title: Prambanan

text: In 1811 during the short-lived British occupation of the Dutch East Indies, Colin Mackenzie, a surveyor in the service of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, came upon the temples by chance. Although Sir Thomas subsequently commissioned a full survey of the ruins, they remained neglected for decades. Dutch residents carried off sculptures as garden ornaments and native villagers used the foundation stones for construction material. Half-hearted excavations by archaeologists in the 1880s adversely facilitated looting instead, as numbers of temple sculptures were taken away as collections.


title: Prambanan

text: In 1918, the Dutch colonial government began reconstruction of the compound and proper restoration only commenced in 1930. Due to massive scale and the sheer numbers of temples, the efforts at restoration still continue up to this day. By 1930s, the reconstruction project by Dutch East Indies Archaeological Service successfully restored two Apit temples in the central court, and two smaller Perwara temples. The reconstruction used the anastylosis method, in which a ruined temple is restored using the original stone blocks as much as possible.


title: Prambanan

text: The restoration efforts was hampered by the economic crisis in 1930s, and finally ceased altogether due to the outbreak of World War II Pacific War (1942-1945), and the following Indonesian National Revolution (1945-1949). After the war, the temple reconstruction resumed in 1949, despite much of technical drawings and photographs were damaged or lost during the war. The reconstruction of the main Shiva temple was completed in 1953 and inaugurated by Indonesia's first president Sukarno.


title: Prambanan

text: The Indonesian government continued the reconstruction effort to complete the temple compound. The Brahma temple was reconstructed between 1978 and 1987. While the Vishnu temple was rebuilt from 1982 to 1991. The Vahana temples of the eastern rows and some smaller shrines were completed from 1991 to 1993. Thus by 1993, the whole towering main temples of the Prambanan central zone were erected and completed, simultaneously inaugurated by President Suharto together with the inauguration of the Sewu compound central temple nearby.


title: Prambanan

text: Since much of the original stonework has been stolen and reused at remote construction sites, restoration was hampered considerably. Given the scale of the temple complex, the government decided to rebuild shrines only if at least 75% of their original masonry was available, in accordance to anastylosis discipline. The reconstruction continues up to this day, with efforts now focused on the Perwara temples of the outer compound. The latest reconstruction was a Perwara temple of eastern side second row number 35, which completed in December 2017. Thus, from originally 224 Perwara temples, only 3 of them completely reconstructed, 2 on the eastern side, and a corner Perwara temple with double porticos on the northeast corner. Most of the smaller shrines are now visible only in their foundations, with no plans for their complete reconstruction.


title: Prambanan

text: In the early 1990s the government removed the market that had sprung up near the temple and redeveloped the surrounding villages and rice paddies as an archaeological park. The park covers a large area, from Yogyakarta-Solo main road in the south, encompassing the whole Prambanan complex, the ruins of Lumbung and Bubrah temples, and as far as the Sewu temple compound in the north. In 1992 the Indonesian government created a State-owned Limited Liability Enterprise (Persero), named "PT Taman Wisata Candi Borobudur, Prambanan, dan Ratu Boko." This enterprise is the authority for the park management of Borobudur Prambanan Ratu Boko and the surrounding region. Prambanan is one of the most visited tourist attraction in Indonesia.


title: Prambanan

text: The Trimurti open-air and indoor stages on the west side of the temple, across the Opak River, were built to stage the ballet of the traditional "Ramayana" epic. This traditional Javanese dance is the centuries-old dance of the Javanese court. Since the 1960s, it has been performed every full moon night in the Prambanan temple. Since then, Prambanan has become one of the major archaeological and cultural tourism attractions in Indonesia.


title: Prambanan

text: Since the reconstruction of the main temples in the 1990s, Prambanan has been reclaimed as an important religious center for Hindu rituals and ceremonies in Java. Balinese and Javanese Hindu communities in Yogyakarta and Central Java revived their practices of annually performing their sacred ceremonies in Prambanan, such as Galungan, Tawur Kesanga, and Nyepi.


title: Prambanan

text: The temple was damaged during the 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake. Early photos suggested that although the complex was structurally intact, the damage was significant. Large pieces of debris, including carvings, were scattered over the ground. The temple was closed to visitors until the damage could be fully assessed. Eventually, the head of Yogyakarta Archaeological Conservation Agency stated that it would take months to identify the full extent of the damage. Some weeks later in 2006, the site was re-opened for visitors.


title: Prambanan

text: There is great interest in the site. In 2008, 856,029 Indonesian visitors and 114,951 foreign visitors visited Prambanan. On 6 January 2009 the reconstruction of Nandi temple finished. As of 2009, the interior of most of the temples remains off-limits for safety reasons.


title: Prambanan

text: On 14 February 2014, major tourist attractions in Yogyakarta and Central Java, including Borobudur, Prambanan, and Ratu Boko, were closed to visitors after being severely affected by the volcanic ash from the eruption of Kelud volcano in East Java, located about 200 kilometers east of Yogyakarta. The Kelud volcano erupted on 13 February 2014 with explosions heard as far away as Yogyakarta. Four years earlier, Prambanan was spared from the 2010 Merapi volcanic ash and eruption since the wind and ashfall were directed westward and affected Borobudur instead.


title: Prambanan

text: In 2012, the "Balai Pelestarian Peninggalan Purbakala Jawa Tengah" (BP3) or Central Java Heritage Preservation Authority suggested that the area in and around Prambanan should be treated as a sanctuary area. The proposed area is located in Prambanan Plain measured 30 square kilometers spanned across Sleman and Klaten Regency, which includes major temples in the area such as Prambanan, Ratu Boko, Kalasan, Sari and Plaosan temples. The sanctuary area is planned to be treated in a similar fashion to the Angkor archaeological area in Cambodia, which means the government should stop or decline permits to construct any new buildings, especially multi-storied buildings, as well as BTS towers in the area. This is meant to protect this archaeologically rich area from modern day visual obstructions and the encroachments of hotels, restaurants, and any tourism-related buildings and businesses.


title: Prambanan

text: On 9 to 12 November 2019, the grand "Abhiṣeka" sacred ceremony was performed in this temple compound. This Hindu ritual was held for the first time after 1,163 years after the Prambanan temple was founded on 856. The "Abhiṣeka" ceremony was meant to cleanse, sanctify and purify the temple, thus signify that the temple is not merely an archaeological and tourism site, but also restored to its original function as a focus of Hindu religious activity. Indonesian Hindus believe that this "Abhiṣeka" ceremony marked a turning point to re-consecrated the temple ground and restore the spiritual energy of Prambanan temple.


title: Prambanan

text: Originally there were a total of 240 temples standing in Prambanan. The Prambanan Temple Compound consist of:


title: Prambanan

text: The Prambanan compound also known as Rara Jonggrang complex, named after the popular legend of Rara Jonggrang. There were once 240 temples standing in this Shivaite temple complex, either big or small. Today, all of 8 main temples and 8 small shrines in the inner zone are reconstructed, but only 3 out of the original 224 pervara temples are renovated. The majority of them have deteriorated; what is left are only scattered stones. The Prambanan temple complex consists of three zones; first the outer zone, second the middle zone that contains hundreds of small temples, and third the holiest inner zone that contains eight main temples and eight small shrines.


title: Prambanan

text: The Hindu temple complex at Prambanan is based on a square plan that contains a total of three zone yards, each of which is surrounded by four walls pierced by four large gates. The outer zone is a large space marked by a rectangular wall. The outermost walled perimeter, which originally measured about 390 metres per side, was oriented in the northeast–southwest direction. However, except for its southern gate, not much else of this enclosure has survived down to the present. The original function is unknown; possibilities are that it was a sacred park, or priests' boarding school (ashram). The supporting buildings for the temple complex were made from organic material; as a consequence no remains occur.


title: Prambanan

text: The inner zone or central compound is the holiest among the three zones. It is the square elevated platform surrounded by a square stone wall with stone gates on each four cardinal points. This holiest compound is assembled of eight main shrines or "candi". The three main shrines, called "Trimurti" ("three forms"), are dedicated to the three Gods: Brahma "the Creator", Vishnu "the Keeper", and Shiva "the Destroyer".


title: Prambanan

text: The Shiva temple is the tallest and largest structure in Prambanan Rara Jonggrang complex; it measures 47 metres tall and 34 metres wide. The main stairs are located on the eastern side. The eastern gate of Shiva temple is flanked by two small shrines, dedicated to guardian gods, Mahakala and Nandhisvara. The Shiva temple is encircled with galleries adorned with bas-reliefs telling the story of Ramayana carved on the inner walls of the balustrades. To follow the story accurately, visitors must enter from the east side and began to perform "pradakshina" or circumambulating clockwise. The bas-reliefs of Ramayana continue to the Brahma temple galleries.


title: Prambanan

text: The Shiva shrine is located at the center and contains five chambers, four small chambers in every cardinal direction and one bigger main chamber in the central part of the temple. The east chamber connects to the central chamber that houses the largest temple in Prambanan, a three-metre high statue of Shiva Mahadeva (the Supreme God). The statue bears "Lakçana" (attributes or symbol) of Shiva such as skull and sickle (crescent) at the crown, and third eye on the forehead; also four hands that holds Shiva's symbols: prayer beads, feather duster, and trisula (trident). Some historians believe that the depiction of Shiva as Mahadeva was also meant to personify king Balitung as the reincarnation of Shiva. So, when he died, a temple was built to commemorate him as Shiva. The statue of Shiva stands on a lotus pad on a Yoni pedestal that bears the carving of Nāga serpents on the north side of the pedestal.


title: Prambanan

text: The other three smaller chambers contain statues of Hindu Gods related to Shiva: his consort Durga, the rishi Agastya, and Ganesha, his son. A statue of Agastya occupies the south chamber, the west chamber houses the statue of Ganesha, while the north chamber contains the statue of "Durga Mahisasuramardini" depicting Durga as the slayer of the Bull demon. The shrine of Durga is also called the temple of "Rara Jonggrang" (Javanese: slender virgin), after a Javanese legend of princess Rara Jonggrang.


title: Prambanan

text: The two other main shrines are those of Vishnu on the north side of the Shiva shrine, and the one of Brahma on the south. Both temples face east and each contain only one large chamber, each dedicated to respected gods; Brahma temple contains the statue of Brahma and Vishnu temple houses the statue of Vishnu. Brahma and Vishnu temple measures 20 metres wide and 33 metres tall.


title: Prambanan

text: The other three shrines in front of the three main temples are dedicated to the vehicles (vahana) of the respective gods – the bull Nandi for Shiva, the sacred swan Hamsa for Brahma, and Vishnu's kite Garuda. Precisely in front of the Shiva temple is the Nandi temple, which contains a statue of the Nandi bull. Next to it, there are also other statues, the statue of Chandra the god of the moon and Surya the god of the sun. Chandra stands on his carriage pulled by 10 horses, the statue of Surya also stands on a carriage pulled by 7 horses. Facing the Brahma temple is the temple of Hamsa or Angsa. The chamber of this temple contains no statue, but it seems likely that there was once a statue of the sacred swan. In front of the Vishnu temple is the temple dedicated to Garuda. However, just like the Hamsa temple, the Garuda temple contains no statue, but probably once contained the statue of Garuda. Garuda holds an important role for Indonesia, as it serves as the national symbol of Indonesia, and also as the name of the airline Garuda Indonesia.


title: Prambanan

text: Between these rows of the main temple, on the north and south side, stand two "Candi Apit" temples. "Apit" in Javanese means "flank". It refers to the position of the two temples that flanked the inner courtyard on the north and south sides. The room inside the Apit temples is now empty. It is not clear to which deities these Apit temples were dedicated. However, examining the southern Apit temple bas-reliefs on the outer wall, a female deity is depicted, most probably Sarasvati, the Shakti (consort) of Brahma. Considering the Hindu pantheon represented in Prambanan temples, it is possible that the southern Apit temple was dedicated to Sarasvati, while the northern Apit temple was dedicated to Lakshmi.


title: Prambanan

text: Beside these 8 main temples, there are also 8 smaller shrines; 4 "Candi Kelir" on four cardinal directions of the entrance, and 4 "Candi Patok" on four corners of the inner zone. "Kelir" in Javanese means "screen", especially referring to "wayang kulit", fabric screen. It refers to a structure that obstructs the main cardinal entry of gopura. It is similar to "aling-aling" in Balinese architecture. "Patok" in Javanese means "peg". It refers to the shrine location at the four corners of the inner compound.


title: Prambanan

text: The two walled perimeters that surround the remaining two yards to the interior are oriented to the four cardinal points. The second yard's walled perimeter, which measures about 225 metres per side, surrounds a terraced area that consists of four rows containing 44, 52, 60, and 68 pervara temples. Respectively, each has a height of 14 metres and measures 6×6 metres at the base, or 224 structures in total. The sixteen temples located at the corners of the rows face two directions; the remaining 208 structures open to only one of the four cardinal directions.


title: Prambanan

text: The middle zone consists of four rows of 224 individual small shrines. There are great numbers of these temples, but most of them are still in ruins and only some have been reconstructed. These concentric rows of temples were made in an identical design. Each row towards the center is slightly elevated. These shrines are called ""Candi Perwara"", guardian or complementary temples, the additional buildings of the main temple. Some believed it was offered by regional rulers and nobles to the king as a sign of submission. The Perwara are arranged in four rows around the central temples. Some believed it had something to do with four castes, made according to the rank of the people allowed to enter them; the row nearest to the central compound was accessible to the priests only, the other three were reserved for the nobles, the knights, and the simple people respectively. While another believed that the four rows of Perwara had nothing to do with four castes, it was just simply made as a meditation place for priests and as a worship place for devotees.


title: Prambanan

text: The architecture of the Prambanan temple follows the typical Hindu architecture traditions based on Vastu Shastra. The temple design incorporated mandala temple plan arrangements and also the typical high towering spires of Hindu temples. Prambanan was originally named "Shivagrha" and dedicated to the god Shiva. The temple was designed to mimic Meru, the holy mountain, the abode of Hindu gods, and the home of Shiva. The whole temple complex is a model of the Hindu universe according to Hindu cosmology and the layers of Loka.


title: Prambanan

text: Just like Borobudur, Prambanan also recognizes the hierarchy of the temple zones, spanned from the less holy to the holiest realms. Each Hindu and Buddhist concept has its terms, but the concepts are essentially identical. Either the compound site plan (horizontally) or the temple structure (vertically) consists of three zones:


title: Prambanan

text: During the restoration, a well which contains a "pripih" (stone casket) was discovered under the centre of the Shiva temple. The main temple has a well 5.75 m deep in which a stone casket was found on top a pile of charcoal, earth, and remains of burned animal bones. Sheets of gold leaves with the inscription Varuna (god of the sea) and Parvata (god of the mountains) were found here. The stone casket contained sheets of copper, charcoal, ashes, earth, 20 coins, jewels, glass, pieces of gold and silver leaves, seashells and 12 gold leaves (which were cut in the shapes of a turtle, Nāga serpent, padma, altar, and an egg).


title: Prambanan

text: The temple is adorned with panels of narrative bas-reliefs telling the story of the Hindu epic Ramayana and Bhagavata Purana. The narrative bas-relief panels were carved along the inner balustrades wall on the gallery around the three main temples.


title: Prambanan

text: The narrative panels on the balustrade read from left to right. The story starts from the east entrance where visitors turn left and move around the temple gallery in a clockwise direction. This conforms with "pradaksina", the ritual of circumambulation performed by pilgrims who move in a clockwise direction while keeping the sanctuary to their right. The story of Ramayana starts on Shiva temple balustrade and continues to Brahma temple. On the balustrades in Vishnu temple there is series of bas-relief panels depicting the stories of lord Krishna from Bhagavata Purana.


title: Prambanan

text: The bas-relief of Ramayana illustrate how Sita, the wife of Rama, is abducted by Ravana. The monkey king Hanuman brings his army to help Rama and rescue Sita. This story is also shown by the Ramayana Ballet, regularly performed at full moon at Trimurti open-air theatre on the west side of the illuminated Prambanan complex.


title: Prambanan

text: On the other side of the narrative panels, the temple wall along the gallery was adorned with statues and reliefs of devatas and brahmin sages. The figures of lokapalas, the celestial guardians of directions, can be found in Shiva temple. The brahmin sage editors of veda were carved on Brahma temple wall, while in Vishnu temple the figures of male deities devatas are flanked by two apsaras.


title: Prambanan

text: The lower outer wall of these temples was adorned with a row of small niches containing an image of "sinha" (a lion) flanked by two panels depicting bountiful kalpataru (kalpavriksha) trees. These wish-fulfilling sacred trees, according to Hindu-Buddhist belief, are flanked on either side by kinnaras or animals, such as pairs of birds, deer, sheep, monkeys, horses, elephants etc. The pattern of lion in niche flanked by kalpataru trees is typical in the Prambanan temple compound, thus it is called a "Prambanan panel".


title: Prambanan

text: The popular legend of Rara Jonggrang is what connects the site of the Ratu Boko Palace, the origin of the Durga statue in the northern cell/chamber of the main shrine, and the origin of the Sewu temple complex nearby.


title: Prambanan

text: The legend tells the story about Prince Bandung Bondowoso, who fell in love with Princess Rara Jonggrang, the daughter of King Boko. But the princess rejected his proposal of marriage because Bandung Bondowoso had killed King Boko and ruled her kingdom.


title: Prambanan

text: Bandung Bondowoso insisted on the union, and finally Rara Jonggrang was forced to agree to a union in marriage, but she posed one impossible condition: Bandung must build her a thousand temples in only one night.


title: Prambanan

text: The Prince entered into meditation and conjured up a multitude of supernatural beings from the earth. Helped by these spirits, he succeeded in building 999 temples. When the prince was about to complete the condition, the princess woke her palace maids and ordered the women of the village to begin pounding rice and set a fire in the east of the temple, attempting to make the prince and the spirits believe that the sun was about to rise. As the cocks began to crow, fooled by the light and the sounds of daybreak, the supernatural helpers fled back into the ground. The prince was furious about the trick and in revenge he cursed Rara Jonggrang, turning her to stone. She became the last and the most beautiful of the thousand statues. According to the traditions, the unfinished thousandth temple created by the demons become the Sewu temple compounds nearby ("Sewu" means "thousands" in Javanese), and the Princess is the image of Durga in the north cell of the Shiva temple at Prambanan, which is still known as "Rara Jonggrang" or "Slender Maiden".


title: Prambanan

text: The Prambanan Plain spans between the southern slopes of Merapi volcano in the north and the Sewu mountain range in the south, near the present border Yogyakarta province and Klaten Regency, Central Java. Apart from the Lara Jonggrang complex, the Prambanan plain, valley and hills around it is the location of some of the earliest Buddhist temples in Indonesia. Not far to the north are found the ruins of Bubrah temple, Lumbung temple, and Sewu temple. Further east is found Plaosan temple. To the west are found Kalasan temple and Sari temple, and further to the west is Sambisari temple. While to the south the Ratu Boko compound is on higher ground. The discoveries of archaeological sites scattered only a few miles away suggest that this area was an important religious, political, and urban center.


title: Devdatta Nage

text: Devdatta Nage (born 5 February 1977) is an Indian actor. He gained fame after playing role of Lord Khandoba in the Zee Marathi serial "Jai Malhar".


title: Devdatta Nage

text: Nage is from Alibag of Raigad district, Maharashtra, India. He lives in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. He married Kanchan Nage.


title: Devdatta Nage

text: He made his debut on television with Colors TV’s serial “Veer Shivaji” in which he played the role of Tanaji Malusare. He was also seen in Colors TV’s “Laagi Tujhse Lagan”.


title: Devdatta Nage

text: He is seen in Star Pravah’s popular serial “Devyani” in which he played the role of Samratrao Vikhe Patil. He is best known for Zee Marathi’s popular serial “Jai Malhar” in which he played the role of Lord Khandoba. He is also appeared in other Marathi serials like "Mrutyunjay Karnachi Amargatha", "Kalay Tasmay Namah", "Bajirao Mastani". His commercial play is “Ek Mau Char Bhau”.


title: Devdatta Nage

text: He made his debut in Marathi film industry through film “Sangharsh” in 2014. His Bollywood film debut was “Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara” in 2013 and “Satyameva Jayate” in 2018. In 2020, he appeared in bollywood film “Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior” in which he played the role of Suryaji Malusare.


title: Devdatta Nage

text: He is making comeback on the small screen after 2 years with the serial “"Dr. Don"” which is aired on Zee Yuva channel. Currently, he is roped in for playing the role of Hanuman in Om Raut's upcoming film "Adipurush".


title: Hypnotherapy

text: Hypnotherapy is a type of mind–body intervention in which hypnosis is used to create a state of focused attention and increased suggestibility in the treatment of a medical or psychological disorder or concern. Popularized by 17th and 18th century psychologists such as James Braid and Milton H. Erickson, today the use of hypnosis as a form of therapy to retrieve and integrate early trauma is controversial within the scientific mainstream. Use of hypnosis for treatment of other problems has produced mixed results, such as with smoking cessation. Research indicates that hypnotising an individual may aid the formation of false memories, and that hypnosis "does not help people recall events more accurately".


title: Hypnotherapy

text: The United States Department of Labor's "Dictionary of Occupational Titles" (DOT) describes the job of the hypnotherapist:"Induces hypnotic state in client to increase motivation or alter behavior patterns: Consults with client to determine nature of problem. Prepares client to enter hypnotic state by explaining how hypnosis works and what client will experience. Tests subject to determine degree of physical and emotional suggestibility. Induces hypnotic state in client, using individualized methods and techniques of hypnosis based on interpretation of test results and analysis of client's problem. May train client in self-hypnosis conditioning."


title: Hypnotherapy

text: The form of hypnotherapy practiced by most Victorian hypnotists, including James Braid and Hippolyte Bernheim, mainly employed direct suggestion of symptom removal, with some use of therapeutic relaxation and occasionally aversion to alcohol, drugs, etc.


title: Hypnotherapy

text: In the 1950s, Milton H. Erickson developed a radically different approach to hypnotism, which has subsequently become known as "Ericksonian hypnotherapy" or "Neo-Ericksonian hypnotherapy." Based on his belief that dysfunctional behaviors were defined by social tension, Erickson coopted the subject's behavior to establish rapport, a strategy he termed "utilization." Once rapport was established, he made use of an informal conversational approach to direct awareness. His methods included complex language patterns and client-specific therapeutic strategies (reflecting the nature of utilization). He claimed to have developed ways to suggest behavior changes during apparently ordinary conversation.


title: Hypnotherapy

text: This divergence from tradition led some, including Andre Weitzenhoffer, to dispute whether Erickson was right to label his approach "hypnosis" at all. Erickson's foundational paper, however, considers hypnosis as a mental state in which specific types of "work" may be done, rather than a technique of induction.


title: Hypnotherapy

text: The founders of neuro-linguistic programming (NLP), a method somewhat similar in some regards to some versions of hypnotherapy, claimed that they had modelled the work of Erickson extensively and assimilated it into their approach. Weitzenhoffer disputed whether NLP bears any genuine resemblance to Erickson's work.


title: Hypnotherapy

text: In the 2000s, hypnotherapists began to combine aspects of solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) with Ericksonian hypnotherapy to produce therapy that was goal-focused (what the client wanted to achieve) rather than the more traditional problem-focused approach (spending time discussing the issues that brought the client to seek help). A solution-focused hypnotherapy session may include techniques from NLP.


title: Hypnotherapy

text: Cognitive behavioral hypnotherapy (CBH) is an integrated psychological therapy employing clinical hypnosis and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). The use of CBT in conjunction with hypnotherapy may result in greater treatment effectiveness. A meta-analysis of eight different researches revealed "a 70% greater improvement" for patients undergoing an integrated treatment to those using CBT only.


title: Hypnotherapy

text: In 1974, Theodore X. Barber and his colleagues published a review of the research which argued, following the earlier social psychology of Theodore R. Sarbin, that hypnotism was better understood not as a "special state" but as the result of normal psychological variables, such as active imagination, expectation, appropriate attitudes, and motivation. Barber introduced the term "cognitive-behavioral" to describe the nonstate theory of hypnotism, and discussed its application to behavior therapy.


title: Hypnotherapy

text: The growing application of cognitive and behavioral psychological theories and concepts to the explanation of hypnosis paved the way for a closer integration of hypnotherapy with various cognitive and behavioral therapies.


title: Hypnotherapy

text: Many cognitive and behavioral therapies were themselves originally influenced by older hypnotherapy techniques, e.g., the systematic desensitisation of Joseph Wolpe, the cardinal technique of early behavior therapy, was originally called "hypnotic desensitisation" and derived from the "Medical Hypnosis" (1948) of Lewis Wolberg.


title: Hypnotherapy

text: Dr. Peter Marshall, author of "A Handbook of Hypnotherapy", devised the Trance Theory of Mental Illness, which asserts that people suffering from depression, or certain other kinds of neuroses, are already living in a trance. He asserts that this means the hypnotherapist does not need to induce trance, but instead to make them understand this and lead them out of it.


title: Hypnotherapy

text: Mindful hypnotherapy is therapy that incorporates mindfulness and hypnotherapy. A pilot study was made at Baylor University, Texas, and published in the "International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis". Dr. Gary Elkins, director of the Mind-Body Medicine Research Laboratory at Baylor University called it "a valuable option for treating anxiety and stress reduction” and "an innovative mind-body therapy". The study showed a decrease in stress and an increase in mindfulness.


title: Hypnotherapy

text: Hypnotherapy practitioners occasionally attract the attention of mainstream medicine. Attempts to instill academic rigor have been frustrated by the complexity of client suggestibility, which has social and cultural aspects, including the reputation of the practitioner. Results achieved in one time and center of study have not been reliably transmitted to future generations.


title: Hypnotherapy

text: In the 1700s Anton Mesmer offered pseudoscientific justification for his practices, but his rationalizations were debunked by a commission that included Benjamin Franklin.


title: Hypnotherapy

text: Clinicians choose hypnotherapy to address a wide range of circumstances; however, according to Yeates (2016), people choose to have hypnotherapy for many other reasons:


title: Hypnotherapy

text: There is evidence supporting the use of hypnotherapy in the treatment of menopause related symptoms, including hot flashes. The North American Menopause Society recommends hypnotherapy for the nonhormonal management of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms, giving it the highest level of evidence.


title: Hypnotherapy

text: The use of hypnotherapy in treating the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome is supported by research, including randomized controlled trials. A 2015 audit of 1000 patients undertaking gut-focused hypnotherapy in normal clinical practice found that hypnotherapy was an effective intervention for refractory IBS. Gut-directed hypnotherapy is recommended in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome by the American College of Gastroenterology clinical guideline for the management of IBS.


title: Hypnotherapy

text: Hypnotherapy is often applied in the birthing process and the post-natal period, but there is insufficient evidence to determine if it alleviates pain during childbirth and no evidence that it is effective against post-natal depression. Until 2012, there was no thorough research on this topic. However, in 2013 the study was conducted during which it was found that: "The use of hypnosis in childbirth leads to a decrease in the amount of pharmacological analgesia and oxytocin used, which reduces the duration of the first stage of labor". In 2013, studies were conducted in Denmark, during which it was concluded that "The self-hypnosis course improves the experience of childbirth in women and also reduces the level of fear". In 2015, a similar study was conducted in the UK by a group of researchers: "The positive experience of self-hypnosis gives a sense of calm, confidence and empowerment in childbirth". Hypnobirthing has been used by individual such as Catherine, Princess of Wales.


title: Hypnotherapy

text: Literature shows that a wide variety of hypnotic interventions have been investigated for the treatment of bulimia nervosa, with inconclusive effect. Similar studies have shown that groups suffering from bulimia nervosa, undergoing hypnotherapy, were more exceptional to no treatment, placebos, or other alternative treatments.


title: Hypnotherapy

text: Hypnotherapy is shown to be comparable in effectiveness to other forms of therapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, that utilize relaxation techniques and imagery. It has also shown to be successful when used to reduce anxiety in those with dental anxiety and phobias.


title: Hypnotherapy

text: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and its symptoms have been show to improve due to implementation of hypnotherapy, in both long and short term. As research continues, hypnotherapy is being more openly considered as an effective intervention for those with PTSD.


title: Hypnotherapy

text: Hypnotherapy has been show to be effective when used to treat long term depressive symptoms. It has show to be comparable to the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy, and when used in tandem, efficacy seems to increase.


title: Hypnotherapy

text: Among its many other applications in other medical domains, hypnotism was used therapeutically, by some alienists in the Victorian era, to treat the condition then known as hysteria.


title: Hypnotherapy

text: Modern hypnotherapy is widely accepted for the treatment of certain habit disorders, to control irrational fears, as well as in the treatment of conditions such as insomnia and addiction. Hypnosis has also been used to enhance recovery from non-psychological conditions such as after surgical procedures, in breast cancer care and even with gastro-intestinal problems.


title: Hypnotherapy

text: The laws regarding hypnosis and hypnotherapy vary by state and municipality. Some states, like Colorado, Connecticut and Washington, have mandatory licensing and registration requirements, while many other states have no specific regulations governing the practice of hypnotherapy.


title: Hypnotherapy

text: In 2002, the Department for Education and Skills developed National Occupational Standards for hypnotherapy linked to National Vocational Qualifications based on the then National Qualifications Framework under the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority. NCFE, a national awarding body, issues level four national vocational qualification diploma in hypnotherapy. Currently AIM Awards offers a Level 3 Certificate in Hypnotherapy and Counselling Skills at level 3 of the Regulated Qualifications Framework.


title: Hypnotherapy

text: The regulation of the hypnotherapy profession in the UK is at present the main focus of UKCHO, a non-profit umbrella body for hypnotherapy organisations. Founded in 1998 to provide a non-political arena to discuss and implement changes to the profession of hypnotherapy, UKCHO currently represents 9 of the UK's professional hypnotherapy organisations and has developed standards of training for hypnotherapists, along with codes of conduct and practice that all UKCHO registered hypnotherapists are governed by. As a step towards the regulation of the profession, UKCHO's website now includes a National Public Register of Hypnotherapists who have been registered by UKCHO's Member Organisations and are therefore subject to UKCHO's professional standards. Further steps to full regulation of the hypnotherapy profession will be taken in consultation with the Prince's Foundation for Integrated Health.


title: Hypnotherapy

text: The National Council for Hypnotherapy is a Professional Association, established in 1973 to create a National Membership Organisation for independent Hypnotherapy Practitioners.


title: Hypnotherapy

text: Professional hypnotherapy and use of the occupational titles "hypnotherapist" or "clinical hypnotherapist" are not government-regulated in Australia.


title: Hypnotherapy

text: In 1996, as a result of a three-year research project led by Lindsay B. Yeates, the Australian Hypnotherapists Association (founded in 1949), the oldest hypnotism-oriented professional organization in Australia, instituted a peer-group accreditation system for full-time Australian professional hypnotherapists, the first of its kind in the world, which "accredit[ed] specific individuals on the basis of their actual demonstrated knowledge and clinical performance; instead of approving particular 'courses' or approving particular 'teaching institutions'" (Yeates, 1996, p.iv; 1999, p.xiv). The system was further revised in 1999.


title: Hypnotherapy

text: Australian hypnotism/hypnotherapy organizations (including the Australian Hypnotherapists Association) are seeking government regulation similar to other mental health professions. However, currently hypnotherapy is not subject to government regulation through the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA).


title: Michael Winner

text: Robert Michael Winner (30 October 1935 – 21 January 2013) was a British filmmaker, writer, and media personality. He is known for directing numerous action, thriller, and black comedy films in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, including several collaborations with actors Oliver Reed and Charles Bronson.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner's best-known works include "Death Wish" (1974) and its first two sequels, the World War II comedy "Hannibal Brooks" (1969), the hitman thriller "The Mechanic" (1972), the supernatural horror film "The Sentinel" (1977), the neo-noir "The Big Sleep" (1978), the satirical comedy "Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood" (1976), and the Revisionist Westerns "Lawman" (1971) and "Chato's Land" (1972).


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner was known as a media personality in the United Kingdom, appearing regularly on television talk programmes and publishing a restaurant review column for "The Sunday Times". He was also a founder of the Police Memorial Trust.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner was born at 40, Belsize Grove, Belsize Park, Hampstead, London, England, only child of Jewish parents George Joseph Winner (1910–1975), of Russian origin, and Helen (née Zlota; 1906-1984), of Polish parentage. George Winner was a businessman and company director responsible for running a branch of the Winner's clothing chain founded by his father, who became a naturalized British citizen in 1910. Following his father's death, Winner's mother gambled recklessly and sold art and furniture worth around £10m at the time, bequeathed to her not only for her life but to Michael thereafter. She died at the age of 78, in 1984.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner was educated at St Christopher School, Letchworth, and Downing College, Cambridge, where he read law and economics. He also edited the university's student newspaper, "Varsity", and was the youngest ever editor up to that time, both in age and in terms of his university career (being only in the second term of his second year). Winner had earlier written a newspaper column, "Michael Winner's Showbiz Gossip", in the "Kensington Post" from the age of 14. The first issue of "Showgirl Glamour Revue" in 1955 had him writing another film and show-business gossip column, "Winner's World". Such jobs allowed him to meet and interview several leading film personalities, including James Stewart and Marlene Dietrich. He also wrote for the "New Musical Express".


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner directed his first travelogue, "This is Belgium" (1957), which was largely shot on location in East Grinstead. It was financed by his father. Later, he wrote, produced and directed a short, "The Square" (1957), starring A. E. Matthews, and which again was financed by Winner's father.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner's first on-screen feature credit was earned as a writer for the low-budget crime film "Man with a Gun" (1958) directed by Montgomery Tully. He went on to direct the shorts "Danger, Women at Work" (1959) and "Watch the Birdie" (1959), and was Associate Producer on "Floating Fortress" (1959), produced by Harold Baim.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner's first feature as director was "Shoot to Kill" (1960), which he also wrote. Dermot Walsh starred. He followed this with "Climb Up the Wall" (1960), which was essentially a series of music acts presented by Jack Jackson, but which Winner nonetheless wrote and directed.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner's third feature as director was the thriller "Murder on the Campus" (1961), also known as "Out of the Shadow", which Winner also wrote and helped produce. Dermot Walsh starred once again, together with Terence Longdon. Shortly afterwards, Winner wrote and directed the short "Girls Girls Girls!" (1961) which was narrated by Jackson, and directed the short feature "Old Mac" (1961), written by Richard Aubrey and starring Charles Lamb, Vi Stevens and Tania Mallet.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner directed the shorts "Haunted England" (1961), "It's Magic" (1962), and "Behave Yourself" (1962), the latter of which was based on Emily Post's "Book of Manners", and whose cast included Jackson and Dennis Price.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner achieved success with a musical he directed, "Play It Cool" (1962), starring Billy Fury and Michael Anderson Jr., and which was distributed by Anglo-Amalgamated.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner's next feature, "Some Like It Cool" (1962), is the tale of a young woman who introduces her prudish husband and in-laws to the joys of nudism. Filmed at Longleat, Winner was afraid the sight of bare flesh would offend the magistrate for the area, so he confided his worries to the landowner, the Marquess of Bath. 'Don't worry,' said the Marquess, 'I am the local magistrate.' The film cost £9,000 and Winner said it made its money back in a week.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner went on to update Gilbert and Sullivan, writing the screenplay and directing a version of "The Mikado" titled "The Cool Mikado" (1963), starring Frankie Howerd and Stubby Kaye and which was produced by Harold Baim.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner's first significant project was "West 11" (1963), a realistic tale of London drifters starring Alfred Lynch, Eric Portman and Diana Dors, and which was based on a script by Hall and Waterhouse.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner's film "The System" (1964), also known as "The Girl-Getters", began a partnership with actor Oliver Reed that would last for six films over a 25-year period, and was based on a script by Peter Draper. Winner would later receive an offer from Columbia to direct a comedy, "You Must Be Joking!" (1965). It starred American actor Michael Callan and a supporting cast that included Lionel Jeffries and Denholm Elliott, while Winner also wrote the script.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner was reunited with Reed on "The Jokers" (1967), a comedy where Reed was teamed with Michael Crawford. It was based on a script by Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais from a story by Winner for his own company, Scimitar Productions (for Universal's English operations, then under Jay Kanter). The resulting movie was a popular hit.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner and Reed then made the comedy-drama "I'll Never Forget What's'isname" (1967), co-starring Orson Welles, Carol White and Harry Andrews, also for Scimitar. Draper wrote the script, which was a spoof of the advertising world, and the film was also done for Universal.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner did some uncredited directing on "A Little of What You Fancy" (1967), a documentary about the history of the British music hall. Then he and Reed made their fourth feature together, the World War II satire "Hannibal Brooks" (1969), again from a Clement/La Frenais script and based on a story by Winner.


title: Michael Winner

text: 20th Century Fox hired Winner to direct "The Games" (1970), a film about the Olympic Games and which starred Ryan O'Neal and Stanley Baker, with script by Eric Segal.


title: Michael Winner

text: "Hannibal Brooks" drew notice in Hollywood, and Winner soon received an opportunity to direct his first American film, for United Artists; this was "Lawman" (1971), a Western starring Burt Lancaster and Robert Duvall, and for which Gerald Wilson was the writer.


title: Michael Winner

text: Back in England, Winner directed Marlon Brando in "The Nightcomers" (1971), a prequel to "The Turn of the Screw" by Henry James, the first of many films for which Winner was credited as editor using the pseudonym 'Arnold Crust'.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner edited, produced and directed "Chato's Land" (1972), recounting a mixed race native American fighting with white people. It starred Charles Bronson and was done for Scimitar through United Artists. Once more, Gerald Wilson wrote the script. Winner's second film for Bronson and United Artists was "The Mechanic" (1972), a thriller in which professional assassins are depicted. It was based on a story and script by Lewis John Carlino and Winner also edited, although he did not produce; he replaced Monte Hellman as director.


title: Michael Winner

text: The following year, Winner cast Lancaster again in the espionage drama "Scorpio" (1973), co-starring Alain Delon and made for Scimitar and United Artists. Winner also produced and directed a third film with Bronson, "The Stone Killer" (1973), for Columbia and in collaboration with producer Dino De Laurentiis.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner and Bronson collaborated on "Death Wish" (1974), a film that defined the subsequent careers of both men. Based on a novel by Brian Garfield and adapted for the screen by Wendell Mayes, "Death Wish" was originally planned for director Sidney Lumet, under contract with United Artists. The commitment of Lumet to another film and UA's questioning of its subject matter, led to the film's eventual production by De Laurentiis through Paramount Pictures. "Death Wish" follows Paul Kersey, a liberal New York architect who becomes a gun-wielding vigilante after his wife is murdered and daughter is raped. With a script adjusted to Bronson's persona, the film generated controversy during its screenings but was one of the year's highest grossers.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner tried to break out of action films with "Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood" (1976), an animal comedy Winner produced and directed, starring Bruce Dern, Madeline Kahn, Art Carney, and Milton Berle. Intended as a satire of Hollywood, it was a financial failure. Of modest success was his horror film "The Sentinel" (1977), which Winner wrote, produced and directed for Universal, and which was based on the novel by Jeffrey Konvitz.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner then wrote, produced and directed the remake of Raymond Chandler's novel "The Big Sleep" (1978), starring Robert Mitchum as Philip Marlowe with a strong support cast including John Mills, Sarah Miles, Richard Boone and Candy Clarke. The film was relocated to England, and financed by ITC Films. Also for ITC, Winner produced, edited and directed the organized crime thriller "Firepower" (1979). It was meant to star Bronson, who withdrew, and wound up starring Sophia Loren and James Coburn.


title: Michael Winner

text: By the early 1980s, Winner found himself in great need of a successful film and accepted Charles Bronson's request to film "Death Wish II" (1981), a sequel to the 1974 hit. Bronson had already signed a lucrative deal with Cannon Films, independent producer of exploitation fare and marginal art house titles. The sequel, co-starring Bronson's wife Jill Ireland, considerably increased the violence to more graphic levels. Winner said the film was 'the same, but different', to the original. 'That's what sequels are – "Rocky II", "Rocky III" – you don't see Sylvester Stallone move to the Congo and become a nurse. Here the look of LA is what's different. Besides – rape doesn't date!' "Death Wish II" made a $2 million profit for Cannon films and made an extra $29 million worldwide.


title: Michael Winner

text: The success of "Death Wish II" enabled Winner to raise money from Cannon for a dream project: a 1983 remake of 1945's "The Wicked Lady", this time starring Faye Dunaway and which Winner wrote, produced and directed.


title: Michael Winner

text: For Miracle Films, Winner produced and directed the thriller "Scream for Help" (1984). He also produced the film "Claudia" (1985), doing some uncredited directing and editing.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner was reunited with Bronson and Cannon for "Death Wish 3" (1985), which – although set in New York City – was mostly filmed in London for budgetary reasons. Winner produced and edited."


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner was also attached to direct Cannon's 1990 film "Captain America", from a script by James Silke, which he would revise with Stan Hey, and then Stan Lee and Lawrence Block. By 1987, however, Winner was off the project.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner's final film for Cannon was an adaptation of the Agatha Christie novel "Appointment with Death" (1989) starring Peter Ustinov as Poirot. Winner produced, edited and directed; but despite a strong support cast including Lauren Bacall and Carrie Fisher, the film flopped.


title: Michael Winner

text: After Cannon Films entered bankruptcy, Winner confined himself to British productions. He produced and directed an adaptation of the Alan Ayckbourn musical play "A Chorus of Disapproval" (1989) with Anthony Hopkins, and also wrote the script with Ayckbourn.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner produced, directed and edited the Michael Caine and Roger Moore farce "Bullseye!" (1990), based on a story by Winner. The film's reception was generally poor, with the film being described as "appallingly unfunny" in "The Radio Times Guide to Films". Later, he wrote, produced and directed "Dirty Weekend" (1993), starring Lia Williams; and hosted the television series "True Crimes", which was cancelled in 1994.


title: Michael Winner

text: In 1994, Winner appeared as a guest artist – alongside Joan Collins, Christopher Biggins and Marc Sinden (who in 1983 had appeared in Winner's "The Wicked Lady") – in Steven Berkoff's film version of his own play "Decadence".


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner's final film as director was "Parting Shots" (1999), which he also wrote, produced and edited. The film was critically reviled and flopped commercially.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner was a regular panellist on BBC Radio 4's "Any Questions", and later appeared on television programmes including BBC1's "Question Time" and BBC2's "Have I Got News for You". He was also an occasional columnist for the "Daily Mail" throughout the 2000s, and an honorary member of BAFTA and of the Directors Guild of Great Britain. His autobiography "Winner Takes All: A Life of Sorts" was published by Robson Books in 2006, it largely describes his experiences with many big-screen actors. Winner also wrote a dieting book, "The Fat Pig Diet Book".


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner also featured in television commercials that he himself directed for insurance company esure between 2002 and 2009, with his trade-mark catchphrase 'Calm down, dear! It's just a commercial!' He was referred to repeatedly in the "QI" edition "Illness".


title: Michael Winner

text: He was the subject of "This Is Your Life" in 2001 when he was surprised by Michael Aspel while dining with friends at a central London restaurant.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner appeared in the first series of The Apprentice UK. He agreed to participate in a charity auction, offering dinner for four and two bottles of house wine at "London's most difficult restaurant to get in," The Ivy. The experience sold for £2,600.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner became engaged to Geraldine Lynton-Edwards in 2007. They had met in 1957, when he was a 21-year-old film-maker and she was a 16-year-old actress and ballet dancer. They married on 19 September 2011 at Chelsea Town Hall, London. Michael and Shakira Caine were witnesses to the ceremony.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner lived in the former home of painter Luke Fildes in Holland Park, Woodland House, designed for Fildes by Richard Norman Shaw. It was announced in 2008 that Winner intended to leave his house as a museum, but discussions with Kensington and Chelsea council apparently stalled after they were unable to meet the £15 million cost of purchasing the freehold of the property, the lease of which expires in 2046.


title: Michael Winner

text: On 1 January 2007, Winner acquired the bacterial infection "Vibrio vulnificus" from eating an oyster in Barbados. He almost had a leg amputated, and verged on the brink of death several times. Before recovering, Winner was infected with the 'hospital superbug' MRSA. In September 2011, he was admitted to hospital with food poisoning after eating steak tartare, a raw meat dish, four days in a row. The dish is not recommended for those with a weak immune system, and in retrospect Winner regarded his decision to eat it as 'stupid'.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner was an active proponent of law enforcement issues, and established the Police Memorial Trust after WPC Yvonne Fletcher was murdered in 1984. Thirty-six local memorials honouring police officers who died in the line of duty, have been erected since 1985, beginning with that of Fletcher in St. James's Square, London. The National Police Memorial, opposite St. James's Park at the junction of Horse Guards Road and The Mall, was also unveiled by Queen Elizabeth II on 26 April 2005.


title: Michael Winner

text: In 2006, it was revealed that Winner had been offered but declined an OBE in the Queen's Birthday Honours for his part in campaigning for the Police Memorial Trust. Winner remarked: 'An OBE is what you get if you clean the toilets well at King's Cross station.' Winner subsequently alleged (on his Twitter page) that he had also turned down a knighthood.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner remained prominent in British life for other reasons, including his outspoken restaurant reviews. His fame as a restaurant critic was such that, at a Cornwall cafe, an unconsumed piece of his serving of lemon drizzle cake was incorporated into the Museum of Celebrity Leftovers. Winner wrote his column, "Winner's Dinners", in "The Sunday Times" for more than twenty years. On 2 December 2012, he announced that he was to contribute his last review because of poor health, which had put him in hospital eight times in the previous seven months.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner was an outspoken character. He was a member of the Conservative Party and supporter of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Winner was praised for having liberal views on gay rights, in particular during an episode of "Richard Littlejohn Live and Uncut", where he attacked the presenter (who had been in the midst of an attack on two lesbian guests) for his stance on same-sex marriage and parenting, going so far as to say to him 'The lesbians have come over with considerable dignity whereas you have come over as an arsehole.' After Winner's death, this moment was brought up many times in eulogies to him. In a 2009 interview with "The Daily Telegraph", Winner bemoaned political correctness, and said that if he was Prime Minister, he would be 'to the right of Hitler'.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner was an art collector, and a connoisseur of British illustration. Winner's art collection includes works by Jan Micker, William James, Edmund Dulac, E. H. Shepard, Arthur Rackham, Kay Nielsen and Beatrix Potter. His collection once included almost 200 signed colour-washed illustrations by Donald McGill.


title: Michael Winner

text: Winner spent his free time gardening ('my garden is floodlit, so I quite often garden after midnight') or with a string of girlfriends, notably the actress Jenny Seagrove. He claimed that his life had not altered in the past 40 years: 'I do essentially the same things I did as an 18-year-old,' he said. 'I go on dates, I make films, I write. Nothing has really changed.'


title: Michael Winner

text: In an interview with "The Times" in October 2012, Winner said liver specialists had told him that he had between 18 months and two years to live. He said he had researched assisted suicide offered at the Dignitas clinic in Switzerland, but found the bureaucracy of the process off-putting. Winner died at his home, Woodland House in Holland Park, on 21 January 2013, aged 77. Winner was buried following a traditional Jewish funeral at Willesden Jewish Cemetery.


title: Michael Winner

text: Following the allegations made against Harvey Weinstein in October 2017, Winner was accused by three women, Debbie Arnold, Cindy Marshall-Day and an unidentified woman, of demanding they expose their breasts to him – in Arnold's case during an audition at his home. The two named women refused. Actress Marina Sirtis, who was directed by Winner in "The Wicked Lady" and "Death Wish 3", has implied she was mistreated by Winner, as reported by "The Stage" in 2019:


title: Jason Molina

text: Jason Andrew Molina (December 30, 1973 – March 16, 2013) was an American musician, singer and songwriter. Raised in northern Ohio, he came to prominence performing and recording as Songs: Ohia, both in solo projects and with a rotating cast of musicians in the late 1990s. Beginning in 2003, he would garner a further indie following for his releases with the band Magnolia Electric Co.


title: Jason Molina

text: Molina had a prolific career between his two musical projects and solo releases, producing a total of sixteen studio albums, eight EPs, and numerous singles. His overall discography was noted by critics for blending elements of indie rock, blues, and alternative country with his tenor vocal range.


title: Jason Molina

text: In 2009, Molina canceled a tour with Will Johnson, citing health problems. He spent the next four years dealing with alcoholism, which ultimately resulted in his death from multiple organ failure in March 2013.


title: Jason Molina

text: Molina was born December 30, 1973 in Oberlin, Ohio. His father was a middle school teacher. He had one brother, Aaron, and one sister, Ashley. Molina was raised in Lorain, Ohio, an industrial town 25 miles west of Cleveland, and grew up in a single-wide trailer on Lake Erie. He began playing guitar at age 10. Molina attended Admiral King High School, graduating in 1992. During school, he played bass guitar, most notably with the metal band Spineriders.


title: Jason Molina

text: Molina attended Oberlin College, graduating with a bachelor of arts degree in art history in 1996. After playing bass guitar in various metal bands in and around Cleveland, Molina became a solo artist under an assumed band name, recruiting other musicians for each project as needed. He made several home recordings under various names, including "Songs: Albian", "Songs: Radix", and "Songs: Unitas", which he distributed himself at live performances.


title: Jason Molina

text: Songs: Ohia was largely a project of revolving musicians with Molina as its center and sole stable member. The band's genre is generally considered indie rock, lo-fi, folk, or alt-country. The second part of the name is an allusion to both the Hawaiian tree "'Ōhi'a lehua" and Molina's home state of Ohio.


title: Jason Molina

text: The first Songs: Ohia release came in 1995 as a single on Palace Records, "Nor Cease Thou Never Now". This was followed by the 1997 full-length album "Songs: Ohia" (known among fans as the "Black Album"), released on the Bloomington, Indiana-based label Secretly Canadian.


title: Jason Molina

text: In 2000, Molina released three albums: "The Lioness", recorded in Glasgow by producer Andy Miller with help from Alasdair Roberts and members of Arab Strap; "Ghost Tropic", recorded by Mike Mogis; and "Protection Spells", a solo album sold at live shows and now out of print. By 2000, Molina had given his tenor guitar a rest in favor of a regular six-string electric guitar and put together a full band to back him, including brothers Rob and Dan Sullivan on bass and guitar, Jeff Panall on drums, and Jim Grabowski on organ. In the same year the touring band recorded a live album near Modena, Italy, released locally in 2001 as "Mi Sei Apparso Come Un Fantasma".


title: Jason Molina

text: In 2002, Molina recorded "" in Philadelphia with members of bluegrass band Jim & Jennie & the Pinetops. On the album, named after a Mahalia Jackson song, the band achieved an almost gospel sound that was a vast departure from the dense feel of "Ghost Tropic". Constantly recording and writing new songs, Songs: Ohia released a handful of singles and EPs in 2002, including a split EP with My Morning Jacket and a collaborative EP (under the name Amalgamated Sons of Rest) with Will Oldham and Alasdair Roberts.


title: Jason Molina

text: The 2003 release "Magnolia Electric Co." marked a shift in direction for Songs: Ohia. Every song was recorded live in the studio with a full touring band plus musicians from "Didn't It Rain".


title: Jason Molina

text: The album's sound draws heavily from the heartland rock and folk-rock of the 1960s/70s, as well as Molina's heavy metal roots (British metal pioneers Black Sabbath are often cited as one of Molina's influences).


title: Jason Molina

text: In March 2003, while on tour, Molina announced that he would rename the band Magnolia Electric Co., retaining the stylistic direction of the album of the same name. He also continued to release solo work under his own name. The first such release came in January 2004 as the full-length vinyl release "Pyramid Electric Co."


title: Jason Molina

text: Though "Magnolia Electric Co." and "Pyramid Electric Co." were originally intended as a double album, the latter seems to be the stylistic polar opposite of the former.


title: Jason Molina

text: Engineered by Mike Mogis, who also engineered "Ghost Tropic", "Pyramid" found Molina alone at the microphone with only his voice and a piano or guitar. Magnolia Electric Co.'s first official release was a live album, "Trials and Errors", followed by a studio album, "What Comes After the Blues", and an EP, "Hard to Love a Man", all released in 2005. In 2006, Molina released two more records: the sparse solo "Let Me Go, Let Me Go, Let Me Go" and the more conventional "Fading Trails" with Magnolia Electric Co., the latter culled from three separate sessions over the previous year.


title: Jason Molina

text: It is not entirely clear when Songs: Ohia became Magnolia Electric Co. In interviews, Molina claimed that he considered the tenure of Songs: Ohia over after "Didn't It Rain", which would make "Magnolia Electric Co." the self-titled debut album under the new name. The name "Songs: Ohia" appears nowhere on the artwork of the album and only a promotional sticker on the cellophane wrapping connects it with the prior name. Nevertheless, Secretly Canadian still promotes the album under the Songs: Ohia moniker. On the other hand, the Magnolia Electric Co. live album "Trials and Errors" was recorded on April 16, 2003, at the Ancienne Belgique club in Brussels, at a time when the band was still touring under the Songs: Ohia name. Pitchfork Media later reported that name change would be made official after the Spanish tour in October 2003.


title: Jason Molina

text: According to Magnolia Electric Co. bandmate Jason Groth, Molina "and the bottle had a complicated relationship" dating back as far as 2003. The full extent of his alcoholism was not revealed to many of his close friends until after 2009.


title: Jason Molina

text: A European tour for Molina & Johnson in support of their self-titled album was scheduled for November and December 2009; the tour was canceled on November 23, three days before it was to begin. A brief note on the band's website blamed "health problems" (without elaborating) for the cancelations and noted, "Jason Molina is extremely disappointed but there is no way he can be on the road at the present time." A U.S. leg of the Molina & Johnson tour was scheduled for January and February 2010 but was canceled in early December with another brief note on the band's website citing Molina's "present health issues". Following this announcement, Molina effectively withdrew from public life.


title: Jason Molina

text: On September 19, 2011, a message from Molina's family was posted on the Secretly Canadian Records website, titled "Where Is Jason Molina?", which said that over the preceding two years Molina had visited rehab facilities and hospitals in England, Chicago, Indianapolis, and New Orleans for an unnamed condition. His family wrote that he was "currently working on a farm in West Virginia raising goats and chickens for the next year or so, and is looking forward to making great music again."


title: Jason Molina

text: On May 5, 2012, a post titled "a note from jason" was posted on the Magnolia Electric Co. website, explaining certain aspects of his situation for the first time. Saying that it had been "a long hospital year", Molina expressed gratitude and appreciation for the monetary and emotional support he had received from fans and friends. He gave a brief update on his condition, saying, "Treatment is good, getting to deal with a lot of things that even the music didn't want to. I have not given up because you, my friends have not given up on me." The note concludes optimistically, saying that there were a few music projects on the "distant radar screen".


title: Jason Molina

text: Molina died on March 16, 2013, in Indianapolis of alcohol abuse-related organ failure. He was 39. His friend Henry Owings published an article in his online music magazine "Chunklet" that said Molina had struggled with alcoholism for most of the decade leading up to his death. Owings also wrote that Molina had "cashed out on Saturday night in Indianapolis with nothing but a cell phone in his pocket". Molina was cremated.


title: Jason Molina

text: Following 2013, two posthumous 7-inch singles of Townes Van Zandt and Black Sabbath covers were released. In May 2013, Graveface Records released a double CD called "Weary Engine Blues: A Tribute to Jason Molina". Additionally, a biography of Molina, "Jason Molina: Riding with the Ghost", was published in May 2017 by Erin Osmon. A plaque dedicated in Molina's memory was erected on the entrance of Secretly Canadian's second storage facility. In January 2018, the indie label Dead Oceans published in homage to Molina the cooperation single "Farewell Transmission b/w The Dark Don't Hide It" by Kevin Morby and Waxahatchee. Two posthumous albums, "Live at La Chapelle" and "Eight Gates", were released by Secretly Canadian in 2020.


title: Jason Molina

text: Music critics noted Molina's music for its unique blend of indie rock with blues, alternative country, and lo-fi music, which combined "Rust Belt grit with Americana music's pastoral imagery." "The New York Times"s William Yardley characterized Molina as a "balladeer of heartbreak". He possessed a tenor vocal range.


title: Jason Molina

text: According to Molina, he treated his work as a musician like a standard job, writing music eight hours per day. "I throw away most of what I write", he said in a 2006 interview. "I feel a lot of guilt about the freedom that being an artist provides. I ask myself, 'Why am I not the guy emptying the trash, why am I the guy who is watching the guy empty the trash?


title: Jason Molina

text: Molina was married to Darcie Schoenman Molina. They had no children and were estranged at the time of his death.


title: Pokémon universe

text: The "Pokémon" universe is a fictional universe that encompasses the "Pokémon" media franchise, including stories and fictional works produced by The Pokémon Company, Nintendo, Game Freak and Creatures, Inc. The concept of the "Pokémon" universe, in both the fictional works and the general nonfictional world of "Pokémon", stems from the hobby of insect collecting, a popular pastime which "Pokémon" creator Satoshi Tajiri enjoyed as a child. Players of the video games are designated as Pokémon Trainers and the two general goals (in most "Pokémon" games) for such Trainers are: to complete the Pokédex by collecting all of the available Pokémon species found in the fictional region where that game takes place and to train a team of powerful Pokémon to compete against teams owned by other Trainers and eventually become the strongest Trainer: the Pokémon Champion. These themes of collecting, training and battling are present in almost every version of the Pokémon franchise, including the video game series, the anime series, the manga series, the film series and the Pokémon Trading Card Game.


title: Pokémon universe

text: Although Pokémon battles between Trainers is popular in the "Pokémon" universe, the series also emphasizes the harmony between people and Pokémon. Pokémon battles are treated like a competitive sport where both Pokémon and humans have fun. Pokémon rarely sustain fatal injuries during these battles and they also can obtain remedies for their ailments in a Pokémon Center, a specialized hospital for Pokémon.


title: Pokémon universe

text: There are several regions that have appeared in the various media of the "Pokémon" franchise. Each of the nine generations of the main series releases focus on a new region. Moreover, several regions have been introduced in spin-off games and two in the "Pokémon" anime, though most of these are still within the same fictional universe. Usually, the different regions are not accessible from one another via land (or at all within a single game). However, Kanto can be accessed from Johto and vice versa via the sea in "Pokémon Gold", "Silver", "Crystal", "HeartGold" and "SoulSilver" versions.


title: Pokémon universe

text: Every region consists of several cities and towns that the player must explore in order to overcome many waiting challenges, such as Gyms, Contests, and villainous teams. At different locations within each region, the player can find different types of Pokémon, as well as helpful items and characters. Many regions are on separate continents with the earlier introduced regions (Kanto, Johto, Hoenn, and Sinnoh) being based on parts of Japan, with later regions being based on parts of the United States (Unova and Alola), France (Kalos), the United Kingdom (Galar), and the Iberian Peninsula (Paldea).


title: Pokémon universe

text: The Kanto region is the setting of "Pokémon Red", "Blue" and "Yellow" and their remakes, "Pokémon FireRed", "LeafGreen", . Based on and named after the Kantō region of Japan, this setting started the precedent of basing the geography and culture of the game's region on a real world setting. This region is also visited in "Pokémon Gold", "Silver", "Crystal", "HeartGold" and "SoulSilver".


title: Pokémon universe

text: The Johto region is the setting of the second generation of "Pokémon" games, which includes "Pokémon Gold", "Silver", "Crystal" and their remakes, "Pokémon HeartGold" and "SoulSilver". Again based on an area of Japan, this game's geography is based upon the Kansai, Tokai and eastern Shikoku areas of the country. The game setting draws upon the Kansai region's abundance of temples, the architectural design of the Kansai region and its geographical sights, such as Mount Fuji and the Naruto whirlpools.


title: Pokémon universe

text: The Hoenn region is the setting of the third generation of "Pokémon" games, "Pokémon Ruby", "Sapphire" and "Emerald", as well as their remakes "Pokémon Omega Ruby" and "Alpha Sapphire". This time being based on the Japanese island of Kyushu; the real world and game region share an abundance of smaller islands around the main one and a subtropical climate. Like Sinnoh, this region is known to have a large range of various natural environments, such as rainforests and deserts.


title: Pokémon universe

text: The Sinnoh region is the setting of the fourth generation of "Pokémon" games, which encompasses the setting of "Pokémon Diamond", "Pearl" and "Platinum", as well as their remakes "Pokémon Brilliant Diamond and Shining Pearl" and "". It is based on the northernmost island of Japan, Hokkaidō. The region was meant to have a "northern" feel, with some routes being entirely covered in snow.


title: Pokémon universe

text: The Battle Zone (Japanese: バトルゾーン Battle Zone) is a sub-region of Sinnoh located on a separate landmass northeast of the mainland.


title: Pokémon universe

text: Three settlements are located in the Battle Zone: the Fight Area, which holds the entrance to the Battle Tower in Pokémon Diamond and Pearl and the Battle Frontier in Pokémon Platinum; the Resort Area, where one can find the Ribbon Syndicate; and finally the Survival Area, home in Platinum to the Battleground and a Move Tutor's home.


title: Pokémon universe

text: The Unova region is the setting of the fifth generation of "Pokémon" games, which encompasses the setting of "Pokémon Black" and "White" and their sequels "Pokémon Black 2" and "White 2". For the first time in the main series, the region was based on a region outside Japan, with Unova taking inspiration from the New York metropolitan area.


title: Pokémon universe

text: The Kalos region is the setting of the sixth generation of "Pokémon" games, which is where the games "Pokémon X" and "Y" take place. This region is inspired almost entirely by the northern half of Metropolitan France, with landmarks such as the Eiffel Tower and the Palace of Versailles having representations here, along with a French style of music and fashion. According to Junichi Masuda, the name "Kalos" comes from the Greek word . The Kalos Pokemon League is based on the Notre-Dame de Paris due to its castle/cathedral-like exterior.


title: Pokémon universe

text: The Alola region is the setting of the seventh generation of "Pokémon" games, "Pokémon Sun", "Moon", "Ultra Sun" and "Ultra Moon". This region is based on Hawaii, marking the second time a main entry "Pokémon" game setting has been inspired by a U.S. state. The name itself is a play on "aloha", the Hawaiian word for both "hello" and "goodbye".


title: Pokémon universe

text: The Galar region is the setting of the eighth generation of "Pokémon" games, which is where the games "Pokémon Sword" and "Shield" take place. This region is primarily inspired by Great Britain (mainly England and parts of Scotland), showcasing landmarks inspired by Big Ben and Hadrian's Wall. Two additional areas, "The Isle of Armor" and "The Crown Tundra", are based on the Isle of Man and Scotland respectively. The Galar Region was also introduced in .


title: Pokémon universe

text: The Paldea region is the setting of the ninth generation "Pokémon" games "Pokémon Scarlet and Violet". The region seems to be based off the Iberian Peninsula, which encompasses both Spain and Portugal. <ref>


title: R/The Donald

text: r/The_Donald was a subreddit where participants created discussions and Internet memes in support of former U.S. president Donald Trump. Initially created in June 2015 following the announcement of Trump's presidential campaign, the community grew to over 790,000 subscribers who described themselves as "Patriots". The community was banned in June 2020 for violating Reddit rules on harassment and targeting. It was ranked as one of the most active communities on Reddit.


title: R/The Donald

text: Activities by members and moderators of the subreddit were controversial, and site-wide administrators took steps, including an overhaul of the Reddit software, to prevent the subreddit from having popular content displayed on Reddit's r/all forum, which the company's motto describes as "the front page of the Internet". A quarantine of the subreddit was imposed in June 2019, which required users to click an opt-in button to view the subreddit and prevented the subreddit from appearing in Reddit's search results and recommendations. Additionally, ads could not be run on the message board and certain features such as custom CSS were not available. Moderators of r/The_Donald created a backup website outside of Reddit in response to the quarantine.


title: R/The Donald

text: The subreddit had a lengthy documented history of hosting conspiracy theory content that was racist, misogynistic, and Islamophobic. On June 29, 2020, Reddit banned the subreddit for frequent rule-breaking, for antagonizing the company and other communities, and for failing to "meet our most basic expectations". After the subreddit was quarantined and placed in restricted mode in early 2020, moderators of r/The_Donald created and moved to the site thedonald.win, and after Biden's inauguration moved again to patriots.win to continue supporting Donald Trump and a potential political party he would create, the "Patriot Party".


title: R/The Donald

text: On June 27, 2015, shortly after Donald Trump announced his campaign for the presidency at Trump Tower, the subreddit was created as a place for "following the news related to Donald Trump during his presidential run". The subreddit grew to be known for frequent posting of memes, especially Pepe the Frog, and frequent uses of slang terms such as "centipede" (a reference to a much distributed Trump highlight reel featuring the Knife Party song "Centipede"), "MAGA", "nimble navigator", "no brakes", "cuck", "4D chess", and "SJW". Furthermore, users on the site referred to Trump as "God Emperor". For a period of time, the subreddit repeatedly posted an image of Hillary Clinton kissing Robert Byrd, a former member of the Ku Klux Klan. The image was accompanied by a photoshopped picture of an aged Byrd in Klan garb, which was meant to falsely portray Clinton and Byrd as Klan supporters. Byrd had severed ties with the Ku Klux Klan in 1952.


title: R/The Donald

text: In April 2016, jcm267, the founder of the subreddit, attributed the popularity of the subreddit to moderator CisWhiteMaelstrom. jcm267 told MSNBC that CisWhiteMaelstrom told him "we'd have hundreds of thousands of readers there and I was very skeptical about that, not because I thought Trump can't win, because I think he's the only GOPer with 'landslide victory' potential, but because Reddit is not a conservative place". Subsequently, CisWhiteMaelstrom deleted his Reddit account. On June 12, 2016, the day of the Orlando nightclub shooting, moderators of the r/news subreddit began to remove many comments from its megathread pertaining to the shooting, leading to accusations of censorship. On that day, r/The_Donald was featured in 13 of the top 25 posts on r/all, and gained over 16,000 subscribers during the weekend of the shooting. Meanwhile, r/news lost more than 85,000 subscribers. Due to deliberate manipulation by the forum's moderators and active users, the algorithm that dictated what content reached the r/all page of Reddit resulted in a significant portion of the page being r/The_Donald content. In response, Reddit administrators made changes to its algorithms on June 15, 2016, in an attempt to preserve the variety of r/all. Around this time, members of the then-recently quarantined white nationalist subreddit r/European began migrating to r/The_Donald, causing tensions with the userbase. In response the moderators instituted several changes, such as banning off-topic discussions and purging lower-ranked moderators deemed inactive or unwilling to enforce the new rule. TrumpGal, who was appointed as CisWhiteMaelstrom's replacement, then stepped down claiming that the users tried to dox her for these changes. As her replacements were accused of being too liberal and of instituting censorship, several users and the previously purged moderators moved to a new subreddit named r/Mr_Trump. In November 2016, Reddit CEO Steve Huffman reported that the subreddit's moderator team had changed "at least four times" due to the community revolting.


title: R/The Donald

text: The subreddit has hosted "Ask Me Anythings" (AMAs) of notable right-wing, conservative figures supportive of Trump including Scott Adams, Ann Coulter, Alex Jones, Helmut Norpoth, Curt Schilling, Peter Schweizer, Roger Stone, Milo Yiannopoulos, Tucker Carlson, and Corey Stewart. Furthermore, Trump himself hosted an AMA on the subreddit on July 27, 2016, which became one of r/The_Donald's most upvoted posts.


title: R/The Donald

text: In September 2016, Palmer Luckey, the founder of Oculus VR, introduced a 501(c)(4) organization on r/The_Donald called "Nimble America" with the stated purpose of creating and spreading pro-Trump Internet memes through "Facebook ads, billboards, and 'website ops'". Luckey stated that he had donated $10,000 to the organization and offered to match contributions from r/The_Donald users for 48 hours after the announcement. Luckey later apologized for any negative impact his actions had on public perception of Oculus, and stated that he acted independently, not as a representative of Oculus VR.


title: R/The Donald

text: The subreddit was also noted for investigating Clinton's leaked emails after their release by WikiLeaks. Their findings were subsequently reported by right-wing news media while WikiLeaks acknowledged the subreddit in a tweet. The subreddit also coordinated to vote on many online polls during the 2016 presidential debates.


title: R/The Donald

text: The subreddit frequently attempted to manipulate Amazon.com's booklist via vote brigading, or encouraging subscribers to cast a certain review en masse. In November 2016, the subreddit was reportedly mobilizing readers to leave one-star reviews on Amazon.com for Fox News anchor Megyn Kelly's autobiography, "Settle for More", in response to what users considered biased reporting from her. Amazon later removed many of the negative reviews. Later, in September 2017, the subreddit attempted to buy copies of Trump's "Great Again: How To Fix Our Crippled America" to outsell Hillary Clinton's then-upcoming book "What Happened". However, their plan backfired when several users bought other Trump books instead such as "" while Clinton's book reached No. 1 on the site. The subreddit also spread a rumor that Clinton's book was actually the bestselling "contemporary women fiction" book.


title: R/The Donald

text: On November 22, 2016, the moderators of r/The_Donald announced that they were going to start removing posts about some conspiracy theories, such as the debunked Pizzagate conspiracy theory and a rumor that Julian Assange had disappeared, citing that such content was "drowning out thoughtful discussion or Trump-related content". The next day, Steve Huffman admitted to editing the comments of r/The_Donald users by replacing his username (u/spez) within their comments insulting him with the usernames of r/The_Donald moderators instead. Huffman said of the change that "I had my fun with them, they had their fun with me, but we are not going to tolerate harassment for any others." One week later, Huffman apologized for his actions, and offered a filter feature to the website, allowing users to exclude subreddits from their r/all page. Starting in February 2017, the subreddit was notably excluded from Reddit's updated homepage, r/popular, along with other "narrowly-focused politically-related subreddits".


title: R/The Donald

text: In the beginning of January 2017, after BuzzFeed published a 35-page document of controversial but unverified information about then–president-elect Trump, members of the subreddit stated that the document was "fan fiction" sent to Republican political strategist Rick Wilson by members of the 4chan forum /pol/. On January 11, 2017, Wilson denied the claims. Later that day, Republican senator John McCain confirmed that he had sent the dossier to FBI director James Comey several months earlier.


title: R/The Donald

text: On May 18, 2017, a moderator named OhSnapYouGotServed posted a message claiming that the subreddit has been treated unfairly and that Reddit could not exist without r/The_Donald. OhSnapYouGotServed also suggested that all of their subscribers should move to Voat. The next day, after three other moderators were banned from the site, the subreddit was temporarily set to "private" in a sign of protest. According to the lock message, the admins did not warn the three moderators before banning them. The moderators stated that they "refused to comply by a special set of rules that were solely imposed on this subreddit to marginalize the only community which doesn't conform to the echo chamber of Reddit and corporate media". The subreddit was made public again the next day.


title: R/The Donald

text: In July 2017, it was discovered that a congressional staffer for Congressman Matt Gaetz (R-FL) asked for users on r/The_Donald to crowdsource information for a congressional amendment that would look into alleged misconduct on the parts of Hillary Clinton and James Comey. Gaetz confirmed the user was a staffer in an interview with "Wired", stating that "it is the responsibility of our staff to gather as much information as possible when researching a subject and provide that information for consideration. We pride ourselves on seeking as much citizen input as possible."


title: R/The Donald

text: On August 5, 2017, a post encouraging users to attend the Unite the Right rally, a white supremacist and neo-Nazi rally held in Charlottesville, Virginia, was stickied by r/The_Donald's moderators. The post was deleted some time on August 13, 2017, a day after the rally ended in the first-degree murder of counter-protester Heather Heyer and the injury of 19 others by white supremacist James Alex Fields Jr.


title: R/The Donald

text: Members of the subreddit maintained a Discord server called "Centipede Central", which peaked at 16,000 active users and was among the largest servers on Discord. The server was criticized for leaking personal information of anti-Trump activists, which caused The_Donald to sever ties with the group. The server was eventually shut down in a coup in October 2017, which scattered its members to smaller communities.


title: R/The Donald

text: In January 2018, former Senior Counselor Steve Bannon's statements regarding Trump were published in Michael Wolff's "Fire and Fury". After Trump himself criticized Bannon's comments, many individuals on the subreddit turned against Bannon. The negative comments were subsequently covered by "Vanity Fair" and "Independent Journal Review".


title: R/The Donald

text: After the Christchurch mosque shootings in March 2019, users of r/The_Donald posted messages to the subreddit that justified the shooting and violence against Muslims. When asked for comment, a Reddit spokesperson stated that Reddit had strengthened its hate speech and violence policies over the last several years. When asked about users from r/The_Donald posting in the r/newzealand subreddit after the attack, the moderators of r/newzealand noted that the users often employ dog-whistle verbiage, making it difficult to discern which content posted should have action taken against it.


title: R/The Donald

text: On June 26, 2019, the subreddit was quarantined by Reddit admins due to excessive reports, threatening public figures associated with the 2019 Oregon Senate Republican walkouts, and an over-reliance on the site admins to personally moderate the subreddit. The quarantine added a warning portal, removed revenue opportunities, removed the subreddit from feeds and search, and removed custom CSS styling.


title: R/The Donald

text: In November 2019, the subreddit's moderators attempted to evade Reddit's imposed quarantine by reviving and promoting a subreddit called r/Mr_Trump. This subreddit was banned by Reddit's administrators in accordance with its policy that "attempting to evade bans or other restrictions imposed on communities is not allowed on Reddit". Days later, Reddit's admins warned the subreddit's moderators about trying to out the alleged White House whistleblower in the Trump–Ukraine scandal in violation of Reddit's rules on harassment and inviting vigilantism.


title: R/The Donald

text: On February 26, 2020, Reddit administrators removed a number of r/The_Donald moderators "that were approving, stickying, and generally supporting content in this subreddit that breaks [Reddit's] content policy" and called the remaining moderators to choose new ones from a list of Reddit-approved individuals. About the same time, Reddit placed r/The_Donald in "Restricted mode", removing the ability to create new posts from most of its users. Since then, some users of the subreddit had moved to theDonald.win, a separate site based on Reddit's old user interface.


title: R/The Donald

text: On June 29, 2020, in a flurry of bans, Reddit banned r/The_Donald, along with 2,000 other subreddits (such as r/ChapoTrapHouse, a leftist subreddit based on the podcast of the same name, and r/GenderCritical) deemed to be against their policies. r/The_Donald was largely inactive by the time it had closed due to many users flocking to a new site, theDonald.win.


title: R/The Donald

text: Patriots.win, formerly TheDonald.win, is an independent far-right internet forum created as a successor to r/The_Donald, similarly based around support of former President Trump. The website has been labelled "a magnet for extreme discourse" by the "Financial Times". It has been likened to Gab and 8kun, as those sites were also created to bypass hate speech policies on more mainstream sites.


title: R/The Donald

text: The website was created on November 21, 2019, by moderators of r/The_Donald. After Reddit quarantined r/The_Donald, moderators of the subreddit promoted TheDonald.win through the use of sticky posts, touting the site as a backup to the subreddit in the event that it was banned. The site rapidly gained users as a result of the promotion. There was another surge of users to the site on June 29, 2020, when the subreddit was banned by Reddit in a purge of around 2,000 communities. As of December 2020, TheDonald.win ranked as the 464th most visited website in the United States and 2,875th worldwide, according to Alexa Internet.


title: R/The Donald

text: TheDonald.win was among the platforms used to plan the 2021 United States Capitol attack. According to a January 16, 2021 report from "The Wall Street Journal", Epik had threatened to take TheDonald.win offline over the forum failing to remove white supremacist, racist, and violent content. The "Journal" also reported that Jody Williams, TheDonald.win's owner, had received multiple requests from the FBI for user information due to threatening posts, and that the FBI had been informed of several users who had made threatening posts on TheDonald.win, including one post from a user threatening to kill U.S. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi. Williams had struggled to moderate the forum's racist, antisemitic, and violent posts over the prior months, and some of TheDonald.win's volunteer moderators had responded by thwarting Williams's efforts to take down the violent and objectionable content on the forum. Williams and his family had also received daily death threats from the users he banned from the forum.


title: R/The Donald

text: On January 20, 2021, due to an internal power struggle over the TheDonald.win domain between the moderators and Williams, a new forum called Patriots.win was created and TheDonald.win was shut down by Williams on January 21. The moderators of Patriots.win responded by calling Williams a "sellout" who "betrayed the community … [of] hundreds of thousands of loyal patriots." , Epik was providing services to Patriots.win.


title: R/The Donald

text: In late January 2021, in response to the GameStop short squeeze being carried out by the subreddit r/wallstreetbets, Patriots.win created an unofficial backup forum of the subreddit in an attempt to gain new users. However, according to "The Daily Dot", the majority of users on the backup forum were Trump supporters already from Patriots.win.


title: R/The Donald

text: On August 27, 2021, the U.S. House of Representatives select committee investigating the Capitol attack demanded records from Patriots.win (alongside 14 other social media companies) going back to the spring of 2020.


title: R/The Donald

text: The Trump campaign's digital director, Brad Parscale, stated in June 2016 that he visited the subreddit daily. Throughout the election, members in Trump's war room at Trump Tower monitored the subreddit to see new trends. During the 2016 Democratic National Convention on July 27, 2016, Trump hosted an AMA on the subreddit. Moderators of the subreddit stated that they banned more than 2,000 accounts during Trump's AMA session. Trump also posted several pre-debate messages on the subreddit.


title: R/The Donald

text: Throughout Trump's 2016 campaign, as well as the beginning of Trump's presidency, journalists noted that several of Trump's tweets contained images that originally appeared on the subreddit. On July 6, 2016, in response to his deleted tweet containing the Star of David, Trump accused Disney of antisemitism on Twitter, which was accompanied with a photo of a sticker book based on the Disney film "Frozen". Justin Miller of "The Daily Beast" noted that the image Trump used in his tweet originated on the subreddit less than 24 hours before. Similarly, on March 3, 2017, Trump tweeted an image of Chuck Schumer posing with Vladimir Putin to allege hypocrisy. According to BuzzFeed News, the image was posted less than 24 hours earlier on the subreddit. On May 11, 2017, after firing James Comey, Trump responded to Rosie O'Donnell's 2016 tweet calling Comey to be fired with "We finally agree on something Rosie." Brandon Wall, a reporter for Buzzfeed News, alleged that Trump browsed r/The_Donald because O'Donnell's tweet was posted on the subreddit 20 minutes before Trump's response. Although "The Washington Post" acknowledged that Trump tweeted images previously viral on the subreddit, they also noted that O'Donnell's tweet did not go viral until Trump responded. In July 2017, a video tweeted out by Trump was noted to have appeared on the subreddit about four days earlier. However, the White House denied that the video directly came from Reddit. In May 2019, Politico reported that Trump's social media manager, Dan Scavino, frequented the subreddit, writing that he "has helped craft some of Trump’s most memorable social media moments".


title: R/The Donald

text: A quantitative analysis found that r/The_Donald was an important influencer of news content on Twitter, with the board contributing 2.97% of mainstream news links and 2.72% of alternative news links on Twitter (as a fraction of all links co-appearing on Twitter, Reddit, and 4chan). The researchers concluded that "'fringe' communities often succeed in spreading alternative news to mainstream social networks". They also calculated that r/The_Donald hosted 35.37% of URLs from 54 alternative news sites "like Infowars" on Reddit.


title: R/The Donald

text: Through the use of "sticky posts", a moderation function of Reddit that allows selected posts to be artificially placed at the top of a subreddit, the moderators of the forum were "gaming" the algorithms in order to dominate the content on the r/all page, which is a representation of the most popular content on the website. Additionally, users were often apt to flood the website with waves of identical images or posts, a direct violation of site-wide policies regarding spam. In response, Huffman rolled out a change to the r/all algorithm; he noted that r/The_Donald was among several Reddit communities over the years that "attempt to dominate the conversation on Reddit at the expense of everyone else". Ongoing problems with members of the subreddit brigading and harassing other subreddits forced Reddit staff to modify the site's software algorithms to limit the offending posts to the subreddit. The Reddit team introduced r/popular to replace r/all, which included most popular subreddits except for The_Donald, and as a result the subreddit could no longer reach the front page. In February 2017, Reddit overhauled their algorithms even further to prevent content from the subreddit (among other communities) from ever being seen by logged out users or people who do not have a Reddit account.


title: R/The Donald

text: In a 2018 study by University College London, r/The_Donald was the most active subreddit when it comes to posting memes. The study explained that "Reddit users are more interested in politics-related memes than other type of memes."


title: R/The Donald

text: The subreddit received additional coverage on November 24, 2016, when Reddit CEO Steve Huffman admitted to editing r/The_Donald users' comments that were critical of him, in response to harassment by the community. On November 30, 2016, Huffman announced that sticky threads from r/The_Donald would no longer show up on r/all. Huffman's rules were criticized by some Redditors, including both Trump and non-Trump supporters, while others felt the sanctions did not go far enough and called upon Huffman to ban the subreddit entirely. While members of the subreddit claimed they were the victims of censorship, Huffman said the actions were about "banning behavior, not ideas".


title: R/The Donald

text: The harassment directed at Huffman by r/The_Donald users led to changes in the manner in which Reddit deals with problematic communities and users. Since being harassed by the community, Huffman stated that Reddit is going to start actively policing problematic users: "We're taking a different strategy now. We are focusing more on, like, taking care of the individual users instead of doing it at the community level which was largely our strategy before."


title: R/The Donald

text: In March 2017, users of r/The_Donald accused Reddit of discriminating against them when Reddit's advertising platform portrayed r/The_Donald as having 6,000,000 subscribers instead of the 385,000 displayed on the subreddit live counter available to the public. The Reddit Director of Communications stated that the subscriber discrepancy was a simple labeling error wherein the count for "daily unique visitors" was mistakenly labeled as "subscribers" and that the error would be partially fixed by the end of the day.