title: Mesosphere

text: Noctilucent clouds are located in the mesosphere. The upper mesosphere is also the region of the ionosphere known as the "D layer", which is only present during the day when some ionization occurs with nitric oxide being ionized by Lyman series-alpha hydrogen radiation. The ionization is so weak that when night falls, and the source of ionization is removed, the free electron and ion form back into a neutral molecule.


title: Mesosphere

text: A deep sodium layer is located between . Made of unbound, non-ionized atoms of sodium, the sodium layer radiates weakly to contribute to the airglow. The sodium has an average concentration of 400,000 atoms per cubic centimetre. This band is regularly replenished by sodium sublimating from incoming meteors. Astronomers have begun utilizing this sodium band to create "guide stars" as part of the adaptive optical correction process used to produce ultra-sharp ground-based observations. Other metal layers, e.g. iron and potassium, exist in the upper mesosphere/lower thermosphere region as well.


title: Mesosphere

text: Beginning in October 2018, a distinct type of aurora has been identified, originating in the mesosphere. Often referred to as 'dunes' due to their resemblance to sandy ripples on a beach, the green undulating lights extend toward the equator. They have been identified as originating about above the surface. Since auroras are caused by ultra-high-speed solar particles interacting with atmospheric molecules, the green color of these dunes has tentatively been explained by the interaction of those solar particles with oxygen molecules. The dunes therefore occur where mesospheric oxygen is more concentrated.


title: Mesosphere

text: Millions of meteors enter the Earth's atmosphere, averaging 40,000 tons per year. The ablated material, called meteoric smoke, is thought to serve as condensation nuclei for noctilucent clouds.


title: Mesosphere

text: The mesosphere lies above altitude records for aircraft, while only the lowest few kilometers are accessible to balloons, for which the altitude record is . Meanwhile, the mesosphere is below the minimum altitude for orbital spacecraft due to high atmospheric drag. It has only been accessed through the use of sounding rockets, which are only capable of taking mesospheric measurements for a few minutes per mission. As a result, it is the least-understood part of the atmosphere, resulting in the humorous moniker "ignorosphere". The presence of red sprites and blue jets (electrical discharges or lightning within the lower mesosphere), noctilucent clouds, and density shears within this poorly understood layer are of current scientific interest.


title: Mesosphere

text: On February 1, 2003, broke up on reentry at about altitude, in the lower mesosphere, killing all seven crew members.


title: Tom Ince

text: Thomas Christopher Ince (born 30 January 1992) is an English professional footballer who plays as either an attacking midfielder, winger or forward for EFL Championship club Reading.


title: Tom Ince

text: The son of former England midfielder Paul Ince, Tom Ince began his career with Liverpool, for whom he made his professional debut in the 2010–11 season, coming on as a substitute in the League Cup. He later spent time that season on loan at League One club Notts County, scoring twice in eight appearances. At the end of the season, Ince turned down a new contract and moved to Blackpool, who had just been relegated from the Premier League. In two-and-a-half seasons at Blackpool, Ince played 113 games in all competitions and scored 33 goals. He also won the 2013 Football League Young Player of the Year Award and was named in the 2012–13 PFA Team of the Year.


title: Tom Ince

text: In January 2014, he signed on loan for Premier League club Crystal Palace, for whom he scored his first Premier League goal, and returned to the division permanently at the end of the season, joining Hull City on a free transfer. Ince did not feature regularly for Hull in the 2014–15 season, spending time on loan at the end of 2014 with Nottingham Forest before returning briefly to Hull. A loan spell at the end of the season with Derby County was a success, with Ince scoring 11 goals in 18 appearances. At the end of the season, he joined Derby for a fee of £4.75 million, briefly becoming the club's most-expensive signing. Ince spent the 2017–18 season with Huddersfield Town before joining Stoke City in July 2018 for a fee of £10million. Ince spent four seasons with Stoke before joining Reading in the summer of 2022.


title: Tom Ince

text: Ince was born in Stockport, Greater Manchester. His father Paul played professional football at a high level with England, Inter Milan, Manchester United and Liverpool. When Ince was three years old he moved to Italy after Paul had signed for Inter Milan where he attended an Italian school and became fluent in Italian, the family spent two years in Italy before returning to England.


title: Tom Ince

text: Ince signed for Liverpool as a youth player in 2008 and was handed a first-team squad number (number 45) at the start of the 2010–11 season. On 29 July 2010, he was an unused substitute for the first time in Liverpool's UEFA Europa League qualifier against FK Rabotnički. He made his debut for Liverpool on 22 September 2010 as a 106th-minute substitute for Daniel Pacheco in the club's third round League Cup defeat to Northampton Town at Anfield.


title: Tom Ince

text: On 1 November 2010, Ince linked up with his father Paul Ince, who was the manager of League One club Notts County, signing a short-term loan deal from Liverpool until January 2011. He signed on loan alongside 22-year-old right back Stephen Darby. Ince made his County debut on 6 November in the 2–0 FA Cup first round victory against Gateshead. On 13 November, he made his league debut in the 3–1 away loss to Exeter City. On 11 December, Ince scored his first career goal, in County's 2–0 league win against Milton Keynes Dons.


title: Tom Ince

text: At the end of December 2010, Ince said that joining his father at Notts County had benefited him as he had "got a bit lost" at Liverpool, who had tried to change his style of play. He found that his father "wanted me to be the player that I was" and that the move had "given me a fresher life". Ince scored for County for a second time on 3 January 2011 in a 3–0 win against Hartlepool United before his loan expired on 10 January and he returned to Liverpool.


title: Tom Ince

text: Despite his father's repeated attempts to re-sign his son on loan, Liverpool refused. Ince's contract expired at the end of the 2010–11 season and they would not let Ince go back out on loan unless he signed a new long-term contract. Ince's father described the contract offer as "derisory" and called Liverpool "silly" for refusing to let Ince re-join his club on loan. Ultimately, Ince declined to sign a new contract with Liverpool and so he left the club on a free transfer at the end of the season.


title: Tom Ince

text: On 3 August 2011, Ince signed a two-year contract with Blackpool, with an option for a third. As Ince was under 24 years of age and had been offered a new contract by his previous club, a compensation deal had to be agreed. Liverpool and Blackpool agreed an undisclosed fee and a sell-on clause which entitled Liverpool to 35% of any fee that Blackpool later received for selling Ince. As Blackpool had been relegated from the Premier League at the end of the 2010–11 season, Ince thus dropped down to the Championship to join the club, who were managed by Ian Holloway.


title: Tom Ince

text: He made his Blackpool debut in the League Cup defeat to Sheffield Wednesday on 11 August 2011. He scored his first goals for Blackpool with both in a 2–1 win over Doncaster Rovers on 18 October 2011. On 25 February 2012 he scored another brace in a 3–1 away win against Bristol City. In the Championship play-off final at Wembley on 19 May 2012, he scored an equaliser against West Ham United but Blackpool lost the match 2–1.


title: Tom Ince

text: The first League game of Blackpool's 2012–13 season, on 18 August 2012, saw Ince score the only goals of the game in a 2–0 win at Millwall. Following the game, manager Ian Holloway revealed that Blackpool had received an offer from an unknown club, but that Ince had committed his future to "the Seasiders" after talking to his father. Holloway stated, "There was interest in Tom last week. No one has heard about it but I'll share it with you. His dad wants him to stay with us." On 7 August, he scored twice in a 6–0 win against Ipswich Town. In September, he scored in back-to-back games against Barnsley and Middlesbrough. He scored his tenth goal of the season on 3 November, completing a run of scoring in four successive games. The previous day, Holloway left Blackpool to become the new manager of Crystal Palace. Michael Appleton was appointed to replace him. In December 2012, it was reported that Ince's form was attracting the attention of his former club Liverpool, who were preparing a bid of £4 million in the January transfer window. In January, Liverpool entered into negotiations with Blackpool, but "The Seasiders"' asking price of £8.5 million proved too much for Liverpool after they had already signed Daniel Sturridge and paid off Joe Cole's contract so they withdrew from talks. Reading made a late bid to sign him, offering a fee just below Blackpool's £8m valuation the transfer window closed with Ince still at Blackpool. On 11 January 2013, Appleton resigned to become manager of Blackburn Rovers. He was replaced by Ince's father Paul.


title: Tom Ince

text: At the 2013 Football League Awards on 24 March, Ince won the award for The Football League Young Player of the Year. In April 2013, after Wilfried Zaha had moved from Crystal Palace to Manchester United for £15 million, and with Ince the fifth-top scorer in the Championship on 18 goals, Ince's father commented that Tom should be valued at £25 million. On 30 June 2013, Blackpool accepted what was believed to be an £8 million offer from Cardiff City. It was reported that Swansea City were also interested in signing Ince, but were put off by the asking price. Despite agreeing personal terms and passing a medical with Cardiff City, Ince turned down the move on 12 July to stay in Blackpool with his newborn child. Aston Villa and Everton were subsequently linked with him, but Ince chose to remain at Blackpool.


title: Tom Ince

text: In his first ten league games of the 2013–14 season, Ince scored six goals as the team moved into fourth place in The Championship. However, he then went on a lean streak and scored just one goal in his next thirteen league matches, the equaliser in a 1–1 draw against Leeds United on 26 December 2013. In that month, Blackpool offered him a new contract, but chairman Karl Oyston expected that Ince would leave. On 18 January 2014, he played 90 minutes in a 2–0 away defeat at Barnsley. It was his last game for Blackpool. During his time at the club, Ince made 113 appearances, scoring 33 goals. Three days later, his father was sacked as manager. With negotiations undergoing for Ince's transfer away from Blackpool, he was left out of the squad for their matches against Doncaster on 25 January and Reading on 28 January.


title: Tom Ince

text: In the January 2014 transfer window, numerous clubs approached Blackpool to enquire about signing Ince, who held talks with Everton, Cardiff, Newcastle, Hull City, Sunderland, Stoke City, Swansea City, Tottenham Hotspur, Crystal Palace and his former club Liverpool again. However, Ince once again spurned Liverpool's advances, believing that he was not ready to move to a club of their size. European clubs Ajax, Inter Milan and Paris Saint-Germain also revealed their interest and French club Monaco were reported to be leading the race to sign Ince on a free transfer in the Summer. Ince and his father met with representatives from Monaco in London on 16 January, just two days before Blackpool's 2–0 defeat to Barnsley, which was believed to be one of the reasons for Paul Ince being sacked as Blackpool manager.


title: Tom Ince

text: His father's departure was reported to be likely to accelerate Tom Ince's departure from Blackpool, with a domestic loan deal considered most likely as it would allow him the freedom of choice in the Summer when his Blackpool contract had expired. A loan move to Crystal Palace, Stoke City, Swansea, Sunderland or Hull City was considered most likely, with the deal coming down to the size of the loan fee and what percentage of his wages was paid by the club loaning him out. On 30 January 2014, Ince signed for Premier League club Crystal Palace on loan for the remainder of the 2013–14 season for a loan fee of £1 million. Ince made his debut on 8 February 2014, playing 90 minutes and scoring the first of three goals for Crystal Palace on the day, in a 3–1 win against West Bromwich Albion.


title: Tom Ince

text: Ince started the next two matches, a 2–0 defeat to Manchester United on 22 February and a 0–0 draw with Swansea City on 2 March, then came off the bench in a 1–0 defeat to Southampton on 8 March. He started against Sunderland on 15 March, a match that also ended 0–0, and then did not make another appearance for over a month. He was an unused substitute for the next six Premier League matches, as manager Tony Pulis preferred to play Yannick Bolasie and Jason Puncheon on the wings. He came off the bench in a 2–0 defeat to Manchester City on 27 April and in a 3–3 draw against Liverpool on 5 May before starting the final game of the season, a 2–2 draw with Fulham on 11 May.


title: Tom Ince

text: With his contract expiring at Blackpool and Ince unwilling to take up the option of a third year, clubs began to show an interest in signing him. Crystal Palace, Hull City, Newcastle United, Stoke City, Sunderland and Swansea City from the Premier League and European clubs Monaco, Olympiacos and Inter Milan all expressed a desire to sign him. He spent several days in Monaco and then Milan discussing a move but ultimately turned both Monaco and Inter Milan down. He said that "after lengthy discussions with my family I have decided that my immediate future in the game lies in the Premier League" although he "still had ambitions to one day play in Europe". In September 2015, he would go into more detail, saying that although there was "nothing better" than the lifestyle in Monaco, he "felt the league itself and the question 'would I get lost over there?' especially being English, put me off a little." Likewise, although the history and memories from his father's time at Inter Milan were attractive, the club was in a transitional period – "they weren't trying to challenge up at the top again, and it was a rebuilding process. Being a young lad, I didn't want any of that, I wanted to get in the Premier League."


title: Tom Ince

text: After his contract expired at Blackpool, Ince transferred to Hull City on a free transfer in July 2014 and signed a two-year contract, with an agreement over compensation not initially made. After much negotiation, and with a decision by an independent tribunal looming, Hull and Blackpool settled in January 2015 on a figure of £1.6 million, rising to £2.3 million, dependent on appearances and if Hull avoided relegation. Due to the earlier sell-on clause Liverpool had negotiated with Blackpool, Liverpool received £560,000.


title: Tom Ince

text: Ince came on as a substitute in both legs of Hull's Europa League third qualifying round tie against Slovakian club AS Trenčín before making his league debut for the club on 16 August, playing 82 minutes of a 1–0 win away at Queens Park Rangers. He also came off the bench in both legs of the Europa League play-off round against Belgian side Sporting Lokeren; sandwiched between those matches, he started in a 1–1 draw against Stoke City on 24 August. He started again for the club in a 2–1 defeat to Aston Villa on 31 August, though he was withdrawn after 57 minutes. He went a month before appearing again for the club, playing 90 minutes and scoring in a 3–2 defeat to West Bromwich Albion on 24 September. He later said that manager Steve Bruce's change in tactics, to a more defensive approach, left him sidelined.


title: Tom Ince

text: On 30 October 2014, having played in only three of Hull's nine league matches of the season thus far, Ince signed on loan with Championship side Nottingham Forest until 28 December. He made his debut the following day, playing the full 90 minutes as Nottingham Forest lost 3–0 to Huddersfield Town. Of the next seven matches, Ince made three starts and two substitute appearances before being recalled early by his parent club.


title: Tom Ince

text: Ince was recalled to Hull on 22 December 2014, along with Maynor Figueroa from Wigan Athletic. He went straight back into the team, coming on as a late substitute in Hull's 3–1 win at Sunderland on Boxing Day. He came off the bench two days later in a 1–0 defeat to Leicester and then started against Arsenal in the FA Cup on 4 January, a match Hull lost 2–0. He came on in the 39th minute of Hull's 1–0 defeat away to West Bromwich Albion on 10 January and then went three weeks before playing again, coming off the bench in a 3–0 defeat to Newcastle on 31 January. That was to be his final appearance for "The Tigers".


title: Tom Ince

text: On 2 February 2015, Ince joined Championship club Derby County on loan until the end of the season. Derby manager Steve McClaren said that signing a player of Ince's calibre was a "real coup" and that he was confident Ince would make an impact for "The Rams". Five days later, Ince scored twice on his debut for Derby in a 4–1 win against Bolton Wanderers: a "superb" free kick into the top-left corner of Andy Lonergan's goal in the 39th minute and a "thunderous" shot from 12 yards in the 47th minute. He nearly bagged a hattrick, hitting the post in second-half stoppage time. Ince scored three more goals in his next two games: an emphatic finish in a 2–2 draw against Bournemouth on 10 February; and another brace in a 3–3 draw away to Rotherham United on 17 February, a fine curling finish into the top-right corner after jinking past several players and turning in a Craig Forsyth cross at the near post.


title: Tom Ince

text: After scoring five goals in three matches, Ince declared himself "settled" at Derby, saying that he had "really found my feet and I'm feeling confident". The next four games saw more good performances for Ince but no goals: he hit the post, had a free kick "brilliantly" saved by Sheffield Wednesday keeper Keiren Westwood, narrowly curled an effort wide and won a penalty in a 3–2 win against Wednesday on 21 February; was a "constant threat" and placed a shot just wide in a 2–0 win against Charlton Athletic on 24 February; was twice denied by deflections late in the second half of a 2–0 defeat to Fulham on 28 February; and missed several chances in a 2–0 defeat to Brighton & Hove Albion on 3 March that saw Derby register 19 attempts at goal. Ince put Derby 2–0 up against Birmingham City on 7 March, slipping through two defenders and shooting low under Birmingham keeper Darren Randolph, though two late goals for "The Blues" saw them rescue a point, with the first coming from the penalty spot after Ince hauled down Robert Tesche. He only scored once in his next six games, this in a 2–2 draw at home to Watford on 3 April, before scoring four goals in his next three. The first was the second goal in a 4–0 rout of Blackpool on 14 April, a brace followed in a 4–4 draw against Huddersfield Town on 18 April and the last came in a 3–3 draw against Millwall on 25 April. He thus finished his spell at Derby with 11 goals in 18 matches. Of the 8 matches in which he scored, 6 of them finished in draws.


title: Tom Ince

text: On 3 July 2015, Derby County signed Ince on a four-year contract for £4.75 million, with Ince briefly becoming the club's most-expensive signing. His record was surpassed less than one month later as the club bought midfielder Bradley Johnson from Norwich City for £6 million. The sale of Ince was reported to have left Hull manager Steve Bruce livid, with Bruce saying that he "wouldn't have sold Tom and I did all I could to keep him... we shouldn't be selling our top young players when trying to put together a team to challenge for an immediate return to the Premier League. I saw Tom as an integral part of my plans. But Derby met the buy-out clause and then it was the choice of others [at Hull] to let him leave." Ince started all of Derby's first eight league matches, also coming on as a substitute in the club's 2–1 League Cup defeat to Portsmouth on 12 August. His first goal arrived on 15 September, the only goal against Reading at the Madejski Stadium. He missed the next match, a 0–0 draw at home to Burnley on 21 September, with a minor training ground injury. On his return to the starting XI away to newly promoted Milton Keynes Dons on 26 September, Ince provided a 90th minute assist for Darren Bent and scored in the 96th minute to seal a 3–1 win for "The Rams". Ince made it three goals in three games on 3 October, grabbing the second in a 2–0 win against Brentford. He started the next three League matches, against Wolves on 18 October, Blackburn Rovers on 21 October and against Huddersfield Town on 24 October but was taken off in the 26th minute of the latter match. He had injured his ankle but it was not as bad as first feared and although he missed the next two League matches against Rotherham United and QPR, he returned to the team for the East Midlands derby against his former club Nottingham Forest on 6 November.


title: Tom Ince

text: On 15 December, Ince scored his first professional hat-trick in a 4–0 win against Bristol City. The first was a low finish past City keeper Frank Fielding in the 42nd minute after a mazy run through three defenders; then he intercepted the ball inside his own half and ran through on goal before firing a shot under Fielding in the 63rd minute; his third in the 71st minute was drilled into the bottom corner after a combination with Darren Bent. The result moved Derby up to third in the table and manager Paul Clement praised Ince, saying that "he's been a little bit inconsistent by his standards so far this season so it was a very good performance from him and will be brilliant for his confidence." Ince scored again in the next match, the only goal in a 1–0 win at home to Ipswich Town on 19 December. His man-of-the-match performance also saw him provide three good chances, for teammates Bradley Johnson, Chris Martin and Johnny Russell, as well as have a 25-yard free-kick saved by Ipswich goalie Dean Gerken. He missed two good opportunities in the next match, a 2–0 win over Fulham on Boxing Day, but atoned against fierce rivals Leeds United on 29 December. He came on in the 76th minute with Derby 2–1 down, scoring a "brilliant" equaliser just two minutes later, drilling a "fine finish" into the bottom corner.


title: Tom Ince

text: Ince then endured a difficult spell, not scoring in his next twelve league and cup appearances. After the first seven appearances, during which Derby lost five times, drew twice, only scored three goals and sacked manager Paul Clement, he lost his place in the starting line-up. This coincided with a return to form for the team, who won two of their next three matches, with Ince making second-half substitute appearances. He was restored to the starting eleven on 5 March for a 2–0 win against Huddersfield Town and ended his barren spell two matches later on 12 March, scoring a brace either side of a Chris Martin goal to give "The Rams" a 3–0 lead against Rotherham United. However, three late Rotherham goals saw the away side rescue a point. Ince rounded out the season with two more goals: the second in a 4–1 thrashing of Bolton Wanderers on 9 April and the 57th-minute winner in a 3–2 victory at Bristol City on 19 April. Derby finished the season in fifth place and played fourth-placed Hull City in the play-off semi-finals, losing 3–0 at home and winning 2–0 away to go out 3–2 on aggregate to the eventual play-off Final winners. Ince did not score his first goal of the 2016–17 season until 27 September, the first in a 2–0 win at Cardiff City. In November, he scored four goals in back-to-back games: braces each in a 3–2 win at Wolves on 5 November and in a 3–0 win over Rotherham on 19 November. Ince ended the 2016–17 season as top scorer with 15 goals as the Rams finished in 9th position.


title: Tom Ince

text: On 4 July 2017, Ince signed for newly promoted Premier League club Huddersfield Town on an initial three-year contract for an undisclosed fee. He scored his first goal with the club in the Premier League on 26 December during a 1–1 draw with Stoke City. Ince played 37 times in 2017–18 season helping the Terriers avoid relegation, finishing in 16th position.


title: Tom Ince

text: Ince signed for newly relegated Championship club Stoke City on 24 July 2018 on a four-year contract for an initial fee of £10 million, which could rise to £12 million with add-ons. He made his Stoke debut on 5 August 2018 against Leeds United. Ince played 41 times for Stoke in 2018–19, scoring six goals as the Potters finished in a mid-table position of 16th. Stoke and Ince began the 2019–20 season in poor form as the team struggled under the management of Nathan Jones. Despite a change of manager, Ince continued to struggle to have an impact on the team and came in for heavy criticism after an anonymous performance against Wigan Athletic 30 June 2020 where he completed just one pass in 57 minutes. He scored in the next match a 4–0 win against Barnsley. He ended the campaign with three goals from 40 appearances as Stoke avoided relegation and finished in 15th position.


title: Tom Ince

text: On 1 February 2021, Ince joined Luton Town on loan for the remainder of the 2020–21 season. Five days later, he made his debut for the Hatters as a substitute for Harry Cornick in a 1–1 home league draw against Huddersfield Town. Ince made seven appearances for the Hatters before he suffered an ankle ligament injury.


title: Tom Ince

text: On 31 January 2022, Ince joined Reading on loan for the remainder of the 2021–22 season. Ince played 15 times for the Royals, scoring twice against Bournemouth and Swansea City.


title: Tom Ince

text: Ince made four appearances for England Under-17s in 2009 and another four for the Under 19s in 2011. On 29 August 2012 he was called up to the Under 21 squad by manager Stuart Pearce for the European Championship qualifying games against Azerbaijan on 1 September and Norway four days later. He made his under-21 debut in the 2–0 win over Azerbaijan at Dalga Arena, Baku.


title: Tom Ince

text: On 5 February 2013, he scored his first goals for the under-21 side, scoring twice in a 4–0 win against Sweden in Walsall. In March 2015, he ruled himself out of selection for future under-21 squads. This caused a great deal of controversy, which shocked Ince.


title: Tom Ince

text: Ince is left-footed and began his career as a left winger. However, when he joined Blackpool, he was often deployed on the right, either as a winger or an inside forward, cutting in on his favoured left foot. He has also played more centrally as an attacking midfielder or forward. Ince's main attributes are his pace, acceleration and skill on the ball. He has said that he enjoys "exciting people, scoring goals, creating goals" and is "not one of those old fashioned wingers who just gets crosses in, I like to create things, show bits of magic."


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: Juan Luis Guerra Seijas (born June 7, 1957) is a Dominican musician, singer, composer, and record producer. He has sold 30 million records worldwide, making him one of the best-selling Latin music artists. Throughout his career, he has won numerous awards including 23 Latin Grammy Awards, three


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: Grammy Awards, and one Latin Billboard Music Award. Guerra won 3 Latin Grammy Awards in 2010, including Album of the Year. In 2012, he won the Latin Grammy Award for Producer of the Year.


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: Guerra is one of the most internationally recognized Latin artists of recent decades. His popular style of merengue and Latin fusion has garnered him considerable success throughout Latin America. He is also credited for popularizing bachata music on a global level and is often associated with the genre, although his distinct style of bachata features a more traditional bolero rhythm and aesthetic mixed with bossa-nova influenced melodies and harmony in some of his songs. He does not limit himself to one style of music; instead, he incorporates diverse rhythms like merengue, bachata-fusion, balada, salsa, rock and roll, and even gospel. ""Ojalá Que Llueva Café"" ("Let's hope it will rain coffee") is one of his most critically acclaimed pieces.


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: Guerra studied philosophy and literature at the Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo. He then studied guitar and music theory at El Conservatorio Nacional de Música de Santo Domingo, then attended Berklee College of Music in Boston, from which he graduated in 1982 with a diploma in jazz composition. After returning to the Dominican Republic, he released his first album, "Soplando" (1984), with local musicians who became known as Juan Luis Guerra y 440. The number refers to the standard tuning of A440. The band's name in Spanish is "Cuatro Cuarenta" ("Four Forty"). According to Guerra, this first album was based on jazz tunes and concepts he had learned at Berklee, and it "wasn't intended to be a commercial hit." Subsequently, however, he began to write more merengues.


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: In 1983, after a performance in front of the Dominican entrepreneur Bienvenido Rodríguez, Juan Luis Guerra was signed to Karen Records. This marked a radical shift in Guerra's musical style toward merengue. In this period, he recorded two albums, Mudanza y Acarreo in 1985 and Mientras Más Lo Pienso...Tú in 1987. These works gained more recognition, and the band was nominated to attend the Festival of OTI (Organization of Iberoamerican Television) to represent the Dominican Republic.


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: In 1988, during the recording of the album Ojalá Que Llueva Café, Guerra became the dominant vocalist of 440. This album also began his international recognition; the album's sales topped the charts in many Latin American countries.


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: In 1990, 440 released their next album, "Bachata Rosa", which became a major hit and earned Guerra his first Grammy award. With sales over five million, the album let Guerra keep touring Latin America, USA and Europe. It contains memorable love songs such as "Burbujas de amor" (Bubbles of Love), "Bachata Rosa", "Rosalía", "Como abeja al panal" (Like a Bee to the Honeycomb), "A pedir su mano" (Asking For Her Hand), "Carta de amor" (Love Letter), and "Estrellitas y duendes" (Little stars and elves).


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: Guerra attracted controversy in 1992 after he released his next album, "Areíto" (which is a Taíno word for "song and dance"). It featured the hit single "El costo de la vida" (The Cost of Living), whose video clearly has an anti-capitalist message. Other songs included in this album protest the poor conditions in many Latin American countries, the celebration of the 'discovery' of the Americas ("1492"), and the double standards of first-world nations. "El costo de la vida" was his first number-one hit in the Hot Latin Tracks.


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: His next album, "Fogaraté" (1994) avoided such controversy. It focuses on more rural and lesser known types of Dominican music, like "Perico Ripiao".


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: Guerra's 1998 release "Ni es lo mismo ni es igual" (Neither The Same Nor Equal) won three Latin Grammys in 2000 for Best Merengue Performance, Best Tropical Song, and Best Engineered Album. Its hits include "Mi PC" (lit. "My PC", ), "Palomita Blanca" (Little White Dove), and "El Niágara en Bicicleta" (The Niagara on Bicycle).


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: In 2004, Guerra signed a one-off deal with Vene music and released his first new album in six years. Entitled "Para Tí" (For you), the album's songs are mostly Christian, it debuted at number one in "US Top Latin Albums" and at 110 of US Billboard 200. It was three times certified platinum by the RIAA for selling 300,000 copies and sold half a million copies worldwide. It was certified gold in Argentina and Central America and as platinum in Venezuela. This album won two awards at the 2005 "Billboard" Music Awards, in the categories of Gospel-Pop and Tropical-Merengue, for the hit single "Las Avispas" (The wasps), the first time ever that one song has won these two categories at the same time. Other hits included "Para Tí" and "Soldado" ("Soldier"). In the same ceremony, Guerra was awarded Spirit of Hope Award for his philanthropic work. At the same time, Guerra was honored with the Latino Special Award for the Music Academy of Spain for his contributions to the music of his country and the Caribbean in the last 20 years. In the same year, Guerra embarked on his 20-year anniversary tour, "Tour 20 años". In the United States, he visited cities including Miami, Chicago, Washington D.C., Orlando, Boston and a concert at New York`s Madison Square Garden. In November 2005, Guerra was awarded with two awards at the 6th Annual Latin Grammy Awards for Best Christian Album (Spanish Language) and Best Tropical Song for "Las Avispas".


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: In January 2006, Guerra performed at Berklee's 60th anniversary, along with other artists such as Paul Simon, Herbie Hancock, Michel Camilo and Chiara Civello. That same year, he recorded with Diego Torres in "Abriendo Caminos" (Opening roads) and with Maná in "Bendita Tu Luz" (Blessed Be Your Light). On April 6, 2006, Guerra was honored as a BMI Icon at the 13th annual BMI Latin Awards. Named BMI's 1995 Latin Songwriter of the Year, Guerra's songwriting has garnered 14 BMI Latin Awards.


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: Guerra set records for the highest-grossing music tour when he opened for The Rolling Stones' A Bigger Bang Tour at their San Juan, Puerto Rico show in February 2006. He was also invited by Sting to sing with him at a concert at "Altos de Chavón", La Romana in the Dominican Republic in 2006.


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: At the "Premio Lo Nuestro" awards in 2007, he was given the honorary lifetime achievement award. He also performed the lead single of his new album, "La Llave De Mi Corazón", released in March 2007. Guerra won more than 20 awards with this CD, including 5 Latin Grammy Awards, 6 Premios Casandra awards, 4 billboard Awards, 2 lo nuestro, and one Grammy Award.


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: In 2007,Guerra was awarded the Excellence Award at the 2007 Lo Nuestro Awards. Guerra was honored at the Latin Grammy Awards in the same year with 5 awards, sweeping each category he was nominated in: Record of the Year, Album of the Year, Song of the Year, Best Tropical Song, and Best Merengue Album. Its engineers, Allan Leschhorn, Luis Mansilla, Ronnie Torres, and Adam Ayan, were also awarded Best Engineered Album. The night before the Latin Grammy Awards, he received the Academy's Person of the Year Award for his contribution to Latin music and for his philanthropy.


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: On March 10, 2008, Guerra was honored with 6 awards in los Premios Casandra, the most important award event in the Dominican Republic. He won for Orchestrator of the year, Outstanding artist abroad, Music album of the year for "La Llave de mi Corazón" (The Key to My Heart) and "El Soberano" (The Sovereign).


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: On March 16, 2008, he and other artists participated in the "Paz Sin Fronteras" concert organized by Juanes, celebrating the end of the 2008 Andean diplomatic crisis between Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador.


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: On April 11, 2008, Guerra was the Billboard Latin awards big winner, with 7 nominations and 3 awards.


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: On September 15, 2008 Guerra was named a UNESCO Artist for Peace "in recognition of his efforts for the benefit of children with disabilities and children in need."


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: On May 9, 2009, Guerra was awarded an honorary doctorate from his alma mater, Berklee College of Music at its commencement ceremony.


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: On April 5, 2010, Guerra released the official video for his new single "Bachata en Fukuoka". The video was filmed in various locations in the city of Los Angeles, and was directed by Colombian director Simon Brand. On June 8, 2010, Guerra released A son de Guerra which contains eight musical rhythms (bachata, merengue, bolero, Mambo, funk, Rock, Jazz, reggae) and includes the collaboration of Juanes among others. The album contains hits including "La Guagua", "La Calle", and "Bachata en Fukuoka". The first single from his new production, "Bachata en Fukuoka", placed in the # 1 position on the Hot Latin Tracks, Tropical Songs, and Latin Pop Airplay Songs of the "Billboard" charts. Simultaneously, the collaboration of Guerra with Enrique Iglesias on "Cuando me Enamoro" was in the #2 spot on the Rhythm Airplay Chart.


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: In January 2012, the video for his single "En el cielo no hay Hospital" premiered on YouTube. This song belonged to his new album "Colección Cristiana". Later that year, he collaborated with the Spanish singer Miguel Bosé on his album Papitwo, in the song "Yo creo en Ti".


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: On April 25, 2014, "Tus Besos" was released. It is a bachata song with a music video inspired by the rock and roll of the 1950s. This video was directed by his son Jean Gabriel.


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: In 2019 during the Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife in Spain, Juan Luis Guerra surpassed the record reached in 1987 by Celia Cruz by bringing together more than 400,000 people as the largest congregation of people in an open-air plaza to attend a concert.


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: Guerra has recorded several songs in English, like "July 19th" on his 1994 album "Fogaraté", and more recently "Medicine for My Soul" and "Something Good" with Italian singer Chiara Civello. Some of his songs have verses in both English and Spanish such as "Woman del Callao", "Guavaberry", "Señorita" on his 1995 compilation album "Grandes Exitos" as a bonus track and more recently ""La Llave de Mi Corazón"". The album "Areíto" featured two songs, the cover-title song ""Areíto"" and ""Naboria daca, mayanimacaná"", which are sung in the Arawak language of the extinct Taino natives of Hispaniola. Juan Luis Guerra also recorded the album ""Bachata Rosa"" in Portuguese. He uses Japanese words in "Bachata en Fukuoka" (Bachata in Fukuoka), 2010 Latin Grammy winner for Best Tropical Song.


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: In 1988, he made his debut as a songwriter for other artists such as fellow Dominican musician Taty Salas, for whom he wrote the music for "De tu boca", a song with which he participated in the now defunct OTI Festival, reaching the top 3 category. He also composed songs for Mexican artists like Emmanuel ("No he podido verte", recorded in 1990) and Luis Miguel ("Hasta que me olvides" 1993 and "Te necesito" 2003). He also composed for the Puerto Rican salsa singer Gilberto Santa Rosa in 1994 ("Te Propongo").


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: Being a native Dominican, his music is heavily influenced by native Caribbean rhythms, such as merengue and bachata.


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: His lyrics are often charged with intentionally simple, heavily metaphorical, or popular expressions, such as ""Burbujas de Amor"" (Bubbles of Love). His lyrics also reflect in political issues, but from a deeply human perspective, that is, centering the lyrics in the human drama that social injustice generates. This is seen in ""Visa Para un Sueño"" about the broken dream of a visit to America. ""El Niágara en Bicicleta"" — a title based on the Cuban idiom, ""al pasar el Niagara en bicicleta"", meaning a difficult task — describes the negligence that destroys the social health services. ""El Costo de La Vida"" describes the effects of globalization on the working-class people; ""Acompáñeme Civil"" ("Follow me Civilian") is about police and military corruption that exploits the people that they should care for.


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: Guerra is the son of Gilberto Guerra Pacheco and Olga Seijas Herrero; he has two brothers, José Gilberto Guerra Seijas, plastic surgeon, and Diego Esteban Guerra Seijas, economist. He is married to Nora Clementina Altagracia Vega Rasuk, and has two children. His wife is the sister of Otto Miguel Vega Rasuk, who is the father of "Miss Universe 2003" Amelia Vega Polanco.


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: On October 17, 2008, he participated as a Goodwill Ambassador for UNESCO in an event called "Levántate y Actúa contra la Pobreza y por los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", in Bavaro, Dominican Republic, during the International Conference of the Americas.


title: Juan Luis Guerra

text: On April 18, 2010, he organized a concert to raise money for those who were affected by the 2010 Haiti earthquake. After this successful event was held, a children's hospital was later built in Haiti.


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: The attributes of God are specific characteristics of God discussed in Christian theology. Christians are not monolithic in their understanding of God's attributes.


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: Many Reformed theologians distinguish between the "communicable" attributes (those that human beings can also have) and the "incommunicable" attributes (those that belong to God alone). Donald Macleod, however, argues that "All the suggested classifications are artificial and misleading, not least that which has been most favoured by Reformed theologians – the division into communicable and incommunicable attributes."


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: Many of these attributes only say what God is not – for example, saying he is immutable is saying that he does not change.


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: Sinclair Ferguson distinguishes "essential" divine attributes, which "have been expressed and experienced in its most intense and dynamic form among the three persons of the Trinity—when nothing else existed." In this way, the wrath of God is not an essential attribute because it had "no place in the inner communion among the three persons of the eternal Trinity." Ferguson notes that it is, however, a manifestation of God's eternal righteousness, which is an essential attribute.


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: The Westminster Shorter Catechism's definition of God is an enumeration of his attributes: "God is a Spirit, infinite, eternal, and unchangeable in his being, wisdom, power, holiness, justice, goodness, and truth." This answer has been criticised, however, as having "nothing specifically Christian about it." The Westminster Larger Catechism adds certain attributes to this description, such as "all-sufficient," "incomprehensible," "every where present" and "knowing all things".


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: The aseity of God means "God is so independent that he does not need us." It is based on , where it says that God "is not served by human hands, as if he needed anything" (NIV). This is often related to God's "self-existence" and his "self-sufficiency".


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: The eternity of God concerns his existence beyond time. Drawing on verses such as ("Before the mountains were born or you brought forth the whole world, from everlasting to everlasting you are God"), Wayne Grudem states that, "God has no beginning, end, or succession of moments in his own being, and he sees all time equally vividly, yet God sees events in time and acts in time." The expression "Alpha and Omega" also used as title of God in "Book of Revelation". God's "eternity" may be seen as an aspect of his "infinity", discussed below.


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: The goodness of God means that "God is the final standard of good, and all that God is and does is worthy of approval." Many theologians consider the goodness of God as an overarching attribute - Louis Berkhof, for example, sees it as including "kindness", "love", "grace", "mercy" and "longsuffering". The idea that God is "all good" is called his omnibenevolence.


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: Critics of Christian conceptions of God as all-good, all-knowing, and all-powerful cite the presence of evil in the world as evidence that it is impossible for all three attributes to be true; this contradiction is known as the problem of evil. The evil God challenge is a thought experiment that explores whether the hypothesis that God might be evil has symmetrical consequences to a good God, and whether it is more likely that God is good, evil, or non-existent.


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: The graciousness of God is a key tenet of Christianity. In , it is part of the Name of God, "Yahweh, Yahweh, the compassionate and gracious God". The descriptive of God in this text is, in Jewish tradition, called the "Thirteen Attributes of Mercy".


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: The holiness of God is that he is separate from sin and incorruptible. Noting the refrain of "Holy, holy, holy" in and , R. C. Sproul points out that "only once in sacred Scripture is an attribute of God elevated to the third degree... The Bible says God is love "


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: The immanence of God refers to him being in the world. It is thus contrasted with his "transcendence", but Christian theologians usually emphasise that the two attributes are not contradictory. To hold to transcendence but not immanence is deism, while to hold to immanence but not transcendence is pantheism. According to Wayne Grudem, "the God of the Bible is no abstract deity removed from, and uninterested in his creation". Grudem goes on to say that the whole Bible "is the story of God's involvement with his creation", but highlights verses such as , "in him we live and move and have our being".


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: Immutability means God cannot change. refers to the "Father of the heavenly lights, who does not change like shifting shadows" (NIV). Herman Bavinck notes that although the Bible talks about God changing a course of action, or becoming angry, these are the result of changes in the heart of God’s people (Numbers 14.) "Scripture testifies that in all these various relations and experiences, God remains ever the same." Millard Erickson calls this attribute God's "constancy."


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: The immutability of God is being increasingly criticized by advocates of open theism, which argues that God is open to influence through the prayers, decisions, and actions of people. Prominent adherents of open theism include Clark Pinnock, John E. Sanders and Gregory Boyd.


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: The doctrine of the impassibility of God is a controversial one. It is usually defined as the inability of God to suffer, while recognising that Jesus, who is believed to be God, suffered in his human nature. The Westminster Confession of Faith says that God is "without body, parts, or passions". Although most Christians historically (Athanasius, Augustine, Aquinas, and Calvin being examples) take this to mean that God is "without emotions whether of sorrow, pain or grief", some people interpret this as meaning that God is free from all attitudes "which reflect instability or lack of control." Robert Reymond says that "it should be understood to mean that God has no "bodily" passions such as hunger or the human drive for sexual fulfillment."


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: D. A. Carson argues that "although Aristotle may exercise more than a little scarcely recognized influence upon those who uphold impassibility, at its best impassibility is trying to avoid a picture of God who is changeable, given over to mood swings, dependent on his creatures." In this way, impassibility is connected to the "immutability" of God, which says that God does not change, and to the "aseity" of God, which says that God does not need anything. Carson affirms that God is able to suffer, but argues that if he does so "it is because he chooses to suffer".


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: The impeccability of God is closely related to his holiness. It means that God is "unable" to sin, which is a stronger statement than merely saying that God "does not" sin. Robert Morey argues that God does not have the "absolute freedom" found in Greek philosophy. Whereas "the Greeks assumed the gods were 'free' to become demons if they so chose," the God of the Bible "is 'free' to act only in conformity to His nature."


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: The incomprehensibility of God means that he is not able to be fully known. says "his understanding no one can fathom". Louis Berkhof states that "the consensus of opinion" through most of church history has been that God is the "Incomprehensible One". Berkhof, however, argues that, "in so far as God reveals Himself in His attributes, we also have some knowledge of His Divine Being, though even so our knowledge is subject to human limitations."


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: The incorporeality or "spirituality" of God refers to him being a Spirit. This is derived from Jesus' statement in , "God is Spirit." Robert Reymond suggests that it is the fact of his "spiritual" essence that underlies the second commandment, which prohibits every attempt to fashion an image of him."


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: The infinity of God includes both his "eternity" and his "immensity". says that "Yahweh is the everlasting God," while Solomon acknowledges in that "the heavens, even the highest heaven, cannot contain you". Infinity permeates all other attributes of God: his goodness, love, power, etc. are all considered to be infinite.


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: The relationship between the infinity of God and mathematical infinity has often been discussed. Georg Cantor's work on infinity in mathematics was accused of undermining God's infinity, but Cantor argued that God's infinity is the Absolute Infinite, which transcends other forms of infinity.


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: J. I. Packer sees God's jealousy as "zeal to protect a love relationship or to avenge it when broken," thus making it "an aspect of his covenant love for his own people."


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: D. A. Carson speaks of the "difficult doctrine of the love of God," since "when informed Christians talk about the love of God they mean something very different from what is meant in the surrounding culture." Carson distinguishes between the love the Father has for the Son, God's general love for his creation, God's "salvific stance towards his fallen world," his "particular, effectual, selecting love toward his elect," and love that is conditioned on obedience.


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: The love of God is particularly emphasised by adherents of the social Trinitarian school of theology. Kevin Bidwell argues that this school, which includes Jürgen Moltmann and Miroslav Volf, "deliberately advocates self-giving love and freedom at the expense of Lordship and a whole array of other divine attributes."


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: While the mission of God is not traditionally included in this list, David Bosch has argued that "mission is not primarily an activity of the church, but an attribute of God." Christopher J. H. Wright argues for a biblical basis for Mission that goes beyond the Great Commission, and suggests that "missionary texts" may sparkle like gems, but that "simply laying out such gems on a string is not yet what one could call a missiological hermeneutic of the whole Bible itself."


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: Many theologians see mystery as God’s primary attribute because he only reveals certain knowledge to the human race. Karl Barth said “God is ultimate mystery.” Karl Rahner views “God” as “mystery” and theology as “the ‘science’ of mystery.” Nikolai Berdyaev deems “inexplicable Mystery” as God’s “most profound definition.” Ian Ramsey defines God as “permanent mystery,”


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: The omnipotence of God refers to Him being "all powerful". This is often conveyed with the phrase "Almighty", as in the Old Testament title "God Almighty" (the conventional translation of the Hebrew title "El Shaddai") and the title "God the Father Almighty" in the Apostles' Creed.


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: C. S. Lewis clarifies this concept: "His Omnipotence means power to do all that is intrinsically possible, not to do the intrinsically impossible. You may attribute miracles to him, but not nonsense. This is no limit to his power."


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: The omnipresence of God refers to him being present everywhere. Berkhof distinguishes between God's "immensity" and his "omnipresence", saying that the former "points to the fact that God transcends all space and is not subject to its limitations," emphasising his "transcendence", while the latter denotes that God "fills every part of space with His entire Being," emphasising his "immanence". In Psalm 139, David says, "If I go up to the heavens, you are there; if I make my bed in the depths, you are there" (, NIV).


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: The omniscience of God refers to him being "all-knowing". Berkhof regards the "wisdom" of God as a "particular aspect of his knowledge."


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: An argument from free will proposes that omniscience and free will are incompatible and that as a result either God does not exist or any concept of God that contains both of these elements is incorrect. An omniscient God has knowledge of the future, and thus what choices He will make. Because God's knowledge of the future is perfect, He cannot make a different choice and therefore has no free will. Alternatively, a God with free will can make different choices based on knowledge of the future, and therefore God's knowledge of the future is imperfect or limited.


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: The oneness, or "unity" of God refers to his being one and only. This means that Christianity is monotheistic, although the doctrine of the Trinity says that God is three persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. The Athanasian Creed says "we worship one God in Trinity, and Trinity in Unity."


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: The statement, known as the "Shema Yisrael", after its first two words in Hebrew, says "Hear, O Israel: Yahweh our God, Yahweh is one" (). In the New Testament, Jesus upholds the oneness of God by quoting these words in . The Apostle Paul also affirms the oneness of God in verses like .


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: While the providence of God usually refers to his activity in the world, it also implies his care for the universe, and is thus an attribute. Although the word is not used in the Bible to refer to God, the concept is found in verses such as , which says that God "gives all men life and breath and everything else" (NIV).


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: A distinction is usually made between "general providence," which refers to God's continuous upholding the existence and natural order of the universe, and "special providence," which refers to God's extraordinary intervention in the life of people.


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: The righteousness of God may refer to his holiness, to his justice, or to his saving activity. Martin Luther grew up believing that this referred to an attribute of God - namely, his distributive justice. Luther's change of mind and subsequent interpretation of the phrase as referring to the righteousness which God imputes to the believer was a major factor in the Protestant Reformation. More recently, however, scholars such as N. T. Wright have argued that the verse refers to an attribute of God after all - this time, his covenant faithfulness.


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: The simplicity of God means he is not partly this and partly that, but that whatever he is, he is so entirely. It is thus related to the "unity" of God. Grudem notes that this is a less common use of the word "simple" - that is, "not composed of parts". Grudem distinguishes between God's "unity of singularity" (in that God is one God) and his "unity of simplicity".


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: The sovereignty of God is related to his omnipotence, providence, and kingship, yet it also encompasses his "freedom", and is in keeping with his goodness, righteousness, holiness, and impeccability. It refers to God being in complete control as he directs all things — no person, organization, government or any other force can stop God from executing his purpose. This attribute has been particularly emphasized in Calvinism. The Calvinist writer A. W. Pink appeals to ("My purpose will stand, and I will do all that I please") and argues, "Subject to none, influenced by none, absolutely independent; God does as He pleases, only as He pleases always as He pleases." Other Christian writers contend that the sovereign God desires to be influenced by prayer and that he "can and will change His mind when His people pray."


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: God's transcendence means that he is outside space and time, and therefore eternal and unable to be changed by forces within the universe. It is thus closely related to God's "immutability", and is contrasted with his "immanence".


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: Trinitarian traditions of Christianity propose the Trinity of God - three persons in one: Father, Son, and the Holy Spirit. Support for the doctrine of the Trinity comes from several verses on the Bible and the New Testament's trinitarian formulae, such as the Great Commission of , "Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit". Also,


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: 1 John 5:7 (of the KJV) reads "...there are three that bear record in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost, and these three are one", but this "Comma Johanneum" is almost universally rejected as a Latin corruption.


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: The veracity of God means his truth-telling. refers to "God, who does not lie." Among evangelicals, God's veracity is often regarded as the basis of the doctrine of biblical inerrancy. Greg Bahnsen says,


title: Attributes of God in Christianity

text: Only with an inerrant autograph can we avoid attributing error to the God of truth. An error in the original would be attributable to God Himself, because He, in the pages of Scripture, takes responsibility for the very words of the biblical authors. Errors in copies, however, are the sole responsibility of the scribes involved, in which case God’s veracity is not impugned.


title: Pykrete

text: Pykrete is a frozen ice composite, originally made of approximately 14% sawdust or some other form of wood pulp (such as paper) and 86% ice by weight (6 to 1 by weight). During World War II, Geoffrey Pyke proposed it as a candidate material for a supersized aircraft carrier for the British Royal Navy. Pykrete features unusual properties, including a relatively slow melting rate due to its low thermal conductivity, as well as a vastly improved strength and toughness compared to ordinary ice. These physical properties can make the material comparable to concrete, as long as the material is kept frozen.


title: Pykrete

text: Pykrete is slightly more difficult to form than concrete, as it expands during the freezing process. However, it can be repaired and maintained using seawater as a raw material. The mixture can be moulded into any shape and frozen, and it will be tough and durable, as long as it is kept at or below freezing temperature. Resistance to gradual creep or sagging is improved by lowering the temperature further, to .


title: Pykrete

text: Geoffrey Pyke managed to convince Lord Mountbatten of the potential of his proposal (actually prior to the invention of pykrete) sometime around 1942, and trials were made at two locations in Alberta, Canada. The idea for a ship made of ice impressed the United States and Canada enough that a -long, 1,000-ton ship was built in one month on Patricia Lake in the Canadian Rockies. However, it was constructed using plain ice (from the lake), before pykrete was proposed. It took slightly more than an entire summer to melt, but plain ice proved to be too weak. Pyke learned from a report by Herman Mark and his assistant that ice made from water mixed with wood fibres formed a strong solid mass—much stronger than pure water ice. Max Perutz later recalled:


title: Pykrete

text: Perutz would later learn that Project Habakkuk was the plan to build an enormous aircraft carrier, actually more of a floating island than a ship in the traditional sense. The experiments of Perutz and his collaborators in Smithfield Meat Market in the City of London took place in great secrecy behind a screen of animal carcasses. The tests confirmed that pykrete is much stronger than pure ice and does not shatter, but also that it sags under its own weight at temperatures higher than .


title: Pykrete

text: Another tale is that at the Quebec Conference of 1943 Mountbatten brought a block of pykrete along to demonstrate its potential to the entourage of admirals and generals who had come along with Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt. Mountbatten entered the project meeting with two blocks and placed them on the ground. One was a normal ice block and the other was pykrete. He then drew his service pistol and shot at the first block. It shattered and splintered. Next, he fired at the pykrete to give an idea of the resistance of that kind of ice to projectiles. The bullet ricocheted off the block, grazing the trouser leg of Admiral Ernest King and ending up in the wall. According to Perutz's own account, however, the incident of a ricochetting bullet hitting an Admiral actually happened much earlier in London and the gun was fired by someone on the project—not Mountbatten.


title: Pykrete

text: Despite these tests, the main Project Habakkuk was never put into action because of limitations in funds and the belief that the tides of the war were beginning to turn in favour of the Allies using more conventional methods.


title: Pykrete

text: Since World War II, pykrete has remained a scientific curiosity, unexploited by research or construction of any significance. New concepts for pykrete however crop up occasionally among architects, engineers and futurists, usually regarding its potential for mammoth offshore construction or its improvement by applying super-strong materials such as synthetic composites or Kevlar.


title: Pykrete

text: In 1985, pykrete was considered for a quay in Oslo harbour. However, the idea was later shelved, considering pykrete's unreliability in the real-world environment. Since pykrete needs to be preserved at or below freezing point, and tends to sag under its own weight at temperatures above , an alternative was considered that would guarantee effectiveness and public safety.


title: Pykrete

text: In 2011, the Vienna University of Technology successfully built a pykrete ice dome, measuring in diameter in the Austrian village of Obergurgl. They improved on an original Japanese technique of spraying ice on a balloon by using the natural properties of ice and its strength. This structure managed to stand for three months before sunlight started melting the ice, rendering the structure unreliable. Researcher Johann Kollegger of Vienna University of Technology thinks his team's alternative new method is easier, avoiding icy sprayback onto the workers. To build their freestanding structure, Kollegger and his colleagues first cut an plate of ice into 16 segments. To sculpt the segments to have a dome-like curve, the researchers relied on ice's creep behavior. If pressure is applied to ice, it slowly changes its shape without breaking. One of the mechanisms by which glaciers move, called glacial creep, functions similarly, the researchers say.


title: Pykrete

text: In 2014, the Eindhoven University of Technology worked on a pykrete architecture project in Juuka, Finland, which included an ice dome and a pykrete scale model of the Sagrada Familia. They attempted to build the largest ice dome in the world. Due to human error, the plug to a compressor that kept the balloon inflated was pulled, leading to the balloon deflating. The team of Dutch students quickly re-inflated the balloon, and resprayed the part of the dome that had collapsed. They continued with their construction, and eventually opened the dome to the public. However within a matter of days the roof caved in; there were no visitors on the site at the time.


title: Pykrete

text: The durability of pykrete is still debated. Perutz has estimated a crushing strength value of around .


title: Pykrete

text: A September 1943 proposal for making smaller pykrete vessels included the following table of characteristics:<ref name="ADM 1/15677" >The National Archives, ADM 1/15677 – Proposals and inventions of Mr Geoffrey Pyke; gravity propelled ball bomb, pykrete and power driven rivers.</ref>


title: Pykrete

text: In 2009, the Discovery Channel program "MythBusters" episode 115 tested the properties of pykrete and the myths behind it. First, the program's primary hosts, Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman, compared the mechanical properties of common ice, pykrete, and a new material specially created for the show, dubbed "super pykrete", which used newspapers instead of woodpulp. Both versions of pykrete indeed proved to be much stronger than the chunk of ice, withstanding hundreds of pounds of weight. The super pykrete was much stronger than the original version.


title: Pykrete

text: The MythBusters then built a full-size boat out of the super pykrete, naming it "Yesterday's News", and subjected it to real-world conditions. The MythBusters vessel did not contain refrigeration units to keep the pykrete frozen as the original plans called for, and the boat had a much thinner construction than the massive ships proposed in World War II. Though the boat managed to float and stay intact at speeds of up to , it quickly began to spring leaks as the boat slowly melted. After 20 minutes the boat was deteriorating, and the experiment was ended. The boat lasted another 10 minutes while being piloted back to shore. Though the boat worked, it was noted that it would be highly impractical for the original proposal, which claimed that an entire aircraft carrier could be built out of pykrete. Their conclusion was "Plausible, but ludicrous", since it would involve building vessels out of tens of thousands of tons of the material that would sink without being kept cool.


title: Pykrete

text: In 2010, the BBC programme "Bang Goes the Theory" episode 26 tested a , 5-tonne pykrete boat made with hemp rather than wood pulp. All four presenters, Jem Stansfield, Dallas Campbell, Liz Bonnin, and Yan Wong, had to be rescued from Portsmouth Harbour after the boat took on water through the engine mounts. It eventually capsized after melting much faster than anticipated in the warmer-than-expected September waters.


title: Pykrete

text: 2013 German TV station WDR's programme "Kopfball" experimented with pykrete but exchanged the woodpulp with hemp-fibres. A 5 cm thick plate withstood even more than 80 kg without breaking, it only started to bend.


title: Pykrete

text: Neal Stephenson's 2015 novel "Seveneves" describes the fictional use of pykrete to construct low Earth orbit habitats and space ship hulls.


title: Pykrete

text: "99% Invisible's" 3rd volume of mini-stories podcasts includes an article about Project Habbakuk and the creation, proposal, and eventual scrapping of pykrete as a useful building material during WWII.


title: Pykrete

text: "Science & Futurism with Isaac Arthur" Youtube episode "Colonizing Ceres" describes the fictional use of pykrete to construct a dome habitat on an asteroid to be mined.


title: Feline leukemia virus

text: Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus that infects cats. FeLV can be transmitted from infected cats when the transfer of saliva or nasal secretions is involved. If not defeated by the animal's immune system, the virus weakens the cat's immune system, which can lead to diseases which can be lethal. Because FeLV is cat-to-cat contagious, FeLV+ cats should only live with other FeLV+ cats.


title: Feline leukemia virus

text: FeLV is categorized into four subgroups, A, B, C and T. An infected cat has a combination of FeLV-A and one or more of the other subgroups. Symptoms, prognosis and treatment are all affected by subgroup.


title: Feline leukemia virus

text: The signs and symptoms of infection with feline leukemia virus are quite varied and include loss of appetite, poor coat condition, anisocoria (uneven pupils), infections of the skin, bladder, and respiratory tract, oral disease, seizures, lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes), skin lesions, fatigue, fever, weight loss, stomatitis, gingivitis, litter box avoidance, pancytopenia, recurring bacterial and viral illnesses, anemia, diarrhea and jaundice.


title: Feline leukemia virus

text: The disease has a wide range of effects. The cat can fight off the infection and become totally immune, can become a healthy carrier that never gets sick itself but can infect other cats, or a mid-level case in which the cat has a compromised immune system. Nevertheless, the development of lymphomas is considered the final stage of the disease. Although it is thought that virus protein has to be present to induce lymphomas in cats, newer evidence shows that a high percentage of FeLV-Antigen negative lymphomas contain FeLV-DNA, indicating a "hit-and-run" mechanism of virus-induced tumor development.


title: Feline leukemia virus

text: Cats infected with FeLV can serve as sources of infection of FeLV-A. Cats can pass the virus between themselves through saliva and close contact, by biting another cat, and (rarely) through a litter box or food dish used by an infected cat.


title: Feline leukemia virus

text: Once a cat has been infected with FeLV-A, additional mutated forms of the original FeLV-A virus may arise, as may FeLV subgroups B, C and T.


title: Feline leukemia virus

text: In addition to domestic cats, some other members of Felidae are now threatened by FeLV (e.g. lynx and Florida panther). Overwhelming epidemiologic evidence suggests FeLV is not transmissible to either humans or dogs.


title: Feline leukemia virus

text: Approximately 0.5% of pet cats are persistently infected with FeLV, but many more pet cats (>35%) have specific IgG antibodies which indicate prior exposure and subsequent development of immunity instead of infection. FeLV is highly infectious.


title: Feline leukemia virus

text: Infection is far higher in city cats, stray or owned, than in rural cats: this is entirely due to the amount of contact the cats have with each other.


title: Feline leukemia virus

text: Testing for FeLV is possible with ELISA tests that look for viral antigens, free particles found in the bloodstream. These ELISA tests use blood samples most often, but can also use saliva or eye secretions. The sample is added to a container or dish that contains the antibodies to the viral antigens. If the antigens are present in the sample, the antibodies will bind to them and an indicator on the test will change color. These give a definitive diagnosis, but it cannot differentiate between acute or persistent infections. Therefore, it is recommended that the cat be retested in three to four months after the positive result to determine if the virus has been cleared from the body. Diagnosis can also be made by reference lab testing, using an immunofluorescence (IFA) test. The IFA test uses a blood sample and will detect the virus once it is in the bone marrow by detecting the virus's presence in white blood cells. IFA testing will not give positive results for transient, primary infections - the infection must be persistent to get a positive result on this test. Other than ELISA and IFA testing, routine laboratory blood work may show changes that indicate infection but cannot be used as a definitive diagnosis. There may be blood cell count changes like leukopenia, decreased Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and Total Protein (TP) levels due to anemia, hemoconcentration and hypoglycemia due to vomiting and diarrhea, electrolyte imbalance caused by dehydration and anorexia, and recurrent urinary tract infections.


title: Feline leukemia virus

text: Cats diagnosed as persistently infected by ELISA testing may die within a few months or may remain asymptomatic for longer; median survival time after diagnosis is 2.5 years.


title: Feline leukemia virus

text: The fatal diseases are leukemias, lymphomas, and non-regenerative anemias. Although there is no known cure for the virus infection, in 2006 the United States Department of Agriculture approved Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunomodulator as a treatment aid for FeLV (see Treatment).


title: Feline leukemia virus

text: Three types of vaccines for FeLV are available: an adjuvanted killed virus noninfectious vaccine, an adjuvanted subunite vaccine and a nonadjuvanted canarypox virus-vectored recombinant infectious vaccine (ATCvet code QI066AA01 and various combination vaccines), though no currently available vaccine offers 100% protection from the virus. Vaccination is recommended for high-risk cats: those that have access to the outdoors, feral cats, cats that do not have the virus but live with an infected cat, multicat households, and cats with an unknown status, such as cats in catteries and shelters.


title: Feline leukemia virus

text: Serious side effects have also been reported as a result of FeLV vaccination; in particular, a small percentage of cats who received the adjuvanted killed virus vaccine developed vaccine-associated sarcomas, an aggressive tumour, at the injection site. The development of sarcomas with the use of the old FeLV and other vaccines may be due to the inflammation caused by aluminium adjuvants in the vaccines.


title: Feline leukemia virus

text: Merial produces a recombinant vaccine consisting of canarypox virus carrying FeLV "gag" and "env" genes (sold as PUREVAX FeLV in the US and Eurifel FeLV in Europe). This is thought to be safer than the old vaccine as it does not require an adjuvant to be effective. Although this is a live virus, it originates from a bird host and so does not replicate in mammals.


title: Feline leukemia virus

text: Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is an RNA virus in the subfamily Oncovirinae belonging to the Retroviridae family. The virus comprises 5' and 3' LTRs and three genes: Gag (structural), Pol (enzymes) and Env (envelope and transmembrane); the total genome is about 9,600 base pairs.


title: Feline leukemia virus

text: In 2006, the United States Department of Agriculture issued a conditional license for a new treatment aid termed Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunomodulator (LTCI). Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunomodulator is manufactured and distributed exclusively by T-Cyte Therapeutics, Inc.


title: Feline leukemia virus

text: Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunomodulator is intended as an aid in the treatment of cats infected with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and/or feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and the associated symptoms of lymphocytopenia, opportunistic infection, anemia, granulocytopenia, or thrombocytopenia. The absence of any observed adverse events in several animal species suggests that the product has a very low toxicity profile.


title: Feline leukemia virus

text: Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunomodulator is a potent regulator of CD-4 lymphocyte production and function. It has been shown to increase lymphocyte numbers and Interleukin 2 production in animals.


title: Feline leukemia virus

text: Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunomodulator is a single chain polypeptide. It is a strongly cationic glycoprotein, and is purified with cation exchange resin. Purification of protein from bovine-derived stromal cell supernatants produces a substantially homogeneous factor, free of extraneous materials. The bovine protein is homologous with other mammalian species and is a homogeneous 50 kDa glycoprotein with an isoelectric point of 6.5. The protein is prepared in a lyophilized 1 microgram dose. Reconstitution in sterile diluent produces a solution for subcutaneous injection.


title: Feline leukemia virus

text: Interferon-ω (omega) is sold in Europe at least under the name Virbagen Omega and manufactured by Virbac. When used in treatment of cats infected with FeLV in non-terminal clinical stages (over the age of 9 weeks) there have been substantial improvements in mortality rates; in non-anemic cats, mortality rate of 50% was reduced by approximately 20% following treatment.


title: Feline leukemia virus

text: FeLV was first described in cats in 1964. The disease was originally associated with leukemia; however, it was later realized that the initial signs are generally anemia and immunosuppression. The first diagnostic test became available in 1973, which led to a "test and elimination" regime, dramatically reducing the number of infected cats in the general population. The first vaccine became available in 1986.


title: Feline leukemia virus

text: FeLV and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are sometimes mistaken for one another, though the viruses differ in many ways. Although they are both in the same retroviral subfamily (Orthoretrovirinae), they are classified in different genera (FeLV is a gamma-retrovirus and FIV is a lentivirus like HIV-1). Their shapes are quite different: FeLV is more circular while FIV is elongated. The two viruses are also quite different genetically, and their protein coats differ in size and composition. Although many of the diseases caused by FeLV and FIV are similar, the specific ways in which they are caused also differ. Also, while the feline leukemia virus may cause symptomatic illness in an infected cat, an FIV infected cat can remain completely asymptomatic its entire lifetime.


title: Canton Tower

text: The Canton Tower (), formally Guangzhou TV Astronomical and Sightseeing Tower (), is a -tall multipurpose observation tower in the Haizhu District of Guangzhou (alternatively romanized as "Canton"). The tower was topped out in 2009 and it became operational on 29 September 2010 for the 2010 Asian Games. The tower briefly held the title of tallest tower in the world, replacing the CN Tower, before being surpassed by the Tokyo Skytree. It was the tallest structure in China prior to the topping out of the Shanghai Tower on 3 August 2013, and is now the second-tallest tower and the fifth-tallest freestanding structure in the world.


title: Canton Tower

text: There had been a long discussion about the naming of the Canton Tower since the commencement of its construction in 2005 after the groundbreaking ceremony. In September 2020, at the request of the tower's investor, "Guangzhou Daily" launched a contest for naming proposals. The contest attracted over valid entries, among which "Haixin Tower" () was awarded the first prize. The name alluded to the city's historical setting as the start of the Maritime Silk Road and the tower's geographical proximity to Haixinsha Island. However, this name was considered obscure to people unfamiliar with the history of the city. Local residents continued to refer to the tower by various nicknames including "Slim Waist" (), "Twisted Firewood" (; a metaphor for "stubborn" in Cantonese) and "Yangdianfeng" (; homophone of "epilepsy" in colloquial Chinese).


title: Canton Tower

text: The Naming was reconsidered in 2010. After surveying a broad range of public opinions, "Canton Tower" was decided as the official English name and announced at the end of September 2010. The new English name, which alludes to the city's prosperous past, was considered the most identifying and least ambiguous among the multitude of proposals.


title: Canton Tower

text: Canton Tower was constructed by Guangzhou New Television Tower Group. It is designed by the Dutch architects Mark Hemel and Barbara Kuit of Information Based Architecture, together with Arup, the international design, engineering and business consulting firm headquartered in London, United Kingdom. In 2004, Information Based Architecture and Arup won the international competition, in which many internationally large architectural offices participated. The same year the IBA – Arup team in Amsterdam, developed the tower's concept design. In later stages, IBA cooperated mainly with the local Chinese office of Arup and a Local Design Institute. Subsequently, in 2005, the groundbreaking of the Canton Tower took place.


title: Canton Tower

text: The tower, although not fully completed, opened to the public on 1 October 2010 in time for the 16th Asian Games, hosted by Guangzhou in November 2010. The rooftop observatory finally received its official opening in December 2011.


title: Canton Tower

text: The Canton tower's twisted shape or hyperboloid structure corresponds to the Russian Empire patent No. 1896, dated 12 March 1899 received by Vladimir Shukhov, the Russian engineer and architect. The structure is similar to the Adziogol Lighthouse (designed by Vladimir Shukhov in 1910) in Ukraine's Dnepr delta.


title: Canton Tower

text: The tower was designed by Information Based Architecture and Arup. The Arup team led by structural engineer Prof. Dr. Joop Paul introduced near mass customization to the joint design, in combination with parametric design methods, and applied a simple structural concept of three elements: columns, rings and braces, to this more complex geometry.


title: Canton Tower

text: The waist of the tower contains a open-air skywalk where visitors can physically climb the tower. There are outdoor gardens set within the structure, and at the top, just above , a large open-air observation deck.


title: Canton Tower

text: The interior of the tower is subdivided into programmatic zones with various functions, including TV and radio transmission facilities, observatory decks, revolving restaurants, computer gaming, restaurants, exhibition spaces, conference rooms, shops, and 4D cinemas.


title: Canton Tower

text: A deck at the base of the tower hides the tower's functional workings. All infrastructural connections – metro and bus stations – are situated underground. This level also includes exhibition spaces, a food court, a commercial space, a parking area for cars and coaches. There are two types of elevators: slow-speed panoramic and high-speed double-decker.


title: Canton Tower

text: The zone from consists of a 4D cinema, a play-hall area, restaurants, coffee shops and outdoor gardens with teahouses. The highest and longest open-air staircase in the world, the Skywalk, starts at the height of and spirals almost higher, all the way through the waist. Parts of the skywalk's floors are laid with transparent glass.


title: Canton Tower

text: The top zone of the tower begins above the stairway, housing various technical functions as well as a two-story rotating restaurant, a tuned mass damper and the upper observation levels. From the upper observation levels it is possible to ascend even higher, via a further set of the stairs, to a terraced observation square rising above the tower's top ring.


title: Canton Tower

text: The form, volume and structure of the towers is generated by two ellipses, one at foundation level and the other at a horizontal plane at . These two ellipses are rotated relative to another. The tightening caused by the rotation between the two ellipses forms a "waist" and a densification of material halfway up the tower. This means that the lattice structure, which at the bottom of the tower is porous and spacious, becomes denser at waist level. The waist itself becomes tight, like a twisted rope; transparency is reduced and views to the outside are limited. Further up the tower the lattice opens again, accentuated here by the tapering of the structural column-tubes.


title: Canton Tower

text: The indoor public observatory is 449 m above the ground, which takes the form of a terraced elliptical space, roughly half the size of a standard football field. Opened in December 2011, the rooftop at 488 m was the highest and largest outdoor observation deck in the world, taking over the title from the observation deck of Burj Khalifa at 452m. This remained the case until 14 October 2014, when the record of highest outdoor observatory was retaken by Burj Khalifa when it opened its new observatory called at the Top – Sky, at a height of 555m.


title: Canton Tower

text: Sixteen transparent "crystal" passenger cars, each with a diameter of and able to carry four to six people, travel on a track round the edge of the tower's roof, taking between 20 and 40 minutes to circumnavigate the rooftop. The installation is described by the media as a Ferris wheel; however, its passenger cars are not suspended from the rim of a wheel and remain horizontal without being fully rotated, and the track, which follows the incline of the roof, is closer to the horizontal than the vertical.


title: Canton Tower

text: At night, the tower glows and emits light, rather than being uplit. Lighting designer Rogier van der Heide is known for this concept, which he also applied at the Marunouchi Building in Tokyo. Each node in the lighting design is individually controllable to allow for animations and color changes across the entire height of the tower. As all lighting is based on LED technology, and all fixtures are located on the structure itself, the lighting scheme consumes only 15% of the allowed maximum for façade lighting.


title: Canton Tower

text: At the time of the design of Canton Tower, lighting designer Rogier van der Heide was Global Leader of Arup Lighting.


title: Canton Tower

text: The Canton Tower's main body stands at . Combined with the tower's antenna, the Canton Tower has a total height of , making it the second tallest tower in the world, second tallest in Asia, and the tallest in the People's Republic of China. The tower has a total of 112 floors.


title: Canton Tower

text: The Canton Tower weighs a total of , including the tower's antenna which weighs and the main body, which includes all the features of the tower, which weighs a total of .


title: Canton Tower

text: The Canton Tower occupies a total floor area of . In addition, the tower's net usable area measures .


title: Canton Tower

text: Guangzhou tower's original design height was a total of 612.2 meters (including a 1.2 meter lightning rod).


title: Canton Tower

text: According to the Guangzhou Urban Planning Bureau and the Guangzhou Construction Engineering Supervision Co., Ltd., the Guangzhou tower adjusted total building height is 595.71 meters, with the main tower at a height of 448.80 meters, and the antenna mast height at 146.91 meters. The viewing platform is located in the tower mast antenna at a height of 488 meters.


title: Canton Tower

text: The Canton Tower is situated alongside the Yiyuan Road (Yuejiang Road West), in the Haizhu District of Guangzhou, and is situated south of the Zhujiang New Town. Additionally, several famous landmarks surround the tower, including pagodas, a park towards the south, and several high-rise apartments, buildings, and skyscrapers, both commercial and residential.


title: Chhalaang

text: Chhalaang () is a 2020 Indian Hindi-language sports black comedy film directed by Hansal Mehta. It is produced by Ajay Devgan, Luv Ranjan, Ankur Garg and presented by Bhushan Kumar. "Chhalaang" stars Rajkummar Rao, Nushrat Bharucha and Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub.


title: Chhalaang

text: Principal photography commenced in last quarter of 2018. Initially named "Turram Khan", "Chhalaang" was wrapped up in August 2019. Initially scheduled for a theatrical premiere, it was directly released online on Amazon Prime Video on 13 November 2020, coinciding with Diwali.


title: Chhalaang

text: Mahender Singh Hooda aka Montu is a lazy, uninspired, and unprofessional physical training instructor (PTI) at a school in Haryana, a job he got courtesy of his father Kamlesh Singh Hooda's influence as a lawyer. He lives with his parents and his brother and spends most of his time hanging out and messing around with his teacher-buddy, Mr. Shukla. When Neelima Mehra arrives in Montu's school as a new computer teacher, Montu finds himself falling in love with her, and the two start to grow very close when she tells her nickname Neelu.


title: Chhalaang

text: To his surprise, Montu finds out that the school hired a new PTI, Inder Mohan Singh, as the government required PTIs to have a physical education degree, which Montu didn't have. Begrudgingly, Montu accepts a role as Inder Mohan's assistant. Montu quickly realizes that Inder Mohan is a much better PT teacher than him, and gets even more irked when Neelu starts spending more time with Inder Mohan. One day, Inder Mohan keeps Montu's brother, Babloo, pinned to the ground as a punishment for not paying attention. This leads to a fight between Montu and Inder Mohan, after which Montu quits his job at the school.


title: Chhalaang

text: Montu soon realizes that he cannot quit his job, and returns to the school to challenge Inder Mohan with a three sport competition: basketball, a 400m relay race, and kabaddi. Montu and Inder Mohan would coach the two separate groups of students participating. Whomever's team won the competition would stay as the PT teacher, while the other would have to leave, and Inder Mohan accepts the challenge. Montu foolishly lets Inder Mohan choose his team first in an attempt to impress Neelu by showing her his humility, and it backfires on him when he is left with a significantly weaker team.


title: Chhalaang

text: As Montu starts to lose hope, Neelu comes to his side and helps him coach his team. She advises him to choose several girls for his team, which he does. Then, she helps him implement very unorthodox training regimes, such as running from guard dogs to increase speed, catching loose chickens to increase agility, and dribbling a basketball through a cow dung minefield to increase dribbling ability. Their efforts pay off, however, the children's parents start to revolt, saying that the competition is dragging their children's focus away from studies. Montu's father with the help of Neelu manage to get them back on board by using blackmail and threatening to re-open existing legal cases against them.


title: Chhalaang

text: At the competition, Inder Mohan's team barely beat Montu's team in basketball, but Montu's team wins the competition with close victories in the 400m relay race and kabaddi. Inder Mohan accepts his defeat and congratulates Montu. Since, he realises that Inder is a much better coach than him, Montu proposes the idea of working together with Inder Mohan, as he has to learn a lot from him. Montu thanks the students and their parents for their trust and dedication. He then declares his love for Neelu, and she accepts his love proposal.


title: Chhalaang

text: Hansal Mehta announced the film on 10 August 2018 with the title "Turram Khan" and Rajkummar Rao and Nushrat Bharucha in the lead roles. In 2019, Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub joined the film to portray a supporting role.


title: Chhalaang

text: Principal photography for the film began in late-2018. In June 2019, Rao and Mehta, along with Ayyub, were spotted filming a kabaddi scene in Mumbai's Film City.


title: Chhalaang

text: Initially planned for release on 31 January 2020, it was announced on 26 December 2019 that the film has been postponed to 13 March 2020. It was further scheduled to 12 June 2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the film was again postponed. Finally it was released on 13 November 2020 on Amazon Prime Video coinciding with Diwali.


title: Chhalaang

text: The film's music was composed by Hitesh Sonik, Guru Randhawa–Vee, Yo Yo Honey Singh and Vishal–Shekhar while lyrics written by Luv Ranjan, Guru Randhawa, Yo Yo Honey Singh, Alfaaz, Hommie Dilliwala and Panchhi Jalonvi.


title: Chhalaang

text: The song "Deedar De" is a recreation of "Deedar De" from the film "Dus" by Vishal–Shekhar. People online criticized Vishal–Shekhar for recreating their song, but the duo clarified that they did not recreate the song, they were credited because they composed the original.


title: Bigg Boss (Hindi season 12)

text: Bigg Boss 12, also known as Bigg Boss: Vichitra Jodis is the twelfth season of the Indian reality TV series "Bigg Boss" which is based on the Dutch series "Big Brother", and premiered on 16 September 2018 on Colors. The launch episode was titled "Bigg Night". Salman Khan hosted the season for the ninth time. The grand finale of the show took place on 30 December 2018 and Dipika Kakar was announced as the winner whereas Sreesanth became the runner up .


title: Bigg Boss (Hindi season 12)

text: Colors TV invited the general public to send their video clips through a streaming application called Voot on 15 April in order to audition for the show. It was later revealed by the show makers that this season of the show would feature contestants in pairs (any sort of pairs; friends, co-workers, spouses, siblings, etc.), therefore declaring the theme "Vichitra Jodis", which translates to "Strange Pairs".


title: Bigg Boss (Hindi season 12)

text: The Bigg Boss "eye" is split, with red on one side and blue on the other; red representing fire and blue representing water.


title: Bigg Boss (Hindi season 12)

text: House pictures were officially released on 16 September 2018; the House followed the theme of a ""Beach House"".


title: Bigg Boss (Hindi season 12)

text: Four housemates entered the Bigg Boss Outhouse a day before the start of the show. The public had power to vote two housemate into the main house. Exclusive videos from the out-house were streaming on Voot from 15 September 2018. Surbhi Rana, Kriti Verma, Roshmi Banik and Mital Joshi were called into the house with a task called "Taala Khol", where one of the pairs were to be eliminated on the very first day of the show.


title: Troy Parrott

text: Troy Daniel Parrott (born 4 February 2002) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a forward for Preston North End, on loan from Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur. He also represents the Republic of Ireland national team at senior level.


title: Troy Parrott

text: From Dublin, Parrott started his youth career with Belvedere. In July 2017, Parrott joined Tottenham Hotspur for an undisclosed fee. On 4 February 2019, on his 17th birthday, Parrott signed his first professional contract with Tottenham. He made his first-team debut for Tottenham in the 3–2 International Champions Cup friendly win over Juventus on 21 July 2019. On 24 September 2019, aged 17 years, seven months and 20 days old, Parrott made his professional debut for Tottenham in their third round loss in the EFL Cup against Colchester United. On 7 December 2019, aged 17 years, 10 months and three days old, Parrott made his Premier League debut under manager José Mourinho, in a 5–0 win against Burnley. On 8 February 2020, Parrott signed a new three-and-a-half year contract with Spurs until the summer of 2023.


title: Troy Parrott

text: On 1 August 2020, Parrott joined Championship side Millwall on a season-long loan. After missing the start of the season due to suffering a quad injury during pre-season, he made his debut for Millwall in a 0–2 EFL Cup defeat to Burnley on 23 September, a match in which he also suffered an ankle injury which ruled him out of action for over 8 weeks. He made his first appearance following his return from injury in a 1–1 draw with Cardiff City on 21 November. Parrott made 14 appearances in all competitions for Millwall before being recalled from his loan in January.


title: Troy Parrott

text: On 1 February 2021, Parrott joined League One club Ipswich Town for the remainder of the season. making his debut five days later in a 2–0 victory over Blackpool. He scored his first senior goal in a 1–0 home win over Plymouth Argyle at Portman Road on 13 March 2021. Parrott made 18 appearances during his loan spell with Ipswich, scoring twice.


title: Troy Parrott

text: On 29 July 2021, Parrott joined EFL League One club Milton Keynes Dons on loan for the 2021–22 season. He made his league debut for the club on 7 August 2021 in a 3–3 draw away to Bolton Wanderers. He scored his first goal the following week at home against Sunderland though MK Dons lost 2–1. On 8 March 2022, Parrott scored twice in a 3–1 home win over Cheltenham Town. He went on to make 47 appearances for MK Dons, scoring 10 goals and providing 7 assists as the club secured a third-placed play-off finish.<ref name="Games played by Troy Parrott in 2021/2022"></ref>


title: Troy Parrott

text: On 25 July 2022, Tottenham Hotspur announced that Parrott had signed a new contract at the club until 2025 and was subsequently loaned out to Championship side Preston North End for the 2022-23 season. He scored his first goal for Preston in an EFL Cup win over Huddersfield Town on 9 August 2022. His first league goal for Preston North End was the winning goal in a 3–2 win over Norwich City at Carrow Road on 8 October 2022.


title: Troy Parrott

text: Parrott has represented the Republic of Ireland at under-17, under-19 and under-21 youth levels. On 6 September 2019, Parrott scored on his under-21 debut in an Under-21 European 2021 qualifier against Armenia. He followed that by getting a brace of goals in the next fixture against Sweden. His third under 21 appearance was a 0–0 draw with Italy in which he was sent off after being shown a second yellow card following an altercation with Italy's Moise Kean, who received a straight red card for pushing Parrott in the face.