title: 2011 Rugby World Cup

text: A July 2009 report by the Auckland Regional Transport Authority, released under the Official Information Act, warned of lack of readiness and complacency, despite the fact that "the levels of patron movement and operational standard [needed for the RWC] are in reality significantly above what is currently delivered." The report was dismissed by Michael Barnett, the Auckland Chamber of Commerce CEO and planning co-coordinator for RWC events in Auckland, who characterised it as a case of "a Wellington media organisation us[ing] an outdated report".


title: 2011 Rugby World Cup

text: The nation's largest hospitality workers' union, Unite, which represents 25% of hotel, restaurant and casino workers in New Zealand, demanded that workers share in windfall profits and said there was the possibility of a strike during the tournament.


title: 2011 Rugby World Cup

text: The construction of Dunedin's Forsyth Barr Stadium, known during the tournament as Otago Stadium, was a source of concern as the project was operating in a tight time frame. An April 2010 progress report stated that the project remained on target for completion prior to the Rugby World Cup, although there was a medium level of risk with some significant and potentially damaging concerns. If the project had not been completed on time, organisers would have reverted to Carisbrook as the backup option. Forsyth Barr Stadium was officially opened on 6 August 2011.


title: 2011 Rugby World Cup

text: Damage caused by the 2011 Christchurch earthquake forced the relocation of a number of cup matches, including the quarter finals.


title: 2011 Rugby World Cup

text: The 2011 Tri Nations Series was shortened to include only six games instead of the usual nine. It served as the primary preparation for the tournament for Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. In the northern hemisphere, a series of friendlies played in August 2011 replaced the annual tours to the southern hemisphere. North American entrants Canada beat USA in two warm-up friendlies in August 2011.


title: 2011 Rugby World Cup

text: Twenty teams competed in the 2011 World Cup. Twelve teams qualified by finishing in the top three of their pool in the 2007 Rugby World Cup.


title: 2011 Rugby World Cup

text: Twelve of the nations at this tournament had competed in every previous Rugby World Cup – Argentina, Australia, Canada, England, France, Ireland, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Romania, Scotland, and Wales. All the other sides also had previous World Cup experience, except for Russia who appeared in a Rugby World Cup for the first time.


title: 2011 Rugby World Cup

text: The following 20 teams, shown with final pre-tournament rankings, qualified for the final tournament.


title: 2011 Rugby World Cup

text: The 13 venues for the 2011 Rugby World Cup were confirmed on 12 March 2009. A number of the venues were redeveloped to increase capacity for the event. The Government considered passing a law bypassing the consent process to allow all the stadiums' redevelopment to be completed in time.


title: 2011 Rugby World Cup

text: Due to damage to Stadium Christchurch and many other facilities in Christchurch caused by the earthquake on 22 February 2011, it was announced on 16 March that the matches to be played in the city would be relocated. The two quarter-finals scheduled would be moved to Auckland, while the five pool matches moved to other centres.


title: 2011 Rugby World Cup

text: On 10 November 2006, the New Zealand Government announced plans for Stadium New Zealand in Auckland. The proposal was to build the new stadium seating 70,000 on the waterfront. After much public outcry, and lack of support from the Auckland Regional Council, the proposal was dropped in favour of the redevelopment of Eden Park. The redevelopment of Eden Park's Southern and South Western stands was completed during 2010.


title: 2011 Rugby World Cup

text: Dunedin's new stadium, Forsyth Barr Stadium (known as Otago Stadium during the tournament), was completed in August 2011 and was used instead of Carisbrook.


title: 2011 Rugby World Cup

text: Seeding of teams for the 2011 World Cup was based on their respective IRB World Rankings. The top four at the 2007 Rugby World Cup (South Africa, England, Argentina, and France) were not therefore allocated top pool spots, but "the rankings are now very well established and provide us with a credible and succinct way of seeding teams for the rugby World Cup pool draw", according to Rugby World Cup Ltd (RWCL) chairman Syd Millar.


title: 2011 Rugby World Cup

text: The draw was conducted in December 2008 and used the World Rankings as of 1 December 2008, after the Northern Hemisphere Autumn internationals. The teams were placed into three bands depending on their seedings at the time, with one team from each band in each of the pools. The rankings and bands were therefore: New Zealand (1), South Africa (2), Australia (3) and Argentina (4); Wales (5), England (6), France (7) and Ireland (8); Scotland (9), Fiji (10), Italy (11) and Tonga (12).


title: 2011 Rugby World Cup

text: By coincidence, the final match and third-place playoff match were between the countries which contested the same matches at the first Rugby World Cup, which were also held in New Zealand, in 1987.


title: 2011 Rugby World Cup

text: Each country was allowed a squad of 30 players for the tournament. These squads were to be submitted to the International Rugby Board by a deadline of 22 August 2011. Once the squad was submitted a player could be replaced if injured, but would not be allowed to return to the squad. There is also a stand-down period of 72 hours before the new player is allowed to take the field. Hence, a replacement player called into a squad on the eve of a game will not be permitted to play in that game.


title: 2011 Rugby World Cup

text: On 8 April 2011, the IRB named ten referees, seven assistant referees and four television match officials to handle the pool stage games. Two of the seven assistants will also be reserve referees if required.


title: 2011 Rugby World Cup

text: The opening ceremony for the 2011 Rugby World Cup took place at Eden Park in Auckland on 9 September 2011 at 19:30 (NZST). The ceremony featured a blend of traditional Māori and modern New Zealand culture, and began with a fleet of 26 waka entering the city harbour. It featured traditional haka and sipi tau dances in reference to the opening match between New Zealand and Tonga, and ended with a large pyrotechnics display.


title: 2011 Rugby World Cup

text: The first round, or pool stage, saw the twenty teams divided into four pools of five teams using the same format that was used in 2003 and in 2007. Each pool was a round-robin of ten games, where each team played one match against each of the other teams in the same pool. Teams were awarded four points for a win, two points for a draw and none for a defeat. A team scoring four or more tries in one match scored a bonus point, as did a team losing by seven or fewer points.


title: 2011 Rugby World Cup

text: The teams finishing in the top two of each pool advanced to the quarterfinals. The top three teams of each pool have automatically qualified for the 2015 Rugby World Cup.


title: 2011 Rugby World Cup

text: Pld = matches played, W = matches won, D = draws, L = losses, TF = tries for, PF = match points for, PA = match points against, +/− = sum total of points for/against, BP = bonus points, Pts = pool points


title: 2011 Rugby World Cup

text: The tournament's top point scorer was South African Morné Steyn, who scored 62 points. Chris Ashton and Vincent Clerc scored the most tries, six in total.


title: 2011 Rugby World Cup

text: Following the completion of the Rugby World Cup, the IRB's Rugby News Service listed the Top 5 players of the 2011 Rugby World Cup. These players were:


title: 2011 Rugby World Cup

text: Sky Network Television, New Zealand's largest subscription television provider, was host broadcaster for the Rugby World Cup, transmitting all matches live and in high-definition coverage. Games were also available on free-to-air networks in New Zealand, but not all pool matches were screened live on free-to-air. Broadcasting rights were allocated throughout the world by the IRB, including highlights, free-to-air and pay-per-view.


title: Giovanni Battista Piranesi

text: Giovanni Battista (or Giambattista) Piranesi (; also known as simply Piranesi; 4 October 1720 – 9 November 1778) was an Italian Classical archaeologist, architect, and artist, famous for his etchings of Rome and of fictitious and atmospheric "prisons" ("Carceri d'invenzione"). He was the father of Francesco Piranesi, Laura Piranesi and .


title: Giovanni Battista Piranesi

text: Piranesi was born in Venice, in the parish of S. Moisè where he was baptised. His father was a stonemason. His brother Andrea introduced him to Latin literature and ancient Greco-Roman civilization, and later he was apprenticed under his uncle, Matteo Lucchesi, who was a leading architect in "Magistrato delle Acque", the state organization responsible for engineering and restoring historical buildings.


title: Giovanni Battista Piranesi

text: From 1740, he had an opportunity to work in Rome as a draughtsman for Marco Foscarini, the Venetian ambassador of the new Pope Benedict XIV. He resided in the Palazzo Venezia and studied under Giuseppe Vasi, who introduced him to the art of etching and engraving of the city and its monuments. Giuseppe Vasi found Piranesi's talent was much greater than that of a mere engraver. According to Legrand, Vasi told Piranesi that "you are too much of a painter, my friend, to be an engraver."


title: Giovanni Battista Piranesi

text: After his studies with Vasi, he collaborated with pupils of the French Academy in Rome to produce a series of "vedute" (views) of the city; his first work was "Prima parte di Architettura e Prospettive" (1743), followed in 1745 by "Varie Vedute di Roma Antica e Moderna".


title: Giovanni Battista Piranesi

text: From 1743 to 1747, he was mainly in Venice where, according to some sources, he often visited Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, a leading artist in Venice. It was Tiepolo who expanded the restrictive conventions of reproductive, topographical and antiquarian engravings. He then returned to Rome, where he opened a workshop in Via del Corso. In 1748–1774, he created an important series of "vedute" of the city which established his fame. In the meantime Piranesi devoted himself to the measurement of many of the ancient buildings: this led to the publication of "Le Antichità Romane de' tempo della prima Repubblica e dei primi imperatori" ("Roman Antiquities of the Time of the First Republic and the First Emperors"). In 1761, he became a member of the Accademia di San Luca and opened a printing house of his own. In 1762, the "Campo Marzio dell'antica Roma" collection of engravings was printed.


title: Giovanni Battista Piranesi

text: The following year he was commissioned by Pope Clement XIII to restore the choir of San Giovanni in Laterano, but the work did not materialize. In 1764, one of the Pope's nephews, Cardinal Rezzonico, appointed him to start his only architectural work, the restoration of the church of Santa Maria del Priorato in the Villa of the Knights of Malta, on Rome's Aventine Hill. He combined Classical architectural elements, trophies and escutcheons with his own particular imaginative genius for the design of the facade of the church and the walls of the adjacent Piazza dei Cavalieri di Malta.


title: Giovanni Battista Piranesi

text: In 1767, he was made a knight of the Golden Spur, which enabled him to sign himself "Cav[aliere] Piranesi". In 1769, his publication of a series of ingenious and sometimes bizarre designs for chimneypieces, as well as an original range of furniture pieces, established his place as a versatile and resourceful designer. In 1776, he created his best known work as a 'restorer' of ancient sculpture, the "Piranesi Vase", and in 1777–78 he published "Avanzi degli Edifici di Pesto" (Remains of the Edifices of Paestum).


title: Giovanni Battista Piranesi

text: He died in Rome in 1778 after a long illness, and was buried in the church he had helped restore, Santa Maria del Priorato. His tomb was designed by Giuseppi Angelini.


title: Giovanni Battista Piranesi

text: Even though the social structure by an aristocracy remained rigid and oppressive, Venice revived through the Grand Tour as the center of intellectual and international exchange in the eighteenth century. The ideas of the Enlightenment stimulated theorists and artists all over Europe including Paris, Dresden, and London. New forms of artistic expression emerged: veduta, capriccio, and veduta ideata, topographical view, architectural fantasy, accurate renderings of ancient monuments assembled with imaginary compositions in response to the demand of increased visitors.


title: Giovanni Battista Piranesi

text: The developing center of the Grand Tour was Rome. Rome became a new meeting place and intellectual capital of Europe for the leaders of a new movement in the arts. The city was attracting artists and architects from all over Europe beside the Grand Tourists, dealers and antiquarians. While many came through official institutions such as the French Academy, others came to see the new discoveries at Herculaneum and Pompeii. Coffee shops were frequent gathering places, most famously the Antico Caffè Greco, established 1760. The Caffe degli Inglesi opened several years later, at the foot of the Spanish Steps in Piazza di Spagna, with wall paintings by Piranesi. With his own print workshop and museo of antiquities nearby, Piranesi was able to cultivate relationships in both places with wealthy buyers on the tour, particularly English.


title: Giovanni Battista Piranesi

text: The remains of Rome kindled Piranesi's enthusiasm. Informed by his experience in Venice and his study of the works of Marco Ricci and particularly Giovanni Paolo Panini, he appreciated not only the engineering of the ancient buildings but also the poetic aspects of the ruins. He was able to faithfully imitate the actual remains; his invention in catching the design of the original architect provided the missing parts. His masterful skill at engraving introduced groups of vases, altars, tombs that were absent in reality; his manipulations of scale; and his broad and scientific distribution of light and shade completed the picture, creating a striking effect from the whole view.


title: Giovanni Battista Piranesi

text: A number of the "Views" are notable for depicting human figures whose poverty, lameness, apparent drunkenness, and other visible flaws appear to echo the decay of the ruins. This is consistent with a familiar trope of Renaissance literature, in which the ruins of Rome are lamented as a metaphor for the imperfection and transience of human existence.


title: Giovanni Battista Piranesi

text: Some of his later work was completed by his children and several pupils. Piranesi's son and coadjutor, Francesco, collected and preserved his plates, in which the freer lines of the etching-needle largely supplemented the severity of burin work. Twenty-nine folio volumes containing about 2000 prints appeared in Paris (1835–1837).


title: Giovanni Battista Piranesi

text: The late Baroque works of Claude Lorrain, Salvatore Rosa, and others had featured romantic and fantastic depictions of ruins; in part as a memento mori or as a reminiscence of a golden age of construction. Piranesi also made copies of a number of etchings by Israel Silvestre, whose works he apparently admired. Piranesi's reproductions of real and recreated Roman ruins were a strong influence on Neoclassicism.


title: Giovanni Battista Piranesi

text: One of the main features of Neo-Classicism is the attitude towards nature and the uses of the past. Neo-Classicism was prompted by the discoveries at Herculaneum and Pompeii. Rediscovery and revaluation of Greece, Egypt, and Gothic was also active as well as the various expeditions of unfamiliar Roman empire. The view of a Golden Age was changing from static to mutable, inspired by Rousseau and Winckelmann in response to the dynamic growth of society.


title: Giovanni Battista Piranesi

text: The wider perspective on the past created a new way of expression. Artists developed a greater self-consciousness in confronting the limited authority of the ancient world, and there was a growing interest in civilizations and the destiny of nations. Piranesi was especially interested in the Graeco-Roman debate in the 1760s, between followers of Winckelmann who thought Greek culture and architecture superior to their Roman counterparts, and those who (like Piranesi) believed that the Romans had improved upon their Greek models. His free relationship to the past may be summarized in a phrase of his that become a mantra: "col sporcar si trova"; "by messing about, one discovers".


title: Giovanni Battista Piranesi

text: Throughout his lifetime, Piranesi created numerous prints depicting the Eternal City; these were widely collected by gentlemen on the Grand Tour. The Lobkowicz Collections, housed at the Lobkowicz Palace in Prague, contains a group of twenty-six of his engravings.


title: Giovanni Battista Piranesi

text: The "Prisons" ("Carceri d'invenzione" or 'Imaginary Prisons'), is a series of 16 prints produced in first and second states that show enormous subterranean vaults with stairs and mighty machines. The series was started in 1745. The first state prints were published in 1750 and consisted of 14 etchings, untitled and unnumbered, with a sketch-like look. The original prints were 16" x 21". For the second publishing in 1761, all the etchings were reworked and numbered I–XVI (1–16). Numbers II and V were new etchings to the series. Numbers I to IX were all done in portrait format (vertical), while X to XVI were landscape format (horizontal+).


title: Giovanni Battista Piranesi

text: In the second publishing, some of the illustrations appear to have been edited to contain (likely deliberate) impossible geometries.


title: Giovanni Battista Piranesi

text: It is important to look at his contribution as an archaeologist, which was acknowledged at the time as he had been elected to the Society of Antiquaries of London. His influence of technical drawings in antiquarian publications is often overshadowed. He left explanatory notes in the lower margin about the structure and ornament. Most ancient monuments in Rome were abandoned in fields and gardens. Piranesi tried to preserve them with his engravings. To do this, Piranesi pushed himself to achieve realism in his work. A third of the monuments in Piranesi's engravings have disappeared, and the stucco and surfacings were often stolen, or restored and modified clumsily. Piranesi's precise observational skills allow people to experience the atmosphere in Rome in the eighteenth century. Piranesi may have recognised his role of disseminating remarkable information through meaningful images. He became the Director of the Portici Museum in 1751.


title: Judas Maccabeus

text: Judah Maccabee (or Judas Maccabeus, also spelled Machabeus, or Maccabæus, Hebrew: יהודה המכבי, "Yehudah HaMakabi") was a Jewish priest ("kohen") and a son of the priest Mattathias. He led the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire (167–160 BCE).


title: Judas Maccabeus

text: The Jewish holiday of Hanukkah ("Dedication") commemorates the restoration of Jewish worship at the Second Temple in Jerusalem in 164 BCE, after Judah Maccabee removed all of the statues depicting Greek gods and goddesses and purified it.


title: Judas Maccabeus

text: Judah was the third son of Mattathias the Hasmonean, a Jewish priest from the village of Modi'in. In 167 BCE Mattathias, together with his sons Judah, Eleazar, Simon, John, and Jonathan, started a revolt against the Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who since 175 BCE had issued decrees that forbade Jewish religious practices. After Mattathias's death in 166 BCE, Judah assumed leadership of the revolt in accordance with the deathbed disposition of his father. The First Book of Maccabees praises Judah's valor and military talent, suggesting that those qualities made Judah a natural choice for the new commander.


title: Judas Maccabeus

text: In the early days of the rebellion, Judah received a surname Maccabee. It is not known whether this surname should be understood in Greek, Hebrew or Aramaic. Several explanations have been put forward for this surname. One suggestion is that the name derives from the Aramaic "maqqaba" ("makebet" in modern Hebrew), "hammer" or "sledgehammer" (cf. the cognomen of Charles Martel, the 8th century Frankish leader), in recognition of his ferocity in battle. Others believe it is in reference to his weapon of choice.


title: Judas Maccabeus

text: According to Jewish folklore the name Maccabee is an acronym of the verse "Mi kamokha ba'elim Adonai", "Who among the gods is like you, O Adonai?", the Maccabean battle-cry to motivate troops. (Exodus 15:11). Some scholars maintain that the name is a shortened form of the Hebrew "maqqab-Yahu" (from "naqab", "to mark, to designate"), meaning "the one designated by Yahweh." Although originally the surname Maccabee was exclusive to Judah (his brothers had different surnames), at a later date it came to signify all the Hasmoneans who fought during the Maccabean revolt.


title: Judas Maccabeus

text: Mindful of the superiority of Seleucid forces during the first two years of the revolt, Judah's strategy was to avoid any engagement with their regular army, and to resort to guerrilla warfare, in order to give them a feeling of insecurity. The strategy enabled Judah to win a string of victories. At the battle of Nahal el-Haramiah (wadi haramia), he defeated a small Seleucid force under the command of Apollonius, governor of Samaria, who was killed. Judah took possession of Apollonius's sword and used it until his death as a symbol of vengeance. After Nahal el-Haramiah, recruits flocked to the Jewish cause.


title: Judas Maccabeus

text: Shortly thereafter, Judah routed a larger Seleucid army under the command of Seron near Beth-Horon, largely thanks to a good choice of battlefield. Then in the Battle of Emmaus, Judah proceeded to defeat the Seleucid forces led by generals Nicanor and Gorgias. This force was dispatched by Lysias, whom Antiochus left as viceroy after departing on a campaign against the Parthians. By a forced night march, Judah succeeded in eluding Gorgias, who had intended to attack and destroy the Jewish forces in their camp with his cavalry. While Gorgias was searching for him in the mountains, Judah made a surprise attack upon the Seleucid camp and defeated the Seleucids at the Battle of Emmaus. The Seleucid commander had no alternative but to withdraw to the coast.


title: Judas Maccabeus

text: The defeat at Emmaus convinced Lysias that he must prepare for a serious and prolonged war. He accordingly assembled a new and larger army and marched with it on Judea from the south via Idumea. After several years of conflict Judah drove out his foes from Jerusalem, except for the garrison in the citadel of Acra. He purified the defiled Temple of Jerusalem and on the 25th of Kislev (December 14, 164 BCE) restored the service in the Temple. The reconsecration of the Temple became a permanent Jewish holiday, Hanukkah, which continued even after the Temple was destroyed in 70 CE. Hanukkah is still celebrated annually. The liberation of Jerusalem was the first step on the road to ultimate independence.


title: Judas Maccabeus

text: Upon hearing the news that the Jewish communities in Gilead, Transjordan, and Galilee were under attack by neighboring Greek cities, Judah immediately went to their aid. Judah sent his brother, Simeon, to Galilee at the head of 3,000 men; Simeon was successful, achieving numerous victories. He transplanted a substantial portion of the Jewish settlements, including women and children, to Judea. Judah personally led the campaign in Transjordan, taking with him his brother Jonathan. After fierce fighting, he defeated the Transjordanian tribes and rescued the Jews concentrated in fortified towns in Gilead. The Jewish population of the areas taken by the Maccabees was evacuated to Judea. At the conclusion of the fighting in Transjordan, Judah turned against the Edomites in the south, captured and destroyed Hebron and Maresha. He then marched on the coast of the Mediterranean, destroyed the altars and statues of the pagan gods in Ashdod, and returned to Judea with much spoils.


title: Judas Maccabeus

text: Judah then laid siege to the Seleucid garrison at the Acra, the Seleucid citadel of Jerusalem. The besieged, who included not only Syrian-Greek troops but also Hellenistic Jews, appealed for help to Lysias, who effectively became the regent of the young king Antiochus V Eupator after the death of Antiochus Epiphanes at the end of 164 BCE during the Parthian campaign. Lysias together with Eupator set out for a new campaign in Judea. Lysias skirted Judea as he had done in his first campaign, entering it from the south, and besieged Beth-Zur. Judah raised the siege of the Acra and went to meet Lysias. In the Battle of Beth-zechariah, south of Bethlehem, the Seleucids achieved their first major victory over the Maccabees, and Judah was forced to withdraw to Jerusalem. Beth-Zur was compelled to surrender and Lysias reached Jerusalem, laying siege to the city. The defenders found themselves in a precarious situation because their provisions were exhausted, it being a sabbatical year during which the fields were left uncultivated. However, just as capitulation seemed imminent, Lysias and Eupator had to withdraw when Antiochus Epiphanes's commander-in-chief Philip, whom the late ruler appointed regent before his death, rebelled against Lysias and was about to enter Antioch and seize power. Lysias decided to propose a peaceful settlement, which was concluded at the end of 163 BCE. The terms of peace were based on the restoration of religious freedom, the permission for the Jews to live in accordance with their own laws, and the official return of the Temple to the Jews. Lysias defeated Philip, only to be overthrown by Demetrius, son of the late Seleucus IV Philopator; returned from years as a hostage in Rome. Demetrius appointed Alcimus (Jakim), a Hellenist Jew, as high priest, a choice the Hasidim (Pietists) might have accepted since he was of priestly descent.


title: Judas Maccabeus

text: When war against the external enemy came to an end, an internal struggle broke out between the party led by Judah and the Hellenist party. The influence of the Hellenizers all but collapsed in the wake of the Seleucid defeat. The Hellenizing High Priest Menelaus was removed from office and executed. His successor was another Hellenizer Alcimus. When Alcimus executed sixty priests who were opposed to him, he found himself in open conflict with the Maccabees. Alcimus fled from Jerusalem and went to the Seleucid king, asking for help.


title: Judas Maccabeus

text: Meanwhile, Demetrius I Soter, son of Seleucus IV Philopator and nephew of the late Antiochus IV Epiphanes, fled from Rome in defiance of the Roman Senate, arrived in Syria. Declaring himself the rightful king, he captured and killed Lysias and Antiochus Eupator, taking the throne. It was thus Demetrius to whom the delegation led by Alcimus, complained of the persecution of the Hellenist party in Judea. Demetrius granted Alcimus's request to be appointed High Priest under the protection of the king's army and sent to Judea an army led by Bacchides. The weaker Jewish army couldn't oppose the enemy and withdrew from Jerusalem, so Judah returned to wage guerrilla warfare. Soon after, it was necessary for the Seleucid Army to return to Antioch because of the turbulent political situation. Judah's forces returned to Jerusalem and the Seleucids dispatched another army, again led by Nicanor. In a battle near Adasa, on the 13th Adar 161 BCE, the Seleucid army was destroyed and Nicanor was killed. The annual "Day of Nicanor" was instituted to commemorate this victory.


title: Judas Maccabeus

text: The Roman–Jewish Treaty was an agreement made between Judah Maccabee and the Roman Republic in 161 BCE according to and Josephus. It was the first recorded contract between the Jewish people and the Romans.


title: Judas Maccabeus

text: The agreement with Rome failed to have any effect on Demetrius' policy. On receipt of the news of Nicanor's defeat, he dispatched a new army, again commanded by Bacchides. This time the Seleucid forces of 20,000 men were numerically so superior that most of Judah's men left the field of battle and advised their leader to do likewise and to await a more favorable opportunity. However, Judah decided to stand his ground.


title: Judas Maccabeus

text: In the Battle of Elasa, Judah and those who remained faithful to him were killed. His body was taken by his brothers from the battlefield and buried in the family sepulchre at Modiin. The death of Judah Maccabee (d. 160 BCE) stirred the Jews to renewed resistance. After several additional years of war under the leadership of two of Mattathias' other sons (Jonathan and Simon), the Jews finally achieved independence and the liberty to worship freely.


title: Judas Maccabeus

text: As warrior hero and national liberator, Judah Maccabee has inspired many writers, and several artists and composers. In the Divine Comedy, Dante sees his spirit in the Heaven of Mars with the other "heroes of the true faith". In Shakespeare's Love's Labour's Lost, he is enacted along with the other Nine Worthies, but heckled for sharing a name with Judas Iscariot. Most significant works dedicated solely to him date from the 17th century onwards. William Houghton's "Judas Maccabaeus", performed in about 1601 but now lost, is thought to have been the first drama on the theme; however, "Judas Macabeo," an early "comedia" by crucial Spanish playwright Pedro Calderón de la Barca is extant. Fernando Rodríguez-Gallego details its history in his critical edition: the play was performed in the 1620s in different versions and finally published as part of an anthology by Vera Tassis in 1637. Following on its heels is "El Macabeo" (Naples, 1638), a Castilian epic by the Portuguese Marrano Miguel de Silveyra. Two other 17th century works are "La chevalerie de Judas Macabé" by French poet Pierre Du Ries, and the anonymous neo-Latin work "Judas Machabaeus" (Rome, 1695). Handel wrote his "Judas Maccabaeus" oratorio (1746) on the subject.


title: Judas Maccabeus

text: There has been interest in Judah in every century. "Giuda Macabeo, ossia la morte di Nicanore..." (1839), is an Italian "azione sacra" based on which Vallicella composed an oratorio. One of the best-known literary works on the theme is "Judas Maccabaeus" (1872), a five-act verse tragedy by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. A Hebrew version of Longfellow's play was published in 1900. Two later 19th-century interpretations of the story are "Judas Makkabaeus", a novella by the German writer Josef Eduard Konrad Bischoff, which appeared in "Der Gefangene von Kuestrin" (1885), and "The Hammer" (1890), a book by Alfred J. Church and Richmond Seeley.


title: Judas Maccabeus

text: Several 20th-century Jewish authors have also written works devoted to Judah Maccabee and the Maccabean Revolt. Jacob Benjamin Katznelson (1855–1930) wrote the poem, "Alilot Gibbor ha-Yehudim Yehudah ha-Makkabi le-Veit ha-Hashmona'im" (1922); the Yiddish writer Moses Schulstein wrote the dramatic poem, "Yehudah ha-Makkabi" (in "A Layter tsu der Zun", 1954); Jacob Fichman's "Yehudah ha-Makkabi" is one of the heroic tales included in "Sippurim le-Mofet" (1954). Amit Arad's historical novel "Lions of Judea – The miraculous story of the Maccabees" (2014). Many children's plays have also been written on the theme by various Jewish authors.


title: Judas Maccabeus

text: In addition, the American writer Howard Fast penned the historical novel, "My Glorious Brothers", which was published in 1948, during the 1947–1949 Palestine war.


title: Judas Maccabeus

text: During World War II the Swiss-German writer Karl Boxler published his novel "Judas Makkabaeus; ein Kleinvolk kaempft um Glaube und Heimat" (1943), the subtitle of which suggests that Swiss democrats then drew a parallel between their own national hero, William Tell, and the leader of the Maccabean revolt against foreign tyranny.


title: Judas Maccabeus

text: The modern play "Playing Dreidel with Judah Maccabee" by Edward Einhorn is about a contemporary boy who meets the historical figure.


title: Judas Maccabeus

text: In the medieval Christian art, Judah Maccabee was regarded as one of the heroes of the Old Testament. He figures in a tenth-century illustrated manuscript "Libri Maccabaeorum". The late medieval French artist Jean Fouquet painted an illustration of Judah triumphing over his enemies for his famous manuscript of Josephus. Rubens painted Judah Maccabee praying for the dead; the painting illustrates an episode from 2 Maccabees 12:39–48 in which Judah's troops find stolen idolatrous charms on the corpses of Jewish warriors slain on the battlefield. He therefore offers prayers and an expiatory sacrifice for these warriors who have died in a state of sin. During the Counter-Reformation the passage was used by Catholics against Protestants in order to justify the doctrine of purgatory. Accordingly, Rubens painted the scene for the Chapel of the Dead in Tournai cathedral. In the 19th century, Paul Gustave Doré executed an engraving of Judah Maccabee victoriously pursuing the shattered troops of the Syrian enemy.


title: Judas Maccabeus

text: In music, almost all the compositions inspired by the Hasmonean rebellion revolve around Judah. In 1746, the composer George Frideric Handel composed his oratorio "Judas Maccabeus," putting the biblical story in the context of the Jacobite rising of 1745. This work, with libretto by Thomas Morell, had been written for the celebrations following the Duke of Cumberland's victory over the Scottish Jacobite rebels at the Battle of Culloden in 1746. The oratorio's most famous chorus is "See, the conqu'ring hero comes". The tune of this chorus was later adopted as a Christian Easter hymn tune "Thine Be The Glory, Risen Conquering Son". A Hebrew translation of Handel's "Judas Maccabee’"' was prepared for the 1932 Maccabiah Games and is now popular in Israel with the motif of "conqu'ring hero" becoming a Hanukkah song. Beethoven composed a set of theme and variations 12 Variations on "'See the conqu'ring hero comes"' for Cello and Piano, WoO 45.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: The New York Institute of Technology (NYIT or New York Tech) is a private research university founded in 1955. It has two main campuses in New York—one in Old Westbury, on Long Island, and one in Manhattan. Additionally, it has a cybersecurity research lab and a biosciences, bioengineering lab in Old Westbury, as well as campuses in Arkansas, United Arab Emirates, China, and Canada.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: The New York Institute of Technology Computer Graphics Lab is an important environment in the history of computer graphics and animation, as founders of Pixar and Lucasfilm began their research there.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: New York Institute of Technology has five schools and two colleges, all with an emphasis on technology and applied scientific research: School of Architecture and Design, School of Interdisciplinary Studies and Education, School of Engineering and Computing Sciences, School of Health Professions, School of Management, College of Arts and Sciences and College of Osteopathic Medicine.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: New York Tech offers a full range of undergraduate, master's, and doctoral programs. The institute currently offers five doctoral degree programs, and has plans of offering more doctoral degree programs in the near future. NYIT is the birthplace of entirely 3D CGI films. As of 2020, two Turing Award winners have been affiliated with the university.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: As of 2018, New York Tech enrolls 9,930 full-time students across its campuses worldwide. In its 2023 rankings of Colleges & Universities, "U.S. News & World Report" listed NYIT as a "selective" university with an acceptance rate of 80%.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: In 1955, New York Institute of Technology opened under a provisional charter granted by the New York State Board of Regents to NYIT. Its first campus opened at 500 Pacific Street in the Borough of Brooklyn, New York. The founders of NYIT, and in particular, Alexander Schure, started NYIT with the mission of offering career-oriented professional education, providing all qualified students access to opportunity, and supporting applications-oriented research. Schure later served as NYIT's first president. In the higher education community at the time, a debate arose around the concern that humanities studies would be overshadowed by too much emphasis on science and engineering. NYIT's goal was to create a balance between science/engineering and a liberal arts education, and ever since, it has been focusing on this model to prepare students for current and future careers.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: By the 1958–1959 academic year, the university had 300 students, and the time had come to expand its physical operations. In April 1958, the college purchased the Pythian Temple at 135–145 W. 70th St. in Manhattan for its main center. The building, adjacent to the planned Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, was an ornate 12-story structure with a columned entranceway. Built in 1929 at a cost of $2 million, it included among its features a 1,200-seat auditorium. In 1958, NYIT sponsored the first National Technology Awards, created by Frederick Pittera, an organizer of international fairs and a member of the NYIT Board of Trustees, to help raise funds for the NYIT science and technology laboratories. The awards, held at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, were attended by several hundred guests, with entertainment provided by the U.S. Air Force Band. 36th President of the United States Lyndon Johnson was the keynote speaker. His speech was broadcast nationally by the ABC Radio Network. Among the honorees were Dr. Wernher von Braun and Major General Bernard Schriever, Commanding General of the Ballistic Air Command. Photos, press clippings, and audio tapes of the event are on view at the Lyndon Johnson Library at Austin, Texas.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: In 1959, NYIT introduced “teaching machines” for student instruction in physics, electronics, and mathematics. NYIT also pioneered the use of mainframes as a teaching tool, having received its first, donated by the CIT Financial Corporation, in 1965. The curriculum was successful enough that NYIT received two grants totaling approximately $3 million from the federal government – one to develop a system of individualized learning through the use of computers; the other to develop a computer-based course in general physics for midshipmen at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Md.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: In 1974, New York Institute of Technology Computer Graphics Lab was established and attracted the likes of: Pixar Animation Studios president Edwin Catmull and co-founder Alvy Ray Smith; Walt Disney Feature Animation Chief Scientist Lance Williams; DreamWorks animator Hank Grebe; and Netscape and Silicon Graphics founder James H. Clark. Researchers at the New York Institute of Technology Computer Graphics Lab created the tools that made entirely 3D CGI films possible. NYIT CG Lab was regarded as the top computer animation research and development group in the world during the late 70s and early 80s.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: In 1995, the NYIT School of Engineering took first place in the U.S. Department of Energy's Clean Air Road Rally. The student engineering team spent three years designing and building the high-performance hybrid electric car that beat 43 other vehicles. In 1998, NYIT opened its first international program in China. In 1999, Bill Gates spoke at NYIT and received NYIT's Presidential Medal. In 2002, NYIT installed the fastest broadband network on the East Coast.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: From 2000 to 2015, NYIT invested in initiatives to enhance the quality of the university, including campus infrastructure, a larger faculty, new endowed chairs and professorships. The money came from federal grants, New York state grants, and National Science Foundation grants, as well as university funding and contributions from alumni, corporations and foundations. For example, in 2002, federal government awarded NYIT $0.3 million for a new cyber security lab, in 2009, NYIT received a multimillion-dollar donation from Lumeta Corporation, in 2011, NYIT received a $0.16 million grant from the Verizon Foundation, in 2013, NYIT received $1.4 million in state and federal grants for a portion of the costs required for constructing NYIT's new $4 million Entrepreneurship Technology Innovation Center, in 2014, NYIT received a $0.23 million National Science Foundation grant to purchase a sputtering machine, used in the electronics and medical fields to create thin film sensors, and in 2015, NYIT received from New York State a grant of $0.4 million for a portion of the costs required to renovate a 5,300-square-foot facility to house three new laboratories on its Old Westbury campus.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: New York Institute of Technology's Old Westbury, New York, campus is seated on . It encompasses numerous contiguous former estates situated in the beautiful wooded hillsides of Old Westbury, New York. Some of these estates were formerly owned by members of the Rockefeller family. Opened in 1965, the campus has many buildings including a sports complex, administrative and academic buildings, a 100-seat "smart" auditorium, several dining halls, a bookstore, as well as NYIT's de Seversky Mansion, a party and event venue on Long Island, and one of the largest houses in the United States. It was developed on and around the nucleus of the former C. V. Whitney estate and includes several former North Shore estates. Original buildings have been reconstructed for educational use while retaining the charm of traditional exteriors. To preserve the natural beauty of the landscape, other buildings are clustered in low, modern structures surrounded by trees and open vistas. Classroom buildings and parking areas are connected by walkways through woods and meadows untouched by construction. Plazas connect classroom buildings and act as outdoor rooms for students and faculty. Concerts, lectures, and informal


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: Athletic facilities at the Old Westbury campus include the 1,000-seat President's Stadium, the President's Field, the 500-seat Recreation Hall arena, the NYIT Softball Complex and the NYIT Tennis Complex consisting of six courts. Many notable people, including Patch Adams, spoke at Riland Auditorium on its Long Island campus. The Old Westbury campus is mainly a commuter campus, although residential students have dormitory options.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: Long Island campus is also home to the New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, the only osteopathic medical school on Long Island, which was formerly named New York College of Osteopathic Medicine, or NYCOM. In 2008, NYIT installed a 3-D motion capture lab for its Fine Arts program in Old Westbury. The system allows the university to use Hollywood technology to teach the next generation of computer animators. Between 2009 and 2013, the Old Westbury campus has undergone a number of significant improvements, including renovation of the 3,000 sf. Student Activities Center, creation of a Life Sciences biomedical research laboratory, renovation of Engineering Materials lab, creation of a Nursing Simulation lab and creation of an 8,000 sf. Entrepreneurship and Technology Innovation Center, among others.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: In 2014, New York Tech announced a $93 million plan to erect seven new buildings on its Old Westbury campus, including four, four-story residence halls. In 2015, NYIT received from New York State a grant for a portion of the costs required to renovate a 5,300-square-foot facility to house three new laboratories on its Old Westbury campus. According to "Bloomberg/Businessweek", in 2011, Old Westbury is the second "richest" town in the United States, trailing behind only Palm Beach, Florida. The magazine previously dubbed the town "New York's wealthiest suburb."


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: The New York City campus is located between 60th and 62nd streets on Broadway, adjacent to Columbus Circle, across the street from Central Park and within walking distance of Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. Its central location is accessible via subway and bus routes and is close to concert halls, theaters, museums, and libraries. It is served by public transit buses and the A, B, C, D, and 1 Subway trains, which are accessed at the 59th Street/Columbus Circle station. Free weekday shuttles between the Long Island Railroad (LIRR) stations in Manhasset and Hicksville and the Long Island campus are available to all NYIT students, faculty, and staff. While it offers a full range of classes in all of NYIT's major schools, the majority of students enroll in programs that concentrate in media, communications, business, computer science, and engineering.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: The Student Activity Building, 1849 Broadway, has a student lounge, recreation areas, food services, a bookstore, and the offices of the Student Government Association as well as other clubs and student organizations. The Office of Student Activities is located on the second floor. The NYIT Auditorium on Broadway has a seating capacity of 268. The offices of Counseling and Wellness Services, Disability Services, Campus Life, Career Services, Student Employment, and Housing and Residential Life, are located at 26 West 61st Street. In 2014, NYIT opened a simulated trading floor, equipped with the latest technologies, including hardware, software, databases and datafeeds, on the fifth floor of the 26 W. 61st Street building. The Student Solutions Center (Enrollment Services, Bursar, Financial Aid, and Registrar) and International Education are located in the New Technology Building, 16 West 61st Street.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: The New York City campus is home to student clubs and organizations such as Students Working to Achieve Greatness, Phi Iota Alpha, the Allied Health Life Science Organization, Bear Hug Club, Student Nurses Association, Dance Club, American Medical Student Association, Student Programming Association, Society of Hosteurs, and American Institute for Architecture Students.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: Residential students have two dormitory options for the Manhattan campus: Riverside Terrace Residence Hall, and the Anderson Residence Hall at Manhattan School of Music (shared with Columbia University, Barnard College, and several other academic institutions), all of which are supervised by full-time staff.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: NYIT Auditorium on Broadway, currently closed, hosts events, including the Lumen Prize Exhibition, and the SAG-AFTRA Foundation's Conversation Series, bringing in celebrities such as Carey Mulligan, Gloria Steinem, Meryl Streep, Mark Ruffalo and Leslee Udwin, among others, to NYIT's campus in Manhattan. NYIT Auditorium on Broadway has 3-D screening capabilities. In January 2020, the auditorium was flooded and suffered substantial damage after a water main under the adjacent street ruptured.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: Recruiters from major companies such as Google visit the Manhattan campus regularly for luncheons with students and information sessions.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: New York Tech purchased more than 500 acres of the former Central Islip Psychiatric Center in 1984 to establish a campus in Suffolk County, New York. Less than 10 years later, the school began selling pieces off for commercial use. In 2005, NYIT ceased operations as a full college campus there. At one point, the location included residence halls with student lounges and laundry facilities, dining hall, classroom buildings, and library. The school still operates its 7,000-square-foot Central Islip Family Medical Center, located near the former campus, to serve the local community.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: In March 2014, NYIT announced plans to open an osteopathic medical school site in Jonesboro, Arkansas, by acquiring and renovating a building belonging to Arkansas State University-Jonesboro, for approximately $13 million. The distinctive three-story yellow brick building, the Wilson Hall at Arkansas State University, once housed Arkansas State University's library, auditorium (complete with balcony seating), and administrative offices as well as the laboratories, kitchens, studios, sewing rooms, classrooms and offices that served all departments of the arts and sciences. In April 2015, Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation awarded initial approval for the osteopathic medical school site in Jonesboro, Arkansas. Renovations have already started at the 86,000-square-foot Wilson Hall to prepare for the new site. NYIT started hiring faculty members for the new site. In December 2015, NYIT's College of Osteopathic Medicine received final approval from Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation to recruit students, open a second location on the campus of Arkansas State University in August 2016 and become the first osteopathic medical school in Arkansas.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: NYIT formerly had research centers in Florida. In 2011, NYIT's College of Osteopathic Medicine opened a Family Health Care Center in Central Islip, New York, and in 2014, NYIT's College of Osteopathic Medicine opened another Family Health Care Center in Uniondale, New York. NYIT opened a cybersecurity center in Old Westbury, New York in 2017.; NYIT's College of Osteopathic Medicine has clinical affiliations with the following hospitals:


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: In addition to its United States locations, New York Institute of Technology has a presence in the following countries:


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: NYIT-Abu Dhabi campus lies in the Center of Excellence for Applied Research and Training (CERT) Technology Park, home to international companies such as Intel, Honeywell and Lucent Technologies. It is a modern university facility adjacent to Abu Dhabi Men's College. The classrooms feature technologies such as smartboards and high-tech computers. NYIT-Abu Dhabi has a library collection, catering services and parking facilities. Notable people who spoke at NYIT-Abu Dhabi include U.S. Secretary of Education Margaret Spellings.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: NYIT-Nanjing was established in collaboration with Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications. NYIT-Nanjing students have access to Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications residence halls, dining facilities, and activities. NYIT's campus is separate but joined with the campus of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications. The courses are taught in English, and students get the equivalent of an American degree without the expense of traveling abroad. Graduates have an option to earn 'parallel degrees' from NYIT and NUPT or, if they choose, just the NYIT degree. Students can study solely in Nanjing or can opt to take some of their courses at NYIT campuses in New York. Enrollment at NYIT-Nanjing is projected to eventually reach 6,000.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: Faculty of International Media of Communication University of China (commonly referred to as ICUC) is a Ministry of Education in China-approved Media Technology Center that NYIT launched with the Communication University of China in Beijing in 2015. It is the first China-foreign, cooperatively-run institution in media approved by the Ministry of Education. It offers dual-degree graduate and undergraduate programs.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: Students are taught first by Beijing-based NYIT and Communication University of China faculty members and then have the option to complete their studies at NYIT's New York campuses. The campus includes NYIT-designed digital laboratories and a distance-learning, video-presence classroom connected to NYIT's New York campuses. NYIT students in Beijing are able to remotely operate equipment in NYIT's high-tech Home for Innovation, Visualization, and Exploration (HIVE) Center in New York with its motion capture, 3-D, and visualization tools.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: The interconnectivity of the New York and Beijing programs enables students and faculty members to collaborate on creative projects and reviews. The NYIT-CUC programs are highly selective, and students chosen from throughout China had to meet both NYIT and CUC admissions standards, including the ability to take their courses in English. The curriculum and requirements of each program are identical to NYIT courses and programs offered in New York.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: NYIT-Vancouver offers graduate degrees and has two campus locations: one in downtown Vancouver, in the heart of the financial district and close to many cultural venues, and the other in a suburban locale.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: NYIT-Manama offered undergraduate and graduate degrees until 2014 in fields including business, computer graphics, engineering, and interior design.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: NYIT-Amman offered until 2013 undergraduate and graduate degrees in fields including business, computer graphics, engineering, and information technology.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: NYIT's undergraduate and graduate programs are divided into six schools and colleges. Collaboration among the schools and colleges is frequent, as mandated by a number of interdisciplinary degree programs and research centers.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: The now-defunct Ellis College of NYIT was created as an online division operating under the university's mission to provide career-oriented professional education and access to opportunity. In the fall of 2008, NYIT phased out its Ellis College branch.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: In 2015, NYIT was ranked 14th in New York State by average professor salaries. 95% of faculty at NYIT hold their doctorate or other terminal degree. NYIT holds full accreditation in over 50 academic areas. Nationally, fewer than 100 colleges and universities match this achievement. As the liberal arts and sciences college of NYIT, NYIT's College of Art and Sciences is committed to serving not only the students who pursue their degrees in this college, but all NYIT undergraduates who depend on CAS for developing foundational academic skills and completing general education and other critical pieces of their education. As of 2015, the College of Arts and Sciences at NYIT offers 28 undergraduate and five graduate degree programs in departments including Behavioral Sciences, Communication Arts, Fine Arts, Interdisciplinary Studies, English and Speech, Mathematics, Physics, Social Sciences, Urban Administration and Life Sciences. The College of Arts and Sciences is home to NYIT's undergraduate Core Curriculum.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: In 2016, the National Security Agency and the Department of Homeland Security designated NYIT as a National Center of Academic Excellence in Cyber Defense Education.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: Since fall 2010, all undergraduates must complete the Core Curriculum. NYIT's core curriculum was created to provide undergraduate students with an outcomes-oriented education that will prepare them for today's workforce.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: The student body consists of nearly 9,000 graduate and undergraduate students and around 1,000 academic faculty. The student body at NYIT is 52% male and 48% female.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: Access to the collection of books, periodicals and journals is open to registered NYIT students and alumni. Onsite use of special collections is also available to visiting students and researchers. NYIT collections include more than 100,000 books, 200 databases, 13,000 ebooks, and videos.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: In 2015, NYIT's MBA program was ranked #1 in the United States in terms of salary-to-debt ratio. According to the survey by SoFi, graduates of NYIT's MBA program make an average of $126,068 per year, and have an average debt of $50,308.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: NYIT was ranked 24th on Payscale.com's list of Best Value College in NY State (20-year ROI), in 2015.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: "2012 Chronicle of Higher Education" ranked NYIT as one of the best colleges in the nation to work for.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: "2009 Architect Magazine" ranked NYIT one of the top four Building Technology Schools in the United States.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: NYIT has been ranked by "The New York Times" as one of the more diverse colleges in the United States.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: "US News Best Colleges" ranks NYIT as one of the Best Engineering Programs at schools where doctorate not offered.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: "U.S. News & World Report" placed NYIT's medical school on its lists of "Best Medical Schools: Research" and "Best Medical Schools: Primary Care" in 2013.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: NYIT was featured on Washington Monthly's 2014 Best Bang for the Buck Rankings, a national list of schools that help non-wealthy students attain marketable degrees at affordable prices.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: In addition to NYIT's auxiliary campuses in Canada, China and the Middle East, NYIT has degree partnerships with over a dozen Chinese universities, as well as with universities in France, Taiwan, Brazil, India and Turkey. NYIT also has student exchange programs with universities in Denmark, Netherlands, China, United Kingdom, India, Costa Rica, Germany, Brazil and France.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: "U.S. News & World Report" describes New York Institute of Technology's admissions process as "selective".


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: NYIT received 10,010 first-year applications from prospective undergraduate students for the Class of 2020. NYIT students represent nearly all 50 U.S. states and 112 countries. For the undergraduate freshman class that entered its New York campuses in Fall 2012, NYIT drew 6,769 applications and enrolled 1,005. The undergraduate transfer class that enrolled in 2012 engendered 1,625 applications and 497 enrolled. As of 2022, NYIT reported average SAT scores of their admitted students as 574 for English, Reading, and Writing and 594 for Math, giving an average combined score of 1168. The average composite ACT score was 21, and the average high-school GPA was 3.4. NYIT's undergraduate acceptance rate was 65% in Fall 2012. For the undergraduate freshman class that entered its New York campuses in Fall 2014, NYIT received 8,394 applications, and its undergraduate acceptance rate was 64%. NYIT's undergraduate acceptance rate for the undergraduate transfer class that enrolled in 2014 was 57%.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: Eight hundred eighty-three new graduate students beyond medical students enrolled in fall 2012. As of 2015, NYIT's graduate schools have acceptance rates of 7% to the New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, 11% to the New York Institute of Technology School of Health Professions, 32% to the New York Institute of Technology School of Architecture and Design, 41% to the New York Institute of Technology College of Arts and Sciences, 49% to the New York Institute of Technology School of Education, 65% to the New York Institute of Technology School of Management, and 66% to the New York Institute of Technology School of Engineering and Computing Sciences.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: In the 2012–2013 academic year, NYIT ranked 13th amongst US Master's Universities by total number of enrolled international students.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: NYIT is accredited by the Commission on Higher Education of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools, and:


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: NYIT-United Arab Emirates is accredited by the Ministry Of Higher Education & Scientific Research of UAE.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: NYIT-Bahrain was accredited by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research of Bahrain, as well as the Ministry of Higher Education of Kuwait.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: The Office of Sponsored Programs and Research works with faculty members to apply for funding to support research programs. Each year, NYIT receives well over $20 million in research support from external sources. To date, NYIT has received funding from public, private, and government agencies, including among others:


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: In 1968, Federal government awarded $3 million in grants to NYIT for computer research. Researchers at the New York Institute of Technology Computer Graphics Lab created the tools that made entirely 3D CGI films possible. Among NYIT CG Lab's innovations was an eight-bit paint system to ease computer animation. NYIT CG Lab was regarded as the top computer animation research and development group in the world during the late 70s and early 80s.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: In 1978, the digital noise reducer invented by William E. Glenn, earned NYIT its first television Emmy award. Glenn directed NYIT's former Science and Technology Research Center in Florida, where he also developed his invention. The digital noise reducer received a patent in 3-D technology in 1979.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: In 1995, the School of Engineering took first place in the U.S. Department of Energy's Clean Air Road Rally. The student engineering team spent three years designing and building the high-performance hybrid electric car that beat out 43 other vehicles.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: In 2007, NYIT received $500,000 in federal funding to develop a "green print" initiative to research alternative fuel technology and determine its carbon footprint.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: In 2008, NYIT received a grant from the U.S. Department of Energy to study the relationship between electric vehicles and renewable energy charging stations. For $250,000, NYIT was able to install two solar carports (one at its Old Westbury campus and one at its Central Islip campus), convert two Toyota Priuses to plug-ins with extra battery capacity, and install data collection technology. Each carport spans 4 parking spots, provides level 1 charging (110 volt) at each parking spot, and supports a 10 kW solar array.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: NYIT's research on electric vehicles, solar energy, and their resulting environmental and grid impacts continues in partnership with the Long Island Power Authority and the Electric Power Research Institute. The study currently has NYIT Students participate in car-share program where they are able to drive the plug-in Priuses between their homes and the school campus. The school plans to expand participation to faculty members as well.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: Also in 2008, NYIT was awarded a $130,000 research contract by United Space Alliance to help NASA scientists design the crew module of the Orion spacecraft using 3-D motion capture technology.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: In 2010, NYIT and the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum announced a new partnership to incorporate project-based learning for NYIT's undergraduate students with the reconstruction of an aircraft restoration tent on the deck of the aircraft carrier USS "Intrepid" through a design competition. Also in 2010, NYIT received a $1 million grant from National Science Foundation for interdisciplinary research on cyber-enabled learning.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: In 2011, National Institutes of Health awarded NYIT a $1.8 million grant to study the link between heart failure and thyroid disease.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: In 2013, National Science Foundation awarded NYIT a three-year multimillion dollars grant to establish a Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) site to study the security of mobile devices and wireless networks.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: NYIT and Peking University led a research project that was selected as one of six U.S.-China EcoPartnership programs intended to promote innovative models for collaboration between the United States and China on clean water and environmental sustainability. The team also included Wuhan University, the International Society for Water Solutions of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), and HDR, Inc., an industrial partner. The project ran from September 2013 through August 2015.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: In 2015, NYIT was awarded a nearly $0.5 million grant from National Institutes of Health to develop an implantable wireless system to study the body's gastric and digestive systems.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: NYIT's research on animals such as dinosaurs and giraffes is regularly featured on National Geographic. NYIT's research is also often featured on BBC.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: A renewable energy park in Point Lookout, New York, features a self-reliant solar house designed by architecture, engineering and interior design students at New York Institute of Technology for the U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon in 2007.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: NYIT sponsors the Kids’ 3D Spaghetti Utensil Design Competition. NYIT sponsors many notable events and conferences related to academic programs every year, throughout the world. DARPA and United States Department of Homeland Security regularly headline NYIT's Annual Cybersecurity Conference.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: New York Tech's academic centers focus on interdisciplinary research and bring together departments, faculty, and students for collaborations and exchanges of ideas.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: 1998, NYIT's College of Osteopathic Medicine opened the Adele Smithers Parkinson's Disease Center. NYIT's College of Osteopathic Medicine uses 3-D motion capture technology to help doctors better identify mobility and stability problems in patients with Parkinson's disease.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: The Center for Global Health opened in 2007. Students in medicine, allied health, and engineering have traveled to Haiti and Ghana, where they help deliver babies and provide fresh water as part of NYIT's Center for Global Health program.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: The Center for Labor and Industrial Relations provides training and research into workplace related issues.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: The Center for Gerontology and Geriatrics collaborates with the academic community, government, civic, professional and business groups, and funders.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: NYIT's faculty and students have conducted research with such institutions as the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and other organizations around the world.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: NYIT faculty and students are also involved in other areas of research, including sustainable technology, cardiovascular health, epilepsy, blindness, staph infection, and cyber security, among others. NYIT has won several million dollars in grants from the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation for research on disease and for cyber-learning.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: NYIT maintains close ties to the industrial world. Many of these connections are made through NYIT's cooperative education and internship programs. For example, in 2017, NYIT opened a cybersecurity lab in Old Westbury, New York, the first lab on Long Island designated as a National Center of Academic Excellence in Cyber Defense by the National Security Agency and the Department of Homeland Security.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: The Entrepreneurship & Technology Innovation Center for Industry-University Partnerships at NYIT is structured around a collaborative network of industry-university partnerships, connecting industry and academia, innovators and entrepreneurs, the Entrepreneurship and Technology Innovation Center (ETIC) is a catalyst for technological innovation, entrepreneurship, and economic development. The ETIC focuses on three technological drivers of economic growth in the New York metropolitan region:


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: The Empire State Development Corporation has provided seed funding for the initiative, which is supported by the Long Island Regional Economic Development Council. An Advisory Board made up of members of industry, government, and the venture capital community, has agreed to help NYIT create the center and work on its three focus areas create a high-tech teaching and research environment.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: NYIT has few formal traditions, compared to many other universities, but has a rich culture of informal traditions and jargon. There are a few "big events" such as Commencement (graduation), but many smaller, decentralized activities sponsored by departments, labs, living groups, student activities, and ad hoc groups of NYIT community members united by common interests.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: The Office of Residence Life and Off-Campus Housing at New York Institute of Technology caters for students living in residence halls and independently in housing off-campus.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: NYIT's Student Government Association (SGA) is the official voice of the student body. The SGA advocates on behalf of student interests—academic, cultural, and social. It is charged with working with the college's faculty and administration to improve campus life. In addition, the SGA oversees the budgeting process for student clubs and organizations and supports a variety of campus-wide events.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: "LI News Tonight" is a nightly television newscast produced on the Old Westbury campus as both a community service to Nassau and Suffolk counties and an internship opportunity where students can learn about careers in television news. For more than 25 years, college interns have covered breaking news and feature events alongside reporters and photographers from professional news stations, with their work appearing that evening on a nightly TV newscast aired on a Long Island cable station.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: Globesville is NYIT's student-run web channel. It is an online network of students that uses the power of social media to integrate NYIT campuses, students and alumni from across the globe. The Globesville team creates and collects video and features which focus on the activities, interests, and goals of the NYIT community.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: On the Old Westbury campus, NYIT students produce "The Campus Slate", the student-run newspaper founded in 1966. "The Campus Slate" conducted interviews with celebrities such as Oscar-nominated actress Diane Lane and The Beach Boys. On the Manhattan campus, students produce the "NYIT Chronicle", a student-run newspaper founded in 2005. On the Central Islip campus, students produced the "Campus Voice", a student-run newspaper founded in 1992.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: "NYIT Magazine" is the official magazine of New York Institute of Technology. The magazine features articles on topics relevant to alumni and the community, and includes news of events, research, sports coverage, and profiles as professor and alumni accomplishments. The magazine is published three times a year.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: Radio station WNYT was formed shortly after NYIT opened its Old Westbury campus in the mid-1960s, operating from studios located in Education Hall. The student-run station has alternately broadcast on campus via carrier current and closed circuit connections, and during the 1970s and early 1980s, it served as the audio for Cablevision's on-screen program guide. Today, WNYT is heard online, with Internet-based programming via RealAudio.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: NYIT has seven major dining halls across its campuses in New York State, as of 2015. NYIT has five dining halls on its Old Westbury campus, one on its Manhattan campus. A new dining hall is being built on NYIT's Old Westbury campus, as of 2015.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: NYIT has an ROTC program, including both Air Force Reserve Officers' Training Corps and Army Reserve Officers Training Corps.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: New York Tech (NYIT) athletic teams are known as the Bears. The institute was a member of the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the East Coast Conference (ECC; originally called as the New York Collegiate Athletic Conference (NYCAC) until after the 2005–06 academic year) from 1989–90 until their last season of competition in the 2019–20 school year before the institute announced its suspension until further notice.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: NYIT sponsored an intercollegiate athletics program in 12 varsity teams. Men's sports included baseball, basketball, cross country, lacrosse, soccer and track & field; while women's sports included basketball, cross country, lacrosse, soccer, softball and track & field.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: New York Tech's intercollegiate competitive sports teams, include its four-time NCAA Division II national champion lacrosse team. All of NYIT's teams compete in Division II. In 2019, NYIT became a College World Series team.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: New York Tech announced in August 2020 that the Bears would suspend its NCAA Division II intercollegiate athletics for at least two years.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: Those recently in the spotlight include Kevin O'Connor (D.O. '96), personal physician to Joe Biden; Karine Jean-Pierre (B.S. '98), press secretary for the Biden administration; and Claudia Coplein (D.O. '92), Tyson's first chief medical officer.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: Many have gone into business and finance, including: Vincent L. Sadusky, Chief Executive Officer at Univision Communications Inc; John Antioco, CEO, Blockbuster Video, Chairman, Board of Directors, Red Mango; Richard J. Daly, CEO, Broadridge Financial Solutions; Linda Davila, Chairperson, First Vice President, Investments Merrill Lynch; Eli Wachtel, Managing Director, Bear Stearns; Gary S. Lynch, managing director, Marsh & McLennan Companies; Itzhak Fisher, executive vice president, Nielsen Holdings, he also founded and served as CEO of RSL Communications, an over $1.5-billion telecommunications company with over 2,500 employees in 22 countries; Steve Johnson, Director for Labor Relations at The Coca-Cola Company; Robert E. Evanson, President, McGraw-Hill Education; Jerry Romano, chairman, New York Emmy Awards; Monte N. Redman, CEO, Astoria Financial; Patricia McMahon, vice president and general manager at Northrop Grumman, and vice president and general manager at BAE Systems; Indera Rampal-Harrod, director of human resources, American Express; Roseann Stichnoth, executive vice president and head of the Financial Services Group at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York; Chen Ningning, self-made billionaire; and Matthew F. Calamari, Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Trump Organization.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: Alumni in science and technology include: Eric Cole, chief technology officer at McAfee and chief scientist at Lockheed Martin Corporation; Peter A. Eckstein, Senior Principal Engineer, Northrop Grumman Corporation. IEEE Board of Directors member, and 2016 IEEE President; Mark B. Berger, senior vice president and chief information officer, SWBC; Steven Wolk, chief technology officer, P. C. Richard & Son; Michael McCrackan, Research and Development Director, Kodak; Vincent Connare, font designer and former Microsoft employee, amongst his creations are the Comic Sans font, and the Trebuchet MS font; James Chemp, Director of engineering and energy, 7-Eleven; Philip Fasano, executive vice president and chief information officer at American International Group (AIG); and Patri Friedman, Software Engineer at Google.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: Alumni in government include: Joseph Saladino, New York state assemblyman; Anthony Seminerio, politician; Averof Neofytou, Cypriot politician who has been President of the governing Democratic Rally (DISY) party since 2013. Former Minister of Communications and Works and Mayor of Polis Chrysochou; Andre Pierre, former Democratic mayor of North Miami; Rafael Piñeiro, First Deputy Commissioner of the New York City Police Department (NYPD); Brian M. McLaughlin, New York state assemblyman; Nicholas Estavillo, NYPD Chief of Patrol; Tom Cilmi, Suffolk County Legislator; Keith Kazmark, Mayor of Woodland Park, New Jersey; Abdulla Bin Butti, Chairman of Energy Authority and member of Abu Dhabi Executive Council; Abubakar Kabir Bichi, member of the Nigerian Federal House of Representatives and Thani Ahmed Alzeyoudi, Minister of Climate Change and Environment for the United Arab Emirates.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: Many of NYIT's alumni have also gone into arts, journalism and entertainment. They include Carol Silva, TV news anchor; Lori Bizzoco, writer; Patti Ann Browne, TV News Anchor, Fox News; Jim Geoghan, Emmy-nominated executive producer of The Disney Channel's The Suite Life on Deck and the original The Suite Life of Zack and Cody; Emmy Award-winning broadcast journalists Judy Martin, Dana Arschin, and Ben Finley who is the Editorial Producer with “Anderson Cooper 360” and has produced for several CNN and PBS programs; Brian Kenny, ESPN SportsCenter Anchor; Candice Night, lead singer, Blackmore's Night; and Adam Pascal, actor, singer, and producer.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: Alumni in sports include: Allison Baver, Olympic Speed Skating Medalist (Bronze, 2010); Don Cooper, head pitching coach, Chicago White Sox; Jim Ferry (basketball), basketball coach; Sarah Fisher, race car driver; Joe Vasold, lacrosse player; Ray Giannelli, baseball player; Manix Auriantal, professional basketball player; Chris Algieri, professional boxer in the Light Welterweight division; Allen Watson, former Major League Baseball pitcher (member of 2000 World Series Champion New York Yankees); and Brian Brady (baseball), former right fielder in Major League Baseball who played for the California Angels.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: Notable commencement speakers include George Pataki, the 53rd governor of New York, and Sanjay Kumar, chairman and CEO of CA Technologies.


title: New York Institute of Technology

text: NYIT's campuses have been the backdrop for movies such as "Arthur" and "Three Days of the Condor" and TV shows including "Gossip Girl" and "Four Weddings".


title: Robert Napper

text: Robert Clive Napper (born 25 February 1966) is a British serial killer and rapist. He has been convicted of two murders, one manslaughter, two rapes and two attempted rapes. He was sentenced to indefinite detention at Broadmoor Hospital on 18 December 2008 for the manslaughter of Rachel Nickell on 15 July 1992. He was previously convicted of the 1993 double murder of Samantha Bisset and her daughter Jazmine.


title: Robert Napper

text: Robert Napper is the eldest child of Brian Napper, a driving instructor, and his wife Pauline. Born in Erith, southeast London, Napper was brought up in nearby Abbey Wood. His background was troubled and dysfunctional. The marriage of his parents was violent and Napper witnessed his father abusing his mother. His parents divorced when he was nine and he and his siblings (two brothers and a sister) were placed in foster care and underwent psychiatric treatment for six years at the Maudsley Hospital in Camberwell.


title: Robert Napper

text: Napper was socially awkward at school, where he was shunned by his peers who later described Napper as being "despised". At age 13, Napper underwent a personality change after a family friend sexually assaulted him on a camping holiday. The offender was jailed, but Napper became introverted, obsessively tidy and reclusive, according to his mother. He also bullied his siblings and spied on his sister while she was naked.


title: Robert Napper

text: In 1986, Napper first came to police attention after being convicted of an offence with an airgun. In October 1989, police had rejected information conveyed in a phone call from Napper's mother that her son had admitted to committing a rape on Plumstead Common. No case apparently matched the evidence. However, it emerged at the time of Napper's second conviction, that the rape of a 30-year-old woman, in front of her children, eight weeks earlier, had been reported to have occurred in a house which backed on to Plumstead Common. At this point, Pauline Napper broke off all contact with her son.


title: Robert Napper

text: On 15 July 1992 on Wimbledon Common, Napper stabbed the young mother Rachel Nickell 49 times in front of her son Alex, then aged two, who clung on to his mother's body begging her to wake up. Napper was questioned about unsolved attacks on other women during the year, but was eliminated from inquiries.


title: Robert Napper

text: In November 1993, in the Bisset home in Plumstead, Napper stabbed 27-year-old Samantha Bisset in her neck and chest, killing her, and then sexually assaulted and smothered her four-year-old daughter, Jazmine Jemima Bisset. In her sitting room, Napper mutilated Bisset's body, taking away body parts as a trophy. The crime scene was reportedly so grisly that the police photographer assigned to the case was forced to take two years' leave after witnessing it.


title: Robert Napper

text: After a fingerprint belonging to Napper was recovered from Samantha's flat, he was arrested, and charged with the murders of Samantha and Jazmine Bisset, in May 1994. Napper was convicted at the Old Bailey in October 1995. He also admitted two rapes and two attempted rapes at this time. From the time of the first Old Bailey trial, he has been held at Broadmoor. In December 1995, he was questioned about Nickell's death but denied any involvement.


title: Robert Napper

text: Napper is also believed to have committed most or all of the attacks attributed to the "Green Chain Rapist" (named after the Green Chain Walk – a string of leafy pathways linking large parts of south east London) who carried out at least 70 savage attacks across south-east London over a four-year period ending in 1994. The earliest of the 'Green Chain' rapes have been linked to Napper, and were those he admitted to in 1995. Napper is known to have kept detailed records of the sites of potential and actual attacks on women. During the investigation into the rapes, Napper had been eliminated due to his 6' 2" height, as detectives had decided to exclude anyone over 6' based on the description of a 5' 7" rapist. However, there are conflicting witness reports of the rapist's height and Napper walked with a stoop.


title: Robert Napper

text: The investigation to find Nickell's murderer resulted in the attempted prosecution of an innocent man, Colin Stagg, until, in 2004, advances in DNA profiling revealed Napper's connection to the case. On 18 December 2008, Napper was convicted of the manslaughter of Nickell on the grounds of diminished responsibility. He also admitted to four other attacks on women. Napper was sentenced to indefinite detention at Broadmoor Hospital. In his summing up at the Old Bailey, Mr Justice Griffiths Williams said to Napper: "You are on any view a very dangerous man".


title: Robert Napper

text: Napper was portrayed by Jack Riddiford in the 2021 miniseries "Deceit", which retold the story of Operation Edzell.


title: Stem-cell therapy

text: Stem-cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition. , the only established therapy using stem cells is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. This usually takes the form of a bone-marrow transplantation, but the cells can also be derived from umbilical cord blood. Research is underway to develop various sources for stem cells as well as to apply stem-cell treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and conditions such as diabetes and heart disease.


title: Stem-cell therapy

text: Stem-cell therapy has become controversial following developments such as the ability of scientists to isolate and culture embryonic stem cells, to create stem cells using somatic cell nuclear transfer and their use of techniques to create induced pluripotent stem cells. This controversy is often related to abortion politics and to human cloning. Additionally, efforts to market treatments based on transplant of stored umbilical cord blood have been controversial.


title: Stem-cell therapy

text: For over 30 years, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been used to treat people with conditions such as leukaemia and lymphoma; this is the only widely practiced form of stem-cell therapy. During chemotherapy, most growing cells are killed by the cytotoxic agents. These agents, however, cannot discriminate between the leukaemia or neoplastic cells, and the hematopoietic stem cells within the bone marrow. This is the side effect of conventional chemotherapy strategies that the stem-cell transplant attempts to reverse; a donor's healthy bone marrow reintroduces functional stem cells to replace the cells lost in the host's body during treatment. The transplanted cells also generate an immune response that helps to kill off the cancer cells; this process can go too far, however, leading to graft vs host disease, the most serious side effect of this treatment.


title: Stem-cell therapy

text: Another stem-cell therapy, called Prochymal, was conditionally approved in Canada in 2012 for the management of acute graft-vs-host disease in children who are unresponsive to steroids. It is an allogenic stem therapy based on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from the bone marrow of adult donors. MSCs are purified from the marrow, cultured and packaged, with up to 10,000 doses derived from a single donor. The doses are stored frozen until needed.


title: Stem-cell therapy

text: The FDA has approved five hematopoietic stem-cell products derived from umbilical-cord blood, for the treatment of blood and immunological diseases.


title: Stem-cell therapy

text: In 2014, the European Medicines Agency recommended approval of limbal stem cells for people with severe limbal stem cell deficiency due to burns in the eye.


title: Stem-cell therapy

text: Stem cells are being studied for a number of reasons. The molecules and exosomes released from stem cells are also being studied in an effort to make medications. In addition to the functions of the cells themselves, paracrine soluble factors produced by stem cells, known as the stem cell secretome, have been found to be another mechanism by which stem cell-based therapies mediate their effects in degenerative, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases.


title: Stem-cell therapy

text: To be used for research or treatment applications, large numbers of high-quality stem cells are needed. Thus, it is necessary to develop culture systems which produce pure populations of tissue-specific stem-cells "in vitro" without the loss of stem-cell potential. Two main approaches are taken for this purpose: two-dimensional and three-dimensional cell culture.


title: Stem-cell therapy

text: Cell culture in two dimensions has been routinely performed in thousands of laboratories worldwide for the past four decades. In two-dimensional platforms, cells are typically exposed to a solid, rigid flat surface on the basal side and to liquid at the apical


title: Stem-cell therapy

text: surface. Inhabiting such a two-dimensional rigid substrate requires a dramatic adaption for the surviving cells because they lack the extracellular matrix that is unique to each cell type and which may alter cell metabolism and reduce its functionality.


title: Stem-cell therapy

text: Three-dimensional cell culture systems may create a biomimicking microenvironment for stem cells, resembling their native three-dimensional extracellular matrix (ECM). Advanced biomaterials have significantly contributed to three-dimensional cell culture systems in recent decades, and more unique and complex biomaterials have been proposed for improving stem-cell proliferation and controlled differentiation. Among them, nanostructured biomaterials are of particular interest because they have the advantage of a high surface-to-volume ratio, and they mimic the physical and biological features of natural ECM at the nanoscale.


title: Stem-cell therapy

text: Research has been conducted on the effects of stem cells on animal models of brain degeneration, such as in Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Preliminary studies related to multiple sclerosis have been conducted, and a 2020 phase 2 trial found significantly improved outcomes for mesenchymal stem cell treated patients compared to those receiving a sham treatment. In January 2021 the FDA approved the first clinical trial for an investigational stem cell therapy to restore lost brain cells in people with advanced Parkinson’s disease.


title: Stem-cell therapy

text: Healthy adult brains contain neural stem cells, which divide to maintain general stem-cell numbers, or become progenitor cells. In healthy adult laboratory animals, progenitor cells migrate within the brain and function primarily to maintain neuron populations for olfaction (the sense of smell). Pharmacological activation of endogenous neural stem cells has been reported to induce neuroprotection and behavioral recovery in adult rat models of neurological disorder.


title: Stem-cell therapy

text: Stroke and traumatic brain injury lead to cell death, characterized by a loss of neurons and oligodendrocytes within the brain. Clinical and animal studies have been conducted into the use of stem cells in cases of spinal cord injury.


title: Stem-cell therapy

text: A small-scale study on individuals 60 year or older with aging frailty showed, after intravenous treatment with Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from healthy young donors, showed significant improvements in physical performance measures. MSC helps with the blockade of inflammation by decreasing it, causing the effects of frailty to reverse.


title: Stem-cell therapy

text: Stem cells are studied in people with severe heart disease. The work by Bodo-Eckehard Strauer was discredited by identifying hundreds of factual contradictions. Among several clinical trials reporting that adult stem cell therapy is safe and effective, actual evidence of benefit has been reported from only a few studies. Some preliminary clinical trials achieved only modest improvements in heart function following use of bone marrow stem cell therapy.


title: Stem-cell therapy

text: Stem-cell therapy for treatment of myocardial infarction usually makes use of autologous bone-marrow stem cells, but other types of adult stem cells may be used, such as adipose-derived stem cells.


title: Stem-cell therapy

text: In 2013, studies of autologous bone-marrow stem cells on ventricular function were found to contain "hundreds" of discrepancies. Critics report that of 48 reports, just five underlying trials seemed to be used, and that in many cases whether they were randomized or merely observational accepter-versus-rejecter, was contradictory between reports of the same trial. One pair of reports of identical baseline characteristics and final results, was presented in two publications as, respectively, a 578-patient randomized trial and as a 391-subject observational study. Other reports required (impossible) negative standard deviations in subsets of people, or contained fractional subjects, negative NYHA classes. Overall, many more people were reported as having receiving stem cells in trials, than the number of stem cells processed in the hospital's laboratory during that time. A university investigation, closed in 2012 without reporting, was reopened in July 2013.


title: Stem-cell therapy

text: In 2014, a meta-analysis on stem cell therapy using bone-marrow stem cells for heart disease revealed discrepancies in published clinical trial reports, whereby studies with a higher number of discrepancies showed an increase in effect sizes. Another meta-analysis based on the intra-subject data of 12 randomized trials was unable to find any significant benefits of stem cell therapy on primary endpoints, such as major adverse events or increase in heart function measures, concluding there was no benefit.


title: Stem-cell therapy

text: The TIME trial, which used a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial design, concluded that "bone marrow mononuclear cells administration did not improve recovery of LV function over 2 years" in people who had a myocardial infarction. Accordingly, the BOOST-2 trial conducted in 10 medical centers in Germany and Norway reported that the trial result "does not support the use of nucleated BMCs in patients with STEMI and moderately reduced LVEF". Furthermore, the trial also did not meet any other secondary MRI endpoints, leading to a conclusion that intracoronary bone marrow stem cell therapy does not offer a functional or clinical benefit.


title: Stem-cell therapy

text: The specificity of the human immune-cell repertoire is what allows the human body to defend itself from rapidly adapting antigens. However, the immune system is vulnerable to degradation upon the pathogenesis of disease, and because of the critical role that it plays in overall defense, its degradation is often fatal to the organism as a whole. Diseases of hematopoietic cells are diagnosed and classified via a subspecialty of pathology known as hematopathology. The specificity of the immune cells is what allows recognition of foreign antigens, causing further challenges in the treatment of immune disease. Identical matches between donor and recipient must be made for successful transplantation treatments, but matches are uncommon, even between first-degree relatives. Research using both hematopoietic adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells has provided insight into the possible mechanisms and methods of treatment for many of these ailments.


title: Stem-cell therapy

text: Fully mature human red blood cells may be generated "ex vivo" by hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which are precursors of red blood cells. In this process, HSCs are grown together with stromal cells, creating an environment that mimics the conditions of bone marrow, the natural site of red-blood-cell growth. Erythropoietin, a growth factor, is added, coaxing the stem cells to complete terminal differentiation into red blood cells. Further research into this technique should have potential benefits to gene therapy, blood transfusion, and topical medicine.


title: Stem-cell therapy

text: In 2004, scientists at King's College London discovered a way to cultivate a complete tooth in mice and were able to grow bioengineered teeth stand-alone in the laboratory. Researchers are confident that the tooth regeneration technology can be used to grow live teeth in people.


title: Stem-cell therapy

text: In theory, stem cells taken from the patient could be coaxed in the lab turning into a tooth bud which, when implanted in the gums, will give rise to a new tooth, and would be expected to be grown in a time over three weeks. It will fuse with the jawbone and release chemicals that encourage nerves and blood vessels to connect with it. The process is similar to what happens when humans grow their original adult teeth. Many challenges remain, however, before stem cells could be a choice for the replacement of missing teeth in the future.


title: Stem-cell therapy

text: In a 2019 review that looked at hearing regeneration and regenerative medicine, stem cell-derived otic progenitors have the potential to greatly improve hearing.


title: Stem-cell therapy

text: Since 2003, researchers have successfully transplanted corneal stem cells into damaged eyes to restore vision. "Sheets of retinal cells used by the team are harvested from aborted fetuses, which some people find objectionable." When these sheets are transplanted over the damaged cornea, the stem cells stimulate renewed repair, eventually restore vision. The latest such development was in June 2005, when researchers at the Queen Victoria Hospital of Sussex, England were able to restore the sight of forty people using the same technique. The group, led by Sheraz Daya, was able to successfully use adult stem cells obtained from the patient, a relative, or even a cadaver. Further rounds of trials are ongoing.


title: Stem-cell therapy

text: People with Type 1 diabetes lose the function of insulin-producing beta cells within the pancreas. In recent experiments, scientists have been able to coax embryonic stem cell to turn into beta cells in the lab. In theory if the beta cell is transplanted successfully, they will be able to replace malfunctioning ones in a diabetic patient.