title: Body armor

text: A shield is held in the hand or arm. Its purpose is to intercept attacks, either by stopping projectiles such as arrows or by glancing a blow to the side of the shield-user, and it can also be used offensively as a bludgeoning weapon. Shields vary greatly in size, ranging from large shields that protect the user's entire body to small shields that are mostly for use in hand-to-hand combat. Shields also vary a great deal in thickness; whereas some shields were made of thick wooden planking, to protect soldiers from spears and crossbow bolts, other shields were thinner and designed mainly for glancing blows away (such as a sword blow). In prehistory, shields were made of wood, animal hide, or wicker. In antiquity and in the Middle Ages, shields were used by foot soldiers and mounted soldiers. Even after the invention of gunpowder and firearms, shields continued to be used. In the 18th century, Scottish clans continued to use small shields, and in the 19th century, some non-industrialized peoples continued to use shields. In the 20th and 21st centuries, ballistic shields are used by military and police units that specialize in anti-terrorist action, hostage rescue, and siege-breaching.


title: Body armor

text: A combat helmet is among the oldest forms of personal protective equipment, and is known to have been worn in ancient India around 1700 BC and the Assyrians around 900 BC, followed by the ancient Greeks and Romans, throughout the Middle Ages, and up to the modern era. Their materials and construction became more advanced as weapons became more and more powerful. Initially constructed from leather and brass, and then bronze and iron during the Bronze and Iron Ages, they soon came to be made entirely from forged steel in many societies after about AD 950. At that time, they were purely military equipment, protecting the head from cutting blows with swords, flying arrows, and low-velocity musketry. Some late medieval helmets, like the great bascinet, rested on the shoulders and prevented the wearer from turning his head, greatly restricting mobility. During the 18th and 19th centuries, helmets were not widely used in warfare; instead, many armies used unarmored hats that offered no protection against blade or bullet. The arrival of World War I, with its trench warfare and wide use of artillery, led to mass adoption of metal helmets once again, this time with a shape that offered mobility, a low profile, and compatibility with gas masks. Today's militaries often use high-quality helmets made of ballistic materials such as Kevlar and Twaron, which have excellent bullet and fragmentation stopping power. Some helmets also have good non-ballistic protective qualities, though many do not. The two most popular ballistic helmet models are the PASGT and the MICH. The Modular Integrated Communications Helmet (MICH) type helmet has a slightly smaller coverage at the sides which allows tactical headsets and other communication equipment. The MICH model has standard pad suspension and four-point chinstrap. The Personal Armor System for Ground Troops (PASGT) helmet has been in use since 1983 and has slowly been replaced by the MICH helmet.


title: Body armor

text: A ballistic face mask is designed to protect the wearer from ballistic threats. Ballistic face masks are usually made of kevlar or other bullet-resistant materials and the inside of the mask may be padded for shock absorption, depending on the design. Due to weight restrictions, protection levels range only up to NIJ Level IIIA.


title: Body armor

text: A ballistic vest helps absorb the impact from firearm-fired projectiles and shrapnel from explosions, and is worn on the torso. Soft vests are made from many layers of woven or laminated fibers and can be capable of protecting the wearer from small caliber handgun and shotgun projectiles, and small fragments from explosives such as hand grenades.


title: Body armor

text: Metal or ceramic plates can be used with a soft vest, providing additional protection from rifle rounds, and metallic components or tightly woven fiber layers can give soft armor resistance to stab and slash attacks from a knife or bayonet. Soft vests are commonly worn by police forces, private citizens and private security guards or bodyguards, whereas hard-plate reinforced vests are mainly worn by combat soldiers, police tactical units and hostage rescue teams.


title: Body armor

text: A modern equivalent may combine a ballistic vest with other items of protective clothing, such as a combat helmet. Vests intended for police and military use may also include ballistic shoulder and side protection armor components, and explosive ordnance disposal technicians wear heavy armor and helmets with face visors and spine protection.


title: Body armor

text: Medieval armor often offered protection for all of the limbs, including metal boots for the lower legs, gauntlets for the hands and wrists, and greaves for the legs. Today, protection of limbs from bombs is provided by a bombsuit. Most modern soldiers sacrifice limb protection for mobility, since armor thick enough to stop bullets would greatly inhibit movement of the arms and legs.


title: Body armor

text: Due to the various different types of projectiles, it is often inaccurate to refer to a particular product as "bulletproof" because this suggests that it will protect against any and all projectiles. Instead, the term bullet resistant is generally preferred.


title: Body armor

text: Standards are regional. Around the world ammunition varies and armor testing must reflect the threats found locally.


title: Body armor

text: While many standards exist, a few standards are widely used as models. The US National Institute of Justice ballistic and stab documents are examples of broadly accepted standards. In addition to the NIJ, the United Kingdom's Home Office Scientific Development Branch (HOSDB—formerly the Police Scientific Development Branch (PSDB)) standards are also used by a number of other countries and organizations. These "model" standards are usually adapted by other countries by following the same basic test methodologies, while changing the specific ammunition tested. NIJ Standard-0101.06 has specific performance standards for bullet resistant vests used by law enforcement. This rates vests on the following scale against penetration and also blunt trauma protection (deformation):


title: Body armor

text: In 2018 or 2019, NIJ was expected to introduce the new NIJ Standard-0101.07. This new standard will completely replace the NIJ Standard-0101.06. The current system of using Roman numerals (II, IIIA, III, and IV) to indicate the level of threat will disappear and be replaced by a naming convention similar to the standard developed by UK Home Office Scientific Development Branch. HG (Hand Gun) is for soft armor and RF (Rifle) is for hard armor. Another important change is that the test-round velocity for conditioned armor will be the same as that for new armor during testing. For example, for NIJ Standard-0101.06 Level IIIA the .44 Magnum round is currently shot at 408 m/s for conditioned armor and at 436 m/s for new armor. For the NIJ Standard-0101.07, the velocity for both conditioned and new armor will be the same.


title: Body armor

text: In January 2012, the NIJ introduced BA 9000, body armor quality management system requirements as a quality standard not unlike ISO 9001 (and much of the standards were based on ISO 9001).


title: Body armor

text: In addition to the NIJ and HOSDB standards, other important standards include: the German Police's Technische Richtlinie (TR) Ballistische Schutzwesten, Draft ISO prEN ISO 14876, and Underwriters Laboratories (UL Standard 752).


title: Body armor

text: Textile armor is tested for both penetration resistance by bullets and for the impact energy transmitted to the wearer. The "backface signature" or transmitted impact energy is measured by shooting armor mounted in front of a backing material, typically oil-based modelling clay. The clay is used at a controlled temperature and verified for impact flow before testing. After the armor is impacted with the test bullet the vest is removed from the clay and the depth of the indentation in the clay is measured.


title: Body armor

text: The backface signature allowed by different test standards can be difficult to compare. Both the clay materials and the bullets used for the test are not common. In general the British, German and other European standards allow 20–25 mm of backface signature, while the US-NIJ standards allow for 44 mm, which can potentially cause internal injury. The allowable backface signature for this has been controversial from its introduction in the first NIJ test standard and the debate as to the relative importance of penetration-resistance vs. backface signature continues in the medical and testing communities.


title: Body armor

text: In general a vest's textile material temporarily degrades when wet. Neutral water at room temp does not affect para-aramid or UHMWPE but acidic, basic and some other solutions can permanently reduce para-aramid fiber tensile strength. (As a result of this, the major test standards call for wet testing of textile armor.) Mechanisms for this wet loss of performance are not known. Vests that will be tested after ISO-type water immersion tend to have heat-sealed enclosures and those that are tested under NIJ-type water spray methods tend to have water-resistant enclosures.


title: Body armor

text: From 2003 to 2005, a large study of the environmental degradation of Zylon armor was undertaken by the US-NIJ. This concluded that water, long-term use, and temperature exposure significantly affect tensile strength and the ballistic performance of PBO or Zylon fiber. This NIJ study on vests returned from the field demonstrated that environmental effects on Zylon resulted in ballistic failures under standard test conditions.


title: Body armor

text: Measuring the ballistic performance of armor is based on determining the kinetic energy of a bullet at impact. Because the energy of a bullet is a key factor in its penetrating capacity, velocity is used as the primary independent variable in ballistic testing. For most users the key measurement is the velocity at which no bullets will penetrate the armor. Measuring this zero penetration velocity (V0) must take into account variability in armor performance and test variability. Ballistic testing has a number of sources of variability: the armor, test backing materials, bullet, casing, powder, primer and the gun barrel, to name a few.


title: Body armor

text: Variability reduces the predictive power of a determination of V0. If, for example, the V0 of an armor design is measured to be with a 9 mm FMJ bullet based on 30 shots, the test is only an estimate of the real V0 of this armor. The problem is variability. If the V0 is tested again with a second group of 30 shots on the same vest design, the result will not be identical.


title: Body armor

text: Only a single low velocity penetrating shot is required to reduce the V0 value. The more shots made the lower the V0 will go. In terms of statistics, the zero penetration velocity is the tail end of the distribution curve. If the variability is known and the standard deviation can be calculated, one can rigorously set the V0 at a confidence interval. Test Standards now define how many shots must be used to estimate a V0 for the armor certification. This procedure defines a confidence interval of an estimate of V0. (See "NIJ and HOSDB test methods".)


title: Body armor

text: V0 is difficult to measure, so a second concept has been developed in ballistic testing called V50. This is the velocity at which 50 percent of the shots go through and 50 percent are stopped by the armor. US military standards define a commonly used procedure for this test. The goal is to get three shots that penetrate and a second group of three shots that are stopped by the armor all within a specified velocity range. It is possible, and desirable, to have a penetration velocity lower than a stop velocity. These three stops and three penetrations can then be used to calculate a V50 velocity.


title: Body armor

text: In practice this measurement of V50 often requires 1–2 vest panels and 10–20 shots. A very useful concept in armor testing is the offset velocity between the V0 and V50. If this offset has been measured for an armor design, then V50 data can be used to measure and estimate changes in V0. For vest manufacturing, field evaluation and life testing both V0 and V50 are used. However, as a result of the simplicity of making V50 measurements, this method is more important for control of armor after certification.


title: Body armor

text: Using dimensionless analysis, Cuniff arrived at a relation connecting the V and the system parameters for textile-based body armors. Under the assumption that the energy of impact is dissipated in breaking the yarn, it was shown that


title: Body armor

text: After the Vietnam War, military planners developed a concept of "Casualty Reduction". The large body of casualty data made clear that in a combat situation, fragments, not bullets, were the greatest threat to soldiers. After World War II vests were being developed and fragment testing was in its early stages. Artillery shells, mortar shells, aerial bombs, grenades, and antipersonnel mines are fragmentation devices. They all contain a steel casing that is designed to burst into small steel fragments or shrapnel, when their explosive core detonates. After considerable effort measuring fragment size distribution from various NATO and Soviet Bloc munitions, a fragment test was developed. Fragment simulators were designed and the most common shape is a Right Circular Cylinder or RCC simulator. This shape has a length equal to its diameter. These RCC Fragment Simulation Projectiles (FSPs) are tested as a group. The test series most often includes , , , and mass RCC FSP testing. The 2-4-16-64 series is based on the measured fragment size distributions.


title: Body armor

text: The second part of "Casualty Reduction" strategy is a study of velocity distributions of fragments from munitions. Warhead explosives have blast speeds of to . As a result, they are capable of ejecting fragments at speeds of over , implying very high energy (where the energy of a fragment is mass × velocity, neglecting rotational energy). The military engineering data showed that, like the fragment size, the fragment velocities had characteristic distributions. It is possible to segment the fragment output from a warhead into velocity groups. For example, 95% of all fragments from a bomb blast under have a velocity of or less. This established a set of goals for military ballistic vest design.


title: Body armor

text: The random nature of fragmentation required the military vest specification to trade off mass vs. ballistic-benefit. Hard vehicle armor is capable of stopping all fragments, but military personnel can only carry a limited amount of gear and equipment, so the weight of the vest is a limiting factor in vest fragment protection. The 2-4-16-64 grain series at limited velocity can be stopped by an all-textile vest of approximately 5.4 kg/m (1.1 lb/ft). In contrast to deformable lead bullets, fragments do not change shape; they are steel and can not be deformed by textile materials. The FSP (the smallest fragment projectile commonly used in testing) is about the size of a grain of rice; such small, fast-moving fragments can potentially slip through the vest, moving between yarns. As a result, fabrics optimized for fragment protection are tightly woven, although these fabrics are not as effective at stopping lead bullets.


title: Body armor

text: By the 2010s, the development of body armor had been stymied in regards to weight, in that designers had trouble increasing the protective capability of body armor while still maintaining or decreasing its weight.


title: Capon

text: A capon (from , genitive "cāpōnis") is a cockerel (rooster) that has been castrated or neutered, either physically or chemically, to improve the quality of its flesh for food, and, in some countries like Spain, fattened by forced feeding.


title: Capon

text: The origins of caponised chickens are contested. They were known in ancient China as well as in ancient Greece and ancient Rome.


title: Capon

text: An early record of caponisation is found under the Roman Republic: the Lex Faunia of 162 BC forbade fattening hens to conserve grain rations, so the Romans instead castrated roosters, which resulted in a doubling of size.


title: Capon

text: It was also practiced later throughout medieval times, with gastronomic texts describing capons as preferred poultry since the ordinary fowl of the farmyard was regarded as peasant fare and "popular malice crediting monks with a weakness for capons."


title: Capon

text: France is internationally renowned for maintaining a strong caponisation tradition with widespread and established industries throughout the country.


title: Capon

text: William Shakespeare mentioned capon in the famous "All the world's a stage" monologue from his play "As You Like It" (written c.1600). He similarly describes capon as a food of the wealthy. The monologue describes human life as consisting of seven stages, and the fifth stage is a middle-aged man who has reached the point where he has acquired wisdom and wealth. The monologue describes the fifth stage as: "The Justice, In fair round belly, with a good capon lin'd". In addition his character Sir John Falstaff is described as or implied to be fond of capons.


title: Capon

text: Caponisation is the process of turning a cockerel into a capon. Caponisation can be done by surgically removing the bird's testes, or may also be accomplished through the use of estrogen implants. With either method, the male sex hormones normally present are no longer effective. Caponisation must be done before the rooster matures so that it develops without the influence of male sex hormones.


title: Capon

text: Capons, due to the lack of the male sex drive, are not as aggressive as normal roosters. This makes capons easier to handle and allows capons to be kept together with other capons since their reduced aggression prevents them from fighting.


title: Capon

text: The lack of sex hormones results in meat that is less gamey in taste. Capon meat is also more moist, tender and flavorful than that of a cockerel or a hen, which is due not only to the hormonal differences during the capon's development but also because capons are not as active as roosters, which makes their meat more tender and fatty.


title: Capon

text: Capons are fairly rare in industrial meat production. Chickens raised for meat are bred and raised so that they mature very quickly. Industrial chickens can be sent to market in as little as five weeks. Capons produced under these conditions will taste very similar to conventional chicken meat, making their production unnecessary.


title: Capon

text: Capons are produced in France, in several provinces, notably the Gers and Jura regions. It is a speciality of Bresse (Chapon de Bresse), where it has its own appellation to differentiate it from other capons from other regions. In Bresse, it is exclusively produced from the Bresse blue foot breed (patte bleue), and fed a certain diet which makes it even more tender than from other regions and breeds, making it a desirable meat.


title: Capon

text: Capons are also produced in many regions of northern Italy, such as Piedmont, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Emilia-Romagna and Marche. In the early 20th century, capon was commonly eaten for the main family feast on Christmas in Tuscany and northern Italian regions, which was a rare treat for peasant or working class families.


title: Capon

text: In the gastronomy of Spain, capons are usually eaten during the Christmas season in the northern regions. Capons of Vilalba, Lugo are particularly famous and are sold all over the country.


title: Capon

text: In the UK physical caponisation was made illegal in 1982 via The Welfare of Livestock (Prohibited Operations) Regulations 1982. This was reinforced in 2007 by The Mutilations (Permitted Procedures) (England) Regulations 2007 which made castration of all domesticated birds illegal. It is not illegal to import castrated animals and capons are available for sale in the UK.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: Chopped is an American reality-based cooking television game show series created by Michael Krupat, Dave Noll and Linda Lea. It is hosted by Ted Allen. The series pits four chefs against each other as they compete for a chance to win $10,000. The series debuted in 2009, and episodes air every Tuesday at 9 p.m. ET on Food Network.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: A dessert-themed spin-off titled "Chopped Sweets" premiered on February 3, 2020, with Scott Conant as host.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: In each episode, four chefs compete in a three-round contest, where they attempt to incorporate unusual combinations of ingredients into dishes that are later evaluated by a panel of three judges. At the beginning of each round (typically "Appetizer", "Entrée", and "Dessert", but with occasional exceptions), the chefs are each given a basket containing four mystery ingredients and are expected to create dishes that use all of them in some way. Although failing to use an ingredient is not an automatic disqualification, the judges do take such omissions into account when making their decisions. The ingredients are often not commonly prepared together. For example, in the episode "Yucca, Watermelon, Tortillas," the Appetizer ingredients consisted of watermelon, canned sardines, pepper jack cheese, and zucchini. The chefs are given unlimited access to a pantry and refrigerator stocked with a wide variety of other ingredients, and each chef has his/her own stations for preparing and cooking food. The kitchen also includes a variety of specialized tools and equipment for the chefs' use, such as a deep fryer, a blast chiller, and an ice cream machine.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: Each round has a time limit, typically 20 minutes for Appetizer, and 30 minutes each for Entrée and Dessert. These limits have been extended on occasion for special-format episodes and for rounds in which one or more mystery ingredients require additional preparation/cooking time. The chefs must cook their dishes and complete four platings (three for the judges and one "beauty plate") before time runs out. Once time has expired, the judges critique the dishes based on presentation, taste and creativity and select one chef to be "chopped" - eliminated from the competition with no winnings. Allen reveals the judges' decision by lifting a cloche on their table to show the eliminated chef's dish, and one judge comments on the reasoning behind the choice. The Appetizer and Entrée rounds are judged independently from one another, while in the Dessert round, the judges consider the chefs' overall performance during the entire competition. The winner receives $10,000, but special competitions and tournaments have featured larger cash prizes.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: According to host Ted Allen, the show's unaired pilot episode was "...originally a lot more elaborate. It was set in a mansion, the host was a butler (played by Christopher Flockton, narrator of VH1's The Fabulous Life), the butler held a Chihuahua, and when a chef was chopped the losing dish was fed to the Chihuahua." The Food Network found the pilot episode "a little too weird", but decided to keep the general premise of the show in a more straightforward competition format.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: An episode of "Chopped" takes approximately 12 hours to tape, with deliberations after each round taking about 20 minutes. Judging is done by consensus among the judges.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: While contestants do not know the ingredients ahead of time, they are given a tour of the kitchen prior to taping. Some preliminary tasks, such as preheating ovens and bringing water to a boil, are done in advance of each round.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: Chefs must be 19 years or older to appear on the regular show. Teenagers and children are occasionally invited to compete in special episodes.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: Medical personnel are present in the studio to treat any injuries sustained by the chefs and may, at their discretion, disqualify a chef who appears unable to continue safely in the competition.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: If the judges consider a dish to be unsafe to eat for any reason, such as contamination by blood or other bodily fluids, they do not taste it but may still evaluate it on presentation and creativity.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: Starting September 8, 2009, Food Network aired a four-episode "Chopped Champions" tournament, in which 13 previous winners were invited to face off again. Four chefs competed per episode; the three losing chefs were eliminated from the tournament, while the winner received $10,000 and faced three new competitors in the next episode.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: As of February 2020, the network has aired six additional "Chopped Champions" tournaments, each consisting of four preliminary heats and a finale. Four previous champions compete in each preliminary heat; the winner receives no money, but secures a slot in the finale to compete for a $50,000 grand prize.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: Starting March 6, 2011, and continuing for four additional episodes, Food Network aired the "Chopped All-Stars" Tournament. Sixteen chefs competed. The first four episodes featured four types of chef: "The Next Food Network Star" contestants, Food Network celebrities, celebrity chefs, and "Chopped" judges. The winners of those four episodes then competed against each other in the "Grand Finale", where the winner received $50,000 to donate to a charity of his or her choice. Nate Appleman, a celebrity chef, won the competition and donated his $50,000 to Kawasaki Disease research, a disease from which his son suffered.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: Starting April 8, 2012, and continuing for four additional episodes, Food Network aired the second "Chopped All-Stars" Tournament. Sixteen new chefs competed, again ranging from four different categories of chef: "Iron Chef America" chefs (the newest of the four categories), Food Network and Cooking Channel celebrities, "The Next Food Network Star" contestants, and "Chopped" judges. Celebrity chef & "Chopped" judge Marcus Samuelsson won this second competition, donating the $50,000 grand prize to the Careers Through Culinary Arts Program of New York (aka C-CAP), which helps under-served youth through culinary arts education and employment.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: On April 7, 2013, the third installment of the "Chopped All-Stars" Tournament premiered on Food Network. Over the course of four episodes, sixteen chefs competed in groups of four. There were four different categories of the chefs through the episodes: Food Network vs. Cooking Channel, Mega Chefs, Chopped Judges, and celebrities, respectively. Winners of each of these rounds went on to compete against each other in the "Grand Finale" episode, where the winner received $50,000 to donate to a charity of his or her choice. Celebrity chef and "Chopped" judge Scott Conant won this competition, donating $50,000 to the Keep Memory Alive Foundation.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: On April 28, 2015, the fourth "All-Stars" Tournament began airing, with an increased grand prize of $75,000 to the winner. As before, they are split into groups of four chefs per episode, with the winner of each of the first four episodes competing in the fifth "Grand Finale" episode for the top prize. Unlike previous tournaments, however, the 16 chefs involved were not split into "categories", but were sorted in what seems to be a more random fashion. The winner was Anne Burrell who was playing for the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: Starting July 22, 2012, and continuing for four additional episodes, Food Network aired the "Chopped Grill Masters" Tournament. Sixteen "pro" grillers competed. The winners of the first four episodes competed against each other in the "Grand Finale" for a $50,000 prize. The "Grill Masters" episodes were taped outdoors at Old Tucson Studios near Tucson, AZ. The winner was Ernest Servantes, Executive Chef at Texas Lutheran University and Pit Boss at Burnt Bean Company.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: In the summer of 2015, a second "Grill Masters" Tournament occurred, and was sponsored by Lea & Perrins. Like the previous "Grill Masters" Tournament, it was filmed on location and 16 "pro" grillers competed. The 4 preliminary heat winners advanced to the finals where they would compete for a $50,000 grand prize. The winner was Angie Mar. The second heat of this particular tournament marked the first time that Chopped used a brand name on a basket ingredient, which in this case was the Worcestershire sauce, possibly because the ingredient was a product of tournament sponsor Lea & Perrins.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: On July 5, 2016 another 5-part "Grill Masters" Tournament premiered. This tournament was taped at the Beringer Vineyards in Napa Valley, CA, and featured 16 "pro" grillers. In contrast to past tournaments, the 4 finalists each won a guaranteed $10,000 for winning their heat, and the finalists competed to win another $50,000 for a total grand prize of $60,000. The winner of this tournament was Sophina Uong.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: During Season 19, Chopped held a 5-part "Tournament Of Stars". It was identical in format to the "All Stars" Tournaments, with 16 celebrities competing to win $50,000 for charity. The contestants were divided into 4 categorical groups for the first four episodes (sports stars, "" finalists, comedians, and actors, respectively). Winner Michael Imperioli donated his winnings to the Pure Land Project, an organization that helps build and maintain schools in rural Tibet.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: During Season 21, a 5-part "Ultimate Champions" Tournament was held, featuring 16 returning champions (12 amateurs and 4 professional chefs) competing to win $50,000, plus a new car of the winners choice from Buick. Like most celebrity tournaments, the returning champions were divided into 4 categorical groups for the first four episodes (professionals, amateur champs, heroes, and celebrities, respectively). The winner was Diana Sabater. The finale of this tournament also marked the first time that both civilian and celebrity contestants competed in the same episode.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: In the fall of 2015, "Chopped" aired a four-part "Chopped: Impossible" Tournament in which 12 former champions were invited back to compete for a grand prize of up to $40,000. Each basket contained ingredient combinations that were specifically chosen to be more difficult than usual. Four chefs competed in each of three preliminary heats, with "" host Robert Irvine as one of the three judges. The winners advanced to a two-round finale (Appetizer and Entree), in which Irvine observed their cooking but did not serve as a judge. The winner of the finale received $15,000 and competed directly against Irvine in a "Wild Card Entree" round, receiving an additional $25,000 if his/her dish was judged superior to Irvine's.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: Three 5-part Teen Tournaments have been held to date, in seasons 21, 25 and 29, following the same structure as other tournaments. Four teen chefs competed in each preliminary heat, with the winners advancing to the finale. Prizes were awarded in the finale as follows:


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: "Chopped After Hours" is a spin-off series that premiered on September 15, 2015 and airs at 11 p.m. ET on Tuesdays. Episodes consist of three segments, each featuring judges from a different "Chopped" episode as they prepare dishes using one of the mystery ingredient baskets given to the original contestants. The second season premiered on July 5, 2016.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: In season 33, "Chopped" will be holding a tournament consisting of 16 celebrities divided into four categories: internet celebrities, athletes, comedians, and TV and film stars, with a grand prize of $50,000 for charity. The event began on March 28, 2017.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: On September 5, 2019, it was announced that a five-episode stunt titled "Chopped: Sweets Showdown" will premiere on October 1, 2019.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: On April 7, 2020, the 47th season premiered with a series of episodes titled "Chopped: Beat the Judge". Three champions from previous episodes compete through the Appetizer and Entrée rounds. Allen then announces the format for the third round, in which the remaining chef competes against a "Chopped" judge for the $10,000 prize.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: On May 31, 2022, 16 chefs competed in a five-episode tournament judged by Maneet Chauhan, Scott Conant, and Chris Santos. The winners of four preliminary heats advanced to the finale, in which the winner became a sous-chef at a restaurant owned by the judge of his/her choice.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: Chopped Amateurs features contestants who do not have professional training or schooling; most are self-taught.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: Celebrity episodes: four celebrities competing for charity. Some episodes have featured teens or children competing. Occasionally the prize is a scholarship to a culinary school. Losing contestants on these episodes often receive a consolation prize, typically a $1,000 shopping spree on foodnetwork.com. On one occurrence the prize was a $40,000 scholarship, the runner-up received a $20,000 scholarship while the other two contestants each received a $5,000 scholarship.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: Holiday themed episodes have also occurred featuring holiday inspired ingredients (such as a chocolate Santa on a Christmas episode or candy blood on a halloween show) and the contestants are asked to prepare holiday themed dishes. There were also several themed episodes with non-holiday themes. These themes were based on either themed ingredients (e.g. spicy foods), world cuisines (e.g. Italian, Australian, New Orleans), chefs with the same background (notably, redemption episodes featuring former contestants that got "chopped" in their first appearances), or a combination.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: Some of the contestants on "Chopped" would go on to appear in Fox's reality show "Hell's Kitchen". William Lustberg, the runner up on the ninth episode of the first season, was the runner up on season 9 of "Hell's Kitchen". Roshni Mansukhani, the winner of the fourth episode of the second season, was eliminated in the eighth episode of the tenth season of "Hell's Kitchen". Jackie Baldassari, who was eliminated after the entrée in the tenth episode of the ninth season of Chopped, was eliminated in the ninth episode of the eleventh season of "Hell's Kitchen". Anthony "Anton" Testino, who was eliminated after the appetizer in the tenth episode of the fifth season, was eliminated in the fourteenth episode of the twelfth season of "Hell's Kitchen". Robyn Almodovar, the winner of the sixth episode of the twenty-fourth season, had previously been eliminated in the sixteenth episode of the tenth season of "Hell's Kitchen" and was later eliminated in thirteenth episode of the seventeenth season of "Hell's Kitchen". Finally, Hassan Musselmani, who was eliminated after the dessert in the third episode of the 35th season of Chopped, had previously been eliminated in the seventh episode of the fifteenth season of "Hell's Kitchen". In addition, Frank Bilotti, who was eliminated after the entrée in the third episode of the 37th season, had previously been eliminated in the tenth episode of the thirteenth season of "Hell's Kitchen". Some former contestants and judges from Chopped have also appeared on Beat Bobby Flay, as well as several former contestants appearing on another Food Network series "Cutthroat Kitchen".


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: "Chopped" won two James Beard Awards in 2012 from the James Beard Foundation: one medal for Best Show, In-Studio or Fixed Location, given to Ted Allen, the team of judges, Food Network, and producers Linda Lea, Dave Noll, and Vivian Sorenson; the other for Media Personality or Host, given to Allen. Also, "Chopped" was inducted into the Culinary Hall of Fame in 2012.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: A spin-off series titled "Chopped Sweets" premiered on February 3, 2020, with Scott Conant as host. It follows the same three-round competition/judging structure and $10,000 prize as the original, with chefs required to make desserts in every round that adhere to a theme announced by Conant. The judging panel consists of Conant and two other judges, and the time limit is typically extended from 30 minutes to 45 to allow proper time for baking.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: Beginning on January 2, 2014, Food Network also aired a Canadian version of "Chopped" called "Chopped Canada", which features Canadian contestants and judges. That adaptation was originally hosted by Canadian-born actor Dean McDermott for the first two seasons, and was then hosted by former CFL wide receiver Brad Smith. The rules are identical to the US counterpart as is the $10,000 prize. The show was cancelled on February 11, 2017, after four seasons.


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: Beginning July 23, 2014, Food Network South Africa began airing a local adaptation of "Chopped" called "Chopped South Africa".


title: Chopped (TV series)

text: Beginning June 27, 2021, Dubai TV began airing a local adaptation of "Chopped" called "Chopped تحدي الطبخ".


title: C. W. Post

text: Charles William Post (October 26, 1854 – May 9, 1914) was an American innovator, breakfast cereal and foods manufacturer and a pioneer in the prepared-food industry. He was the founder of what is now Post Consumer Brands.


title: C. W. Post

text: Charles William Post, commonly known as "C. W.", was born October 26, 1854, in Springfield, Illinois. He was the son of Charles Rollin Post and Caroline Lathrop Post, and grew up in the adopted hometown of Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States during Post's boyhood years.


title: C. W. Post

text: Post graduated from the public schools of Springfield and enrolled at Illinois Industrial University (known today as the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign), where he remained two years before leaving without a degree.


title: C. W. Post

text: After a brief stay in Independence, Kansas, Post returned to Springfield, where he remained for over a decade working as a salesman and manufacturer of agricultural machinery. During this interval Post invented and patented several farm implements, including a plow, a harrow, and a hay-stacking machine.


title: C. W. Post

text: In November 1874, Post married Ella Letitia Merriweather; they had one daughter, Marjorie. Ella supported her husband throughout his career and cared for him when he was ill. As Post became wealthier and began spending more time away from Ella, who was often ill, he slowly drifted away from her. Against her wishes, Post separated from her in 1904 and married his second wife, Leila Young, his 27-year-old secretary, in November 1904. Marjorie, who remained close to her father, later said that her mother died of "a broken heart" after Post divorced her and married his secretary. In a deceitful attempt to have his daughter become closer with his secretary (soon to be wife), C.W. hired her to be a travel companion for Marjorie. When Marjorie realized the ruse, she deeply resented Leila.


title: C. W. Post

text: Post suffered a mental breakdown in November 1885, the result of the stress and overwork which accompanied his job as a farm implement manufacturer. Post made a break with his previous life, moving to Texas in 1886, where he came into association with a group of real estate developers in Fort Worth, who were attempting to establish a new community on the eastern outskirts of a town called Riverside. In 1888, Post began a real estate development of his own in Fort Worth on that he had obtained, platting the land for streets and homes and constructing two mills.


title: C. W. Post

text: The stress of this work again proved too much for Post's constitution, and a second breakdown followed in 1891. Post began a period of extensive travels in search of a cure, coming to take particular interest in the chemistry of digestion. After a period traversing Europe, Post visited the Battle Creek Sanitarium of Battle Creek, Michigan, a facility operated by John Harvey Kellogg (brother of Kellogg Company founder Will Keith Kellogg). Post has been accused of stealing several of Kellogg's recipes, including Kellogg's Caramel Coffee Cereal (Post's Postum), Cornflakes (Toasties), and Malted Nuts (Grape Nuts).


title: C. W. Post

text: In 1895, Post founded Postum Cereal Co., with his first product, Postum cereal beverage. Post's first breakfast cereal premiered in 1897, and he named the product Grape-Nuts cereal because of the fruity aroma noticed during the manufacturing process and the nutty crunch of the finished product. In 1904, he followed up the Grape Nuts label with a brand of corn flakes, which was first called Elijah's Manna before being renamed Post Toasties in 1908. The British government refused to allow Post to market his cereal in the United Kingdom using the name Elijah's Manna, stating that it was sacrilegious.


title: C. W. Post

text: In 1906, Post invested some of his substantial earnings from his food products manufacturing into Texas real estate, purchasing a massive tract in Garza and Lynn Counties. Post platted a new town, which he called Post City. Shade trees were planted, farm parcels laid out, and a hotel, school, churches, and a department store were constructed for the new Garza County seat.


title: C. W. Post

text: In 1907, "Collier's Weekly" published an article questioning the claim made in advertisements for Grape Nuts that it could cure appendicitis. Post responded with advertisements questioning the mental capacity of the article's author, and "Collier's Weekly" sued for libel. The case was heard in 1910, and Post was fined $50,000. The decision was overturned on appeal, but advertisements for Postum products stopped making such claims.


title: C. W. Post

text: Post was a staunch opponent of the trade union movement and was remembered by the National Association of Manufacturers as one who "opposed bitterly boycotts, strikes, lockouts, picketing and other forms of coercion in the relations between employer and employee." Post was also a leading public advocate of the open shop system. However, as compensation, Post paid the highest wages, and provided bonuses and benefits. Near Battle Creek, he had model homes built that were sold to employees under certain conditions.


title: C. W. Post

text: At the end of 1913, the chronically ill Post's health deteriorated to the point that he canceled public appearances. In early March 1914, Post was believed to be suffering from appendicitis and was rushed via a nonstop train from California to Rochester, Minnesota, to be operated on by Drs. William and Charles Mayo, regarded as the preeminent surgeons of the day. Mayo brothers operated (successfully) sometime between March 5 and 10, 1914, without any relief from the life long abdominal pains, according to the book American Empress: The Life and Times of Marjorie Merriweather Post. The breakfast cereal magnate returned home to Santa Barbara. Even with surgical remedy, he was still plagued by stomach pain.


title: C. W. Post

text: On May 9, 1914, despondent over his ongoing stomach illness, Post died by suicide with a self-inflicted gunshot. He was 59 years old. His 27-year-old daughter, Marjorie Merriweather Post, inherited his company along with most of his vast fortune, one of the largest of the early 20th century.


title: C. W. Post

text: Marjorie Merriweather Post later married financier E. F. Hutton and owned a estate on Long Island's North Shore called "Hillwood." Marjorie sold the estate in 1951 for $200,000 to Long Island University, which founded its residential C.W. Post College in 1954, marking the 100th anniversary of C.W. Post's birth. For a while named the C.W. Post Center and then the C.W. Post Campus, what was C.W. Post College has now become mainly a commuter campus called LIU/Post, and it has about 8,500 full- and part-time students and over 100,000 alumni.


title: Bhimashankar Temple

text: Bhimashankar Temple is a Jyotirlinga shrine located 50 km Khed taluka (alias Rajgurunagar), near Pune, in Maharashtra, India. It is located 127 km from Shivajinagar (in Pune) in the Ghat region of the Sahyadri Mountains. Bhīmāshankar is also the source of the river Bhima, which flows southeast and merges with the Krishna river near Raichur. The other Jyotirlinga shrines in Maharashtra are Trimbakeshwar near Nashik and Grishneshwar.


title: Bhimashankar Temple

text: As per the Shiv Mahapuran, once Brahma (the Hindu God for creation) and Vishnu (the Hindu God for protection) had an argument about creation. To test them, Shiva pierced the three worlds as a huge endless pillar of light, the "jyotirlinga". Vishnu and Brahma split their ways to search downwards and upwards respectively to find the end of the light in either direction. Brahma lied that he found out where it ends, while Vishnu accepted defeat. Shiva appeared as the second pillar of light and cursed Brahma that He would have no place in ceremonies while Vishnu would be worshipped till the end of eternity. The "jyotirlinga" is the supreme partless reality, out of which Shiva partly appears. The "jyotirlinga" shrines, thus are places where Shiva appeared as a fiery column of light.


title: Bhimashankar Temple

text: There are 64 forms of Shiva, not to be confused with Jyotirlingas. Each of the twelve "jyothirlinga" sites take the name of the presiding deity - each considered different manifestation of Shiva. At all these sites, the primary image is "lingam" representing the beginningless and endless "Stambha" pillar, symbolizing the infinite nature of Shiva. The twelve "jyothirlinga" are Somnath in Gujarat, Mallikarjuna at Srisailam in Andhra Pradesh, Mahakaleswar at Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh, Omkareshwar in Madhya Pradesh, Kedarnath in Himalayas, Bhīmāshankar in Maharashtra, Viswanath at Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, Triambakeshwar in Maharashtra, Vaidyanath in Jharkhand, Nageshvara Jyotirlinga at Dwarka in Gujarat, Rameshwar at Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu and Grishneshwar in Maharashtra. There is a clear reference in stotra about "Paralyam Vaidyanatham" meaning Vaidyanath jyotirlinga situated at Parali (Beed district) in Maharashtra.


title: Bhimashankar Temple

text: The Bhimashankar temple is a composite of old and new structures in the Nagara style of architecture. It shows the excellency of the skills achieved by ancient Vishwakarma sculptors. It is a modest yet graceful temple and it dates back to the 13th century while the "sabhamandap" was built in the 18th century by Nana Phadnavis. The shikhara was built by Nana Phadnavis. The great Maratha ruler Chattrapati Shivaji Maharaj is said to have made endowments to this temple to facilitate worship services. As with other Shiva temples in this area, the sanctum is at a lower level.


title: Bhimashankar Temple

text: Although the structure here is fairly new, the shrine Bhimashankaram (and the Bhimarathi river) have been referred to in literature dating back to the 13th century CE. Saint Jnaneshwar is said to have visited Tryambakeshwar and Bhimashankar. A unique bell (Roman style) can be seen in front of the temple. This bell has an idol of Mother Mary with Jesus. This large bell was presented by Chimaji Appa (Brother of Bajirao Peshwa I and uncle of Nanasaheb Peshwa). On 16 May 1739, Chimaji Appa collected five large bells after he won a war against the Portuguese from the Vasai Fort. He offered one here at Bhimashankar and the others at Menavali near Wai in front of a Shiva Temple on the banks of the Krishna river, Banshanker temple (Pune), Omkareshwar Temple (Pune) and Ramlinga temple (Shirur).


title: Bhimashankar Temple

text: There are Buddha style carvings of Amba-Ambika, Bhootling, and Bhimashankar in the hills of Manmaad near Bhimashankar at a height of 1034 metres. A big bell in Hemadpanthi structure built by Nana Phadanavis is a feature of Bhimashankar. Places that can be visited in the vicinity include Hanuman Lake, Gupt Bhimashankar, Origin of River Bhima, Nag Phani, Bombay Point, and Sākshi Vinayak. Bhimashankar is a reserved forest area of 130.78 km and was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1985. This sanctuary is a part of the Western Ghats, so it is rich in floral and faunal diversity. A variety of birds, animals, insects and plants can be seen. A rare animal Malabar Giant squirrel locally called as "Shekaru" can be found in the deep woods. The Bhorgiri fort is close to Bhimashankar.


title: Bhimashankar Temple

text: There is a shrine known as Kalmaja near the Bhimashankar temple. Kalamaja is a Goddess dedicated to a tree named Kalamb. She is a local tribal Goddess and many stories have been spawned due to the influence of Hinduism on this region.


title: Bhimashankar Temple

text: The "Mokshakund thirtha" is behind the Bhimashankar temple, and it is associated with the rishi Kaushika. There are also the Sarvathīrtha, the Kusharanya thirtha - where the Bhima river begins to flow eastward, and the Jyanakund.


title: Bhimashankar Temple

text: Bhimashankar is an ancient shrine, one of the 12 Jyotirlingas of Shiva. Far away from the tumult of urban life, peeping through the white clouds, Bhimashankar can be termed a pilgrim's paradise. The dense forests surrounding the high ranges are an abode for rare species of flora and fauna. Situated at the extreme end of the Sahyadri Ranges, this place gives a wonderful view of the world around the local rivers and hill stations.


title: Bhimashankar Temple

text: Bhimashankar is the source of the Bhima River, which flows southeast and merges with the Krishna River. With endless stretches of virgin forests, lofty peaks that seem to reach out to the heavens, and the whispering waters of the Bhimā River, Bhimashankar is definitely one of God's choicest creations.


title: Bhimashankar Temple

text: It seems as if Lord Shiva is keeping a silent vigil over the majestic ranges of the Sahyadris. The serenity interrupted only by the silent murmuring of the cool breeze and the occasional chirping of birds, Bhimashankar is a trekker's delight and a traveller's sojourn.


title: Bhimashankar Temple

text: The Khed/Rajgurunagar is the administrative taluka in Pune district, comprising the upper reaches of the Ghod and Bhīmā rivers. Bhimashankar Temple has located in the village of Bhorgiri 50 km in the north west of Khed. It is located 127 km away from Pune in the Ghat region of the Sahyadri hills. It is also the location of the Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary. It is about 130 km from Pune by road and 62 km away from Manchar. Bhimashankar is in Pune District.


title: Bhimashankar Temple

text: Although the present structure of the temple appears to be of comparatively recent origin, the shrine Bhimashankaram (and the Bhimarathi river) have been referred to in literature dating back to the 13th century. Built in the Nagara style of architecture, this temple is a modest yet graceful temple and dates back to the 18th century.


title: Bhimashankar Temple

text: It is believed that the ancient shrine was erected over a Swayambhu Lingam (that is the self emanated Shiva Lingam). It can be observed that the Lingam is exactly at the centre of the floor of the Garbagriham (the Sanctum Sanctorum) of the temple. Intricate carvings of divine beings, interspersed with human figurines adorn the pillars and the doorframes of the temple. Scenes from mythology find themselves captured in these magnificent carvings.


title: Bhimashankar Temple

text: Within the temple precincts, there is also a small shrine dedicated to Lord Shani Mahātma (also called Shanaeshwara). The idol of Nandi, Lord Shiva's vāhan (vehicle) has been installed as is the case with all the Siva Temples, just at the entrance of the temple.


title: Bhimashankar Temple

text: This temple is closely associated with the legend of Shiva slaying the demon Tripurāsura associated with the invincible flying citadels, the "Tripurās". Shiva is said to have taken abode in the 'Bhima Shankara' form, upon the request of the Gods, on the crest of the Sahyadri hills, and the sweat that poured forth from His body after the battle is said to have formed the Bhimarathi river.


title: Bhimashankar Temple

text: The Gopura-shikhara of the temple was built by Nāna Phadnavis. The great Maratha ruler, Shivāji is also said to have made endowments to this temple to facilitate the carrying out, of worship services. As with other Shiva temples in this area, the sanctum is at a lower level.


title: Bhimashankar Temple

text: Between the two pillars outside the 'Shani' temple, one comes across an ancient huge Portuguese bell. Behind the temple, there is a small pathway that leads one to the banks of a river.


title: Bhimashankar Temple

text: "Stepping out of the Temple, one is awed with a bewitching view of the virgin wilderness, occasionally interrupted by the glimpses of the majestic forts on the surrounding mountains."


title: Bhimashankar Temple

text: History unveils itself in the peaks of the Sahyadris. Bhimashankar – a place where spiritual splendor merges with nature's magnificence is definitely a pilgrim's paradise. There are other temples and shrines, near the main temple. There is a shrine to Kamalaja near the Bhimashankar temple. Kamalaja is an incarnation of Parvathi, who aided Shiva in his battle against Tripuraasura. Kamalajaa was worshipped with offerings of lotus flowers by Brahma.


title: Bhimashankar Temple

text: There is a shrine for Siva Ganams, Shaakini and Daakini who assisted Shiva in the battle against the demon, Bhima. Kaushika Maha Muni is said to have done 'Tapas' (penance) there. The place where he bathed is called Mokshakund thirtham, which is located behind the Bhimashankar temple. There are also the Sarvathirtha, the Kusharanya thirtha - where the Bhīmā river begins to flow eastward, and the Jnyanakund.


title: Sweet November (2001 film)

text: Sweet November is a 2001 American romantic drama film based in San Francisco directed by Pat O'Connor and starring Keanu Reeves and Charlize Theron. The film is based on the 1968 film "Sweet November" written by Herman Raucher, which starred Anthony Newley and Sandy Dennis; however, it has a different ending.


title: Sweet November (2001 film)

text: "Sweet November" was released on February 16, 2001. It received negative reviews from critics and grossed $65 million worldwide.


title: Sweet November (2001 film)

text: Nelson Moss meets Sara Deever, a woman very different from anyone he has met before. His ignorance leads to her failing her driving test. She beguiles him and continually asks him to spend a month with her on the promise that she will change his life for the better. On the first night of November, after Nelson is fired and dumped on the same day, she sleeps with him, and the next day Chaz, a close friend of Sara's, arrives and refers to Nelson as Sara's "November".


title: Sweet November (2001 film)

text: Throughout November, the two experience happy times together and fall in love. Nelson examines his life and past, and befriends a 10-year-old fatherless child named Abner. Eventually, he realizes he is in love with Sara and asks her to marry him. It is revealed that Sara has terminal cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Because she cannot bear to have Nelson experience her death, she asks him to leave. Sara tells Chaz that Nelson proposed to her. Chaz says that it wasn't the first time that a man had proposed, implying Sara has had numerous "months" before. Sara confirms this but claims it was the first time she had wanted to say yes. She decides she will not continue the relationship to protect Nelson from being hurt. Nelson complies, but then stages a surprise return during the Thanksgiving holiday, giving her gifts that remind her of their happy times.


title: Sweet November (2001 film)

text: They stay together for one more day; he posts November calendars all over her apartment walls, saying it can always be November for them. They make love, but the next morning, Nelson finds Sara is dressed. She asks him to leave, and he sees she has taken down the calendars. Sara runs out of her apartment with Nelson chasing her in the street until finally she stops along a foot bridge to the park entrance. There, Sara asks Nelson to let her go so that he will always have happy memories of her, and explains that this is how she needs to be remembered. She will return home to her family (whom she had been avoiding) and face her last days.


title: Sweet November (2001 film)

text: Sara then blindfolds Nelson, leads him into the park, and gives him a last kiss. Nelson takes off the blindfold and sees that he is alone in the park he and Sara went on one of their first dates. His eyes fill with tears.


title: Sweet November (2001 film)

text: The film opened at number 4 at the North American box office making $11,015,226 in its opening weekend behind "", "Down to Earth" and "Hannibal". It ultimately grossed only $25.2 million domestically with an additional $40.4 million overseas to a total of $65.7 million worldwide.


title: Sweet November (2001 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 15% based on 98 reviews, with an average rating of 3.52/10. The website's critics consensus states: "Schmaltzy and manipulative, "Sweet November" suffers from an implausible plot and non-existent chemistry between its leads." At Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 27 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Sweet November (2001 film)

text: Todd McCarthy of Variety called it: "A contrived but entirely workable premise is given a well-tooled treatment in Sweet November, a femme-slanted doomed romance with a heavily calculated feel to it."


title: Sweet November (2001 film)

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it 1 out of 4, and wrote: "Passes off pathological behavior as romantic bliss. It's about two sick and twisted people playing mind games and calling it love."


title: Sweet November (2001 film)

text: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone warned: "Beware all male viewers who enter here, you are in chick-movie hell."


title: Sweet November (2001 film)

text: The film was nominated for three Golden Raspberry Awards, including Worst Remake or Sequel (where it lost to "Planet of the Apes"), Worst Actor for Keanu Reeves (lost to Tom Green for "Freddy Got Fingered") and Worst Actress for Charlize Theron (lost to Mariah Carey for "Glitter"). It is listed on Golden Raspberry Award founder John Wilson's book "The Official Razzie Movie Guide" as one of the 100 Most Enjoyably Bad Movies Ever Made.


title: Billie Kay

text: Jessica McKay (born 23 June 1989) is an Australian professional wrestler. She is best known for her time in WWE, where she performed under the ring name Billie Kay and for her time in Impact Wrestling, where she competed as Jessie McKay.


title: Billie Kay

text: In June 2007, Kay made her professional wrestling debut at Pro Wrestling Alliance (PWA), and she debuted one-year later for the Pro Wrestling Women's Alliance promotion, where she became a two-time PWWA Champion. She later started competing on the independent circuit for multiple promotions in the United States for several years, most notably and commonly for Shimmer Women Athletes.


title: Billie Kay

text: McKay began watching wrestling at the age of 10 along with her brother, and started her professional wrestling career first attending to the Australian promotion based in Sydney, Pro Wrestling Australia. Prior to becoming a wrestler, McKay excelled in basketball. She attended the same high school (Westfields Sports) as fellow wrestler Cassie Lee.


title: Billie Kay

text: McKay was trained by Madison Eagles. She debuted on 23 June 2007, on her eighteenth birthday, at PWA Australia with a win over Eagles and Aurora, wrestling under her birth name as Jessie McKay.


title: Billie Kay

text: On 2 August 2008, McKay defeated defending champion Kellie Skater to win the PWWA Championship for the first time. She had one successful title defence on 8 November against Tenille Tayla. On 22 November, she lost her title to Penni Lane. After Lane vacated her title due to injury, McKay won the PWWA Championship for the second time in a four-way match against Kellie Skater, Sway, and Shazza McKenzie on 14 September 2009. McKay had two successful title defences against KC Cassidy and Madison Eagles in March and May 2010, but lost the title to Eagles on 11 June 2010.


title: Billie Kay

text: In September 2011, McKay failed to win a three-way match for the Shimmer Championship also featuring champion Madison Eagles and Nicole Matthews. In August 2012, in a match to crown the interim PWWA Champion, she was defeated by Evie.


title: Billie Kay

text: McKay began wrestling for the American all-female promotion Shimmer Women Athletes in October 2008, making her debut at "Volume 21" along with Madison Eagles as the Pink Ladies, participating in a tag team gauntlet match to determine the inaugural Shimmer Tag Team Champions, but were the first team eliminated. McKay made her singles debut in Shimmer with a loss to Kellie Skater at "Volume 24".


title: Billie Kay

text: At "Volume 33" in September 2010, McKay defeated Nicole Matthews, after losing to Matthews earlier that year in April at "Volume 30". She followed up with an upset victory over Ayako Hamada and Sara Del Rey in a three-way match by pinning former Shimmer Champion Del Rey at "Volume 34". As a result, later in September 2010, McKay was granted a title match against her trainer and former tag partner, Shimmer Champion Madison Eagles at "Volume 35", but failed to win.


title: Billie Kay

text: After her failed title challenge, McKay continued her feud with Nicole Matthews. At "Volume 36", she teamed up with Tenille, challenging The Canadian NINJAs (Matthews and Portia Perez) for the Shimmer Tag Team Championship, but were defeated. However, she gained a victory over the Canadian NINJAs at "Volume 38" while teaming with Serena. McKay concluded her feud with Matthews with a loss in a two-out-of-three falls match at "Volume 39" in March 2011.


title: Billie Kay

text: In March 2012, victories over Mia Yim at "Volume 45" and former Shimmer Champion MsChif at "Volume 46" led to McKay receiving another shot at the Shimmer Championship, but lost to defending champion Cheerleader Melissa at "Volume 47". At "Volume 53" in April 2013, McKay was defeated by Madison Eagles in Eagles' return match. At "Volume 57", Kay defeated Mercedes Martinez.


title: Billie Kay

text: Other than wrestling for Shimmer, McKay has also wrestled for other American promotions, including Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW) and Ring of Honor (ROH) in 2008, and Chikara in 2011. She also wrestled for the Canadian promotion NCW Femmes Fatales in 2012. McKay debuted for the American promotion Shine Wrestling at "Shine 9" in April 2014, with a victory in a six-person tag team match, teaming with Kellie Skater and Shazza McKenzie to defeat Nikki Roxx, Santana and Mia Yim.


title: Billie Kay

text: McKay received a tryout with WWE during their tour of Australia in August 2014 and became an NXT trainee on 13 April 2015. McKay made her televised in-ring debut on the 10 June episode of "NXT", where she competed in a losing effort against Becky Lynch under the ring name Jessie. On 7 August, she was given the new ring name Billie Kay. After competing in most of her matches at "NXT" as a face,<ref name="NXT 02/09/15"></ref><ref name="NXT 09/09/15"></ref> Kay competed on her first match as a heel on the 21 October episode of "NXT", losing to Asuka.<ref name="NXT 21/10/15"></ref> Through the end of 2015, Kay started being managed by fellow wrestler, Sylvester Lefort, during multiple NXT live events,<ref name="NXT live 06/11/15"></ref> however, it did not last for long after Lefort was released from his contract in February 2016.


title: Billie Kay

text: On the 13 January 2016 episode of "NXT", Kay competed in a number one contender's battle royal for Bayley's NXT Women's Championship, which was won by Carmella. Kay made her first appearance on the main roster on the 30 June episode of "SmackDown", where she worked as a jobber losing to Dana Brooke.<ref name="SmackDown 30/06/16"></ref> Kay finally made her return to "NXT" television on 27 July, where she achieved her first live victory in the company by defeating Santana Garrett.<ref name="NXT 27/07/16"></ref> After asking NXT's general manager William Regal for a match at on the 17 August episode of "NXT", she was granted one against the debutant Ember Moon. At the event on 20 August, Kay was defeated by Moon. Following a brief hiatus, Kay returned on the 21 September episode of "NXT", where she defeated Aliyah.<ref name="NXT 21/09/16"></ref>


title: Billie Kay

text: In October, Kay started an alliance with Peyton Royce, later dubbed The Iconic Duo, and later entered a feud with Liv Morgan with the duo attacking and defeating Morgan in singles matches.<ref name="NXT 12/10/16"></ref> This ultimately led to a six-women tag team match at , which was taped and aired for the 23 November episode of "NXT", in which Aliyah, Ember Moon, and Morgan defeated Kay, Royce, and their partner Daria Berenato.<ref name="NXT23/11/16"></ref> In the end of December, Kay and Royce were placed in a brief feud with the NXT Women's Champion Asuka after the latter stated there is no competition for her.<ref name="NXT21/12/16"></ref> This resulted in a fatal four-way match, which also involved Nikki Cross, at the event on 28 January 2017, in which both Kay and Royce failed to capture the NXT Women's Championship.


title: Billie Kay

text: Kay and Royce, now dubbed The IIconics, made their main roster debut on the 10 April 2018 episode of "SmackDown Live" attacking then SmackDown Women's Champion Charlotte Flair, whilst she was cutting a promo about her match at WrestleMania 34. Week later, Kay lost to Flair. In their first match together as part of the main roster, The IIconics racked up their first victory against Asuka and Becky Lynch. Throughout the next few months, Kay competed in various singles and tag team matches but ended up on the losing end. In August, The IIconics started their first feud on the main roster, with Naomi, and the two were able to defeat her in singles matches. Eventually, Naomi teamed up with Asuka but lost to the IIconics at the Super Show-Down on 6 October, held in the latter's homeland of Australia. Three weeks later, both Kay and Royce took part in WWE's first all-women's pay-per-view, Evolution; they were the first two eliminated from a battle royal for a future women's championship match.


title: Billie Kay

text: On 27 January 2019, both Kay and Royce entered their first Royal Rumble match at number 7 and number 9, respectively, and they managed to eliminate Nikki Cross, before they both were eliminated by Lacey Evans. On 17 February, at the Elimination Chamber event, The IIconics competed in a tag team Elimination Chamber match for the inaugural WWE Women's Tag Team Championship, which was won by The Boss 'n' Hug Connection (Bayley and Sasha Banks). In March, The IIconics started a feud with Banks and Bayley, whom they defeated in a non-title match. Because of their win, they (and two other teams) challenged Banks and Bayley for the championship at WrestleMania 35 in a fatal four-way match. At the event, which took place on 7 April, The IIconics won the match after Kay pinned Bayley to win the Women's Tag Team Championship for the first time. On the 5 August episode of "Raw", The IIconics lost the titles to Alexa Bliss and Nikki Cross in a fatal four-way match also involving the teams of The Kabuki Warriors (Asuka and Kairi Sane) and Fire and Desire (Mandy Rose and Sonya Deville). On 16 October, it was announced that The IIconics had been drafted to the Raw brand as supplemental picks of the 2019 WWE Draft.


title: Billie Kay

text: After a brief hiatus, Kay and Royce made their return on the 11 May 2020 episode of "Raw", interrupting WWE Women's Tag Team Champions Alexa Bliss and Nikki Cross. They later defeated the champions in a non-title match. They would unsuccessfully challenge for the WWE Women's Tag Team Championships multiple times throughout the summer. They would begin a feud with Ruby Riott mocking her backstage for not having any friends. They would go on to trade victories as Kay and Royce defeated Riott while Riott defeated Kay. At Payback, The IIconics were defeated by Riott and her newly reunited tag partner Liv Morgan. The following night on "Raw", The IIconics were forced to disband after losing to The Riott Squad per stipulation.


title: Billie Kay

text: As part of the 2020 Draft in October, Kay went undrafted and was subsequently signed as a free agent to the SmackDown brand. Kay would then begin a storyline on SmackDown where she would offer Superstars such as Street Profits and Big E to look at her resume only to be rejected by them. On the 1 January 2021 episode of "SmackDown", she helped The Riott Squad defeat Natalya and Tamina, much to their dismay. Over the next few weeks, Kay would try to persuade The Riott Squad to add her to their group as she accompanied them to the ring during their matches and attempted to interfere in matches on their behalf, seemingly turning face for the first time since October 2015. However, Kay resumed as a heel when she teamed with Carmella for a tag team turmoil match on Night 1 of WrestleMania 37, which was won by Natalya and Tamina. This would in turn be Kay's final appearance in WWE as she (along with her former partner Peyton Royce) were released from their WWE contracts on 15 April 2021.


title: Billie Kay

text: At Knockouts Knockdown on 9 October 2021, it was announced that The IIconics, now known as The IInspiration, would be making their debut for Impact Wrestling at Bound for Glory. At Bound for Glory, they defeated Decay (Havok and Rosemary) to win the Impact Knockouts World Tag Team Championship. On November 20, at Turning Point, The IInspiration had their first successful title defense, when they defeated Decay once again. On April 27th, McKay and McIntosh requested their immediate release from Impact Wrestling, they announced on their Twitter accounts.


title: Billie Kay

text: On April 29, 2022, the filmmaker Michael Matteo Rossi confirmed that McKay would star in his upcoming film "The Charisma Killers". It was also revealed that McKay's character in the film would be Swinger Wife Claire.


title: Billie Kay

text: McKay as Billie Kay made her WWE video game debut as a playable character in "WWE 2K18", having since appeared in both "WWE 2K19, WWE 2K20," and "WWE 2K22."


title: Billie Kay

text: On 16 May 2021, McKay along with long time tag team partner and best friend Cassandra McIntosh launched a comedy and variety podcast titled "Off Her Chops".


title: Patty McCormack

text: Patricia McCormack (born Patricia Ellen Russo in 1945) is an American actress with a career in theater, films, and television.


title: Patty McCormack

text: McCormack began her career as a child actress. She is perhaps best known for her performance as Rhoda Penmark in Maxwell Anderson's 1956 psychological drama "The Bad Seed". She received critical acclaim for the role on Broadway and was nominated for an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Mervyn LeRoy's film adaptation. Her acting career has continued with both starring and supporting roles in film and television, including Helen Keller in the original "Playhouse 90" production of "The Miracle Worker", Jeffrey Tambor's wife Anne Brookes on the ABC sitcom "The Ropers", and as Pat Nixon in "Frost/Nixon" (2008).


title: Patty McCormack

text: She also appeared in the November 11, 1982, season 3 episode 8..."Foiled Again" of "Magnum, P.I." with Tom Selleck. She was also cast and appeared as Adriana La Cerva's mother in "The Sopranos".


title: Patty McCormack

text: McCormack was a child model at the age of four, and began appearing on television at the age of seven. She made her motion-picture debut in "Two Gals and a Guy" (1951) and appeared as Ingeborg in the television series "Mama" with Peggy Wood from 1953 to 1956. Her Broadway debut was in "Touchstone" (1953), and the following year, she originated the role of Rhoda Penmark, an eight-year-old psychopath and fledgling serial killer, in the original stage version of Maxwell Anderson's "The Bad Seed" (1954) with Nancy Kelly. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the film version (1956). She portrayed Helen Keller in the original 1957 "Playhouse 90" production of William Gibson's "The Miracle Worker" opposite Teresa Wright.


title: Patty McCormack

text: In 1957, she was cast by Orson Welles in his film adaptation of "Don Quixote", but filming had to be abandoned for budgetary reasons, and was never fully completed. When a version was edited together in 1992, some years after Welles's death, it did not include any of McCormack's scenes, though they had been central to the framing of the plot. In 1959 she was in an episode of "" called "Make Me Not a Witch". She had the role of a pampered child star in the 1958 comedy "Kathy O'" and recorded the title song for Dot Records. McCormack briefly starred in her own series, "Peck's Bad Girl", with Marsha Hunt and Wendell Corey in 1959, and had a leading role in MGM's remake of "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" with Eddie Hodges. In the early 1960s, she starred in a series of popular teenage delinquent films, including "The Explosive Generation" with William Shatner and "The Young Runaways". In 1962, she portrayed Julie Cannon in the "Rawhide" episode "Episode of the Wolves"; she appeared on the show again the following year, playing Sarah Higgins in the episode "Incident at Paradise".


title: Patty McCormack

text: She married restaurateur Bob Catania in 1967, and the couple had two children before their marriage was dissolved. After a half-dozen teen roles during the 1960s, her film career gradually declined, but she continued to work in television. In 1970, she played Linda Warren on the soap opera "The Best of Everything". She guest-starred on "The Streets of San Francisco", season two, episode "Blockade". She also portrayed a San Francisco paramedic on the season-seven "Emergency!" series episodes "What's a Nice Girl Like You Doing...?" and "The Convention". She resumed her cinema career with "Bug" in 1975.


title: Patty McCormack

text: McCormack held several recurring roles in popular television series, including "Dallas", "Murder, She Wrote", and "The Sopranos". McCormack also starred as Anne Brookes, the wife of Jeffrey P. Brookes III (played by Jeffrey Tambor) on the ABC television series "The Ropers", a spin-off of "Three's Company" starring Norman Fell and Audra Lindley, from 1979 to 1980. When Kathryn Hays left the CBS soap opera "As the World Turns" for an extended period, McCormack took Hays' role until she returned. She starred as a psychotic mother in the cult thriller "Mommy" and its 1997 sequel "". In 2008, McCormack played First Lady Pat Nixon in the feature film "Frost/Nixon". McCormack continues to work regularly and she costarred in the 2012 series "Have You Met Miss Jones?". A recent film appearance is in the 2014 release "Chicanery" and she guest-starred in a 2013 episode of the series "Hart of Dixie". Her most notable recent work was in the Paul Thomas Anderson film " The Master".


title: Patty McCormack

text: In April 2018, it was announced that McCormack would join the cast of "General Hospital" temporarily replacing Leslie Charleson in the role of Monica Quartermaine due to injuries Charleson sustained in a fall. In September 2018, McCormack portrayed Dr. March, the child psychiatrist consulted in the 2018 television remake of "The Bad Seed".


title: Patty McCormack

text: McCormack was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress for "The Bad Seed". On March 20, 1956, she received the Milky Way "Gold Star Award" as the most outstanding juvenile performer, in which Sal Mineo was placed third and Tommy Rettig second.


title: Patty McCormack

text: Her star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame is at 6312 Hollywood Boulevard. She received the star in 1960 aged 15, making her the youngest honoree on the Walk.


title: Patty McCormack

text: McCormack was a guest for the 2009 Mid-Atlantic Nostalgia Convention, where her films were screened, and she received an award during the closing ceremonies.


title: Upper Austria

text: Upper Austria ( ; ) is one of the nine states or of Austria. Its capital is Linz. Upper Austria borders Germany and the Czech Republic, as well as the other Austrian states of Lower Austria, Styria, and Salzburg. With an area of and 1.49 million inhabitants, Upper Austria is the fourth-largest Austrian state by land area and the third-largest by population.


title: Upper Austria

text: For a long period of the Middle Ages, much of what would become Upper Austria constituted , a region of the Duchy of Bavaria. In the mid-13th century, it became known as the Principality above the Enns River (""), this name being first recorded in 1264. (At the time, the term "Upper Austria" also included Tyrol and various scattered Habsburg possessions in South Germany.)


title: Upper Austria

text: In 1490, the area was given a measure of independence within the Holy Roman Empire, with the status of a principality. By 1550, there was a Protestant majority. In 1564, Upper Austria, together with Lower Austria and the Bohemian territories, fell under Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II.


title: Upper Austria

text: At the start of the 17th century, the counter-reformation was instituted under Emperor Rudolf II and his successor Matthias. After a military campaign, the area was under the control of Bavaria for some years in the early 17th century.


title: Upper Austria

text: The Innviertel was ceded from the Electorate of Bavaria to Upper Austria in the Treaty of Teschen in 1779. During the Napoleonic Wars, Upper Austria was occupied by the French army on more than one occasion.


title: Upper Austria

text: In 1918, after the collapse of Austria-Hungary, the name "Oberösterreich" was used to describe the province of the new Austria. After Austria was annexed by Adolf Hitler, the Nazi dictator, who had been born in the Upper Austrian town of Braunau am Inn and raised in Upper Austria, Upper Austria became Reichsgau Oberdonau, although this also included the southern part of the Sudetenland, annexed from Czechoslovakia, and a small part of Styria. In 1945, Upper Austria was partitioned between the American zone to the south and the Soviet zone to the north.


title: Upper Austria

text: Today, Upper Austria is Austria's leading industrial region. As of 2009, it accounted for approximately a quarter of the country's exports.


title: Upper Austria

text: As of January 1, 2021, 1,495,608 people resided in the state, of which 107,318 (7.17%) were EU/EEA/CH/UK citizens and 96,623 (6.46%) were third-country nationals. The majority of the immigrant population in recent decades has come from Germany, Southeastern Europe, and Turkey, with 1.77% from Germany, 1.48% from Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1.19% from Serbia, Montenegro, and Kosovo, and 1.03% from Turkey. Due to the large wave of refugees since the second half of 2015, the number of people from Afghanistan has increased to 6,721 (0.45%) and from Syria to 6,023 (0.4%). The Mühlviertel has been inhabited by a few hundred Sinti since the Middle Ages, very few of whom actually profess to belong to their ethnic group in censuses.


title: Upper Austria

text: The majority of Upper Austrians are Christian: in 2001, 79.4% of the people still belonged to the Roman Catholic Church, about 4.4% were members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, 4.0% where Muslims and 8.8% were of no confession. By the end of 2020, the proportion of Catholics had fallen to 62%, while the corresponding proportion of Protestants was about 3.1% of the Upper Austrian population.


title: Upper Austria

text: The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the state was 65.9 billion € in 2018, accounting for 17.1% of the Austria's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 39,500 € or 131% of the EU27 average in the same year.


title: Upper Austria

text: The Upper Austrian state constitution defines Upper Austria as an independent state of the democratic Republic of Austria. In its constitution, Upper Austria also declares its support for a united Europe that is committed to democratic, constitutional, social and federal principles as well as the principle of subsidiarity, preserves the autonomy of the regions and ensures their participation in European decision-making. In its regional constitution, Upper Austria defines its position in Europe as an independent, future-oriented and self-confident region that participates in the further development of a united Europe.


title: Upper Austria

text: Like Styria, Upper Austria is a swing state that usually has a signal character in nationwide elections. The conservative Austrian People's Party dominates in rural areas, the Social Democratic Party of Austria has its strongholds in the cities of Linz, Wels and Steyr or in the Attnang-Puchheim railroad junction, but the right-wing populist Freedom Party of Austria has also traditionally had a strong presence, for example in the Innviertel.


title: Upper Austria

text: Administratively, the state is divided into 15 districts ("Bezirke"), three Statutarstädte and 438 municipalities.


title: Upper Austria

text: Historically, Upper Austria was traditionally divided into four "viertel" or regions: Hausruckviertel, Innviertel, Mühlviertel, and Traunviertel.


title: Upper Austria

text: Today these do not exist as administrative regions, but are often still spoken about and referred to: for instance, as the term for the local language dialect (e.g. "Innviertlerisch"), as the term for the local regional cuisine (e.g. "Innviertler Küche"), or in regional tourism campaigns (e.g. s'Innviertel).


title: Yes Theory

text: Yes Theory is an American digital media brand built around a YouTube channel founded by Thomas Brag, Ammar Kandil, Matt Dajer, and Derin Emre. Yes Theory first gained national media attention in November 2015 with their message of inclusivity in the wake of terror attacks in Beirut and Kenya. They have been featured in a range of national and international media.


title: Yes Theory

text: Their content has been praised as experiencing foreign cultures in "a fresh and authentic way" and "consistently radiating positivity and promote living life with an open mind, exactly what YouTube and the world needs." The Yes Theory brand revolves around the group's mantra of "Seek Discomfort", a phrase also featured in the group's clothing brand, and through their second channel with 762,000 subscribers.


title: Yes Theory

text: Thomas Brag was born on 9 July 1993 in Paris, France, to Swedish parents. He received his BA degree from McGill University, where he majored in entrepreneurship. He also spent a semester at Draper University and later interviewed its founder, the billionaire venture capital investor Tim Draper. Before YouTube, Brag would make short skits with his second cousin, Warrick Rhode, when they got to see each other. This gave him the skills necessary to make and edit YouTube videos.


title: Yes Theory

text: Matt Dajer was born on 28 March 1992 in New York, and grew up in Paris and Greenwich, Connecticut. He also has connections to Puerto Rico on his father's side. Dajer obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree in History from McGill University in 2014. Dajer announced in a YouTube video on February 25, 2021, that he no longer plans to appear in the group's episodes but continues to work on the brand. He is also currently writing the Yes Theory book.


title: Yes Theory

text: Ammar Kandil was born on 28 April 1994 in Sadat City, Egypt and spent his early life there. He enrolled in the African Leadership Academy in South Africa. In 2011, during the Egyptian revolution, he studied at Quest University on a scholarship. In 2021, he gained Saint Kitts and Nevis citizenship, making him a dual citizen. A Saint Kitts and Nevis passport allows him to travel to over 150 countries and avoid Egypt’s compulsory military draft for men aged 18 to 30.


title: Yes Theory

text: Derin Emre was born in Turkey and co-founded Yes Theory, initially taking the role of cameraman. He left Yes Theory in 2017 because of a passport issue but occasionally visits the team and has been featured in videos since.


title: Yes Theory

text: The Yes Theory team has expanded since its inception, introducing a team of editors: Tristan Kevitch, Thomas Dajer (Matt's brother), Bryce Pery, and Cam Peddle. The brand additionally employs a team to manage their Seek Discomfort clothing and merchandise brand.


title: Yes Theory

text: The group met in Montreal, Quebec, and started to work together on their first video series in the summer of 2015. Yes Theory began as a series of challenges organized by Dajer and Brag (with help from Kandil and Emre), filmed in Montreal, in the summer of 2015, a project initiated by Brag under the name "Project 30". At the time, they were all sleeping on a friend's sofa in Montreal. Thomas and Matt had briefly met before in McGill University. They came into contact with Ammar at a party after he told Thomas his plans of climbing the Pyramids of Giza. Derin was the last to join the group that summer. Each challenge was designed to push the group outside of their comfort zone. By the end of the month, the group only had around 2,000 subscribers. Their name was then changed to 'Generation Y Not'.


title: Yes Theory

text: Near the end of 2015, Yes Theory received an offer to relocate to Venice, California, and be paid to make videos by Snapchat subsidiary Vertical Networks. As part of one of their first stunts, they successfully approached the Prime Minister of Canada, Justin Trudeau, for a Christmas card, which they sold for charity with proceeds going to Syrian refugees. Trudeau commented at the time "great stuff around diversity". After their success and viral hit, Yes Theory was awarded a budget to make their first 30 videos. In January 2016, the group travelled to the Caribbean to continue their media endeavors.


title: Yes Theory

text: In May 2016, the group moved to Venice, California, after being signed to Vertical Networks, to a house they often referred to as the '506' and featured heavily in their videos, and they changed their name to 'Yes Theory'. Since then, that house has been demolished, and the group was forced to relocate. The current 'Yes House' is located nearby in Venice.


title: Yes Theory

text: After moving to Venice, California they went on a series of international trips. They gained media attention in London by welcoming British people at Heathrow Airport with hugs, described in the press as "truly heartwarming".


title: Yes Theory

text: Other activities they have embarked on include taking an Irish girl on a last minute trip to Japan, who said of the experience "they try to connect to people around the world and let them know that they're not alone and bring people together".


title: Yes Theory

text: In September 2018, their challenge to get American actor and media personality Will Smith to bungee jump from a helicopter over the Grand Canyon was taken up by Smith.


title: Yes Theory

text: In October 2018, they orchestrated a viral stunt of what appeared to be Justin Bieber eating a burrito sideways. In reality, the group flew a Justin Bieber look-alike named Brad Sousa to Los Angeles and fabricated the entire scene as a prank. It was Yes Theory's friend Conor who posted the video to the subreddit .


title: Yes Theory

text: In February 2019, they released "Frozen Alive", a feature-length documentary about endurance athlete Wim Hof. This followed a visit to Poland where they spent four days with Hof, learned his methods, and ascended a mountain, all while bare-chested and bare-legged in temperatures as low as , as an endurance feat. This was their first long-form documentary.


title: Yes Theory

text: In September 2019, they released "The Lost Pyramid", a feature-length documentary about their adventure through the Guatemalan jungle to visit El Mirador and climb the previously unrecorded La Danta pyramid.


title: Yes Theory

text: In September 2020, Ammar released his autobiographical documentary "Free Child" in partnership with Google.


title: Yes Theory

text: In December 2022, they released Project Iceman, a feature-length documentary about Anders Hofman attempting to complete the first Ironman Triathalon in Antarctica, with the aim of proving that "limitations are only perceptions", Hofman states. This is the first of their films to be released in theaters, with nine red carpet premiers spanning eight cities, before being released to the public in the United States on December 4th, 2022. After turning down a $1.25 million investment offer in order to maintain creative direction over the film, they chose to fund the project solely from NFTs.


title: Fuck, marry, kill

text: Fuck, Marry, Kill, also known as Kiss, Marry, Kill, as Bang, Marry, Kill, or as Bang, Smash, Dash, or with other synonyms or arrangements of the terms, is a social forced choice question and answer game. As one source describes it, "[w]e have heard of the game "Kiss, Marry, Kill" in which people fantasize about which of the three choices they would exercise on someone". In the game, one person poses three names of people known to the other, typically either names of people known in their personal lives, or names of celebrities. The other person then has to decide which of the three they would have sexual intercourse with (or kiss), which one they would marry, and which one they would kill.


title: Fuck, marry, kill

text: A 2009 "Wonkette" piece described it as "the popular children's schoolyard game of 'Fuck, Marry, Kill, and suggested that the "rules" of the game included an understanding that the player cannot have sex with the person they marry, and that the person they do choose to have sex with, they can only have sex with one time. "Slate", on the other hand, posted a lengthy staff debate in 2020 on the rules of the game, including the question of whether the marriage must be celibate, or whether it could include sex, but of a lesser quality than that of the sex-only option. The "Slate" staff also debated whether the sex option implied a single encounter, and never seeing the person again after the encounter. The British BBC Three reality television show, "Snog Marry Avoid?" has been observed to present a variation on the theme, with a piece in "Feminist Review" noting the "explicitly sexualized" element of having men make this judgment from images of "everyday" women who are complete strangers to them.


title: Fuck, marry, kill

text: The game has existed for decades, and has found its way into popular culture. For example, a 2007 episode of the sitcom "30 Rock" titled "Up All Night" (in which the game is called "marry, boff, kill"), characters in the show playing the game with reference to one another discover feelings which shape their relationships. A 2008 article in "The Onion" captioned a photograph in a parody piece with "Sen. Clinton scans the Senate floor, passing the time with a quick game of 'Fuck, Marry, Kill. A 2012 single by Nikki Williams was named "Kill, Fuck, Marry". The "Chicago Tribune" celebrated the 2014 Netflix release of the TV series "Friends" with a "Bang, Marry, Kill: 'Friends' edition", offering rationales for applying different combinations of the options to the respective trios of male and female main characters. The 2017 film "" has a scene in which two girls in Peter Parker's high school play the game with reference to Thor, Iron Man, and the Hulk. The reboot Animaniacs on Hulu has a scene where Putin and Kim Jong-un are playing the game with actors by the name of Chris.


title: Fuck, marry, kill

text: The game has been subject to criticism, variously described as "tasteless" and "juvenile". In April 2018, singer J Balvin received criticism for his responses when induced to play the game during an interview, when he suggested in response to the question that singer Rihanna would not be a good person to marry. A 2020 hostile work environment lawsuit against $9 billion hedge fund Advent Capital alleged among other things that male employees of the company "played the juvenile game 'f--k, marry, kill.


title: Brown trout

text: The brown trout (Salmo trutta) is a European species of salmonid fish that has been widely introduced into suitable environments globally. It includes purely freshwater populations, referred to as the riverine ecotype, "Salmo trutta" morpha "fario", a lacustrine ecotype, "S. trutta" morpha "lacustris", also called the lake trout, and anadromous forms known as the sea trout, "S. trutta" morpha "trutta". The latter migrates to the oceans for much of its life and returns to fresh water only to spawn. Sea trout in Ireland and Britain have many regional names: sewin in Wales, finnock in Scotland, peal in the West Country, mort in North West England, and white trout in Ireland.


title: Brown trout

text: The lacustrine morph of brown trout is most usually potamodromous, migrating from lakes into rivers or streams to spawn, although evidence indicates some stocks spawn on wind-swept shorelines of lakes. "S. trutta" morpha "fario" forms stream-resident populations, typically in alpine streams, but sometimes in larger rivers. Anadromous and non-anadromous morphs coexisting in the same river appear genetically identical. What determines whether or not they migrate remains unknown.


title: Brown trout

text: The scientific name of the brown trout is "Salmo trutta". The specific epithet "trutta" derives from the Latin "trutta", meaning, literally, "trout". Behnke (2007) relates that the brown trout was the first species of trout described in the 1758 edition of "Systema Naturae" by Swedish zoologist Carl Linnaeus. "Systema Naturae" established the system of binomial nomenclature for animals. "Salmo trutta" was used to describe anadromous or sea-run forms of brown trout. Linnaeus also described two other brown trout species in 1758. "Salmo fario" was used for riverine forms. "Salmo lacustris" was used for lake-dwelling forms.


title: Brown trout

text: The native range of brown trout extends from northern Norway and White Sea tributaries in Russia in the Arctic Ocean to the Atlas Mountains in North Africa. The western limit of their native range is Iceland in the north Atlantic, while the eastern limit is in Aral Sea tributaries in Afghanistan and Pakistan.


title: Brown trout

text: Brown trout have been widely introduced into suitable environments around the world, including North and South America, Australasia, Asia, and South and East Africa. Introduced brown trout have established self-sustaining, wild populations in many introduced countries. The first introductions were in Australia in 1864 when 300 of 1500 brown trout eggs from the River Itchen survived a four-month voyage from Falmouth, Cornwall, to Melbourne on the sailing ship "Norfolk". By 1866, 171 young brown trout were surviving in a Plenty River hatchery in Tasmania. Thirty-eight young trout were released in the river, a tributary of the River Derwent in 1866. By 1868, the Plenty River hosted a self-sustaining population of brown trout which became a brood source for continued introduction of brown trout into Australian and New Zealand rivers. Successful introductions into the Natal and Cape Provinces of South Africa took place in 1890 and 1892, respectively. By 1909, brown trout were established in the mountains of Kenya. The first introductions into the Himalayas in northern India took place in 1868, and by 1900, brown trout were established in Kashmir and Madras. In the 1950s and 1960s, , a French geologist, began the introduction of several species of salmonids on the remote Kerguelen Islands in the southern Indian Ocean. Of the seven species introduced, only brook trout, "Salvelinus fontinalis", and brown trout survived to establish wild populations.


title: Brown trout

text: The first introductions in Canada occurred in 1883 in Newfoundland and continued until 1933. The only Canadian regions without brown trout are Yukon and the Northwest Territories. Introductions into South America began in 1904 in Argentina. Brown trout are now established in Chile, Peru, and the Falklands. Sea-run forms of brown trout exceeding are caught by local anglers on a regular basis.


title: Brown trout

text: The first introductions into the U.S. started in 1883 when Fred Mather, a New York pisciculturist and angler, under the authority of the U.S. Fish Commissioner, Spencer Baird, obtained brown trout eggs from a Baron Lucius von Behr, president of the . The von Behr brown trout came from both mountain streams and large lakes in the Black Forest region of Baden-Württemberg. The original shipment of "von Behr" brown trout eggs were handled by three hatcheries, one on Long Island, the Cold Spring Hatchery operated by Mather, one in Caledonia, New York, operated by pisciculturalist Seth Green, and other hatchery in Northville, Michigan. Additional shipments of "von Behr" brown trout eggs arrived in 1884. In 1885, brown trout eggs from Loch Leven, Scotland, arrived in New York. These "Loch Leven" brown trout were distributed to the same hatcheries. Over the next few years, additional eggs from Scotland, England, and Germany were shipped to U.S. hatcheries. Behnke (2007) believed all life forms of brown trout—anadromous, riverine, and lacustrine—were imported into the U.S. and intermingled genetically to create what he calls the American generic brown trout and a single subspecies the North European brown trout ("S. t. trutta").