly defeated.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: In April 2017, he was arrested on suspicion of treason and charged with attempting to overthrow the government. He was in prison for four months before being given a nolle prosequi.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: Hichilema ran for President for the sixth time in the election held on 12 August 2021. The electoral commission chairman Esau Chulu declared that he had won the election in the early hours of 16 August.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: Following his victory, Hichilema declared his wish to appoint qualified Zambians into his administration. Among his appointments were those of Sylvia Masebo, Situmbeko Musokotwane, and Jito Kayumba, among others.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: Hichilema was arrested on 11 April 2017. On the night of 11 April 2017 the Zambian Police broke into Hichilema's compound to arrest the country's main opposition leader, ordered by President Edgar Lungu’s government and charged with treason after he was accused of endangering the president's life after his motorcade allegedly refused to give way to the one transporting Lungu, a case which many viewed as a minor traffic offence and not one that could amount to treason. Hichilema strongly denied the charge, which carries a maximum sentence of death penalty.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: The police used excessive force to enter Hichilema's residence damaging his home and property, beat up all his workers, stole money, jewellery, as well as underwear, shoes, speakers, blankets, carpets and food from the kitchen and defecated on Hichilema's bed.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: Teargas canisters were thrown inside Hichilema's home gassing Hichilema, his asthmatic wife, and his children, who collapsed several times due to inhaling the gas.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: Hichilema said in an interview on HARDtalk that during his time in prison he was held in solitary confinement for eight days without food, water, light, or visitation, was tortured by having his penis pepper sprayed, and accused President Lungu of having tried to kill him.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: The arrest was the subject of the episode of Al Jazeera's " The Stream" TV program titled "Is Zambia's Democracy in Danger" which aired on 30 May 2017.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: Zambia's first president Kenneth Kaunda was turned away by prison officials when he visited Hichilema in Prison.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: Mmusi Maimane, leader of the Democratic Alliance (South Africa) was also turned away by Zambia Police when he came to Zambia to attend Hichilema's court appearance. He was not allowed to disembark from the plane, had his phone confiscated, and was roughed up. This prompted South Africa's Foreign Ministry to summon Zambia's Ambassador to South Africa Emmanuel Mwamba to explain the actions of the Zambian regime.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: While Hichilema was in jail, President Lungu imposed a state of emergency, a move critics saw as an effort to tighten his grip on power.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: Hichilema's arrest was widely condemned. The United States, the European Union and the European Parliament denounced the arrest. The Africa Liberal Network condemned the arrest as an attempt by President Lungu to silence dissent and opposition. The Catholic bishops strongly condemned the arrest and said Zambia had become a dictatorship under President Edgar Lungu. Julius Malema, the leader of South Africa's EFF party, accused Zambia's president Edgar Lungu of apartheid style repression for detaining Hichilema on treason charges and called president Lungu a “coward”. Mmusi Maimane, the leader of South Africa's DA party, who was denied entry into Zambia to visit Hichilema in Jail (stopped from exiting the plane at Lusaka's Kenneth Kaunda International Airport) strongly denounced the trumped up charges against Hichilema.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: Protests broke out in Zambia, South Africa and the United Kingdom demanding the release of Hichilema and condemning Edgar Lungu's authoritarian rule and deteriorating human rights in Zambia.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: Celebrations took place throughout Zambia when Hichilema was released from prison on 16 August 2017 and scores of people lined up the roads of Lusaka to have a glimpse of Hichilema as his motorcade left prison.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: Former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, congratulated the Zambian authorities for dropping the treason charges against Hichilema and releasing him from prison.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: Thanksgiving prayers were held to celebrate Hichilema's release from jail at the Cathedral of Holy Cross in Lusaka on 29 August 2017 and Hichilema was present at the event which drew large crowds and was aired live on television. The event was originally scheduled to take place the previous week on 24 August but was blocked by heavily armed state police who sealed off the venue.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: Hichilema became more popular after his release and was awarded the Africa Freedom Award in Johannesburg, South Africa. He was invited to speak at Catham House in London and was also invited to speak in South Africa by Democratic Alliance Members of Parliament.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: A book about Hichilema's time in a prison called "Hakainde Hichilema's Prison Diary" was released on 29 September 2017 by journalist Fredrick Misebezi. Hichilema endorsed the book and urged the public to read it.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: On 23 December 2020, Hichilema received a warning and caution at the Zambian Police Headquarters in Lusaka for an alleged offence of ""conspiracy to defraud contrary to section 313 of the Penal Code, Cap 87 of the Laws of Zambia"", relating to the purchase of a property in 2004. As Hichilema arrived for questioning, police clashed with UPND supporters. In an attempt to disperse the crowd, police reportedly shot dead a State Prosecutor and a UPND supporter.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: Hichilema was conferred with the Africa Freedom Award by the Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom on 27 October 2017 at an event held in Johannesburg, South Africa.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: Hichilema was featured on the BBC television program HARDtalk on 1 November 2017 and was interviewed by Stephen Sackur. He was the first Zambian opposition political leader to be hosted on HARDtalk and the second Zambian politician featured after former President Levy Mwanawasa.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: On 17 December 2017, Hichilema featured on ZNBC's Sunday Interview, making him the first opposition political leader to be hosted on that program. This was after management at ZNBC had granted a request by the UPND through its spokesman, Charles Kakoma, who had written to ZNBC Director General Richard Mwanza requesting that Mr. Hichilema is featured on the Sunday Interview on 17 December. The program was prerecorded on a Thursday before at 10:30 and was aired on Sunday evening.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: Hichilema was invited to speak at The Royal Institute of International Affairs, commonly known as Chatham House, on 31 October 2017. He returned to Chatham House following his election as President, on 5 November 2021.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: Hichilema is married to Mutinta and has three children. He is a baptized member of the Seventh-day Adventist Church and on 12 December 2020, he and his wife got invested as Master Guides in Lusaka. Hichilema is a millionaire and the second-largest cattle rancher in Zambia.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: In December 2014, he denied being a Freemason and labeled people accusing him as malicious. He also sued Bishop Edward Chomba of the Eastern Orthodox Church for defamation after the former called him a Satanist and a Freemason.


title: Hakainde Hichilema

text: Hichilema was named in the Panama Papers, with the leak stating that he was the director of Bermuda-based company AfNat Resources Ltd from March to August 2006. The company engaged in nickel exploration in Zambia and other African countries. According to the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, "the company was listed on London’s alternative investment market until 2010 when it was purchased by Canadian mining company Axmin for about $14 million."


title: Volatility (finance)

text: In finance, volatility (usually denoted by "σ") is the degree of variation of a trading price series over time, usually measured by the standard deviation of logarithmic returns.


title: Volatility (finance)

text: Historic volatility measures a time series of past market prices. Implied volatility looks forward in time, being derived from the market price of a market-traded derivative (in particular, an option).


title: Volatility (finance)

text: For a financial instrument whose price follows a Gaussian random walk, or Wiener process, the width of the distribution increases as time increases. This is because there is an increasing probability that the instrument's price will be farther away from the initial price as time increases. However, rather than increase linearly, the volatility increases with the square-root of time as time increases, because some fluctuations are expected to cancel each other out, so the most likely deviation after twice the time will not be twice the distance from zero.


title: Volatility (finance)

text: Since observed price changes do not follow Gaussian distributions, others such as the Lévy distribution are often used. These can capture attributes such as "fat tails".


title: Volatility (finance)

text: Volatility is a statistical measure of dispersion around the average of any random variable such as market parameters etc.


title: Volatility (finance)

text: For any fund that evolves randomly with time, volatility is defined as the standard deviation of a sequence of random variables, each of which is the return of the fund over some corresponding sequence of (equally sized) times.


title: Volatility (finance)

text: Thus, "annualized" volatility is the standard deviation of an instrument's yearly logarithmic returns.


title: Volatility (finance)

text: Therefore, if the daily logarithmic returns of a stock have a standard deviation of and the time period of returns is "P" in trading days, the annualized volatility is


title: Volatility (finance)

text: A common assumption is that "P" = 252 trading days in any given year. Then, if = 0.01, the annualized volatility is


title: Volatility (finance)

text: The formulas used above to convert returns or volatility measures from one time period to another assume a particular underlying model or process. These formulas are accurate extrapolations of a random walk, or Wiener process, whose steps have finite variance. However, more generally, for natural stochastic processes, the precise relationship between volatility measures for different time periods is more complicated. Some use the Lévy stability exponent "α" to extrapolate natural processes:


title: Volatility (finance)

text: If "α" = 2 the Wiener process scaling relation is obtained, but some people believe "α" < 2 for financial activities such as stocks, indexes and so on. This was discovered by Benoît Mandelbrot, who looked at cotton prices and found that they followed a Lévy alpha-stable distribution with "α" = 1.7. (See New Scientist, 19 April 1997.)


title: Volatility (finance)

text: Much research has been devoted to modeling and forecasting the volatility of financial returns, and yet few theoretical models explain how volatility comes to exist in the first place.


title: Volatility (finance)

text: Roll (1984) shows that volatility is affected by market microstructure. Glosten and Milgrom (1985) shows that at least one source of volatility can be explained by the liquidity provision process. When market makers infer the possibility of adverse selection, they adjust their trading ranges, which in turn increases the band of price oscillation.


title: Volatility (finance)

text: In September 2019, JPMorgan Chase determined the effect of US President Donald Trump's tweets, and called it the Volfefe index combining volatility and the covfefe meme.


title: Volatility (finance)

text: In today's markets, it is also possible to trade volatility directly, through the use of derivative securities such as options and variance swaps. See Volatility arbitrage.


title: Volatility (finance)

text: Volatility does not measure the direction of price changes, merely their dispersion. This is because when calculating standard deviation (or variance), all differences are squared, so that negative and positive differences are combined into one quantity. Two instruments with different volatilities may have the same expected return, but the instrument with higher volatility will have larger swings in values over a given period of time.


title: Volatility (finance)

text: For example, a lower volatility stock may have an expected (average) return of 7%, with annual volatility of 5%. This would indicate returns from approximately negative 3% to positive 17% most of the time (19 times out of 20, or 95% via a two standard deviation rule). A higher volatility stock, with the same expected return of 7% but with annual volatility of 20%, would indicate returns from approximately negative 33% to positive 47% most of the time (19 times out of 20, or 95%). These estimates assume a normal distribution; in reality stocks are found to be leptokurtotic.


title: Volatility (finance)

text: Although the Black-Scholes equation assumes predictable constant volatility, this is not observed in real markets, and amongst the models are Emanuel Derman and Iraj Kani's and Bruno Dupire's local volatility, Poisson process where volatility jumps to new levels with a predictable frequency, and the increasingly popular Heston model of stochastic volatility.[link broken]


title: Volatility (finance)

text: It is common knowledge that types of assets experience periods of high and low volatility. That is, during some periods, prices go up and down quickly, while during other times they barely move at all. In foreign exchange market, price changes are seasonally heteroskedastic with periods of one day and one week.


title: Volatility (finance)

text: Periods when prices fall quickly (a crash) are often followed by prices going down even more, or going up by an unusual amount. Also, a time when prices rise quickly (a possible bubble) may often be followed by prices going up even more, or going down by an unusual amount.


title: Volatility (finance)

text: Most typically, extreme movements do not appear 'out of nowhere'; they are presaged by larger movements than usual. This is termed autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity. Whether such large movements have the same direction, or the opposite, is more difficult to say. And an increase in volatility does not always presage a further increase—the volatility may simply go back down again.


title: Volatility (finance)

text: Not only the volatility depends on the period when it is measured but also on the selected time resolution. The effect is observed due to the fact that the information flow between short-term and long-term traders is asymmetric. As a result, volatility measured with high resolution contains information that is not covered by low resolution volatility and vice versa.


title: Volatility (finance)

text: The risk parity weighted volatility of the three assets Gold, Treasury bonds and Nasdaq acting as proxy for the Marketportfolio seems to have a low point at 4% after turning upwards for the 8th time since 1974 at this reading in the summer of 2014.


title: Volatility (finance)

text: Some authors point out that realized volatility and implied volatility are backward and forward looking measures, and do not reflect current volatility. To address that issue an alternative, ensemble measures of volatility were suggested. One of the measures is defined as the standard deviation of ensemble returns instead of time series of returns. Another considers the regular sequence of directional-changes as the proxy for the instantaneous volatility.


title: Volatility (finance)

text: Using a simplification of the above formula it is possible to estimate annualized volatility based solely on approximate observations. Suppose you notice that a market price index, which has a current value near 10,000, has moved about 100 points a day, on average, for many days. This would constitute a 1% daily movement, up or down.


title: Volatility (finance)

text: To annualize this, you can use the "rule of 16", that is, multiply by 16 to get 16% as the annual volatility. The rationale for this is that 16 is the square root of 256, which is approximately the number of trading days in a year (252). This also uses the fact that the standard deviation of the sum of "n" independent variables (with equal standard deviations) is √n times the standard deviation of the individual variables.


title: Volatility (finance)

text: The average magnitude of the observations is merely an approximation of the standard deviation of the market index. Assuming that the market index daily changes are normally distributed with mean zero and standard deviation "σ", the expected value of the magnitude of the observations is √(2/)"σ" = 0.798"σ". The net effect is that this crude approach underestimates the true volatility by about 20%.


title: Volatility (finance)

text: Volatility thus mathematically represents a drag on the CAGR (formalized as the "volatility tax"). Realistically, most financial assets have negative skewness and leptokurtosis, so this formula tends to be over-optimistic. Some people use the formula:


title: Volatility (finance)

text: Despite the sophisticated composition of most volatility forecasting models, critics claim that their predictive power is similar to that of plain-vanilla measures, such as simple past volatility especially out-of-sample, where different data are used to estimate the models and to test them. Other works have agreed, but claim critics failed to correctly implement the more complicated models. Some practitioners and portfolio managers seem to completely ignore or dismiss volatility forecasting models. For example, Nassim Taleb famously titled one of his "Journal of Portfolio Management" papers "We Don't Quite Know What We are Talking About When We Talk About Volatility". In a similar note, Emanuel Derman expressed his disillusion with the enormous supply of empirical models unsupported by theory. He argues that, while "theories are attempts to uncover the hidden principles underpinning the world around us, as Albert Einstein did with his theory of relativity", we should remember that "models are metaphors – analogies that describe one thing relative to another".


title: Generic programming

text: Generic programming is a style of computer programming in which algorithms are written in terms of types "to-be-specified-later" that are then "instantiated" when needed for specific types provided as parameters. This approach, pioneered by the ML programming language in 1973, permits writing common functions or types that differ only in the set of types on which they operate when used, thus reducing duplication. Such software entities are known as "generics" in Ada, C#, Delphi, Eiffel, F#, Java, Nim, Python, Go, Rust, Swift, TypeScript and Visual Basic .NET. They are known as "parametric polymorphism" in ML, Scala, Julia, and Haskell (the Haskell community also uses the term "generic" for a related but somewhat different concept); "templates" in C++ and D; and "parameterized types" in the influential 1994 book "Design Patterns".


title: Generic programming

text: The term "generic programming" was originally coined by David Musser and Alexander Stepanov in a more specific sense than the above, to describe a programming paradigm whereby fundamental requirements on types are abstracted from across concrete examples of algorithms and data structures and formalized as concepts, with generic functions implemented in terms of these concepts, typically using language genericity mechanisms as described above.


title: Generic programming

text: The "generic programming" paradigm is an approach to software decomposition whereby fundamental requirements on types are abstracted from across concrete examples of algorithms and data structures and formalized as concepts, analogously to the abstraction of algebraic theories in abstract algebra. Early examples of this programming approach were implemented in Scheme and Ada, although the best known example is the Standard Template Library (STL), which developed a theory of iterators that is used to decouple sequence data structures and the algorithms operating on them.