title: Princess Agents

text: Along the way Chu Qiao meets the cheerful Prince Wei, Yuan Song and the rebellious Prince Liang, Xiao Ce falls in love with Chu Qiao, which she ignores. Her trusted best friend is Xiao Ce and a spy princess named Xiao Yu, but she meets other princes like Yuwen Huai, Zhao Xifeng and Wei Shu You, who hate her. Yuwen Yue is the one who protects her the most, being her great love of Chu Qiao.


title: Princess Agents

text: Yan Xun, the noble Prince Yan, has Yuan Chun, his best friend. They both have a nice friendship, share love, kindness and laughter; he cares for and trusts her since childhood, they get along well and understand each other, showing mutual loyalty.


title: Princess Agents

text: The nobles of Western Wei create intrigues and falsely accuse the Northern Yan family of stealing the military map and reveal to the Emperor of Wei when everything was really planned by Yuwen Huai and Wei Shu You. The emperor sends the princes of Yuwen Manor to kill every relative of Yan Xun's family and they are marked as traitors. After the incident, Yan Xun and Chu Qiao are imprisoned. Yan Xun's attitude changed and he becomes an ambitious, cold and cruel person and swore to take revenge, killing each of the Western Wei and Yuwen Manor for his family with the support of Chu Qiao, Zhong Yu and his army, but the emperor spares Yan Xun.


title: Princess Agents

text: On the other hand, Yan Xun still has esteem for Yuan Chun. She is hurt by what happened, so Yan Xun does not blame her until the emperor sees them together, decides to marry them and both return to the North Yan without realizing that everything was an armed plan to end Yan Xun. He agrees to marry Yuan Chun, but when his wedding day came, the emperor sent one of his armies to kill him. Yan Xun, after realizing it， reveals himself and decided to flee with his army. Yuan Chun, upon learning what happened, begs the emperor, refusing to marry to let Yan Xun go. On the way Yan Xun meets Yuan Chun begging him and humiliating himself in front of him. He wants her to live, to which Yan Xun affected seeing her suffering and pain tells her that he is not worthy of her because he is an enemy of the emperor, he flees, thus cutting off their friendship.


title: Princess Agents

text: Yan Xun becomes king and begins to doubt Chu Qiao's loyalty and disappoints her on different occasions by putting aside their close friendship while making too many sacrifices to achieve the power of his ambition. Chu Qiao walks away and secretly meets with Yuwen Yue, becoming closer to both and their love growing. Yan Xun suspects Chu Qiao so he expels his army and uses him to finish off Yuwen Yue at the last Yuwen Manor. Chu Qiao, disappointed in the man she once trusted, breaks off her friendship with Yan Xun and decides to fight alongside Yuwen Yue to destroy Yan Xun's plans for revenge.


title: Princess Agents

text: The series is directed by Wu Jinyuan ("Chinese Paladin", "Beauty's Rival in Palace", "Scarlet Heart"). The script is written by Yang Tao and Chen Lan, and reportedly took two years to be completed. Huang Wen ("Tiny Times") acts as the style director, while Li Cai ("") serves as the stunt coordinator. The original soundtrack is composed by Roc Chen who worked on the soundtracks of "Kungfu Panda 3".


title: Princess Agents

text: Principal photography began on May 30, 2016, at Hengdian Studios, and wrapped up on November 21, 2016. Zhao reportedly lost 8 kg for her role. The filming set was opened to fans and the media for viewing in August.


title: Princess Agents

text: On June 26, the drama reached a rating of 2.01% with an audience share of 14.88% according to National Average ratings. This broke the record for a drama airing on a non-primetime timeslot on a non-holiday weekday. The series is also the first Chinese drama to break 40 billion views while still airing. It is also popular in overseas countries, "Princess Agents" received praise for its unique storyline and stellar performance of the actors, as well as the complex twist and picturesque landscapes.


title: Princess Agents

text: Despite its success and initial positive reviews, the series was later criticized for various issues in regards to its production quality – such as its inappropriate use of photoshop/green screen, excessively bright palette and the inconsistent dubbing of actors. The writing was lambasted for several reasons – such as making the female character another "Mary Sue" underneath a strong and independent facade; and including unnecessary story-lines and screen-time for unimportant supporting characters; which makes the plot inconsistent and draggy. Additionally, there was controversy about the excessive amount of focus on the second male lead's storyline, with some viewers sarcastically calling the drama "Yan Xun's revenge story". The drama was also criticized for ending in a cliffhanger.


title: Princess Agents

text: A week before the drama finished airing, Hunan changed its airing schedule to Sunday-Tuesday at 23:00 CST to promote their upcoming drama during Princess Agents' timeslot. This greatly impacted ratings due to audience not knowing of the new time slot and the drama airing an hour later than usual.


title: Princess Agents

text: The source novel "11 Chu Te Gong Huang Fei" (11处特工皇妃) was alleged to be plagiarized from several novels including "" (斛珠夫人) by Xiao Ruqin, "" (九州缥缈录) by Jiang Nan and "Kun Lun" (昆仑) by Feng Ge etc. In August 2015, the author Xia Xiang Dong'er admitted the allegations of plagiarism. In her announcement, she promised to provide a "clean" version in which all the plagiarized parts would be deleted so that the adapted TV series would not infringe the copyrights of the original authors.


title: Princess Agents

text: When the TV series was first released in June 2017, the original authors still alleged that the TV series contained plots and lines plagiarized from their works. Xiao Ruqin, the author of "Novoland:Pearl Eclipse" (斛珠夫人), posted on Weibo that she would be taking legal actions to protect their copyrighted works.


title: Don't Be Afraid of the Dark (2010 film)

text: horror film written by Guillermo del Toro and Matthew Robbins, and directed byTroy Nixey in his feature directorial debut. It is a remake of the 1973 ABC made-for-television film of the same name. The film stars Katie Holmes, Guy Pearce, and Bailee Madison, as a family moving into a 19th-century Rhode Island mansion, where the withdrawn daughter (Sally) begins to witness malevolent creatures that emerge from a sealed ash pit in the basement of the house. Jack Thompson also stars in a supporting role.


title: Don't Be Afraid of the Dark (2010 film)

text: An international co-production between the United States, Australia, and Mexico, it was filmed at the Drusilla Mansion in Mount Macedon and Melbourne (both in Victoria, Australia).


title: Don't Be Afraid of the Dark (2010 film)

text: "Don't Be Afraid of the Dark" was released theatrically in the United States on August 26, 2011, by FilmDistrict. The film received mixed reviews from critics, who praised Holmes, Pearce and Madison's performances, direction, atmosphere and musical score, but criticized the lack of originality and jump scares. The film grossed $38.3 million against a $25 million budget.


title: Don't Be Afraid of the Dark (2010 film)

text: At Blackwood Manor in Providence County, Rhode Island in the 19th century, renowned wildlife painter Lord Emerson Blackwood summons his housekeeper to the basement where he reluctantly bludgeons her to death. He removes her teeth, as well as his own, and offers them to mysterious creatures inside an ash pit within an old fireplace; the creatures reject his offer and demand only the teeth of children. Blackwood begs for them to give back his kidnapped son, only to be dragged in by the creatures.


title: Don't Be Afraid of the Dark (2010 film)

text: In present day, 8-year-old Sally Hurst arrives in Rhode Island to live with her father Alex and his girlfriend Kim, both restoring Blackwood Manor to put it on the market for their client. Sally is depressed due to her mother forcefully putting her in Alex's care and giving her copious amounts of Adderall. The creatures are awakened by a tune from the nightlight. The next day, Sally hears the creatures calling her name and follows the voices to a sealed fireplace. "BE AFRAID" is written in runes above it.


title: Don't Be Afraid of the Dark (2010 film)

text: She opens the fireplace and finds one of the old housekeeper's teeth. The creatures prove to be hostile, stealing Alex's razor and shredding Kim's clothes. Alex blames Sally and finds a 19th-century silver coin in her possession, which she found under her pillow after the tooth disappeared. Sally sneaks to the basement to talk with the creatures, but Mr. Harris, one of the workers, sends her away and tries to seal the fireplace. The creatures brutally attack him and he is hospitalized.


title: Don't Be Afraid of the Dark (2010 film)

text: Kim visits Harris in the hospital, who tells her to find the unpublished artwork of Lord Blackwood in the local library. The artwork is of a creature the librarian describes as being like tooth fairies, which sometimes turn a human into one of their own. Sally is attacked again by the creatures, the leader being a transformed Lord Blackwood. Kim finds an undiscovered mural painted by Blackwood, depicting his son being taken by the creatures. Sally is trapped in the library by the creatures, but fends them off using her camera flash since they are afraid of the light. She also manages to kill one of them.


title: Don't Be Afraid of the Dark (2010 film)

text: Alex and Kim try to flee the house with Sally but they are all ambushed by the creatures and knocked out. When Sally wakes up, her feet have been tied, and the creatures are starting to drag her to the basement for her transformation. Kim awakens and frees Sally, only to get caught herself in the ropes and break both her legs in a gruesome manner. The creatures drag Kim into the fireplace, as a distraught Sally crushes the creature who used to be Lord Blackwood to death. Alex and Sally mourn Kim's loss.


title: Don't Be Afraid of the Dark (2010 film)

text: Some time later, both return to the abandoned mansion to leave a drawing of Kim there. After they leave, a draft pulls the drawing into the creatures' lair; the entrance is now bolted with metal. Kim has now been transformed. As the creatures plan to come out, Kim convinces them to stay in hiding because they "have all the time in the world" and others will come to the manor.


title: Don't Be Afraid of the Dark (2010 film)

text: Del Toro chose Troy Nixey to direct the film after seeing Nixey's short film "Latchkey's Lament". For the design of the creatures in the film, Nixey drew inspiration from pictures of mole rats.


title: Don't Be Afraid of the Dark (2010 film)

text: Del Toro has attributed the idea of giving the creatures in the film a fairy origin to the work of the writer Arthur Machen, saying in an interview: "I love the Welsh author Arthur Machen and his idea that fairy lore comes from a dark place, that it’s derived from little, pre-human creatures who are really, really nasty vermin but are magical in a way, living as they do for hundreds of years. His books are what compelled me to do this." Machen's stories are specifically mentioned in the film by the librarian character.


title: Don't Be Afraid of the Dark (2010 film)

text: Del Toro is a long-standing admirer of Machen and said his work was also an influence on "El Laberinto Del Fauno" ("Pan's Labyrinth") and "" both of which also feature fairy creatures.


title: Don't Be Afraid of the Dark (2010 film)

text: The name of "Emerson Blackwood", the character who built the mansion in the film, is a tribute to Algernon Blackwood, another writer of supernatural horror stories.


title: Don't Be Afraid of the Dark (2010 film)

text: This picture, which was developed with Miramax in the wake of the division's closure and sale, was released by FilmDistrict, and was rated R despite filmmaker ambitions to the contrary. Del Toro has stated, "We originally thought we could shoot it as PG-13 without compromising the scares ... And then the MPAA came back and gave us a badge of honor. They gave us an R for 'Violence and Terror.' We asked them if there was anything we could do, and they said, 'Why ruin a perfectly scary movie?'"


title: Don't Be Afraid of the Dark (2010 film)

text: Due to the sale of Miramax by Disney on December 3, 2010, the release was put on hold until the sale was finalized. The film was released on August 26, 2011.


title: Don't Be Afraid of the Dark (2010 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 60% based on reviews from 177 critics, with an average rating of 5.9/10. The website's critical consensus states that "While it's pleasantly atmospheric and initially quite scary, "Don't Be Afraid of the Dark" ultimately fails to deliver the skin-crawling chills of the original". On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score 56 out of 100 based on reviews from 35 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Don't Be Afraid of the Dark (2010 film)

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film 3½ stars out of 4, calling it "a very good haunted house film" and adding that it "milks our frustration deliciously."


title: Paul Burrell

text: Paul Burrell (born 6 June 1958) is a former servant of the British Royal Household and latterly butler to Princess Diana.


title: Paul Burrell

text: Burrell was born and raised in Grassmoor, Derbyshire, a coal-mining village. His parents were Graham Burrell and Beryl Burrell, née Kirk. His father was a lorry driver and it was initially assumed he would go to work in the local colliery, but he had decided at the age of eight that he wanted to work at Buckingham Palace. This was after a trip to London, in which he witnessed the Changing of the Guard. He attended William Rhodes Secondary School in Chesterfield before entering High Peak College in Buxton, where he studied hotel management.


title: Paul Burrell

text: Burrell entered Royal Service at age 18 as a Buckingham Palace footman, becoming the Queen's personal footman a year later. He was nicknamed "Small Paul", to distinguish him from a taller footman, Paul Whybrew, who was known as "Tall Paul".


title: Paul Burrell

text: In 1987, Burrell joined the household of Charles and Diana at Highgrove House, Gloucestershire, acting as butler to the princess until her death in August 1997. Burrell said that Diana, Princess of Wales, had described him as "the only man she ever trusted". Books produced by Burrell state that Diana was very fond of him, and that she would describe him as her "rock" for his support during trying times, but Diana's mother, Frances Shand Kydd, detested him and believed that he was "just another hanger-on grasping at Diana's celebrity".


title: Paul Burrell

text: Burrell has been routinely mentioned in relation to Diana. At times the coverage has been adverse, for example in a 2002 case where he was charged with theft related to Diana's possessions. The trial collapsed after evidence was given that the Queen had spoken with him regarding disputed events and a public-interest immunity (PII) certificate was presented by the Crown Prosecution Service.


title: Paul Burrell

text: In January 2008 Burrell appeared as a witness at the inquest into the death of Diana. Burrell said he had approached a Catholic priest about a private marriage between Diana and the heart surgeon Hasnat Khan, and denied rumours that Diana was about to announce her engagement to Dodi Fayed. He was also questioned on a letter to him from Diana in October 1996, in which she said her husband was planning to have her killed to make the path clear for him to marry Camilla Parker Bowles. The coroner dismissed notions of a "secret" that Burrell knew about Diana that he swore he "would never reveal," as detailed at the end of his book, "A Royal Duty".


title: Paul Burrell

text: Other matters were discussed in relation to the case, many alleged and not proven, including allegations of perjury at the coroner's court, and allegations about his personal life.


title: Paul Burrell

text: On 18 February 2008, "The Sun" newspaper reported that Burrell had admitted, on tape, that he had not told "the whole truth" during his appearance at the Diana inquest; he also said he had thrown in a "few red herrings". Some reports suggested that Burrell could be charged with perjury. "The Sun" said it would hand the tape to the court on 19 February 2008.


title: Paul Burrell

text: Burrell was criticised for copying Diana's letters and his integrity was called into question. The coroner, Lord Justice Scott Baker, said: "In the end, there is an important issue as to the credibility of the witness."


title: Paul Burrell

text: In 2003, Burrell released a memoir, "A Royal Duty", which follows his career as a member of the Royal staff. It deals with his time as butler to the Prince and Princess of Wales at Highgrove House in Gloucestershire, his move to Diana's staff at Kensington Palace after her divorce from Prince Charles, and Burrell's acquittal on theft charges. The book was sold internationally and was updated in a paperback edition in 2004. Its publication led to a rift with Buckingham Palace. Princes William and Harry accused Burrell of betraying their mother's confidences. In a joint statement before publication, they called the book "a cold and overt betrayal."


title: Paul Burrell

text: On 21 November 2004, Burrell entered the fourth series of the ITV reality television show "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" and finished as runner-up on 6 December 2004. He was a judge and trainer on "Australian Princess" in 2005, and in March 2006 appeared on "Countdown" in Dictionary Corner.


title: Paul Burrell

text: In early 2006, he appeared as Richard Gere on ITV's "Celebrity Stars in Their Eyes", singing "Razzle Dazzle" from "Chicago", the film version of the Broadway musical. A further TV appearance in September 2006 was followed by another in 2015.


title: Paul Burrell

text: In February 2017, Burrell and his house in Peckforton appeared in an episode of ITV's UK reality TV series "Through the Keyhole" with Keith Lemon. In August 2017, he appeared in Series 2 of the Channel 5 UK reality TV series "In Therapy". In November 2017, a television documentary, "Diana: The Royal Truth", for which Burrell was the primary source, was released in the UK.


title: Paul Burrell

text: Burrell was married to Maria Cosgrove, who formerly worked for Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. They met while working in Buckingham Palace and have two sons.


title: Paul Burrell

text: In 2017, a divorced Burrell announced he was marrying his male partner, Graham Cooper, a corporate lawyer whom he met ten years ago. This occurred on 2 April 2017 in Bowness-on-Windermere.


title: Paul Burrell

text: In July 2019, Burrell sold his florist shop as a going concern and retired to live with his husband in their 19th-century mock-Tudor house in Peckforton, Cheshire.


title: Paul Burrell

text: Burrell is a fan of Wrexham Football Club and St Helens Rugby Football Club. His pastimes include travelling and painting churchyard scenes.


title: Paul Burrell

text: He was awarded the Royal Victorian Medal in November 1997 for services to the Royal Family. He also received the Queen Elizabeth II Version of the Royal Household Long and Faithful Service Medal for 20 years service to the Royal Family.


title: Lee Ann Womack

text: Lee Ann Womack Liddell (; born August 19, 1966) is an American country music singer, songwriter, and musician. Her 2000 single, "I Hope You Dance" was a major crossover music hit, reaching No. 1 on the Billboard Country Chart and the Top 15 of the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming her signature song.


title: Lee Ann Womack

text: When Womack emerged as a contemporary country artist in 1997, her material resembled that of Dolly Parton and Tammy Wynette, except for the way Womack's music mixed an old-fashioned style with contemporary elements. Her 2000 album "I Hope You Dance" had an entirely different sound, using pop music elements instead of traditional country. It was not until the release of "There's More Where That Came From" in 2005 that Womack returned to recording traditional country music. After a hiatus in 2008, Womack returned in 2014 with a new album ("The Way I'm Livin'") and a new sound which blended country and Americana.


title: Lee Ann Womack

text: Womack has released a total of nine studio albums and two compilations. Four of her studio albums have received a Gold certification or higher by the Recording Industry Association of America. Additionally, she has received five Academy of Country Music Awards, six Country Music Association Awards, and a Grammy Award. She has sold over 6 million albums worldwide. Womack is married to record producer Frank Liddell, and was previously married to songwriter and musician Jason Sellers; her daughter with the latter, Aubrie Sellers, is also a country music artist.


title: Lee Ann Womack

text: Womack was born and raised in Jacksonville, Texas. At an early age she was interested in country music. Her father, a disc jockey, often took his daughter to work with him to help choose records to play on the air. Womack was the second of two daughters. Her mother was a schoolteacher and her father was a high school principal. As a child, Womack studied the piano and later graduated from Jacksonville High School in 1984. After graduating, Womack attended South Plains Junior College in Levelland, Texas. The college was one of the first in the nation to offer country music degrees, and soon she became a member of the college band, "Country Caravan." A year later, she left the college and after an agreement with her parents, Womack enrolled at Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee, where she studied the commercial aspect of the music business. In Nashville, she interned at the A&R department of MCA Records. She studied at the college until 1990, leaving the school a year before graduation.


title: Lee Ann Womack

text: Womack spent a few years raising her children before reentering the music business in the mid 1990s. In 1995 she began performing her music in songwriting demos and at showcase concerts. At one of these showcase concerts, she was spotted by Tree Publishing, who signed her after listening to one of her original demo recordings. Womack wrote songs with some popular Nashville songwriters, including Bill Anderson and Ricky Skaggs, who recorded her composition, "I Don't Remember Forgetting" for one of his albums. After divorcing her first husband around that time, Womack decided to pursue a career as a country music artist. She auditioned for MCA chairman, Bruce Hinton, who praised her talents. Shortly afterward, she accepted a contract from MCA's sister record company, Decca Nashville in 1996.


title: Lee Ann Womack

text: Womack released her self-titled debut album in May 1997, produced by Mark Wright. The album consisted of self-penned material as well as songs written by other artists, including Mark Chesnutt, Ricky Skaggs, and Sharon White. The first single, "Never Again, Again" made the country charts and playlists by March 1997, which led to the release of the album's second single, "The Fool" shortly afterward. More successful than her first single, "The Fool" reached the Top 5 on the Billboard Country chart that year. That year she won major awards from the country music community; Top New Female Vocalist from the Academy of Country Music Awards, Top Artist of the Year from "Billboard Magazine", and was nominated for the Horizon award by the Country Music Association. Decca Nashville decided to close its doors in 1998, moving Womack to MCA Nashville Records that year.


title: Lee Ann Womack

text: In 1998, Womack released her second studio album, "Some Things I Know", which was also produced by Wright.


title: Lee Ann Womack

text: The album's first two singles, "A Little Past Little Rock" and "I'll Think of a Reason Later" both went to No. 2 on the Billboard Country Chart. Two additional singles, "(Now You See Me) Now You Don't" and "Don't Tell Me" were released in 1999, and the album was certified Gold by the RIAA soon after.


title: Lee Ann Womack

text: That year, she also won Favorite Country New Artist from the American Music Awards. Womack also contributed her vocals to the songs "If You're Ever Down in Dallas" and "The Man Who Made Mama Cry" in collaboration with her ex-husband and musician, Jason Sellers. The material was promoted through shows through October to November before the birth of Womack's second child in January 1999.


title: Lee Ann Womack

text: Womack released her third studio album in 2000 entitled "I Hope You Dance" which met with major success. The title track (which was released as the lead single), reached No. 1 on the Billboard Country chart for five weeks and crossed over to the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming a major crossover Pop hit, reaching No. 14. It also peaked at the top spot on the adult contemporary chart and even reached the UK Singles Charts, peaking at No. 40. Both of Womack's daughters appeared in the song's accompanying video. Towards the end of 2000, "I Hope You Dance" won the Country Music Association's "Song of the Year" and "Single of the Year" awards. With the Pop success of "I Hope You Dance," Womack drew the attention of the magazines "People" and "Time", both of which praised the single, calling it "one of her best." The song later won awards in 2001 from the Grammy and Academy of Country music awards. The album of the same name has sold 3 million copies in the United States to date. The album's follow-up single, a cover of Rodney Crowell's "Ashes by Now" peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard Country Chart. The third single, "Why They Call it Falling" was also successful, reaching the country Top 15.


title: Lee Ann Womack

text: In 2002, Womack's fourth studio album, "Something Worth Leaving Behind" was released. The album made a stronger attempt at a pop-flavored style, however it did not react well, leading to poor record sales and only one major hit. Following its release, Womack's career stalled. Later that year, she released a Christmas album, "The Season for Romance" and also collaborated with Willie Nelson on his single, "Mendocino County Line," which won a Grammy and Country Music award in 2002. In early 2003, she got a small recurring role on the popular CBS drama "The District".


title: Lee Ann Womack

text: In 2003, Womack sang the theme music for the PBS's animated TV series adaptation of "The Berenstain Bears."


title: Lee Ann Womack

text: In 2004, Womack performed "I Hope You Dance" at the Republican National Convention, in which George W. Bush was nominated for his second term as President of the United States. The other performers that night included Sara Evans and Larry Gatlin. She also collaborated with Red Dirt Music band Cross Canadian Ragweed on their hit "Sick and Tired" in 2004. Also that year, she also released her first "Greatest Hits" album, which included two new songs; "The Wrong Girl" (the only song from the album released as a single) and "Time for Me to Go."


title: Lee Ann Womack

text: In 2005, she released her fifth studio album aimed at traditional country music entitled "There's More Where That Came From."


title: Lee Ann Womack

text: Many people in the music industry called the album, "a return to tradition," featuring songs about drinking and cheating with a distinctive older country twang, mixing strings and steel guitar. The album won the Country Music Association's "Album of the Year" award in 2005. Womack took inspiration from the records of the 1960s and 1970s, and according to Allmusic, the album sounded like albums by Loretta Lynn, Barbara Mandrell, and Dolly Parton from the 1970s. They also called it one of her best records. The lead single, "I May Hate Myself in the Morning" was a Top 10 hit in 2005, and also won "Single of the Year" by the CMA awards later that year. Two additional singles were released from the album in 2005 that became minor hits, "He Oughta Know That by Now" and "Twenty Years and Two Husbands Ago." The album was released on vinyl LP as well as CD.


title: Lee Ann Womack

text: Womack can be heard on the track "If I Could Only Fly" from Joe Nichols' album "Real Things". Womack has also appeared on specials on the CMT network, including their "100 Greatest Duets", which featured Womack singing a duet with Kenny Rogers, "Every Time Two Fools Collide". The song had been originally recorded by Rogers and Dottie West in 1978 and was a No. 1 Country hit that year. Womack took the place of West during that show since West had died in a serious car accident in September 1991. Womack's other honors includes being listed at No. 17 on CMT's 2002 special of their countdown of the "40 Greatest Women of Country Music".


title: Lee Ann Womack

text: In 2006, Womack announced plans of a sixth studio album off of Mercury Nashville Records. The lead single, "Finding My Way Back Home" was released in the late summer of that year and debuted at No. 46 on the Billboard Country Chart. The single later peaked at No. 37 and was rescheduled into 2007, because Womack found more songs that she wanted to record, however it was never released and Womack left Mercury.


title: Lee Ann Womack

text: In 2008, Womack announced plans for a new single for the first time in three years, once again on MCA Nashville. "Last Call" was released on June 30, 2008. It served as the lead-off single to Womack's seventh studio album, "Call Me Crazy", which was released on October 21, 2008. The album, released on vinyl and CD, was produced by Tony Brown, has been described as a dark album with plenty of songs about drinking and losing love. It featured a duet with George Strait titled "Everything But Quits," a re-recording of the Strait song "The King of Broken Hearts," which first appeared on the "Pure Country" soundtrack. One track, "The Bees," features vocals from Keith Urban.


title: Lee Ann Womack

text: In October 2009, Womack released "There Is a God", as the lead-off single to her upcoming seventh studio album which never surfaced. The song debuted at No. 60 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of November 14, 2009, eventually peaking at No. 32 in early 2010. Womack has revealed a few of the tracks that she has recorded for the album, including: "Talking Behind Your Back", as well as "You Do Until You Don't".


title: Lee Ann Womack

text: In October 2010, Womack contributed the new track "Liars Lie" to the soundtrack for the film "Country Strong". Womack also contributed guest vocals to Alan Jackson's cover of the song "Ring of Fire", which was released in December 2010 as a single from his compilation album, "34 Number Ones". His version of the song was a minor hit, charting to number 45 on the Hot Country Songs charts. Though Womack is featured on the song, she was not given credit on the charts.


title: Lee Ann Womack

text: In April 2014, Womack signed with Sugar Hill Records. Her first album for the label, "The Way I'm Livin'", was released September 23, 2014. Critics cheered the progressive traditionalist's return. In addition to a four out of four star review in USA Today, Rolling Stone proclaimed Livin' "feels like something Merle Haggard or Waylon Jennings would have crafted back in the Seventies," Spin deemed it "the best of her career" and Garden & Gun offered, "Nashville is filled with artists making 'the record they were born to make.' With Livin', Womack is one of the few who actually deliver."


title: Lee Ann Womack

text: "Livin'" was the only country album to make Esquire magazine's Top Albums of 2014 list. It was nominated for two 2015 Grammy Awards for Best Country Album and for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical. Womack also received two Americana Music Awards nominations for Album of the Year and Artist of the Year and her first CMA Female Vocalist of the Year nomination in ten years.


title: Lee Ann Womack

text: On September 26, 2014, Womack collaborated with American R&B singer John Legend for an episode of "CMT Crossroads". Ahead of her 2015 tour in support of "The Way I'm Livin"', Womack appeared at the festival in the UK.


title: Lee Ann Womack

text: On August 15, 2017, Womack announced her new album "The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone" due on October 27 on ATO Records.


title: Lee Ann Womack

text: Lee Ann Womack was among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.


title: Lee Ann Womack

text: At Belmont University, Womack met and married singer-songwriter Jason Sellers in 1990; they divorced in 1996. Together they had a daughter named Aubrie Sellers (b. February 1991). Womack gave birth to her second daughter, Anna Lise Liddell, in January 1999 after marrying record producer Frank Liddell.


title: Lee Ann Womack

text: To date, Lee Ann Womack has won 6 CMA Awards (from 17 nominations), 5 ACM Awards (from 16 nominations) and 1 Grammy (from 14 nominations).


title: Gay-Lussac's law

text: Gay-Lussac's law usually refers to Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac's law of combining volumes of gases, discovered in 1808 and published in 1809. It sometimes refers to the proportionality of the volume of a gas to its absolute temperature at constant pressure. This law was published by Gay-Lussac in 1802, and in the article in which he described his work he cited earlier unpublished work from the 1780s by Jacques Charles. Consequently, the volume-temperature proportionality is usually known as Charles's Law.


title: Gay-Lussac's law

text: The law of combining volumes states that, when gases react together they do so in volume which bears simple whole number ratio provided that the temperature and pressure of the reacting gases and their products remain constant


title: Gay-Lussac's law

text: The ratio between the volumes of the reactant gases and the gaseous products can be expressed in simple whole numbers.


title: Gay-Lussac's law

text: For example, Gay-Lussac found that two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen would react to form two volumes of gaseous water. Based on Gay-Lussac's results, Amedeo Avogadro hypothesized that, at the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of gas contain equal numbers of molecules (Avogadro's law). This hypothesis meant that the previously stated result


title: Gay-Lussac's law

text: Thus, the volumes of hydrogen and oxygen which combine (i.e., 100mL and 50mL) bear a simple ratio of 2:1.


title: Gay-Lussac's law

text: The law of combining gases was made public by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1808. Avogadro's hypothesis, however, was not initially accepted by chemists until the Italian chemist Stanislao Cannizzaro was able to convince the First International Chemical Congress in 1860.


title: Gay-Lussac's law

text: In the 17th century Guillaume Amontons discovered a regular relationship between the pressure and temperature of a gas at constant volume. Some introductory physics textbooks still define the pressure-temperature relationship as Gay-Lussac's law. Gay-Lussac primarily investigated the relationship between volume and temperature and published it in 1802, but his work did cover some comparison between pressure and temperature. Given the relative technology available to both men, Amontons was only able to work with air as a gas, where Gay-Lussac was able to experiment with multiple types of common gases, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. Gay-Lussac did attribute his findings to Jacques Charles because he used much of Charles's unpublished data from 1787 – hence, the law became known as Charles's law or the Law of Charles and Gay-Lussac.


title: Gay-Lussac's law

text: Amontons's law, Charles's law, and Boyle's law form the combined gas law. These three gas laws in combination with Avogadro's law can be generalized by the ideal gas law.


title: Gay-Lussac's law

text: Gay-Lussac used the formula acquired from ΔV/V = αΔT to define the rate of expansion α for gases. For air he found a relative expansion ΔV/V = 37.50% and obtained a value of α = 37.50%/100°C = 1/266.66°C which indicated that the value of absolute zero was approximately 266.66°C below 0°C. The value of the rate of expansion α is approximately the same for all gases and this is also sometimes referred to as Gay-Lussac's Law.


title: Electronic harassment

text: Electronic harassment, electromagnetic torture, or psychotronic torture is a conspiracy theory that malicious actors (often government agents or crime rings) make use of electromagnetic radiation (such as the microwave auditory effect), radar, and surveillance techniques to transmit sounds and thoughts into people's heads, affect people's bodies, and harass people. Individuals who claim to experience this call themselves "targeted individuals" (TIs). Some claim they are victims of gang stalking and many have created or joined support and advocacy groups.


title: Electronic harassment

text: Multiple medical professionals have evaluated that these experiences are hallucinations, the result of delusional disorders, or psychosis.


title: Electronic harassment

text: The experiences of people who describe themselves as undergoing electronic harassment using esoteric technology, and who call themselves "targeted individuals" ("T.I."), vary, but experiences often include hearing voices in their heads calling them by name, often mocking them or others around them, as well as physical sensations like burning. They have also described being under physical surveillance by one or more people. Many of these people act and function otherwise normally and included among them are people who are successful in their careers and lives otherwise, and who find these experiences confusing, upsetting, and sometimes shameful, but entirely real. They use news stories, military journals, and declassified national security documents to support their allegations that governments have developed technology that can send voices into people's heads and cause them to feel things. "The New York Times" estimated that there are more than 10,000 people who self-identify as targeted individuals.


title: Electronic harassment

text: Psychologist Lorraine Sheridan co-authored a study of gang-stalking in the "Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology". According to Sheridan, "One has to think of the T.I. phenomenon in terms of people with paranoid symptoms who have hit upon the gang-stalking idea as an explanation of what is happening to them". Mental health professionals say that T.I.s can experience hallucinations and their explanations of being targeted or harassed arise from delusional disorders or psychosis. Yale psychiatry professor Ralph Hoffman states that people often ascribe voices in their heads to external sources such as government harassment, God, or dead relatives, and it can be difficult to persuade these individuals that their belief in an external influence is delusional. Other experts compare these stories to accounts of alien abductions.


title: Electronic harassment

text: Press accounts have documented individuals who apparently believed they were victims of electronic harassment, and in some cases persuaded courts to agree. In 2008, James Walbert went to court claiming that his former business associate had threatened him with "jolts of radiation" after a disagreement, and later claimed feeling symptoms such as electric shock sensations and hearing strange sounds in his ears. The court decided to issue an order banning "electronic means" to further harass Walbert.


title: Electronic harassment

text: Various people who describe themselves as undergoing electronic harassment have committed crimes; among those crimes are mass shootings.


title: Electronic harassment

text: Fuaed Abdo Ahmed, a 20-year-old man, held a man and two women hostage at the St. Joseph branch of Tensas State Bank on August 13, 2013, eventually killing two of the hostages and himself. A subsequent police investigation officially concluded that Ahmed had paranoid schizophrenia and was hearing voices. Ahmed had accused the family of his ex-girlfriend of implanting a "microphone device" of some kind in his head.


title: Electronic harassment

text: On September 16, 2013, Aaron Alexis fatally shot twelve people and injured three others in the Washington Navy Yard using a shotgun on which he had written "my ELF weapon", before being killed by responding police officers. The FBI concluded that Alexis had "delusional beliefs". These beliefs included that he was being "controlled or influenced by extremely low frequency electromagnetic waves."


title: Electronic harassment

text: On November 20, 2014, Myron May shot and injured three people on the campus of Florida State University and was killed by responding police officers. Before the event, he had become increasingly anxious that he was under government surveillance and heard voices.


title: Electronic harassment

text: Gavin Eugene Long, who killed three police officers and injured three others in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, on July 17, 2016, was a believer in numerous anti-government movements and conspiracy theories, but he was most notably a member of a group dedicated to helping people with "remote brain experimentation, remote neural monitoring of an entire human's body."


title: Electronic harassment

text: Matthew Choi, a 30-year-old South African, who claimed himself under a V2K electronic harassment and made remarks about "being brainwashed through microwave" since 2015, murdered a taxi driver in Hong Kong on October 12, 2021. The case arose mass attention in the city, and the police described him as "extremely dangerous".


title: Electronic harassment

text: Mind control conspiracy advocates believe they have found references to secret weapons in government programs such as "Project Pandora," a DARPA research effort into biological and behavioral effects of microwave radiation commissioned after the Moscow Signal incident, when the U.S. embassy in Moscow was bombarded with microwaves by the Soviets beginning in 1953. It was discovered that the Soviets' intent was eavesdropping and electronic jamming rather than mind control. Project Pandora studied the effects of occupational radiation exposure, and the project's scientific review committee concluded that microwave radiation could not be used for mind control. Conspiracy advocates also frequently cite the 2002 Air Force Research Laboratory patent for using microwaves to send spoken words into someone's head. Although there is no evidence that mind control using microwaves exists, rumors of continued classified research fuel the worries of people who believe they are being targeted.


title: Electronic harassment

text: In 1987, a U.S. National Academy of Sciences report commissioned by the Army Research Institute noted psychotronics as one of the "colorful examples" of claims of psychic warfare that first surfaced in anecdotal descriptions, newspapers, and books during the 1980s. The report cited alleged psychotronic weapons such as a "hyperspatial nuclear howitzer" and beliefs that Russian psychotronic weapons were responsible for Legionnaire's disease and the sinking of the USS "Thresher" among claims that "range from incredible to the outrageously incredible." The committee observed that although reports and stories as well as imagined potential uses for such weapons by military decision makers exist, "nothing approaching scientific literature supports the claims of psychotronic weaponry."


title: Electronic harassment

text: Psychotronic weapons were reportedly being studied by the Russian Federation during the 1990s with military analyst Lieutenant Colonel Timothy L. Thomas saying in 1998 that there was a strong belief in Russia that weapons for attacking the mind of a soldier were a possibility, although no working devices were reported. In Russia, a group called "Victims of Psychotronic Experimentation" attempted to recover damages from the Federal Security Service during the mid-1990s for alleged infringement of their civil liberties including "beaming rays" at them, putting chemicals in the water, and using magnets to alter their minds. These fears may have been inspired by revelations of secret research into "psychotronic" psychological warfare techniques during the early 1990s, with Vladimir Lopatkin, a State Duma committee member in 1995, surmising "something that was secret for so many years is the perfect breeding ground for conspiracy theories."


title: Electronic harassment

text: In 2012, Russian Defense Minister Anatoly Serdyukov and Prime Minister Vladimir Putin commented on plans to draft proposals for the development of psychotronic weapons. NBC News Science Editor Alan Boyle dismissed notions that such weapons actually existed, saying, "there's nothing in the comments from Putin and Serdyukov to suggest that the Russians are anywhere close to having psychotronic weapons."


title: Electronic harassment

text: Mike Beck, a former NSA spy, believes his Parkinson's disease was caused by electronic harassment. In 2014, the NSA gave Beck's attorney Mark Zaid a statement which said the agency had received "intelligence information from 2012 associating the hostile country to which Mr. Beck traveled in the late 1990s with a high-powered microwave system weapon", but added that "The National Security Agency has no evidence that such a weapon, if it existed and if it was associated with the hostile country in the late 1990s, was or was not used against Mr. Beck". NSA general counsel Glenn Gerstell told "The Washington Post" that "the agency has not found any proof that Beck or his co-worker were attacked".


title: Electronic harassment

text: There are extensive online support networks and numerous websites maintained by people fearing mind control. Palm Springs psychiatrist Alan Drucker has identified evidence of delusional disorders on many of these websites, and psychologists agree that such sites negatively reinforce mental troubles, while some say that the sharing and acceptance of a common delusion could function as a form of group cognitive therapy.


title: Electronic harassment

text: According to psychologist Sheridan, the amount of content online about electronic harassment that suggests it is a fact without any debate on the subject, creates a harmful, ideological, platform for such behavior.


title: Electronic harassment

text: As part of a 2006 British study by Vaughan Bell, independent psychiatrists determined "signs of psychosis are strongly present" based on evaluation of a sample of online mind-control accounts whose posters were "very likely to be schizophrenic." Psychologists have identified many examples of people reporting "mind control experiences" (MCEs) on self-published web pages that are "highly likely to be influenced by delusional beliefs." Common themes include "bad guys" using "psychotronics" and "microwaves," frequent mention of the CIA's MKULTRA project and frequent citing of a scientific paper entitled "Human auditory system response to modulated electromagnetic energy."


title: Electronic harassment

text: Some people who describe themselves as undergoing electronic harassment have organized and campaigned to stop the use of alleged psychotronic and other mind control weapons. These campaigns have received some support from public figures, including former U.S. Congressman Dennis Kucinich, who included a provision banning "psychotronic weapons" in a 2001 bill that was later dropped, and former Missouri State Representative Jim Guest.


title: Dylan Sprayberry

text: Dylan Muse Sprayberry (born July 7, 1998) is an American actor known for portraying the young Clark Kent in the 2013 film "Man of Steel" and Liam Dunbar on the MTV series "Teen Wolf" from 2014 to 2017. From 2018 to 2019, Sprayberry played Henry Richmond in the American supernatural thriller television series "Light as a Feather".


title: Dylan Sprayberry

text: Sprayberry was born July 7, 1998, and raised in Houston, Texas, and later attended West University Elementary. He booked his first acting role at the age of three in a public service announcement for PBS. He continued working in commercials and print as a child.


title: Dylan Sprayberry

text: His sister Ellery Sprayberry is an actress. Both children relocated to Los Angeles with their parents in 2006 in order to pursue their careers. He then attended Brighton Hall in Los Angeles in between pursuing his career.


title: Dylan Sprayberry

text: After relocating to Los Angeles, Sprayberry appeared in multiple comedy and drama network television shows, including "iCarly", "Tracey Ullman's State of the Union", "Criminal Minds", and "Glee". He also played supporting roles in the feature films "The Three Gifts" opposite Dean Cain and "Bedrooms". He then landed the breakout role of the young Clark Kent in the 2013 film "Man of Steel," the first film in the DC Extended Universe, opposite Amy Adams, Michael Shannon, Diane Lane, and Kevin Costner.


title: Dylan Sprayberry

text: Sprayberry is best known for MTV's "Teen Wolf" in which he played the role of Liam Dunbar from 2014 to 2017. He first appeared on the show in a recurring role during the show's fourth season before being upped to series regular for its fifth season, which premiered on June 29, 2015. He appeared at Comic-Con with the "Teen Wolf" cast before the show concluded in 2017. He originally auditioned for the part of Young Derek in season 3, but he was too young at the time. During his time on the show, Sprayberry accumulated a significant fanbase.


title: Dylan Sprayberry

text: In 2016, he appeared in the adventure film "". The film is based on "The New York Times" best-selling young-adult book "Vanished" by Tim LaHaye and Jerry Jenkins, and features a cast from MTV's "Teen Wolf", Nickelodeon's "The Haunted Hathaways", and Lifetime's "Flowers in the Attic".


title: Dylan Sprayberry

text: After the conclusion of "Teen Wolf", Sprayberry continued his career with a supporting role in the 2018 thriller film "Malibu Tapes", script writing, and recording his debut original EP. He plays the guitar, bass, and drums and, prior to appearing on "Teen Wolf", was in a band called The Dead Toms. He is a fan of punk rock and cites his favorite bands as Black Flag, Minor Threat, The Stooges, Neck Deep, The Story So Far, and Blink-182.


title: Dylan Sprayberry

text: Sprayberry cites Jack Nicholson, Robert De Niro, Sean Penn, Joaquin Phoenix, Tom Hardy, and Jake Gyllenhaal as his inspirations.


title: Blue raspberry flavor

text: Blue raspberry is a manufactured flavoring and food coloring for candy, snack foods, syrups, and soft drinks. The flavor and color do not derive from any species of raspberry. According to one expert, the flavor profile of raspberry was developed using "mostly esters of the banana, cherry, and pineapple variety." Sugar is commonly used to create taste appeal for the blue raspberry flavoring.


title: Blue raspberry flavor

text: Food products labeled as blue raspberry flavor commonly are dyed with a bright blue synthetic food coloring, such as brilliant blue FCF (also called Blue #1) having European food coloring number E133. The blue color was used to differentiate raspberry-flavored foods from cherry-, watermelon-, and strawberry-flavored foods, each of which is red.


title: Blue raspberry flavor

text: Blue raspberry flavor and color were first used in the United States in 1958 to add interest to snow cones. Regulatory agencies, such as the US Food and Drug Administration, provide guidelines on artificial flavors and colors for manufacturers out of concern for consumer safety, and have approved the use of blue raspberry as a safe ingredient since 1969.


title: Joseph Dunford

text: Joseph Francis Dunford Jr. (born December 23, 1955) is a retired United States Marine Corps four-star general, who served as the 19th chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from October 1, 2015, until September 30, 2019. He was the 36th commandant of the Marine Corps. Dunford is the first Marine Corps officer to serve in four different four-star positions; the others include commander of the International Security Assistance Force and United States Forces – Afghanistan from February 2013 until August 2014, and as the 32nd Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps from October 23, 2010, to December 15, 2012. He has commanded several units, including the 5th Marine Regiment during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.


title: Joseph Dunford

text: Dunford was born in Boston on December 23, 1955, and raised in Quincy, Massachusetts. His father served as an enlisted Marine in the Korean War. He is an Irish Catholic and Red Sox fan. He graduated from Boston College High School in 1973 and from Saint Michael's College in June 1977. He earned his commission the month of his college graduation. He is a graduate of the United States Army War College, Ranger School, United States Army Airborne School, and the Amphibious Warfare School. He holds a Master of Arts degree in government from Georgetown University and a second Master of Arts in International Relations from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University.


title: Joseph Dunford

text: In 1978, Dunford served in the 1st Marine Division as a platoon and company commander in 3rd Battalion 1st Marines and a company commander in 1st Battalion 9th Marines until 1981. He served as the aide to the commanding general of III Marine Expeditionary Force, Stephen G. Olmstead, for a year, then transferred to the Officer Assignment Branch at Headquarters Marine Corps in Washington, D.C. He reported to the 2nd Marine Division in June 1985 and commanded L Company of 3rd Battalion 6th Marines. In 1987, he was reassigned to 2nd Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company as the Operations, Plans, and Training Officer.


title: Joseph Dunford

text: From 1988 to 1991, Dunford was assigned as the Marine Officer Instructor at the College of the Holy Cross and Officer Candidates School at Marine Corps Base Quantico. In 1992, he was assigned to HQMC as a member of the Commandant's staff group and subsequently as the Senior Aide to the Commandant of the Marine Corps. In 1995, he joined the 6th Marine Regiment as the executive officer, then went on to command 2nd Battalion 6th Marines from 1996 until 1998.


title: Joseph Dunford

text: In 1999, Dunford was the Executive Assistant to the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (under both Generals Joseph Ralston and Richard Myers) and as Chief, Global and Multilateral Affairs Division (J-5) until 2001. He next served in the 1st Marine Division where he was assigned to command the 5th Marine Regiment, then as the division's chief of staff and assistant commander. During this time, he served 22 months in Iraq. During his command of RCT-5 in the 2003 invasion of Iraq, he earned the nickname "Fighting Joe" under James Mattis.


title: Joseph Dunford

text: From 2005 to 2007, Dunford returned to Headquarters Marine Corps to serve as the Director of the Operations Division of the Plans, Policies and Operations staff, and eventually became the Vice Director for Operations (J-3) at the Joint Staff in 2008. In December 2007, Dunford was nominated for promotion to the rank of major general. Two months later, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced that President George W. Bush had nominated Dunford for promotion to lieutenant general and appointment as Deputy Commandant for Plans, Policies and Operations, to succeed Lieutenant General Richard F. Natonski. In April 2008, his appointment to the permanent rank of major general was confirmed by the United States Senate, and he was simultaneously appointed to the grade of lieutenant general for his new assignment.


title: Joseph Dunford

text: On May 1, 2009, the Pentagon announced that President Barack Obama had appointed Dunford to serve as the commanding general of I Marine Expeditionary Force and Marine Forces Central Command.


title: Joseph Dunford

text: Less than a year into that assignment, Dunford was nominated by Secretary of Defense Robert Gates to succeed James F. Amos as Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps, who had been nominated to succeed James Conway as Commandant. President Obama approved his promotion and Dunford assumed the duties and new rank on October 23, 2010.<ref name="040/10"></ref>


title: Joseph Dunford

text: On October 10, 2012, Dunford was nominated by President Obama to lead U.S. and NATO forces in Afghanistan. Dunford assumed command of the International Security Assistance Force and U.S. Forces Afghanistan (USFOR-A) from General John Allen on February 10, 2013.


title: Joseph Dunford

text: On June 5, 2014, Dunford was nominated by President Obama to be the 36th Commandant of the Marine Corps. His nomination was confirmed by the Senate on July 23, 2014, and he became Commandant on October 17, 2014. On January 23, 2015, Dunford released the 36th Commandant's Planning Guidance.


title: Joseph Dunford

text: During his tenure, Dunford worked to keep sex-based job assignment policies in place to keep women out of ground combat arms military occupational specialties. On December 3, 2015, Dunford was overruled by Secretary of Defense Ash Carter who announced that beginning in January 2016, all military occupations and positions will be open to women, without exception.


title: Joseph Dunford

text: President Barack Obama nominated Dunford to be the next Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on May 5, 2015. He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate, and took over from Army General Martin Dempsey on September 25, 2015, and officially took office on October 1, 2015. He serves with General Paul Selva, USAF, former Commander of U.S. Transportation Command, who is the current Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Dunford is the only Marine to have served as Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps, Commandant of the Marine Corps, and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He was nominated for a second term as chairman by President Donald Trump on May 16, 2017. His renomination was approved by the Senate on September 27, 2017.


title: Joseph Dunford

text: During an event in December 2018, Joseph Dunford criticized Google for its "inexplicable" continued investing in autocratic, communist-led China while simultaneously not renewing further research and development collaborations with the Pentagon. "I'm not sure that people at Google will enjoy a world order that is informed by the norms and standards of Russia or China," Dunford said. Dunford has urged that Google should work directly with the U.S. government instead of making controversial inroads into China.


title: Joseph Dunford

text: Dunford stepped down as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on September 30, 2019, declining interviews and praising his successor, General Mark A. Milley. Dunford and Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis had favored Air Force chief of staff General David L. Goldfein as Dunford's successor, but Milley was selected by President Donald Trump instead. Dunford officially retired on 1 November 2019.


title: Joseph Dunford

text: <nowiki>*</nowiki> Appointed to Lieutenant General and confirmed by the United States Senate in April 2008. Simultaneously, he was appointed "Deputy Commandant for Plans, Policies and Operations", skipping the rank of Major General. For administrative purposes, his promotion to permanent major general and lieutenant general are on the same date.


title: Joseph Dunford

text: On April 6, 2016, Dunford was honored with the Tragedy Assistance Program for Survivors (TAPS) "Honor Guard Gala Military Award", which he received "on Behalf of America's Armed Forces". On September 8, 2016, Dunford received the Heroes Award from nonprofit organization Tuesday's Children at their annual Roots of Resilience Gala. He accepted it on behalf of the men and women of the Armed Forces. On July 23, 2018, Dunford received the coveted "Dwight D. Eisenhower" award during a ceremony from the VFW (Veterans of Foreign Wars). On May 10, 2019, he received the same award from the National Defense Industrial Association. On December 7, 2018, Dunford received the Andrew J. Goodpaster award from the George C. Marshall Foundation.


title: Joseph Dunford

text: Dunford was awarded the title of Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in the Military Division in 2018. He also received Canada's Meritorious Service Cross (MSC) in the Military Division that same year, and accepted the award at the Halifax International Security Forum. In 2020 he was made an Honorary Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the Military Division. While, as an honorary knight, he may not use the title of "Sir", he retains the right to use post-nominals for any Commonwealth awards.


title: Joseph Dunford

text: As of February 10, 2020, Dunford joined the board of directors at Lockheed Martin, serving on the Classified Business and Security Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. He is also on the board of a New York private equity firm, following a path taken by other prominent retired 4-star officers, such as David Petraeus (who went to work for the global investment firm KKR) and Ray Odierno (who became a senior advisor at JPMorgan Chase). In May 2022, he joined the board of directors at Satellogic, an Argentine satellite company.


title: Ink Master (season 3)

text: The third season of the tattoo competition series "Ink Master" premiered on Spike on July 16 and concluded on October 8, 2013 with a total of 13 episodes. The show is hosted and judged by Jane's Addiction guitarist Dave Navarro, with accomplished tattoo artists Chris Núñez and Oliver Peck serving as series regular judges. The winner will receive a $100,000 prize, a feature in "Inked" magazine and the title of Ink Master.


title: Ink Master (season 3)

text: This season saw the return of season two contestant Katherine "Tatu Baby" Flores, who originally finished the competition in 4th place.


title: Ink Master (season 3)

text: The winner of the third season of "Ink Master" was Joey Hamilton, with Jime Litwalk being the runner-up.


title: Ink Master (season 3)

text: The judging panel is the table of three primary judges, and any guest judges for that episode if applicable.


title: Ink Master (season 3)

text: Following the elimination tattoo, the human canvases gather and vote for the worst tattoo of the day that'll send one artist to the bottom. While the primary judges have the final say, the weight of the canvas vote does affect the judging panel's final decision.


title: Library (computing)

text: In computer science, a library is a collection of non-volatile resources used by computer programs, often for software development. These may include configuration data, documentation, help data, message templates, pre-written code and subroutines, classes, values or type specifications. In IBM's OS/360 and its successors they are referred to as partitioned data sets.


title: Library (computing)

text: A library is also a collection of implementations of behavior, written in terms of a language, that has a well-defined interface by which the behavior is invoked. For instance, people who want to write a higher-level program can use a library to make system calls instead of implementing those system calls over and over again. In addition, the behavior is provided for reuse by multiple independent programs. A program invokes the library-provided behavior via a mechanism of the language. For example, in a simple imperative language such as C, the behavior in a library is invoked by using C's normal function-call. What distinguishes the call as being to a library function, versus being to another function in the same program, is the way that the code is organized in the system.


title: Library (computing)

text: Library code is organized in such a way that it can be used by multiple programs that have no connection to each other, while code that is part of a program is organized to be used only within that one program. This distinction can gain a hierarchical notion when a program grows large, such as a multi-million-line program. In that case, there may be internal libraries that are reused by independent sub-portions of the large program. The distinguishing feature is that a library is organized for the purposes of being reused by independent programs or sub-programs, and the user only needs to know the interface and not the internal details of the library.


title: Library (computing)

text: The value of a library lies in the reuse of standardized program elements. When a program invokes a library, it gains the behavior implemented inside that library without having to implement that behavior itself. Libraries encourage the sharing of code in a modular fashion and ease the distribution of the code.


title: Library (computing)

text: The behavior implemented by a library can be connected to the invoking program at different program lifecycle phases. If the code of the library is accessed during the build of the invoking program, then the library is called a static library. An alternative is to build the executable of the invoking program and distribute that, independently of the library implementation. The library behavior is connected after the executable has been invoked to be executed, either as part of the process of starting the execution, or in the middle of execution. In this case the library is called a dynamic library (loaded at runtime). A dynamic library can be loaded and linked when preparing a program for execution, by the linker. Alternatively, in the middle of execution, an application may explicitly request that a module be loaded.


title: Library (computing)

text: Most compiled languages have a standard library, although programmers can also create their own custom libraries. Most modern software systems provide libraries that implement the majority of the system services. Such libraries have organized the services which a modern application requires. As such, most code used by modern applications is provided in these system libraries.


title: Library (computing)

text: The idea of a computer library dates back to the first computers created by Charles Babbage. An 1888 paper on his Analytical Engine suggested that computer operations could be punched on separate cards from numerical input. If these operation punch cards were saved for reuse then "by degrees the engine would have a library of its own."


title: Library (computing)

text: In 1947 Goldstine and von Neumann speculated that it would be useful to create a "library" of subroutines for their work on the IAS machine, an early computer that was not yet operational at that time. They envisioned a physical library of magnetic wire recordings, with each wire storing reusable computer code.


title: Library (computing)

text: Inspired by von Neumann, Wilkes and his team constructed EDSAC. A filing cabinet of punched tape held the subroutine library for this computer. Programs for EDSAC consisted of a main program and a sequence of subroutines copied from the subroutine library. In 1951 the team published the first textbook on programming, "The Preparation of Programs for an Electronic Digital Computer", which detailed the creation and the purpose of the library.


title: Library (computing)

text: COBOL included "primitive capabilities for a library system" in 1959, but Jean Sammet described them as "inadequate library facilities" in retrospect.


title: Library (computing)

text: Another major contributor to the modern library concept came in the form of the subprogram innovation of FORTRAN. FORTRAN subprograms can be compiled independently of each other, but the compiler lacked a linker. So prior to the introduction of modules in Fortran-90, type checking between FORTRAN subprograms was impossible.


title: Library (computing)

text: By the mid 1960s, copy and macro libraries for assemblers were common. Starting with the popularity of the IBM System/360, libraries containing other types of text elements, e.g., system parameters, also became common.


title: Library (computing)

text: Simula was the first object-oriented programming language, and its classes were nearly identical to the modern concept as used in Java, C++, and C#. The "class" concept of Simula was also a progenitor of the "package" in Ada and the "module" of Modula-2. Even when developed originally in 1965, Simula classes could be included in library files and added at compile time.


title: Library (computing)

text: Libraries are important in the program "linking" or "binding" process, which resolves references known as "links" or "symbols" to library modules. The linking process is usually automatically done by a "linker" or "binder" program that searches a set of libraries and other modules in a given order. Usually it is not considered an error if a link target can be found multiple times in a given set of libraries. Linking may be done when an executable file is created, or whenever the program is used at runtime.


title: Library (computing)

text: The references being resolved may be addresses for jumps and other routine calls. They may be in the main program, or in one module depending upon another. They are resolved into fixed or relocatable addresses (from a common base) by allocating runtime memory for the memory segments of each module referenced.


title: Library (computing)

text: Some programming languages use a feature called "smart linking" whereby the linker is aware of or integrated with the compiler, such that the linker knows how external references are used, and code in a library that is never actually "used", even though internally referenced, can be discarded from the compiled application. For example, a program that only uses integers for arithmetic, or does no arithmetic operations at all, can exclude floating-point library routines. This smart-linking feature can lead to smaller application file sizes and reduced memory usage.


title: Library (computing)

text: Some references in a program or library module are stored in a relative or symbolic form which cannot be resolved until all code and libraries are assigned final static addresses. "Relocation" is the process of adjusting these references, and is done either by the linker or the loader. In general, relocation cannot be done to individual libraries themselves because the addresses in memory may vary depending on the program using them and other libraries they are combined with. Position-independent code avoids references to absolute addresses and therefore does not require relocation.


title: Library (computing)

text: When linking is performed during the creation of an executable or another object file, it is known as "static linking" or "early binding". In this case, the linking is usually done by a linker, but may also be done by the compiler. A "static library", also known as an "archive", is one intended to be statically linked. Originally, only static libraries existed. Static linking must be performed when any modules are recompiled.


title: Library (computing)

text: All of the modules required by a program are sometimes statically linked and copied into the executable file. This process, and the resulting stand-alone file, is known as a static build of the program. A static build may not need any further relocation if virtual memory is used and no address space layout randomization is desired.


title: Library (computing)

text: A shared library or shared object is a file that is intended to be shared by executable files and further shared object files. Modules used by a program are loaded from individual shared objects into memory at load time or runtime, rather than being copied by a linker when it creates a single monolithic executable file for the program.


title: Library (computing)

text: Shared libraries can be statically linked during compile-time, meaning that references to the library modules are resolved and the modules are allocated memory when the executable file is created. But often linking of shared libraries is postponed until they are loaded.


title: Library (computing)

text: Most modern operating systems can have shared library files of the same format as the executable files. This offers two main advantages: first, it requires making only one loader for both of them, rather than two (having the single loader is considered well worth its added complexity). Secondly, it allows the executables also to be used as shared libraries, if they have a symbol table. Typical combined executable and shared library formats are ELF and Mach-O (both in Unix) and PE (Windows).


title: Library (computing)

text: In some older environments such as 16-bit Windows or MPE for the HP 3000, only stack-based data (local) was allowed in shared-library code, or other significant restrictions were placed on shared-library code.


title: Library (computing)

text: Library code may be shared in memory by multiple processes, and on disk. If virtual memory is used, processes would execute the same physical page of RAM that is mapped into the different address spaces of the processes. This has advantages. For instance, on the OpenStep system, applications were often only a few hundred kilobytes in size and loaded quickly; most of their code was located in libraries that had already been loaded for other purposes by the operating system.


title: Library (computing)

text: Programs can accomplish RAM sharing by using position-independent code, as in Unix, which leads to a complex but flexible architecture, or by using common virtual addresses, as in Windows and OS/2. These systems ensure, by various means, like pre-mapping the address space and reserving slots for each shared library, that code has a high probability of being shared. A third alternative is single-level store, as used by the IBM System/38 and its successors. This allows position-dependent code, but places no significant restrictions on where code can be placed or how it can be shared.


title: Library (computing)

text: In some cases, different versions of shared libraries can cause problems, especially when libraries of different versions have the same file name, and different applications installed on a system each require a specific version. Such a scenario is known as DLL hell, named after the Windows and OS/2 DLL file. Most modern operating systems after 2001 have clean-up methods to eliminate such situations or use application-specific "private" libraries.


title: Library (computing)

text: Dynamic linking or late binding is linking performed while a program is being loaded (load time) or executed (runtime), rather than when the executable file is created. A dynamically linked library (dynamic-link library, or DLL, under Windows and OS/2; shareable image under OpenVMS; dynamic shared object, or DSO, under Unix-like systems) is a library intended for dynamic linking. Only a minimal amount of work is done by the linker when the executable file is created; it only records what library routines the program needs and the index names or numbers of the routines in the library. The majority of the work of linking is done at the time the application is loaded (load time) or during execution (runtime). Usually, the necessary linking program, called a "dynamic linker" or "linking loader", is actually part of the underlying operating system. (However, it is possible, and not exceedingly difficult, to write a program that uses dynamic linking and includes its own dynamic linker, even for an operating system that itself provides no support for dynamic linking.)


title: Library (computing)

text: Programmers originally developed dynamic linking in the Multics operating system, starting in 1964, and the MTS (Michigan Terminal System), built in the late 1960s.


title: Library (computing)

text: Since shared libraries on most systems do not change often, systems can compute a likely load address for each shared library on the system before it is needed and store that information in the libraries and executables. If every shared library that is loaded has undergone this process, then each will load at its predetermined address, which speeds up the process of dynamic linking. This optimization is known as prebinding or prelinking on macOS and Linux, respectively. IBM z/VM uses a similar technique, called "Discontinuous Saved Segments" (DCSS). Disadvantages of this technique include the time required to precompute these addresses every time the shared libraries change, the inability to use address space layout randomization, and the requirement of sufficient virtual address space for use (a problem that will be alleviated by the adoption of 64-bit architectures, at least for the time being).


title: Library (computing)

text: Loaders for shared libraries vary widely in functionality. Some depend on the executable storing explicit paths to the libraries. Any change to the library naming or layout of the file system will cause these systems to fail. More commonly, only the name of the library (and not the path) is stored in the executable, with the operating system supplying a method to find the library on disk, based on some algorithm.


title: Library (computing)

text: If a shared library that an executable depends on is deleted, moved, or renamed, or if an incompatible version of the library is copied to a place that is earlier in the search, the executable would fail to load. This is called "dependency hell", existing on many platforms. The (infamous) Windows variant is commonly known as DLL hell. This problem cannot occur if each version of each library is uniquely identified and each program references libraries only by their full unique identifiers. The "DLL hell" problems with earlier Windows versions arose from using only the names of libraries, which were not guaranteed to be unique, to resolve dynamic links in programs. (To avoid "DLL hell", later versions of Windows rely largely on options for programs to install private DLLs—essentially a partial retreat from the use of shared libraries—along with mechanisms to prevent replacement of shared system DLLs with earlier versions of them.)


title: Library (computing)

text: Microsoft Windows checks the registry to determine the proper place to load DLLs that implement COM objects, but for other DLLs it will check the directories in a defined order. First, Windows checks the directory where it loaded the program ("private DLL"); any directories set by calling the codice_1 function; the System32, System, and Windows directories; then the current working directory; and finally the directories specified by the PATH environment variable. Applications written for the .NET Framework (since 2002), also check the Global Assembly Cache as the primary store of shared dll files to remove the issue of DLL hell.


title: Library (computing)

text: OpenStep used a more flexible system, collecting a list of libraries from a number of known locations (similar to the PATH concept) when the system first starts. Moving libraries around causes no problems at all, although users incur a time cost when first starting the system.


title: Library (computing)

text: Most Unix-like systems have a "search path" specifying file-system directories in which to look for dynamic libraries. Some systems specify the default path in a configuration file, others hard-code it into the dynamic loader. Some executable file formats can specify additional directories in which to search for libraries for a particular program. This can usually be overridden with an environment variable, although it is disabled for setuid and setgid programs, so that a user can't force such a program to run arbitrary code with root permissions. Developers of libraries are encouraged to place their dynamic libraries in places in the default search path. On the downside, this can make installation of new libraries problematic, and these "known" locations quickly become home to an increasing number of library files, making management more complex.


title: Library (computing)

text: Dynamic loading, a subset of dynamic linking, involves a dynamically linked library loading and unloading at runtime on request. Such a request may be made implicitly or explicitly. Implicit requests are made when a compiler or static linker adds library references that include file paths or simply file names. Explicit requests are made when applications make direct calls to an operating system's API.


title: Library (computing)

text: Most operating systems that support dynamically linked libraries also support dynamically loading such libraries via a run-time linker API. For instance, Microsoft Windows uses the API functions codice_2, codice_3, codice_4 and codice_5 with Microsoft Dynamic Link Libraries; POSIX-based systems, including most UNIX and UNIX-like systems, use codice_6, codice_7 and codice_8. Some development systems automate this process.


title: Library (computing)

text: Although originally pioneered in the 1960s, dynamic linking did not reach operating systems used by consumers until the late 1980s. It was generally available in some form in most operating systems by the early 1990s. During this same period, object-oriented programming (OOP) was becoming a significant part of the programming landscape. OOP with runtime binding requires additional information that traditional libraries don't supply. In addition to the names and entry points of the code located within, they also require a list of the objects they depend on. This is a side-effect of one of OOP's core concepts, inheritance, which means that parts of the complete definition of any method may be in different places. This is more than simply listing that one library requires the services of another: in a true OOP system, the libraries themselves may not be known at compile time, and vary from system to system.


title: Library (computing)

text: At the same time many developers worked on the idea of multi-tier programs, in which a "display" running on a desktop computer would use the services of a mainframe or minicomputer for data storage or processing. For instance, a program on a GUI-based computer would send messages to a minicomputer to return small samples of a huge dataset for display. Remote procedure calls (RPC) already handled these tasks, but there was no standard RPC system.


title: Library (computing)

text: Soon the majority of the minicomputer and mainframe vendors instigated projects to combine the two, producing an OOP library format that could be used anywhere. Such systems were known as object libraries, or distributed objects, if they supported remote access (not all did). Microsoft's COM is an example of such a system for local use. DCOM, a modified version of COM, supports remote access.


title: Library (computing)

text: For some time object libraries held the status of the "next big thing" in the programming world. There were a number of efforts to create systems that would run across platforms, and companies competed to try to get developers locked into their own system. Examples include IBM's System Object Model (SOM/DSOM), Sun Microsystems' Distributed Objects Everywhere (DOE), NeXT's Portable Distributed Objects (PDO), Digital's ObjectBroker, Microsoft's Component Object Model (COM/DCOM), and any number of CORBA-based systems.


title: Library (computing)

text: Class libraries are the rough OOP equivalent of older types of code libraries. They contain classes, which describe characteristics and define actions (methods) that involve objects. Class libraries are used to create instances, or objects with their characteristics set to specific values. In some OOP languages, like Java, the distinction is clear, with the classes often contained in library files (like Java's JAR file format) and the instantiated objects residing only in memory (although potentially able to be made persistent in separate files). In others, like Smalltalk, the class libraries are merely the starting point for a system image that includes the entire state of the environment, classes and all instantiated objects.


title: Library (computing)

text: Today most class libraries are stored in a package repository (such as Maven Central for Java). Client code explicitly declare the dependencies to external libraries in build configuration files (such as a Maven Pom in Java).


title: Library (computing)

text: Another library technique uses completely separate executables (often in some lightweight form) and calls them using a remote procedure call (RPC) over a network to another computer. This maximizes operating system re-use: the code needed to support the library is the same code being used to provide application support and security for every other program. Additionally, such systems do not require the library to exist on the same machine, but can forward the requests over the network.


title: Library (computing)

text: However, such an approach means that every library call requires a considerable amount of overhead. RPC calls are much more expensive than calling a shared library that has already been loaded on the same machine. This approach is commonly used in a distributed architecture that makes heavy use of such remote calls, notably client-server systems and application servers such as Enterprise JavaBeans.


title: Library (computing)

text: Code generation libraries are high-level APIs that can generate or transform byte code for Java. They are used by aspect-oriented programming, some data access frameworks, and for testing to generate dynamic proxy objects. They also are used to intercept field access.


title: Library (computing)

text: The system stores codice_9 and codice_10 files in directories such as codice_11, codice_12 or codice_13. The filenames always start with codice_14, and end with a suffix of codice_15 (archive, static library) or of codice_16 (shared object, dynamically linked library). Some systems might have multiple names for a dynamically linked library. These names typically share the same prefix and have different suffixes indicating the version number. Most of the names are names for symbolic links to the latest version. For example, on some systems codice_17 would be the filename for the second major interface revision of the dynamically linked library codice_18. The codice_19 files sometimes found in the library directories are libtool archives, not usable by the system as such.


title: Library (computing)

text: The system inherits static library conventions from BSD, with the library stored in a codice_15 file, and can use codice_16-style dynamically linked libraries (with the codice_22 suffix instead). Most libraries in macOS, however, consist of "frameworks", placed inside special directories called "bundles" which wrap the library's required files and metadata. For example, a framework called codice_23 would be implemented in a bundle called codice_24, with codice_25 being either the dynamically linked library file or being a symlink to the dynamically linked library file in codice_26.


title: Library (computing)

text: Dynamic-link libraries usually have the suffix codice_27, although other file name extensions may identify specific-purpose dynamically linked libraries, e.g. codice_28 for OLE libraries. The interface revisions are either encoded in the file names, or abstracted away using COM-object interfaces. Depending on how they are compiled, codice_29 files can be either static libraries or representations of dynamically linkable libraries needed only during compilation, known as "import libraries". Unlike in the UNIX world, which uses different file extensions, when linking against codice_30 file in Windows one must first know if it is a regular static library or an import library. In the latter case, a codice_31 file must be present at runtime.


title: Prem Nazir

text: Prem Nazir (born Abdul Khader; 7 April 1926 – 16 January 1989) was an Indian actor known as one of Malayalam cinema's definitive leading men of his generation. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential actors in the history of Indian cinema. A popular cultural icon of Kerala, Nazir is often referred to as "Nithyaharitha Nayakan" ("Evergreen Hero"). Nazir began his career as a stage actor and made his film debut with the 1952 film "Marumakal". He took on the stage name Prem Nazir on the sets of his second film, "Visappinte Vili" (1952).


title: Prem Nazir

text: Nazir is noted for his performances in films such as "Murappennu" (1965), "Udhyogastha" (1967), "Iruttinte Athmavu" (1967), "Kallichellamma" (1969), "Virunnukari" (1969), "Nadhi" (1969), "C.I.D. Nazir" (1971), "Anubhavangal Paalichakal" (1971), "Taxi Car" (1972), "Azhakulla Saleena" (1973), "Nellu" (1974), "Ariyappedatha Rahasyam" (1981), "Vida Parayum Munpe" (1981), "Padayottam" (1982), and "Dhwani" (1988). Nazir won the Kerala State Film Award (Special Jury Award) for his role as Madhavan Kutty in "Vida Parayum Munpe". The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan the third highest civilian honours respectively, for his contribution towards the arts. He died due to measles on 16 January 1989 at the age of 62.


title: Prem Nazir

text: Nazir holds the Guinness World Records for playing opposite the same heroine in 130 films (with Sheela), and previously held the record for playing the lead role in a record 720 films. He also holds two other acting records; for acting opposite eighty heroines and for acting in lead roles in 30 films which were released in a single year (1973 and 1977).


title: Prem Nazir

text: Nazir was born in Chirayinkeezhu in the princely state of Travancore (now in Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala), to Akkode Shahul Hamid and Asuma Beevi on 7 April 1927 in Rowther Family. He had two brothers - Prem Nawas (Abdul Wahab) - and Ashraf and six sisters - Sulekha, Arifa, Aneesa, Umaiba, Sunaisa and Suhara. His mother died when he was very young, and his father remarried a woman of the same name. He completed his formal education from Kadinamkulam Lower Primary School, Sri Chithiravilasam School, Trivandrum, SD College, Alappuzha, and St. Berchmans College, Changanassery. By the time he completed his education, he had become an experienced drama artist.


title: Prem Nazir

text: Prem Nazir had his acting debut as Shylock in the play "The Merchant of Venice" (1951), when he was a student at SB College, Changanacherry. He won the best actor award for this role in the play directed by Sheppard. His first film was "Marumakal" (1952), directed by S. K. Chari and produced by Paul Kallungal. He was credited as Abdul Khader in this film. He got his career break with "Visappinte Vili" (1952), his second film, made for K&K Combines (Udaya Studio) by Telugu director Mohan Rao. It was on the set of this movie he was renamed to Prem Nazir by Thikkurussi Sukumaran Nair. Prem Nazir started his career when drama was the most popular visual medium and film making at its infancy. He began acting for the Excel Productions (Udaya Studio) and most of his films were for the Udaya and Merryland Studios.


title: Prem Nazir

text: With the arrival of Nazir, there was a new screen personality, a new debonair actor who could be a youth heart throb. Prem Nazir acquired the halo of a romantic hero and a loyal following. His tear-jerkers were very popular with female audiences and soon made him a darling of the masses. He became the first real star of Malayalam cinema. Another factor that assisted Prem Nazir's rise – as it had the rise of his contemporaries in other regional film industries – was the continuing reign of mythologicals and devotionals. Costumed musicals, filmed start-to-finish within the confines of a studio, contributed their own. All such films for a long period kept him before his fans, nourished his romantic image and provided him unlimited scope for rehearsing and refining his talent in playing diverse roles. Since the bulk of South Indian cinema was theatrical visually and aurally, Prem Nazir's stage background and his extraordinary command of Malayalam helped him win the hearts of his audience.


title: Prem Nazir

text: In the late 1950s, Nazir drew attention by playing movies with themes based on social and religious injustices in the society. From 1956 to 1976, Prem Nazir rode high at the crest of a tidal wave of popularity and also gave his best to Malayalam cinema. Nazir catapulted to the row of the finest actors of India with the film "Iruttinte Athmavu" (1967). Playing a demented youth – Velayadhan, Prem Nazir discovered his prowess as a dramatic actor of great intensity. Many critics have evaluated this role as his masterpiece, and as one of the finest onscreen performances ever. Written by M. T. Vasudevan Nair, the film provided Malayalam cinema with a new direction; that of the low-budget film. One could see a lot of the pre-occupations of the scenarist, who carried the touches of human relationships through all of his subsequent films whether as screenplay writer or director. In spite of its large number of studio shots and overall theatricality, the film was so culturally rich that many of the episodes would become archetypes for future Malayalam film makers dealing with family drama. It depicted the story of an imbecile (finely portrayed by Prem Nazir) in a joint family with remarkable sensitivity and seriousness of purpose.


title: Prem Nazir

text: During his peak time, Nazir gave life to many characters and enjoyed a wide popularity among all sects of the society. He acted in the first-ever investigative series in Malayalam cinema "C.I.D. Nazir" directed by P. Venu. He has played historical characters based on "Vadakkan Pattukal". "Aromalunni", "Kannappanunni", "Thacholi Ambu" and "Padayottam" are some major films in this genre. Although the actor faced criticism for playing such roles as his physique was least suited for it, he still enjoyed a huge fan following among the audiences. He was well known for his roles as Hindu deities like Rama, Krishna and Ayyappa. In his movies, Nazir was well known for playing the eternal romantic hero and the good guy who would bash up the villains without remorse.


title: Prem Nazir

text: Even though Nazir could not regenerate after the mid-1970s, he maintained his superstardom till the beginning of the 1980s. In 1979, 39 of his films got released; a record. He also holds the record for having acted in the most leading roles – about 700 films (with 85 heroines; another record). Another record is for the most enduring screen team along with actress Sheela. They played opposite each other in 130 movies by 1975. Although Sheela is known as the lucky mascot of Prem Nazir, his movies with other heroines like Jayabharathi and Sharada were also big successes at box office. Prem Nazir pairing with comedian Adoor Bhasi was a sure-fire laugh riot. The void left by this duo is yet to be occupied. Nazir's association with playback singer K. J. Yesudas was perfect for the audience. Even today many consider the Nazir – Yesudas combination of song sequences remain the best ever on screen. He is quite popularly described as Nithyaharithanayakan (The Evergreen Hero), which does justice to the fact that he was acting as the hero in his elder years as well. Senior Malayalam cine actress Kaviyoor Ponnamma has revealed that Prem Nazir was a very good singer, and had training in Carnatic music.


title: Prem Nazir

text: By the beginning of the 1980s, Nazir himself moved into supporting roles. He mostly played supporting roles with the then super stars Jayan, Sukumaran, Shankar and Soman. In 1980, he acted in "Ariyappedatha Rahasyam" directed by P. Venu along with action hero "Jayan". In 1981, he played a major supporting role in Mohan's "Vida Parayum Munpe" that earned him the Kerala State Special Jury Award. This shift, from a super romantic hero to character roles, gave him many powerful characters during the mid-1980s.His most iconic role till date came in the form of Padayottam released in 1982. Based loosely on the evergreen classic, The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas,Nazir played the titular role of Thamban,a prince who is cheated by his so called dear ones and friends and made a slave in a vessel. How he returns and hunts down those who were responsible for wrecking his life forms the crux of the story. The role has been lauded by many in the film fraternity who were amazed at the transformation of a hero who played romantic roles and the good samaritan to a machismo character who breathes revenge. He played his last hero role in "Vellarikka Pattanam" (1985) along with Ratheesh. Nevertheless the "Padayottam" was the biggest blockbuster at the time of its release running in packed theatres for one year and remained so for many years to come. It is also reputed the Nazir missed the National award for best actor by just one vote for his most famous iconic role that year. His second last film was "Ayalvasi Oru Daridravasi"(1986), where he starred with Mukesh, Shankar, Nedumudi Venu, Sukumari and Seema. His last completed film was A. T. Abu's "Dhwani" (1988), in which he co-starred with Jayaram. His last release was Priyadarshan's "Kadathanadan Ambadi" (1990), in which he co-starred with Mohanlal. In one of his last interviews, he had expressed a desire to direct a film with Mammootty and Mohanlal in the lead.


title: Prem Nazir

text: Two popular film genres initiated by Prem Nazir are the C.I.D series and the Vadakkanpattu series. The former is a group of investigative films by P. Venu in which Nazir played James Bond like protagonists. In most of these movies Nazir teamed with Adoor Bhasi, a famed comedy actor who would accompany Nazir characters in investigations. These hit mainstream popularity with the trendsetter "Lanka Dahanam" and are perhaps the single most popular movie series in Malayalam film history. The waves created by this movie series continue in Malayalam cinema, arguably to this day. "C.I.D. Nazir" directed by P. Venu, has inspired numerous adaptations and similar series like for example popular CBI series with Mammootty in the lead and a satirical CID series of Mohanlal-Sreenivasan team. Other inspired films are "C.I.D Unnikrishnan" starring Jayaram and "C.I.D Moosa" with Dileep in the lead.


title: Prem Nazir

text: Another popular film series starring Nazir was a series of movies based on Vadakanpaattu which are part of the traditional folklore of Kerala. These are tales of martial warriors spread over generations through folk songs. Although the series may have been initiated by Sathyan's title role in "Thacholi Othenan", the trend was continued long after his demise with Nazir in the lead, playing various other characters from Vadakkanpattu. Nazir later teamed with other actors like Jayan, Shankar, Mammootty, Jayaram and Mohanlal in later films of this category.