title: 10th millennium BC

text: In North Africa, Saharan rock art engravings in what is known as the Bubalus (Large Wild Fauna) period have been dated to between 10,000 BC and 7000 BC. Wall paintings found in Ethiopia and Eritrea depict human activity; some of the older paintings are thought to date back to around 10,000 BC. The Abu Madi tel mounds in the Sinai Peninsula have been dated c. 9660 to c. 9180 BC.


title: 10th millennium BC

text: The Clovis culture was widely distributed throughout North America. The people were hunter-gatherers and the culture's duration is believed to have been from c.9050 BC to c.8800 BC. There is evidence of increasing use of Clovis point tool technology for hunting.


title: 10th millennium BC

text: Elsewhere in North America, the Petroglyphs at Winnemucca Lake, in what is today northwest Nevada, were carved by this time, possibly as early as 12.8 ka or as late as 10 ka.


title: 10th millennium BC

text: The sites at Göbekli Tepe and Hallan Çemi Tepesi, both in south-eastern Anatolia, and at Tell Qaramel in north-west Syria, may have been occupied during this millennium. In Great Britain, which was not then an island, the Star Carr site in North Yorkshire is believed to have been inhabited by Maglemosian peoples for about 800 years from c. 9335 BC to c. 8525 BC.


title: 10th millennium BC

text: In the southern hemisphere, rising sea levels had gradually formed Bass Strait, separating Tasmania from mainland Australia. This process is believed to have been complete by about the beginning of the 10th millennium. Bass Strait had been a plain populated by indigenous people who are thought to have first arrived around 40,000 years ago.


title: 10th millennium BC

text: The Wisconsin glaciation had sheeted much of North America and, as it retreated, its meltwaters created an immense proglacial lake now known as Lake Agassiz. Sometime after 10,000 BC, the retreating glaciers created the rock formation on Cannon Mountain in present-day New Hampshire that was known as the Old Man of the Mountain until its collapse in 2003.


title: 10th millennium BC

text: The ongoing Quaternary System/Period represents the last 2.58 million years since the end of the Neogene and is officially divided into the Pleistocene and Holocene Series/Epochs. The Holocene has been assigned an age of 11,700 calendar years before 2000 CE which means it began c. 9700 BC in the 10th millennium. It is preceded in the geological time scale by the Late Pleistocene sub-epoch, also known as the Tarantian Stage/Age, which awaits formal ratification by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) and tentatively spans the time from c. 126,000 BC to c. 9700 BC. Preceding the Late Pleistocene is the Middle Pleistocene sub-epoch, or Chibanian Stage/Age, which also awaits ratification and tentatively spans the time from c. 773,000 BC to c. 126,000 BC. The Early Pleistocene from c. 2,580,000 BC until c. 773,000 is sub-divided into two Stages/Ages which have been officially defined: the Gelasian (until c. 1,800,000 BC) and the Calabrian.


title: 10th millennium BC

text: The Holocene calendar, devised by Cesare Emiliani in 1993, places its epoch at 10,000 BC (with the year 2022 being rendered as 12022 HE). The Human Era calendar attempts to simplify the calculation of time spans across the BC-CE divide by designating a more universally relevant epoch date: the start of human settlements (instead of the birth of Jesus Christ). CE dates can be converted by adding 10,000 years; converting BC dates requires subtraction from 10,001 (since the Gregorian calendar lacks a year zero).


title: AK-101

text: The AK-101 is an assault rifle of the Kalashnikov series. It's marketed at those looking for a weapon that combines the logistical compatibility and familiarity of the 5.56×45mm NATO round with the reliability of a Kalashnikov. The design of this rifle is similar to the AK-74.


title: AK-101

text: It is designed with modern and composite materials, including plastics that reduce weight and improve accuracy. Many of the improvements found in the AK-101 are also present in the AK-103 and the rest of the AK-100 series of rifles. The AK-101 is also considered to be an export version of the AK-74M.


title: AK-101

text: The AK-101 is a selective fire weapon that can be fired in either semi-automatic or fully automatic mode. The disassembly procedure for the AK-101 is identical to that of the AK-74. The AK-101 has an attachment rail installed on the side of the receiver for mounting scopes and other optical sights, which will accept most types of Russian and European AK optics. The rifle accepts most synthetic and metal AK-74-style magazines with 30-round capacity. The AK-101 has a barrel with an AK-74 style muzzle brake attached to the barrel to control muzzle climb.


title: AK-101

text: The AK-101 is chambered in 5.56mm NATO and features a black glass-filled polyamide side folding stock, which folds to the left. The side folding stock looks similar to a normal fixed stock, but folds and locks securely to the left side of the receiver. It has a cutout to compensate for the side rail.


title: AK-101

text: Norinco produced a copy of the AK-101 as the AK-2000, with the stock of the Type 56-2. It has been in service with Indonesian police units.


title: Data modeling

text: Data modeling in software engineering is the process of creating a data model for an information system by applying certain formal techniques.


title: Data modeling

text: Data modeling is a process used to define and analyze data requirements needed to support the business processes within the scope of corresponding information systems in organizations. Therefore, the process of data modeling involves professional data modelers working closely with business stakeholders, as well as potential users of the information system.


title: Data modeling

text: There are three different types of data models produced while progressing from requirements to the actual database to be used for the information system. The data requirements are initially recorded as a conceptual data model which is essentially a set of technology independent specifications about the data and is used to discuss initial requirements with the business stakeholders. The conceptual model is then translated into a logical data model, which documents structures of the data that can be implemented in databases. Implementation of one conceptual data model may require multiple logical data models. The last step in data modeling is transforming the logical data model to a physical data model that organizes the data into tables, and accounts for access, performance and storage details. Data modeling defines not just data elements, but also their structures and the relationships between them.


title: Data modeling

text: Data modeling techniques and methodologies are used to model data in a standard, consistent, predictable manner in order to manage it as a resource. The use of data modeling standards is strongly recommended for all projects requiring a standard means of defining and analyzing data within an organization, e.g., using data modeling:


title: Data modeling

text: Data modeling may be performed during various types of projects and in multiple phases of projects. Data models are progressive; there is no such thing as the final data model for a business or application. Instead a data model should be considered a living document that will change in response to a changing business. The data models should ideally be stored in a repository so that they can be retrieved, expanded, and edited over time. Whitten et al. (2004) determined two types of data modeling:


title: Data modeling

text: Data modeling is also used as a technique for detailing business requirements for specific databases. It is sometimes called "database modeling" because a data model is eventually implemented in a database.


title: Data modeling

text: Data models provide a framework for data to be used within information systems by providing specific definition and format. If a data model is used consistently across systems then compatibility of data can be achieved. If the same data structures are used to store and access data then different applications can share data seamlessly. The results of this are indicated in the diagram. However, systems and interfaces are often expensive to build, operate, and maintain. They may also constrain the business rather than support it. This may occur when the quality of the data models implemented in systems and interfaces is poor.


title: Data modeling

text: According to ANSI, this approach allows the three perspectives to be relatively independent of each other. Storage technology can change without affecting either the logical or the conceptual schema. The table/column structure can change without (necessarily) affecting the conceptual schema. In each case, of course, the structures must remain consistent across all schemas of the same data model.


title: Data modeling

text: In the context of business process integration (see figure), data modeling complements business process modeling, and ultimately results in database generation.


title: Data modeling

text: The process of designing a database involves producing the previously described three types of schemas - conceptual, logical, and physical. The database design documented in these schemas are converted through a Data Definition Language, which can then be used to generate a database. A fully attributed data model contains detailed attributes (descriptions) for every entity within it. The term "database design" can describe many different parts of the design of an overall database system. Principally, and most correctly, it can be thought of as the logical design of the base data structures used to store the data. In the relational model these are the tables and views. In an object database the entities and relationships map directly to object classes and named relationships. However, the term "database design" could also be used to apply to the overall process of designing, not just the base data structures, but also the forms and queries used as part of the overall database application within the Database Management System or DBMS.


title: Data modeling

text: In the process, system interfaces account for 25% to 70% of the development and support costs of current systems. The primary reason for this cost is that these systems do not share a common data model. If data models are developed on a system by system basis, then not only is the same analysis repeated in overlapping areas, but further analysis must be performed to create the interfaces between them. Most systems within an organization contain the same basic data, redeveloped for a specific purpose. Therefore, an efficiently designed basic data model can minimize rework with minimal modifications for the purposes of different systems within the organization


title: Data modeling

text: Data models represent information areas of interest. While there are many ways to create data models, according to Len Silverston (1997) only two modeling methodologies stand out, top-down and bottom-up:


title: Data modeling

text: Sometimes models are created in a mixture of the two methods: by considering the data needs and structure of an application and by consistently referencing a subject-area model. Unfortunately, in many environments the distinction between a logical data model and a physical data model is blurred. In addition, some CASE tools don't make a distinction between logical and physical data models.


title: Data modeling

text: There are several notations for data modeling. The actual model is frequently called "entity–relationship model", because it depicts data in terms of the entities and relationships described in the data. An entity–relationship model (ERM) is an abstract conceptual representation of structured data. Entity–relationship modeling is a relational schema database modeling method, used in software engineering to produce a type of conceptual data model (or semantic data model) of a system, often a relational database, and its requirements in a top-down fashion.


title: Data modeling

text: These models are being used in the first stage of information system design during the requirements analysis to describe information needs or the type of information that is to be stored in a database. The data modeling technique can be used to describe any ontology (i.e. an overview and classifications of used terms and their relationships) for a certain universe of discourse i.e. area of interest.


title: Data modeling

text: Several techniques have been developed for the design of data models. While these methodologies guide data modelers in their work, two different people using the same methodology will often come up with very different results. Most notable are:


title: Data modeling

text: Generic data models are generalizations of conventional data models. They define standardized general relation types, together with the kinds of things that may be related by such a relation type.


title: Data modeling

text: The definition of generic data model is similar to the definition of a natural language. For example, a generic data model may define relation types such as a 'classification relation', being a binary relation between an individual thing and a kind of thing (a class) and a 'part-whole relation', being a binary relation between two things, one with the role of part, the other with the role of whole, regardless the kind of things that are related.


title: Data modeling

text: Given an extensible list of classes, this allows the classification of any individual thing and to specify part-whole relations for any individual object. By standardization of an extensible list of relation types, a generic data model enables the expression of an unlimited number of kinds of facts and will approach the capabilities of natural languages. Conventional data models, on the other hand, have a fixed and limited domain scope, because the instantiation (usage) of such a model only allows expressions of kinds of facts that are predefined in the model.


title: Data modeling

text: The logical data structure of a DBMS, whether hierarchical, network, or relational, cannot totally satisfy the requirements for a conceptual definition of data because it is limited in scope and biased toward the implementation strategy employed by the DBMS. That is unless the semantic data model is implemented in the database on purpose, a choice which may slightly impact performance but generally vastly improves productivity.


title: Data modeling

text: Therefore, the need to define data from a conceptual view has led to the development of semantic data modeling techniques. That is, techniques to define the meaning of data within the context of its interrelationships with other data. As illustrated in the figure the real world, in terms of resources, ideas, events, etc., are symbolically defined within physical data stores. A semantic data model is an abstraction which defines how the stored symbols relate to the real world. Thus, the model must be a true representation of the real world.


title: Data modeling

text: The purpose of semantic data modeling is to create a structural model of a piece of the real world, called Universe of Discourse. For this, four fundamental structural relations are considered:


title: Data modeling

text: The overall goal of semantic data models is to capture more meaning of data by integrating relational concepts with more powerful abstraction concepts known from the Artificial Intelligence field. The idea is to provide high level modeling primitives as integral part of a data model in order to facilitate the representation of real world situations.


title: Bullion

text: Bullion is non-ferrous metal that has been refined to a high standard of elemental purity. The term is ordinarily applied to bulk metal used in the production of coins and especially to precious metals such as gold and silver. It comes from the Anglo-Norman term for a melting-house where metal was refined, and earlier from French , "boiling". Although precious metal bullion is no longer used to make coins for general circulation, it continues to be held as an investment with a reputation for stability in periods of economic uncertainty. To assess the purity of gold bullion, the centuries-old technique of fire assay is still employed, together with modern spectroscopic instrumentation, to accurately determine its quality.


title: Bullion

text: The specifications of bullion are often regulated by market bodies or legislation. In the European Union, the minimum purity for gold to be referred to as "bullion", which is treated as investment gold with regard to taxation, is 99.5% for gold bullion bars and 90% for bullion coins.


title: Bullion

text: Investors may choose to purchase physical gold bullion for several reasons to attempt to hedge against currency risks, inflation risks, geopolitical risks, or to add diversification to an investment portfolio.


title: Bullion

text: The London bullion market is an over-the-counter market for wholesale trading of gold and silver. The London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) coordinates activities of its members and other participants in the London bullion market. The LBMA sets and promotes quality standards for gold and silver bullion bars. The minimum acceptable fineness of the Good Delivery Bars is 99.5% for gold bars and 99.9% for silver bars. Bars with a purity less than these may not be referred to as "bullion".


title: Bullion

text: Bullion coins are contemporary precious metal coins minted by official agencies for investment purposes. Some bullion coins have been used as currency throughout the 20th century, such as the Maria Theresa thaler and the Krugerrand. However, modern bullion coins generally do not enter common circulation despite having legal tender status and nominal face value. Some modern bullion coins are produced as both business strike and collectible proof and uncirculated versions, such as the American Silver Eagle and American Gold Eagle coins. Private mint strikes called bullion rounds, bullion wafers, or bullion bars are typically sold at prices slightly above the underlying prevailing precious metals spot price commensurate with their overall precious metal content, whereas collectible versions are sold at a significant premium over their actual precious metal bullion melt value. In some cases, the grade and mintages of privately struck rounds, bars, or wafers can affect their value as a collectible too, so they can too at times be considered collectible numismatic pieces rather than bullion items.


title: Bullion

text: A range of professional market participants is active in the bullion markets, such as banks, fabricators, refiners, and vault operators or transport companies, as well as brokers. They provide facilities for the refining, melting, assaying, transporting, trading, and vaulting of gold and silver bullion.


title: Bullion

text: Besides the direct bullion market participants, other professional parties such as investment companies and jewelers use bullion in the context of products or services which they produce or offer to customers. For example, shares of the world's largest gold exchange-traded fund, the SPDR Gold Shares, represent a gold spot price mimicking derivative although shareholders in popular gold ETFs such as GLD are almost always unsecured creditors, meaning they own no vaulted gold bullion potentially underlying the exchange-traded fund (ETF). Investors often prefer to own bullion outright over ETFs due to the minimization of counter-party risks inherent.


title: Bullion

text: Private individuals use bullion primarily as an investment or as a long term store of value. Gold bullion and silver bullion are the most important forms of physical precious metals investments. Bullion investments can be considered as insurance against inflation or economic turmoil, their sole direct counterparty risk is theft or government confiscation.


title: Bullion

text: Compared to numismatic coins, bullion bars or bullion coins can typically be purchased and traded at lower price premiums over the fluctuating spot price and their trading bid/ask spreads or buy/sell price differences are closer to the values of the contained precious metals.


title: Purandara Dasa

text: Purandara Dasa (IAST: Purandara dāsa) ( 1470 – 1565) was a Haridasa philosopher and a follower of Madhwacharya 's Dwaitha philosophy -saint from present-day Karnataka, India. He was a composer, singer and one of the chief founding-proponents of Carnatic music (Karnataka classical music). In honor of his significant contributions to Carnatic music, he is widely referred to as the "Pitamaha" ("lit". "father" or "grandfather") of Carnatic music. According to a legend, he is considered as an incarnation of Saint Narada.


title: Purandara Dasa

text: Purandara Dasa was a wealthy merchant of gold, silver and other miscellaneous jewellery from Karnataka, who gave away all his material riches to become a Haridasa (literally meaning a servant of Lord Hari or Lord Krishna), a devotional singer who made the difficult Sanskrit tenets of Bhagavata Purana available to everyone in simple and melodious songs. He was one of the most important music scholars of medieval India. He formulated the basic lessons of teaching Carnatic music by structuring graded exercises known as "Svaravalis" and "Alankaras", and at the same time, he introduced the "raga" Mayamalavagowla as the first scale to be learnt by beginners in the field – a practice that is still followed today. He also composed "Gitas" (simple songs) for novice students.


title: Purandara Dasa

text: Purandara Dasa is noted for composing "Dasa Sahithya", as a Bhakti movement vocalist, and a music scholar. His practice was emulated by his younger contemporary, Kanakadasa. Purandara Dasa's Carnatic music compositions are mostly in Kannada, though some are in Sanskrit. He signed his compositions with the "ankitanama" (pen name) "Purandara Vittala" (Vittala is another name of Lord Krishna, one of the incarnations of the Lord Vishnu) and this same form of Lord Krishna is his "aaradhya daiva" or "ishta murthi" or worshippable deity. His work was appreciated by many scholars of his time and the later scholars.


title: Purandara Dasa

text: Inscriptional evidence suggests Purandara Dasa was born to a diamond merchant in a Kannada Deshastha Madhva Brahmin family, in 1470 CE in Purandara gada,18 kms far from pune present-day Maharashtra state. According to other opinions, his native town was Purandaraghatta in Karnataka, or Purandaragad near Pune, but the latter is considered a historical mistake – connecting his "pen name" (his "ankita") with a location that mainly served as a military encampment in the 15th and 16th century. In 2018, a five-member committee set up by the Government of Karnataka to ascertain the birthplace of Purandara Dasa has submitted its report asserting Tirthahalli as the likeliest candidate. The committee included veteran singer and musicologist RK Padmanabha, scholars Aralumallige Parthasarathi, AV Navada, Veeranna Rajora, and former minister Leeladevi Navada. It is now ascertained that Purandharadasa was born in Araga, Vijayanagara Empire (Modern Day Thirthahalli, Karnataka, India), Karnataka


title: Purandara Dasa

text: Purandara Dasa was the only son of the wealthy merchant Varadappa Nayaka and his wife Rukmini. He was named Srinivasa Nayaka, after the patron deity of Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala. He acquired proficiency in Kannada, Sanskrit, and sacred music through education. At the age of 16, he was married to Saraswati Bai, traditionally described as a pious young girl. He lost his parents at age 20, thereby inheriting his father's business of gemstones and pawning. He prospered and became known as "Navakoti Narayana" (an abundantly rich man; worth ninety millions).


title: Purandara Dasa

text: Popular legend narrates a miraculous incident in Srinivaasa Nayaka's life, owing to which he was led to devote himself to the practice, propagation and inculcation of "bhakti" (devotion) towards Lord Krishna through musical compositions. As a natural, inescapable consequence of such a transforming event, ubiquitous in the lives of several saints throughout the ages, he is believed to have relinquished his former greedy and miserly self, having realized the worthlessness of attachment to worldly possessions: The Lord, in a bid to cure Srinivaasa of his tenacious materialistic delusion and attachment, and thereby claim his devotion to Himself, approached Srinivaasa in the guise of a poor man, with a piteous plea for money; ostensibly, the money was direly needed to perform His son's 'upanayana'(sacred-thread investiture ceremony).


title: Purandara Dasa

text: Having been summarily rejected, mocked and turned out, the 'poor man' surreptitiously repeated his plea before Srinivaasa's wife; a generous soul of rigorous spiritual nature, she gave away one of her precious nose rings, unbeknownst to her husband; the 'poor man' sold the nose ring back to none other than Srinivaasa himself! The shrewd Srinivaasa, privy to his wife's openhandedness, immediately identified the nose ring as his wife's and hurried home; enraged and anxious to ascertain the truth of the matter, he demanded his wife to produce the nose ring before him immediately.


title: Purandara Dasa

text: Realizing that Srinivaasa had grown wise to her secret donation, the wife decided to end her life with poison. Having completed her prayers to the Lord before her attempt, she was shocked to see a nose ring inside the poison cup – completely identical to the one she had just given away. Incredulous and rapturous, she recounted the entire episode to her husband, who was bewildered and lost. Meanwhile, a search for the 'poor man' was of no avail; he had as mysteriously vanished as he had appeared! At that very propitious moment, Srinivaasa's old self – convinced of the inscrutable ways of the Lord, having witnessed the unfailing grace that saved his pious wife, bewildered at the power that could, in a moment, produce a gold ornament by mere will – instantly shook off that beginning-less, persistent veil in the form of 'I' and 'mine', which masks most men's vision of the divine. At 30 years of age, he gave away all his wealth in charity, and together with his family, abandoned his house to lead the life of a mendicant – living on alms and singing the glories of the Lord. In his very first song composition, he laments his wasted life of indulgence. It begins with the words "Ana lae kara" in the Shuddha Saveri raga, set to Triputa tala.


title: Purandara Dasa

text: In the course of his wandering he met the holy sage Vyasatirtha, one of the chief exponents of Madhwa philosophy and the "Rajaguru" of Krishnadevaraya, emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire. According to Prof. Sambamoorthy, Srinivasa had his formal initiation at the hands of Vyasatirtha in 1525 when he was about 40 years old, with the name Purandara Daasa bestowed on him. Purandara Daasa traveled extensively through the length and breadth of the Vijayanagara Empire and Pandharapur in Maharashtra composing and rendering soul-stirring songs in praise of God. He spent his last years in Hampi and also sang songs in Krishnadevaraya's court. The mantapa (mandap) in which he stayed is known as Purandara Daasa Mantapa (mandap) in Hampi. He died on 2 January 1565 at the age of 95. Within a short period after his death, Vijayanagara Empire collapsed. Tradition and legend hold that he composed keerthanas (songs). Further, according to this legend, his original desire was to compose 500,000 keerthanas. Being unable to do it in his present life, he requested his younger son to complete them. His son Madhwapathi told his father that he could do this in his next janma (birth). It is believed that he was reborn as the famous Vijayadasa—birthplace is Cheekalparvi village near Maanvi town, Raichur district in Karnataka State—and completed the remaining 25 thousand keerthanas as promised. Most of his songs are in praise of Lord Narayana and other Devatas. Due to this, he is believed to be an avatar of Naarada, the celestial singer and son of Goddess Saraswati. One of the "trimurtis" (three icons) of Carnaatic music, Saint Thyagaraja, has paid tribute to Purandara Daasa in his "geya natakam" (an opera) Prahlada Bhakti Vijayam.


title: Purandara Dasa

text: Purandara Dasa systematized the method of teaching Carnatic music which is followed to the present day. He introduced the raga "Mayamalavagowla" as the basic scale for music instruction and fashioned a series of graded lessons such as , , , , , , , , and "kritis". Another contribution was the fusion of "bhava", "raga", and "laya" in his compositions. He included comments on ordinary daily life and elements of colloquial language in his lyrics. He introduced folk ragas into the mainstream, setting his lyrics to ragas of his day so that even a common man could learn and sing them. He also composed a number of "lakshya" and "lakshana" "geetas", many of which are sung to this day. His "sooladis" are regarded musical masterpieces and are the standard for "raga" "lakshana". Scholars attribute the standardization of entirely to Purandara Dasa.


title: Purandara Dasa

text: Travelling Haridasa successors are said to have followed the systems he devised, orally transmitted his compositions. According to traditional sources, his compositions number as many as 4,75,000. His original collection of songs is referred to as "Purandaropanishat" as given by Vyasatirtha out of which only 1000 are available right now.


title: Purandara Dasa

text: Purandara Dasa was a "vaggeyakara" (composer-performer), a "lakshanakara" (musicologist), and the founder of musical pedagogy. Musicologists call him the "Sangeeta Pitamaha" (lit. "grandfather") of Carnatic music.


title: Purandara Dasa

text: Purandara Dasa tried to reform existing social practices and preached through devotional songs in the local Kannada language. Most of his keertanas deal with social reform and pinpoint the defects in society. The philosophy of Purandara Dasa is harmonious with the concept of "bhakti" in Hinduism, broadly based on the "Narada Bhakti Sutras" and essentially synchronous with the pan-Indian Bhakti movement. It teaches complete self-surrender and unadulterated love towards God. The philosophy of Bhakti in Purandara Dasa's compositions stems from the essential teachings of the realistic-pluralistic Madhava Philosophy of Vaishnavism, and has been rendered in simple Kannada. The individual soul ("jeeva") is a "pratibimba" (reflection) of the Lord ("Vishnu/Ishvara"), who is the "bimba" (source). The "jeeva" owes its existence, knowledge and bliss to the "Ishvara", and any sense of independence with regards to one's actions and the results thereof is to be given up. The mind has to be turned away from transient pleasures and possessions of this world; instead, it is to be turned towards the Lord, who alone is the abode of unadulterated, unswerving bliss. His "keerthanas" have simple lessons in this regard and implore men to lead the noble life of a "Vaishnava".


title: Purandara Dasa

text: Purandara Dasa fought the evils of casteism through his songs. In his song "aavakulavaadarenu aavanadarenu aatma bhavavariyada mele" he wonders what is the use if one does not understand the spirit of humanism whatever caste or status one might be accredited to. In the same song when relating to cows of different colours and sugarcane of different shapes he emphasizes that one's birth cannot merely decide the highness or lowness of any individual. He asks will the sweetness of a crooked sugarcane be also crooked or will the milk of cows of many a colour be also of many colours. He asked people to do their best in the world, to provide food and charity to the poor, help others and give up attachments. He was against the caste system, and believed true caste was based on character, not on birth. Sacrifice did not imply the slaughter of animals, but the slaying of one's own bad qualities.


title: Purandara Dasa

text: According to Purandara Dasa there were no inequalities among men and women. Both of them had same rights and obligations in their conduct of everyday life as well as observation of pity. Purandara Dasa distinctly described the quality of a virtuous women . According to him, the neck chains, bangles and other ornaments which women wore were not important; the beauty of mind and noble conduct were her true embellishments.


title: Purandara Dasa

text: Purandara Dasa made some forceful expressions on untouchability, which was dogging society. His strength comes perhaps from the support of his guru Vyasathirtha with the backing of powerful king Krishnadevaraya of Vijayanagara himself. In one such song "Holaya horagithane oorolagillave" he opines that an individual should not be branded untouchable on the basis of his/her birth in any specific caste, however it is rather his conduct which should make him untouchable if at all he can be called so. The usage of the word untouchable is not used in the limited context of physical contact with the person, it is the worthlessness of the association with that person which is highlighted here. This is evident by the subsequent expressions in the song which says that one who does not practice self-discipline is untouchable, one who plots against his own government is untouchable, similarly one who shirks charity while having wealth is untouchable, one who poisons to eliminate his opponents is untouchable, one who does not use soft language is untouchable, one who prides over his purity of caste is untouchable and finally one who does not meditate on Purandara Vittala is untouchable. Dasa's message is loud and clear rejecting untouchability in our society. He uses the name of Purandara Vittala to imply any God. This is evident from his other songs on various Gods and Goddesses. Similar ideas were expressed by many other poets also.


title: Purandara Dasa

text: In the pure Carnatic tradition, Bidaram Krishnappa was one of the foremost singers of modern times to popularize the compositions of Purandara Dasa. Singer Madras Lalithangi, and her illustrious daughter Padmavibushan, Sangeetha Kalanidhi M. L. Vasanthakumari have rendered yeoman service in propagating the compositions of Purandara Dasa; both were considered as authorities on Purandara Dasa. M. L. Vasantha Kumari was awarded an honorary doctorate by Mysore University for her contributions to Purandara Dasa's music.


title: Purandara Dasa

text: Though the compositions of Purandara Dasa are originally in the "ragas" of the Carnatic system of music, his compositions have been adopted and made equally popular in Hindustani music. Hindustani music legends such as Bhimsen Joshi, Madhav Gudi and Basavaraj Rajguru have made them more popular in recent years.


title: Purandara Dasa

text: Classical vocalists and musicians such as Upendra Bhat, Puttur Narasimha Nayak, Venkatesh Kumar, Nagaraja Rao Havaldar, Ganapathi Bhatt, Vidyabhushana, Pravin Godkhindi, Nachiketa Sharma, Sangeetha Katti, and the Bombay Sisters are continuing the tradition of singing and performing Purandara Dasa's compositions and other Dasa Sahitya songs in Carnatic as well as Hindustani music concerts. Of late, Mysore Ramachandracharya is industriously propagating dasa sahitya through his concerts. Tirumala Tirupathi Devasthanams is also propagating the dasa krithis through the Dasa Sahitya Project. He also composed the first lullaby songs in Carnatic music, such as "Thoogire Rangana" and "Gummana Kareyadire", which led to the creation of many similar songs by others.


title: Purandara Dasa

text: The Purandara Mantapa adjoining the Vijayavittala temple at Hampi is one of the long standing monuments relating to Purandara Dasa. This is where he is said to have composed and sung in praise of Lord Vishnu.


title: Purandara Dasa

text: Purandara Dasa is said to have composed his well known song, ‘"Aadisidaleshoda jagadoddharana"’ on infant Sri Krishna, in "raga" "Kapi", at the Aprameyaswamy temple in Doddamallur, Channapattana taluk, Karnataka. A small "mantapa" outside the temple is named after him, where he is said to have stayed as he passed through the village.


title: Purandara Dasa

text: A statue of Purandara Dasa has been erected at the foothills of Tirumala in Alipiri. A statue of Purandara Dasa adorns the Asthana Mandapam (auditorium) on the Tirumala hill.


title: Purandara Dasa

text: Sri Purandara Dasa Memorial Trust (SPDMT), formed in Bangalore in 2007, has been actively involved in promoting and researching all aspects of the life and works of Purandara Dasa. A 3500-square-foot concert hall, called 'Purandara Mantapa', has been erected on the premises of the Trust.


title: Purandara Dasa

text: The Indiranagar Sangeetha Sabha (ISS) at Indiranagar, Bangalore formed in 1986, has dedicated an auditorium with a seating capacity of 600 called Purandara Bhavana exclusively for cultural events, inaugurated by Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, to his memory.


title: Purandara Dasa

text: Three biographical films, in Kannada language, have been made on the life and compositions of Purandara Dasa.


title: Purandara Dasa

text: "Aradhana" is a religious-devotional observation, held annually, to remember and honor saintly persons on the anniversary of the completion of their earthly lives. Purandara Dasa's "aradhana" or "punyadina" is held on the "pushya bahula amavasya" of the Indian "chandramana" calendar (a new moon day, generally in February–March). Musicians and art aficionados in the state of Karnataka, South India and many art and religious centers around the world observe this occasion with religious and musical fervor. His compositions are sung by established and upcoming artists on this day.


title: Alia Atreides

text: Alia Atreides is a fictional character in the "Dune" universe created by Frank Herbert. Introduced in the first novel of the series, 1965's "Dune", the character was originally killed in Herbert's first version of the manuscript. At the suggestion of "Analog" magazine editor John Campbell, Herbert kept her alive in the final draft. Alia would next appear as a main character in both "Dune Messiah" (1969) and "Children of Dune" (1976). The character is brought back as a ghola in the Brian Herbert/Kevin J. Anderson conclusion to the original series, "Sandworms of Dune" (2007).


title: Alia Atreides

text: In the novels, Alia is the daughter of Duke Leto Atreides of Caladan and his Bene Gesserit concubine, Lady Jessica, and the younger sister to Paul Atreides. Born on the planet Arrakis eight months after her father's death, she possesses the full powers of an adult Bene Gesserit Reverend Mother. Later known to her followers as St. Alia of the Knife, Alia is considered an Abomination by the Bene Gesserit because of the unique nature of her birth. As an adult, she becomes a devoted ally to Paul, and later regent for his children. She marries the ghola Duncan Idaho, but becomes possessed by the persona of her deceased maternal grandfather, Baron Vladimir Harkonnen.


title: Alia Atreides

text: Alia is portrayed by Alicia Witt in David Lynch's 1984 film adaptation, by Laura Burton in the 2000 miniseries "Frank Herbert's Dune" and by Daniela Amavia in its 2003 sequel, "Frank Herbert's Children of Dune".


title: Alia Atreides

text: The daughter of Duke Leto Atreides of Caladan and his Bene Gesserit concubine, Lady Jessica, Alia is the younger sister to Paul Atreides. During the events of "Dune", Alia is born on the planet Arrakis in the year 10,191 A.G., eight months after her father's death. Later known to her followers as St. Alia of the Knife, Alia is considered an Abomination by the Bene Gesserit because of the unique nature of her birth, and as a result she possesses the consciousness of an adult Bene Gesserit. The Fremen woman Harah notices that four-year-old Alia "only pretends to be a little girl, that she has never been a little girl." She seeks to explain Alia's unique nature to the superstitious and wary Fremen. In the later years of her regency, Alia's enemies and victims among the Fremen call her "Coan-Teen", "the female death spirit who walks without feet." An adult Alia is described by Herbert in "Dune Messiah":


title: Alia Atreides

text: Novelist Brian Herbert, Frank Herbert's son and biographer, describes Alia as a "virgin witch" archetype. William Touponce explains, "Alia is the archetypal virgin-harlot, a Reverend Mother without motherhood, virgin priestess, witch, and object of fearful veneration for the superstitious masses".


title: Alia Atreides

text: In "Dune" (1965), Alia is born a full Reverend Mother when she is exposed to the Water of Life (the bile of a drowned sandworm) in the womb as Lady Jessica undergoes the spice agony. Children born this way, called Abominations, are killed by the Bene Gesserit whenever possible because they have little defense against the personalities contained in Other Memory, the Bene Gesserit ability to access ancestral egos and memories. Without the existence of a strong personal identity, a child awakened to consciousness in utero is highly susceptible to becoming possessed by one of their ancestors. Jessica, despite her awareness of this likelihood, brings her baby to term, and Alia slowly learns to control the powers she has been granted as Reverend Mother and sister of the Kwisatz Haderach.


title: Alia Atreides

text: Alia is raised in a community of Fremen, led by her brother in an effort to control the planet and its production of melange. Alia is captured and the infant Leto killed in a Sardaukar raid on the sietch; she is presented to the Padishah Emperor Shaddam IV, who notes that she had been "in command of one of the attacking groups" of Fremen rebels ("mostly of women, children, and old men") that nearly decimated his raiding party. Mature far beyond her four years, Alia escapes during the final battle of Arrakeen, but not before poisoning her grandfather, Baron Harkonnen, with a deadly gom jabbar, also revealing her direct lineage to him in the process. Afterwards, she wanders the battlefield of Arrakeen killing fallen Sardaukar and Harkonnen soldiers with a crysknife, earning her the holy epithet "St. Alia of the Knife."


title: Alia Atreides

text: Alia uses her limited prescience in a unique way, projecting thoughts and images into the mind of the horrified Imperial Truthsayer, Gaius Helen Mohiam. Bene Gesserit Mohiam tells the Emperor that it is "Not telepathy. She's in my mind. She's like the ones before me, the ones who gave me their memories. She stands in my mind! She cannot be there, but she is!" Alia further explains that she cannot do this with everyone: "Unless I'm born as you, I cannot think as you." Alia soon communicates with Paul the same way:


title: Alia Atreides

text: Touponce suggests that Herbert's depiction of larval sandworms (or sandtrout), which hold back water in the desert to maintain the arid conditions their sandworm vector requires to thrive, is "an analogy for a stage of consciousness Alia can feel. Some of the ancestral voices within her mind hold back dangerous forces that could destroy her."


title: Alia Atreides

text: The character is further explored in 1969's "Dune Messiah" through her relationship with the ghola Hayt, who is Paul's teacher, Duncan Idaho, brought back from the dead by Tleilaxu means. Throughout the novel, there are hints of sexual tension between them as they work together to unravel the conspiracy against the Atreides. Hayt even steals a kiss from Alia, which upsets her; he responds by saying that he took nothing more than what was offered. Alia eventually agrees. When a blinded Paul departs into the desert, as is the Fremen custom for the blind, Alia is named Regent and the guardian of Paul's children: the heir, Leto II, and his sister, Ghanima. Shortly after, Alia marries Hayt, who has regained his full memory and is completely restored as Duncan. Alia gives the order to Fremen leader Stilgar to execute the Reverend Mother Mohiam and Spacing Guild Navigator Edric after the failure of their conspiracy (with the Tleilaxu Face Dancer Scytale and the Princess Irulan of House Corrino) to seize the throne from Paul.


title: Alia Atreides

text: Touponce notes that "Alia will come to sexual maturity in ["Dune Messiah"] and discover an ascendant desire for a mate and political power." Hayt has been programmed by the Tleilaxu with three functions to be used against the Atreides, one of which is the seduction of Alia.


title: Alia Atreides

text: In "Children of Dune" (1976), Alia becomes progressively more devious and power-hungry as she slowly succumbs to Abomination. Falling under the influence of the persona of her deceased grandfather, the Baron Harkonnen, Alia abuses her powers as Regent and becomes a ruthless tyrant. She allows the Baron access to her senses in exchange for his help fighting off the other personalities within her, but his sexual proclivities soon control her, compelling her to engage in sexual acts with one of her aides. During the exercise of his Mentat powers, Duncan comes to the realization that Alia has fallen into Abomination, and helps Jessica escape Alia's murderous plot.


title: Alia Atreides

text: The Preacher, actually Paul Atreides, returns once more to the steps of the temple and exposes Alia's conversion to Abomination to the Fremen. Her priests soon murder him, as Alia's nephew Leto II returns from hiding, his sister Ghanima in tow. The twins offer Alia their help conquering her inner lives, as they had. Alia then loses all control over the other personalities within her and they all fight for dominance over her. Leto realizes that the Baron's hold over her is too strong, and provides two options: a Trial of Possession, an ancient ritual that would guarantee the Baron's undoing; and the open window, high above the temple steps. As a helpless Jessica looks on, Alia regains control of her body long enough to leap out the window to her death.


title: Alia Atreides

text: In the Brian Herbert/Kevin J. Anderson novel "Hunters of Dune" (2006), the Face Dancer Khrone manages to restore the memories of the Baron Vladimir Harkonnen ghola. The Baron is displeased to note that Alia's voice haunts him in his head, somehow in a reversal of the influence he had over her while she was in the throes of Abomination in "Children of Dune". Although not possessing the body of the Baron, Alia taunts him mercilessly.


title: Alia Atreides

text: In "Sandworms of Dune" (2007), the voice of Alia continues to irk the Baron, driving him to frequent outbursts that confuse those around him. Alia is recreated as a ghola on the no-ship "Ithaca"; in an attempt to grow Alia exactly as she had been in life, the axlotl tank is flooded with a near-lethal dose of the spice melange. Although the Alia ghola shows a great deal more maturity than would be expected for her age, she does not display any Other Memory or signs of Abomination. The reincarnated Baron Harkonnen murders the four-year-old Alia ghola on the "Ithaca", but is soon murdered himself by the Wellington Yueh ghola.


title: Alia Atreides

text: Alia is portrayed by Alicia Witt in David Lynch's 1984 film adaptation, by Laura Burton in the 2000 miniseries "Frank Herbert's Dune" and by Daniela Amavia in its 2003 sequel, "Frank Herbert's Children of Dune". Alia does not appear in the 2021 film "Dune", which covers the first part of the book. The character is expected to appear in the upcoming sequel film.


title: Alia Atreides

text: Laura Fries of "Variety" wrote in 2003, "Amavia and [Julie] Cox as the tortured Alia and the put-upon Irulan offer layered performances". Emmet Asher-Perrin of "Tor.com" called Amavia's portrayal of Alia a "highlight" of the miniseries, and praised the attention paid to Alia's character development. Asher-Perrin praised the miniseries' departure from the novel in regard to Alia's fate:


title: Hannah McKay

text: Hannah McKay is a fictional character portrayed by Yvonne Strahovski, in the seventh and eighth seasons of the Showtime television series "Dexter".


title: Hannah McKay

text: Hannah is first introduced in season 7, episode 3, "Buck the System", as the former accomplice of a spree killer, and Hannah becomes romantically involved with Dexter Morgan.


title: Hannah McKay

text: At some point during the timeline in between "Dexter" and the revival series "", Hannah dies of pancreatic cancer.


title: Hannah McKay

text: Hannah was a 15-year-old from Clopton, Alabama, when her boyfriend Wayne Randall commenced a three-state killing spree. She spent six years in juvenile detention after pleading guilty to being Randall's accomplice. She claimed not to have actually committed any of the murders and received immunity from prosecution after agreeing to testify against Randall.


title: Hannah McKay

text: Hannah married an older man but poisoned him because he was trying to pressure her into having an abortion. She later miscarried. She inherited her gardening business from her mentor, whom she was later suspected of poisoning with aconitum.


title: Hannah McKay

text: When Randall decides to reveal where he buried the last of his victims, Miami Metro Homicide wants a DNA sample from Hannah. Dexter is assigned to get the sample, is immediately taken with her and becomes uncharacteristically distracted in his work.


title: Hannah McKay

text: After Randall commits suicide, Hannah assists in locating the remaining bodies. After uncovering the bodies of a couple Randall killed, Dexter realizes Hannah's story isn't truthful. While on a date, Dexter takes Hannah to a closed Christmas-themed amusement park, where it turns out Dexter has a kill room set up. He prepares to kill Hannah, but cannot go through with it and releases her and they end up having sex in the kill room instead. They become a couple and they both fall in love for the first time; he helps her by disposing of her abusive father and she helps him realize that his "Dark Passenger" does not control his life.


title: Hannah McKay

text: When Sal Price, a true crime writer who has written a book about Wayne Randall, wants to write a sequel about Hannah, she agrees to an interview. She admits to stabbing the woman at the hotel and then poisons Price, who later collapses and dies in Dexter's apartment. Furious over Price's death and knowing that Hannah had confessed to him, Dexter's adoptive sister Debra calls Hannah in for questioning. Debra has very little proof against Hannah and instead baits her with information about a miscarriage. Dexter later confronts Hannah at her home, telling her that Price's death was needless. Hannah is touched to learn that Dexter deleted Price's files. She and Dexter later sleep together.


title: Hannah McKay

text: Debra is convinced that Hannah has gotten away with killing Price and asks Dexter to kill her, but Dexter refuses. Debra warns Hannah that she will pay for what she has done. Hannah then spikes Debra's drinking water with Xanax, causing her to pass out while driving. When Dexter learns what Hannah has done, he reluctantly gives Debra evidence that Hannah killed Price and Debra arrests her.


title: Hannah McKay

text: Dexter visits Hannah in prison. She admits she poisoned Debra because she tried to separate them, and Dexter tells her he had to turn her in to protect his sister. Hannah assures Dexter that she won't tell his secret when she goes to trial. During Hannah's arraignment, her friend Arlene slips her a substance that causes her to have a seizure. Hannah is taken to the hospital and escapes. Before disappearing, she leaves a black orchid on Dexter's doorstep.


title: Hannah McKay

text: While they are having lunch together, Dexter and Debra both feel as if they have been drugged, just before he passes out, Dexter sees Hannah standing over him. When he later regains consciousness, Dexter begins investigating Hannah and finds that she has changed her name to Maggie and married Miles Castner (Julian Sands), a wealthy businessman. Dexter goes to see Hannah, who says that she had wanted him to kill Castner but changed her mind after realizing she is still in love with Dexter. Castner warns Dexter to stay away from Hannah and has him beaten up. Dexter goes to Castner's boat to protect Hannah but finds that she has already killed Castner; they dispose of the body and promise to watch out for each other. They resume dating and make plans to flee to Argentina, with Dexter's son Harrison.


title: Hannah McKay

text: Hannah finds out a private investigator and federal marshal are looking to arrest her and Dexter's latest intended victim, Oliver Saxon, threatens to come after his family. Dexter and Hannah book a flight, but it is delayed by a hurricane, so Dexter sends her and Harrison ahead on a bus to Jacksonville to keep them safe, planning to join them later to fly to Buenos Aires. The investigator follows Hannah onto the bus and tries to arrest her, but she gets the better of him by stabbing him with a hypodermic needle filled with a sedative, knocking him out so she and Harrison can escape. As she and Harrison board the plane to Argentina, Dexter calls and tells them both that he loves them; she is unaware that he is really saying goodbye, as he plans to fake his own death in order to keep them safe from him. In Argentina, Hannah reads Dexter's boat crashed during the hurricane and that he is presumed dead. She absorbs the news quietly, takes Harrison's hand and walks with him to get ice cream.


title: Hannah McKay

text: Hannah does not make an appearance in "Dexter: New Blood", set 10 years after the original series. However, the now-teenage Harrison tells Dexter that Hannah died of pancreatic cancer. After her death, Harrison was placed into foster care, where he discovered a letter that Dexter sent to Hannah.


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: Big Brother 20 is the 20th season of the American reality television series "Big Brother". It is based upon the Dutch series of the same name.


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: It was renewed in August 2016 as part of a double renewal for seasons 19 and 20. Julie Chen, credited as Julie Chen Moonves from episode 35 onwards, returned as host.


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: Sixteen new competitors, known as HouseGuests, were announced to be competing and their identities were released in June 2018. Each week in the game, HouseGuests compete in a series of competitions to win power and safety, they then vote to eliminate, or "evict", one of their own until there are only two remaining. In the finale episode, previous House Guests vote on who they think they should win the game, with the House Guest who receives the most votes being declared the winner.


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: The season premiered on June 27, 2018 on CBS in the United States and concluded on September 26, 2018. The season also received many controversies and criticisms throughout the season, but received mostly positive viewing figures. Despite an uncertain future for the show, CBS began accepting applications for a future season in September 2018. After 99 days in the "Big Brother" House, Kaycee Clark became the winner of "Big Brother" in a 5–4 vote over Tyler Crispen. Crispen was also named America's Favorite HouseGuest.


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: "Big Brother" follows a group of contestants, known as HouseGuests, who live inside a custom-built house outfitted with cameras and microphones recording their every move 24 hours a day. The HouseGuests are sequestered with no contact with the outside world. During their stay, the HouseGuests share their thoughts on their day-to-day lives inside the house in a private room known as the Diary Room. Each week, the HouseGuests compete in competitions in order to win power and safety inside the house. At the start of each week, the HouseGuests compete in a Head of Household (abbreviated as "HOH") competition. The winner of the HoH competition is immune from eviction and selects two HouseGuests to be nominated for eviction. Six HouseGuests are then selected to compete in the Power of Veto (abbreviated as "PoV") competition: the reigning HoH, the nominees, and three other HouseGuests chosen by random draw. The winner of the PoV competition has the right to either revoke the nomination of one of the nominated HouseGuests or leave them as is. If the veto winner uses this power, the HoH must immediately nominate another HouseGuest for eviction. The PoV winner is also immune from being named as the replacement nominee. On eviction night, all HouseGuests vote to evict one of the nominees, though the Head of Household and the nominees are not allowed to vote. This vote is conducted in the privacy of the Diary Room. In the event of a tie, the Head of Household casts the tie-breaking vote. The nominee with the most votes is evicted from the house. The last nine evicted HouseGuests comprise the Jury and are sequestered in a separate location following their eviction and ultimately decide the winner of the season. The Jury is only allowed to see the competitions and ceremonies that include all of the remaining HouseGuests; they are not shown any interviews or other footage that might include strategy or details regarding nominations. The viewing public is able to award an additional prize of by choosing "America's Favorite HouseGuest". All evicted HouseGuests are eligible to win this award except for those who either voluntarily leave or are forcibly removed for rule violations.


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: The HouseGuests were announced on Monday, June 18 at 7 AM PDT through the CBS website. Among the HouseGuests was Miss Missouri USA 2017 Bayleigh Dayton.


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: Kaycee Clark, Tyler Crispen, and Kaitlyn Herman all appeared on "Big Brother 21" to host separate Power of Veto competitions. JC Mounduix, Tyler Crispen, and Kaycee Clark also returned in Episode 39 of "Big Brother 21" to give their thoughts on the season and who they thought would win. In 2020, both Tyler Crispen and Bayleigh Dayton returned as contestants for "Big Brother: All-Stars".


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: All evicted HouseGuests appeared on the Facebook Watch exclusive "Off the Block with Ross and Marissa" for an extended interview following their evictions.


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: Tyler Crispen appeared on the second episode of "" as a contestant. He finished in third place and received .


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: Swaggy C Williams, Bayleigh Dayton, Winston Hines, and Brett Robinson all filmed a promotional video for "Love Island", which aired during "Big Brother 21". Hines also appeared as a contestant on "Love Island"s first season. He entered the villa on Day 9 and was dumped on Day 17.


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: Kaycee Clark, Fessy Shafaat, Bayleigh Dayton, and Swaggy C Williams appeared on "". Clark and Shafaat returned for "", "" and "".


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: For the first three weeks, viewers were asked a series of questions about their opinions on the remaining House Guests. The House Guest who was named in the most overall answers was deemed the "top trending" House Guest of the week and earned a "Power App", which would give them an advantage in the game, while the House Guest who was answered the least was deemed "least trending" was given a "Crap App", which gave them a punishment. Once HouseGuests received an app, they were no longer eligible to receive one in the future.


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: On Day 44, following Rachel's eviction, a new twist was unleashed on the HouseGuests called the "H@cker Competition". It lets one HouseGuest hack the game for a week. After the nominations, all of the HouseGuests compete in a competition at the same time in different rooms, making the winner anonymous to the other HouseGuests. The winner of the competition is able to "hack" the game in three different ways:


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: The first four Jury members had the opportunity to battle each other for a chance to return to the game. The competition between Bayleigh, Rockstar, Scottie, and Fessy aired on August 30, 2018 in episode 29 following the live eviction. Scottie was the winner and returned to the game.


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: The "Technology Winner" refers to the special competition or event that takes place on the Sunday episode of the show.


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: The series was announced in August 2016 as part of a double renewal for "Big Brother 19" and "Big Brother 20". Along with the series the 24/7 live feeds returned with a CBS All Access subscription and "" also returned on Pop. The season is produced by Endemol Shine North America and Fly on the Wall Entertainment. Julie Chen returned as host and Allison Grodner as well as Rich Meehan returned as Executive Producers. CBS began allowing online applications in September 2017, however open casting calls did not begin until March 2018. "Celebrity Big Brother" winner and runner up Marissa Jaret Winokur and Ross Mathews host a new companion show known as "Off the Block with Ross and Marissa" following the end of former House Guest Jeff Schroeder's "Big Brother Live Chat".


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: The HouseGuest compete for a grand prize of $500,000, among other rewards and luxuries given out during the season, including a $25,000 award for the "America's Favorite HouseGuest" fan-favorite poll in the finale.


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: Joseph Charles "JC" Mounduix received criticism after he was shown using an ice cream scoop on the genitals of his other HouseGuests. Mounduix later told fellow HouseGuest Kaycee Clark to open up her vagina, saying that it "feels good".


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: Viewers questioned Angela Rummans and Rachel Swindler after they were caught on the live feeds making some questionable remarks. Rummans referred to her uneven tan lines as looking "ghetto", while Swindler compared her uneven tan lines to the skintone of fellow HouseGuest Bayleigh Dayton, who is African American. CBS later released a statement and warned Rummans and Swindler with future consequences.


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: Since the start of the live feeds, Kaitlyn Herman had been criticized from viewers for her feelings and actions towards several men in the Big Brother House, while being in a five-year relationship outside of the house. In Week 3, Herman's then-boyfriend released a statement on Twitter, stating that he wanted to distance himself from the show and situation.


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: Kaitlyn Herman and Joseph Charles "JC" Mounduix both came under fire after they used the n-word in separate occasions. Herman used the word as she was singing the lyrics of a Drake song. Mounduix used the word after fellow HouseGuest Bayleigh Dayton, who is African American, asked Mounduix if there is a "difference between a midget and a dwarf". Offended, Mounduix said that the word "midget" is a derogatory term and then compared it to the n-word. Many came to the defense of the two, saying that they did not use the word towards someone. Herman later apologized for using the word on an Instagram live stream.


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: Joseph Charles "JC" Mounduix was criticized by fans after he asked Rachel Swindler if she was transgender, stating that she has "a big Adam's apple." Mounduix proceeded to feel Swindler's neck, but she told him to stop. Moments later, he began to touch Swindler's neck again before being stopped by her.


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: Viewers perceived some of Bayleigh Dayton's comments about Faysal Shafaat as being anti-Muslim. After Shafaat, a Muslim, complained about his in-house crush Haleigh Broucher talking about her past sexual experiences, Dayton claimed in private that Shafaat should "go find a virgin" and that he should "go to Pakistan and [get himself] one" because "that's what they do." Many viewers interpreted "they" as meaning Muslims.


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: Joseph Charles "JC" Mounduix was criticized by both fans and his fellow housemates for making light of the #MeToo movement after making jokes at the movement's expense.


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: Joseph Charles "JC" Mounduix was once again involved in two separate sexual misconduct incidents in which he was accused of sexual harassment and sexual assault. While sleeping in the same bed, Mounduix was seen caressing Tyler Crispen's arm, face, and chest, as well as kissing his armpit while Crispen was sleeping. The following morning Crispen stated to Kaycee Clark "I'm sleeping alone tonight — JC is not sleeping with me". Mounduix explained his version by stating that he was "comforting Crispen who was having nightmares". Later, Mounduix opened the toilet door while HouseGuest Haleigh Broucher was using it. Broucher repeatedly asked Mounduix to close the door, who refused and tied the door open. Broucher then yelled for assistance from production and later filed a complaint with executive producer Allison Grodner. The producers later released a statement saying that neither Crispen nor Broucher filed official complaints and that the two had expressed to them that they "did not feel threatened or unsafe by Mounduix's actions."


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: During a live eviction speech, HouseGuest Scottie Salton made sexual and vulgar comments towards HouseGuests Tyler Crispen and Angela Rummans. He hinted that Crispen received oral sex from Rummans, which got censored out by CBS.


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: Unless noted below, all episode aired in the United States on Sundays and Wednesdays at 8:00 Eastern Standard Time (7:00 Central Standard Time) and live Thursdays at 9:00 EST (8:00 CST).


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: The American adaptation of "Big Brother" has aired on CBS since its inception on July 5, 2000 with Julie Chen as host. Following two articles published by "The New Yorker" by Ronan Farrow in July and September 2018, where several women accused Chen's husband Les Moonves of harassment, intimidation, and sexual misconduct, effective September 9, 2018, Moonves departed CBS Corporation as President, Chairman and CEO, with Joseph Ianniello appointed as President and Acting CEO. In response to the claims against him, Moonves released a statement denying the allegations. After the first article was published, Chen released a statement on Twitter in July defending her husband.


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: While Chen was initially confirmed to return to the ninth season of her other CBS show "The Talk," she was absent from the season premiere that aired on September 10, 2018. Chen issued a statement where she was taking a few days off, but would continue with "Big Brother." Chen's first television appearance since Moonves' departure was the live eviction on September 13, 2018, where she closed out the episode with "From outside the "Big Brother" house...I'm Julie Chen Moonves, good night." The new sign-off broke with an established pattern that Chen has used in the past on "Big Brother" and showcased her support for her husband, while it received a mixed response from fans and viewers on Twitter. Chen subsequently announced her departure from "The Talk" in a pre-recorded segment that aired on the September 18, 2018 episode, where she stood outside the "Big Brother" house. Chen will continue to host "Big Brother".


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: The 20th season had been confirmed since August 10, 2016 as part of a two-year renewal between CBS and Fly on the Wall Entertainment, in association with Endemol Shine North America."Celebrity Big Brother" was renewed for a second season on May 12, 2018 during CBS' annual upfront for the 2018–19 television season. Speculation on the status of the show intensified after the departure of Moonves from CBS, with fans of the show and former HouseGuests began spreading the hashtag #SaveBBUSA in an attempt to get the program renewed. Unnamed insiders close to the production of the show have cast doubt if Chen would return to host potential future installments if CBS renews the show. In an article from "US Weekly", an insider noted that "Big Brother 2" winner Will Kirby, "Celebrity Big Brother 1" runner-up Ross Mathews, and "Big Brother Canada" host Arisa Cox have been mentioned as potential replacements in the event that Chen does not to return, while "TMZ" reported that Chen will continue with the show if the network decides to renew it.


title: Big Brother 20 (American season)

text: CBS began accepting online applications for a 21st season on September 20, 2018. After a few months of uncertainty, CBS officially announced that season 21 would go on during the summer.


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin (; – ) was a Russian politician and statesman. He served as the third prime minister and the interior minister of the Russian Empire from 1906 until his assassination in 1911. The greatest reformer of Russian society and economy; his reforms caused unprecedented growth of Russian state which was stopped by his assassination only.


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: Born in Dresden, Germany, to a prominent Russian aristocratic family, Stolypin became involved in government from his early 20s. His successes in public service led to rapid promotions, culminating in his appointment as interior minister under prime minister Ivan Goremykin in April 1906. In July, Goremykin resigned and was succeeded as prime minister by Stolypin.


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: As prime minister, Stolypin initiated major agrarian reforms, known as the Stolypin reform, that granted the right of private land ownership to the peasantry. His tenure was also marked by increased revolutionary unrest, to which he responded with a new system of martial law that allowed for the arrest, speedy trial, and execution of accused offenders. Subject to numerous assassination attempts, Stolypin was fatally shot in September 1911 by revolutionary Dmitry Bogrov in Kiev.


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: Stolypin was a monarchist and hoped to strengthen the throne by modernizing the rural Russian economy. Modernity and efficiency, rather than democracy, were his goals. He argued that the land question could only be resolved and revolution averted when the peasant commune was abolished and a stable landowning class of peasants, the kulaks, would have a stake in the "status quo". His successes and failures have been the subject of heated controversies among scholars, who agree he was one of the last major statesmen of Imperial Russia with clearly defined public policies and the determination to undertake major reforms.


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: Stolypin was born at Dresden in the Kingdom of Saxony, on 14 April 1862, and was baptized on 24 May in the Russian Orthodox Church in that city. His father, Arkady Dmitrievich Stolypin (1821–99), was at the time a Russian envoy.


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: Stolypin's family was prominent in the Russian aristocracy, his forebears having served the tsars since the 16th century, and as a reward for their service had accumulated huge estates in several provinces. His father Arkady Dmitrievich Stolypin (1821–99), was a general in the Russian artillery, the governor of Eastern Rumelia and commandant of the Kremlin Palace guard. He was married twice. His second wife, Natalia Mikhailovna Stolypina ("née" Gorchakova; 1827–89), was the daughter of Prince Mikhail Dmitrievich Gorchakov, the Commanding general of the Russian infantry during the Crimean War and later the governor general of Warsaw.


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: Pyotr grew up on the family estate "Serednikovo" () in Solnechnogorsky District, once inhabited by Mikhail Lermontov, near Moscow Governorate. In 1879 the family moved to Oryol. Stolypin and his brother Aleksandr studied at the Oryol Boys College where he was described by his teacher, B. Fedorova, as 'standing out among his peers for his rationalism and character.'


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: In 1881 Stolypin studied agriculture at St. Petersburg University where one of his teachers was Dmitri Mendeleev. He entered government service upon graduating in 1885, writing his thesis on tobacco growing in the south of Russia. It is unclear if he joined the Ministry of State Property or Internal Affairs.


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: In 1884, Stolypin married Olga Borisovna von whose family was of a similar standing to Stolypin's. They married whilst Stolypin was still a student, an uncommon occurrence at the time. The marriage began in tragic circumstances: Olga had been engaged to Stolypin's brother, Mikhail, who died in a duel. The marriage was a happy one, devoid of scandal. The couple had five daughters and one son.


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: Stolypin spent much of his life and career in Lithuania, then administratively known as Northwestern Krai of the Russian Empire.


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: Stolypin served as marshal of the Kovno Governorate (now Kaunas, Lithuania) between 1889 and 1902. This public service gave him an inside view of local needs and allowed him to develop administrative skills. His thinking was influenced by the single-family farmstead system of the Northwestern Krai, and he later sought to introduce the land reform based on private ownership throughout the Russian Empire.


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: Stolypin's service in Kovno was deemed a success by the Russian government. He was promoted seven times, culminating in his promotion to the rank of state councilor in 1901. Four of his daughters were also born during this period; his daughter Maria recalled: "this was the most calm period [of] his life".


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: In May 1902 Stolypin was appointed governor in Grodno Governorate, where he was the youngest person ever appointed to this position.


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: In February 1903 he became governor of Saratov. Stolypin is known for suppressing strikers and peasant unrest in January 1905. According to Orlando Figes, its peasants were among the poorest and most rebellious in the whole of the country. It seems he cooperated with the zemstvos, the local government. He gained a reputation as the only governor able to keep a firm hold on his province during the Revolution of 1905, a period of widespread revolt. The roots of unrest lay partly in the Emancipation Reform of 1861, which had given land to the Obshchina, instead of individually to the newly freed serfs. Stolypin was the first governor to use effective police methods. Some sources suggest that he had a police record on every adult male in his province.


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: Stolypin's successes as provincial governor led to Stolypin being appointed interior minister under Ivan Goremykin in April 1906. He instigated a new track of the Trans-Siberian Railway along the Amur River within Russian borders.


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: After two months, Dmitri Feodorovich Trepov suggested the absent-minded Goremykin ought to step down and secretly met with Pavel Milyukov, who promoted a cabinet with only Kadets, which in his opinion would soon enter into a violent conflict with Tsar Nicholas II and fail. Trepov opposed Stolypin, who promoted a coalition cabinet. Georgy Lvov and Alexander Guchkov tried to convince the tsar to accept liberals in the new government.


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: When Goremykin, described by his predecessor Sergei Witte as a bureaucratic nonentity, resigned on , Nicholas II appointed Stolypin to serve as Prime Minister, while continuing on as Minister of the Interior, an unusual concentration of power in Imperial Russia. He dissolved the Duma, despite the reluctance of some of its more radical members, in order to facilitate government cooperation. In response, 120 Kadet and 80 Trudovik and Social Democrat deputies went to Vyborg (then a part of the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland and thus beyond the reach of Russian police) and responded with the Vyborg Manifesto (or the "Vyborg Appeal"), written by Pavel Milyukov. Stolypin allowed the signers to return to the capital unmolested.


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: On 25 August 1906, three assassins from the Union of Socialists Revolutionaries Maximalists, wearing military uniforms, bombed a public reception Stolypin was holding at his dacha on Aptekarsky Island. Stolypin was only slightly injured by flying splinters, but 28 others were killed. Stolypin's 15-year-old daughter lost both legs and later succumbed to her injuries at the hospital, his 3-year-old son broke a leg, standing with his sister on the balcony. Stolypin moved into the Winter Palace. In October 1906, at the request of the Tsar, Grigori Rasputin paid a visit to the wounded child. On 9 November by an imperial decree far reaching changes in land tenure law were put in operation which attacked in one sweep the communal and the household (family) property system.


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: Stolypin changed the nature of the First Duma to attempt to make it more willing to pass legislation proposed by the government. On 8 June 1907, Stolypin dissolved the Second Duma, and 15 Kadets, who had been in contact with terrorists, were arrested; he also changed the weight of votes in favor of the nobility and wealthy, reducing the value of lower-class votes. The leading Kadets were ineligible. This affected the elections to the Third Duma, which returned much more conservative members, more willing to cooperate with the government. It changed Georgy Lvov from a moderate liberal into a radical.


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: In Saratov, Stolypin had come to the conviction that the open field system had to be abolished; communal land tenure had to go. The chief obstacle appeared to be the Mir (commune). Its dissolution and the individualization of peasant land ownership became the leading objectives of agrarian policy. Like in Denmark, he introduced land reforms in order to resolve peasant grievances and quell dissent. Stolypin proposed his own landlord-sided reform in opposition to those democratic proposals which led to the dissolution of the first two Russian parliaments. Stolypin's reforms aimed to stem peasant unrest by creating a class of market-oriented smallholding landowners, who would thus support societal order. (See article "Stolypin's Reform"). He was assisted by Alexander Krivoshein, who in 1908 became the Minister of Agriculture. In June 1908 Stolypin lived in a wing of the Yelagin Palace; where the Council of Ministers also convened.


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: Supported by the Peasants' Land Bank, the amount of credit cooperatives increased from 1908. Russian industry was booming. Stolypin tried to improve the lives of urban laborers and worked towards increasing the power of local governments, but the zemstvos adopted an attitude hostile to the government.


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: Stolypin attempted to improve the acrimonious relations between the Russian Orthodox and Jewish citizens at the level of nationalities policy. Sergey Sazonov was the brother-in-law of Stolypin and did his best to further his career; in 1910 he became Minister of Foreign Affairs, following Count Alexander Izvolsky. Around 1910 the press started a campaign against Rasputin, who was accused of paying too much attention to young girls and women. Stolypin wanted to ban him from the capital and threatened to prosecute him as a sectarian. Rasputin went on a trip to Jerusalem and came back to St. Petersburg only after Stolypin's death.


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: On 14 June 1910, Stolypin's land reform measures became a full-fledged law. He also proposed spreading the system of zemstvo to the southwestern provinces of Asian Russia. It was originally slated to pass with a narrow majority, but Stolypin's political opponents stopped it. "Stolypin resigned in March of 1911 from the fractious and chaotic Duma after the failure of his land-reform bill". Tsar Nicholas II decided to look for a successor to Stolypin and considered Sergei Witte, Vladimir Kokovtsov and Alexei Khvostov.


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: Stolypin traveled to Kiev despite police warnings that an assassination plot was afoot as there had already been 10 attempts to kill him. On , there was a performance of Rimsky-Korsakov's "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" at the Kiev Opera House in the presence of the Tsar and his two oldest daughters, the Grand Duchesses Olga and Tatiana. The theater was occupied by 90 men posted as interior guards. According to Alexander Spiridovich, after the second act "Stolypin was standing in front of the ramp separating the parterre from the orchestra, his back to the stage. On his right were Baron Freedericks and Gen. Sukhomlinov." His personal bodyguard had stepped out to smoke. Stolypin was shot twice, once in the arm and once in the chest, by Dmitry Bogrov, a Jewish leftist revolutionary. Bogrov ran to one of the entrances and was caught. Stolypin rose from his chair, removed his gloves and unbuttoned his jacket, exposing a blood-soaked waistcoat. He gave a gesture to tell the Tsar to go back and made the sign of the cross. He never lost consciousness, but his condition deteriorated. He died four days later.


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: Bogrov was hanged 10 days after the assassination. The judicial investigation was halted by order of the Tsar, giving rise to suggestions that the assassination was planned not by leftists, but by conservative monarchists who were afraid of Stolypin's reforms and his influence on the Tsar. However, this has never been proven. On his request, Stolypin was buried in the city where he was murdered.


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: Since 1905 Russia had been plagued by revolutionary unrest and discontent was widespread among the population. With broad support, leftist organizations waged a violent campaign against the autocracy; throughout Russia, many police officials and bureaucrats were assassinated. "Stolypin inspected rebellious areas unarmed and without bodyguards. During one of these trips, somebody dropped a bomb under his feet. There were casualties, but Stolypin survived." To respond to these attacks, Stolypin introduced a new court system of martial law, that allowed for the arrest and speedy trial of accused offenders. Over 3,000 (possibly 5,500) suspects were convicted and executed by these special courts between 1906 and 1909. In a Duma session on 17 November 1907, Kadet party member referred to the gallows as "Stolypin's efficient black Monday necktie". As a result, Stolypin challenged Rodichev to a duel, but the Kadet party member decided to apologize for the phrase in order to avoid the duel. Nevertheless, the expression remained, as did the phrase "Stolypin car".


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: The opinions on Stolypin's work are divided. Some hold that, in the unruly atmosphere after the Russian Revolution of 1905, he had to suppress violent revolt and anarchy. However, historians disagree over how realistic Stolypin's policies were. Others, however, have argued that, while it is true that the conservatism of most peasants prevented them from embracing progressive change, Stolypin was correct in thinking that he could "wager on the strong" since there was indeed a layer of strong peasant farmers. This argument is based on evidence drawn from tax returns data, which shows that a significant minority of peasants were paying increasingly higher taxes from the 1890s, a sign that their farming was producing higher profits.


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: There remains doubt whether, even without the interruption of Stolypin's murder and the First World War, his agricultural policy would have succeeded. The deep conservatism from the mass of peasants made them slow to respond. In 1914 the strip system was still widespread, with only around 10% of the land having been consolidated into farms. Most peasants were unwilling to leave the security of the commune for the uncertainty of individual farming. Furthermore, by 1913, the government's own Ministry of Agriculture had itself begun to lose confidence in the policy. Nevertheless, Krivoshein became the most powerful figure in the Imperial government.


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: Published in the Paris newspaper "Social-Democrat" on 31 October 1911, in an article titled "Stolypin and the Revolution", Lenin, calling for the "mortification of the uber-lyncher", said:


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: ″Stolypin tried to pour new wine into old bottles, to reshape the old autocracy into a bourgeois monarchy; and the failure of Stolypin's policy is the failure of tsarism on this last, the last conceivable, road for tsarism."


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: In "Name of Russia", a 2008 television poll to select "the greatest Russian", Stolypin placed second, behind Alexander Nevsky and followed by Joseph Stalin. He is seen by his admirers as the greatest statesman Russia ever had, the one who could have saved the country from revolution and the civil war.


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: On 27 December 2012, a monument to Pyotr Stolypin was unveiled in Moscow to mark the 150th anniversary of his birth. The monument is situated near the Russian White House where the Russian Cabinet is situated. At the foot of the pedestal, a bronze plaque has written on it a well-known expression of Stolypin: ""We must all unite in defense of Russia, coordinate our efforts, our duties and our rights in order to maintain one of Russia's historic supreme rights - to be strong.""


title: Pyotr Stolypin

text: Stolypin is portrayed in the opening scenes of the 1971 British film "Nicholas and Alexandra", anachronistically taking part in the Romanov dynasty tercentenary celebrations of 1913 before being assassinated later in the film, two years after the date of his actual assassination.


title: Tubal-cain

text: Tubal-cain or Tubalcain ( – "Tūḇal Qayīn") is a person mentioned in the Bible, in , known for being the first blacksmith. He is stated as the "forger of all instruments of bronze and iron". A descendant of Cain, he was the son of Lamech and Zillah. Tubal-cain was the brother of Naamah and half-brother of Jabal and Jubal. The Israeli kibbutz Tuval is named after him.


title: Tubal-cain

text: According to Rashi, Tubal-cain's name literally means "Cain's-Spices", with the Hebrew word Tū́ḇal () deriving from the word Tū́ḇlin () meaning spices. Rashi states that he was named this, because he "seasoned and improved the work of Cain". In other words, because he was a blacksmith, who helped to make weapons which could be used to kill more efficiently, he invokes his ancestor Cain's sin of murder. Furthermore according to Tanhuma bar Abba, one day, Tubal-cain and his father, Lamech, were hunting together with Tubal-cain serving as an aid for his blind father. In the distance is Cain who Lamech believes to be an animal. He checks with Tubal-cain to see if it is an animal, but Tubal-cain deceives his father, and lets him shoot and kill his forefather Cain, possibly because of Tubal-cain's blood lust. When Lamech realizes what he has done, he throws his hands up in a fit of mourning, accidentally killing his son Tubal-cain. However Genesis Rabbah disagrees with this narrative.


title: Tubal-cain

text: In "Antiquities of the Jews", Josephus says that "Tubal exceeded all men in strength, and was very expert and famous in martial performances, ... and first of all invented the art of working brass."


title: Tubal-cain

text: In the King James Version, his name is rendered as "Tubalcain". In the New International Version and the English Standard Version, it is "Tubal-cain"; the Latin Vulgate renders him as "Thubalcain". It is not clear why he has a double-barreled first name. Gordon Wenham suggests that the name "Cain" means "smith" (which would anticipate the remarks about his metalworking skill), or that he is called "Tubal Cain" in order to distinguish him from the other Tubal, the son of Japheth. Richard Coggins suggests it "may be a variant of the same tradition which lists Tubal in the table of nations" at , as a land well known for metalwork. In the Book of Jasher (Pseudo-Jasher) (1751), the name of Tubal-Cain is explained by Zillah, his mother: "After I had withered away have I obtained him from the Almighty God" (2:24). The intended conclusion here is that "Cain" (given earlier in the idea of "obtaining") was merged with "Tubal", a word seemingly to denote "withering" by contextual speculation. Genesis 4:22 says that Tubal-cain was the "forger of all instruments of bronze and iron" (ESV) or an "instructor of every artificer in brass and iron" (KJV). Although this may mean he was a metalsmith, a comparison with verses 20 and 21 suggests that he may have been the very first artificer in brass and iron. T. C. Mitchell suggests that he "discovered the possibilities of cold forging native copper and meteoric iron." Tubal-cain has even been described as the first chemist. Walter Elwell suggests that his invention of superior weapons may have been the motivation for Lamech's interest in avenging blood. Alternatively, E. E. Kellett suggests that Tubal-cain may have been a miner.


title: Tubal-cain

text: A fictionalized version of Tubal-cain serves as the primary antagonist in the film "Noah", also depicted as a master metalworker, and a nemesis of Noah. The character's younger version is played by Finn Wittrock and the older version is played by Ray Winstone.


title: Ultrakill

text: Ultrakill (stylized in all caps as ULTRAKILL) is a first-person shooter platformer video game developed by Arsi "Hakita" Patala and published by New Blood Interactive. It was released through Early Access on Steam for Microsoft Windows on September 3, 2020. The game uses retro-style graphics and movement capabilities similar to those of 1990s first-person shooters such as "Quake" and "Doom".


title: Ultrakill

text: In Ultrakill, the player controls V1, a machine that uses blood as a fuel source. Humanity fought a major war, and V1 was built for this purpose. However, the war ended before V1 could enter mass production, meaning only one model of it remained in existence. But V1's thirst for blood led it, along with other similar robots, to turn on the humans, driving them to extinction.


title: Ultrakill

text: After the extinction of humanity, V1 descends through the layers of Hell in order to harvest the blood of the various creatures in hell. Along the way V1 encounters demons, the souls of the damned, rival machines also looking for blood, and angels. V1 also fights a multitude of bosses, including V2, which is a later, alternate version of V1; King Minos, the former king of Lust who tried to turn it into a utopia and thus incited the anger of the Council, causing his defeat at the hands of Gabriel (with his mortal body still remaining in Lust, but his Soul trapped in a flesh prison as Minos Prime, who V1 also fights); and Gabriel (named for the Abrahamic archangel), an angel who acts as the Judge of Hell. In their first encounter, V1 is able to defeat Gabriel and force him to retreat. In Heaven, the Council of Angels who rule Heaven accuse Gabriel of heresy for losing to a machine and extract God's Light from his body, leaving him with only 24 hours to destroy V1 or else he will die.


title: Ultrakill

text: In Act 2, V1 continues to delve deeper into Hell, battling other denizens of Hell such as Sisyphus' minions, the Ferryman, and a massive leviathan, as well as a final rematch against V2, killing V2 in the process. Finally, V1 confronts Gabriel again, now the Apostate of Hate, who reveals that thanks to V1's incursion into Hell, its robotic brethren have followed it and completely destroyed all of the upper layers of Hell in their need to power themselves. Gabriel and V1 engage in their second battle, with Gabriel once again being defeated. However, V1's skills manage to earn Gabriel's respect and he retreats. His worldview now challenged, Gabriel comes to realize that he cannot overcome the machines because the power of the Angels has waned due to God already being dead. Recognizing that the Council has been hiding God's death yet is still content to rule Heaven and Hell in His name, Gabriel returns to Heaven and murders the entire Council to end their corrupt regime.


title: Ultrakill

text: "Ultrakill" is a first-person shooter which takes place in a series of levels based on Dante's layers of Hell. The game is divided into a prelude and three acts, with the prelude containing one area (called a layer) with four levels and a major boss level, each proceeding act containing three layers with the first two having three levels and one major boss level, and the third having only one level and a major boss level.


title: Ultrakill

text: The player has access to 6 classes of weapons: the revolver, the shotgun, the nailgun, the railcannon, the rocket launcher and the arm, with each weapon receiving multiple variants. The player can perform combos or do other stylish actions in order to build a style meter through eight ranks from "Destructive" to "ULTRAKILL" and earn style points, similar to games such as "Devil May Cry".


title: Ultrakill

text: A key game mechanic in "Ultrakill" is the ability for the player to gain health by absorbing the fresh blood of damaged enemies, done by damaging or killing enemies while near them. However, certain other mechanics can prevent or disrupt this, such as enemies covered in sand not dropping blood for the player to absorb, or water diluting blood when an enemy is killed underwater, making said blood easier to pick up, but reduces the amount healed.


title: Ultrakill

text: At the end of each level the player will earn a letter grade rank from "D" to "S" in time, enemies killed, and total style points, which are then averaged to give an overall level rank. Completing a level without dying or reloading to a checkpoint, and with an "S" rank in all 3 categories, will award the player with a "P" (for perfect) rank. This is the highest possible rank that can be achieved.


title: Ultrakill

text: Each level of "Ultrakill" contains hidden collectibles in the form of soul orbs and includes a challenge. Completing the challenge, finding all soul orbs, and getting the highest rank (P), will reward the player by making the level appear gold in the level select menu.


title: Ultrakill

text: "Ultrakill" also features an endless mode called the "Cyber Grind", where the player fights random waves of enemies over a floating arena which transforms after each wave. This mode awards the player with points upon completion, which can be used to purchase weapon mods at yellow terminals.


title: Ultrakill

text: , "Ultrakill" had received over 35,000 Steam reviews with a score of 98%, making it the 10th highest rated game on Steam. The game was praised for its movement mechanics and authenticity towards earlier arena shooters and first-person shooters.


title: Ultrakill

text: Christopher Livingston of "PC Gamer" described "Ultrakill" as faster and "even more metal than "Doom Eternal"" and commended the game for its verticality.


title: Repeating decimal

text: A repeating decimal or recurring decimal is decimal representation of a number whose digits are periodic (repeating its values at regular intervals) and the infinitely repeated portion is not zero. It can be shown that a number is rational if and only if its decimal representation is repeating or terminating (i.e. all except finitely many digits are zero). For example, the decimal representation of becomes periodic just after the decimal point, repeating the single digit "3" forever, i.e. 0.333... A more complicated example is , whose decimal becomes periodic at the "second" digit following the decimal point and then repeats the sequence "144" forever, i.e. 5.8144144144... At present, there is no single universally accepted notation or phrasing for repeating decimals.


title: Repeating decimal

text: The infinitely repeated digit sequence is called the repetend or reptend. If the repetend is a zero, this decimal representation is called a terminating decimal rather than a repeating decimal, since the zeros can be omitted and the decimal terminates before these zeros. Every terminating decimal representation can be written as a decimal fraction, a fraction whose denominator is a power of 10 (e.g. ); it may also be written as a ratio of the form (e.g. ). However, "every" number with a terminating decimal representation also trivially has a second, alternative representation as a repeating decimal whose repetend is the digit 9. This is obtained by decreasing the final (rightmost) non-zero digit by one and appending a repetend of 9. and are two examples of this. (This type of repeating decimal can be obtained by long division if one uses a modified form of the usual division algorithm.)


title: Repeating decimal

text: Any number that cannot be expressed as a ratio of two integers is said to be irrational. Their decimal representation neither terminates nor infinitely repeats, but extends forever without repetition (see ). Examples of such irrational numbers are and .


title: Repeating decimal

text: There are several notational conventions for representing repeating decimals. None of them are accepted universally.


title: Repeating decimal

text: In English, there are various ways to read repeating decimals aloud. For example, 1.2 may be read "one point two repeating three four", "one point two repeated three four", "one point two recurring three four", "one point two repetend three four" or "one point two into infinity three four".


title: Repeating decimal

text: In order to convert a rational number represented as a fraction into decimal form, one may use long division. For example, consider the rational number :


title: Repeating decimal

text: etc. Observe that at each step we have a remainder; the successive remainders displayed above are 56, 42, 50. When we arrive at 50 as the remainder, and bring down the "0", we find ourselves dividing 500 by 74, which is the same problem we began with. Therefore, the decimal repeats: ...


title: Repeating decimal

text: For any given divisor, only finitely many different remainders can occur. In the example above, the 74 possible remainders are 0, 1, 2, ..., 73. If at any point in the division the remainder is 0, the expansion terminates at that point. Then the length of the repetend, also called "period", is defined to be 0.