title: James Honeyman-Scott

text: Just before joining the Pretenders, Honeyman-Scott used an Ibanez Gibson-Explorer style with an Electro-Harmonix Clone Theory pedal and Marshall amplifier in an attempt to emulate the Rickenbacker 12-string sound on songs by Elvis Costello and Nick Lowe (Guitar Player, 1981). Honeyman-Scott recorded most of his guitar parts for the "Pretenders" debut album using a Gibson ES-335 or Gibson Les Paul.


title: James Honeyman-Scott

text: Honeyman-Scott owned several acoustic guitars including a Gibson Dove, Martin D-28, and a Guild 12-string. Jimmy used Marshall 100-watt amplifiers and BOSS chorus, overdrive, and compressor effects pedals.


title: Ainsley Seiger

text: Ainsley Cameron Seiger (born 1998) is an American actress who currently appears as a series regular on "" as Jet Slootmaekers.


title: Ainsley Seiger

text: Seiger is from Cary, North Carolina. Seiger's mother is an opera singer and voice coach, and their father is a jeweler and goldsmith.


title: Ainsley Seiger

text: Seiger attended Apex High School. While there, she played Wednesday in the school's production of "The Addams Family", Cosette in Les Misérables, and Nikki in Curtains the Musical. In July 2016, she was selected as a Triangle Rising Stars by the Durham Performing Arts Center. In addition to being a qualifying event for the National High School Musical Theatre Awards, winners of the Triangle Rising Stars received a $1,000 scholarship and spent a week in New York City performing at Minskoff Theatre, working with Broadway professionals, and representing the Triangle at the Jimmy Awards.


title: Ainsley Seiger

text: Seiger then attended the University of North Carolina School of the Arts in Winston-Salem, graduating in 2020. While there, she played Wendla in a production of "Spring Awakening."


title: Ainsley Seiger

text: Seiger played the lead role in "Violet" at the PlayMakers Summer Youth Conservatory in July 2021. Her first screen role was in 2012 for the short film "American Waste." She was also in the short film "Bernstein’s MASS: An Artist’s Call for Peace."


title: Ainsley Seiger

text: In February 2021, Seiger became a regular on NBC's "," playing the role of hacker Jet Slootmakers."" Because of COVID, she was cast for the role by submitting a recording. A week later, she was cast and had two days to move to New York for shooting. This was her first television credit.""


title: Matilda of Scotland

text: Matilda of Scotland (originally christened Edith, 1080 – 1 May 1118), also known as Good Queen Maud, or Matilda of Blessed Memory, was Queen of England and Duchess of Normandy as the first wife of King Henry I. She acted as regent of England on several occasions during Henry's absences: in 1104, 1107, 1108, and 1111.


title: Matilda of Scotland

text: Daughter of King Malcolm III of Scotland and the Anglo-Saxon princess Margaret of Wessex, Matilda was educated at a convent in southern England, where her aunt Christina was abbess, and forced her to wear a veil. In 1093, Matilda was engaged to an English nobleman until her father and her brother Edward were killed in the Battle of Alnwick in 1093. Her uncle Donald III seized the throne of Scotland, triggering a messy succession conflict. England opposed King Donald and supported first her half-brother Duncan II as king of Scotland, and after his death, her brother Edgar, who assumed the throne in 1097.


title: Matilda of Scotland

text: Henry I succeeded his brother William Rufus as king of England in 1100 and quickly proposed marriage to Matilda due to her descent from the Anglo-Saxon House of Wessex, which would help legitimize his rule. After proving she had not taken religious vows, Matilda and Henry were married. As Queen of England, Matilda embarked on several building projects for transportation and health, took a role in government as mediator to the Church, and led a literary court. She acted as regent when her husband was away, with many surviving charters signed by her. Matilda and Henry had two children: Empress Matilda and William Adelin; through her daughter, she is the ancestor of all subsequent English and British monarchs. Queen Matilda was buried in Westminster Abbey and was fondly remembered by her subjects. There was an attempt to have her canonised as a saint in the Catholic Church, which was not pursued.


title: Matilda of Scotland

text: Born in 1080, in Dunfermline, Scotland, Matilda's parents were King Malcolm III and Margaret of Wessex. She was therefore a descendant of both the Scottish and the Anglo-Saxon royal families, great-granddaughter of Edmund Ironside and descended from Alfred the Great. The Scottish princess was christened Edith. Present at the baptismal font were Robert Curthose standing as her godfather, and Queen Matilda of England as her godmother. The infant Edith pulled at Matilda's headdress, which was seen as an omen that the child would one day be a queen.


title: Matilda of Scotland

text: Edith and her siblings were raised by a loving but strict mother who did not spare the rod when it came to raising her children in virtue, and instilled in her offspring the importance of piety. When about six years old, Edith and her younger sister Mary were sent to be educated at Romsey Abbey, in southern England, where their maternal aunt Christina was abbess. Their studies went beyond the standard feminine pursuits of the time, which was not surprising since their mother was a great lover of books. The princesses learned the English, French, and Latin languages, enabling them to read St. Augustine's works and the Bible. It is presumed Edith learned financial management and geometry as well.


title: Matilda of Scotland

text: During her stay at Romsey and later at Wilton Abbey, the still 13-year-old Edith was much sought-after as a bride, with Hériman of Tournai claiming that even King William II of England considered marrying her. She refused proposals from William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey, and Alan Rufus, Lord of Richmond. However, her parents betrothed Edith to the latter in 1093. Before the marriage could take place, both her father and older brother Edward were killed at the Battle of Alnwick in November 1093. Upon hearing of the death of both her husband and her son, Queen Margaret died on 16 November. Edith's paternal uncle Donald usurped the throne of Scotland, and her surviving brothers, Edgar, Alexander, and David, were sent to England to the court of King William II for safety. Shortly afterwards, the orphan princess was abandoned by her betrothed, who eloped with Gunhild of Wessex, a daughter of Harold Godwinson. Alan Rufus died, however, before marrying Gunhild.


title: Matilda of Scotland

text: Around this time, possibly due to the succession conflict in Scotland between her uncle Donald III, her half-brother Duncan II and her brother Edgar, Edith left the monastery. In 1093, Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury wrote to the Bishop of Salisbury, ordering that "the daughter of the late King of Scotland be returned to the monastery that she had left". Edith did not return to Wilton, however, and is largely unaccounted for in chronicles until 1100. As her home in Scotland was held by her uncle, it is possible, likely even, that Edith joined her brothers at the English court of William Rufus, who supported her brother Edgar in assuming the throne of Scotland in 1097.


title: Matilda of Scotland

text: After William II's death in the New Forest in August 1100, his brother Henry immediately seized the royal treasury and crown. He was manipulative and profoundly clever, known for his strict but proper government and utterly merciless nature in case of war or rebellion. His next task was to marry and his choice was Edith, whom he had known for some time. William of Malmesbury stated that Henry had "long been attached" to her, Orderic Vitalis said that Henry had "long adored" her character and capacity. Some sources add that she was "not bad looking" despite that she did not improve her appearance through face painting. It is possible that Edith spent time at William Rufus's court, along with her brothers, and that the pair had met there, but Henry could have been introduced to her by his teacher Bishop Osmund.


title: Matilda of Scotland

text: Henry had been born in England but, but a bride with ties to the ancient Wessex line would increase his popularity with the English and help to reconcile the Normans and Anglo-Saxons. Edith was a great-granddaughter of Edmund Ironside from the royal family of Wessex, in their heirs, the two factions would be united, further unifying the new regime. Another benefit was that England and Scotland became politically closer; three of her brothers became kings of Scotland in succession and were unusually friendly towards England: Alexander I married Sybilla, one of Henry I's illegitimate daughters, and David I lived at Henry's court for some time before his accession.


title: Matilda of Scotland

text: Because Edith had spent much of her life in a convent, there was some controversy over whether she was a nun and thus canonically ineligible for marriage. During her time at Romsey Abbey, her aunt Christina forced her to wear a veil. Strong-willed, Edith was ready to fight for her status as a marriageable woman rather than staying in a monastery, despite the fact that her aunt insisted she "was a veiled nun, and that it would be an act of sacrilege to remove her from her convent." When Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury returned to England after a long exile, she sought him out to convince him that she had never been a nun. In fact, she had not only been forced to wear a veil, but her father had "ripped off the offensive headdress [...] and tore it to shreds" at sight of her being veiled.


title: Matilda of Scotland

text: Professing himself unwilling to decide so weighty a matter on his own, Anselm called a council of bishops in order to determine the canonical legality of the proposed marriage and ordered two inquiries at Wilton to get first-hand information on the matter. Edith testified that she had never taken holy vows, insisting that her parents had sent her to England for educational purposes and her aunt had veiled her to protect her "from the lust of the Normans," but she had pulled the veil off and stamped on it, which made her aunt beat and scold her. The council concluded that Edith was not a nun, she never had been, and her parents had not intended that she become one, giving their permission for the marriage.


title: Matilda of Scotland

text: Edith and Henry were married on 11 November 1100 at Westminster Abbey by Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury. At the end of the ceremony, Edith was crowned and took the regnal name of "Matilda", a hallowed Norman name. The exact reason for the name change remains unclear, though historians suspect she did it in an attempt to please her Norman subjects and husband. By courtiers, however, she and her husband were soon nicknamed 'Godric and Godiva', two typical English names from before the Norman conquest of England in derision of their more rustic style, especially when compared to William II's flamboyance. Despite this, Matilda's court at Westminster was filled with poets. She was known as a patron of the arts, especially music.


title: Matilda of Scotland

text: Acting as regent of England during her husband's frequent absences for military campaigns in Normandy and France, Queen Matilda was the designated head of King Henry's court. She went on travels around England and probably visited Normandy in 1106–1107.


title: Matilda of Scotland

text: During the English investiture controversy of 1103–07, Matilda acted as intercessor between King Henry and Archbishop Anselm. She wrote several letters during Anselm's absence, first asking him for advice and to return, but later increasingly to mediate. With the Queen's help, the issue was resolved through a compromise solution in 1105: the King gave up the right to pick and invest his own bishops, but the Church agreed that he could receive homage from the bishops for the temporal lands the Church held in his domains.


title: Matilda of Scotland

text: Matilda had a small dower but it did incorporate lordship rights, which allowed her to administer her properties. Most of her dower estates were granted from lands previously held by Edith of Wessex. Additionally, King Henry made numerous grants to the Queen, including substantial property in London, a political move made in order to win over the unruly Londoners who were vehement supporters of the Wessex Kings.


title: Matilda of Scotland

text: Matilda had a great interest in architecture and used her considerable income to instigate the construction of many Norman-style buildings, including Waltham Abbey and Holy Trinity Aldgate. After her retinue encountered problems crossing the River Lea to get to Barking Abbey, the Queen built the first arched bridge in England at Stratford-le-Bow, with a causeway across the marshes.


title: Matilda of Scotland

text: Like her mother, Matilda was renowned for her devotion to the poor, building public lavatories at Queenhithe and a bathhouse with piped-in water. She exhibited a particular interest in leprosy, founding at least two leper hospitals, including the institution that later became the parish church of St Giles-in-the-Fields.


title: Matilda of Scotland

text: In late 1108 or early 1109, King Henry V of Germany sent envoys to Henry I proposing a marriage alliance between himself and the King's daughter Matilda. He also wrote separately to Queen Matilda on the same matter. The match was attractive to the English king: by marrying his daughter to one of the most prestigious monarchs in Europe, it would reaffirm his own, slightly dubious, status as the youngest son of a new royal house, and it would gain him an ally in his conflicts with France. In return, Henry V would receive a dowry of 10,000 marks to fund his expedition to Rome for his coronation as the Holy Roman emperor. The final details of the deal were hammered out at Westminster in June 1109, and Matilda left England in February 1110 to travel to Germany in preparation for her marriage.


title: Matilda of Scotland

text: Queen Matilda was described as "a women of exceptional holiness, in piety her mother's rival, and in her own character exempt from all evil influence." She was remembered by her subjects as "Mathilda bona regina" and for a time sainthood was sought for her, though she was never canonized.


title: Matilda of Scotland

text: Matilda was known for her generosity towards the church, founding and supporting cloisters and hospitals for leprosies. Malmesbury described her as attending church barefoot at Lent, as well as washing the feet and kissing the hands of the sick. Queen Matilda was patroness of the monk Bendeit's version of "The Voyage of Saint Brendan", written around 1106–1118. She also commissioned the monk Thurgot of Durham, to write a biography of her mother, Saint Margaret.


title: Matilda of Scotland

text: While Henry had numerous illegitimate children by various mistresses, he and Matilda had two children who reached adulthood:


title: Matilda of Scotland

text: The couple may have also had a stillborn child in July 1101. Some historians, such as Chibnall, have claimed that there was no pregnancy before the one with Empress Matilda "as it allows no time for a normal second pregnancy". Through Matilda, the post-Norman conquest English monarchs were related to the Anglo-Saxon House of Wessex monarchs.


title: Matilda of Scotland

text: On 1 May 1118, Matilda died at Westminster Palace. Allegedly, three of her Anglo-Saxon ladies-in-waiting were so distraught by the Queen's death that they immediately became nuns. She would have liked to have been buried at Holy Trinity, Aldgate, but King Henry asked for her to be buried at Westminster Abbey near Edward the Confessor. The inscription on her tomb reads: "Here lies the renowned queen Matilda the second, excelling both young and old of her day. She was for everyone the benchmark of morals and the ornament of life."


title: Matilda of Scotland

text: The death of Matilda's son, William Adelin, in the disaster of the "White Ship" (November 1120) and her widower's failure to produce a legitimate son from his second marriage led to the succession crisis and, as a consequence, a long civil war. During his reign, Stephen of Blois insisted that Queen Matilda had in fact been a nun and that her daughter, Empress Matilda, was therefore not a legitimate successor to the English throne.


title: Matilda of Scotland

text: Queen Matilda's reputation considerably improved throughout the reign of her grandson Henry II, but she was remembered to a continuously lesser extent between the late 13th and 14th centuries.


title: Redfin

text: Redfin Corporation, based in Seattle, operates a residential real estate brokerage in 95 markets in the United States and Canada and in other markets via partner/referral agents. Its business model includes charging home sellers below-average fees of 1.5% of the sales price of a property, in addition to fees to the buyer's agent (usually 2.5% of the sales price of a property). In 2021, the company had a 1.17% market share in the United States by value. The company name is an anagram of the words "finder" and "friend".


title: Redfin

text: Redfin was founded in 2004 by David Eraker, Michael Dougherty, and David Selinger. Eraker had dropped out of medical school at the University of Washington for a career in software design and Dougherty received degrees in electrical engineering and international studies from Yale University. David Selinger, an alumnus of Stanford University who had previously led the research and development arm of Amazon's data mining and personalization team, joined Redfin as the third founder and CTO. Selinger helped build Redfin's mapping and real estate data analytics engine.


title: Redfin

text: In January 2006, Redfin raised a $1.25 million Series A round from Madrona Venture Group and named Glenn Kelman as CEO.


title: Redfin

text: In May 2006, Redfin raised $8 million in Series B funding from Vulcan Inc., the investment arm of Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen.


title: Redfin

text: In May 2007, Redfin was fined $50,000 by the Northwest Multiple Listing Service, and was forced to shut down reviews of homes on the market on its website, prohibited under multiple listing service rules.


title: Redfin

text: Redfin began an automatic agent rating system in 2012; after it drew criticism for using inaccurate data, the system was discontinued.


title: Redfin

text: In November 2013, Redfin raised $50 million in a mezzanine round led by T. Rowe Price and Tiger Management, bringing its total venture funding to slightly over $96 million.


title: Redfin

text: In December 2014, Redfin raised $70.9 million from Wellington Management, Glynn Capital Management, Brothers Brook, Annox Capital Management, and previous investors Tiger Global Management and T. Rowe Price.


title: Redfin

text: On July 28, 2017, Redfin became a public company via an initial public offering, raising $138 million.


title: Redfin

text: In June 2019, Redfin began offering buyers the opportunity to submit offers on homes listed by Redfin's selling agents without using a buyer's agent, saving sellers commissions and possibly making their offers more attractive.


title: Redfin

text: In July 2019, Redfin partnered with Opendoor, an online real estate company, whereby visitors to the Redfin website can request an offer to buy their houses from Opendoor.


title: Redfin

text: In November 2020, a class-action lawsuit by several fair housing organizations accused Redfin of violating the Fair Housing Act by offering fewer services to homebuyers and sellers in minority communities and not offering to sell lower-priced homes because of the lower profits on such sales. In 2022, the company paid $4 million to settle the lawsuit, changed its policies, and implemented a new internal monitoring system.


title: Redfin

text: On April 9, 2021, Redfin acquired RentPath, which owns Apartment Guide, Rent.com, Lovely, and Rentals.com, for $608 million.


title: Redfin

text: In December 2021, Redfin announced it would no longer include neighborhood crime data in search results due to "inaccuracy" in Federal Bureau of Investigation crime data, and because Bureau of Justice Statistics data was "troubling" because "people reporting crimes were more likely to describe their offender as young, male, and Black".


title: Redfin

text: In January 2022, Redfin acquired Bay Equity Home Loans, a mortgage lending operation based in California with operations in 42 states, for $137.8 million.


title: Redfin

text: In June 2022, the company announced layoffs of 8% of its staff amid a downturn in the housing market.


title: Redfin

text: In October 2012, Redfin was named one of The DIGITAL 100: World's Most Valuable Private Tech Companies by "Business Insider".


title: Redfin

text: In June 2014, "Seattle Business" magazine recognized Redfin as the best company to work for in Seattle in the Large Companies category.


title: Geeta Kapoor

text: Geeta Kapoor is an Indian choreographer and television personality. Currently she is judging “India’s Best Dancer”, a dance reality show on Sony TV along with Malaika Arora and Terence Lewis.


title: Geeta Kapoor

text: Kapoor started her career when she joined the troupe of noted Bollywood choreographer Farah Khan at the age of 15. She later assisted Farah Khan in many films, including Kuch Kuch Hota Hai, Dil Toh Pagal Hai, Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham, Mohabbatein, Kal Ho Na Ho, Main Hoon Na, and Om Shanti Om, and the musical Bombay Dreams (2004). She led choreography in many Bollywood films, including Fiza (2000), Asoka (2001), Saathiya (2002), Heyy Babyy (2007), Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic (2008), Aladin (2009), Tees Maar Khan's Sheila Ki Jawani' (2010), Tere Naal Love Ho Gaya (2011), and Shirin Farhad Ki Toh Nikal Padi (2012). She has also choreographed award ceremonies and concerts like Temptation Reloaded, and has also choreographed the opening ceremony of Pepsi IPL 2013.


title: Geeta Kapoor

text: She started out as a secondary background dancer in many song sequences such as the song 'Dum Tara' of Suchitra Krishnamoorthi, 'Tujhe Yaad Na Meri Aaye' from the movie Kuch Kuch Hota Hai, and 'Gori Gori' from Main Hoon Na, using a mix of classical and modern dance moves. Starting in the late 1990s she performed in movies such as "Nayak". She also appeared in Kuch Kuch Locha hai.


title: Geeta Kapoor

text: Kapoor made her television debut with the reality show "Dance India Dance (season 1)" on Zee TV in 2008, with co-judges choreographers Terrence Lewis and Remo D'Souza. Mithun Chakrabarty was the grand master. She trained a group which was called Geeta Ki Gang.


title: Geeta Kapoor

text: In 2009, she appeared on the "season 2" of "Dance India Dance", along with choreographers Terrence Lewis and Remo D'Souza as judges and mentors. They trained 18 contestants in dance forms like ballet, acrobatics, mid-air dancing, contemporary, Bollywood and hip-hop.


title: Geeta Kapoor

text: She made a special appearance in the show DID Lil Masters, in which her mentor Farah Khan and Sandip Soparkar were the judges, during auditions as well as in a special episode. She also acted as the judge of DID Doubles along with choreographers Marzi Pestonji and Rajiv Surti. She judged the "third season" of the highly acclaimed show "Dance India Dance" along with Terrence Lewis, and Remo D'Souza. In 2012, she was seen judging the second season of DID Lil Masters along with Marzi Pestonji. Kapoor was then seen as a judge of Dance Ke Superkids along with Farah Khan and Marzi.


title: Wargame

text: A wargame is a strategy game in which two or more players command opposing armed forces in a realistic simulation of an armed conflict. Wargaming may be played for recreation, to train military officers in the art of strategic thinking, or to study the nature of potential conflicts. Many wargames recreate specific historic battles, and can cover either whole wars, or any campaigns, battles, or lower-level engagements within them. Many simulate land combat, but there are wargames for naval and air combat as well.


title: Wargame

text: Generally, activities where the participants actually perform mock combat actions (e.g. friendly warships firing dummy rounds at each other) are not considered wargames. Some writers may refer to a military's field training exercises as "live wargames", but certain institutions such as the US Navy do not accept this. Likewise, activities like paintball are sports rather than wargames. Wargames are a mental activity.


title: Wargame

text: Modern wargaming was invented in Prussia in the early 19th-century, and eventually the Prussian military adopted wargaming as a tool for training their officers and developing doctrine. After Prussia defeated France in the Franco-Prussian War, wargaming was widely adopted by military officers in other countries. Civilian enthusiasts also played wargames for fun, but this was a niche hobby until the development of consumer electronic wargames in the 1990s.


title: Wargame

text: A professional wargame is a wargame that is used by a military as a serious tool for training or research. A recreational wargame is one played for fun, often in a competitive context.


title: Wargame

text: Recreational wargames can cover a wide variety of subjects, from pre-historic to modern – even fantasy or sci-fi combat. Games which do not include modern armaments and tactics are of limited interest to the military, though wargames covering famous historical battles can interest military historians. As professional wargames are used to prepare officers for actual warfare, there is naturally a strong emphasis on realism and current events.


title: Wargame

text: Military organizations are typically secretive about their current wargames, and this makes designing a professional wargame a challenge. The data the designers require, such as the performance characteristics of weapons or the locations of military bases, are often classified, which makes it difficult for the designers to verify that their models are accurate. Secrecy also makes it harder to disseminate corrections if the wargame has already been delivered to the clients. Then there is the small player base. Whereas a commercial wargame might have thousands or even millions of players, professional wargames tend to have small player bases, which makes it harder for the designers to acquire feedback. Consequently, errors in professional wargame models tend to persist.


title: Wargame

text: Although commercial wargame designers study consumer trends and listen to player feedback, their products are usually designed and sold with a take-it-or-leave-it approach. Professional wargames, by contrast, are typically commissioned by the military that plans to use them. If a wargame is commissioned by several clients, then the designer will have to juggle their competing demands. This can lead to great complexity, high development costs, and a compromised product that satisfies nobody.


title: Wargame

text: Commercial wargames are under more pressure to deliver an enjoyable experience for the players, who expect a user-friendly interface, a reasonable learning curve, exciting gameplay, and so forth. By contrast, military organizations tend to see wargaming as a tool and a chore, and players are often bluntly obliged to use whatever is provided to them.


title: Wargame

text: Professional wargames that are arbitrated by an umpire or the players themselves (manual wargames) tend to have simple models and computations compared to recreational wargames. Umpires may even be allowed to make arbitrary decisions using their own expertise. One reason for this is to keep the learning curve small. Recreational wargamers tend to have a lot of wargaming experience (it is usually considered a hardcore hobby), so learning a complicated new wargame is easy if it is similar enough to ones they've already played. By contrast, military officers typically have little or no wargaming experience. A second reason is that the technical data required to design an accurate and precise model, such as the performance characteristics of a fighter jet, is often classified.


title: Wargame

text: The exact definition of "wargame" varies from one writer to the next and one organization to the next. To prevent confusion, this section will establish the general definition employed by this article.


title: Wargame

text: A wargame must have a "setting" that is based on some historical era of warfare so as to establish what armaments the combatants may wield and the environment they fight in. A "historical setting" accurately depicts a real historical era of warfare. Among recreational wargamers, the most popular historical era is World War 2. Professional military wargamers prefer the modern era. A "fantasy setting" depicts a fictional world in which the combatants wield fictional or anachronistic armaments, but it should be similar enough to some historical era of warfare such that the combatants fight in a familiar and credible way. For instance, "Warhammer Age of Sigmar" has wizards and dragons, but the combat is mostly based on medieval warfare (spearmen, archers, knights, etc.). Some are also set in the future, where there is a "World War Three" going on.


title: Wargame

text: A wargame's "scenario" describes the circumstances of the specific conflict being simulated, from the layout of the terrain to the exact composition of the fighting forces to the mission objectives of the players. Historical wargamers often re-enact historical battles. Alternatively, players may construct a fictional scenario. It is easier to design a balanced scenario where either player has a fair chance of winning if it is fictionalized. Board wargames usually have a fixed scenario.


title: Wargame

text: A wargame's level of war determines to the scope of the scenario, the basic unit of command, and the degree to which lower level processes are abstracted.


title: Wargame

text: At the "tactical level", the scenario is a single battle. The basic unit of command is an individual soldier or small group of soldiers. The time span of the scenario is in the order of minutes. At this level, the specific capabilities of the soldiers and their armaments are described in detail. An example of a tactical-level games is "Flames of War", in which players use miniature figurines to represent individual soldiers, and move them around on a scale model of the battlefield.


title: Wargame

text: At the "operational level", the scenario is a military campaign, and the basic unit of command is a large group of soldiers. At this level, the outcomes of battles are usually determined by a simple computation.


title: Wargame

text: At the "strategic level", the scenario is an entire war. The player addresses higher-level concerns such as economics, research, and diplomacy. The time span of the game is in the order of months or years.


title: Wargame

text: A wargame must simulate warfare to a reasonable degree of realism, though what counts as sufficient realism depends on the players. Military wargames need to be highly realistic because their purpose is to prepare officers for real warfare. Recreational wargames only need to be as realistic as it pleases the players, so in most recreational wargames the emphasis is on verisimilitude, i.e. the satisfactory appearance of realism. In any case, no wargame can be perfectly realistic. A wargame's design must make trade-offs between realism, playability, and fun, and function within the constraints of its medium.


title: Wargame

text: Fantasy wargames arguably stretch the definition of wargaming by representing fictional or anachronistic armaments, but they may still be called wargames if they resemble real warfare to the satisfaction of the players. For example, "Warhammer Fantasy Battle" has wizards and dragons, but the bulk of the armaments are taken from medieval warfare (spearmen, knights, archers, etc.).


title: Wargame

text: "Validation" is the process by which a given wargame is proven to be realistic. For historical wargames, this usually means being able to accurately recreate a certain historical battle. Validating military wargames is sometimes tricky as they are typically used to simulate hypothetical future scenarios.


title: Wargame

text: Whereas the rules of Chess are relatively simple, and those of Go even simpler, with the complexity of these games an emergent property of the evolving strategic state of the board, wargames contrarily tend to have very sophisticated rules as a matter of their commitment to representing the concrete realities of (various kinds of) warfare. Generally speaking, the more realistic a wargame seeks to be, the more complicated its rules are. For example, chess pieces only have a few rules determining their behaviour, such as how and when they are allowed to move or capture based on their type and board location, providing a highly abstracted model of warfare which represents troop composition and positioning; stones in Go have no properties, behaviours, or state on their own, and only potentially represent, relative to other stones, elements of a larger board position, providing an extremely abstract strategic perspective in which the determinant of victory is a generalisation of territorial control and influence projection; in wargames, contrarily, counters typically represent strongly concrete and internally quite complex entities (companies, battalions, etc.), often with convoluted rules governing how they operate and interact, and the global state of the game is often governed by non-local rules representing exigencies like weather or supply lines.


title: Wargame

text: This makes wargames difficult to learn, as it can be difficult to simply begin playing without already understanding a great deal about how to do so. Even experienced wargamers usually play with their rulebook on hand, because the rules for most wargames are too complex to fully memorize. For many people, the complexity also makes wargames difficult to enjoy, but some players enjoy high realism, so finding a balance between realism and simplicity is tricky when it comes to recreational wargames.


title: Wargame

text: One way to solve the problem of complexity is to use a referee who has the discretion to arbitrate events, using whatever tools and knowledge they deem fit. This solution is popular with military instructors because it allows them to apply their own expertise when they use wargames to instruct students. The drawback of this approach is that the referee must be very knowledgeable in warfare and impartial, else they may issue unrealistic or unfair rulings.


title: Wargame

text: Another way to address complexity is to use a computer to automate some or all of the routine procedures. Video games can be both sophisticated and easy to learn, which is why computer wargames are more popular than tabletop wargames.


title: Wargame

text: Every wargame must have a sense of "scale", so that it may realistically simulate how topography, distance, and time affect warfare. Scale is usually expressed as a ratio, e.g. a scale of 1:1000 indicates that 1 cm on the game map represents 10 m (1,000 cm). In miniature wargaming, scale is more often expressed as the height of a model of a human measured from the base of its feet up to the eyes or top of the head (e.g. 28mm).


title: Wargame

text: Military wargames typically aim to model time and space as realistically as is feasible, so everything in the simulation conforms to a single scale. Recreational wargame designers, by contrast, tend to use abstract scaling techniques to make their wargames easier to learn and play. Tabletop miniature wargames, for instance, cannot realistically model the range of modern firearms, because miniature wargaming models are typically built to a scale between 1:64 and 1:120. At those scales, riflemen should be able to shoot each other from several meters away, which is longer than most game tables. If model soldiers could shoot each other from opposite ends of the table, without the need to maneuver, the game would not be much fun. For example, the miniature wargame "Bolt Action" solves this problem by reducing a rifle's range to 24 inches, a sub-machine gun's range to 12 inches, and a pistol's range to 6 inches. Even if these ranges are not realistic, their proportions make intuitive sense (a rifle's range ought to be longer than a sub-machine gun) and thus preserve some verisimilitude, all the while compressing the battle to fit the confines of the table. Additionally, the ranges are multiples of 6, which makes them easier to remember.


title: Wargame

text: In real warfare, commanders have incomplete information about their enemy and the battlespace. A wargame that conceals some information from the player is called a "closed" game. An "open" wargame has no secret information. Most recreational wargames are open wargames. A closed wargame can simulate the espionage and reconnaissance aspects of war.


title: Wargame

text: Military wargames often use referees to manage secret information. The players may be forced to sit in separate rooms, and communicate their orders with the referee in the game room, who in turn reports back only the information he judges the players should know. Some recreational wargames use a referee too, often referring to them as "the GameMaster" (e.g. "").


title: Wargame

text: The fog of war is easy to simulate in a computer wargame, as a virtual environment is free of the physical constraints of a tabletop game. The computer itself can serve as the referee.


title: Wargame

text: Miniature wargaming is a form of wargaming where units on the battlefield are represented by miniature models, as opposed to abstract pieces such as wooden blocks or plastic counters. Likewise, the battlefield itself is represented by model terrain, as opposed to a flat board or map; naval wargames are often played on a floor because they tend to require more space than a tabletop. Most miniature wargaming is recreational because issues of scale get in the way of realism.


title: Wargame

text: Miniature wargaming can be more expensive and time-consuming than other forms of wargaming. Furthermore, most manufacturers do not sell ready-to-play models, they sell boxes of model parts, which the players are expected to assemble and paint themselves. This requires skill, time, and money, but many players like the opportunity to show off their artistic skills. Miniature wargaming is often as much about artistry as it is about play.


title: Wargame

text: A board wargame is played on a board that has a more-or-less fixed layout and is supplied by the game's manufacturer. This is in contrast to customizable playing fields made with modular components, such as in miniature wargaming.


title: Wargame

text: In block wargaming, the Fog of War is built into the game by representing units with upright wooden blocks that are marked on only one face, which is oriented towards the player who owns the block. The opponent cannot see the markings from his position. The first such block wargame was "Quebec 1759" by Columbia Games (previously named Gamma Two Games), depicting the campaign surrounding the Battle of the Plains of Abraham.


title: Wargame

text: Because of their nature, cards are well suited for abstract games, as opposed to the simulation aspects of wargames. Traditional card games are not considered wargames even when nominally about the same subject (such as the game "War").


title: Wargame

text: An early card wargame was "Nuclear War", a 'tongue-in-cheek game of the end of the world', first published in 1966 and still published today by Flying Buffalo. It does not simulate how any actual nuclear exchange would happen, but it is still structured unlike most card games because of the way it deals with its subject.


title: Wargame

text: In the late 1970s Battleline Publications (a board wargame company) produced two card games, "Naval War" and "Armor Supremacy". The first was fairly popular in wargaming circles, and is a light system of naval combat, though again not depicting any 'real' situation (players may operate ships from opposing navies side-by-side). "Armor Supremacy" was not as successful, but is a look at the constant design and development of new types of tanks during World War II.


title: Wargame

text: The most successful card wargame (as a card game and as a wargame) would almost certainly be "Up Front", a card game about tactical combat in World War II published by Avalon Hill in 1983. The abstractness is harnessed in the game by having the deck produce random terrain, and chances to fire, and the like, simulating uncertainty as to the local conditions (nature of the terrain, etc.).


title: Wargame

text: Dan Verssen Games is a specialist designer and publisher of card games for several genres, including air combat and World War II and modern land combat.


title: Wargame

text: Also, card driven games (CDGs), first introduced in 1993, use a deck of (custom) cards to drive most elements of the game, such as unit movement (activation) and random events. These are, however, distinctly board games, the deck is merely one of the most important "elements" of the game.


title: Wargame

text: The term "wargame" is rarely used in the video gaming hobby; the term "strategy game" is preferred. "Computer wargame" distinguishes a game from a "tabletop wargame".


title: Wargame

text: Computer wargames have many advantages over traditional wargames. In a computer game, all the routine procedures and calculations are automated. The player needs only to make strategic and tactical decisions. The learning curve for the player is smaller, as he doesn't have to master all the mechanics of the game. The gameplay is faster, as a computer can process calculations much faster than a human. Computer wargames often have more sophisticated mechanics than traditional wargames thanks to automation. Computer games tend to be cheaper than traditional wargames because, being software, they can be copied and distributed very efficiently. It's easier for a player to find opponents with a computer game: a computer game can use artificial intelligence to provide a virtual opponent, or connect him to another human player over the Internet. For these reasons, computers are now the dominant medium for wargaming.


title: Wargame

text: In the recent years, programs have been developed for computer-assisted gaming as regards to wargaming. Two different categories can be distinguished: local computer assisted wargames and remote computer assisted wargames.


title: Wargame

text: Local computer assisted wargames are mostly not designed toward recreating the battlefield inside computer memory, but employing the computer to play the role of game master by storing game rules and unit characteristics, tracking unit status and positions or distances, animating the game with sounds and voice and resolving combat. Flow of play is simple: each turn, the units come up in a random order. Therefore, the more units an opponent has, the more chance he will be selected for the next turn. When a unit comes up, the commander specifies an order and if offensive action is being taken, a target, along with details about distance. The results of the order, base move distance and effect to target, are reported, and the unit is moved on the tabletop. All distance relationships are tracked on the tabletop. All record-keeping is tracked by the computer.


title: Wargame

text: Remote computer assisted wargames can be considered as extensions to the concept of play-by-email gaming, however the presentation and actual capabilities are completely different. They have been designed to replicate the look and feel of existing board or miniatures wargames on the computer. The map and counters are presented to the user who can then manipulate these, more-or-less as if he were playing the physical game, and send a saved file off to his opponent, who can review what has been done without having to duplicate everything on his physical set-up of the game, and respond. Some allow for both players to get on-line and see each other's moves in real-time.


title: Wargame

text: These systems are generally set up so that while one can play the game, the program has no knowledge of the rules, and cannot enforce them. The human players must have a knowledge of the rules themselves. The idea is to promote the playing of the games (by making play against a remote opponent easier), while supporting the industry (and reducing copyright issues) by ensuring that the players have access to the actual physical game.


title: Wargame

text: The four main programs that can be used to play a number of games each are "Aide de Camp", "Cyberboard", "Vassal" and "ZunTzu". "Aide de Camp" is available for purchase, while the other three are offered free. "Vassal" is in turn an outgrowth of the "VASL" (Virtual "ASL") project, and uses Java, making it accessible to any computer that can run a modern JVM, while the other three are Microsoft Windows programs.


title: Wargame

text: Wargames were played remotely through the mail, with players sending lists of moves, or orders, to each other through the mail.


title: Wargame

text: In some early PBM systems, six sided dice rolling was simulated by designating a specific stock and a future date and once that date passed, the players would determine an action's outcome using the sales in hundreds value for specific stocks on a specific date and then dividing the NYSE published sales in hundreds by six, using the remainder as the dice result.


title: Wargame

text: "Nuclear Destruction", by the Flying Buffalo, was an early PBM game in 1970. Origins Award Hall-of-Fame member "Middle-Earth Play-By-Mail" is still active today.


title: Wargame

text: Reality Simulations, Inc. still runs a number of PBM games, such as Duel2 (formerly known as Duelmasters), Hyborian War, and Forgotten Realms: War of the Avatars.


title: Wargame

text: Since e-mail is faster than the standard postal service, the rise of the Internet saw a shift of people playing board wargames from play-by-mail (PBM) to play-by-email (PBEM) or play-by-web (PBW). The mechanics were the same, merely the medium was faster.


title: Wargame

text: At this time, turn-based strategy computer games still had a decent amount of popularity, and many started explicitly supporting the sending of saved-game files through email (instead of needing to find the file to send to the opponent by hand). As with all types of video games, the rise in home networking solutions and Internet access has also meant that networked games are now common and easy to set up.


title: Wargame

text: The first wargame was invented in Prussia in 1780 by Johann Christian Ludwig Hellwig. Hellwig's wargame was the first true wargame because it attempted to be realistic enough to teach useful lessons in military strategy to future army officers. Hellwig was a college professor and many of his students were aristocrats destined for military service. But Hellwig also wanted to sell his wargame commercially as a recreational item. Hellwig chose to base his game on chess so as to make it attractive and accessible to chess players. Hellwig published a second edition of his rulebook in 1803.


title: Wargame

text: As in chess, Hellwig's game was played on a grid of squares, but it was a much larger grid, and the squares were color-coded to represent different types of terrain: mountains, swamp, water, trenches, etc. The layout of the terrain was not fixed, which allowed players to create their own custom battlefields. The pieces in the game represented real military units: cavalry, infantry, artillery, and various support units. As in chess, only a single piece could occupy a square, and the pieces moved square by square, either laterally or diagonally. Over normal terrain, infantry could move a maximum distance of eight squares, dragoons could move twelve squares, and light cavalry could move sixteen squares—intuitively mirroring the speed at which these units move in the real world. But terrain could impede movement: mountains were impassable, swamps slowed units down, rivers could only be crossed with the help of a special pontoon unit, etc. A player could only move one piece per turn, or one group of pieces if they were arranged in a rectangle. A piece could capture an enemy piece by moving into its square, just like in chess, but infantry and artillery pieces could also shoot enemy pieces, at a maximum ranges of two to three squares. Unlike chess, the pieces had orientation: for instance, an infantry piece could only shoot an enemy piece if they were facing it and flanking it. Hellwig's wargame could also simulate the fog of war to limited degree: while the players were arranging their pieces in their starting positions, they had the option of placing a screen across the board so that they could not observe their opponent's arrangement until the game started. Once the game was in progress, however, there was no hiding anything.


title: Wargame

text: Hellwig's wargame was a commercial success, and inspired other inventors to develop their own chess-like wargames. In 1796, another Prussian named Johann Georg Julius Venturini invented his own wargame, inspired by Hellwig's game. Venturini's game was played on an even larger grid. Venturini's game also added rules governing logistics, such as supply convoys and mobile bakeries, and the effects of weather and seasons, making this perhaps the first operational-level wargame. In 1806, an Austrian named Johann Ferdinand Opiz developed a wargame aimed at both civilian and military markets. Like Hellwig's game, it used a modular grid-based board. But unlike Hellwig's game, Opiz's game used dice rolls to simulate the unpredictability of real warfare. This innovation was controversial at the time. Hellwig, who designed his wargame for both leisure as well as instruction, felt that introducing chance would spoil the fun.


title: Wargame

text: A criticism of the chess-like wargames of Hellwig, Venturini, and Opiz was that the pieces were constrained to move across a grid in chess-like fashion. Only a single piece could occupy a square, even if that square represented a square mile; and the pieces had to move square by square, their exact location within a square being immaterial. The grid also forced the terrain into unnatural forms, such as rivers that flowed in straight lines and bent at right angles. This lack of realism meant that no army took these wargames seriously.


title: Wargame

text: In 1824, a Prussian army officer named Georg Heinrich Rudolf Johann von Reisswitz presented to the Prussian General Staff a highly realistic wargame that he and his father had developed over the years. Instead of a chess-like grid, this game was played on accurate paper maps of the kind the Prussian army used. This allowed the game to model terrain naturally and simulate battles in real locations. The pieces could be moved across the map in a free-form manner, subject to terrain obstacles. The pieces, each of which represented some kind of army unit (an infantry battalion, a cavalry squadron, etc.), were little rectangular blocks made of lead. The pieces were painted either red or blue to indicate the faction it belonged to. The blue pieces were used to represent the Prussian army and red was used to represent some foreign enemy—since then it has been the convention in military wargaming to use blue to represent the faction to which the players actually belong to. The game used dice to add a degree of randomness to combat. The scale of the map was 1:8000 and the pieces were made to the same proportions as the units they represented, such that each piece occupied the same relative space on the map as the corresponding unit did on the battlefield.


title: Wargame

text: The game modeled the capabilities of the units realistically using data gathered by the Prussian army during the Napoleonic Wars. Reisswitz's manual provided tables that listed how far each unit type could move in a round according to the terrain it was crossing and whether it was marching, running, galloping, etc.; and accordingly the umpire used a ruler to move the pieces across the map. The game used dice to determine combat results and inflicted casualties, and the casualties inflicted by firearms and artillery decreased over distance. Unlike chess pieces, units in Reisswitz's game could suffer partial losses before being defeated, which were tracked on a sheet of paper (recreational gamers might call this "hitpoint tracking"). The game also had some rules that modeled morale and exhaustion.


title: Wargame

text: Reisswitz's game also used an umpire. The players did not directly control the pieces on the game map. Rather, they wrote orders for their virtual troops on pieces of paper, which they submitted to the umpire. The umpire then moved the pieces across the game map according to how he judged the virtual troops would interpret and carry out their orders. When the troops engaged the enemy on the map, the umpire rolled the dice, computed the effects, and removed defeated units the from map. The umpire also managed secret information so as to simulate the fog of war. The umpire placed pieces on the map only for those units which he judged both sides could see. He kept a mental track of where the hidden units were, and only placed their pieces on the map when he judged they came into view of the enemy.


title: Wargame

text: Earlier wargames had fixed victory conditions, such as occupying the enemy's fortress. By contrast, Reisswitz's wargame was open-ended. The umpire decided what the victory conditions were, if there were to be any, and they typically resembled the goals an actual army in battle might aim for. The emphasis was on the experience of decision-making and strategic thinking, not on competition. As Reisswitz himself wrote: "The winning or losing, in the sense of a card or board game, does not come into it."


title: Wargame

text: In the English-speaking world, Reisswitz's wargame and its variants are called "Kriegsspiel", which is the German word for "wargame".


title: Wargame

text: The Prussian king and the General Staff officially endorsed Reisswitz's wargame, and by the end of the decade every German regiment had bought materials for it. This was thus the first wargame to be widely adopted by a military as a serious tool for training and research. Over the years, the Prussians developed new variations of Reisswitz's system to incorporate new technologies and doctrine.


title: Wargame

text: Prussian wargaming attracted little attention outside Prussia until 1870, when Prussia defeated France in the Franco-Prussian War. Many credited Prussia's victory to its wargaming tradition. The Prussian army did not have any significant advantage in weaponry, numbers, or troop training, but it was the only army in the world that practiced wargaming. Civilians and military forces around the world now took a keen interest in the German military wargames, which foreigners referred to as "Kriegsspiel" (the German word for "wargame"). The first "Kriegsspiel" manual in English, based on the system of Wilhelm von Tschischwitz, was published in 1872 for the British army and received a royal endorsement. The world's first recreational wargaming club was the University Kriegspiel ["sic"] Club, founded in 1873 at Oxford University in England. In the United States, Charles Adiel Lewis Totten published "Strategos, the American War Game" in 1880, and William R. Livermore published "The American Kriegsspiel" in 1882, both heavily inspired by Prussian wargames. In 1894, the US Naval War College made wargaming a regular tool of instruction.


title: Wargame

text: The English writer H. G. Wells developed codified rules for playing with toy soldiers, which he published in a book titled "Little Wars" (1913). This is widely remembered as the first rulebook for miniature wargaming (for terrestrial armies, at least). "Little Wars" had very simple rules to make it fun and accessible to anyone. "Little Wars" did not use dice or computation to resolve fights. For artillery attacks, players used spring-loaded toy cannons which fired little wooden cylinders to physically knock over enemy models. As for infantry and cavalry, they could only engage in hand-to-hand combat (even if the figurines exhibited firearms). When two infantry units fought in close quarters, the units would suffer non-random losses determined by their relative sizes. "Little Wars" was designed for a large field of play, such as a lawn or the floor of a large room. An infantryman could move up to one foot per turn, and a cavalryman could move up to two feet per turn. To measure these distances, players used a two-foot long piece of string. Wells was also the first wargamer to use scale models of buildings, trees, and other terrain features to create a three-dimensional battlefield.


title: Wargame

text: Wells' rulebook failed to invigorate the miniature wargaming community. A possible reason was the two World Wars, which de-glamorized war and caused shortages of tin and lead that made model soldiers expensive. Another reason may have been the lack of magazines or clubs dedicated to miniature wargames. Miniature wargaming was seen as a niche within the larger hobby of making and collecting model soldiers.


title: Wargame

text: In 1955, a California man named Jack Scruby began making inexpensive miniature models for miniature wargames out of type metal. Scruby's major contribution to the miniature wargaming hobby was to network players across America and the UK. At the time, the miniature wargaming community was minuscule, and players struggled to find each other. In 1956, Scruby organized the first miniature wargaming convention in America, which was attended by just fourteen people. From 1957 to 1962, he self-published the world's first wargaming magazine, titled "The War Game Digest", through which wargamers could publish their rules and share game reports. It had less than two hundred subscribers, but it did establish a community that kept growing.


title: Wargame

text: Around the same time in the United Kingdom, Donald Featherstone began writing an influential series of books on wargaming, which represented the first mainstream published contribution to wargaming since "Little Wars". Titles included : "War Games" (1962), "Advanced Wargames", "Solo Wargaming", "Wargame Campaigns", "Battles with Model Tanks", "Skirmish Wargaming". Such was the popularity of such titles that other authors were able to have published wargaming titles. This output of published wargaming titles from British authors coupled with the emergence at the same time of several manufacturers providing suitable wargame miniatures (e.g. Miniature Figurines, Hinchliffe, Peter Laing, Garrisson, Skytrex, Davco, Heroic & Ros) was responsible for the huge upsurge of popularity of the hobby in the late 1960s and into the 1970s.


title: Wargame

text: In 1956, Tony Bath published what was the first ruleset for a miniature wargame set in the medieval period. These rules were a major inspiration for Gary Gygax's "Chainmail" (1971), which in turn became the basis for the roleplaying game "Dungeons and Dragons".


title: Wargame

text: From 1983 to 2015, Games Workshop produced what was the first miniature wargame designed to be used with proprietary models: "Warhammer Fantasy". Earlier miniature wargames were designed to be played using generic models that could be bought from any manufacturer, but "Warhammer Fantasy's" setting featured original characters with distinctive visual designs, and their models were produced exclusively by Games Workshop.


title: Wargame

text: The first successful commercial board wargame was "Tactics" (1954) by an American named Charles S. Roberts. What distinguished this wargame from previous ones is that it was mass-produced and all the necessary materials for play were bundled together in a box. Previous wargames were often just a rulebook and required players to obtain the other materials themselves. The game was played on a pre-fabricated board with a fixed layout, which is why it was called a board game.


title: Wargame

text: Roberts later founded the Avalon Hill Game Company, the first firm that specialized in commercial wargames. In 1958, Avalon Hill released "Gettysburg", which was a retooling of the rules of "Tactics", and was based on the historical Battle of Gettysburg. "Gettysburg" became the most widely-played wargame yet.


title: Wargame

text: Board wargames were more popular than miniature wargames. One reason was that assembling a playset for miniature wargaming was expensive, time-consuming, and require artisanal skill. Another reason was that board wargames could be played by correspondence. Board wargames were usually grid-based, or else designed in some way that moves could be explained in writing in simple terms. This was not possible with the free-form nature of miniature wargames.


title: Wargame

text: While a comprehensive list will show the variety of titles, the following games are notable for the reasons indicated:


title: Kathryn Prescott

text: Kathryn Prescott (born 4 June 1991) is an English actress, best known for her roles as Emily Fitch on the E4 teen drama series "Skins" (2009–2010) and the titular character in the MTV teen drama "Finding Carter" (2014–2015).


title: Kathryn Prescott

text: In July 2008, Prescott and twin sister Megan appeared in an episode of soap opera "Doctors", playing twin sisters Amy and Charlotte Wilcox in "Dare, Double Dare, Truth". Beginning in early 2009, Prescott played Emily Fitch in series 3, 4 and 7 of "Skins", with characters known as the "second generation". Prescott stated on her official website in March 2010 that she had a role in the pilot of "Goth". Prescott starred as Carter Stevens/Lyndon Wilson on MTV'S "Finding Carter". She then, in 2019 appeared in the movie "A Dog's Journey" as CJ.


title: Kathryn Prescott

text: Kathryn was born in Palmers Green, London, England. She is six minutes older than her twin sister, Megan. In providing her "Top Ten Playlist" on the "Skins" official website, Prescott named Röyksopp, The Cardigans and Metallica as her favourite music. In response to a fan's question on her official website, Prescott revealed that she would prefer to not label herself regarding her sexuality, and "does not think people are defined by their sexuality", suggesting that "it doesn't change who you are as a person". Following another question, she revealed that while she is not "strictly" a vegetarian, she is wary of what meat she consumes.


title: Kathryn Prescott

text: On 7 September 2021, Prescott was struck by a truck while crossing the street in Brooklyn, and suffered serious injuries, including a fractured pelvis, legs, a foot, and a hand. On 1 October 2021, her sister Megan, revealed Kathryn had been released from hospital and was recovering at home. Prescott's sister was initially denied emergency entry to the United States, due to travel restrictions put in place to combat the spread of COVID-19, despite providing evidence of vaccination and a negative test as well as her sister's medical records, but the decision was ultimately reversed after Prescott went public about the ordeal.


title: National identity card (Bangladesh)

text: The National Identity Card () or NID card is a compulsory identity document issued to every Bangladeshi citizen upon turning 18 years of age. The NID is a government issued photo ID just like the Bangladeshi Driver's license, which is also a biometric, microchip embedded, smart identity card. The NID is required by Bangladeshi citizens for multiple essential public services, such as obtaining utility connections, as well as private services, such as opening bank accounts, in Bangladesh. Initially, paper based laminated NID cards were issued since 2006. Then, the paper based laminated NID cards were replaced by biometric and microchip embedded Smart NID cards for all adult citizens in Bangladesh from 2016 onwards. This was done to ensure security for the cardholder as well as prevent counterfeiting and fraudulence. The government provides the Smart NID card free of charge to all adult citizens of Bangladesh.


title: National identity card (Bangladesh)

text: Biometric identification has existed in Bangladesh since 2008. Bangladesh Election Commission introduced paper laminated National Identity cards through its project named Preparation of Electoral Roll with Photograph (PERP), a UNDP led donor funded project. The first National Project Director was Brigadier General Shahadat Hossain Chowdhury, afwc, psc, te. The project was designed for preparation of electoral roll with photographs for the Ninth Parliamentary Election held in December 2008. A demographic and biometric database was created for 81.3 million Bangladeshi citizens who were eligible to be voters. All Bangladeshis who are 18 years of age or older are issued identity cards and included in a central biometric database, which is used by the Bangladesh Election Commission to oversee the electoral procedure in Bangladesh. Before 2016, only normal identity cards were issued which only included the ID holder's name; father's and mother's names; date of birth; ID number; photo; thumb and index fingerprints; and signature. These paper based laminated NID cards were easy to counterfeit. However, starting in October 2016, they were replaced by biometric, microchip embedded, smart identity cards in order to ensure security for the cardholder as well as prevent counterfeiting and fraudulence. The smart NID cards include all ten fingerprints in addition to other biometric and identity information.


title: National identity card (Bangladesh)

text: The National Identity Registration Wing (NIDW) of the Bangladesh Election Commission introduced the Smart National Identity Card in October 2016. This card has an integrated circuit embedded in it, and it is also known as a "chip-based card" or "smart NID card" in Bangladesh. It is a pocket-sized plastic card, almost the size of a credit card, with the embedded integrated circuit storing all the data. To maintain the security of the smart card, twenty-five international certifications and standards have been ensured. Since they are machine-readable cards, the smart cards have additional safety measures to prevent forgery. The cardholders currently receive twenty-two different types of services including banking, electronic Tax Identification Number 63(e-TIN), driving license, passport, etc.


title: National identity card (Bangladesh)

text: Updating the list of eligible voters is an ongoing process under the election commission. Bangladeshi citizens who have frequently lived in an area and are 18 years or above, but not yet registered as a voter, may register. At the time of enrollment, they need the following supporting documents in addition to the application form:


title: Rioja (wine)

text: Rioja [] is a wine region in Spain, with "denominación de origen calificada" (D.O.Ca., "Qualified Designation of Origin," the highest category in Spanish wine regulation). Rioja wine is made from grapes grown in the autonomous communities of La Rioja and Navarre, and the Basque province of Álava. Rioja is further subdivided into three zones: Rioja Alta, Rioja Oriental and Rioja Alavesa. Many wines have traditionally blended fruit from all three regions, though there is a slow growth in single-zone wines.


title: Rioja (wine)

text: Located on the western edge of the region and at higher elevations than the other areas, the Rioja Alta is known more for its "old world" style of wine. A higher elevation equates to a shorter growing season, which in turn produces brighter fruit flavors and a wine that is lighter on the palate.


title: Rioja (wine)

text: The region of Rioja Alavesa is in the province of Álava in the Basque Country, on the northern bank of the River Ebro. Despite sharing a similar climate as the Alta region, the Rioja Alavesa produces wines with a fuller body and higher acidity. Vineyards in the area have a low vine density with large spacing between rows. This is due to the relatively poor conditions of the soil with the vines needing more distance from each other and less competition for the nutrients in the surrounding soil.


title: Rioja (wine)

text: Unlike the more continental climate of the Alta and Alavesa, the Rioja Oriental is strongly influenced by a Mediterranean climate which makes this area the warmest and driest of the Rioja. In the summer months, drought can be a significant viticultural hazard, though since the late 1990s irrigation has been permitted. Temperatures in the summer typically reach 35 °C (95 °F). A number of the vineyards are actually located in nearby Navarra but the wine produced from those grapes belongs to the Rioja appellation. Unlike the typically pale Rioja wine, Oriental wines are very deeply coloured and can be highly alcoholic. They typically do not have much acidity or aroma and are generally used as blending components with wines from other parts of the Rioja.


title: Rioja (wine)

text: The traditional varieties authorized by the Regulating Council of the D.O.Ca. Rioja since its foundation in 1925 have been seven, four red and three white:


title: Rioja (wine)

text: In 2007, the Regulating Council of the D.O.Ca. Rioja authorized, for the first time since 1925, the incorporation of some additional varieties within the limits of the denomination, changes that were reflected in two modifications of the existing Regulation approved in 2004: BOE-A-2008-4991 and BOE -A-2009-8950, but this has been subject to subsequent amendment.


title: Rioja (wine)

text: These new authorized varieties can only be planted in substitution, so as not to increase the vegetable mass of the Denomination.


title: Rioja (wine)

text: In the case of the new autochthonous varieties, both red and white, no limit is set on the percentage that the wines must carry, which is why the production of single varietal wines of these grapes is allowed. On the contrary, in the foreign white varieties (Chardonnay, Sauvignon blanc and Verdejo) it is established that they can not be the predominant ones in the final composition of the wine. Therefore, if the varieties are indicated on the label, the autochthonous white variety (Viura, Garnacha blanca, Malvasía de Rioja, Maturana blanca, Tempranillo blanco or Turruntés) must always be listed first.


title: Rioja (wine)

text: The incorporation of these new varieties was made with the aim of recovering Rioja's viticultural heritage, in the case of autochthonous grapes, and to increase the competitiveness of Rioja whites in the international market, in the case of foreign white varieties.


title: Rioja (wine)

text: The area cultivated in 2018, in hectares, according to the grape varieties and by Autonomous Communities is as follows:


title: Rioja (wine)

text: The red grapes are distributed as follows: Tempranillo: 87.67%, Garnacha: 7.58%, Mazuelo: 2.07%, Graciano: 2.15%, Maturana tinta: 0.30% and others: 0.23%.


title: Rioja (wine)

text: The percentage among whites is determined as follows: Viura: 69.17%, Malvasia: 2.22%, Garnacha blanca: 3.61%, Tempranillo blanco: 12.48%, Maturana blanca: 0.58%, Verdejo: 5, 44%, Turruntés: 0.08%, Chardonnay: 2.49%, Sauvignon Blanc: 3.31% and others: 0.61%.


title: Rioja (wine)

text: The pruning consists in forming the stump with three arms and two thumbs in each arm. Each thumb will have two buds from which the shoots will sprout. The grape harvest is done manually in the month of October. To ensure quality, the quantity is restricted to 6,500 kg / ha for red varieties and 9,000 kg / ha for white.


title: Rioja (wine)

text: Traditionally, Rioja wine has been made by assembling different types of grape varieties, although nowadays it is also very common to find monovarietal wines.


title: Rioja (wine)

text: In accordance with the Regulation of the D.O.Ca. Rioja (BOE-A-2004-1838410) and its latest modification (BOE-A-2009-895014), the different types of wine must use the authorized varieties in the following proportions:


title: Rioja (wine)

text: The ageing is carried out in 225-liter oak barrels for a period ranging from 1 to 3 years, and later in the bottle itself for a period of 6 months to 6 years.


title: Rioja (wine)

text: In 2018, the Regulating Council released new classification rules for Rioja, in an attempt to encourage championship of regional microclimates and put a greater focus on singular vineyard sites. This amended system, similar to Burgundy grading, moves Rioja from being focused primarily on aging and oaking to a more all encompassing system inspecting the terroir of the wine – such as allowing labels to display the village or municipality of origin on the front label.


title: Rioja (wine)

text: The harvest ratings of the D.O.Ca. Rioja granted by its Regulating Council since its founding in 1926 are the following:


title: Rioja (wine)

text: A distinct characteristic of Rioja wine is the effect of oak aging. First introduced in the early 18th century by Bordeaux influenced winemakers, the use of oak and the pronounced vanilla flavors in the wines has been a virtual trademark of the region though some modern winemakers are experimenting with making wines less influenced by oak. Originally French oak was used but as the cost of the barrels increased many bodegas began to buy American oak planks and fashion them into barrels at Spanish cooperages in a style more closely resembling the French method. This included hand splitting the wood, rather than sawing, and allowing the planks time to dry and "season" in the outdoors versus drying in the kiln. In recent times, more bodegas have begun using French oak and many will age wines in both American and French oak for blending purposes.


title: Rioja (wine)

text: In the past, it was not uncommon for some bodegas to age their red wines for 15–20 years or even more before their release. One notable example of this the Marqués de Murrieta which released its 1942 vintage "gran reserva" in 1983 after 41 years of aging. Today most bodegas have shifted their winemaking focus to wines that are ready to drink sooner, with the top wines typically aging for 4–8 years prior to release, though some traditionalists still age longer. The typical bodega owns anywhere from 10,000 to 40,000 oak barrels.


title: Rioja (wine)

text: The use of oak in white wine has declined significantly in recent times when before the norm was traditionally 2–5 years in oak. This created slightly oxidized wines with flavors of caramel, coffee, and roasted nuts that did not appeal to a large market of consumers with some of the more negative examples showing characteristics of rubber and petrol flavors. Today the focus of white wine makers has been to enhance the vibrancy and fruit flavors of the wine.


title: Rioja (wine)

text: Some winemakers utilize a derivative of carbonic maceration in which whole clusters are placed in large open vats allowed to ferment inside the individual grape berries, without the addition of yeast, for a few days before they are crushed.


title: Rioja (wine)

text: In the 1960s, Bodegas Rioja Santiago developed the first bottled version of the wine punch Sangría, based on Rioja wine, and exhibited it at the 1964 New York World's Fair. An import subsidiary of Pepsi Cola purchased the rights to the wine and began marketing it worldwide.


title: Rioja (wine)

text: In Spain, wineries are commonly referred to as "bodegas" though this term may also refer to a wine cellar or warehouse. For quite some time, the Rioja wine industry has been dominated by local family vineyards and co-operatives that have bought the grapes and make the wine. Some bodegas would buy fermented wine from the co-ops and age the wine to sell under their own label. In recent times there has been more emphasis on securing vineyard land and making estate bottled wines from the bodegas.


title: Rioja (wine)

text: Like most Spanish wine regions, Rioja is an integral part of Spanish culture and cuisine. In the town of Haro there is an annual Wine Festival that is noted for its "Batalla de Vino" where participants conduct a food fight of sorts with wine.


title: Turkish television drama

text: Turkish television series () has grown radically since the 2000s. Most dramas reflect Turkish culture and are the country's most well known economic and cultural exports. Turkey is the world's fastest growing television series exporter and by the mid-2010s overtook both Mexico and Brazil as the world's second highest television series exporter after the United States. The television industry has played a pivotal role in increasing Turkey's popularity in Asia, Europe, Latin America, and North Africa.


title: Turkish television drama

text: Turkish series are mostly produced in Istanbul, as television companies chose to settle there after the wave of liberalization for private television in the 1990s. Turkish television channels producing dramas include TRT, Kanal D, Show TV, Star TV, ATV, Fox, TV8, and Kanal 7. The Turkish television series market is marked by stiff local competition: out of the 60 series produced every year in the country, almost 50% do not run for longer than 13 episodes due to the strong competition among the different local channels, resulting in the high quality and popularity of the longer-running productions. Each episode of a popular Turkish drama is usually between 120 and 150 minutes in length (excluding advertisements). However, this does not apply to internet platform series. Soundtracks are given utmost importance to fill the long episode times.


title: Turkish television drama

text: "Çalıkuşu" was the first Turkish TV series exported internationally in 1986 to the Soviet Union. Turkish television shows are almost always available in multiple languages, dubbed or subtitled to accommodate the target country's language. The success of Turkish television series has boosted tourism as well, as visitors are keen to see the locations used for their favorite shows. The sudden and immense international popularity since the 2000s of Turkish TV dramas has been widely analyzed as a social phenomenon.


title: Turkish television drama

text: Turkish TV series started to gain popularity with the release of the Arabic-dubbed Turkish drama, "Gümüş", in the Arab World. "The Bride from Istanbul" was a huge hit in Israel. "Suskunlar" ("Game of Silence") became the first Turkish drama to be remade by the USA. Then "Son" was remade as "Runner" for ABC. "Pasión prohibida" was the first Spanish-language American remake of a Turkish drama, released in 2013. Many channels in Latin America have been broadcasting Turkish series and many local remakes aired. "Son" became the first Turkish TV series adapted in the Western Europe, having been adapted by Netherlands. Adını Feriha Koydum was the first Turkish drama success in India. "Kya Qusoor Hai Amala Ka?" was the fist Indian remake of the popular Turkish drama, "Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne?", about a gang-raped girl's fight for justice. "Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne?" also remade by Spain as "Alba" for Netflix. "Elif Indonesia" was the first remake of a Turkish drama in the Southeast Asia after the original show's popularity in Indonesia, in 2016. The first Malaysian remake of a Turkish drama, "Rüzgarın Kalbi", aired in 2020. "Barb Ayuttitham" became the first Turkish remake in Thailand. Turkish TV series are broadcast in many countries in Europe, the Balkans, Russia, Middle East, and Asia.


title: Turkish television drama

text: Besides the original scripts; Korean, American, Japanese, and Bristish adaptations are also common. The original Turkish dramas are mostly based on Turkish classical books. Besides the TV series set in Istanbul, regional dramas about the Black Sea, Aegean and Southeast ("'töre' dizileri") are also common.


title: Turkish television drama

text: In addition to broadcasts on television, Turkish series are followed by fans on legal and illegal internet platforms in many different languages.


title: Turkish television drama

text: Today, a season of the average Turkish drama is around 35-40 episodes. New episodes are filmed 6 days a week to keep up with the demanding production schedule, and crews can work up to 18 hours a day.


title: Turkish television drama

text: Each episode of a popular Turkish drama today is usually between 120 and 150 minutes in length (excluding advertisements), which is much longer than a typical episode of an Americas or Western European series, and averages at around 30 to 60 minutes. However, when shown in the Balkans and southeastern Europe, episodes of Turkish dramas are usually split into shorter segments, usually not exceeding more than 60 minutes.


title: Turkish television drama

text: For the Balkan region, the reason why Turkish shows became popular was showing lives lived in a healthy balance of Islam, democracy, modernity and traditionalism. They also lack violence and obscene language, as well as having easy-to-follow plots with realistic characters. Tapping into nostalgia for a system of family values that people in the Balkan region have lost.


title: Turkish television drama

text: According to Izzet Pinto, the head of Istanbul-based powerhouse distributor Global Agency; it’s the “combination of family-based stories with big talents and directors, and great music” that attract audiences so widely, and Turkish culture as a whole, which he calls both “modern, but at the same time, also very traditional”.


title: Turkish television drama

text: For the Arab world, showing "modern Muslim" life was a remarkable factor. Contrary to showing elements that are not accepted in the region in Western shows, similar social problems are told within acceptable limits in Turkish TV series.


title: Turkish television drama

text: For the Latin America, the reason was similarities in culture, emphasis on family values, family viewing, good-looking people and real picturesque locales.


title: Turkish television drama

text: Brave women who do not keep silent and seek their rights by keeping their dignity are another remarkable element in the series. "Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne?" was a brave story that fought to solve similar problems faced by women all over the world and has been successful in many countries.


title: Turkish television drama

text: With taboo-breaking scenes that include premarital sex, love triangles and nudity, Turkish TV series have been dubbed as ‘immoral’ by some religious authorities in the Middle East and in some cases, they have even been banned.


title: Turkish television drama

text: Turkey's first TV series was produced in 1974. The series was called "Aşk-ı Memnu", which was adapted from the eponymous 1899 novel by Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil. The series was released on TRT, the public broadcaster of Turkey. The period of TV dramas on just TRT continued until 1986, being referred to in Turkey as the "single channel period" () and the shows themselves being called the "old TRT series" (). TRT was known for its adaptations of Turkish classic novels into historical TV mini-series.


title: Turkish television drama

text: Turkish "Yeşilçam" films (), were more popular at the time. Yeşilçam stars didn't play in TV series. 1970s was the golden age of Yeşilçam. Yeşilçam was the world's 4th biggest cinema. A support actor played in 3 films in a day. Yeşilçam movies are known for iconic unforgetten songs. Soundtrack songs are still widely successful. It being called or .


title: Turkish television drama

text: Turkish TV series produced between 2000 and 2005 were between 60 and 80 minutes in length. Scenarists couldn't finish scripts on time. Before more soundtrack music added scenes. Soundtrack music were widely successful. Turkish TV series changed a long music video clip.


title: Turkish television drama

text: Turkish TV series in 2005–2010 were, on average, 90 minutes in length. TV series became more popular than Turkish cinema, which mostly consisted of festival movies and comedy movies. Adaptations of Turkish classic novels began to be produced. Authors whose works were commonly adapted included "Reşat Nuri Güntekin", "Orhan Kemal", "Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil", "Peyami Safa", "Ayşe Kulin", "Ahmet Ümit", "Nermin Bezmen", "Hande Altaylı", and "Elif Şafak". However, these adaptations usually transformed the stories from their late 18th- 20th-century settings to contemporary times. Book sales increased 10-fold, but these adaptations were not popular among authors and literary critics. One critic stated, "You imagine that Madame Bovery or Anna Karenina is in a shopping mall. It's terrible. The adaptations aren't literary. There weren't historical places, political, sociological. Characters of Turkish classic change or don't die. Classic political novel changes only love story".


title: Turkish television drama

text: In the 2010s, series ranged from 120 to 150 minutes in length on average. One episode of Turkish TV series is like a movie. It's period drama, modern-absurd comedy, crime, romantic-comedy. The most watched comedy series were "Avrupa Yakası" (2004–2009), "Leyla ile Mecnun" (2011–2013), "Kardeş Payı" (2014–2015), "İşler Güçler" (2012–2013), "1 Erkek 1 Kadın" (2008–2015), "Yalan Dünya" (2012–2014), "Tatlı Hayat" (2001–2004) and "Belalı Baldız" (2005–2006).


title: Turkish television drama

text: Since late 2010s American streaming service Netflix has been producing original Turkish dramas and movies available on its platform. Netflix created its first original Turkish series, "The Protector", with the release date on December 14, 2018. According to Nick Vivarelli of "Variety", Netflix is the only streaming platform to buy substantial amounts of Turkish television series. "Fatma", "Love 101", "50m2", "Paper Lives", "Ethos", "", "The Gift", "Have You Ever Seen Fireflies?", "Last Summer", "One-Way to Tomorrow", "Stuck Apart", "Leyla Everlasting" are among the Netflix productions that gathered success in Turkey as well as many other countries. There is a special category, "Turkish Movies & TV", on Netflix.


title: Turkish television drama

text: Turkish drama, The Club, was watched for a total of 7,860,000 hours during the week of 8–14 November, ranking 8th on Netflix's non-English language series list, thus making it one of the top 10 most-watched series. The Turkish production (Love Tactics) ranked first in the non-English films category of the February 14–20 list. Love Tactics watched 16,860,000 hours in its second week in the Global Top 10. The Turkish production (In Good Hands) ranked second in the non-English films category of the March 21–27 Netflix Global list. Yakamoz S-245 ranked third on Netflix Top 10 Global Non-English Tv Series category of the April 18–24 week and ranked fifth on the April 25-May 1 week. Yolun Acik Olsun (Godspeed) ranked eighth on Netflix Top 10 Global Non-English Films category of the May 23–29 week. As The Crow Flies ranked second on Netflix Top 10 Global Non-English Tv Series category of the June 6–12 week. Turkish movie, Doom of Love ranked fifth in the non-English films category of the June 20–25 week.


title: Turkish television drama

text: Spanish remake, Alba, of Turkish drama, Fatmagul’un Suçu Ne?, ranked first on the Global Non-English Tv Series category of the July 18–24, 2022 week. Another Self entered Netflix’s Global Non-English Tv Series list at number 5 with 18,100,000 hours of viewing in its first 4 days of July 25–31, 2022 week. Drama was also the first Turkish series to enter the Netflix list in the UK. Another Self ranked second in the Global Non-English Tv Series category of August 1–7, 2022 week. Turkish movie, Heartsong, ranked ninth in the Global Non-English Movies category of August 4–14, 2022 week. Another Self ranked third Global Non-English Tv Series list with 21,990,000 hours of viewing of the August 8–14, 2022 week.


title: Turkish television drama

text: Adapted from a Turkish scenario, Spanish production If Only, ranked eighth in the Global Non-English Tv series category of OCTOBER 24 - OCTOBER 30, 2022 week.


title: Turkish television drama

text: The first Turkish original drama for Disney Plus, Kaçış, aired on June 14, 2022. Dünyayla Benim Aramda became the second Turkish drama aired in the platform.


title: Turkish television drama

text: Turkish TV series dubbed in Dari Persian have become very popular in Afghanistan, ratings going higher than the traditional Indian TV series that Afghans watched. TOLO, a TV station in Afghanistan. The most popular Turkish show is "Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne?" ("What is Fatmagül's Fault?"). Another series as "Öyle Bir Geçer Zaman Ki" ("As Time Goes By"), "Beni Affet" ("Forgive Me"), "Effet", "Aşk-ı Memnu" ("Forbidden Love"), and "Adını Feriha Koydum" are popular too. In 2015, is reported that the four Turkish series most successful around the world are "Muhteşem Yüzyıl", "Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne?", "Aşk-ı Memnu" and "Binbir Gece". Also, the most popular Turkish actor around the world is Halit Ergenç, and the most popular Turkish actress around the world is Beren Saat.


title: Turkish television drama

text: Turkish TV series began to rise in popularity across the Arab world in 2008, when Waleed bin Ibrahim Al Ibrahim began buying up Turkish series for his Middle East Broadcasting Center. MBC is a popular Saudi Arabian broadcasting network. Instead of dubbing the shows in classical Arabic, they were rendered in Syrian Arabic, a dialectal variant readily understood by ordinary viewers across the Middle East.


title: Turkish television drama

text: In a survey carried out in 16 Middle Eastern countries by the Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation, three out of four of those surveyed said they had seen a Turkish television series. Turkish series are in demand in the Arab world. They are prevalent on Egyptian television, and are popular among women in particular.


title: Turkish television drama

text: Led by "Gümüş" (known as Noor in the Arab market), a wave of Turkish melodramas made their way onto Arab televisions, wielding a kind of soft power. The show violated the local conservative cultural norms, showing some Muslim characters drinking wine with dinner and engaging in premarital sex. The Arabic-dubbed finale of the Turkish TV series "Gümüş" ("Silver"), aired on August 30, 2008, was watched by 85 million viewers. In 2008, the grand mufti of Saudi Arabia Abdulaziz al-Sheikh issued a fatwa against channels that broadcast "Gümüş", saying anyone who broadcast it was "an enemy of God and his Prophet". First Turkish dramas aired in the Arab world were Cemberimde Gul Oya, Kaybolan Yıllar, Annem, Asi, Berivan, Bıçak Sırtı, Kurtlar Vadisi, Elveda Derken, Menekşe ile Halil, Yabanci Damat and Yılan Hikayesi. Another Turkish hit drama in the first period was "Ihlamurlar Altında" which made Tuba Büyüküstün a star in the region.


title: Turkish television drama

text: In 2013, the most popular Turkish shows were "Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne?", "Aşk-ı Memnu" and "Muhteşem Yüzyıl".


title: Turkish television drama

text: "Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne?" has increased the popularity in Istanbul as a tourist destination among Arabs. In 2015, "Küçük Gelin" was very popular, it was made by Samanyolu TV but unfortunately Samanyolu TV was shut down so "Küçük Gelin" didn't have a proper ending. Some Turkish series are more appealing to women, while some action series attract male audiences, which helps attract different types of advertisers for different viewerships. Some series have political overtones, including "Ayrılık", which depicts the daily life of Palestinians under Israeli military occupation. Despite this, Islamic conservatives in many Middle Eastern countries have condemned certain Turkish series as "vulgar" and "heretical" to Islam.


title: Turkish television drama

text: In March 2018, MBC pulled all Turkish dramas off the air. Nick Vivarelli of Variety considers this a result of the political tensions between Saudi Arabia and Turkey. The head of the Turkish Sales Company Global Agency, Izzet Pinto, made a statement to say that he believed this was a political decision against the Turkish government.


title: Turkish television drama

text: In 2019, Tunisian-Algerian TV series named Mashaer was the first Arabic TV series to be broadcast with Turkish team in script and directing in order to benefit from the success of Turkish TV series in attracting followers in Arab countries.


title: Turkish television drama

text: An Arab adaptation of the Turkish drama Bride from Istanbul was remaked as 'Bride from Beirut' for MBC in 2019. An Arabic remake, E Alhulwat Walmara,


title: Turkish television drama

text: of Turkish drama, Iyı Gunde Kotu Gunde, was made in 2021. MBC linked Arab digital platform, Shahid, still showing Turkish dramas despite the tension. During Ramadan in 2020 and 2021, channels broadcast many Turkish series in Lebanon.


title: Turkish television drama

text: Arabic remake, Stiletto, of Turkish Drama, Ufak Tefek Cinayetler aired on MBC in 2022. The shooting of Arabic remake was done in Istanbul, Turkey; filmed at the same locations in the original Turkish version. The director was also Turkish, Ender Emir.


title: Turkish television drama

text: The Arabic remake of Doctor Foster is in production by Turkish prodco Medyapim, which has previously adapted a local Turkish version of the format. MBC Group has signed a five-year output and co-development deal with Medyapim and fellow Turkish prodco Ay Yapim, in October 2022. It also includes a pact to exchange knowhow and co-develop original Arabic-language content for the MENA region, to be filmed in Saudi Arabia.


title: Turkish television drama

text: Turkish drama, Ezel, was remade under the name, Ancanoty, by Shant TV, one of the biggest channels in Armenia. The Armenian adaptation of the Turkish series "Kara Sevda" was broadcast under the name "Kayaran". Turkish series are also watched in the Armenian diaspora in Russia and elsewhere.


title: Turkish television drama

text: In Bangladesh, Turkish series started becoming popular by the entrance of "Muhteşem Yüzyıl". The show was renamed as Sultan Suleiman and it aired on the newcomer channel Deepto TV which was launched in November 2015 and started its broadcasting activity by telecasting first and second episode of this serial as the channels first opening program. It was the first Turkish drama series aired in Bangladeshi television. Through this program, the channel as well as the show acquired 2nd highest TRP by the first week of January and marvelously got the 1st place in the TRP ratings of viewers by the second week among all the Bangladeshi TV channels.


title: Turkish television drama

text: After one year of the highly successful running of Muhtesem Yuzyil, several channels started broadcasting other Turkish series's such as "" on Maasranga Television and "Ask-i Memnu" on Channel I. "Diriliş: Ertuğrul" has gained so much popularity that the show has acquired highest TRP ratings of viewers in 2017–2018. .


title: Turkish television drama

text: In September 2015, the first Turkish drama on Indian television was "Adını Feriha Koydum" (Feriha) aired on Zindagi had become a huge success. The reason behind its success is a powerful story and natural acting by all the artists The third and final season "Adını Feriha Koydum", was broadcast for the first time in India between 16 November 2016 to 15 December 2016 at 6 pm under the title "Feriha-New Season" by Zindagi because of overwhelming audience request. However, the show "Aşk-ı Memnu" (Paabandh Ishq) was also aired on Rishtey in Hindi but on international version of Rishtey like in United States, Europe and Asia. In India, "Aşk-ı Memnu" does not broadcast by the Rishtey till now. "Fatmagul'ün Suçu Ne?" is also extremely well received and appreciated by India audiences. The show also helped Zindagi to become the number one premium entertainment channel, garnering impressive ratings. The viewership of the channel increased due to this show. The reason behind it is talented actors, good looking faces, realistic and scenic locales besides good storyline. "Kuzey Güney", "Adını Feriha Koydum", "Aşk Laftan Anlamaz", " Little Lord" are a most demanded show in India and also highest rated show in India. From 25 June 2018 the Star Plus started broadcasting "Kış Güneşi" as its channel first Turkish show dubbed in Hindi language.


title: Turkish television drama

text: "Kya Qusoor Hai Amala Ka", an Indian adaptation of the Turkish drama series "Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne?", was released in 2017. Indian remake, "Dil Sambhal Jaa Zara", of Turkish drama, "Ask-i Memnu", was aired in 2017.


title: Turkish television drama

text: Recently in 2018 MX PLAYER started streaming Turkish shows dubbed in Hindi for free. Day Dreamer, Endless Love, "Cennet", New Bride, Brave and Beautiful, The Girl Named Feriha, Our Story (Bizim Hikaye), The Promise (Yemin) are also very well received by audience.


title: Turkish television drama

text: Ironically IRIB was the one that started everything off. IRIB TV3 used to air " (Persian: کلید اسرار)" which had very meaningful stories about things that may happen to you. This show was nothing like Turkish shows nowadays and instead promoted love and faith, it's been said that this show had more fans in Iran than in Turkey. After that Turkish shows got extremely popular in Iran during the early 2010s. They were dubbed into Persian by various satellite channels led by GEM TV. Among the most popular series were "Muhteşem Yüzyıl", "Aşk-ı Memnu", "" and "Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne". The loss of popularity in Turkish shows are because in recent years satellite channels that used to air these Turkish shows have been unstable and their dubs have gone down in quality. In addition to that the Iranian government has tried to stop the popularity of these shows by producing much more content itself and also by lifting restrictions on the country's private sector of entertainment where institutions like TGPCO, Honar Aval and TDH Film have been able to make movies and TV Shows more freely. Turkish shows are also simply too long to fit into the Iranian day-to-day life and have also been accused of promoting disloyalty, anger and backstabbing.


title: Turkish television drama

text: Some of the Azerbaijanis, the largest ethnic minority in Iran, do not need subtitles to watch Turkish series due to language intelligibility.


title: Turkish television drama

text: The first Turkish TV series broadcast in Israel was "Menekşe ile Halil" in 2011. The series, They were which was broadcast in dubbed into Hebrew, was broadcast five days a week during prime-time on Viva. The Turkish series Bride from Istanbul reached high ratings in Israel, especially among women. The star of the series, Özcan Deniz gave concerts in Israel and Berkay Hardal acted in commercials in Israel.