title: Chris O'Neill (YouTuber)

text: In 2019, O'Neill created the game studio OneyWare. A gameplay trailer for "Bowlbo: The Quest for Bing Bing", an upcoming video game developed by OneyWare in collaboration with AlbinoMoose, was released in March 2019.


title: Chris O'Neill (YouTuber)

text: O'Neill collaborated again with Hadel when he and animator Michael Cusack created the Adult Swim animated show "Smiling Friends". In 2020, O'Neill created the ending credit music for the pilot episode of the series as well as 3D modeling and animation. He later also voiced multiple background characters when the show was picked up for a full season.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: Fluoroscopy () is an imaging technique that uses X-rays to obtain real-time moving images of the interior of an object. In its primary application of medical imaging, a fluoroscope () allows a physician to see the internal structure and function of a patient, so that the pumping action of the heart or the motion of swallowing, for example, can be watched. This is useful for both diagnosis and therapy and occurs in general radiology, interventional radiology, and image-guided surgery.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: In its simplest form, a fluoroscope consists of an X-ray source and a fluorescent screen, between which a patient is placed. However, since the 1950s most fluoroscopes have included X-ray image intensifiers and cameras as well, to improve the image's visibility and make it available on a remote display screen. For many decades, fluoroscopy tended to produce live pictures that were not recorded, but since the 1960s, as technology improved, recording and playback became the norm.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: Fluoroscopy is similar to radiography and X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) in that it generates images using X-rays. The original difference was that radiography fixed still images on film whereas fluoroscopy provided live moving pictures that were not stored. However, today radiography, CT, and fluoroscopy are all digital imaging modes with image analysis software and data storage and retrieval.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: Although visible light can be seen by the naked eye (and thus forms images that people can look at), it does not penetrate most objects (only translucent ones). In contrast, X-rays can penetrate a wider variety of objects (such as the human body), but they are invisible to the naked eye. To take advantage of the penetration for image-forming purposes, one must somehow convert the X-rays' intensity variations (which correspond to material contrast and thus image contrast) into a form that is visible. Classic film-based radiography achieves this by the variable chemical changes that the X-rays induce in the film, and classic fluoroscopy achieves it by fluorescence, in which certain materials convert X-ray energy (or other parts of the spectrum) into visible light. This use of fluorescent materials to make a viewing scope is how fluoroscopy got its name.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: As the X-rays pass through the patient, they are attenuated by varying amounts as they pass through or reflect off the different tissues of the body, casting an X-ray shadow of the radiopaque tissues (such as bone tissue) on the fluorescent screen. Images on the screen are produced as the unattenuated or mildly attenuated X-rays from radiolucent tissues interact with atoms in the screen through the photoelectric effect, giving their energy to the electrons. While much of the energy given to the electrons is dissipated as heat, a fraction of it is given off as visible light.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: Early radiologists would adapt their eyes to view the dim fluoroscopic images by sitting in darkened rooms, or by wearing red adaptation goggles. After the development of X-ray image intensifiers, the images were bright enough to see without goggles under normal ambient light.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: Nowadays, in all forms of digital X-ray imaging (radiography, fluoroscopy, and CT) the conversion of X-ray energy into visible light can be achieved by the same types of electronic sensors, such as flat panel detectors, which convert the X-ray energy into electrical signals: small bursts of electric current that convey information that a computer can analyze, store, and output as images. As fluorescence is a special case of luminescence, digital X-ray imaging is conceptually similar to digital gamma ray imaging (scintigraphy, SPECT, and PET) in that in both of these imaging mode families, the information conveyed by the variable attenuation of invisible electromagnetic radiation as it passes through tissues with various radiodensities is converted by an electronic sensor into an electric signal that is processed by a computer and output as a visible-light image.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: Fluoroscopy has become an important tool in medical imaging to render moving pictures during a surgery or any other procedure.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: Fluoroscopy is used in various types of surgical procedure, such as orthopaedic surgery and podiatric surgery.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: In both of those, it is used to guide fracture reduction and in use in certain procedures that have extensive hardware.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: In urology, fluoroscopy is used in retrograde pyelography and micturating cystourethrography to detect various abnormalities related to the urinary system.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: In cardiology, fluoroscopy is used for diagnostic angiography, percutaneous coronary interventions, (pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators, and cardiac resynchronization devices).


title: Fluoroscopy

text: Fluoroscopy can be used to examine the digestive system using a substance that is opaque to X-rays (usually barium sulfate or gastrografin), which is introduced into the digestive system either by swallowing or as an enema. This is normally as part of a double-contrast technique, using positive and negative contrast. Barium sulfate coats the walls of the digestive tract (positive contrast), which allows the shape of the digestive tract to be outlined as white or clear on an X-ray. Air may then be introduced (negative contrast), which looks black on the film. The barium meal is an example of a contrast agent swallowed to examine the upper digestive tract. While soluble barium compounds are very toxic, the insoluble barium sulfate is nontoxic because its low solubility prevents the body from absorbing it. Investigations of the gastrointestinal tract include barium enemas, defecating proctograms, barium meals and swallows, and enteroclysis.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: Fluoroscopy is also used in airport security scanners to check for hidden weapons or bombs. These machines use lower doses of radiation than medical fluoroscopy. The reason for higher doses in medical applications is that they are more demanding about tissue contrast, and for the same reason they sometimes require contrast media.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: Fluoroscopy's origins and radiography's origins can both be traced back to 8 November 1895, when Wilhelm Röntgen, or in English script Roentgen, noticed a barium platinocyanide screen fluorescing as a result of being exposed to what he would later call X-rays (algebraic x variable signifying "unknown"). Within months of this discovery, the first crude fluoroscopes were created. These experimental fluoroscopes were simply thin cardboard screens that had been coated on the inside with a layer of fluorescent metal salt, attached to a funnel-shaped cardboard eyeshade which excluded room light with a viewing eyepiece which the user held up to his eye. The fluoroscopic image obtained in this way was quite faint. Even when finally improved and commercially introduced for diagnostic imaging, the limited light produced from the fluorescent screens of the earliest commercial scopes necessitated that a radiologist sit for a period in the darkened room where the imaging procedure was to be performed, to first accustom his eyes to increase their sensitivity to perceive the faint image. The placement of the radiologist behind the screen also resulted in significant dosing of the radiologist.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: In the late 1890s, Thomas Edison began investigating materials for ability to fluoresce when X-rayed, and by the turn of the century he had invented a fluoroscope with sufficient image intensity to be commercialized. Edison had quickly discovered that calcium tungstate screens produced brighter images. Edison, however, abandoned his researches in 1903 because of the health hazards that accompanied use of these early devices. Clarence Dally, a glass blower of lab equipment and tubes at Edison's laboratory was repeatedly exposed, developing radiation poisoning, later dying from an aggressive cancer. Edison himself damaged an eye in testing these early fluoroscopes.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: During this infant commercial development, many incorrectly predicted that the moving images of fluoroscopy would completely replace roentgenographs (radiographic still image films), but the then superior diagnostic quality of the roentgenograph and their already alluded-to safety enhancement of lower radiation dose via shorter exposure prevented this from occurring. Another factor was that plain films inherently offered recording of the image in a simple and inexpensive way, whereas recording and playback of fluoroscopy remained a more complex and expensive proposition for decades to come (discussed in detail below).


title: Fluoroscopy

text: Red adaptation goggles were developed by Wilhelm Trendelenburg in 1916 to address the problem of dark adaptation of the eyes, previously studied by Antoine Beclere. The resulting red light from the goggles' filtration correctly sensitized the physician's eyes prior to the procedure, while still allowing him to receive enough light to function normally.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: More trivial uses of the technology emerged in the early 1920s, including a shoe-fitting fluoroscope that was used at shoe stores and department stores. Concerns regarding the impact of frequent or poorly controlled use were expressed in the late 1940s and 1950s. Issues raised by doctors and health professionals included the potential for burns to the skin, damage to bone, and abnormal development of the feet. These concerns lead to the development of new guidelines, regulations and ultimately the practice's end by the early 1960s. Shoe salesmen and industry representatives sometimes defended their use, claiming that there was no evidence of harm, and that their use prevented harm to the feet caused by poorly-fitted shoes.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: Fluoroscopy was discontinued in shoe-fitting because the radiation exposure risk outweighed the trivial benefit. Only important applications such as health care, bodily safety, food safety, nondestructive testing, and scientific research meet the risk-benefit threshold for use.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: Analog electronics revolutionized fluoroscopy. The development of the X-ray image intensifier by Westinghouse in the late 1940s in combination with closed circuit TV cameras of the 1950s allowed for brighter pictures and better radiation protection. The red adaptation goggles became obsolete as image intensifiers allowed the light produced by the fluorescent screen to be amplified and made visible in a lighted room. The addition of the camera enabled viewing of the image on a monitor, allowing a radiologist to view the images in a separate room away from the risk of radiation exposure. The commercialization of video tape recorders beginning in 1956 allowed the TV images to be recorded and played back at will.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: Digital electronics were applied to fluoroscopy beginning in the early 1960s, when Frederick G. Weighart and James F. McNulty (1929-2014) at Automation Industries, Inc., then, in El Segundo, California produced on a fluoroscope the world's first image to be digitally generated in real-time, while developing a later commercialized portable apparatus for the onboard nondestructive testing of naval aircraft. Square wave signals were detected on a fluorescent screen to create the image.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: From the late 1980s onward, digital imaging technology was reintroduced to fluoroscopy after development of improved detector systems. Modern improvements in screen phosphors, digital image processing, image analysis, and flat panel detectors have allowed for increased image quality while minimizing the radiation dose to the patient. Modern fluoroscopes use caesium iodide (CsI) screens and produce noise-limited images, ensuring that the minimal radiation dose results while still obtaining images of acceptable quality.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: Many names exist in the medical literature for moving pictures taken with X-rays. They include fluoroscopy, fluorography, cinefluorography, photofluorography, fluororadiography, kymography (electrokymography, roentgenkymography), cineradiography (cine), videofluorography, and videofluoroscopy. Today, the word "fluoroscopy" is widely understood to be a hypernym of all the aforementioned terms, which explains why it is the most commonly used and why the others are declining in usage. The profusion of names is an idiomatic artifact of technological change, as follows:


title: Fluoroscopy

text: As soon as X-rays (and their application of seeing inside the body) were discovered in the 1890s, both looking and recording were pursued. Both live moving images and recorded still images were available from the beginning with simple equipment; thus, both "looking with a fluorescent screen" (fluoro- + -scopy) and "recording/engraving with radiation" (radio- + -graphy) were immediately named with New Latin words—both words are attested since 1896.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: The quest for recorded moving images, though, was a more complex challenge. In the 1890s, moving pictures of any kind (whether taken with visible light or with invisible radiation) were emerging technologies. Because the word "photography" (literally "recording/engraving with light") was long since established as connoting a still-image medium, the word "cinematography" (literally "recording/engraving movement") was coined for the new medium of visible-light moving pictures. Soon, several new words were coined for achieving moving radiographic pictures. This was often done either by filming a simple fluoroscopic screen with a movie camera (variously called fluorography, cinefluorography, photofluorography, or fluororadiography) or by taking serial radiographs rapidly to serve as the frames in a movie (cineradiography). Either way, the resulting film reel could be displayed by a movie projector. Another group of techniques included various kinds of kymography, whose common theme was capturing recordings in a series of moments, with a concept similar to movie film, although not necessarily with movie-type playback; rather, the sequential images would be compared frame by frame (a distinction comparable to tile mode versus cine mode in today's CT terminology). Thus, electrokymography and roentgenkymography were among the early ways to record images from a simple fluoroscopic screen.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: Television also was under early development during these decades (1890s–1920s), but even after commercial TV began widespread adoption after World War II, it remained a live-only medium for a time. In the mid-1950s, a commercialized ability to capture the moving pictures of television onto magnetic tape (with a video tape recorder) was developed. This soon led to the addition of the "video-" prefix to the words fluorography and fluoroscopy, with the words videofluorography and videofluoroscopy attested since 1960. In the 1970s, video tape moved from TV studios and medical imaging into the consumer market with home video via VHS and Betamax, and those formats were also incorporated into medical video equipment.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: Thus, over time the cameras and recording media for fluoroscopic imaging have progressed: The original kind of fluoroscopy, and the common kind for its first half century of existence, simply used none, because for most diagnosis and treatment, they were not essential. For those investigations that needed to be transmitted or recorded (such as for training or research), movie cameras using film (such as 16 mm film) were the medium. In the 1950s, analog electronic video cameras (at first only producing live output, but later using video tape recorders) appeared. Since the 1990s, digital video cameras, flat panel detectors, and storage of data to local servers or (more recently) secure cloud servers have been used. Late-model fluoroscopes all use digital image processing and image analysis software, which not only helps to produce optimal image clarity and contrast, but also allows that result with a minimal radiation dose (because signal processing can take tiny inputs from low radiation doses and amplify them while to some extent also differentiating signal from noise).


title: Fluoroscopy

text: Whereas the word "cine" () in general usage refers to cinema (that is, a movie) or to certain film formats (cine film) for recording such a movie, in medical usage it refers to cineradiography or, in recent decades, to any digital imaging mode that produces cine-like moving images (for example, newer CT and MRI systems can put out to either cine mode or tile mode). Cineradiography records 30-frame/second fluoroscopic images of internal organs such as the heart taken during injection of contrast dye to better visualize regions of stenosis, or to record motility in the body's gastrointestinal tract. The predigital technology is being replaced with digital imaging systems. Some of these decrease the frame rate, but also decrease the absorbed dose of radiation to the patient. As they improve, frame rates will likely increase.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: Today, owing to technological convergence, the word "fluoroscopy" is widely understood to be a hypernym of all the earlier names for moving pictures taken with X-rays, both live and recorded. Also owing to technological convergence, radiography, CT, and fluoroscopy are now all digital imaging modes using X-rays with image-analysis software and easy data storage and retrieval. Just as movies, TV, and web videos are to a substantive extent no longer separate technologies, but only variations on common underlying digital themes, so, too, are the X-ray imaging modes, and indeed, the term "X-ray imaging" is the ultimate hypernym that unites all of them, even subsuming both fluoroscopy and four-dimensional CT (4DCT), which is the newest form of moving pictures taken with X-rays. Many decades may pass before the earlier hyponyms fall into disuse, not the least because the day when 4D CT displaces all earlier forms of moving X-ray imaging may yet be distant.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: The use of X-rays, a form of ionizing radiation, requires the potential risks from a procedure to be carefully balanced with the benefits of the procedure to the patient. Because the patient must be exposed to a continuous source of X-rays instead of a momentary pulse, a fluoroscopy procedure generally subjects a patient to a higher absorbed dose of radiation than an ordinary (still) radiograph. Only important applications such as health care, bodily safety, food safety, nondestructive testing, and scientific research meet the risk-benefit threshold for use. In the first half of the 20th century, shoe-fitting fluoroscopes were used in shoe stores, but their use was discontinued because it is no longer considered acceptable to use radiation exposure, however small the dose, for nonessential purposes. Much research has been directed toward reducing radiation exposure, and recent advances in fluoroscopy technology such as digital image processing and flat panel detectors, have resulted in much lower radiation doses than former procedures.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: Because fluoroscopy involves the use of X-rays, a form of ionizing radiation, fluoroscopic procedures pose a potential for increasing the patient's risk of radiation-induced cancer,in addition to the cancer risk and other stochastic radiation effects, deterministic radiation effects have also been observed ranging from mild erythema, equivalent of a sun burn, to more serious burns. Radiation doses to the patient depend greatly both on the size of the patient and length of the procedure, with typical skin dose rates quoted as 20–50 mGy/min. Exposure times vary depending on the procedure being performed, ranging from minutes to hours.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: A study of radiation-induced skin injuries was performed in 1994 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) followed by an advisory to minimize further fluoroscopy-induced injuries. The problem of radiation injuries due to fluoroscopy has been further addressed in review articles in 2000 and 2010.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: While deterministic radiation effects are a possibility, radiation burns are not typical of standard fluoroscopic procedures. Most procedures sufficiently long in duration to produce radiation burns are part of necessary life-saving operations.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: X-ray image intensifiers generally have radiation-reducing systems such as pulsed rather than constant radiation, along with "last image hold", which "freezes" the screen and makes it available for examination without exposing the patient to unnecessary radiation.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: Image intensifiers have been introduced that increase the brightness of the screen, so that the patient can be exposed to a lower dose of X-rays. Whilst this reduces the risk of ionisation occurring, it does not remove it entirely.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: The invention of X-ray image intensifiers in the 1950s allowed the image on the screen to be visible under normal lighting conditions, and provided the option of recording the images with a conventional camera. Subsequent improvements included the coupling of, at first, video cameras, and later, digital cameras using image sensors such as charge-coupled devices or active pixel sensors to permit recording of moving images and electronic storage of still images.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: Modern image intensifiers no longer use a separate fluorescent screen. Instead, a caesium iodide phosphor is deposited directly on the photocathode of the intensifier tube. On a typical general-purpose system, the output image is approximately 10 times brighter than the input image. This brightness gain comprises a flux gain (amplification of photon number) and minification gain (concentration of photons from a large input screen onto a small output screen) each of about 100. This level of gain is sufficient that quantum noise, due to the limited number of X-ray photons, is a significant factor limiting image quality.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: Image intensifiers are available with input diameters up to 45 cm, and a resolution around two to three line pairs/mm.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: The introduction of flat-panel detectors allows for the replacement of the image intensifier in fluoroscope design. Flat-panel detectors offer increased sensitivity to X-rays, so have the potential to reduce patient radiation dose. Temporal resolution is also improved over image intensifiers, reducing motion blurring. Contrast ratio is also improved over image intensifiers; flat-panel detectors are linear over a very wide latitude, whereas image intensifiers have a maximum contrast ratio of about 35:1. Spatial resolution is roughly equal, although an image intensifier operating in magnification mode may be slightly better than a flat panel.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: Flat-panel detectors are considerably more expensive to purchase and repair than image intensifiers, so their use adoption is primarily in specialties that require high-speed imaging, e.g., vascular imaging and cardiac catheterization.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: A number of substances have been used as radiocontrast agents, including silver, bismuth, caesium, thorium, tin, zirconium, tantalum, tungsten, and lanthanide compounds. The use of thoria (thorium dioxide) as an agent was rapidly stopped, as thorium causes liver cancer.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: Most modern injected radiographic positive contrast media are iodine-based. Iodinated contrast comes in two forms - ionic and nonionic compounds. Nonionic contrast is significantly more expensive than ionic (about three to five times the cost), but nonionic contrast tends to be safer for the patient, causing fewer allergic reactions and uncomfortable side effects such as hot sensations or flushing. Most imaging centers now use nonionic contrast exclusively, finding that the benefits to patients outweigh the expense.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: Negative radiographic contrast agents are air and carbon dioxide (CO). The latter is easily absorbed by the body and causes less spasm. It can also be injected into the blood, where air absolutely cannot due to the risk of an air embolism.


title: Fluoroscopy

text: In addition to spatial blurring factors that plague all X-ray imaging devices, caused by such things as Lubberts effect, K-fluorescence reabsorption, and electron range, fluoroscopic systems also experience temporal blurring due to system latency. This temporal blurring has the effect of averaging frames together. While this helps reduce noise in images with stationary objects, it creates motion blurring for moving objects. Temporal blurring also complicates measurements of system performance for fluoroscopic systems.


title: Nitromethane

text: Nitromethane, sometimes shortened to simply "nitro", is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is the simplest organic nitro compound. It is a polar liquid commonly used as a solvent in a variety of industrial applications such as in extractions, as a reaction medium, and as a cleaning solvent. As an intermediate in organic synthesis, it is used widely in the manufacture of pesticides, explosives, fibers, and coatings. Nitromethane is used as a fuel additive in various motorsports and hobbies, e.g. Top Fuel drag racing and miniature internal combustion engines in radio control, control line and free flight model aircraft.


title: Nitromethane

text: Nitromethane is produced industrially by combining propane and nitric acid in the gas phase at 350–450 °C (662–842 °F). This exothermic reaction produces the four industrially significant nitroalkanes: nitromethane, nitroethane, 1-nitropropane, and 2-nitropropane. The reaction involves free radicals, including the alkoxyl radicals of the type CHCHCHO, which arise via homolysis of the corresponding nitrite ester. These alkoxy radicals are susceptible to C—C fragmentation reactions, which explains the formation of a mixture of products.


title: Nitromethane

text: It can be prepared in other methods that are of instructional value. The reaction of sodium chloroacetate with sodium nitrite in aqueous solution produces this compound:


title: Nitromethane

text: The principal use of nitromethane is as a stabilizer for chlorinated solvents, which are used in dry cleaning, semiconductor processing, and degreasing. It is also used most effectively as a solvent or dissolving agent for acrylate monomers, such as cyanoacrylates (more commonly known as "super-glues"). It is also used as a fuel in some forms of racing.


title: Nitromethane

text: It can be used as an explosive, when gelled with several percent of gelling agent. This type of mixture is called PLX. Other mixtures include ANNM and ANNMAl – explosive mixtures of ammonium nitrate, nitromethane and aluminium powder.


title: Nitromethane

text: As an organic solvent, it is considered to be highly polar (ε = 36 at 20 °C and μ = 3.5 Debye) but is aprotic and possesses very low Lewis basicity. Thus, it is a rare example of a polar solvent that is also weakly coordinating. This makes it useful for dissolving positively charged, strongly electrophilic species. However, its relatively high acidity and explosive properties (see below) limit its applications.


title: Nitromethane

text: Nitromethane is a relatively acidic carbon acid. It has a pK of 17.2 in DMSO solution. This value indicates an aqueous pK of about 11. The reason of that being so acidic is due to the resonance structure below:


title: Nitromethane

text: It is slow to deprotonate. Protonation of the conjugate base ONCH, which is nearly isosteric with nitrate, occurs initially at oxygen.


title: Nitromethane

text: In organic synthesis nitromethane is employed as a one carbon building block. Its acidity allows it to undergo deprotonation, enabling condensation reactions analogous to those of carbonyl compounds. Thus, under base catalysis, nitromethane adds to aldehydes in 1,2-addition in the nitroaldol reaction. Some important derivatives include the pesticides chloropicrin (ClCNO), beta-nitrostyrene, and tris(hydroxymethyl)nitromethane, ((HOCH)CNO). Reduction of the latter gives tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, (HOCH)CNH, better known as tris, a widely used buffer. In more specialized organic synthesis, nitromethane serves as a Michael donor, adding to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds via 1,4-addition in the Michael reaction.


title: Nitromethane

text: Nitromethane is used as a fuel in motor racing, particularly drag racing, as well as for radio-controlled model power boats, cars, planes and helicopters. In this context, nitromethane is commonly referred to as "nitro fuel" or simply "nitro", and is the principal ingredient for fuel used in the "Top Fuel" category of drag racing.


title: Nitromethane

text: The oxygen content of nitromethane enables it to burn with much less atmospheric oxygen than conventional fuels. During nitromethane combustion, nitric oxide (NO) is one of the major emission products along with CO and HO. Nitric oxide contributes to air pollution, acid rain, and ozone layer depletion. Recent (2020) studies suggest the correct stoichiometric equation for the burning of nitromethane is:


title: Nitromethane

text: The amount of air required to burn of gasoline is , but only of air is required for 1 kg of nitromethane. Since an engine's cylinder can only contain a limited amount of air on each stroke, 8.6 times as much nitromethane as gasoline can be burned in one stroke. Nitromethane, however, has a lower specific energy: gasoline provides about 42–44 MJ/kg, whereas nitromethane provides only 11.3 MJ/kg. This analysis indicates that nitromethane generates about 2.3 times the power of gasoline when combined with a given amount of oxygen.


title: Nitromethane

text: Nitromethane can also be used as a monopropellant, i.e., a propellant that decomposes to release energy without added oxygen. The following equation describes this process:


title: Nitromethane

text: Nitromethane has a laminar combustion velocity of approximately 0.5 m/s, somewhat higher than gasoline, thus making it suitable for high-speed engines. It also has a somewhat higher flame temperature of about . The high heat of vaporization of 0.56 MJ/kg together with the high fuel flow provides significant cooling of the incoming charge (about twice that of methanol), resulting in reasonably low temperatures.


title: Nitromethane

text: Nitromethane is usually used with rich air–fuel mixtures because it provides power even in the absence of atmospheric oxygen. When rich air–fuel mixtures are used, hydrogen and carbon monoxide are two of the combustion products. These gases often ignite, sometimes spectacularly, as the normally very rich mixtures of the still burning fuel exits the exhaust ports. Very rich mixtures are necessary to reduce the temperature of combustion chamber hot parts in order to control pre-ignition and subsequent detonation. Operational details depend on the particular mixture and engine characteristics.


title: Nitromethane

text: A small amount of hydrazine blended in nitromethane can increase the power output even further. With nitromethane, hydrazine forms an explosive salt that is again a monopropellant. This unstable mixture poses a severe safety hazard and the Academy of Model Aeronautics does not permit its use in competitions.


title: Nitromethane

text: In model aircraft and car glow fuel, the primary ingredient is generally methanol with some nitromethane (0% to 65%, but rarely over 30%, and 10–20% lubricants (usually castor oil and/or synthetic oil)). Even moderate amounts of nitromethane tend to increase the power created by the engine (as the limiting factor is often the air intake), making the engine easier to tune (adjust for the proper air/fuel ratio).


title: Nitromethane

text: Nitromethane was not known to be a high explosive until a railroad tanker car loaded with it exploded on . After much testing, it was realized that nitromethane was a more energetic high explosive than TNT, although TNT has a higher velocity of detonation (VoD) and brisance. Both of these explosives are oxygen-poor, and some benefits are gained from mixing with an oxidizer, such as ammonium nitrate. Pure nitromethane is an insensitive explosive with a VoD of approximately , but even so inhibitors may be used to reduce the hazards. The tank car explosion was speculated to be due to adiabatic compression, a hazard common to all liquid explosives. This is when small entrained air bubbles compress and superheat with rapid rises in pressure. It was thought that an operator rapidly snapped shut a valve creating a "hammer-lock" pressure surge.


title: Nitromethane

text: If mixed with ammonium nitrate, which is used as an oxidizer, it forms an explosive mixture known as ANNM.


title: Nitromethane

text: Nitromethane is used as a model explosive, along with TNT. It has several advantages as a model explosive over TNT, namely its uniform density and lack of solid post-detonation species that complicate the determination of equation of state and further calculations.


title: Nitromethane

text: Nitromethane reacts with solutions of sodium hydroxide or methoxide in alcohol to produce an insoluble salt of nitromethane. This substance is a sensitive explosive which reverts to nitromethane under acidic conditions and decomposes in water to form another explosive compound, sodium methazonate, which has a reddish-brown color:


title: Nitromethane

text: Exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine whose fuel includes nitromethane will contain nitric acid vapour, which is corrosive, and when inhaled causes a muscular reaction making it impossible to breathe. The condensed nitric acid-based residue left over in a glow-fueled model engine after a model-flight session can also corrode their internal components, usually mandating use of a combination of kerosene to neutralize the residual nitric acid, and an "after-run oil" (often the lower-viscosity "air tool oil" variety of a popular preservative oil) for lubrication to safeguard against such damage, when such an engine is placed into storage.


title: Nitromethane

text: Nitromethane is a popular solvent in organic and electroanalytical chemistry. It can be purified by cooling below its freezing point, washing the solid with cold diethyl ether, followed by distillation.


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: The Spain men's national basketball team () represents Spain in international basketball competitions. They are managed by the Spanish Basketball Federation, the governing body for basketball in Spain. Spain is the current World and European champion.


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: Spain has appeared 32 times at the EuroBasket, winning four gold medals, six silver medals, and four bronze medals. They have also competed at the Summer Olympics 13 times, with three silver medals and one bronze medal as their accomplishments. They have qualified for the FIBA World Cup 12 times, winning it twice, in 2006 and 2019.


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: When Spain qualified for the 1936 Summer Olympics, where basketball was part of the games for the first time, expectations were high for the runners-up of the 1935 EuroBasket. Unfortunately, as one of the favorites to win medals, Spain could not attend the Games due to the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War just days before the start of the event.


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: Spain's first Olympic success came at the 1984 Summer Olympics. The team made it all the way to the gold medal game, before losing to the United States (led by Patrick Ewing and featuring a young Michael Jordan).


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: At the 2008 Summer Olympics, Spain reached the gold medal game for the second time. However, in a rematch of the 1984 Olympic final, Spain fell to the United States once more. This time led by Kobe Bryant and nicknamed the "Redeem Team". The Americans won after a remarkably close game 118–107. Four years later, at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, the United States faced Spain in the Olympic final for the third time. The USA would go on to win gold again, by the score of 107–100, with Spain coming away with its third Olympic (and second straight) silver medal. During the 2016 Summer Olympics, Spain reached the bronze medal match against Australia, where they escaped with an narrow 89–88 victory.


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: During the early years of the FIBA World Cup, Spain struggled to establish a steady presence as a competitor. Between 1950 and 1970, the national team only qualified once. Then, beginning in 1974, Spain developed into a serious competitor and regularly finished among the World Cup top performers in the competitions to follow.


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: At the 2006 FIBA World Cup, Spain achieved their greatest success in its history, as they defeated Greece in the final to capture their first World Cup title. Held at the Saitama Super Arena in Japan, the game ended by the final score of 70–47. Furthermore, Pau Gasol was named the tournament MVP, while Jorge Garbajosa was selected to the All-Tournament team. Shortly afterwards, the team were awarded with the 2006 Prince of Asturias Award in Sports.


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: At the 2019 FIBA World Cup, Spain won their second World Cup title by defeating Argentina in the final by the score of 95–75. The spectacular play of Ricky Rubio during the tournament earned him the MVP, while Marc Gasol was named to the All-Tournament team. After this victory, Marc Gasol became the second player in tournament history to win the NBA title and the World Cup in the same year; with the other being Lamar Odom.


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: The first game in the history of the selection was a qualifier for the EuroBasket 1935, where Spain defeated Portugal 33–12. This event, which was held in Geneva in the summer of 1935, was the first EuroBasket game in history. Spain went on to finish as runners-up in the tournament behind Latvia.


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: After coming in second in 1935, 1973, 1983, 1999, 2003, and 2007, Spain won their first continental championship in 2009; defeating Serbia to become European champions. The team repeated their success in 2011, taking out France in the final. At EuroBasket 2015, Spain once again reached the title game, and demolished Lithuania in the process 80–63. Two years after winning it all in 2015, Spain followed it up with another strong performance at EuroBasket 2017, defeating Russia to win the bronze medal match. It marked the fourth time Spain won bronze at the EuroBasket, as they also won it in 1991, 2001, and 2013.


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: Spain captured their fourth European title at the EuroBasket 2022, after defeating France in the final once again, a rematch of the 2011 title game. Additionally, center Willy Hernangómez was selected as tournament MVP.


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: Besides success at the "Big Three" events (Summer Olympic Games, FIBA World Cup, and EuroBasket) Spain has also had success at the Mediterranean Games, where it has won several medals: three gold, four silver and one bronze.


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: Roster for the 2023 FIBA World Cup Qualifiers matches on 11 and 14 November 2022 against Italy and Netherlands.


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 2 Juan Carbonell, 3 Pedro Alonso, 4 Emilio Alonso, 5 Cayetano Ortega, 6 Rafael Ruano, 7 Rafael Martín (MVP), 8 Armando Maunier, 9 Fernando Muscat (Coach: Mariano Manent)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 3 Arturo Imedio, 4 Jaime Basso, 5 Andrés Oller, 6 Álvaro Salvadores, 7 Juan Dalmau, 8 Julio Gámez, 9 Eduardo Kucharski, 10 Ángel González, 11 Ángel Lozano, 12 Domingo Bárcenas, 13 Juan Ferrando, 14 Ignacio Pinedo (Coach: Michael Paul Rutzgis)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 3 Alfonso Martínez, 4 José Luis Martínez Gómez, 5 Francisco Capel, 6 Jorge Parra, 7 Joaquín Hernández Gallego, 8 José Lluis, 9 José Brunet, 10 Emiliano Rodríguez, 11 Juan Canals, 12 Francisco Buscató, 13 Francisco Borrell, 14 Arturo Auladell (Coach: Gabriel Alberti)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 3 Agustín Bertomeu, 4 José Nora, 5 Alfonso Martínez, 6 Joaquín Enseñat, 7 Santiago Navarro, 8 José Lluis, 9 Jorge Guillén, 10 Emiliano Rodríguez, 11 Jesús "Chus" Codina, 12 Miguel Ángel González, 13 Francisco Buscató, 14 Juan Martos (Coach: Eduardo Kucharski González)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Santiago Navarro, 5 Lorenzo Alocén, 6 Juan Martos, 7 Jesús "Chus" Codina, 8 José Lluis, 9 José Nora, 10 Emiliano Rodríguez, 11 Alfonso Martínez, 12 Carlos Sevillano, 13 Francisco Buscató, 14 Lolo Sainz, 15 Javier Sanjuán (Coach: Fernando Font)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Juan Antonio Martínez Arroyo, 5 Moncho Monsalve, 6 Miguel Ángel González, 7 Jesús "Chus" Codina, 8 José Lluis, 9 Arturo Auladell, 10 Emiliano Rodríguez (MVP), 11 Carlos Sevillano, 12 Alfonso Martínez, 13 Francisco Buscató, 14 Lolo Sainz, 15 José Ramón Ramos (Coach: Joaquín Hernández Gallego)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Juan Antonio Martínez Arroyo, 5 Joan Fa Busquets, 6 Miguel Ángel González, 7 Lolo Sainz, 8 José Lluis, 9 Enrique Margall, 10 Emiliano Rodríguez, 11 Carlos Sevillano, 12 Juan Bautista Urberuaga, 13 Francisco Buscató, 14 Moncho Monsalve, 15 José Ramón Ramos (Coach: Pedro Ferrandiz González)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Ramón Guardiola, 5 Ángel Serrano, 6 Carlos Luquero, 7 Enrique Margall, 8 José Luis Sagi-Vela, 9 Antonio "Toncho" Nava, 10 Emiliano Rodríguez, 11 José Laso, 12 Alfonso Martínez, 13 Francisco Buscató, 14 Moncho Monsalve, 15 José Ramón Ramos (Coach: Antonio Díaz-Miguel)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Juan Antonio Martínez Arroyo, 5 Vicente Ramos Cecilio, 6 Luis Carlos Santiago, 7 Jesús "Chus" Codina, 8 Enrique Margall, 9 Antonio "Toncho" Nava, 10 Emiliano Rodríguez, 11 Clifford Luyk, 12 José Luis Sagi-Vela, 13 Francisco Buscató, 14 Lorenzo Alocén, 15 Alfonso Martínez (Coach: Antonio Díaz-Miguel)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Víctor Escorial, 5 Vicente Ramos Cecilio, 6 Cristóbal Rodríguez, 7 Jesús Codina, 8 Enrique Margall, 9 Antonio Nava, 10 Emiliano Rodríguez, 11 Clifford Luyk, 12 José Luis Sagi-Vela, 13 Francisco Buscató, 14 Lorenzo Alocén, 15 Alfonso Martínez (Coach: Antonio Díaz-Miguel)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Juan Antonio Martínez Arroyo, 5 Vicente Ramos Cecilio, 6 Alfonso Martínez, 7 Enrique Margall, 8 Rafael Rullán, 9 Luis Miguel Santillana, 10 Emiliano Rodríguez, 11 Francisco Buscató, 12 José Luis Sagi-Vela, 13 Clifford Luyk, 14 Wayne Brabender, 15 Cristóbal Rodríguez (Coach: Antonio Díaz-Miguel)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Wayne Brabender, 5 Vicente Ramos Cecilio, 6 Carmelo Cabrera, 7 Enrique Margall, 8 Luis Miguel Santillana, 9 Jesús Iradier, 10 Francisco Buscató, 11 Juan Antonio Corbalán, 12 Rafael Rullán, 13 Clifford Luyk, 14 Miguel Ángel Estrada, 15 Gonzalo Sagi-Vela (Coach: Antonio Díaz-Miguel)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Wayne Brabender (MVP), 5 Vicente Ramos Cecilio, 6 Carmelo Cabrera, 7 Enrique Margall, 8 Luis Miguel Santillana, 9 Rafael Rullán, 10 Francisco Buscató, 11 Manuel Flores, 12 José Luis Sagi-Vela, 13 Clifford Luyk, 14 Miguel Ángel Estrada, 15 Gonzalo Sagi-Vela (Coach: Antonio Díaz-Miguel)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Wayne Brabender, 5 Vicente Ramos Cecilio, 6 Cristóbal Rodríguez, 7 Carmelo Cabrera, 8 Luis Miguel Santillana, 9 Rafael Rullán, 10 Jesús Iradier, 11 Juan Antonio Corbalán, 12 José Luis Sagi-Vela, 13 Clifford Luyk, 14 Miguel Ángel Estrada, 15 Manuel Flores (Coach: Antonio Díaz-Miguel)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Wayne Brabender, 5 Miguel Ángel Lopez-Abril, 6 Cristóbal Rodríguez, 7 Carmelo Cabrera, 8 Luis Miguel Santillana, 9 Joan Filbá, 10 Jesús Iradier, 11 Juan Antonio Corbalán, 12 Rafael Rullán, 13 Clifford Luyk, 14 Miguel Ángel Estrada, 15 Manuel Flores (Coach: Antonio Díaz-Miguel)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Wayne Brabender, 5 Juan Domingo de la Cruz, 6 Juan Ramón Fernández, 7 Carmelo Cabrera, 8 Luis Miguel Santillana, 9 Joan Filbá, 10 Luis María Prada, 11 Juan Antonio Corbalán, 12 Rafael Rullán, 13 Josep Maria Margall, 14 Gonzalo Sagi-Vela, 15 Manuel Flores (Coach: Antonio Díaz-Miguel)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Wayne Brabender, 5 Quim Costa, 6 José Luis Llorente, 7 Josep Maria Margall, 8 Manuel Flores, 9 Pedro César Ansa, 10 Luis Miguel Santillana, 11 Juan Antonio Corbalán, 12 Rafael Rullán, 13 Juan Domingo de la Cruz, 14 Juan Manuel López Iturriaga, 15 Juan Antonio "Epi" San Epifanio (Coach: Antonio Díaz-Miguel)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Wayne Brabender, 5 José Luis Llorente, 6 Cándido "Chicho" Sibilio, 7 Josep Maria Margall, 8 Manuel Flores, 9 Fernando Romay, 10 Luis Miguel Santillana, 11 Juan Antonio Corbalán, 12 Ignacio "Nacho" Solozábal, 13 Juan Domingo de la Cruz, 14 Juan Manuel López Iturriaga, 15 Juan Antonio "Epi" San Epifanio (Coach: Antonio Díaz-Miguel)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Wayne Brabender, 5 Quim Costa, 6 Cándido "Chicho" Sibilio, 7 Josep Maria Margall, 8 Manuel Flores, 9 Fernando Romay, 10 Fernando Martín, 11 Juan Antonio Corbalán, 12 Rafael Rullán, 13 Juan Domingo de la Cruz, 14 Ignacio "Nacho" Solozábal, 15 Juan Antonio "Epi" San Epifanio (Coach: Antonio Díaz-Miguel)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Wayne Brabender, 5 Quim Costa, 6 Cándido "Chicho" Sibilio, 7 Josep Maria Margall, 8 Andrés Jiménez Fernández, 9 Fernando Romay, 10 Fernando Martín, 11 Juan Antonio Corbalán, 12 Ignacio "Nacho" Solozábal, 13 Juan Domingo de la Cruz, 14 Juan Manuel López Iturriaga, 15 Juan Antonio "Epi" San Epifanio (Coach: Antonio Díaz-Miguel)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Fernando Arcega, 5 Joan "Chichi" Creus, 6 Cándido "Chicho" Sibilio, 7 Josep Maria Margall, 8 Andrés Jiménez Fernández, 9 Fernando Romay, 10 Fernando Martín, 11 Juan Antonio Corbalán (MVP), 12 Ignacio "Nacho" Solozábal, 13 Juan Domingo de la Cruz, 14 Juan Manuel López Iturriaga, 15 Juan Antonio "Epi" San Epifanio (Coach: Antonio Díaz-Miguel)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 José Manuel Beirán, 5 José Luis Llorente, 6 Fernando Arcega, 7 Josep Maria Margall, 8 Andrés Jiménez Fernández, 9 Fernando Romay, 10 Fernando Martín, 11 Juan Antonio Corbalán, 12 Ignacio "Nacho" Solozábal, 13 Juan Domingo de la Cruz, 14 Juan Manuel López Iturriaga, 15 Juan Antonio "Epi" San Epifanio (Coach: Antonio Díaz-Miguel)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Jordi Villacampa, 5 José Luis Llorente, 6 Cándido "Chicho" Sibilio, 7 Josep Maria Margall, 8 Andrés Jiménez Fernández, 9 Fernando Romay, 10 Fernando Martín, 11 Vicente Gil, 12 Quim Costa, 13 Juan Domingo de la Cruz, 14 Juan Manuel López Iturriaga, 15 Juan Antonio "Epi" San Epifanio (Coach: Antonio Díaz-Miguel)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Jordi Villacampa, 5 Quim Costa, 6 Cándido "Chicho" Sibilio, 7 Josep Maria Margall, 8 Andrés Jiménez Fernández, 9 Fernando Romay, 10 Fernando Martín, 11 Fernando Arcega, 12 Ignacio "Nacho" Solozábal, 13 Juan Domingo de la Cruz, 14 Joan "Chichi" Creus, 15 Juan Antonio "Epi" San Epifanio (Coach: Antonio Díaz-Miguel)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Jordi Villacampa, 5 Francisco Javier Zapata, 6 Cándido "Chicho" Sibilio, 7 Josep Maria Margall, 8 Andrés Jiménez Fernández, 9 Fernando Romay, 10 José Antonio Montero, 11 Fernando Arcega, 12 Ignacio Solozábal, 13 Ferran Martínez, 14 José Ángel Arcega, 15 Juan Antonio "Epi" San Epifanio (Coach: Antonio Díaz-Miguel)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Jordi Villacampa, 5 José Luis Llorente, 6 José Biriukov, 7 Josep Maria Margall, 8 Andrés Jiménez Fernández, 9 Enrique “Quique” Andreu, 10 José Antonio Montero, 11 Fernando Arcega, 12 Ignacio Solozábal, 13 Ferran Martínez, 14 Antonio Martín Espina, 15 Juan Antonio "Epi" San Epifanio (Coach: Antonio Díaz-Miguel)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Rafael Vecina, 5 José Ángel Arcega, 6 José Biriukov, 7 Pablo Laso, 8 Andrés Jiménez Fernández, 9 Enrique “Quique” Andreu, 10 José Antonio Montero, 11 Enrique Villalobos, 12 Juan Antonio Morales, 13 Ferran Martínez, 14 Manuel Ángel Aller, 15 Juan Antonio "Epi" San Epifanio (Coach: Antonio Díaz-Miguel)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Jordi Villacampa, 5 José Angel Arcega, 6 José Miguel Antúnez, 7 Rafael Jofresa, 8 Andrés Jiménez Fernández, 9 Fernando Romay, 10 José Antonio Montero, 11 Alberto Herreros, 12 Manel Bosch, 13 Ferran Martínez, 14 Enrique Andreu, 15 Francisco J. Zapata (Coach: Antonio Díaz-Miguel)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Jordi Villacampa, 5 Mike Hansen, 6 José Miguel Antúnez, 7 Rafael Jofresa, 8 Enrique “Quique” Andreu, 9 Manel Bosch, 10 Josep “Pep” Cargol, 11 Fernando Arcega, 12 Juan Antonio Orenga, 13 Silvano Bustos, 14 Antonio Martín Espina, 15 Juan Antonio "Epi" San Epifanio (Coach: Antonio Díaz-Miguel)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Jordi Villacampa, 5 José Arcega, 6 José Biriukov, 7 Rafael Jofresa, 8 Andrés Jiménez, 9 Santiago Aldama, 10 Tomás Jofresa, 11 Xavi Fernández, 12 Alberto Herreros, 13 Juan Antonio Orenga, 14 Enrique Andreu, 15 Juan Antonio "Epi" San Epifanio (Coach: Antonio Díaz-Miguel)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Jordi Villacampa, 5 Rafael Jofresa, 6 Tomas Jofresa, 7 Juan Antonio Orenga, 8 Andrés Jiménez, 9 Juan Antonio Morales, 10 Ignacio “Nacho” Azofra, 11 Alberto Herreros, 12 Xavier “Xavi” Crespo, 13 Ferran Martínez, 14 Antonio Martín Espina, 15 Juan Antonio "Epi" San Epifanio (Coach: Lolo Sainz)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Andrés Jiménez, 5 Enrique Andreu, 6 Alberto Herreros, 7 José Cargol, 8 Ferran Martínez, 9 Juan Antonio Orenga, 10 José Miguel Antúnez, 11 Rafael Vecina, 12 Rafael Jofresa, 13 Pablo Laso, 14 Juan Antonio "Epi" San Epifanio, 15 Jordi Villacampa (Coach: Lolo Sainz)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Alberto Angulo, 5 , 6 Mike Smith, 7 Juan Antonio Orenga, 8 Ignacio Rodríguez, 9 Pablo Laso, 10 Xavi Fernández, 11 Alberto Herreros, 12 Alfonso Reyes, 13 Ferran Martínez, 14 Antonio Martín Espina, 15 (Coach: Lolo Sainz)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Alberto Angulo, 5 José Luis Galilea, 6 Tomás Jofresa, 7 Juan Antonio Orenga, 8 Ignacio Rodríguez, 9 Mike Smith, 10 , 11 Alberto Herreros, 12 , 13 Ferran Martínez, 14 Alfonso Reyes, 15 Roberto Dueñas (Coach: Lolo Sainz)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Alberto Angulo, 5 Nacho Rodilla, 6 Nacho Azofra, 7 Juan Antonio Orenga, 8 Ignacio Rodríguez, 9 Carlos Jiménez, 10 Rodrigo De la Fuente, 11 Alberto Herreros, 12 José Antonio Paraíso, 13 Iñaki de Miguel, 14 Alfonso Reyes, 15 Roberto Dueñas (Coach: Lolo Sainz)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Alberto Angulo, 5 Nacho Rodilla, 6 Iván Corrales, 7 Ignacio Romero, 8 Ignacio Rodríguez, 9 Carlos Jiménez, 10 Rodrigo De la Fuente, 11 Alberto Herreros, 12 Roger Esteller, 13 Iñaki de Miguel, 14 Alfonso Reyes, 15 Roberto Dueñas (Coach: Lolo Sainz)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Alberto Angulo, 5 Juan Carlos Navarro, 6 Raúl López, 7 Jorge Garbajosa, 8 Ignacio Rodríguez, 9 Carlos Jiménez, 10 Rodrigo De la Fuente, 11 Alberto Herreros, 12 Johnny Rogers, 13 Iñaki de Miguel, 14 Alfonso Reyes, 15 Roberto Dueñas (Coach: Lolo Sainz)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Pau Gasol, 5 Chuck Kornegay, 6 Paco Vázquez, 7 Juan Carlos Navarro, 8 Ignacio Rodríguez, 9 Felipe Reyes, 10 Carlos Jiménez, 11 Lucio Angulo, 12 José Antonio Paraíso, 13 Raúl López, 14 Alfonso Reyes, 15 Jorge Garbajosa (Coach: Javier Imbroda)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Pau Gasol, 5 Oriol Junyent, 6 Carles Marco, 7 Juan Carlos Navarro, 8 Ignacio Rodríguez, 9 Felipe Reyes, 10 Carlos Jiménez, 11 Lucio Angulo, 12 José Antonio Paraíso, 13 José Calderón, 14 Alfonso Reyes, 15 Jorge Garbajosa (Coach: Javier Imbroda)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Pau Gasol, 5 Roger Grimau, 6 Carles Marco, 7 Juan Carlos Navarro, 8 José Calderón, 9 Felipe Reyes, 10 Carlos Jiménez, 11 Alberto Herreros, 12 Rodrigo de la Fuente, 13 Antonio Bueno, 14 Alfonso Reyes, 15 Jorge Garbajosa (Coach: Moncho López)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Pau Gasol, 5 Iker Iturbe, 6 Jaume Comas, 7 Juan Carlos Navarro, 8 José Calderón, 9 Felipe Reyes, 10 Carlos Cabezas (C), 11 Óscar Yebra, 12 Roberto Dueñas, 13 Rudy Fernández, 14 Rodrigo De la Fuente, 15 Jorge Garbajosa (Coach: Mario Pesquera)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Rudy Fernández, 5 Iker Iturbe, 6 Carlos Cabezas, 7 Juan Carlos Navarro, 8 José Calderón, 9 Felipe Reyes, 10 Carlos Jiménez, 11 Sergi Vidal, 12 Sergio Rodríguez, 13 Iñaki de Miguel, 14 Fran Vázquez, 15 Jorge Garbajosa (Coach: Mario Pesquera)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Pau Gasol (MVP), 5 Rudy Fernández, 6 Carlos Cabezas, 7 Juan Carlos Navarro, 8 José Calderón, 9 Felipe Reyes, 10 Carlos Jiménez, 11 Sergio Rodríguez, 12 Berni Rodríguez, 13 Marc Gasol, 14 Álex Mumbrú, 15 Jorge Garbajosa (Coach: Pepu Hernández)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Pau Gasol, 5 Rudy Fernández, 6 Carlos Cabezas, 7 Juan Carlos Navarro, 8 José Calderón, 9 Felipe Reyes, 10 Carlos Jiménez, 11 Sergio Rodríguez, 12 Berni Rodríguez, 13 Marc Gasol, 14 Álex Mumbrú, 15 Jorge Garbajosa (Coach: Pepu Hernández)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Pau Gasol, 5 Rudy Fernández, 6 Ricky Rubio, 7 Juan Carlos Navarro, 8 José Calderón, 9 Felipe Reyes, 10 Carlos Jiménez, 11 Raül López, 12 Berni Rodríguez, 13 Marc Gasol, 14 Álex Mumbrú, 15 Jorge Garbajosa (Coach: Aíto García Reneses)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Pau Gasol (MVP), 5 Rudy Fernández, 6 Ricky Rubio, 7 Juan Carlos Navarro, 8 Víctor Claver, 9 Felipe Reyes, 10 Carlos Cabezas, 11 Raül López, 12 Sergio Llull, 13 Marc Gasol, 14 Álex Mumbrú, 15 Jorge Garbajosa (Coach: Sergio Scariolo)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Fernando San Emeterio, 5 Rudy Fernández, 6 Ricky Rubio, 7 Juan Carlos Navarro, 8 Raül López, 9 Felipe Reyes, 10 Víctor Claver, 11 Fran Vázquez, 12 Sergio Llull, 13 Marc Gasol, 14 Álex Mumbrú, 15 Jorge Garbajosa (Coach: Sergio Scariolo)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Pau Gasol, 5 Rudy Fernández, 6 Ricky Rubio, 7 Juan Carlos Navarro (MVP), 8 José Calderón, 9 Felipe Reyes, 10 Víctor Claver, 11 Fernando San Emeterio, 12 Sergio Llull, 13 Marc Gasol, 14 Serge Ibaka, 15 Víctor Sada (Coach: Sergio Scariolo)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Pau Gasol, 5 Rudy Fernández, 6 Sergio Rodríguez, 7 Juan Carlos Navarro, 8 José Calderón, 9 Felipe Reyes, 10 Víctor Claver, 11 Fernando San Emeterio, 12 Sergio Llull, 13 Marc Gasol, 14 Serge Ibaka, 15 Víctor Sada (Coach: Sergio Scariolo)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Pablo Aguilar, 5 Rudy Fernández, 6 Sergio Rodríguez, 7 Xavi Rey, 8 José Calderón, 9 Ricky Rubio, 10 Víctor Claver, 11 Fernando San Emeterio, 12 Sergio Llull, 13 Marc Gasol, 14 Germán Gabriel, 15 Álex Mumbrú (Coach: Juan Antonio Orenga)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Pau Gasol, 5 Rudy Fernández, 6 Sergio Rodríguez, 7 Juan Carlos Navarro (C), 8 José Calderón, 9 Felipe Reyes, 10 Víctor Claver, 11 Ricky Rubio, 12 Sergio Llull, 13 Marc Gasol, 14 Serge Ibaka, 15 Álex Abrines (Coach: Juan Antonio Orenga)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Pau Gasol (MVP), 5 Rudy Fernández, 6 Sergio Rodríguez, 7 Willy Hernangómez, 8 Pau Ribas, 9 Felipe Reyes, 10 Víctor Claver, 11 Fernando San Emeterio, 12 Sergio Llull, 13 Pablo Aguilar, 14 Nikola Mirotić, 15 Guillem Vives (Coach: Sergio Scariolo)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Pau Gasol, 5 Rudy Fernández, 6 Sergio Rodríguez, 7 Juan Carlos Navarro, 8 José Calderón, 9 Felipe Reyes,


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 10 Víctor Claver, 14 Willy Hernangómez, 21 Álex Abrines, 23 Sergio Llull, 44 Nikola Mirotić, 79 Ricky Rubio (Coach: Sergio Scariolo)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 4 Pau Gasol, 6 Sergio Rodríguez, 7 Juan Carlos Navarro, 9 Ricky Rubio, 13 Marc Gasol, 14 Willy Hernangómez, 15 Joan Sastre, 16 Guillem Vives, 18 Pierre Oriola, 19 Fernando San Emeterio, 21 Álex Abrines, 41 Juan Hernangómez (Coach: Sergio Scariolo)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 1 Quino Colom, 5 Rudy Fernández (C), 8 Pau Ribas, 9 Ricky Rubio (MVP), 10 Víctor Claver, 13 Marc Gasol, 14 Willy Hernangómez, 18 Pierre Oriola, 22 Xavi Rabaseda, 23 Sergio Llull, 33 Javier Beirán, 41 Juan Hernangómez (Coach: Sergio Scariolo)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 3 Xabier López-Arostegui, 4 Pau Gasol, 5 Rudy Fernández (C), 6 Sergio Rodríguez, 9 Ricky Rubio, 10 Víctor Claver, 13 Marc Gasol, 14 Willy Hernangómez, 16 Usman Garuba, 20 Alberto Abalde, 21 Álex Abrines, 23 Sergio Llull (Coach: Sergio Scariolo)


title: Spain men's national basketball team

text: 2 Lorenzo Brown, 4 Jaime Pradilla, 5 Rudy Fernández (C), 6 Xabier López-Arostegui, 7 Jaime Fernández, 8 Darío Brizuela, 9 Alberto Díaz, 11 Sebas Saiz, 14 Willy Hernangómez (MVP), 16 Usman Garuba, 41 Juan Hernangómez, 44 Joel Parra (Coach: Sergio Scariolo)


title: Eddy Arnold

text: Richard Edward Arnold (May 15, 1918 – May 8, 2008) was an American country music singer who performed for six decades. He was a Nashville sound (country/popular music) innovator of the late 1950s, and scored 147 songs on the "Billboard" country music charts, second only to George Jones. He sold more than 85 million records. A member of the Grand Ole Opry (beginning 1943) and the Country Music Hall of Fame (beginning 1966), Arnold ranked 22nd on Country Music Television's 2003 list of "The 40 Greatest Men of Country Music."


title: Eddy Arnold

text: Arnold was born on May 15, 1918, on a farm near Henderson, Tennessee. His father, a sharecropper, played the fiddle, while his mother played guitar. Arnold's father died when he was just 11, forcing him to leave school and begin helping on the family farm. This led to him later gaining his nickname, the Tennessee Plowboy. Arnold attended Pinson High School in Pinson, Tennessee, where he played guitar for school functions and events. He quit before graduation to help with the farm work, but continued performing, often arriving on a mule with his guitar hung on his back. Arnold also worked part-time as an assistant at a mortuary.


title: Eddy Arnold

text: In 1934, at age 16, Arnold made his debut on WTJS-AM in Jackson, Tennessee. He began performing at local nightclubs and was hired permanently by WTJS in 1937. In 1938, he was hired by WMPS-AM in Memphis, Tennessee, where he was one of its most popular performers. He soon left WMPS for KWK-AM in St. Louis, Missouri, followed briefly by a spot at WHAS-AM in Louisville, Kentucky.


title: Eddy Arnold

text: He performed for WSM (AM) on the Grand Ole Opry during 1943 as a solo artist. In 1944, Arnold signed a contract with RCA Victor, and with manager Colonel Tom Parker who would later manage Elvis Presley. Arnold's first single was little noticed, but the next, "Each Minute Seems a Million Years", scored number five on the country charts in 1945. Its success began a decade of unprecedented chart performance; Arnold's next 57 singles all ranked in the top 10 in the US country charts, including 19 number-one successes.


title: Eddy Arnold

text: In 1946, Arnold scored his first major success with "That's How Much I Love You". In 1948, he had five successful songs on the charts simultaneously. That year, he had nine songs in the top 10; five of these were number one and scored there for 40 of the year's 52 weeks. With Parker's management, Arnold continued to dominate, with 13 of the 20 best-scoring country music songs of 1947–1948. He became the host of Mutual Radio's Purina-sponsored segment of the "Opry" and of Mutual's "Checkerboard Jamboree", a midday program shared with Ernest Tubb that was broadcast from a Nashville theater. Recorded radio programs increased Arnold's popularity, as did the CBS Radio series "Hometown Reunion" with the Duke of Paducah. Arnold quit the Opry during 1948, and his "Hometown Reunion" briefly broadcast in competition with the Opry on Saturday nights. In 1949 and 1950, he performed in the Columbia movies "Feudin' Rhythm" and "Hoedown."


title: Eddy Arnold

text: Arnold began working for television in the early 1950s, hosting "The Eddy Arnold Show". The summer program was broadcast successively by all three television networks, replacing the Perry Como and Dinah Shore programs. He also performed as a guest and a guest host on the ABC-TV show "Ozark Jubilee" from 1955 to 1960. Arnold featured in the syndicated "Eddy Arnold Time" from 1955 to 1957. From 1960 to 1961, he hosted NBC-TV's "Today on the Farm".


title: Eddy Arnold

text: With the rise of rock and roll in the mid 1950s, Arnold's record sales began to decline, though fellow RCA Victor country recording artist Jim Reeves found a greater audience with popular-sounding string-laced arrangements. Arnold annoyed many in the country music establishment by recording with Hugo Winterhalter and his Orchestra at the RCA Victor studios in New York. Winterhalter's pop-oriented arrangements of "The Cattle Call" and "The Richest Man (in the World)", however, helped to expand Arnold's appeal beyond its country music base. This style, pioneered by Reeves and Arnold, became known as the "Nashville Sound". During 1953, Arnold and Tom Parker had a dispute, and Arnold fired him. From 1954 to 1963, Arnold's performances were managed by Joe Csida; in 1964, Csida was replaced by Jerry Purcell.


title: Eddy Arnold

text: Arnold embarked on a second career that brought his music to a more diverse audience. In the summer of 1965, he had his first number-one country song in 10 years, "What's He Doing in My World" and struck gold again six months later with the song that became his most well-known, "Make the World Go Away", accompanied by pianist Floyd Cramer on piano and featuring the Anita Kerr Singers. As a result, Arnold's rendition became an international success. "Make The World Go Away" became his only top ten pop hit.


title: Eddy Arnold

text: Bill Walker's orchestra arrangements provided the lush background for 16 continuous successes sung by Arnold in the late 1960s. Arnold performed with symphony orchestras in New York City, Las Vegas, and Hollywood. He performed in Carnegie Hall for two concerts, and in the Coconut Grove in Las Vegas. In 1966, Arnold was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame, the youngest performer to receive the honor. The following year, Arnold was voted the first-ever awarded Country Music Association's Entertainer of the Year. Two years later, he released an autobiography named "It's A Long Way From Chester County".


title: Eddy Arnold

text: Having been with RCA Victor since 1944, Arnold left the label in 1973 for MGM Records, where he recorded four albums, which included several top-40 successes. He returned to RCA in 1976 and recorded for the company for the remainder of his career.


title: Eddy Arnold

text: During the 1980s, Arnold declared himself semi-retired, but he continued recording. In 1984, the Academy of Country Music awarded Arnold its Pioneer Award. His next album, "You Don't Miss A Thing", was not released until 1991. Arnold performed road tours for several more years. By 1992, he had sold nearly 85 million records, and had a total of 145 weeks of number-one songs, more than any other singer.


title: Eddy Arnold

text: In 1996, RCA issued an album of Arnold's main successes since 1944 as part of its 'Essential' series. Arnold, then 78 years old, retired from active singing, though he still performed occasionally. On May 16, 1998, the day after his 80th birthday, he announced his final retirement during a concert at the Hotel Orleans in Las Vegas. That same year, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences inducted the recording of "Make The World Go Away" into the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 2000, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts. In 2005, Arnold received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Recording Academy, and later that year, released a final album for RCA titled "After All These Years".


title: Eddy Arnold

text: Arnold died from natural causes on May 8, 2008, in a care facility in Nashville, one week before his 90th birthday. His wife of 66 years, Sally Gayhart Arnold, had preceded him in death by two months. They were survived by two children (Richard E. Arnold, Jr., and JoAnn Arnold Pollard), two grandchildren (K. Michelle Pollard and R. Shannon Pollard, Jr.), and four great-grandchildren (Katie E. Pollard, Jack Pollard, Rowan Pollard, and Ben Johns).


title: Eddy Arnold

text: On May 31, 2008, RCA released "To Life" as a single from the album "After All These Years". It debuted at number 49 on the Hot Country Songs charts, Arnold's first entry in 25 years and the recording by the oldest person to chart in "Billboard" magazine. It set the record for the longest span between a first chart single and a last: 62 years and 11 months ("Each Minute Seems Like a Million Years" debuted on June 30, 1945), and extended Arnold's career chart history to seven decades.


title: Hotel Hell

text: Hotel Hell is an American reality television series created, hosted and narrated by Gordon Ramsay, which ran on the Fox network for three seasons from 2012 to 2016. It aired on Monday nights at 8 pm ET/PT. It was Ramsay's fourth series for the Fox network.


title: Hotel Hell

text: The series features Ramsay visiting various struggling lodging establishments throughout the United States in an attempt to reverse their misfortunes, following a similar concept established in Ramsay's other programs, "Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares" and its American counterpart, "Kitchen Nightmares".


title: Hotel Hell

text: Originally scheduled to premiere on Fox at 8 pm ET/PT on Friday, April 6, 2012, the series was first rescheduled to Monday, June 4, 2012 at 8 pm ET/PT, in order to accommodate the move of "The Finder" to Fridays, then rescheduled to August 13, due to Ramsay's other two series, "Hell's Kitchen" and "MasterChef", being scheduled for Monday nights during the summer.


title: Hotel Hell

text: The series' first season, which consisted of six episodes, ended on September 3, 2012. On August 31, 2012, Fox renewed "Hotel Hell" for a second season, which premiered on July 21, 2014.


title: Merneptah

text: Merneptah or Merenptah (reigned July or August 1213 BC – May 2, 1203 BC) was the fourth pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. He ruled Egypt for almost ten years, from late July or early August 1213 BC until his death on May 2, 1203 BC, according to contemporary historical records. He was the thirteenth son of Ramesses II, only coming to power because all his older brothers had died, including his full brother Khaemwaset or Khaemwase. By the time he ascended to the throne, he was probably around seventy years old. He is perhaps best known for his victory stele, featuring the first known mention of the name Israel. His throne name was "Ba-en-re Mery-netjeru", which means "The Soul of Ra, Beloved of the Gods".


title: Merneptah

text: Merneptah was likely the fourth child born to Isetnofret I and Ramesses II. He was Ramesses II's thirteenth son. He married Isetnofret II, who was likely his full sister or niece, and she would be his Great Royal Wife when he became pharaoh. They had at least two sons, Merenptah and Seti, and a daughter, Twosret. When Seti became pharaoh, Twosret was his Great Royal Wife; she would eventually become pharaoh in her own right.


title: Merneptah

text: Ramesses II lived well into his nineties and was one of the oldest pharaohs in Egyptian history, if not the oldest. He outlived many of his heirs and eventually Merneptah would be the son to succeed him. Merneptah would have been prepared to be pharaoh through the responsibility of his government roles. By Year 40, Merneptah had been promoted to Overseer of the Army. In Year 55, he was officially proclaimed crown prince. At that point, he gained additional responsibilities by serving as Prince Regent for the last twelve years of Ramesses II's life.


title: Merneptah

text: According to one reading of contemporary historical records, Merneptah ruled Egypt for almost ten years, from late July or early August 1213 BC until his death on 2 May 1203 BC.


title: Merneptah

text: Merneptah had to carry out several military campaigns during his reign. In the fifth year of his rule, he fought against the Libyans, who—with the assistance of the Sea Peoples—were threatening Egypt from the west. Merneptah led a victorious six-hour battle against a combined Libyan and Sea People force at the city of Perire, probably located on the western edge of the Nile delta. His account of this campaign against the Sea Peoples and Libu is described in prose on a wall beside the sixth pylon at Karnak, which states:


title: Merneptah

text: An inscription on the Athribis Stele, now in the garden of Cairo Museum, declares "His majesty was enraged at their report, like a lion", assembled his court, and gave a rousing speech. Later he dreamed he saw Ptah handing him a sword and saying "Take thou (it) and banish thou the fearful heart from thee." When the bowmen went forth, says the inscription, "Amun was with them as a shield." After six hours the surviving Nine Bows threw down their weapons, abandoned their baggage and dependents, and ran for their lives. Merneptah states that he defeated the invasion, killing 6,000 soldiers and taking 9,000 prisoners. To be sure of the numbers, among other things, he took the penises of all uncircumcised enemy dead and the hands of all the circumcised, from which history learns that the Ekwesh were circumcised, a fact causing some to doubt that they were Greek.


title: Merneptah

text: There is also an account of the same events in the form of a poem from the Merneptah Stele, widely known as the "Israel Stele", which mentions the suppression of revolts in Canaan and makes reference to the supposed utter destruction of Israel in a campaign prior to his fifth year, in Canaan: "Israel has been wiped out...its seed is no more." This is the first recognised ancient Egyptian record of the existence of Israel--"not as a country or city, but as a tribe" or people. A newly discovered massive layer of fiery destruction confirms Merneptah's boast about his Canaanite campaign.


title: Merneptah

text: Merneptah was already an elderly man in his late 60s, if not early 70s, when he assumed the throne. Merneptah moved the administrative center of Egypt from Piramesse (Pi-Ramesses), his father's capital, back to Memphis, where he constructed a royal palace next to the temple of Ptah. This palace was excavated in 1915 by the University of Pennsylvania Museum, led by Clarence Stanley Fisher.


title: Merneptah

text: Merneptah's successor, Seti II, was a son of Queen Isetnofret. However, Seti II's accession to the throne was not unchallenged: a rival king named Amenmesse, who was either another son of Merneptah by Takhat or, much less likely, of Ramesses II, seized control of Upper Egypt and Kush during the middle of the reign of Seti II. Only after he overcame Amenmesse, was Seti able to reassert his authority over Thebes in his fifth year. It is possible that before seizing Upper Egypt, Amenmesse had been known as Messuy and had been viceroy of Kush.


title: Merneptah

text: Merneptah suffered from arthritis and atherosclerosis and died as an old man after a reign that lasted for nearly a decade. He was originally buried within tomb KV8 in the Valley of the Kings, but his mummy was not found there. In 1898 it was located along with eighteen other mummies in the mummy cache found in the tomb of Amenhotep II (KV35) by Victor Loret. His mummy was taken to Cairo and eventually unwrapped by Dr. G. Elliott Smith on July 8, 1907. Dr. Smith notes that:


title: Merneptah

text: The body is that of an old man and is 1 meter 714 millimeters [5'6"] in height. Merneptah was almost completely bald, only a narrow fringe of white hair (now cut so close as to be seen only with difficulty) remaining on the temples and occiput. A few short (about 2 mill) black hairs were found on the upper lip and scattered, closely clipped hairs on the cheeks and chin. The general aspect of the face recalls that of Ramesses II, but the form of the cranium and the measurements of the face much more nearly agree with those of his [grand]father, Seti the Great.


title: Merneptah

text: In 1980, James Harris and Edward F. Wente conducted a series of X-ray examinations on New Kingdom Pharaohs crania and skeletal remains, which included the mummified remains of Mereneptah. The analysis in general found strong similarities between the New Kingdom rulers of the 19th Dynasty and 20th Dynasty with Mesolithic Nubian samples. The authors also noted affinities with modern Mediterranean populations of Levantine origin. Harris and Wente suggested this represented admixture as the Rammessides were of northern origin.


title: Merneptah

text: In April 2021 his mummy was moved from the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities to the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization along with those of 17 other kings and 4 queens in an event termed the Pharaohs' Golden Parade.


title: Glock Ges.m.b.H.

text: Glock Ges.m.b.H. (trademarked as GLOCK) is a weapons manufacturer headquartered in Deutsch-Wagram, Austria, named after its founder, Gaston Glock. While the company is best known for its line of polymer-framed pistols, it also produces field knives, entrenching tools, and apparel.


title: Glock Ges.m.b.H.

text: Glock handguns are used by armed forces and law enforcement organizations worldwide, including a majority of law enforcement agencies in the United States. In some countries Glock handguns are popular with citizens for personal protection and practical shooting. The company sponsors a competitive shooting team which travels worldwide. As of 2014, Glock produces more than two dozen models of handguns in three sizes and seven cartridges in three calibers.


title: Glock Ges.m.b.H.

text: Glock handguns are common sidearms among law enforcement agencies and military organizations around the world, and are also largely popular weapons amongst civilians for home defense, and concealed/open carry. The popularity of Glock pistols can be attributed to a number of factors. They are widely reputed as highly reliable, being able to function under extreme conditions and to fire a wide range of ammunition types (9mm, 10mm, .40 S&W, .45 ACP, .45 GAP, .357 SIG, .380 ACP, and .22 LR; third-party conversion kits for .400 Corbon, .40 Super, and .50 GI are also available). The simplicity of the Glock design as well as its simple operating method contributes to this reliability, as it contains a relatively small number of components (nearly half as many as the typical handgun, each of these being interchangeable requiring no hand-fitting) making maintenance and repair easier and less costly. On 10 December 2019, Glock introduced their first production-Model .22-caliber Pistol, The Glock 44.


title: Glock Ges.m.b.H.

text: The polymer frame makes them lighter than typical steel or aluminum-framed handguns, an attractive feature for police officers and regular citizens who carry firearms for extended periods of time. The trigger is the only operating element; all three safeties are deactivated when the trigger is pulled, and automatically activated when it is released. Glock pistols have no other manual safeties (as some other brands have an external safety often in the form of a lever or button); the only external controls aside from the trigger itself are the slide stop lever, the magazine catch, and the slide lock for disassembly. This adds to the simplicity of use and removes a potential source of error while operating the handgun under stress. Most of the steel components in a Glock pistol are treated with a nitriding process called "Tenifer", which increases the surface hardness and makes the pistol resistant to corrosion and wear.


title: Glock Ges.m.b.H.

text: Though the Heckler & Koch VP70 was the first polymer-framed pistol and predates the Glock 17 by 12 years, the popularity of Glock pistols inspired other manufacturers to begin production of similar polymer-framed firearms, including the Walther P99, Smith & Wesson Sigma, HS2000 (Springfield Armory XD), Steyr M, Taurus PT 24/7, Caracal, FN Herstal FNP and Ruger SR9 pistols.


title: Glock Ges.m.b.H.

text: In addition to their semi-automatic handguns, Glock also produces a select-fire pistol, the Glock 18, which is able to be fired in either semi-automatic or fully automatic mode. This model is generally available only to law enforcement or military organizations and the details of its production are seemingly classified. Conversion kits for other Glocks to be fired in fully automatic mode also exist, but they are third-party, and they are specifically marked as Title 2 devices by the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives – restricting their purchase and possession to ATF 3 license Dealers in the US.


title: Glock Ges.m.b.H.

text: Glock currently manufactures two models of knives, the "Feldmesser 78" (Field Knife 78) and the "Feldmesser 81" (Survival Knife 81).


title: Glock Ges.m.b.H.

text: The Field Knife 78 is a classic type knife, with a blade and overall length. The Survival Knife 81 has the same overall dimensions with an additional saw on the back of the blade. The Field Knife 78 weighs and the Survival Knife 81 weighs .


title: Glock Ges.m.b.H.

text: The grips and sheaths are made of polymer and are available in three colors: olive drab, sand, and black. As of 2016 Glock introduced a new grey color variant of Field Knife 81 and has plans to discontinue Field Knife 78 in other colors than black.


title: Glock Ges.m.b.H.

text: The Feldspaten features a hardened metal spade blade that can be locked in three positions for digging, shoveling, and chopping, and a telescopic handle made out of fiberglass-reinforced nylon containing a long hardened metal sawblade.


title: Glock Ges.m.b.H.

text: The entrenching tool weighs and fully extended is long. The spade and handle can be collapsed and shortened for easy transport and storage into a 260 mm × 150 mm × 60 mm (10 in × 6 in ×  in) package.


title: Glock Ges.m.b.H.

text: The entrenching tool is supplied with a nylon storage/transport pouch that can be attached to a belt or backpack.


title: Glock Ges.m.b.H.

text: Glock has been the target of multiple embezzlement schemes involving high-ranking officers of the company or others closely related to the company. In 1999, Charles Ewert attempted to murder Gaston Glock after Glock asked for a meeting regarding an accusation of embezzlement. Ewert was convicted of attempted murder along with an accomplice for his involvement.


title: Glock Ges.m.b.H.

text: In April 2012, Paul Jannuzzo, the former CEO of US subsidiary Glock, Inc., was convicted of racketeering regarding his involvement in an embezzlement scheme against the company.


title: Glock Ges.m.b.H.

text: Investigation of these cases brought to light questionable financial dealings in the background and complicated ownership structure hidden behind a string of shell companies in favourable tax locations around the world.


title: Artesian aquifer

text: An artesian aquifer is a confined aquifer containing groundwater under positive pressure. An artesian aquifer has trapped water, surrounded by layers of impermeable rock or clay, which apply positive pressure to the water contained within the aquifer. If a well were to be sunk into an artesian aquifer, water in the well-pipe would rise to a height corresponding to the point where hydrostatic equilibrium is reached.


title: Artesian aquifer

text: A well drilled into such an aquifer is called an "artesian well". If water reaches the ground surface under the natural pressure of the aquifer, the well is termed a "flowing artesian well".


title: Artesian aquifer

text: Fossil water aquifers can also be artesian if they are under sufficient pressure from the surrounding rocks, similar to how many newly tapped oil wells are pressurized.


title: Artesian aquifer

text: From the previous statement, it can be inferred that not all aquifers are artesian (i.e., water table aquifers occur where the groundwater level at the top of the aquifer is at equilibrium with atmospheric pressure). The recharging of aquifers happens when the water table at its recharge zone is at a higher elevation than the head of the well.


title: Artesian aquifer

text: Artesian wells were named after the former province of Artois in France, where many artesian wells were drilled by Carthusian monks from 1126.


title: Salt (rapper)

text: Cheryl Renee James (born March 28, 1966), better known by her stage name Salt, is an American rapper. She is best known as a member of the female rap trio Salt-N-Pepa, which also includes Pepa (Sandra Denton) and Spinderella (Deidra "Dee Dee" Roper). James starred in "The Salt-N-Pepa Show", a reality TV series focusing on reforming the group; which aired on the VH1 network in 2008.


title: Salt (rapper)

text: The daughter of a transit worker and Barbara James, a bank manager, James was born in Brooklyn, New York. The middle of three children, James grew up in the Bushwick section of Brooklyn. James attended Grover Cleveland High School, graduating in 1983. After high school, James enrolled at Queensborough Community College to study nursing. James met Queens-native Sandra Denton in 1985 while attending college.


title: Salt (rapper)

text: After forming a friendship with Denton, James' then-boyfriend and co-worker Hurby Azor approached the pair and asked them to record a rap for a class project. With Azor's guidance as their manager, James and Denton then formed the group "Super Nature" (which eventually changed to "Salt N' Pepa") and were joined by Latoya Hanson who was replaced by Deidra Roper joined in 1987. They released five studio albums: "Hot, Cool & Vicious" (1986), "A Salt with a Deadly Pepa" (1988), "Blacks' Magic" (1990), "Very Necessary" (1993), and "Brand New" (1997). Salt also co-starred in the 1993 motion picture "Who's the Man?". In 1997, she recorded the song "Stomp" with gospel artists Kirk Franklin and God's Property for their album "God's Property", one of the bestselling albums in gospel music history. They were the first female rap act to have gold, platinum, and multi-platinum albums, and the first female rap act to win a Grammy. The group disbanded in 2002 but reformed in 2008.


title: Salt (rapper)

text: James appeared on VH1's inaugural "Hip Hop Honors" program in November 2004, along with Pepa, but they did not perform. Salt, Pepa, and Spinderella, however, did perform on the second Hip Hop Honors on September 22, 2005, performing their hit "Whatta Man". This was the trio's first performance as Salt-N-Pepa since 1999. On October 23, 2008, Salt-N-Pepa performed "Shoop", "Push It", and "Whatta Man" at the 2008 BET Hip Hop Awards. In 2009, James was featured in the Generation Gospel Exclusive on 106 & Gospel.


title: Salt (rapper)

text: James dated Salt-N-Pepa group manager Hurby Azor during the early start of the group from 1984 until 1989. James married her husband Gavin Wray on Christmas Eve 2000, although they dated for ten years before the marriage. James and Wray have two children.


title: Salt (rapper)

text: James and her daughter are referenced in Tupac's song "Keep Ya Head Up". In an interview James stated she considers herself a feminist "in a way", emphasizing the need for women to avoid complete emotional and financial dependence on men. Songs like "Tramp" and "Shake Your Thang" by Salt-N-Pepa express such feminist themes as female autonomy. She was baptized into the Seventh-day Adventist Church on a mission trip in Ethiopia with Oakwood College.


title: Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)

text: "Perfect Day" is a song written by American musician Lou Reed in 1972. It was originally featured on "Transformer", Reed's second post–Velvet Underground solo album, and as a double A-side with his major hit, "Walk on the Wild Side". Its fame was given a boost in the 1990s when it was featured in the 1996 film "Trainspotting" and after a star-studded version was released as a BBC charity single in 1997, reaching number one in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Norway. Reed re-recorded the song for his 2003 album "The Raven".


title: Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)

text: The original recording, as with the rest of the "Transformer" album, was produced by David Bowie and Mick Ronson (who also wrote the string arrangement and played piano on the track). The song has a sombre vocal delivery and a slow, piano-based instrumental backing.


title: Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)

text: The song was written after Reed and his then fiancée (later his first wife), Bettye Kronstad, spent a day in Central Park. The lyric is often considered to suggest simple, conventional romantic devotion, possibly alluding to Reed's relationship with Bettye Kronstad and Reed's own conflicts with his sexuality, drug use and ego.


title: Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)

text: Some commentators have further seen the lyrical subtext as displaying Reed's romanticized attitude towards a period of his own addiction to heroin. This popular understanding of the song as an ode to addiction led to its inclusion in the soundtrack for "Trainspotting", a film about the lives of heroin addicts. However, this interpretation, according to Reed himself, is "laughable". In an interview in 2000, Reed stated, "No. You're talking to the writer, the person who wrote it. No that's not true. I don't object to that, particularly...whatever you think is perfect. But this guy's vision of a perfect day was the girl, sangria in the park, and then you go home; a perfect day, real simple. I meant just what I said."


title: Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)

text: The song has featured in commercials such as an AT&T advertisement which ran during the 2010 Olympics, and an advertisement by Sony for the launch of the PlayStation 4 in October 2013, two weeks before Reed's death. The song has also appeared in TV shows including "Fear the Walking Dead,"


title: Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)

text: the season one finale of "The Mist", "Doom Patrol", and "Our Flag Means Death." In 2015, the song appeared as ironic counterpoint to the main character's demotion in the season 2 premiere of the TV series "Gotham". The song was featured in the 2020 TV series, "Brave New World" based on Aldous Huxley's book.


title: Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)

text: In 2020, the song was performed by a choir of past and present cast members of "Saturday Night Live" on the show's April 11 episode as a tribute to the show's longtime music producer Hal Willner, following his death of COVID-19 earlier in the week. In 2021, a cover version by Scala & Kolacny Brothers was used in the trailer for the 2021 film "Spencer".


title: Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)

text: An orchestral version of the song by composer Ramin Djawadi was featured on the 5th episode on season 4 of Westworld.


title: Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)

text: A cover version of "Perfect Day" was the first single from the Duran Duran covers album "Thank You". It was released in the United Kingdom on March 13, 1995, and reached number 28 on the UK Singles Chart the same month. The cover was also released to US radio on May 23, 1995.


title: Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)

text: The song featured a then rare appearance by Duran Duran's first drummer Roger Taylor. He also appeared in the music video and in a promotional appearance on "Top of the Pops". The video was filmed in February 1995 by director Nick Egan, and first aired in March. It shows clips of the band performing, interspersed with surreal images.


title: Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)

text: The single was released in several versions, including numerous different remixes of the title track and other Duran Duran songs. In addition to the single and the "Thank You" album, the song also appeared in Duran Duran's "Singles Box Set 1986–1995", released in 2004. On Duran Duran's episode of "Behind the Music", Reed described the Duran Duran version as being potentially the best rerecording of any of his songs.


title: Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)

text: In 1995, British singer-songwriter Kirsty MacColl and American musician Evan Dando recorded the song as a duet. It was included as one of two new tracks on MacColl's compilation album "Galore" and reached No. 75 on the UK Singles Chart.


title: Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)

text: MacColl has described the song as "glorious and tragic at the same time". Speaking of her collaboration with Dando, she told Steve Harris in 1995: "I met Evan a couple of years ago and we sort of talked about possibly doing something together. When I was recording the new tracks for ["Galore"], I thought "Perfect Day" would be a really good song to do as a duet [and that] he would be the ideal person to sing it with me." MacColl was initially unsure of how to contact Dando, but decided to record the backing track in anticipation of being able to add his contribution at a later date. By coincidence, Dando phoned MacColl two days after the backing track was recorded to let her know he was performing in London with his band The Lemonheads and he agreed to provide vocals on the track while in the UK.


title: Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)

text: In 1997, the BBC made a version of the song with advertising agency Leagas Delaney. It showcased the BBC in a lengthy corporate promotion of its diverse music coverage which was broadcast on BBC channels, in cinemas, and at major events organised by the BBC such as the Eurovision Song Contest 1998. It featured Lou Reed himself and other major artists in what the "Financial Times" described as "an astonishing line-up of world class performers". In reference to the licence fee, the film ends with the message "Whatever your musical taste, it is catered for by BBC Radio and Television. This is only possible thanks to the unique way the BBC is paid for by you. BBC. You make it what it is." This message appears over the repeated words "You're going to reap just what you sow" which "The Guardian" described as "a none too subtle message: keep writing the cheque." In response to accusations from commercial competitors that the corporation had wasted vast sums on the film it was revealed that each artist received a "token" £250, which was at the time the minimum pay for a performance on BBC.


title: Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)

text: Prompted by huge public demand, the track was released on November 17, 1997, as a charity single for Children in Need, and Reed commented, "I have never been more impressed with a performance of one of my songs." It was the UK's number one single for three weeks, in two separate spells. The record contributed £2,125,000 to the charity's highest fundraising total in six years, and, as of November 2016, has sold 1.54 million copies. The release featured two additional versions of the song: one entirely sung by female performers, one by male performers. The BBC also produced a Christmas version of the accompanying music video.


title: Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)

text: In Ireland, the song was a huge success, remaining at number one for seven weeks and becoming 1997's Christmas number one. The single also topped the Norwegian Singles Chart for seven weeks in late 1997 and early 1998, spending 17 weeks on the chart in total. Elsewhere in Europe, it reached number four in Finland, number six in the Netherlands, number seven in Flemish Belgium and number 10 in Iceland. It was also a top-thirty hit in Austria, New Zealand and Walloon Belgium.


title: Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)

text: The song has not been digitally released to digital music platforms as the "single [is] unusable again in a commercial context due to the specific nature of the clearances for Children In Need at the time".


title: Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)

text: Performers in order of appearance; parentheses indicate mute appearance, and dividers indicate verses/sections.


title: Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)

text: Following the success of the "Perfect Day" music video, the BBC produced three further similar campaigns. The first, "Future Generations", in December 1998, did a similar multi-celebrity montage with favourite BBC children's programmes. The second, called "Shaggy Dog Story", featured various comedians and comic actors telling a long-winded shaggy dog story, with each one sharing a line or phrase. A second, shorter shaggy dog story, entitled "Mammals vs. Insects", was also broadcast on January 4, 2000. Seventeen years after "Perfect Day"'s release, the BBC produced a campaign for their new music division where 27 musicians (labelled "The Impossible Orchestra") covered the Beach Boys' "God Only Knows". The only person to appear in both campaigns is Sir Elton John.


title: Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)

text: The cover was parodied on a 1997 special "Harry Enfield and Chums", as well as by Matt Lucas and David Walliams.


title: Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)

text: The single inspired Sony Music to release a various artists compilation album, "Perfect Day", in early 1998. It reached number 7 in the UK Compilation Chart. It featured Reed's original version of the song instead of the Various Artists version.


title: Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)

text: A BBC live television event in 2000, which consisted of music programs around the clock, ended in another round-robin performance of "Perfect Day". Although watched by millions, the recording of the show that was released as a single was not a chart success, reaching only number 69 in mid-June 2000.


title: Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)

text: Scottish recording artist Susan Boyle covered the song on her second album "The Gift" and also released it on November 8, 2010, as a single.


title: Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)

text: In September 2010, Susan Boyle had to cancel a performance on "America's Got Talent" at the last minute. She had planned to sing "Perfect Day", but two hours before the show, she was told that Lou Reed had intervened, refusing her permission to perform his song and to include it on her forthcoming album "The Gift". As she and her choir did not have time to rehearse another number, she decided to cancel her performance. A couple of days later, representatives of Reed stated that he had nothing to do with the decision and that it was just a licensing glitch.


title: Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)

text: A couple of weeks later, Reed agreed not only to let her include the song on "The Gift", but also to produce her music video of the song. It was shot on the banks of Loch Lomond and premiered on November 7, 2010.


title: Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)

text: On November 19, 2010, she performed the song on "Children in Need". She also performed this again at the 82nd Royal Variety Performance, performed on the December 9, 2010.


title: Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)

text: Soon after Reed's death in 2013, Cardinal Gianfranco Ravasi, the Vatican's culture minister, made news by tweeting lyrics from the song:


title: Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)

text: As the song is widely interpreted by listeners to be drug-related, the cardinal later clarified that he did not condone drug use.


title: Upholstery

text: Upholstery is the work of providing furniture, especially seats, with padding, springs, webbing, and fabric or leather covers. The word also refers to the materials used to upholster something.


title: Upholstery

text: "Upholstery" comes from the Middle English word "upholder", which referred to an artisan who makes fabric furnishings. The term is equally applicable to domestic, automobile, airplane and boat furniture, and can be applied to mattresses, particularly the upper layers, though these often differ significantly in design. A person who works with upholstery is called an "upholsterer". An apprentice upholsterer is sometimes called an "outsider" or "trimmer". Traditional upholstery uses materials like coil springs (post-1850), animal hair (horse, hog and cow), coir, straw and hay, hessians, linen scrims, wadding, etc., and is done by hand, building each layer up. In contrast, today's upholsterers employ synthetic materials like dacron and vinyl, serpentine springs, and so on.


title: Upholstery

text: "Upholder" is an archaic term used for "upholsterer", but it appears to have a connotation of "repairing" furniture rather than creating new upholstered pieces from scratch (cobbler vs. cordwainer).


title: Upholstery

text: In 18th-century London, upholders frequently served as interior decorators responsible for all aspects of a room's decor. These individuals were members of the Worshipful Company of Upholders, whose traditional role, prior to the 18th century, was to provide upholstery and textiles and the fittings for funerals. In the great London furniture-making partnerships of the 18th century, a cabinet-maker usually paired with an upholder: Vile and Cobb, Ince and Mayhew, Chippendale and Rannie or Haig.


title: Upholstery

text: In the US, Grand Rapids, Michigan, and Hickory, North Carolina, are centers for furniture manufacture along with Long Eaton, Nottinghamshire (England) and many of the best upholsterers can still be found there. Nottinghamshire is also home to Webs training Ltd, a furniture training company that specialises in training apprentices in the furniture manufacturing industry. These artisans continue to create or recreate many antique and modern pieces of furniture.