title: Banjara

text: It is the boys' fathers who initiate marriage proposals, usually when the child reaches the age of 18 and is considered capable of running an independent household. Women and girls, including the prospective bride, have no say in the matter but he father takes advice from the "naik" of his "tanda" and from close relatives. The girls are usually prepared for this arranged marriage from the onset of puberty and her parents will make a show of resistance when a proposal is made before her father agrees to the advice given by his "naik" and village elders. Horoscopes are consulted and information gleaned regarding the boy's prospects. Sometimes the arrangement is made earlier and may even be solemnised with a betrothal ceremony, called a "sagai", but the girl will remain in the household until she does attain puberty. When agreement is reached and both sides make a promise to that effect in front of the "Gor panchayat", the boy's family distribute liquor, betel leaves and nuts nuts for the "tanda" and girl's family. She is presented with a full set of traditional dress upon marriage, which is made by her mother. Women's dress varies according to marital status, as does their ornamentation. Although the ornamentation was once made of ivory and silver, reduced economic circumstances have caused it to become plastic and aluminium. The extremely elaborate nature of their dresses, comprising glass pieces, beads and sea-shells on a mainly red material, means that they are worn for months between careful launderings.


title: Banjara

text: The practice of paying a bride price to the girl's father traditionally applies on betrothal, which is a community celebration, although the payment of a dowry by the bride's family is becoming evident. The value of this transaction is set by the "Gor panchayat" and is now a monetary figure; it was traditionally eleven rupees and either four bullocks or one bullock and three cattle unless the groom's family was particularly wealthy. The theory was that this payment compensated the bride's family for their loss of her domestic services, although the money was then spent by them on the marriage ceremonies and one of the animals was decorated and given to the bride after the marriage.


title: Banjara

text: The marriage is usually arranged for a time when there is little work, so the months of April and May are common as they fall just after the harvest period. It is an elaborate ritual that takes place over several days and differs somewhat from a Hindu ceremony.


title: Banjara

text: Banjara families prefer to have both sons and daughters. The son is considered necessary because they are a patrilineal society, whilst at least one daughter is deemed desirable because she can look after the parents in their old age if the son is too pre-occupied in his marriage. Daughters also contribute greatly to the running of the family unit prior to their own marriage and are prized by their mothers for that reason, being trained in various domestic tasks that benefit both the unit and their future married life. Aside from strictly domestic tasks, they are an economic boon because they help with herding and grazing the family's cattle and with work in the crop fields.


title: Banjara

text: A Banjara wife is subservient to her husband and is expected to perform daily tasks for her parents-in-law. Whilst she and her husband live with her parents-in-law, she is also subservient to her mother-in-law. This period of co-habitation with the extended family usually lasts until the husband has helped to arrange the marriages of his brothers and is often the cause of arguments between the wife, the mother-in-law and any sisters-in-law. Once the husband is free of his obligation to his brothers, his wife will apply pressure to achieve a separation from the joint household, which grants her a measure of independence although she remains economically reliant upon her husband. The separating of the households causes her husband to receive some property from his parents, such as land, livestock and money, but it is a patrilineal society and so the wife has nothing.


title: Banjara

text: Banjara men take the lead in religious festivals, with women playing a subsidiary role. The men sing the devotional songs and perform the temple rituals but it is the women who do most of the singing and dancing. The women are also expected to work with men when groups go to enact performances in front of non-Banjara audiences to raise money for the celebration of festivals, but most of that money is then consumed by the men in the form of liquor. The one religious function in which the women are paramount is the preparations for marriage, a ceremony which usually takes place in the house of the bride's family.


title: Banjara

text: It is the men who also perform political functions, settling disputes and dealing with other problems through the "Gor panchayat". Any matter that involves a woman is dealt with by the men and it is a man who represents her interests, an example being the dealings for marriage proposals which always require the consent of the "Gor panchayat". If a woman leaves her husband and the marital abode then that, too, is a matter to be judged by the men.


title: Banjara

text: Banjara men are poorly educated and the women are worse still. Little value is placed on education, in part because children are needed at home to help women run the household. A wife whose husband has sufficient education to become an employee finds herself displaced from the Banjara "tanda" community, having to live instead in a multi-caste area, perhaps learn a new language and abandon the customs with which she is familiar, including her traditional dress. It is in this circumstance, where the husband has some education, that the trend is to favour the dowry system over that of bride price involving cattle.


title: Banjara

text: V. Sarveswara Naik, herself a Banjara, notes of the situation for Banjara women in Andhra Pradesh that


title: Banjara

text: Banjara women can face discrimination when away from their "tanda". Their relative innocence, linguistic barriers to communication and traditional dress all attract attention and ill-treatment. Majority of Banjara Men and Women have changed their traditional dresses to avoid discrimination and also due to globalization.


title: Banjara

text: As of 2008, the Banjara community has been listed as a Scheduled Tribe in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Odisha. They were designated as an Other Backward Class in Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan, and as a Scheduled Caste in Karnataka, Delhi and Punjab( SC for Bazigar, Badi and Banjara and OBC for Lambana,Labana, Lambani, Vanzara and Lohana) .


title: Breakin'

text: Breakin<nowiki>'</nowiki> (also known as Breakdance in the United Kingdom and Break Street '84 in other regions) is a 1984 American breakdancing-themed musical film directed by Joel Silberg and written by Charles Parker and Allen DeBevoise based on a story by Parker, DeBevoise and Gerald Scaife.


title: Breakin'

text: The film's setting was inspired by a 1983 documentary titled "Breakin' 'n' Enterin"', set in the multi-racial hip hop club Radio-Tron, based out of MacArthur Park in Los Angeles. Many of the artists and dancers from said documentary, including Ice-T (who makes his film debut as a club MC), and Michael "Boogaloo Shrimp" Chambers, went straight from "Breakin' 'n' Enterin<nowiki>'</nowiki>" to star in "Breakin<nowiki>'</nowiki>".


title: Breakin'

text: The film's soundtrack featured the hits "Breakin'... There's No Stopping Us" by Ollie & Jerry, "Freakshow on the Dance Floor" by The Bar-Kays and the UK Top 20 hit "Body Work" by Hot Streak.


title: Breakin'

text: "Breakin<nowiki>'</nowiki>" was the final Cannon film production released by MGM/UA. After release, MGM and Cannon dissolved their distribution deal, reportedly over the potentially X-rated content in John Derek's film "Bolero" and MGM's then-policy of not theatrically releasing X-rated material, forcing Cannon to become an in-house distribution company once again. Because of this, "Breakin<nowiki>'</nowiki>" is considered to be the final financially profitable film released by Cannon.


title: Breakin'

text: "Breakin<nowiki>'</nowiki>" was released to theaters on May 4, 1984, and despite receiving negative reviews from critics, it was a box office success. A theatrical sequel entitled "", was released later in the same year.


title: Breakin'

text: Protagonist Kelly "Special K" Bennett is a young dancer training under instructor Franco in Venice, California. Through her friend Adam, Kelly meets two street dancers, Ozone and Turbo on the boardwalk at Venice Beach. Kelly is enamored with their dancing, and all three become friends. This leads to their becoming their own dance troupe.


title: Breakin'

text: Franco tells Kelly that breakdancing is low-class and not a real art. He is disrespectful to Ozone and Turbo, and makes inappropriate advances on Kelly. She quits training with Franco. Later, Kelly attends a dance audition and is shut down by harsh directors.


title: Breakin'

text: Kelly then wanders to a breakdancing event where she finds Ozone and Turbo in the midst of a dance battle that they eventually lose against rivals "Electro Rock." Adam convinces Ozone and Turbo to teach Kelly how to breakdance. After training for a while, the three defeat Electro Rock. Kelly convinces the troupe to enroll in a dance competition. Kelly's agent friend, James, sees what the group can do and agrees to back them.


title: Breakin'

text: The competition requirements are traditional, socially respected styles of dance. The troupe walks before the judges in tuxedos, top hats and white gloves to give the impression of traditional dancers. Just before the audition starts, they rip off the sleeves of their shirts and show their true style. The judges are initially shocked and disapproving. Yet within two minutes of their audition, the judges recognize the troupe's talent and allow them to continue. The troupe earns a standing ovation from the judges and win the competition. The troupe's popularity skyrockets, and all three members continue dancing professionally and in the community.


title: Breakin'

text: In a mid-credits scene, Special K, Ozone, and Turbo meet James some time after the competition, who informs them about a new phenomenon known as "the electric boogaloo."


title: Breakin'

text: According to the 2014 documentary "", Menahem Golan of Cannon Films was inspired to create this film after his daughter saw a breakdancer perform in Venice Beach, California. Golan pressured the production crew to complete the film before Orion Pictures released their breakdancing film "Beat Street".


title: Breakin'

text: The soundtrack of the film was released by Polydor Records in 1984. The album contains the first performance on an album by rapper Ice-T (who had previously released some 12" singles), produced by DJ Chris "The Glove" Taylor & David Storrs.


title: Breakin'

text: Despite not being included on the official soundtrack, the film also features the previously released songs "Boogie Down" by Al Jarreau, "Tour de France" by Kraftwerk, "Beat Box" by Art of Noise and "Tibetan Jam" by Chris "The Glove" Taylor.


title: Breakin'

text: "Breakin"' opened in 1,069 venues on May 4, 1984 and outgrossed "Sixteen Candles", which had more screens (1,240). The film ranked number one in the box office, earning $6,047,686. By the end of its run, the film grossed $38,682,707 in the domestic box office, making it the eighteenth top-grossing film of 1984.


title: Breakin'

text: Roger Ebert, who reviewed the film while it was in theatres, gave the film 1.5 stars out of 4, stating that the movie was, "a stiff and awkward story, interrupted by dance sequences of astonishing grace and power." Ebert praised the dancing and the chemistry of the stars but slammed the movie's screenplay and supporting characters.


title: Breakin'

text: On August 5, 2003, MGM Home Entertainment released "Breakin"' on DVD. On April 21, 2015, Shout! Factory released "Breakin", along with its sequel, "Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo", as a double feature Blu-ray.


title: Breakin'

text: Several months prior to the film's release, Shabba Doo, Boogaloo Shrimp, Pop n' Taco, Popin' Pete, DJ Chris "The Glove" Taylor and Lollipop were all prominently featured in the music video for Chaka Khan's remake of the 1979 Prince song, "I Feel for You".


title: Breakin'

text: Ice-T, who had a small role in both "Breakin"' and its sequel "Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo" and was prominently featured on the soundtrack to both films (helping introduce his music to a worldwide audience), was quoted as saying he considers the film and his own performance in it to be "wack".


title: Breakin'

text: "Breakin<nowiki>'</nowiki>" and its sequel have had a resurgence in popular media as people have begun to remember, mock, and praise the film over 20 years later, with the sequel's subtitle in particular becoming a snowclone pejorative nickname to denote an archetypical sequel.


title: Breakin'

text: In 2019, the documentary "Boogaloo Shrimp" by Taylor Golonka was released on Amazon Prime. It focuses on the creative talents of Michael Chambers, who played Turbo in "Breakin"'. According to filmmaker Taylor Golonka, "Michael Chambers will go down in history as being one of the iconic innovators of the b-boy and breakdancing culture."


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: The E. W. Scripps Company is an American broadcasting company founded in 1878 as a chain of daily newspapers by Edward Willis "E. W." Scripps and his sister, Ellen Browning Scripps. It was also formerly a media conglomerate. The company is headquartered at the Scripps Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. Its corporate motto is "Give light and the people will find their own way", which is symbolized by the media empire's longtime lighthouse logo.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: In terms of market reach, Scripps is the second largest operator of ABC (which is owned by The Walt Disney Company) affiliates, behind the Sinclair Broadcast Group, and ahead of Hearst Television and Tegna. Scripps also owns a number of free-to-air multi-genre digital subchannel multicast networks through its Scripps Networks subsidiary including the Ion Television network, and Newsy, a national cable news network being converted to free-to-air and streaming presence.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: The E. W. Scripps Company was a newspaper company founded on November 2, 1878, when Edward Willis Scripps published the first issue of the Cleveland "Penny Press".


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: In 1894, Scripps and his half-brother, George H. Scripps, organized their various papers into the first modern newspaper chain. In July 1895, it was named the Scripps-McRae League to reflect the leadership of "Cincinnati Post" general manager Milton A. McRae, a longtime partner. The company expanded during the decade to publish newspapers in California, Denver, Chicago, Dallas and Nashville and elsewhere.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: In early November 1922, the Scripps-McRae League was renamed Scripps-Howard Newspapers to recognize company executive Roy W. Howard. On November 23, the E. W. Scripps Company was incorporated and placed in trust for Scripps' children and grandchildren. The company's shares were divided into two types: Class A Common Shares, which were traded on the New York Stock Exchange, and common voting shares, which were not publicly traded and elected a majority of the company's directors. (A number of media companies, including the New York Times Company and the Washington Post organization, are governed by this system so that the descendants of the company's founders can keep control of the company.) E. W. Scripps died in 1926.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: On June 2, 1902, Scripps founded the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA), based in Cleveland, Ohio, as a news report service for different Scripps-owned newspapers. It started selling content to non-Scripps owned newspapers in 1907, and by 1909, it became a more general syndicate, offering comics, pictures and features as well. It moved from Cleveland to Chicago in 1915, with an office in San Francisco. NEA rapidly grew and delivered content to 400 newspapers in 1920 and about 700 in 1930. Today, it is the oldest syndicate still in operation.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: Scripps created the United Press news agency in 1907 by uniting three smaller syndicates and controlled it until a 1958 merger with William Randolph Hearst's smaller competing agency, INS, to form United Press International. With the Hearst Corporation as a minority partner, UPI continued under Scripps management until it was sold off in 1982. A separate wire service, the Scripps Howard News Service, operated for 96 years from 1917 to 2013.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: United Feature Syndicate was formed in 1919 as a division of UP to distribute editorial columns, features and comic strips, and became a dominant player in the syndication market in the fall of 1931 thanks to Scripps' acquisition of the "New York World", which controlled the Pulitzer company's syndication arms, Press Publishing Co. and World Feature Service. In May 1978, Scripps merged United Feature Syndicate and Newspaper Enterprise Association to form United Media Enterprises.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: The company expanded its newspaper holdings throughout the pre-World War II period, acquiring many titles and merging them, including the "Rocky Mountain News" and "Knoxville News-Sentinel". A trickle of closures and sales occurred over the next few decades. In 1966, Scripps' "New York World-Telegram" was merged into the "New York World Journal Tribune", which closed in 1967. Papers in Indianapolis, Washington, Houston and Fort Worth were closed in the 1960s and 1970s, and the former flagship "Cleveland Press" was sold in 1980. Scripps also closed properties in Memphis, Columbus, Thousand Oaks and El Paso throughout the 1980s and 1990s, while selling the "Pittsburgh Press" in 1992.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: In 1985, the company went into home video foray with its acquisition of Kartes Video Communications in an effort to expand the marketplace. Two years later, Scripps Howard sold off Kartes Video Communications back to its founders, after an aborted deal where Scripps-Howard's acquisition of Hanes failed.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: In 1997, Scripps bought daily newspapers in the Texas cities of Abilene, Wichita Falls, San Angelo and Plano, plus the paper in Anderson, South Carolina, from Harte-Hanks Communications, along with 25 non-daily newspapers and San Antonio-based KENS-TV and KENS-AM. The purchase price was to be between $605 and $775 million, depending on a federal ruling. (Scripps eventually spun off all of its newspapers into Journal Media Group in 2015.)


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: Scripps made its first foray into broadcasting in 1935, forming a company called Continental Radio and buying radio stations WCPO in Cincinnati and WNOX in Knoxville. After the war, In 1947, Scripps opened its first television station, Cleveland-based WEWS-TV, with Memphis-based WMC-TV and Cincinnati-based WCPO-TV in subsequent years. It now owns dozens of TV and radio stations. In the 1980s and 1990s, Scripps became a cable television provider and also developed programming for cable, notably SportSouth (currently Bally Sports South) in 1990 (in a joint venture with Turner Broadcasting and TCI), Food Network in 1993 and HGTV in 1994. (Scripps spun off its cable properties into Scripps Network Interactive in 2008.)


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: The company went public with an IPO in 1988. It owned 20 daily newspapers and 9 television stations at the time, with and cable systems in 10 states. The company completed a new downtown Cincinnati headquarters, the 35-story high-rise Scripps Center, in 1990.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: In October 2007, Scripps announced that it would separate into two publicly traded companies: The E. W. Scripps Company (newspapers, TV stations, licensing/syndication) and Scripps Networks Interactive (HGTV, Food Network, DIY Network, Cooking Channel (formerly known as Fine Living), Travel Channel and Great American Country). The transaction was completed on July 1, 2008.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: After a test launch at WFTS-TV in 2009, Scripps television stations launched YouTube channels in 2010. These are similar to YouTube channels operated by Hearst Television and LIN Television.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: On February 24, 2011, United Media struck a distribution deal with Universal Uclick (now known as Andrews McMeel Syndication) for syndication of the company's 150 comic strip and news features, which became effective on June 1 of that year. At that point, United Media, and by extension the Scripps Company, exited the syndication business.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: On September 12, 2011, Scripps partnered with Cox Media Group and Raycom Media to launch "Right This Minute", a viral video program. On the same day, Scripps launched "The List", a news magazine. Both were part of an approach for "homegrown" programming—programming created by Scripps. Raycom also launched "America Now" on the same day. The creator of "RTM" and "The List" applied this "homegrown" programming approach to Tegna in 2015, with the launch of "T.D. Jakes". Scripps launched "Let's Ask America" in 2013 (now cancelled), partnering with Telepictures to do so, and "Pickler and Ben" in 2017.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: On October 3, 2011, Scripps announced it was purchasing the television arm of McGraw-Hill for $212 million. This purchase nearly doubled the number of Scripps stations to 19 with a combined reach of 13% of U.S. households. Upon the 2012 death of E. W. Scripps' grandson, Robert Scripps, the Edward W. Scripps Trust was dissolved and its stock divided among the surviving trustees.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: On July 30, 2014, Scripps and Journal Communications announced that the two companies would merge and spin-off their newspaper assets. The deal created a broadcast group under the E. W. Scripps Company name and retaining the Cincinnati headquarters, and a newspaper company based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, under the Journal Media Group name. The FCC approved the deal on December 12, 2014, and it was approved by shareholders on March 11, 2015. The merger and spinoff were completed on April 1, 2015. In turn, Journal Media Group was acquired by Gannett Company on April 8, 2016. Gannett had also shed their television and broadcast operations into a spin-off, Tegna, months after the Scripps-Journal merger.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: In April 2016, Demand Media announced the sale of the humor/listicle website Cracked.com to E. W. Scripps. In June, it acquired podcast service Stitcher from Deezer.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: On August 1, 2017, Scripps announced the purchase of Katz Broadcasting and its three networks plus Bounce which Katz operates, for $292 million, acquiring the other 95% of the company. The purchase was completed on October 2, 2017. On May 22, 2018, Scripps announced that it was changing its common stock listing from the New York Stock Exchange to Nasdaq, which occurred on June 4, 2018.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: The distribution rights to properties syndicated by United Media were outsourced to Universal Uclick in February 2011. While United Media effectively ceased to exist, Scripps still maintains copyrights and intellectual property rights.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: Scripps also operated United Press International (United Press from its 1907 inception until a 1958 merger with Hearst's International News Service) until selling it off in 1982.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: Scripps' broadcast television stations division—also commonly known as Scripps Media or Scripps Howard Broadcasting, formerly Continental Radio, currently owns or operates 62 television stations in forty-three markets, with full-power and low-power stations as well as rebroadcaster, translator, repeater and satellite stations included. Among them, nineteen ABC affiliates, twelve CBS affiliates, eleven NBC affiliates, six Fox affiliates, four CW affiliates, two MyNetworkTV affiliates, three specialty network affiliated stations and one station independent of any network affiliation.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: The company was formed in 1935 when Scripps Howard made its foray into broadcasting by bought out radio station WDBZ, renaming it WCPO after newspaper "The Cincinnati Post".


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: Later on, Scripps purchased radio station, WNOX from the Sterchi Brothers furniture chain. In 1936, The Commercial Appeal was purchased by the Scripps Howard newspaper chain, which included the WMC stations. In 1937, the Memphis Press-Scimitar bought out WGBC from First Baptist Church of Memphis in 1937 and changed the letters to WMPS.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: In 1947, Scripps expanded its broadcast holdings by opening its first television station, Cleveland-based WEWS-TV. This was followed in 1948 by Memphis-based WMC-TV and Cincinnati-based WCPO-TV in 1949.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: The company expanded its television holdings in 1961 by purchasing West Palm Beach station WPTV-TV from the Phipps family. It was followed nearly nine years later by its purchase of its Tulsa station KVOO-TV from Central Plains Enterprises. The sale received FCC approval on November 25, 1970, and was finalized the following month on December 31. On January 1, 1971, the day after the Scripps purchase was completed, the station changed its call letters to KTEW-TV (standing for "Tulsa E.W. Scripps", and also easily interpreted as sounding like the phoneticism for "two"). This change was made due to an FCC rule in effect at the time that banned TV and radio stations in the same market, but with different owners from sharing the same call letters.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: By 1963, the company has taken on its familiar name Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Company, and made it public.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: In 1977, the company expanded its focus onto independent station territory by purchasing KBMA-TV in Kansas City from the Businessmen's Assurance Company of America, but in 1981 the station was renamed to KSHB-TV. Nearly seven years later, in 1984, after Edwin Copperstein rebuffed a bid from Tribune Company, Scripps immediately purchased independent station, KNXV-TV in Phoenix. To make room for the sale, Scripps was required to divest itself of radio stations KMEO-AM-FM.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: Nearly one year later, Scripps purchased ABC station, WXYZ-TV in Detroit, and independent station WFTS-TV in Tampa Bay from Capital Cities Communications as part of a spin-off reorganization, after the FCC felt that the combination of Cap Cities and ABC exceeded the new ownership limit of 12 stations and the 25% national reach limit. On October 9, 1986, two of Scripps' stations in Phoenix and Kansas City became affiliates of the Fox Broadcasting Company television network. A third independent station in Tampa Bay joined Fox in 1988 after WTOG-TV disaffiliated from the network.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: In 1988, the broadcasting division of the company started its own production company Scripps Howard Productions in order to produce and market television programs.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: From 1990 to 1995, Scripps was a partner in the regional sports network SportSouth, along with Turner Broadcasting and Tele-Communications, Inc.; in 1996 the network was sold to News Corporation and became Fox Sports South.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: In the summer of 1990, Scripps bought out the NBC Baltimore affiliate WMAR-TV from Gillett Communications, but in February 1991 the transfer was canceled after Scripps accused Gillett of misreporting WMAR's financial statements. Gillett then took legal action against Scripps, but both sides settled and the sale went forward. Scripps took control of the station in the spring of 1991.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: On July 19, 1993, Scripps sold WMC-AM-FM-TV to Atlanta businessman Bert Ellis and his new company, Ellis Communications.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: In 1994, Scripps acquired the Knoxville-based Cinetel Productions to serve as a production base for a new home lifestyle-oriented cable network, which would eventually launch in December as HGTV. Scripps later acquired a stake in the Food Network, and launched a spin-off of HGTV known as DIY Network.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: Within a year-long span during 1994–95, a series of surprising events occurred which not only changed the look of the television industry, but also Scripps' various television stations.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: In 1994, the Fox Broadcasting Company agreed to a multi-year, multi-station affiliation deal with New World Communications, resulting in most of New World's stations switching to Fox. One of these stations were longtime CBS affiliates KSAZ-TV in Phoenix and WTVT-TV in Tampa/St. Petersburg, and NBC station WDAF-TV in Kansas City, which would displace all three of Scripps' stations affiliated with Fox, KNXV-TV in Phoenix, WFTS-TV in Tampa and KSHB-TV in Kansas City. Around that time, it was switched, two Scripps markets in Detroit and Cleveland were courted to affiliate to CBS, but turned down the offer.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: The loss of Fox affiliates in these three markets did not sit well with Scripps-Howard, looking for a group agreement. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting was involved in three of the broadcast television switches that was resulted from the 1994–1996 United States broadcast television realignment. At first, on June 16, 1994, Scripps-Howard renewed its affiliation agreement with ABC for its stations WEWS (channel 5), in Cleveland, Ohio and WXYZ-TV (channel 7) in Detroit (both of these outlets were wooed by CBS, which is about to lose its longtime affiliates in Cleveland and Detroit to Fox via a deal with New World Communications), and signed an agreement to affiliate NBC affiliate WMAR-TV (channel 2) in Baltimore, and two displaced Fox stations from the New World deal, KNXV-TV (channel 15) in Phoenix and WFTS-TV (channel 28) in Tampa/St. Petersburg with ABC, which would displace 3 VHF stations WJZ-TV (channel 13) in Baltimore (which ended up being a CBS affiliate through a deal with Group W), KTVK (channel 3) in Phoenix (which ended up being an independent station) and WTSP-TV (channel 10) in Tampa/St. Petersburg (which also ended up being a CBS affiliate). The second deal occurred on July 25, 1994, when Scripps agreed to renew its existing affiliation agreements with NBC for its stations KJRH-TV (channel 2) in Tulsa, Oklahoma and WPTV-TV (channel 5) in West Palm Beach, Florida, while signing an agreement to affiliate a Fox affiliate displaced in the New World deal, KSHB-TV (channel 41) in Kansas City with NBC, picking it up from WDAF-TV (channel 4) in Kansas City, which was slated to switch from NBC to Fox. The third and final agreement that resulted from the realignment occurred in September 1995, when Scripps agreed to affiliate CBS affiliate WCPO-TV (channel 9) in Cincinnati with ABC, displacing WKRC-TV (channel 12) in Cincinnati, which effectively reversed the 1961 affiliation swap that WKRC became a CBS affiliate again.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: In 1997, Scripps bought daily newspapers in the Texas cities of Abilene, Wichita Falls, San Angelo and Plano, plus the paper in Anderson, S.C. from Harte-Hanks Communications, along with 25 non-daily newspapers and San Antonio-based KENS-TV and KENS-AM. The purchase price was to be between $605 and $775 million, depending on a federal ruling. (Scripps eventually spun off all of its newspapers into Journal Media Group in 2015.)


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: In March 1996, KSHB owner Scripps Howard Broadcasting reached a deal to manage KMCI under a local marketing agreement. That August, KMCI then dropped much of its home shopping programming and rebranded as "38 Family Greats", with a family-oriented general entertainment format from 6:00 a.m. to midnight, with HSN programming being relegated to the overnight hours. The new KMCI lineup included an inventory of programs that KSHB owned but had not had time to air after it switched to NBC in 1994.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: Exercising an option from the 1996 pact with Miller, Scripps bought KMCI outright for $14.6 million in 2000, forming a legal duopoly with KSHB. In 1998, the company sold Scripps Howard Productions, and Cinetel Productions was renamed to Scripps Productions.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: Scripps also previously owned the Shop at Home Network from 2000 until 2006. Shop at Home in turn owned five television stations, all as a division of its cable network division managed separately from the company's traditional commercial network affiliate stations.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: Attempts to use Shop at Home as a complementary service to Food Network and HGTV by selling products connected to personalities of those networks were middling compared to competitors QVC and HSN. On May 22, 2006, Scripps announced that it was to cease operations of the network and intended to sell each of Shop at Home's five owned and operated television stations. Jewelry Television eventually acquired Shop at Home, but Scripps still intended to sell its affiliated stations (Jewelry Television discontinued most Shop at Home operations in March 2008). On September 26, 2006, Scripps announced that it was selling its Shop at Home TV stations to New York City-based Multicultural Television for $170 million.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: In October 2007, Scripps announced that it would separate into two publicly traded companies: The E. W. Scripps Company (newspapers, TV stations, licensing/syndication) and Scripps Networks Interactive (Cooking Channel (formerly known as Fine Living), DIY Network, Food Network, Great American Country, HGTV, and Travel Channel). The transaction was completed on July 1, 2008.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: After a test launch at WFTS-TV in 2009, Scripps television stations launched YouTube channels in 2010. These are similar to YouTube channels operated by Hearst Television and LIN Television.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: Scripps was the recipient of the 2012 National Association of Broadcasters Distinguished Service Award.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: On October 3, 2011, Scripps announced it was purchasing all seven television stations owned by The McGraw-Hill Companies for $212 million; the sale is a result of McGraw-Hill's decision to exit the broadcasting industry to focus on its other core properties, including its publishing unit. This deal was approved by the FTC on October 31 and the FCC on November 29. The deal was completed on December 30, 2011.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: On February 10, 2014, Scripps announced it has reached a deal to acquire Buffalo ABC affiliate WKBW-TV and Detroit MyNetworkTV affiliate WMYD for $110 million. The sale was approved by the FCC on May 2, 2014, and was completed on June 16, 2014. This deal has created a duopoly between WMYD and ABC affiliate WXYZ-TV.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: On July 30, 2014, Scripps and Journal Communications announced that the two companies would merge and spin-off their newspaper assets. The deal created a broadcast group under the E. W. Scripps Company name and retaining the Cincinnati headquarters, and a newspaper company based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, under the Journal Media Group name. The FCC approved the deal on December 12, 2014, and it was approved by shareholders on March 11, 2015. The merger and spinoff were completed on April 1, 2015. In turn, Journal Media Group was acquired by Gannett Company on April 8, 2016. Gannett had also shed their television and broadcast operations into a spin-off, Tegna, months after the Scripps-Journal merger.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: On January 25, 2018, it was announced that Scripps had placed its radio station unit for sale. The divestiture of these stations – which were acquired through the company's 2015 acquisition of Journal Communications – would result in the separation of Scripps's television stations in Tulsa, Omaha, Milwaukee, Boise and Tucson from their co-owned radio clusters (in the case of Tulsa, KJRH-TV would be separated from KFAQ for the second time; the two stations, then using the shared KVOO callsign, were first split up in 1970, when Central Plains Enterprises sold the then-KVOO-TV to Scripps). In June 2018, Griffin Communications reached a deal to buy the Scripps Tulsa radio cluster. The sale was completed on July 28, 2018. In July 2018, Good Karma Brands reached a deal to buy the Scripps Milwaukee radio cluster. The sale was completed on November 1, 2018.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: On August 20, 2018, Scripps agreed to purchase ABC affiliates KXXV in Waco, Texas and satellite station KRHD-CD in Bryan, Texas and WTXL-TV in Tallahassee, Florida, which are being spun off from the Gray Television-Raycom Media merger in order to alleviate ownership conflicts involving Gray's ownership of CBS affiliate KWTX-TV and its semi-satellite KBTX-TV in the Waco market and CBS affiliate WCTV and Retro Television Network affiliate WFXU in the Tallahassee market.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: On October 29, 2018, Cordillera Communications announced that it would sell all but one of its television stations to Scripps. KVOA in Tucson, Arizona is not included in the deal as Scripps already owns KGUN-TV and KWBA in that market, and Cordillera will concurrently sell KVOA to Quincy Media. The FCC approved the sale on April 5, 2019, and the sale was completed on May 1.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: On March 20, 2019, Scripps announced that it would acquire eight of the 21 (initially 19) stations being divested as part of Nexstar Media Group's $580 million (USD) acquisition of Tribune Media. The Tribune stations include CBS affiliates WTKR in Norfolk and WTVR-TV in Richmond—both in Virginia, along with Fox affiliates KSTU in Salt Lake City, Utah and WXMI in Grand Rapids, Michigan and CW affiliates WPIX in New York City, WGNT in Norfolk, Virginia and WSFL-TV in Miami, Florida. The only Nexstar station being acquired is CW affiliate KASW in Phoenix, Arizona—which would create a duopoly with longtime Scripps-owned ABC affiliate KNXV-TV. Also, Nexstar has the option to buy WPIX back between March 31, 2020, and December 31, 2021. The FCC approved the sale on September 16 with all of the transactions being completed on September 19.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: In July 2020, the company sold their Stitcher podcast service and assets to Sirius XM for $325 million.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: On September 22, 2020, the company announced it was buying KCDO-TV and KSBS-CD from Newsweb Corporation for $9.5 million, pending approval of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC); this would make them sister stations to ABC affiliate KMGH-TV (channel 7). For the time being, KCDO has moved Grit to its primary 3.1 subchannel. The sale was completed on November 20.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: On September 24, 2020, Scripps announced the acquisition of American media company Ion Media, including its networks, Ion Television, Ion Plus, and Qubo for $2.65 billion.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: Scripps finally completed its sale of WPIX to Mission Broadcasting on December 30, 2020, which will also allow the company to keep three of the Ion stations that were slated to be sold to a new company, Inyo Broadcast Holdings. The sales of WPPX-TV in Philadelphia, KKPX-TV in San Francisco and KPXM-TV in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota were contingent on whether or not the sale of WPIX would close and be finalized before Scripps completed its acquisition of Ion Media.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: In late 2022, Scripps created an in-house sports division with the intent of offering its local stations or Ion to teams and leagues as an alternative to the fledgling regional sports network.


title: E. W. Scripps Company

text: Scripps also operates the national (US) spelling bee. The final competition is in Washington, DC, and it is broadcast on Ion Television and Bounce TV. Lower levels are organized by the school, then county and eventually to the final competition.


title: Tobias Santelmann

text: Tobias Santelmann (born August 8, 1980) is a German-born Norwegian actor. He is best known for starring in the Academy Award-nominated film "Kon-Tiki" (2012). He has also had supporting roles in the films "Hercules" (2014) and "Point Break" (2015). He starred in the TV crime drama Grenseland and the television series "The Last Kingdom" (2015–2018) as well as in "Those Who Kill" (2021).


title: Tobias Santelmann

text: Santelmann was born in Freiburg, Germany. He moved with his family to Norway when he was one year old. He grew up in the far south of Norway in Lindesnes and then later moved to Oslo when he was 16 years old.


title: Tobias Santelmann

text: Since graduating from the Oslo National Academy of the Arts in 2006, Santelmann worked at The Norwegian Theatre in Oslo. In addition to stage work, Tobias has been in Norwegian films like "Kon-Tiki" (2012), "Flukt" (2012), "Jag Etter Vind" ("Chase the wind") (2013), and "Jeg er din" ("I Am Yours") (2013). Santelmann's film work outside Norway includes supporting performances in the films "Hercules" (2014) and "Point Break" (2015), and a starring role in the BBC television series "The Last Kingdom" (2015-2018). In 2021, he played the role of a serial killer in the mini series "Those Who Kill".


title: Tobias Santelmann

text: In 2020, Santelmann, though relatively unknown in the United States, was chosen to play Prince Olav in the TV series "Atlantic Crossing", a joint Norway/US production, alongside Sofia Helin and Kyle MacLachlan.


title: Toby Wallace

text: Toby Wallace (born 6 June 1995) is a British-born Australian actor, known for his role in "Babyteeth" (2019), for which he won the Marcello Mastroianni Award at the 2019 Venice Film Festival and the AACTA for Best Actor in a Leading Role in 2020.


title: Toby Wallace

text: Wallace was born in the United Kingdom on 6 June 1995, living there until he was aged eight. After the family moved to Australia, he went to Jells Park Primary School in the Melbourne suburb of Wheelers Hill until Year 6, before transferring to Caulfield Grammar School, where he trained in drama and theatre.


title: Toby Wallace

text: Wallace's first appearance in a feature film, aged 13, was in "Lucky Country", a 2009 film by Australian filmmaker Kriv Stenders. It was for this role that he was nominated for an Australian Film Institute Award for Best Young Actor.


title: Toby Wallace

text: In 2012, Wallace had a role in the TV movie "". In 2012, Wallace played a month-long guest role in the long-running TV series "Neighbours".


title: Toby Wallace

text: Wallace played the young Michael Hutchence in the miniseries about the rock band INXS, called "", released in 2014.


title: Toby Wallace

text: Wallace played a leading role in the Australian feature "Acute Misfortune", starring Daniel Henshall as the artist Adam Cullen and Wallace as his biographer, and was in the TV miniseries "Romper Stomper", both released in 2018.


title: Toby Wallace

text: Wallace plays Steve Jones of the Sex Pistols, in the 2022 TV series "Pistol", directed by Danny Boyle.


title: Toby Wallace

text: He won the Marcello Mastroianni Award at the 2019 Venice Film Festival and the AACTA for Best Actor in a Leading Role in 2020, for his role in "Babyteeth".


title: Kia Ceed

text: The Kia Ceed (known as the Kia cee'd before 2018) is a compact car produced by the South Korean manufacturer Kia since 2006 exclusively for the European market. The Ceed was first unveiled on 28 September 2006 at the Paris Motor Show. In mid-2007, the station wagon version called the cee'd_sw was launched followed by the three-door pro_cee'd in early 2008. The second generation of the cee'd was presented at the 2012 Geneva Motor Show. At the 2018 Geneva Motor Show, Kia presented the third generation Ceed. In September 2019, Kia also unveiled the XCeed, a crossover SUV based on the third generation Ceed.


title: Kia Ceed

text: It is the first Kia vehicle to be designed entirely in Europe and tailored to European customers. To mark the occasion, Kia took the initials of the European Economic Community, EEC or CEE in several languages and added ED for European Design. Realizing that "CEEED" had too many ‘E's, they replaced the last 'E' with an apostrophe, with 'Cee'd' being the end result. Since 2018, the Ceed name does not include an apostrophe. The initials now mean "Community of Europe, with European Design". The model has been manufactured at the Kia Motors Slovakia assembly plant in Žilina since October 2006. The Ceed replaced the Cerato which had little success in Europe, and is positioned between the Rio supermini (B-segment) and the Optima mid-size car (D-segment).


title: Kia Ceed

text: The Cee'd was designed in Frankfurt, Germany, with Miklós Kovács leading the design team, while the concept car was designed by Pontus Fontaeus. The cee'd is developed on the same platform as the Hyundai i30. The first generation was available with a choice of four engines (two petrol and two diesel), five trim levels and either manual or automatic transmission.


title: Kia Ceed

text: There were three trim levels available: LX, EX, TX. The flagship TX trim was equipped with semi leather seats, Michelin 225/45 tires with 17 inch alloy wheels and rear parking sensors. All versions have six airbags as standard, active front headrests, height-adjustable headrests, pretensioners, ESP, electronic traction control, ABS, EBD, BA, and a reinforced structure of the cabin. Upon release on the market, the warranty is one of the most extensive and longest in Europe with seven years or 150,000 km for the powertrain and five years for the entire vehicle.


title: Kia Ceed

text: In September 2009, the facelifted model was unveiled at the 63rd Frankfurt Motor Show. While the five-door and the station wagon were given an updated front and rear design, including the Kia's new corporate grille called the Tiger Nose, technical revisions and minor changes in the interior, the three-door version exterior was not updated.


title: Kia Ceed

text: The Pro_cee'd is the sports version of the Kia Cee'd, with a 3-door body and a new rear-end design. The concept car was showcased for first time at the Paris Motor Show in 2006. Apart from the 3-door hatchback body, the car is given a lower stance compared to the original 5-door Cee'd as it is 5 cm lower and 5 cm longer. The official pictures of the production version were released in July 2007.


title: Kia Ceed

text: The Cee'd Sportswagon is the station wagon of the Cee'd. It is the only version that features the 2.0-litre CRDi engine. The claimed boot space is 534 dm³ with the rear seats unfolded and 1664 dm³ with the seats folded down.


title: Kia Ceed

text: The Kia Cee'd earned a Euro NCAP 5 star safety rating for adult occupants for the pre 2009 model. It is also fitted with six airbags (including curtain airbags) as standard even in countries like Ukraine where safety options were usually stripped in comparison with other countries.


title: Kia Ceed

text: The Euro NCAP results also showed that the dashboard can become a threat to the driver and passenger's knees in the event of a front collision, despite having 6 airbags in the car and the Cee'd also scored the maximum available points for the side impact and pole tests.


title: Kia Ceed

text: Making its worldwide premiere at the 2012 Geneva Motor Show is the all-new second-generation Cee'd (with internal code "JD") which is claimed to be more sophisticated, efficient, refined, better equipped with a more engaging driving experience than the first generation. The second-generation Cee'd is, however, significantly more expensive than the first generation and moves the Cee'd out of the "budget" market as noted by independent reviewers such as Honest John. With the new Cee'd, came Kia's first attempt of a hot hatch with the Pro Cee'd GT.


title: Kia Ceed

text: First shown in June 2015, a facelifted model of the Cee'd went on sale in September of the same year.


title: Kia Ceed

text: Kia released the Pro_Cee'd GT in July 2013, while the 5-door Cee'd GT was released January 2014. The Pro_Cee'd GT is the company's first performance oriented car and the first European style "hot hatch" from a Korean manufacturer. It would act as a halo model for the rest of the range. It is also the first Kia sold in the UK with a turbo-charged petrol engine.


title: Kia Ceed

text: The Pro_Cee'd GT uses a variant of the T-GDi Gamma engine. The engine in the Pro_Cee'd GT is the same as that used in the American market Hyundai Veloster Turbo, but different gear ratios and more aggressive suspension have been used. The torque has also been increased to ; though, where the standard T-GDi engine has all of its torque available between 1750 and 4500 rpm, the engine as used in the Pro_Cee'd GT has been altered slightly, having its full torque available between 1750 and 4600 rpm. The engine propels the car from 0-60 mph (97 km/h) in 7.4 seconds, 0.4 seconds faster than the Veloster Turbo with the same engine (albeit a with a lower tune). The suspension in the GT has been modified over the standard Pro_Cee'd, giving a far more agile and sporting ride.


title: Kia Ceed

text: A body kit has been fitted to give the car a more muscular stance. The rear bumper now includes a splitter and twin exhausts, whilst the front introduces a large air intake with red pinstripe, a gloss black grille with silver GT badge and distinctive LED "Ice Cube" daytime running lights—side skirts are also fitted. The car runs on 18" Alloy Wheels over the standard car's 17" wheels. The interior gains red accents including an overstitched GT badge on the bottom of the steering wheel, as well as Leather and Suede Recaro sports racing bucket seats and TFT instrument dial, allowing the driver to switch between an analogue speedometer and digital readout with boost pressure and torque meters.


title: Kia Ceed

text: The third-generation Ceed was announced in February 2018 and revealed ahead of the 2018 Geneva Motor Show. The estate version was announced in March and officially revealed at the 2018 Geneva Motor Show. The production of the hatchback started in May 2018 and the car became available in June. The production of the estate version started in summer 2018.


title: Kia Ceed

text: The Cee'd became Kia's best selling European model from 2007 to 2011, strongly outperforming sales of its predecessor, the Cerato—and the previous best selling model, the Picanto—with sales of between 90,000 and 150,000 units per year. In 2008, the cee'd represented 44% of Kia's total sales volumes in Europe. Sales benefited from the innovative seven years' warranty—the first such warranty ever to be offered on any vehicle marketed in Europe.


title: Kia Ceed

text: At the 2007 Frankfurt Auto Show, Kia unveiled the "Pro_Cee'd", The Show Car designed by Pontus Fontaeus, and began marketing the model in January 2008. The Pro_Cee'd is mechanically identical to the 5-door model but many body panels (sans the bonnet and front-wings) are new and do not carry over from the 5-door model. The first-generation Pro_Cee'd was often compared to the Audi A3 in terms of its appearance, "Auto Express" calling it a "bargain Audi A3".


title: Kia Ceed

text: Kia's Ex_cee'd cabriolet concept car premiered at the 77th Salon de l'Automobile de Geneve in 2007 and was designed by Pontus Fontaeus. Based on the three-door Cee'd hatchback (Pro_cee'd), the Ex_cee'd shares the same platform, but features different exterior panels and an electric folding fabric roof.


title: Kia Ceed

text: Kia revealed a concept of its Pro_cee'd line, with improved aerodynamics and mild hybrid engine tuning to their diesel engine, under the name "Eco_cee'd". The concept models were fitted with ISG (Idle Stop&Go) and regenerative braking.


title: Kia Ceed

text: Kia previewed a hybrid Cee'd concept at the 2008 Paris Auto Show, and operates an evaluation fleet of in Europe—with the hybrid models featuring an electric motor, powered by a high-voltage battery mounted behind the rear seats.


title: Kia Ceed

text: On 27 June 2010, the Kia Cee'd was revealed as the new reasonably priced car for the "Star in a Reasonably-Priced Car" segment of the top-rated UK television programme "Top Gear", where presenter Jeremy Clarkson incorrectly and persistently pronounces the name as "Cee-apostrophe-d" and describes it as "the only car with an apostrophe "in" its name." The version used had a kerb weight upwards of 1,263 kg, and was priced at . The car was eventually replaced in Series 20 by a Vauxhall Astra. "Top Gear" dented several Cee'ds in a game of car rugby in 2013.


title: Kia Ceed

text: The Kia Cee'd has been homologated for TCR-specification series and is manufactured and supplied by Austrian company STARD. Kia will run a factory-supported team in the Scandinavian Touring Car Championship in 2017.


title: Kia Ceed

text: The Pro Cee'd serves as an official safety car in Poland's Kia Lotos Race, a racing organization created by Kia Motors Polska and Grupa Lotos.


title: Kia Ceed

text: Kia began selling Cee'd models in Morocco since 2010. As of 2020, Kia still sells Cee'd models in Morocco, alongside the Kia Cerato.


title: Kia Ceed

text: In 2014, the Pro_Cee'd GT was being sold in Israel, Australia and New Zealand. In 2015, Kia Australia announced that the Pro_Cee'd GT would no longer be offered in 2016, registering just 746 units over the two years on sale.


title: Ilir Latifi

text: Ilir Latifi (born July 28, 1983) is a Swedish mixed martial artist who previously fought in the Heavyweight division of the UFC. A two-time national wrestling champion and a professional MMA competitor since 2008, Latifi has also competed in Shark Fights, Rumble of The Kings, and GLORY.


title: Ilir Latifi

text: With a considerable number of wrestlers in his family, Latifi began wrestling at a young age. Latifi continued to wrestle in order to pursue his dream of one day being world champion. In 2005, he began to follow in his older brother's footsteps by training MMA as a result of his dissatisfaction with the constant rule changes in wrestling. Latifi competed at the 2005 ADCC European trials, where his division was won by Alistair Overeem, but he did not earn a spot at the 2005 ADCC championships. Although Latifi did not compete at the 2009 ADCC European Trials, he was invited to the 2009 ADCC Championships, where he lost in the first round to Alexandre Ribeiro via points (2–0).


title: Ilir Latifi

text: Latifi started his career as a heavyweight. His first professional MMA fight was on May 17, 2008 with the Real Pain Challenge promotion against future Bellator fighter and WSOF Heavyweight champion Blagoi Ivanov. However, the fight was ruled a no contest 55 seconds into the first round, as Latifi drove Ivanov into one of the posts on the ring and destroyed it.


title: Ilir Latifi

text: Next he fought future UFC heavyweight Christian Colombo on September 6, 2008. The bout was first booked as a professional contest, but would later be changed to an amateur or semi-pro bout which is not listed on the fighters professional records. Latifi won the fight by submission due to a north-south choke in the first round. Back in professional competition Latifi had his last fight as a heavyweight, before dropping down to light heavyweight, on October 25, 2008 at Superior Challenge 2, where he defeated Roman Mihocka by knockout in the second round.


title: Ilir Latifi

text: He holds a notable win over MMA- and kickboxing veteran Tony Lopez. Lopez came in to the fight on a 7-fight winning streak. Latifi used his superior wrestling and also his improved striking to shut Lopez down to win a unanimous decision. He has also fought against former Bellator Light Heavyweight champion and former MFC Light Heavyweight Champion Emanuel Newton and Tatsuya Mizuno. His early career success has led to Latifi being ranked as one of the top Light Heavyweights in Europe.


title: Ilir Latifi

text: He became the first Superior Challenge Light Heavyweight Champion after defeating Jorge Oliveira for the vacant belt on October 6, 2012 at Superior Challenge 8.


title: Ilir Latifi

text: Latifi made his UFC debut against at the time #10 ranked, former Strikeforce Light Heavyweight Champion Gegard Mousasi on April 6, 2013 at UFC on Fuel TV 9, on four days notice, reportedly cutting weight from 105 kg (231 lbs) to 93.4 kg (206 lbs), replacing his injured training partner Alexander Gustafsson. Latifi lost the fight via unanimous decision. After the fight UFC President Dana White praised Latifi for taking a fight against a top 10 fighter like Mousasi on such short notice and promised that Latifi would get another fight in the promotion.


title: Ilir Latifi

text: In his second fight for the promotion, Latifi fought MMA- and kickboxing veteran Cyrille Diabaté on March 8, 2014 at UFC Fight Night 37. Latifi won the fight via submission in the first round. His opponent, Diabaté retired from MMA and the UFC following his loss to Latifi.


title: Ilir Latifi

text: Latifi was later expected to face Tom Lawlor on July 19, 2014 at UFC Fight Night 46. However, Lawlor later had to withdraw from the bout citing an injury, and was replaced by promotional newcomer Chris Dempsey. Latifi effectively used leg kicks to disable his opponent, before finishing him with punches, ending the fight via first-round knockout.


title: Ilir Latifi

text: Latifi faced promotional newcomer Jan Błachowicz on October 4, 2014 at UFC Fight Night 53. He lost the fight via TKO in the first round.


title: Ilir Latifi

text: Latifi next faced Hans Stringer on July 18, 2015 at UFC Fight Night 72. He won the fight by knockout after dropping Stringer with an overhand right and following up with punches on the ground, stopping the fight 56 seconds into the first round.


title: Ilir Latifi

text: Latifi faced Sean O'Connell on January 17, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 81. He won the fight by knockout, having landed a vicious overhand right that wobbled O'Connell, followed by a right hook that dropped him to the canvas, 28 seconds into the first round. Following the fight, Latifi expressed his desire to fight in a main event in his hometown Malmö.


title: Ilir Latifi

text: Latifi next faced Ryan Bader on September 3, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 93. He lost the fight via knockout in the second round.


title: Ilir Latifi

text: Latifi was expected to face Antônio Rogério Nogueira on June 25, 2017 at UFC Fight Night 112. However, on May 17, it was announced that Nogueira pulled out due to a neck injury. Subsequently, despite having six weeks to secure a replacement opponent, promotion officials elected to remove Latifi from the event entirely.


title: Ilir Latifi

text: Latifi faced undefeated prospect Tyson Pedro on September 9, 2017 at UFC 215. He won the fight via unanimous decision, handing Pedro the first loss of his career.


title: Ilir Latifi

text: Latifi was expected to face Ovince Saint Preux on January 27, 2018 at UFC on Fox 27. However, he was injured during a training session and was forced to pull from the event, and the bout was cancelled. The pair was rebooked and took place on February 24, 2018 at UFC on Fox 28. Latifi won the fight via submission in the first round. This win earned him the Performance of the Night bonus.


title: Ilir Latifi

text: Latifi was expected to face Glover Teixeira on July 22, 2018 at UFC Fight Night 134. However, on July 5, 2018, it was announced that he was pulled from the event, citing injury.


title: Ilir Latifi

text: Latifi faced Corey Anderson on December 29, 2018 at UFC 232. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Ilir Latifi

text: Latifi was expected to face Volkan Oezdemir on June 1, 2019 at UFC Fight Night 153. On May 30, 2019 it was reported that Latifi was forced to pull out of the event due to back injury and the bout was cancelled. The pair was rebooked at UFC on ESPN 5 on August 3, 2019. In turn, due to Oezdemir having visa issues to enter United States, the bout was moved to August 10, 2019 at . He lost the fight via knockout in the second round.


title: Ilir Latifi

text: Latifi was next expected to face Alexander Romanov at UFC Fight Night 202 on February 19, 2022. However, the bout was cancelled for undisclosed reasons.


title: Ilir Latifi

text: Latifi was scheduled to face Alexey Oleynik on March 26, 2022 at UFC Fight Night 205. However, the day of the event, Latifi withdrew due to illness and the bout was cancelled. The pair was rescheduled to meet on two weeks later at UFC 273 on April 9, 2022. In turn, Latifi withdrew again for unknown reasons and was replaced by Jared Vanderaa. The pair was yet again rescheduled for UFC Fight Night 211 on October 1, 2022. Latifi won the bout via unanimous decision. In the post-fight interview he said that, having reached the age of 40 and the end of his UFC contract, he was unsure of his future in the sport, and that it might have been his last fight. In the same interview he revealed fighting with possible staph infection which he didn't disclose to the athletic commission and was later suspended for three months, making him eligible to return on January 1, 2023.


title: Ilir Latifi

text: Of Albanian origin, Latifi's parents emigrated from Kosovo in the 1960s. Latifi was raised in Rosengård, where he befriended football player Zlatan Ibrahimović. His brother Arben "the king" Latifi, who Ilir has described as his greatest influence in life, is a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu and was one of the pioneers of Swedish MMA in the early days, winning both the championship in European Open BJJ and the Panamerican Championship during his active career.


title: Ilir Latifi

text: In 2016, Latifi was awarded role model of the year and received the most votes for the people's choice award in the annual Swedish martial arts awards ceremony "Kampsportsgalan".


title: Arch

text: An arch is a vertical curved structure that spans an elevated space and may or may not support the weight above it, or in case of a horizontal arch like an arch dam, the hydrostatic pressure against it.


title: Arch

text: Arches may be synonymous with vaults, but a vault may be distinguished as a continuous arch forming a roof. Arches appeared as early as the 2nd millennium BC in Mesopotamian brick architecture, and their systematic use started with the ancient Romans, who were the first to apply the technique to a wide range of structures.


title: Arch

text: An arch is a pure compression form. It can span a large area by resolving forces into compressive stresses, and thereby eliminating tensile stresses. This is sometimes denominated "arch action". As the forces in the arch are transferred to its base, the arch pushes outward at its base, denominated "thrust". As the rise, i. e. height, of the arch decreases the outward thrust increases. In order to preserve arch action and prevent collapse of the arch, the thrust must be restrained, either by internal ties or external bracing, such as abutments.


title: Arch

text: The most common kinds of true arch are the fixed arch, the two-hinged arch, and the three-hinged arch.


title: Arch

text: The fixed arch is most often used in reinforced concrete bridges and tunnels, which have short spans. Because it is subject to additional internal stress from thermal expansion and contraction, this kind of arch is considered statically indeterminate.


title: Arch

text: The two-hinged arch is most often used to bridge long spans. This kind of arch has pinned connections at its base. Unlike that of the fixed arch, the pinned base can rotate, thus allowing the structure to move freely and compensate for the thermal expansion and contraction that changes in outdoor temperature cause. However, this can result in additional stresses, and therefore the two-hinged arch is also statically indeterminate, although not as much as the fixed arch.


title: Arch

text: The three-hinged arch is not only hinged at its base, like the two-hinged arch, yet also at its apex. The additional apical connection allows the three-hinged arch to move in two opposite directions and compensate for any expansion and contraction. This kind of arch is thus not subject to additional stress from thermal change. Unlike the other two kinds of arch, the three-hinged arch is therefore statically determinate. It is most often used for spans of medial length, such as those of roofs of large buildings. Another advantage of the three-hinged arch is that the pinned bases are more easily developed than fixed ones, which allows shallow, bearing-type foundations in spans of medial length. In the three-hinged arch "thermal expansion and contraction of the arch will cause vertical movements at the peak pin joint but will have no appreciable effect on the bases," which further simplifies foundational design.


title: Arch

text: The many forms of arch are classified into three categories: circular, pointed, and parabolic. Arches can also be configured to produce vaults and arcades.


title: Arch

text: Rounded, i. e. semicircular, arches were commonly used for ancient arches that were constructed of heavy masonry. Ancient Roman builders relied heavily on the rounded arch to span great lengths. Several rounded arches that are constructed in-line and end-to-end in a series form an arcade, e.g. in Roman aqueducts.


title: Arch

text: Pointed arches were most often used in Gothic architecture. The advantage of a pointed arch, rather than a circular one, is that the arch action produces less horizontal thrust at the base. This innovation allowed for taller and more closely spaced openings, which are typical of Gothic architecture.


title: Arch

text: Vaults are essentially "adjacent arches [that] are assembled side by side." If vaults intersect, their intersections produce complex forms. The forms, along with the "strongly expressed ribs at the vault intersections, were dominant architectural features of Gothic cathedrals."


title: Arch

text: The parabolic arch employs the principle that when weight is uniformly applied to an arch, the internal compression resulting from that weight will follow a parabolic profile. Of all forms of arch, the parabolic arch produces the most thrust at the base yet can span the greatest distances. It is commonly used in bridges, where long spans are needed.


title: Arch

text: The catenary arch has a different shape from the parabolic arch. Being the shape of the curve that a loose span of chain or rope traces, the catenary is the structurally ideal shape for a freestanding arch of constant thickness.


title: Arch

text: True arches, as opposed to corbel arches, were known by a number of civilizations in the ancient Near East including the Levant, but their use was infrequent and mostly confined to underground structures, such as drains where the problem of lateral thrust is greatly diminished.


title: Arch

text: An example of the latter would be the Nippur arch, built before 3800 BC, and dated by H. V. Hilprecht (1859–1925) to even before 4000 BC. Rare exceptions are an arched mudbrick home doorway dated to circa 2000 BC from Tell Taya in Iraq and two Bronze Age arched Canaanite city gates, one at Ashkelon (dated to c. 1850 BC), and one at Tel Dan (dated to c. 1750 BC), both in modern-day Israel. An Elamite tomb dated 1500 BC from Haft Teppe contains a parabolic vault which is considered one of the earliest evidences of arches in Iran.


title: Arch

text: In ancient Persia, the Achaemenid Empire (550 BC–330 BC) built small barrel vaults (essentially a series of arches built together to form a hall) known as "iwan", which became massive, monumental structures during the later Parthian Empire (247 BC–AD 224). This architectural tradition was continued by the Sasanian Empire (224–651), which built the Taq Kasra at Ctesiphon in the 6th century AD, the largest free-standing vault until modern times.


title: Arch

text: An early European example of a "voussoir" arch appears in the 4th century BC Greek Rhodes Footbridge.


title: Arch

text: The ancient Romans learned the arch from the Etruscans, refined it and were the first builders in Europe to tap its full potential for above ground buildings:


title: Arch

text: The Romans were the first builders in Europe, perhaps the first in the world, to fully appreciate the advantages of the arch, the vault and the dome.


title: Arch

text: Throughout the Roman empire, their engineers erected arch structures such as bridges, aqueducts, and gates. They also introduced the triumphal arch as a military monument. Vaults began to be used for roofing large interior spaces such as halls and temples, a function that was also assumed by domed structures from the 1st century BC onwards.


title: Arch

text: The segmental arch was first built by the Romans who realized that an arch in a bridge did not have to be a semicircle, such as in Alconétar Bridge or Ponte San Lorenzo. They were also routinely used in house construction, as in Ostia Antica (see picture).


title: Arch

text: In ancient China, most architecture was wooden, including the few known arch bridges from literature and one artistic depiction in stone-carved relief. Therefore, the only surviving examples of architecture from the Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) are rammed earth defensive walls and towers, ceramic roof tiles from no longer existent wooden buildings, stone gate towers, and underground brick tombs that, although featuring vaults, domes, and archways, were built with the support of the earth and were not free-standing.


title: Arch

text: China's oldest surviving stone arch bridge is the Anji Bridge, built between 595 CE and 605 CE during the Sui Dynasty; it is the oldest open-spandrel segmental arch bridge in stone.


title: Arch

text: However, the ancient Romans had virtually all of these components beforehand; for example, Trajan's Bridge that was built between 103 AD and 105 AD, had open spandrels built in wood on stone pillars.


title: Arch

text: The first example of an early Gothic arch in Europe is in Sicily in the Greek fortifications of Gela. The semicircular arch was followed in Europe by the pointed Gothic arch or ogive, whose centreline more closely follows the forces of compression and which is therefore stronger. The semicircular arch can be flattened to make an elliptical arch, as in the Ponte Santa Trinita. Parabolic arches were introduced in construction by the Spanish architect Antoni Gaudí, who admired the structural system of the Gothic style, but for the buttresses, which he termed "architectural crutches". The first examples of the pointed arch in the European architecture are in Sicily and date back to the Arab-Norman period.


title: Arch

text: The horseshoe arch is based on the semicircular arch, but its lower ends are extended further round the circle until they start to converge. The first known built horseshoe arches are from the Kingdom of Aksum in modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea, dating from ca. 3rd–4th century. This is around the same time as the earliest contemporary examples in Roman Syria, suggesting either an Aksumite or Syrian origin for the type.


title: Arch

text: Vaulted roof of an early Harappan burial chamber has been noted from Rakhigarhi. S.R Rao reports vaulted roof of a small chamber in a house from Lothal. Barrel vaults were also used in the Late Harappan Cemetery H culture dated 1900 BC-1300 BC which formed the roof of the metal working furnace, the discovery was made by Vats in 1940 during excavation at Harappa.


title: Arch

text: In India, Bhitargaon temple (450 AD) and Mahabodhi temple (7th century AD) built in by Gupta Dynasty are the earliest surviving examples of the use of voussoir arch vault system in India. The earlier uses semicircular arch, while the later contains examples of both gothic style pointed arch and semicircular arches. Although introduced in the 5th century, arches didn't gain prominence in the Indian architecture until 12th century after Islamic conquest. The Gupta era arch vault system was later used extensively in Burmese Buddhist temples in Pyu and Bagan in 11th and 12th centuries.


title: Arch

text: This article does not deal with a different architectural element, the corbel arch. However, it is worthwhile mentioning that corbel arches were found in other parts of ancient Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas. In 2010, a robot discovered a long arch-roofed passageway underneath the Pyramid of Quetzalcoatl, which stands in the ancient city of Teotihuacan north of Mexico City, dated to around 200 AD.


title: Arch

text: Since it is a pure compression form, the arch is useful because many building materials, including stone and unreinforced concrete, can resist compression, but are weak when tensile stress is applied to them (ref: similar to the AL-Karparo [8:04]).


title: Arch

text: An arch is held in place by the weight of all of its members, making construction problematic. One answer is to build a frame (historically, of wood) which exactly follows the form of the underside of the arch. This is known as a centre or centring. Voussoirs are laid on it until the arch is complete and self-supporting. For an arch higher than head height, scaffolding would be required, so it could be combined with the arch support. Arches may fall when the frame is removed if design or construction has been faulty. The first attempt at the A85 bridge at Dalmally, Scotland suffered this fate, in the 1940s. The interior and lower line or curve of an arch is known as the "intrados".


title: Arch

text: Old arches sometimes need reinforcement due to decay of the keystones, forming what is known as bald arch.


title: Arch

text: In reinforced concrete construction, the principle of the arch is used so as to benefit from the concrete's strength in resisting compressive stress. Where any other form of stress is raised, such as tensile or torsional stress, it has to be resisted by carefully placed reinforcement rods or fibres.


title: Arch

text: A depressed arch is one that appears "squashed" down at the top from the full arched shape. In pointed-arch styles, where there is a central point at the top of the arch, it may be a four-centred arch or Tudor arch.


title: Arch

text: A blind arch is an arch infilled with solid construction so it cannot function as a window, door, or passageway. These are common as decorative treatments of a wall surface in many architectural styles, especially Romanesque architecture.


title: Arch

text: A special form of the arch is the triumphal arch, usually built to celebrate a victory in war. A famous example is the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, France.


title: Arch

text: Rock formations may form natural arches through erosion, rather than being carved or constructed. Structures such as this can be found in Arches National Park. Some rock balance sculptures are in the form of an arch.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: Wynn Las Vegas, often simply referred to as Wynn, is a luxury resort and casino located on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada, United States. It is owned and operated by Wynn Resorts, and was built on the former site of the Desert Inn resort, which opened in 1950. Casino developer Steve Wynn purchased and closed the Desert Inn during 2000, with plans to build a new resort on the site. The design phase lasted two and a half years, and construction began on October 31, 2002, with Marnell Corrao Associates as general contractor. At a cost of $2.7 billion, Wynn Las Vegas was the most expensive resort ever built, beating out Wynn's $1.6 billion Bellagio, which opened on the Strip in 1998.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: Wynn Las Vegas opened on April 28, 2005, with 2,716 rooms and a casino. At the time, its 45-story hotel tower was the tallest building in Nevada. A sister property, Encore Las Vegas, was opened by Wynn Resorts in December 2008. Located directly north of the resort, Encore added a second hotel tower and additional gaming space, as well as several restaurants and clubs. In total, the Wynn complex contains 4,748 rooms and of gaming space. Wynn declared his $5.2 billion complex finished in May 2010, following additions made at Encore.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: Unlike most Strip resorts, the Wynn does not feature a theme. In a break from Wynn's previous resorts, it also lacks a free attraction for pedestrians. Instead, an artificial mountain obscures most of the attractions, meant to evoke curiosity and lure people into the resort. A lake is surrounded by the mountain and several restaurants, and is the site of a show called "Lake of Dreams", which features singing animatronics.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: The Desert Inn's golf course was kept and redesigned to become the Wynn's course. Upon opening, the resort also included the state's only Ferrari and Maserati dealership, which later closed in 2015. The property has two retail areas, Wynn Esplanade and Wynn Plaza, the latter replacing the dealership in 2018. Tryst, a popular nightclub by Victor Drai, opened in 2005 and operated for 10 years.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: Since its opening, Wynn Las Vegas has received numerous accolades, including the AAA Five Diamond Award and the Five Star award from Forbes Travel Guide. The accolades also extend to its restaurants, including Alex, a French eatery by chef Alex Stratta which eventually closed in 2011. Another restaurant, Wing Lei, is the only Chinese restaurant in the U.S. to receive a Michelin Star. Other popular restaurants include The Buffet at Wynn.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: The resort's main show was "Le Rêve", which opened with the property in 2005. It had a successful run before closing in 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The show took place in the Wynn Theater. A second venue, the Broadway Theater, was also built with the resort. It was later renamed the Encore Theater, after the sister resort property, and is now situated between the two resorts. The Encore Theater has hosted numerous shows, including "Avenue Q" and "Spamalot", as well as entertainers such as Danny Gans and Garth Brooks.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: In 2006, table game dealers at the resort protested a new policy requiring them to share tips with their supervisors. The policy sparked years of litigation between Wynn and the dealers, with a $5.6 million settlement eventually reached in 2021.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: Wynn Las Vegas was built on the former site of the Desert Inn, a casino resort which opened in 1950. Local developer Steve Wynn purchased the resort in 2000, as a birthday present for wife Elaine Wynn. Wynn had recently sold his company, Mirage Resorts, and used the money to buy the Desert Inn. The resort was closed later that year, with plans to build a new one in its place. Wynn partnered with businessman Kazuo Okada and his company Aruze, which would help finance the project. In August 2001, Wynn unveiled specific plans for the project, which would retain the Desert Inn's golf course. The resort was expected to open sometime in 2004. Wynn expected it to compete against his former Bellagio resort, which he had recently sold along with Mirage Resorts.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: Wynn announced the resort's initial name, "Le Rêve" (French for "The Dream"), in October 2001. It was named after a 1932 Picasso painting that Wynn had purchased. Wynn trademarked the "Le Rêve" name earlier in 2001, and later purchased the rights from the Le Rêve hotel in West Hollywood, California.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: In June 2003, Wynn announced that he had renamed the resort after himself; market research showed that "Wynn" had better name recognition. According to Wynn: "No one knows what Le Reve is. No one knows how to pronounce it". "Wynn" was once considered as a name for his previous resorts, The Mirage and Bellagio. By the time of the name change, he was already planning to build the Wynn Macau resort in China, and said, "Others have finally convinced me that the Wynn name would allow us to cross-market and offer a consistency of branding for all our properties". Three individuals in particular helped convince him to change the name: businessmen Barry Diller and Donald Trump, and film director Steven Spielberg.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: France was opposed to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and this was also a reason for changing the resort's name. According to chief architect DeRuyter Butler: "The name Le Reve is very closely tied to France, which was an opponent to our political approach to Iraq. It wasn't anything derogatory toward France, but Mr. Wynn started to look at other potential names".


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: Wynn's surname signature is used as the resort's logo, and is present in neon lettering along the top of the hotel tower. The logo ends with a period punctuation mark. According to longtime local reporter Steve Friess, the resort "screamed Wynn Period as if to say, "'This" is the Wynn. Period.' Wynn once told me as much, explaining it was a subtle way of saying that this is the definition of his embodiment as a resort, the ultimate". In a 2005 commercial, Wynn himself promoted the resort as "the only one I've ever signed my name to".


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: The Desert Inn's Augusta Tower was imploded in October 2001, and construction on the new resort was scheduled to begin two months later. However, this was delayed by complications in excavating the former site of the Augusta Tower. The resort was expected to cost $1.6 billion, and the start of construction was further delayed by difficulty acquiring funds.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: By June 2002, the project cost had increased to $1.8 billion. This would make it the most expensive casino resort in the world, topping Wynn's $1.6 billion Bellagio. Wynn announced that the project would be partly financed by bank loans and Aruze, in addition to an initial public offering (IPO) in Wynn Resorts. Wynn had previously wanted to retain private ownership and dismissed the idea of selling stock to raise financing. Wynn Resorts hoped to raise $470 million through the IPO, selling one-third of its shares; the remainder would be held by Wynn himself and Aruze. Ahead of the IPO launch, Wynn traveled around the U.S. to pitch his plans, spending three weeks on the road. Investors were apprehensive about the project because of the lengthy construction schedule ahead. In response, Wynn Resorts reduced the share price to attract investors.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: Marnell Corrao Associates, which built Wynn's previous resorts, was hired as general contractor. Groundbreaking took place on October 31, 2002, with a ceremony attended by hundreds of people, including Nevada senators Harry Reid and John Ensign, and former governor Bob Miller. As of June 2003, construction proceeded on a 24-hour schedule, with rebar installation during the day and concrete pours at night. The tower was topped off in February 2004. As project costs increased, another stock offering in Wynn Resorts took place later that year to raise additional financing. Hiring began on November 1, 2004. Within three months, more than 80,000 people applied for jobs at the resort, which would employ 9,000. In total, the resort received 105,000 applications.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: As of January 2005, construction crews were working on a 20-hour schedule each day to get the resort finished on time. At a final cost of $2.7 billion, it was the most expensive resort ever built. Analysts anticipated that Wynn Las Vegas would launch a new wave of resort construction on the Strip. The resort was also expected to help transform the northern Strip and attract an upper-class clientele to the area. Several new Strip projects were announced during Wynn's construction, including The Palazzo, CityCenter, Fontainebleau, and Echelon Place.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: Wynn kept many details about the project secretive until its opening, granting few interviews prior to that point. He said the resort's features were difficult to describe: "That's the reason there hasn't been a lot of chatter about the hotel. It's not because we're trying to keep a secret. This is a place that does not lend itself to verbalization. So, when you start to describe them, you resort to strained attempts to communicate something no one has seen". As the opening approached, Wynn appeared in a commercial promoting the new resort, in which he is shown on the roof of the hotel tower. The advertisement aired during Super Bowl XXXIX in February 2005, and was subsequently broadcast in Phoenix, San Diego, and Los Angeles.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: Wynn Las Vegas opened at 12:01 a.m. on April 28, 2005, Elaine's birthday. It was the first new resort to open on the Strip since the Aladdin in 2000. The public opening was preceded by a private charity fundraiser reception for approximately 2,000 guests. An estimated 10,000 people attended the public opening. The resort marked Wynn's return to the Nevada gaming industry, five years after selling Mirage Resorts.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: Within the first year, changes were made to several resort amenities as part of a fine-tuning effort. A second hotel resort, Encore Las Vegas, was built as a sister property. It opened directly north of Wynn Las Vegas in December 2008, occupying the remainder of the Desert Inn site. Additions were made to Encore in May 2010, at which point Wynn declared the completion of the $5.2 billion Wynn complex. A $99 million renovation of the Wynn hotel was completed in 2011.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: In 2013, Wynn tapped Sean Christie to attract film productions to the resort. Christie, who oversaw several nightclubs on the property, put together a team and spent six months promoting the resort for film purposes. Wynn Las Vegas made its feature debut in 2015, with the release of two films: "" was shot throughout the resort, while "The Squeeze" filmed on the golf course. The resort made subsequent appearances in the films "Frank & Lola" (2016) and "The House" (2017). By 2017, Wynn Las Vegas had become one of the world's most photographed hotels among the general public.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: Plans for a new sister resort across the street, Wynn West, were announced in 2018. However, Wynn resigned from his company shortly thereafter, following sexual misconduct allegations. Leadership of Wynn Resorts changed and plans for Wynn West were canceled.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: In March 2020, the Wynn properties were among the first Las Vegas resorts to close as the COVID-19 pandemic reached Nevada. The Wynn complex, along with other local resorts, reopened three months later. In contrast to most other resorts, the Wynn properties reopened with all amenities allowed under state health guidelines. Air travel saw a reduction in the early months of the pandemic, and the Wynn resorts relied largely on drive-in tourists from Arizona and California. However, visitation soon declined after both states endured a surge in COVID-19 cases. Wynn Resorts reduced its work force, and Encore temporarily shifted to a four-day weekly operating schedule. As revenue improved in 2021, a $200 million renovation of the two hotel towers was announced.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: A few months after opening, the resort signed an unprecedented 10-year union agreement with the Culinary Workers Union. Previous agreements at other resorts had only gone up to five years. The Wynn contract covered 4,000 workers; the resort's 600 table game dealers were among those not covered.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: In August 2006, Wynn Las Vegas announced a tip-sharing policy requiring its dealers to share tips with their managers. Wynn dealers made up to $100,000 per year, making this among the most profitable positions in the gaming industry. The policy was meant to equalize incomes between dealers and supervisors; the latter earned significantly less income, resulting in a shortage of supervisory positions. Dealers said the policy could cost them $20,000 in annual income. In addition to tips, Wynn also gave supervisors a $5,000 raise. The tip-sharing policy was later implemented at Encore Las Vegas as well.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: Two Wynn dealers filed a lawsuit against the resort challenging the policy, but were eventually dismissed by a judge. Two other dealers filed complaints with the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), and also filed lawsuits against Wynn, alleging that he went on a tirade during a meeting with dealers. In 2007, the Nevada Legislature attempted and failed to pass a bill which would have ended the resort's tip-sharing policy. Later that year, dealers voted to unionize through the Transport Workers Union of America (TWU), hoping to put an end to the policy. A couple of dealers were fired allegedly over their pro-union stance.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: An agreement on a final union contract was slow-moving. Meanwhile, litigation regarding the tip-sharing policy continued for several years. In 2010, the state labor commissioner ruled it legal. Later that year, dealers voted to approve a 10-year union contract with TWU. Wynn officials were happy with the agreement, which was identical to one previously offered by the resort a year earlier. Tip-sharing continued under the union contract. The labor commissioner's ruling was appealed by the dealers and later overturned by a judge, prompting further litigation. Federal lawsuits were filed by dealers in 2013 and again in 2018, seeking to recoup lost tip wages. A $5.6 million settlement was reached in 2021, benefiting approximately 1,000 current and former dealers. That year, the dealers voted to join the United Autoworkers Gaming Union in a three-year deal. It protected Wynn dealers from the tip-sharing policy, which remained in effect at Encore.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: In a separate case, the resort's nightclub employees were also required to share tips with management. The workers, already covered by the Culinary union, filed a class-action lawsuit against the resort in 2010, alleging that the policy was a violation of union contract. The suit was dismissed the following year by a judge, ruling that the issue should instead be handled through arbitration.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: Unlike most Strip resorts, Wynn Las Vegas does not have a theme. Wynn said: "Our resort will become famous and people will copy us. We're not trying to copy Rome or Italy or New York. It's about the beauty of our desert. It's time for Las Vegas to have its own hotel, its own architecture". He described the design process as "exquisitely uncomfortable" and "the most exciting experience" of his life. According to Wynn Resorts, the "property, rather than a theme, will be the attraction, and, therefore, will have more lasting appeal to customers".


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: Although the resort covers more than , Wynn sought to make it feel small and intimate, unlike other resorts. His in-house architectural team was led by DeRuyter Butler. The interior design was largely handled by The Jerde Partnership and Wynn's longtime designer Roger Thomas. In total, more than 130 designers worked on the project, including Jane Radoff, another longtime interior designer for Wynn.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: The design team looked to the Bellagio for inspiration, seeking to replicate its success while correcting its mistakes. The design phase lasted two and a half years. Natural light is emphasized throughout the casino and restaurant areas, as well as an indoor garden atrium, similar to the Bellagio's conservatory. The atrium features live trees and plants, as well as flowers that are changed regularly. Red, a lucky color among Asian gamblers, is also used throughout the resort, along with an abundance of flower designs.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: The hotel tower's exterior consists of bronze reflective glass. Architects had a mixed opinion of Wynn Las Vegas' design. New York architect Ronnette Riley compared the hotel tower to "a big UPS truck" and was critical of its use of reflective glass, which she considered long outdated. Others found the design mature and sophisticated. According to David G. Schwartz, director of the Center for Gaming Research at UNLV, "Wynn invested his very legacy in the new resort, and history will likely vindicate him. Substance over style will be the wave of the future".


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: Architecture critic Christopher Hawthorne negatively compared Wynn Las Vegas to a "midrise office tower in Houston, circa 1983". Wynn said that critics "missed the point" of the hotel tower's design: "This is a stack of hotel rooms. [...] the reality is that I have to cater to guests. Under that, form follows function". Tom Gorman, also writing for the "Los Angeles Times", found the interior of Wynn Las Vegas to be largely derivative of Bellagio, while calling the overall resort "coy" compared to Wynn's previous properties. Fred A. Bernstein of "The New York Times" called the design of the public spaces "stylistically incoherent (a bit of Italy, a bit of France, more than a bit of Disneyland)", but also found that there "are plenty of nice touches".


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: The front of Wynn's previous Strip resorts each included free attractions to lure pedestrians inside, such as an artificial volcano at the Mirage, pirate shows at Treasure Island, and the Fountains of Bellagio. In a departure, Wynn Las Vegas obscures its attractions to outside pedestrians by way of an artificial mountain, meant to evoke curiosity and lure people into the resort. It also serves to hide vehicle traffic from guests. The mountain idea was conceived by Steve and Elaine Wynn; the former had previously planned a mountain attraction at the Mirage before scrapping the idea.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: The mountain at Wynn Las Vegas was designed by Don Brinkerhoff and built by his landscape company, Lifescapes International, which worked on Wynn's previous resorts. The mountain rises more than 100 feet. It is made up of terraced walls, with soil compacted into place. The mountain cost $130 million to build, and includes 1,500 trees, many of them relocated from the former Desert Inn golf course. The mountain also has several waterfalls, some up to 100 feet in height. In front of the mountain, and obscured from outside pedestrians, is a three-acre lake overlooked by several restaurants. This area is home to the show "Lake of Dreams".


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: The resort includes a roadside sign along the Strip. It was created by YESCO and measures 135 in height. It includes an LED screen 100 feet high and 50 feet wide, with a platform that moves up and down across the screen as an "eraser", presenting new images with each movement.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: The hotel tower is 45 stories, although its top floor is labeled "60". The tower skips multiple floors, including those containing the number 4, which Chinese gamblers view as unlucky. The tower has a height of 613 feet. At the time of completion, it was the tallest building in Nevada.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: The hotel opened with 2,716 rooms, including suites. The resort includes Tower Suites, a hotel-within-a-hotel. As of 2008, Wynn Las Vegas was the only hotel-casino in the world to have a five-star rating from Mobil Travel Guide, receiving the accolade for its Tower Suites. The property also offered villas on the golf course fairway for its high rollers, a target demographic. As of 2008, the resort had the largest vehicle fleet of Rolls-Royce Phantom limousines in North America. The 10 custom-made vehicles were used for high rollers and celebrity guests. In 2016, the hotel announced that it would place an Amazon Echo in every room, becoming the first resort in the world to do so. The Echo is used to control various aspects of the room, such as temperature and lighting.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: The casino measures . Upon opening, it included 1,962 slot machines and 137 table games. In a break from past casinos, chandeliers were built over each gaming table. In addition, the casino had a poker room, keno lounge, a baccarat salon, and a sports book with a lounge for VIP players. For hotel guests, room keycards doubled as slot cards; Wynn was the first casino to do so. The casino was also among the first in Las Vegas, along with the Hard Rock Hotel to use RFID in its gaming chips to detect counterfeiting. In 2011, the resort became the first in Las Vegas to allow wagers on non-sporting events. The sports book underwent a major renovation in 2017, which included the addition of a video wall measuring 137 feet by 11 feet.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: The Wynn complex, including Encore, covers . In total, the complex has 4,748 hotel rooms, and of gaming space.


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: The Desert Inn golf course was retained, receiving a new layout and landscaping to become the Wynn Golf Club. It is the only course on the Strip. The 70-par, 18-hole course measures 6,722 yards, and covers .


title: Wynn Las Vegas

text: In 2000, Wynn's company, Valvino Lamore LLC, acquired 41 residential homes at Desert Inn Estates, part of the former resort's country club. The company spent $270 million to buy the golf course and another $50 million for the houses. A dozen remaining homeowners declined to sell and filed suit against Wynn to prevent his redevelopment plans, and he sued them in response. In 2003, Wynn sought to remove state oversight of the property's water by getting a Nevada Assembly bill passed. As owner of the Desert Inn Water Company, Wynn was required to have all his financial plans for the site undergo review by the state's Public Utilities Commission (PUC). He sought to avoid this in the event that he should have to alter his financing plans for the resort. Homeowners objected, believing that Wynn's proposal would give him unreasonable power over their water supply. A modified water bill was signed by Nevada governor Kenny Guinn later that year, eliminating certain financial reporting requirements while allowing the PUC to maintain jurisdiction over the residents. In 2004, Wynn reached an agreement to buy the remaining 10 homes for $23 million.