title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: Born and raised in San Francisco, California, Egan graduated from St. Ignatius College Preparatory. He won a public-speaking competition in 1938 that helped fire his interest in performing. He was supported by his brother who was a priest.


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: Egan was interested in drama and studied it while doing a BA at the University of San Francisco. He left in 1943 and served in the United States Army as a judo and knife fighting instructor during World War II. He served a year in the Philippines and was discharged with the rank of captain.


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: "The war had given me time to think", he later said, "and to decide what I really wanted to do. I think I had always been an actor in my mind, but now I was going to be one in public, too. Right out in front of everybody."


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: When Egan returned, he went back to school to earn a master's degree in theater history from Stanford University, with the help of the G.I. Bill. From there, he went on to teach public speaking at Northwestern University. While at Northwestern, he appeared in thirty campus stage productions and was eventually spotted by a Warner Bros talent scout, Solly Bioano, who encouraged him to try Hollywood.


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: Egan had a series of unsuccessful screen tests. He eventually got a bit role in the 1949 Hollywood film "The Story of Molly X", at Universal. He had a small roles in "The Good Humor Man" (1950), at Columbia; "The Damned Don't Cry" (1950) (as Joan Crawford's husband) and "Return of the Frontiersman" (1950), at Warners; and "The Killer That Stalked New York" (1950), at Columbia.


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: In June 1950 Egan signed a contract with Universal. There he had supporting roles in "Wyoming Mail" (1950), "Undercover Girl" (1950), "Kansas Raiders" (1950), "Up Front" (1951); "Highway 301" (1950); "Bright Victory" (1951); and "Up Front" (1951). Egan later described these roles as saying things like "Charlie, go outside! The horses are ready."


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: He had a role in "Hollywood Story" (1951), directed by William Castle, and the swashbuckler "The Golden Horde" (1951), where he was billed fourth.


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: Edward Small cast him in a support role in "Cripple Creek" (1952). Egan went to RKO for "One Minute to Zero" (1952) and MGM for "The Devil Makes Three" (1952), shot in Germany. He did "Let George Do It" on TV for "Hollywood Opening Night" (1952).


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: Egan supported Victor Mature in "The Glory Brigade" (1953), a war movie at 20th Century Fox, then had a small part in "The Kid from Left Field" (1953). He did "Malaya Incident" and "Double Bet" for "Ford Television Theatre"(1953).


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: Egan's career received a boost when a casting director, according to Egan, said "Take off your shirt!", and then cast him in a small role in "Demetrius and the Gladiators" (1954), as a gladiator who fights Victor Mature.


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: This led to Egan's first leading role, in Edward Small's "Wicked Woman" (1953). On TV he did "Go Away a Winner" for "Schlitz Playhouse" (1954), then had another lead in a low budget movie, "Gog" (1954), produced by Ivan Tors.


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: Small used him as a leading man again in "Khyber Patrol" (1954). He was used by RKO to costar with Jane Russell in "Underwater!" (1955). It led to Hedda Hopper declaring Egan to be one of the most promising actors of 1954.


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: Egan was third billed in Fox's "Untamed" (1955), supporting Tyrone Power and Susan Hayward, taking a role that Victor Mature turned down. He was billed second in Fox's "Violent Saturday" (1955), directed by Richard Fleischer, starring Mature. The film was a success.


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: Egan was top-billed in Fox's "Seven Cities of Gold" (1955), an adventure film. He had the star part in "The View from Pompey's Head" (1955), which was well received.


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: He starred in "The Revolt of Mamie Stover" (1956), opposite Jane Russell again (playing a part turned down by Marilyn Monroe).


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: Egan went to RKO for a Western, "Tension at Table Rock" (1956). He followed this with another Western at Fox, "Love Me Tender" (1956), where Egan was top billed. It was a success at the box office. However this was attributed to the third-billed actor who played Egan's character's brother, Elvis Presley, whose first film it was. The success of the film saw Egan voted as the 13th biggest star in the US according to an exhibitor poll.


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: Egan signed a contract with Universal where he made "Slaughter on Tenth Avenue" (1957), and "Voice in the Mirror" (1958).


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: Back at Fox, Egan starred with Robert Mitchum and Robert Wagner in "The Hunters" (1958), and Don Murray in "These Thousand Hills" (1959).


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: Egan had another hit with "A Summer Place" (1959) at Warner Bros. which co-starred Sandra Dee and Troy Donahue.


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: In 1960, Egan appeared with Jane Wyman and Hayley Mills in Disney's "Pollyanna". He co-starred with Joan Collins in Fox's "Esther and the King" (1960).


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: Egan was Rod Serling's first choice to narrate "The Twilight Zone", because of his distinctive voice. However, contractual issues got in the way, and Serling himself narrated instead, rather than select any actor other than his first choice.


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: Egan starred in the NBC western dramatic series, "Empire", which aired from September 25, 1962 to December 31, 1963. In the shortened second season, the program was renamed "Redigo" after Egan's character, ranch manager Jim Redigo.


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: When the series ended Egan starred in a TV thriller "Fanfare for a Death Scene" (1964). He did "Massacre at Fort Phil Kearney" for "Theatre of Stars" (1966) and the TV movie "Valley of Mystery" (1967).


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: In 1966, when asked about his lack of film roles, he said, "They want anti-heroes now, and it's just not for me. I'm just not right for that. It's much easier to be cynical than to make a positive statement, to set up a man only to knock him down, than to show convincingly a man who successfully sticks by his beliefs. We desperately need something to give strength and fortitude to the lost. I want to be a part of that. Part of the solution. And if I can't . . . well . . . I'm sure not interested in becoming part of the problem instead."


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: Egan had the lead in some low-budget films, "Chubasco" (1968) and "The Destructors" (1969) and starred opposite Lana Turner in "The Big Cube" (1969).


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: Egan had the lead in "Moonfire" (1970) and co-starred with Barbara Stanwyck in "The House That Would Not Die".


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: He had the lead in the TV movie "The Day of the Wolves" (1971) and a support part in "Left Hand of Gemini" (1972) and "Shootout in a One Dog Town" (1974).


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: Egan began guest starring on TV series like "The Streets of San Francisco", "Matt Helm", "The Quest", and "Police Story".


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: In 1974, he returned to the stage and for the next 8 years toured extensively in stage productions starting with "No Hard Feelings". (1974 until 1976). In 1976 he appeared in "Time Out For Ginger", 1976 to 1979 in "Hanky Panky", 1979 to 1981 in "Broken Up" and 1982 in "I Ought To Be In Pictures".


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: Egan had the lead in a TV movie, "Mission to Glory: A True Story" (1977), and co starred with Robert Mitchum in "The Amsterdam Kill" (1977) and starred in the low-budget Western "The Sweet Creek County War" (1979).


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: Egan met his wife, Patricia Hardy, in 1956. The couple married on June 7, 1958 in San Francisco and remained together for almost 30 years until his death.


title: Richard Egan (actor)

text: Egan died in Santa Monica, California, on July 20, 1987, of prostate cancer at age 65. He is interred at Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California.


title: Funiculì, Funiculà

text: "Funiculì, Funiculà" (, ) is a Neapolitan song composed in 1880 by Luigi Denza to lyrics by Peppino Turco. It was written to commemorate the opening of the first funicular railway on Mount Vesuvius. It was presented by Turco and Denza at the Piedigrotta festival the same year. The sheet music was published by Ricordi and sold over a million copies within a year. Since its publication, it has been widely adapted and recorded.


title: Funiculì, Funiculà

text: "Funiculì, Funiculà" was composed in 1880 in Castellammare di Stabia, the home town of the song's composer, Luigi Denza; the lyrics were contributed by journalist Peppino Turco. It was Turco who prompted Denza to compose it, perhaps as a joke, to commemorate the opening of the first funicular on Mount Vesuvius in that year. The song was sung for the first time in the Quisisana Hotel in Castellammare di Stabia. It was presented by Turco and Denza at the Piedigrotta festival during the same year and became immensely popular in Italy and abroad. Published by Casa Ricordi, the sheet music sold over a million copies in a year.


title: Funiculì, Funiculà

text: Over the years the song has been performed by many artists including Erna Sack, Anna German, Mario Lanza, Beniamino Gigli, The Mills Brothers, Connie Francis, Haruomi Hosono (with lyrics translated into Japanese), Fischer-Chöre (with lyrics translated into German), the Grateful Dead, Luciano Pavarotti, Andrea Bocelli, Rodney Dangerfield, Alvin and the Chipmunks, The Wiggles, and Il Volo.


title: Funiculì, Funiculà

text: In 1960, Robert B. and Richard M. Sherman wrote a new set of English lyrics to the melody of "Funiculì, Funiculà" with the title "Dream Boy". Annette Funicello included the song on her album of Italian songs titled "Italiannette" and also released it as a single that became a minor hit.


title: Funiculì, Funiculà

text: German composer Richard Strauss heard the song while on a tour of Italy six years after it was written. He thought that it was a traditional Neapolitan folk song and incorporated it into his "" tone poem. Denza filed a lawsuit against him and won, and Strauss was forced to pay him a royalty fee. Russian composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov also mistook "Funiculì, Funiculà" for a traditional folk song and used it in his 1907 "" (Neapolitan Song).


title: Funiculì, Funiculà

text: Cornettist Herman Bellstedt used it as the basis for a theme and variations titled "Napoli"; a transcription for euphonium is also popular among many performers. Modernist composer Arnold Schoenberg arranged a version for ensemble in 1921.


title: Funiculì, Funiculà

text: In 1933, Arthur Fields and Fred Hall published a parody of "Funiculì, funiculà" titled "My High Silk Hat". This parody has been republished several times, including in the 1957 "Gilwell Camp Fire Book".


title: Funiculì, Funiculà

text: In 1947, in the Walt Disney film "Fun and Fancy Free", Goofy and Donald sing to the chorus of this song.


title: Funiculì, Funiculà

text: In 1964, song parodist Allan Sherman's album "For Swingin' Livers Only!" included "America's a Nice Italian Name" which uses the melody.


title: Funiculì, Funiculà

text: In the late 1970s and in the 1980s the song was performed more than 20 times by the Grateful Dead during tunings.


title: Funiculì, Funiculà

text: The Japanese anime franchise "Girls und Panzer" uses an adaptation of the song by composer Shirō Hamaguchi as the theme song for Anzio High School, a school based on the Kingdom of Italy.


title: Funiculì, Funiculà

text: The Christian animated series, "VeggieTales" used the tune in the silly song, "Larry’s High Silk Hat".


title: Funiculì, Funiculà

text: In the 2002 game "Mafia", a band plays an instrumental version of the tune during the post-race celebration in the chapter "Fair Play".


title: Funiculì, Funiculà

text: The Dutch Carnival song "Handjes, handjes, bloemetjesgordijn" by Lamme Frans is also based on the chorus melody of "Funiculì, Funiculà".


title: Funiculì, Funiculà

text: The song "Vempair Survaivors" from the game "Vampire Survivors" is an instrumental remix of this song. It was used as the background music for the game's version 1.0 launch trailer.


title: Funiculì, Funiculà

text: In Turco's original lyrics, a young man compares his sweetheart to a volcano, and invites her to join him in a romantic trip to the summit.


title: Funiculì, Funiculà

text: Edward Oxenford, a lyricist and translator of librettos, wrote lyrics, with scant relationship to those of the original version, that became traditional in English-speaking countries. His version of the song often appears with the title "A Merry Life".


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: The Suzuki Ertiga is a car manufactured by the Japanese carmaker Suzuki since 2012. It is a multi-purpose vehicle (MPV) with standard three-row seating. The first-generation model is heavily based on the Swift while the second-generation model introduced in 2018 is made larger and based on the HEARTECT platform. A crossover-styled version was introduced in 2019 as a separate model called the Suzuki XL6 in India and Suzuki XL7 for worldwide markets. The largest markets for the Ertiga are India and Indonesia, where the model is mainly manufactured. The vehicle has also been exported to other South Asian and Southeast Asian markets, along with several markets in Africa, Middle East, Pacific Islands, Caribbean and Latin America.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: The Ertiga has been rebadged by various carmakers throughout its history. The first-generation model was sold in Indonesia through Mazda dealership network by an OEM agreement as the Mazda VX-1 from 2013 until 2017, and was assembled and sold in Malaysia by Proton as the Proton Ertiga from 2016 until 2019. The second-generation model is also sold by Toyota as the Toyota Rumion since 2021.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: The name "Ertiga" is coined from "R-tiga", a pronunciation of "R3" in Indonesian where "tiga" means "three" while "R" stands for "row", referencing its three-row seating capacity.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: The Ertiga was previewed by the R-III (R3) concept car showcased by Maruti Suzuki at the 2010 Auto Expo. The production version of the car was unveiled at the Auto Expo in New Delhi on 6 January 2012. It was launched in India on 12 April 2012 and in Indonesia on 22 April 2012. It became available in South Africa on 9 June 2014 and in the Philippines on 17 July 2014. Its development was led by chief engineer Toshikatsu Hibi. Maruti Suzuki proclaims it to be the first "LUV" ("Life Utility Vehicle").


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: The first generation Ertiga is built on the Swift subcompact car platform. It was rebadged in Indonesia as the Mazda VX-1 from May 2013 until March 2017, and also assembled and sold in Malaysia as the Proton Ertiga, from November 2016 until August 2019. In its lifespan, the VX-1 only sold 1,640 units.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: According to Maruti Suzuki, the Indian Ertiga was designed specifically for Indian consumers, unlike the other Maruti models which were designed for the global market. Maruti has marketed it as a "Life Utility Vehicle". 11,000 of these vehicles were ordered in India within five days.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: In India, the Ertiga is available in both the alternatives of diesel and petrol variants. Though both of these engines were also seen doing duties earlier in various models, they are tweaked and retuned specifically for the car to provide fitting performance figures for its customers. The diesel variant is available in VDi, ZDi and ZDi+ 1.5 grade levels, while the petrol variant is available in LXi, VXi ZXi and ZXi+ grade levels.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: In June 2013, Maruti Suzuki added its Ertiga models with compressed natural gas (CNG). The Ertiga LXi and VXi have original factory converter kit and are provided with i-GPI ("intelligent Gas Port Injection") which Maruti Suzuki claimed will achieve premium-equivalent.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: The Indonesian market Ertiga is available in GA, GL and GX grade levels. Earlier models are only available with 5-speed manual transmission. On 29 January 2013, the GL and GX grades received chrome front grille and double blower air conditioner. The 4-speed automatic transmission is available for GL and GX grades from 17 May 2013.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: At the 20th Indonesia International Motor Show in September 2012, three new concepts in the Ertiga's form are introduced, the "Sporty", "Luxury" and "Crossover" version, which are actually Ertigas heavily modified into concept cars. The normal version, in this case the GX grade, also appeared. The "Elegant" version of the GX grade is available from August 2013. The "Sporty" was launched on 19 February 2014, which is based on the GL grade with a different front fascia and sporty body kit.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: The Ertiga sold 109,461 units in two years, with selling record over Toyota Avanza in one year. The Ertiga is also offered in diesel variant, which is imported from India and only comes in manual transmission option.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: In the Philippines, the Ertiga is offered in three grade levels: GA (with manual transmission only), GL (with either manual or automatic transmission) and GLX (with automatic transmission only).


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: The Ertiga is the brand’s first MPV-type vehicle in South Africa. However the company claims the Ertiga as a "Life Utility Vehicle" and also claims its aimed at being practical, while retaining the fun-to-drive characteristics on the popular Swift.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: The Ertiga is the second made-in-India product in Suzuki South Africa’s portfolio, the first one being the older Alto (A-Star). The South African market Ertiga is only available with a 1.4-litre petrol engine paired with either 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic transmission.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: On 20 August 2015, the facelifted Ertiga was launched at the 23rd Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show. Changes consist of a wider grille, redesigned bumpers for all grades and a new trunk garnish exclusive to the GL and GX grades. The facelifted Ertiga was launched in India on 16 October 2015. Along with the diesel variants of the facelifted Ertiga comes with mild hybrid technology by Suzuki called as "SHVS" or "Smart Hybrid Vehicle by Suzuki".


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: On 8 January 2016, Suzuki launched the flagship variant of the Ertiga, called "Dreza". It gets a different front fascia from regular variants, different wheel design and specific colour option. The interior gets a different seat upholstery, wooden panel on the dashboard and an 8-inch Android touchscreen audio system.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: The Proton Ertiga is a rebadged Ertiga for the Malaysian market by Proton. It was launched on 24 November 2016, at the press conference at the Setia City Convention Centre, Setia Alam, Selangor. It is Proton's fourth model to be launched in a six-month span. It is Malaysia's first mini MPV that qualifies for Malaysia's EEV emissions standard. It can sit up to seven people, but because the middle row middle seat only features a lap belt, it is classified as a six-seater with a 2-2-2 configuration. It uses the same 1.4-litre petrol engine as the Suzuki Ertiga.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: The Ertiga was updated in August 2018. It is now known as the Ertiga Xtra. The Executive Plus AT variant has been replaced with Premium AT. Changes included a darker upholstery for the seats and a 7-inch touchscreen head unit.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: As with the launch of the second generation Suzuki-branded Ertiga, the future production of the Proton-branded Ertiga becomes unpredictable. In September 2019, the Proton Ertiga was discontinued.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: The second-generation Ertiga was unveiled at the 26th Indonesia International Motor Show in Jakarta on 19 April 2018. It is built on the HEARTECT platform, with the development led by chief engineer Satoshi Kasahara. This generation is 130 mm longer, 40 mm wider and 5 mm taller than the outgoing model. The engine is also changed to bigger 1.5-litre unit for both petrol and diesel variants.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: The Indian-built Ertiga is exported to South Asia, Africa and Middle East. While the Indonesian-built version is exported to the Southeast Asia, Pacific Islands, Caribbean and Latin America. It is also continued to be assembled in Myanmar for local market.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: The facelifted model was appeared in April 2022. The exterior and interior received minor refreshments. Depending on the market, the engine, transmission, safety and convenience features are also improved.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: The second generation Ertiga was launched in India on 21 November 2018 and it is assembled locally by Maruti Suzuki. It is sold exclusively at Maruti Suzuki ARENA dealerships. The Indian market second generation Ertiga is available in eight grade levels (each engine version has four grade levels): LXi, VXi, ZXi and ZXi+ for the 1.5-litre petrol variant, and LDi, VDi, ZDi and ZDi+ for the 1.3-litre diesel variant. All grades are mated to a 5-speed manual transmission. The VXi and ZXi grades are also mated to a 4-speed automatic transmission. Both the petrol and diesel variants of the Indian market second generation Ertiga comes with mild hybrid technology by Suzuki called as "SHVS" or "Smart Hybrid Vehicle by Suzuki". The petrol variants received TFT multi-information colour display. The automatic climate control air conditioner with digital display is only available for ZXi, ZDi, ZXi+ and ZDi+ grades. The LDi and LXi grades were discontinued in March 2019, while the 1.3-litre diesel variants were discontinued in August 2019.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: The 1.5-litre diesel variant was made available since 30 April 2019. This engine is available in three grade levels - VDi, ZDi and ZDi+. It is mated to a 6-speed manual transmission. The engine was discontinued on 31 March 2020 due to the Bharat Stage 6 implementation.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: The Indian market Ertiga received a facelift on 15 April 2022 with a newer "K15C Dualjet" mild hybrid powertrain and new 6-speed automatic transmission with paddle shifter option. The safety features are also upgraded with 4 airbags (front and side), ESP and HSA for higher grade levels.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: In Indonesia, the second generation Ertiga went on sale in May 2018. It is available in GA, GL and GX grade levels, the same grade levels as the first generation Ertiga. The GA grade is only available with 5-speed manual transmission, while the GL and GX grades are available with either 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic transmission. The GX grade received beige interior with wooden pattern.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: Improvements occurred on 15 February 2019. The GX grade received two-tone black polished alloy wheels, rear defogger, 6.8-inch touchscreen head unit from JVC with flatter bezels, automatic climate control air conditioner with heater and digital display, while the GL grade received fog lamps. GX and GL grades also received new foldable handgrips for first and second row plus additional hand grips in the third row.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: The GX grade with Electronic Stability Program (ESP) was also exhibited as display units throughout 2018. The "Suzuki Sport (SS)" version of the second generation Ertiga was displayed as a concept at the 26th Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show in August 2018, with its production version launched on 22 March 2019, which is based on the GX grade, featuring a front mesh grille, sporty body kit, daytime running lights, black interior with wooden pattern, backup camera and also equipped with ESP as a standard feature. The Suzuki Sport body kit is available as accessories option in selected markets.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: Another improvements occurred on 15 January 2020. The GX grade received black interior with wooden pattern and an 8-inch touchscreen head unit, while the GL grade received air conditioner with digital display. Along with the Suzuki Sport version, the GL and GX grades also received armrest in the second row. A "Pearl Glorious Brown" colour was replaced by "Brave Khaki" colour for GL and GX grades. The GA grade only received new foldable handgrips for first and second row plus additional hand grips in the third row.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: The limited-edition Suzuki Sport Finest Form (FF) variant was unveiled on 11 November 2021 and only limited to 125 units. The car is based on Suzuki Sport variant with new cosmetics upgrades such as dual tone white and black colour, red accents on the exterior, new blackened grille, seats with red accents and additional smart rear view "E-Mirror" from XL7 Alpha.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: The facelifted Ertiga for the Indonesian market was launched on 10 June 2022. The GA, GL and GX grades received an updated grille design, while the SS grade reusing the pre-2019 alloy wheels from GL grade but refreshed with two-tone polish colour, all grades also received shorter antenna. A mild hybrid powertrain (marketed as "Smart Hybrid") became standard in GX and SS grade levels. The interior also refreshed with full black colour for all grades, carbon pattern and seats with red stitches for SS grade, 8-inch LCD display for GL grade and new instrument cluster for GX and SS grades. The GX and SS grades also received cruise control, hill-hold assist (automatic only), ESP and auto retractable mirror.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: The second generation Ertiga was launched in the Philippines on 23 January 2019. It is offered in three grade levels: GA (with manual transmission only), GL (with either manual or automatic transmission) and GLX (with automatic transmission only). The Ertiga received updates in the Philippines in March 2020.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: The second generation Ertiga was launched in South Africa on 8 March 2019. It is offered in GA and GL grade levels.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: The second generation Ertiga was launched in Thailand in February 2019. The Thai market Ertiga comes with black interior, which was later used on the Suzuki Sport version and an updated 2020 model GX grade of the Indonesian market Ertiga.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: The Ertiga for India received 3 stars for adult occupants and 3 stars for toddlers from Global NCAP in 2019 (similar to Latin NCAP 2013).


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: The Indian-built second-generation Ertiga is rebadged and marketed by Toyota as the Toyota Rumion, which is offered as an entry-level MPV model in various African countries. The "Rumion" nameplate was previously used for the Japanese market Corolla Rumion hatchback. It debuted in October 2021 in South Africa, which the model is offered in S, SX and TX grade levels. It was also introduced in Egypt in January 2022.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: The Maruti Suzuki XL6 in India, Suzuki XL7 elsewhere, and the Suzuki Ertiga XL7 in Mexico, is a crossover-inspired derivative of the second-generation Ertiga. Its development was led by chief engineer Masayuki Ishiwata. The XL6 was launched in India on 21 August 2019 and sold exclusively at NEXA dealerships. The XL7 was launched in Indonesia on 15 February 2020, in the Philippines on 18 March 2020, in Thailand on 2 July 2020, and in Mexico on 8 October 2020 as the Ertiga XL7.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: The Indian market XL6 is available in three grade levels: Zeta, Alpha and Alpha+, with either manual or automatic transmission. Unlike the 7-seater Ertiga, the XL6 is a 6-seater, referring to its name. The international market XL7 retains its 7-seat capability.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: In Indonesia, it is available in three grade levels: Zeta, Beta and Alpha, with either manual or automatic transmission. The Philippine and Thai market XL7 only has one grade level: GLX, mated to a 4-speed automatic transmission. XL6 and XL7 stands for "Xtra Large 6-seater/7-seater". The Ertiga XL7 for the Mexican market is imported from Indonesia.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: According to Suzuki, the XL6/XL7 has over 200 component differences from the regular Ertiga. Apart from the changes on the exterior, the other components were the engine control module, body control module, redesigned fuel tank shape for better center of gravity and retuned suspensions.


title: Suzuki Ertiga

text: The Indian market XL6 received a facelift on 21 April 2022 with a newer "K15C" mild hybrid powertrain.


title: Rosie the Shark

text: Rosie the Shark is a preserved great white shark located at Crystal World Exhibition Centre in Devon Meadows, Australia. It was originally preserved in a glass tank of formaldehyde on display at Wildlife Wonderland in Bass, Victoria which closed in 2012 due to animal welfare concerns and operating without appropriate licences.


title: Rosie the Shark

text: The great white shark was killed after becoming caught in the Lukin family's tuna fishing nets on the coast of South Australia in 1997. Seal Rocks Sea Life Centre initially showed interest in purchasing the shark from the Lukin family, but later decided against the purchase. Wildlife Wonderland purchased it instead.


title: Rosie the Shark

text: As Rosie was being transported to Wildlife Wonderland in Victoria in a refrigerated truck, it was impounded by the Government of South Australia because a woman had been reported missing, requiring a necropsy of the shark at the South Australian Museum.


title: Rosie the Shark

text: Founder of Wildlife Wonderland, John Matthews recalled the operation of ownership: "It was a huge logistical operation, working with Melbourne Museum, and all up cost us about $500,000."


title: Rosie the Shark

text: "We had to build a purpose-built room and the roof had to be removed and the shark craned in and put into a new, sealed tank."


title: Rosie the Shark

text: In 2012, Wildlife Wonderland was reported to have been operating its business without appropriate licenses, forcing it to cease operations and surrender all live animals to RSPCA Australia and the Department of Sustainability and Environment Victoria.


title: Rosie the Shark

text: In November 2018, a video released on YouTube by urban explorer Luke McPherson showed inside the decaying wildlife park and later stumbling upon the shark tank. Months after, the YouTube video gained millions of views, prompting a rise in trespassing into the property to view the shark, with vandals also damaging and graffitiing the tank and its surroundings. Objects such as chairs were also thrown into the tank. Local police issued public warnings of the dangers of visiting the shark, following the damage done to the shark's vitrine which caused carcinogenic formaldehyde vapours to leak from the tank.


title: Rosie the Shark

text: Tom Kapitany directed the restoration efforts of Rosie the Shark at the Crystal World Exhibition Centre located at 13 Olive Road, Devon Meadows, Victoria, Australia. Staff of the exhibition centre have flushed the formaldehyde out of the enclosure to replace it with glycerol as a safer alternative for the preservative solution.


title: Rosie the Shark

text: Delays were encountered along the restoration process due to the cost involved in filling the tank with glycerol, Tom Kapitany noted as saying "Ultimately we'll need 19,500 litres, which will cost us $60,000 AUD".


title: Rosie the Shark

text: A documentary is being filmed by Flying Fox Productions that follows the story of Rosie the Shark's history, destruction, rescue, and restoration.


title: Rosie the Shark

text: Initially upon taking ownership of Rosie the Shark, Kapitany sought advice from a shark and taxidermy expert, stating "At the beginning we consulted a shark and taxidermy expert about the best way to preserve her and there was no easy way to do it. Everything had a compromise and a problem". He added, upon advice from glass experts regarding the smashed glass panels around the enclosure, "There are four layers of glass and just one layer is broken, so we’re keeping it because it’s all part of the story".


title: Rosie the Shark

text: The shark has since been freely on display at Crystal World Exhibition Centre while restoration efforts continue, with constant monitoring and injections of glycerol into the exposed parts of the shark until the tank is finally completely filled with the preservative.


title: Protocol Buffers

text: Protocol Buffers (Protobuf) is a free and open-source cross-platform data format used to serialize structured data. It is useful in developing programs to communicate with each other over a network or for storing data. The method involves an interface description language that describes the structure of some data and a program that generates source code from that description for generating or parsing a stream of bytes that represents the structured data.


title: Protocol Buffers

text: Google developed Protocol Buffers for internal use and provided a code generator for multiple languages under an open-source license (see below).


title: Protocol Buffers

text: The design goals for Protocol Buffers emphasized simplicity and performance. In particular, it was designed to be smaller and faster than XML.


title: Protocol Buffers

text: Protocol Buffers are widely used at Google for storing and interchanging all kinds of structured information. The method serves as a basis for a custom remote procedure call (RPC) system that is used for nearly all inter-machine communication at Google.


title: Protocol Buffers

text: Protocol Buffers are similar to the Apache Thrift (used by Facebook, Evernote), Ion (created by Amazon), or Microsoft Bond protocols, offering as well a concrete RPC protocol stack to use for defined services called gRPC.


title: Protocol Buffers

text: Data structures (called "messages") and services are described in a proto definition file (codice_1) and compiled with codice_2. This compilation generates code that can be invoked by a sender or recipient of these data structures. For example, codice_3 and codice_4 are generated from codice_5. They define C++ classes for each message and service in codice_5.


title: Protocol Buffers

text: Canonically, messages are serialized into a binary wire format which is compact, forward- and backward-compatible, but not self-describing (that is, there is no way to tell the names, meaning, or full datatypes of fields without an external specification). There is no defined way to include or refer to such an external specification (schema) within a Protocol Buffers file. The officially supported implementation includes an ASCII serialization format, but this format—though self-describing—loses the forward- and backward-compatibility behavior, and according to some, is thus not a good choice for applications other than debugging.


title: Protocol Buffers

text: Though the primary purpose of Protocol Buffers is to facilitate network communication, its simplicity and speed make Protocol Buffers an alternative to data-centric C++ classes and structs, especially where interoperability with other languages or systems might be needed in the future.


title: Protocol Buffers

text: A schema for a particular use of protocol buffers associates data types with field names, using integers to identify each field. (The protocol buffer data contains only the numbers, not the field names, providing some bandwidth/storage savings compared with systems that include the field names in the data.)


title: Protocol Buffers

text: The "Point" message defines two mandatory data items, "x" and "y". The data item "label" is optional. Each data item has a tag. The tag is defined after the equal sign. For example, "x" has the tag 1.


title: Protocol Buffers

text: The "Line" and "Polyline" messages, which both use Point, demonstrate how composition works in Protocol Buffers. Polyline has a "repeated" field, which behaves like a vector.


title: Protocol Buffers

text: This schema can subsequently be compiled for use by one or more programming languages. Google provides a compiler called codice_2 which can produce output for C++, Java or Python. Other schema compilers are available from other sources to create language-dependent output for over 20 other languages.


title: Protocol Buffers

text: For example, after a C++ version of the protocol buffer schema above is produced, a C++ source code file, polyline.cpp, can use the message objects as follows:


title: Protocol Buffers

text: Protobuf 3.0 provides a code generator for C++, Java (including JavaNano, a dialect intended for low-resource environments), Python, Go, Ruby, Objective-C, C#. It also supports JavaScript since 3.0.0-beta-2.


title: Protocol Buffers

text: Third-party implementations are also available for Ballerina, C, C++, Dart, Elixir, Erlang, Haskell, JavaScript, Perl, PHP, Prolog, R, Rust, Scala, Swift, Julia and Nim.


title: 16:10 aspect ratio

text: 16:10 (1.6) is an aspect ratio commonly used for computer displays and tablet computers. It is equal to 8/5, close to the golden ratio (formula_1), which is approximately 1.618.


title: 16:10 aspect ratio

text: LCD computer displays with a 16:10 ratio first rose to mass market prominence in 2003. By 2008, the 16:10 aspect ratio had become the most common aspect ratio for LCD monitors and laptop displays. After 2010, however, became the mainstream standard. This shift was driven by lower manufacturing costs and the 16:9 aspect ratio being used as a standard in modern televisions.


title: 16:10 aspect ratio

text: Until about 2003, most computer monitors had a aspect ratio, with some using a ratio. Between 2003 and 2006, monitors with 16:10 aspect ratios became commonly available, first in laptops, and later in display monitors. Such displays were considered better suited for word processing and computer-aided design.


title: 16:10 aspect ratio

text: From 2005 to 2008, 16:10 overtook 4:3 as the highest-selling aspect ratio for LCD monitors. At the time, 16:10 made up 90% of the notebook market, and was the most commonly used aspect ratio for laptops. However, 16:10 had a short reign as the most common aspect ratio.


title: 16:10 aspect ratio

text: Around 2008–2010, computer display manufacturers began a rapid shift to the 16:9 aspect ratio. By 2011, 16:10 had almost disappeared from new mass-market products. By October 2012, the market share of 16:10 displays had dropped to less than 23%, according to Net Applications.


title: 16:10 aspect ratio

text: The primary reason for this move was considered to be production efficiency: Since display panels for TVs use the 16:9 aspect ratio, it became more efficient for display manufacturers to produce computer display panels in the same aspect ratio. A 2008 report by DisplaySearch also cited several other reasons, including the ability for PC and monitor manufacturers to expand their product ranges by offering products with wider screens and higher resolutions. This helped consumers adopt such products more easily, "stimulating the growth of the notebook PC and LCD monitor market".


title: 16:10 aspect ratio

text: The shift from 16:10 to 16:9 was met with a mixed response. The lower cost of 16:9 computer displays was seen as a positive, along with their suitability for gaming and movies, as well as the convenience of having the same aspect ratio in different devices. On the other hand, there was criticism towards the lack of vertical screen real estate when compared to 16:10 displays of the same screen diagonal. For this reason, some considered 16:9 displays less suitable for productivity-oriented tasks, such as editing documents or spreadsheets and using design or engineering applications, which are mostly designed for taller, rather than wider screens.


title: 16:10 aspect ratio

text: Several companies still offer 16:10 aspect ratio monitors as of March 2021. These monitors are intended for photographers, video editors, digital artists, desktop publishers, graphic designers, and business customers.


title: 16:10 aspect ratio

text: In 2020, Dell released high-end productivity laptops with the 16:10 aspect ratio, and Microsoft launched a new version of its 3:2 Surface Book. The version of the Dell XPS produced around this time was the first that moved away from the classic 16:9 aspect ratio. Other examples include the Acer Swift 3, LG Gram, and Asus ProArt Studiobook. In 2021, the Steam Deck, a handheld gaming computer produced by Valve, was announced, featuring a 16:10 display. More gaming laptops have also been increasingly made available with 16:10 screens. Apple used 16:10 aspect ratios in its MacBook lineup of laptops until late 2021, when they were changed to a taller 1.55:1 ratio.


title: 16:10 aspect ratio

text: Tablets started to enjoy mainstream popularity beginning late 2010/early 2011 and remain popular to the present day. Aspect ratios for tablets typically include 16:10, 16:9, and 4:3. Tablets have caused a shift in production away from purely 16:9 aspect ratios and a resurgence of "productivity" aspect ratios (including 16:10 and 4:3) in place of "media" aspect ratios (16:9 and ultra-widescreen formats). The format remains widely popular in the TV and smartphone industries, where it is more suited.


title: 16:10 aspect ratio

text: Many Android tablets have a 16:10 aspect ratio, because the 16:10 aspect ratio is suitable for reading books, and many papers have an aspect ratio close to 16:10 (e.g., ISO 216 papers use the 1:1.414 aspect ratio). Apple's iPad uses a 4:3 aspect ratio for similar reasons. Both formats come significantly closer to emulating the aspect ratio of A4 paper () than 16:9.


title: Pacific Fleet (Russia)

text: The Pacific Fleet (, translit: "Tikhookeanskiy flot") is the Russian Navy fleet in the Pacific Ocean.


title: Pacific Fleet (Russia)

text: Established in 1731 as part of the Imperial Russian Navy, the fleet was known as the Okhotsk Military Flotilla (1731–1856) and Siberian Military Flotilla (1856–1918), formed to defend Russian interests in the Russian Far East region along the Pacific coast. In 1918 the fleet was inherited by the Russian SFSR, then the Soviet Union in 1922 as part of the Soviet Navy, being reformed several times before being disbanded in 1926. In 1932 it was re-established as the Pacific Fleet, and was known as the Red Banner Pacific Fleet () after World War II as it had earned the Order of the Red Banner. In the Soviet years, the fleet was also responsible for the Soviet Navy's operations in the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Red Banner Pacific Fleet was inherited by the Russian Federation as part of the Russian Navy and its current name was adopted.


title: Pacific Fleet (Russia)

text: The Pacific Fleet's headquarters is located in Fokino, formerly Vladivostok with numerous facilities within the Peter the Great Gulf in Primorsky Krai, and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and Vilyuchinsk in Avacha Bay on the Kamchatka Peninsula in Kamchatka Krai. Following the APEC Russia 2012 summit, it was announced that the main naval base of the Pacific Fleet in the Russian Far East will be moved to the town of Fokino, Primorsky Krai. The current commander is Admiral Sergei Avakyants, who has held the position since May 2012.


title: Pacific Fleet (Russia)

text: In 1731, the Imperial Russian Navy created the Okhotsk Military Flotilla (, ) under its first commander, Grigoriy Skornyakov-Pisarev, to patrol and transport government goods to and from Kamchatka. In 1799, 3 frigates and 3 smaller ships were sent to Okhotsk under the command of Rear-Admiral I. Fomin to form a functioning military flotilla. In 1849, Petropavlovsk-na-Kamchatke became the Flotilla's principal base, which a year later would be transferred to Nikolayevsk-on-Amur and later to Vladivostok in 1871. In 1854, the men of the Flotilla distinguished themselves in the defense of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy during the Crimean War, (1853–1856). In 1856, the Okhotsk Military Flotilla changed its name to the "Siberian Military Flotilla" (, ).


title: Pacific Fleet (Russia)

text: In 1860, the provisions of the Convention of Peking ceded parts of Outer Manchuria in northeastern China, including the modern day Primorsky Krai to the Russian Empire. A large squadron under Rear Admiral A. A. Popov was sent from the Baltic Fleet to the Pacific Ocean. During the American Civil War ships of the squadron visited San Francisco while the Baltic Fleet visited New York City. Parts of the squadron, including the Finnish corvette "Kalevala", returned to the Baltic in 1865.


title: Pacific Fleet (Russia)

text: At the turn of the 20th century, the Flotilla was still small in numbers. Owing to a gradual deterioration in Russo-Japanese relations, the Imperial Russian government adopted a special shipbuilding program to meet the needs of the Russian Far East region, but its execution dragged on and in addition there were several clashes and defeats between Russian and Imperial Japanese Navy vessels. In response, the Naval headquarters in St. Petersburg ordered the Baltic Fleet to the Pacific to reinforce Russian naval forces, primarily the First Pacific Squadron on the east coast of Asia and its naval base at Port Arthur.


title: Pacific Fleet (Russia)

text: By the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, Imperial Russian naval forces in the Far East consisted of the 1st Pacific Squadron (7 battleships, 7 cruisers, 13 torpedo boats, 2 gunboats) and a number of ships from the "Siberian Military Flotilla" (2 minelayers, 12 torpedo boats and 5 gunboats), based in Port Arthur. Other ships of the "Siberian Military Flotilla" (4 cruisers, 10 torpedo boats) were stationed in Vladivostok.


title: Pacific Fleet (Russia)

text: During the Russo-Japanese War, most of the Russian Navy in the Pacific was destroyed. The Russian Baltic Fleet under Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky, renamed the Second Pacific Squadron, was defeated at the Battle of Tsushima.


title: Pacific Fleet (Russia)

text: During the Russian Revolution of 1905, the sailors of the Pacific Fleet were actively engaged in the revolutionary movement, participating in armed revolts in Vladivostok in January 1906 and October 1907. During the October Revolution of 1917, the sailors of the Siberian and Amur military flotillas fought for the establishment of Soviet authority in the Far East and against the White army and interventionists. During the Russian Civil War, almost all of the ships of the Pacific Fleet were seized by the White army and the Japanese. After the departure of the interventionists in 1922, the Soviets created the Naval Forces of the Far East, under commander Ivan Kozhanov, as a part of the Vladivostok unit, and the Amur Military Flotilla (Амурская военная флотилия, or Amurskaya voyennaya flotiliya). In 1926, these were disbanded: the Vladivostok unit was transferred to the command of the frontier troops in the Far East, and the Amur flotilla became a flotilla of its own.


title: Pacific Fleet (Russia)

text: Owing to Japanese aggression in Manchuria in 1931, the Central Committee and the Soviet government decided to create the Naval Forces in the Far East on 13 April 1932. In January 1935, they were renamed the Pacific Fleet, under commander M. Viktorov. The creation of the fleet entailed great difficulties. The first units were formed with small ships delivered by railroad. In 1932, the torpedo boat squadron and eight submarines were put into service. In 1934, the Pacific Fleet received 26 small submarines. The creation of the naval aviation and coastal artillery was underway. In 1937, they opened the Pacific Military School.


title: Pacific Fleet (Russia)

text: By the beginning of World War II, the Pacific Fleet had two surface ship subdivisions, four submarine subdivisions, one torpedo boat subdivision, a few squadrons of ships and patrol boats, airborne units, coastal artillery and marines.


title: Pacific Fleet (Russia)

text: During the Great Patriotic War (the Soviet World War II campaign against Germany from 1941 to 1945) the Pacific Fleet was in a permanent state of alert and ready for action, although the Soviets remained neutral with respect to the Empire of Japan, the only Axis power in the Pacific, even after Japan entered World War II. At the same time, the Soviets transferred a destroyer leader, two destroyers, and five submarines from the Pacific Fleet to the Northern Fleet. More than 140,000 sailors from the Pacific Fleet were incorporated in the rifle brigades and other units on the Soviet front against Germans in Europe. By August 1945, the Pacific Fleet consisted of two cruisers, one destroyer leader, ten destroyers, two torpedo boats, 19 patrol boats, 78 submarines, ten minelayers, 52 minesweepers, 49 "MO" anti-submarine boats (MO stands for Малый Охотник, or "little hunter"), 204 motor torpedo boats and 1459 war planes.


title: Pacific Fleet (Russia)

text: During the Soviet–Japanese War of 1945, the Pacific Fleet participated in the removal of the Empire of Japan from Northern Korea (a part of the Manchurian Operation of 1945), in the Invasion of South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands Landing Operation the same year.


title: Pacific Fleet (Russia)

text: Thousands of sailors and officers were awarded orders and medals for outstanding military service; more than fifty men received the title Hero of the Soviet Union. Eighteen ships and fleet units received the title of the Soviet Guards, and sixteen were awarded the Order of the Red Banner.


title: Pacific Fleet (Russia)

text: The Pacific Fleet started deploying forces to the Indian Ocean, and established the 8th Operational (Indian Ocean) Squadron in 1968, after the British government announced its intention to withdraw its military forces east of the Suez Canal by 1971. In addition to the defensive function of balancing the naval strength in the Indian Ocean against that of the United States Navy, the 8th Squadron played a role in promoting Soviet foreign policy. Regular visits and port calls were made in the Indian subcontinent, the Persian Gulf, and the East African coast.


title: Pacific Fleet (Russia)

text: The 8th Operational Squadron grew quite substantial at times; in 1980, a Soviet flotilla of 'about ten guided missile cruisers, destroyers and frigates and more than a dozen support ships' was juxtaposed to the U.S. Navy's Task Force 70 in the region. There were also 23 other Soviet ships in the South China Sea, at the same time. In addition, Soviet Ilyushin Il-38 reconnaissance planes, based in Aden or Ethiopia, maintained a close watch on U.S. vessels, as did Ka-25 Hormone helicopters from Soviet warships. In 1981 the fleet suffered the loss of many of its senior officers, including its commander in chief, Admiral Emil Spiridonov, when the Tupolev Tu-104 transporting them back to Vladivostok after meetings in Leningrad crashed shortly after takeoff from Pushkin Airport. A total of 16 admirals and generals, and 38 lower ranking officers, were killed.


title: Pacific Fleet (Russia)

text: In the 1980s, Soviet naval strategy shifted to an emphasis on bastion defense, fortifying the Sea of Okhotsk for that purpose. By the mid-1980s, the Pacific Fleet had constituted 32% of all Soviet naval assets, up from 28% in 1975 and 25% in 1965. It included approximately 800 ships, over 120 submarines, and 98 surface combatants. Two of the ships were aircraft carriers and , which served from the 1970s and 1980s to the 1990s. The battlecruiser "Admiral Lazarev" of the served with the fleet in the 1980s and 1990s as well.


title: Pacific Fleet (Russia)

text: In 1988 the Primorskiy Flotilla ([[Military Unit Number 20885) comprised the 165th Missile Ship Brigade (Uliss Bay (Vladivostok)); the 202nd Anti-Submarine Warfare Brigade (Abrek Bay (Fokino), Primorskiy Kray); the 4th Brigade of Constructed and Overhauled Submarines (Vladivostok, Primorskiy Kray); the 72nd Brigade of Constructed and Overhauled Submarines (Bolshoy Kamen, Primorskiy Kray); the 45th and 47th


title: Pacific Fleet (Russia)

text: Coastal Defence Brigades; the 7th Minesweeper Brigade (Razboynik Bay (Vladivostok), Primorskiy Kray); and the 19th Submarine Brigade (Uliss Bay, Vladivostok.


title: Pacific Fleet (Russia)

text: In the 1990s and 2000s, the Pacific Fleet lost many of its larger units. Within a few years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Fleet lost all its aircraft carriers, and by early 2000 only one cruiser remained active with the Fleet. By the end of the 2010s, the Fleet consisted of one large missile cruiser, five destroyers, ten nuclear submarines, eight diesel-electric submarines plus numerous light units, amphibious ships and auxiliaries.


title: Pacific Fleet (Russia)

text: Between 5–12 July 2013, warships from the Russian Pacific Fleet and the [[North Sea Fleet]] of the [[People's Liberation Army Navy]] participated in [[Joint Sea 2013]], bilateral naval maneuvers held in the [[Peter the Great Bay]]. Joint Sea 2013 was the largest naval drills yet undertaken by the [[PRC]]'s navy with a foreign navy. In 2021, a joint Russian-Chinese squadron sailed around Japan, passing between Japanese islands through the [[Tsugaru Strait]] and then the Osumi Strait. The Russian ships in the squadron included the destroyers "Admiral Panteleyev" and "Admiral Tributs", the corvettes "Aldar Tsydenzhapov" and "Gromkiy" as well as auxiliaries.


title: Pacific Fleet (Russia)

text: Plans for deployment of new large units to the Fleet were announced in the early 2010s. Several new [[ballistic missile submarine]]s, and large cruisers were projected to join the Fleet. However, these plans evolved over the course of the decade with a changed focus by 2020 on light units and submarines to renew the fleet. In this regard, the focus is now on new general purpose frigates ([[Admiral Gorshkov-class frigate|Gorshkov-class]]), multi-role and missile corvettes ([[Steregushchiy-class corvette|Steregushchiy-class]], [[Gremyashchiy-class corvette|Gremyashchiy-class]] and [[Karakurt-class corvette|Karakurt-class]]) as well as on a full range of new submarines (the [[Borei-class submarine|Borei]], [[Yasen-class submarine|Yasen]] and [[Kilo-class submarine|Improved Kilo]] classes). Vessels of these classes are all projected to enter service through the 2020s. In addition, the Pacific Fleet's amphibious capabilities will be modernized in the mid-latter 2020s through the acquisition of one or more of the [[Ivan Gren-class landing ship|Ivan Gren-class]] landing ships and possibly one of the new [[Project 23900 amphibious assault ship|Priboy-class helicopter assault ships]].


title: Pacific Fleet (Russia)

text: While existing ballistic-missile submarine production will fully replace and increase numbers of SSBNs in the Pacific Fleet, it is unclear that the production of the Yasen-class vessels, and potential follow-on models, will be sufficient to replace aging older nuclear attack and cruise missile submarines on a one-for-one basis. Reports suggest that Russian third-generation nuclear submarines have not been modernized to a level to avoid block obsolescence before 2030. The 2016 decision to add six new "Improved Kilo"-class conventionally-powered submarines to the fleet may be partly designed to mitigate such a gap.


title: Pacific Fleet (Russia)

text: An [[2008 Russian submarine accident|accident]] aboard , a [[nuclear-powered]] attack [[submarine]] doing a test run during sea trials in the [[Sea of Japan]] on 8 November 2008, killed more than 20 people, marking the worst submarine disaster since [[Russian submarine K-141 Kursk|"Kursk"]] sank in 2000.


title: Pacific Fleet (Russia)

text: "Nerpa" was an belonging to the Pacific Fleet. Its construction began in 1991, but was delayed due to lack of funding.


title: Pacific Fleet (Russia)

text: The Pacific Fleet is one component of the Russian [[Eastern Military District]] established in 2010. Other components of the Eastern District include the [[11th Air and Air Defence Forces Army]] (providing both aviation and air defence units in the District) as well as four ground force army headquarters (the 5th, 29th, 35th and 36th Combined Arms Armies) and one independent corps HQ ([[68th Army Corps (Russia)|the 68th]]) on [[Sakhalin]] island.


title: Pacific Fleet (Russia)

text: The [[Russian Coast Guard]] provides additional armed patrol capabilities in the Pacific, including two [[Krivak-class frigate]]s.


title: Pacific Fleet (Russia)

text: Additional aviation and air defence assets in the Eastern Military District are deployed as part of the [[11th Air and Air Defence Forces Army]], including [[Su-35]]s at Yelizovo on the [[Kamchatka Peninsula]] (deployed there on rotation as of 2021).


title: Pacific Fleet (Russia)

text: [[Tu-95]]MS and [[Tupolev Tu-22M|Tu-22M]]3 bombers (including with [[Kh-47M2 Kinzhal]] hypersonic and [[Kh-32]] long-range supersonic anti-ship missiles) deployed as part of Russian [[Long-Range Aviation]], including in the Eastern Military District.


title: Pacific Fleet (Russia)

text: According to a report from the [[Institute for the Study of War]], in March 2018 the Fleet contained two naval infantry brigades, a coastal brigade, and coastal regiment. However, an expansion of these capabilities, introducing new units and formations, was underway as of 2020/21.


title: Unforgiven (TV series)

text: Unforgiven is a three-part British television drama series, written by Sally Wainwright and directed by David Evans, that first broadcast on ITV and UTV in January 2009, and later on STV in 2012. Produced by the Red Production Company, "Unforgiven" follows Ruth Slater (Suranne Jones), a woman found guilty of murdering two police officers when she was a teenager. Upon release from prison, Ruth is determined to find her sister, who was adopted shortly after the incident. The series is set in Yorkshire, specifically the village of Boothtown in Halifax.


title: Unforgiven (TV series)

text: Broadcast across three consecutive Mondays at 9:00 pm, the series averaged 7 million viewers across its run. "Unforgiven" won the award for Best Drama Series or Serial at the 2009 RTS Programme Awards. The series was released on DVD on 2 February 2009. A film adaptation of the series, named "The Unforgivable", starring Sandra Bullock and directed by Nora Fingscheidt, was released in theaters on 24 November 2021, prior to streaming on Netflix on 10 December.


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: In arithmetic and computer programming, the extended Euclidean algorithm is an extension to the Euclidean algorithm, and computes, in addition to the greatest common divisor (gcd) of integers "a" and "b", also the coefficients of Bézout's identity, which are integers "x" and "y" such that


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: This is a certifying algorithm, because the gcd is the only number that can simultaneously satisfy this equation and divide the inputs.


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: It allows one to compute also, with almost no extra cost, the quotients of "a" and "b" by their greatest common divisor.


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: The extended Euclidean algorithm is particularly useful when "a" and "b" are coprime. With that provision, "x" is the modular multiplicative inverse of "a" modulo "b", and "y" is the modular multiplicative inverse of "b" modulo "a". Similarly, the polynomial extended Euclidean algorithm allows one to compute the multiplicative inverse in algebraic field extensions and, in particular in finite fields of non prime order. It follows that both extended Euclidean algorithms are widely used in cryptography. In particular, the computation of the modular multiplicative inverse is an essential step in the derivation of key-pairs in the RSA public-key encryption method.


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: The standard Euclidean algorithm proceeds by a succession of Euclidean divisions whose quotients are not used. Only the "remainders" are kept. For the extended algorithm, the successive quotients are used. More precisely, the standard Euclidean algorithm with "a" and "b" as input, consists of computing a sequence formula_2 of quotients and a sequence formula_3 of remainders such that


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: It is the main property of Euclidean division that the inequalities on the right define uniquely formula_5 and formula_6 from formula_7 and formula_8


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: The computation stops when one reaches a remainder formula_9 which is zero; the greatest common divisor is then the last non zero remainder formula_10


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: for formula_23 where formula_24 denotes the integral part of , that is the greatest integer not greater than .


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: This implies that the pair of Bézout's coefficients provided by the extended Euclidean algorithm is the "minimal pair" of Bézout coefficients, as being the unique pair satisfying both above inequalities .


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: Also it means that the algorithm can be done without integer overflow by a computer program using integers of a fixed size that is larger than that of "a" and "b".


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: The following table shows how the extended Euclidean algorithm proceeds with input and . The greatest common divisor is the last non zero entry, in the column "remainder". The computation stops at row 6, because the remainder in it is . Bézout coefficients appear in the last two entries of the second-to-last row. In fact, it is easy to verify that . Finally the last two entries and of the last row are, up to the sign, the quotients of the input and by the greatest common divisor .


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: As formula_25 the sequence of the formula_26 is a decreasing sequence of nonnegative integers (from "i" = 2 on). Thus it must stop with some formula_27 This proves that the algorithm stops eventually.


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: As formula_28 the greatest common divisor is the same for formula_29 and formula_30 This shows that the greatest common divisor of the input formula_31 is the same as that of formula_32 This proves that formula_33 is the greatest common divisor of "a" and "b". (Until this point, the proof is the same as that of the classical Euclidean algorithm.)


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: As formula_34 and formula_35 we have formula_36 for "i" = 0 and 1. The relation follows by induction for all formula_37:


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: The matrix formula_43 is the identity matrix and its determinant is one. The determinant of the rightmost matrix in the preceding formula is −1. It follows that the determinant of formula_44 is formula_45 In particular, for formula_46 we have formula_47 Viewing this as a Bézout's identity, this shows that formula_48 and formula_49 are coprime. The relation formula_50 that has been proved above and Euclid's lemma show that formula_48 divides , that is that formula_52 for some integer . Dividing by formula_48 the relation formula_50 gives formula_55 So, formula_48 and formula_57 are coprime integers that are the quotients of and by a common factor, which is thus their greatest common divisor or its opposite.


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: To prove the last assertion, assume that "a" and "b" are both positive and formula_21. Then, formula_59, and if formula_60 without loss of generality.


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: It can be seen that formula_61 is 1 and formula_62 (which exists by formula_21) is a negative integer. Thereafter, the formula_64 alternate in sign and strictly increase in magnitude, which follows inductively from the definitions and the fact that formula_65 for formula_66, the case formula_67 holds because formula_68. The same is true for the formula_69 after the first few terms, for the same reason. Furthermore, it is easy to see that formula_70 (when "a" and "b" are both positive and formula_21). Thus,


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: This, accompanied by the fact that formula_73 are larger than or equal to in absolute value than any previous formula_64 or formula_69 respectively completed the proof.


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: For univariate polynomials with coefficients in a field, everything works similarly, Euclidean division, Bézout's identity and extended Euclidean algorithm. The first difference is that, in the Euclidean division and the algorithm, the inequality formula_76 has to be replaced by an inequality on the degrees formula_77 Otherwise, everything which precedes in this article remains the same, simply by replacing integers by polynomials.


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: A second difference lies in the bound on the size of the Bézout coefficients provided by the extended Euclidean algorithm, which is more accurate in the polynomial case, leading to the following theorem.


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: "If a and b are two nonzero polynomials, then the extended Euclidean algorithm produces the unique pair of polynomials" ("s", "t") "such that"


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: A third difference is that, in the polynomial case, the greatest common divisor is defined only up to the multiplication by a non zero constant. There are several ways to define unambiguously a greatest common divisor.


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: In mathematics, it is common to require that the greatest common divisor be a monic polynomial. To get this, it suffices to divide every element of the output by the leading coefficient of formula_10 This allows that, if "a" and "b" are coprime, one gets 1 in the right-hand side of Bézout's inequality. Otherwise, one may get any non-zero constant. In computer algebra, the polynomials commonly have integer coefficients, and this way of normalizing the greatest common divisor introduces too many fractions to be convenient.


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: The second way to normalize the greatest common divisor in the case of polynomials with integers coefficients is to divide every output by the content of formula_81 to get a primitive greatest common divisor. If the input polynomials are coprime, this normalisation also provides a greatest common divisor equal to 1. The drawback of this approach is that a lot of fractions should be computed and simplified during the computation.


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: A third approach consists in extending the algorithm of subresultant pseudo-remainder sequences in a way that is similar to the extension of the Euclidean algorithm to the extended Euclidean algorithm. This allows that, when starting with polynomials with integer coefficients, all polynomials that are computed have integer coefficients. Moreover, every computed remainder formula_82 is a subresultant polynomial. In particular, if the input polynomials are coprime, then the Bézout's identity becomes


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: where formula_84 denotes the resultant of "a" and "b". In this form of Bézout's identity, there is no denominator in the formula. If one divides everything by the resultant one gets the classical Bézout's identity, with an explicit common denominator for the rational numbers that appear in it.


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: To implement the algorithm that is described above, one should first remark that only the two last values of the indexed variables are needed at each step. Thus, for saving memory, each indexed variable must be replaced by just two variables.


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: For simplicity, the following algorithm (and the other algorithms in this article) uses parallel assignments. In a programming language which does not have this feature, the parallel assignments need to be simulated with an auxiliary variable. For example, the first one,


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: The quotients of "a" and "b" by their greatest common divisor, which is output, may have an incorrect sign. This is easy to correct at the end of the computation but has not been done here for simplifying the code. Similarly, if either "a" or "b" is zero and the other is negative, the greatest common divisor that is output is negative, and all the signs of the output must be changed.


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: Finally, notice that in Bézout's identity, formula_85, one can solve for formula_86 given formula_87. Thus, an optimization to the above algorithm is to compute only the formula_16 sequence (which yields the Bézout coefficient formula_89), and then compute formula_86 at the end:


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: However, in many cases this is not really an optimization: whereas the former algorithm is not susceptible to overflow when used with machine integers (that is, integers with a fixed upper bound of digits), the multiplication of "old_s * a" in computation of "bezout_t" can overflow, limiting this optimization to inputs which can be represented in less than half the maximal size. When using integers of unbounded size, the time needed for multiplication and division grows quadratically with the size of the integers. This implies that the "optimisation" replaces a sequence of multiplications/divisions of small integers by a single multiplication/division, which requires more computing time than the operations that it replaces, taken together.


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: A fraction is in canonical simplified form if and are coprime and is positive. This canonical simplified form can be obtained by replacing the three output lines of the preceding pseudo code by


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: The proof of this algorithm relies on the fact that and are two coprime integers such that , and thus formula_91. To get the canonical simplified form, it suffices to move the minus sign for having a positive denominator.


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: If divides evenly, the algorithm executes only one iteration, and we have at the end of the algorithm. It is the only case where the output is an integer.


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: The extended Euclidean algorithm is the essential tool for computing multiplicative inverses in modular structures, typically the modular integers and the algebraic field extensions. A notable instance of the latter case are the finite fields of non-prime order.


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: If is a positive integer, the ring may be identified with the set of the remainders of Euclidean division by , the addition and the multiplication consisting in taking the remainder by of the result of the addition and the multiplication of integers. An element of has a multiplicative inverse (that is, it is a unit) if it is coprime to . In particular, if is prime, has a multiplicative inverse if it is not zero (modulo ). Thus is a field if and only if is prime.


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: Thus , or, more exactly, the remainder of the division of by , is the multiplicative inverse of modulo .


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: To adapt the extended Euclidean algorithm to this problem, one should remark that the Bézout coefficient of is not needed, and thus does not need to be computed. Also, for getting a result which is positive and lower than "n", one may use the fact that the integer provided by the algorithm satisfies . That is, if , one must add to it at the end. This results in the pseudocode, in which the input "n" is an integer larger than 1.


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: The extended Euclidean algorithm is also the main tool for computing multiplicative inverses in simple algebraic field extensions. An important case, widely used in cryptography and coding theory, is that of finite fields of non-prime order. In fact, if is a prime number, and , the field of order is a simple algebraic extension of the prime field of elements, generated by a root of an irreducible polynomial of degree .


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: A simple algebraic extension of a field , generated by the root of an irreducible polynomial of degree may be identified to the quotient ring formula_94, and its elements are in bijective correspondence with the polynomials of degree less than . The addition in is the addition of polynomials. The multiplication in is the remainder of the Euclidean division by of the product of polynomials. Thus, to complete the arithmetic in , it remains only to define how to compute multiplicative inverses. This is done by the extended Euclidean algorithm.


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: The algorithm is very similar to that provided above for computing the modular multiplicative inverse. There are two main differences: firstly the last but one line is not needed, because the Bézout coefficient that is provided always has a degree less than . Secondly, the greatest common divisor which is provided, when the input polynomials are coprime, may be any non zero elements of ; this Bézout coefficient (a polynomial generally of positive degree) has thus to be multiplied by the inverse of this element of . In the pseudocode which follows, is a polynomial of degree greater than one, and is a polynomial.


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: For example, if the polynomial used to define the finite field GF(2) is "p" = "x" + "x" + "x" + "x" + 1, and "a" = "x" + "x" + "x" + 1 is the element whose inverse is desired, then performing the algorithm results in the computation described in the following table. Let us recall that in fields of order 2, one has -"z" = "z" and "z" + "z" = 0 for every element "z" in the field). Since 1 is the only nonzero element of GF(2), the adjustment in the last line of the pseudocode is not needed.


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: Thus, the inverse is "x" + "x" + "x" + "x", as can be confirmed by multiplying the two elements together, and taking the remainder by of the result.


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: One can handle the case of more than two numbers iteratively. First we show that formula_95. To prove this let formula_96. By definition of gcd formula_97 is a divisor of formula_98 and formula_99. Thus formula_100 for some formula_101. Similarly formula_97 is a divisor of formula_103 so formula_104 for some formula_105. Let formula_106. By our construction of formula_107, formula_108 but since formula_97 is the greatest divisor formula_107 is a unit. And since formula_111 the result is proven.


title: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: So if formula_112 then there are formula_89 and formula_86 such that formula_115 so the final equation will be


title: Afro-Germans

text: Afro-Germans () or Black Germans () are people of Sub-Saharan African descent who are citizens or residents of Germany.


title: Afro-Germans

text: Cities such as Hamburg and Frankfurt, which were formerly centres of occupation forces following World War II and more recent immigration, have substantial Afro-German communities. With modern trade and migration, communities such as Frankfurt, Berlin, Munich, and Cologne have an increasing number of Afro-Germans. , in a country with a population of 83,000,000 people, there were an estimated 1,000,000 Afro-Germans.


title: Afro-Germans

text: During the 1720s, Ghana-born Anton Wilhelm Amo was sponsored by a German duke to become the first African to attend a European university; after completing his studies, he taught and wrote in philosophy. Later, Africans were brought as slaves from the western coast of Africa where a number of German estates were established, primarily on the Gold Coast. After King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia sold his Ghana Groß Friedrichsburg estates in Africa in 1717, from which up to 30,000 people had been sold to the Dutch East India Company, the new owners were bound by contract to "send 12 negro boys, six of them decorated with golden chains," to the king. The enslaved children were brought to Potsdam and Berlin.


title: Afro-Germans

text: At the 1884 Berlin Congo conference, attended by all major powers of the day, European states divided Africa into areas of influence which they would control. Germany controlled colonies in the African Great Lakes region and West Africa, from which numerous Africans migrated to Germany for the first time. Germany appointed indigenous specialists for the colonial administration and economy, and many young Africans went to Germany to be educated. Some received higher education at German schools and universities, but the majority were trained at mission training and colonial training centers as officers or domestic mission teachers. Africans frequently served as interpreters for African languages at German-Africa research centers, and with the colonial administration. Others migrated to Germany as former members of the German protection troops, the Askari.


title: Afro-Germans

text: The Afrikanisches Viertel in Berlin is also a legacy of the colonial period, with a number of streets and squares named after countries and locations tied to the German colonial empire. It is now home to a substantial portion of Berlin's residents of African heritage.


title: Afro-Germans

text: Interracial couples in the colonies were subjected to strong pressure in a campaign against miscegenation, which included invalidation of marriages, declaring the mixed-race children illegitimate, and stripping them of German citizenship. During extermination of the Nama people in 1907 by Germany, the German director for colonial affairs, Bernhard Dernburg, stated that "some native tribes, just like some animals, must be destroyed".


title: Afro-Germans

text: In the course of World War I, the Belgians, British and French took control of Germany's colonies in Africa. The situation for the African colonials in Germany changed in various ways. For example, Africans who possessed a colonial German identification card had a status entitling them to treatment as "members of the former protectorates". After the Treaty of Versailles (1919), the Africans were encouraged to become citizens of their respective mandate countries, but most preferred to stay where they were. In numerous petitions (well documented for German Togoland by P. Sebald and for Cameroon by A. Rüger), they tried to inform the German public about the conditions in the colonies, and continued to request German help and support.


title: Afro-Germans

text: Africans founded the bilingual periodical that was published in German and Duala: "Elolombe ya Cameroon" (Sun of Cameroon). A political group of Africans established the German branch of a Paris-based human-rights organization: "the German section of the League to the Defense of the Negro Race".


title: Afro-Germans

text: The conditions for Afro-Germans in Germany grew worse during the Nazi period. Naturalized Afro-Germans lost their passports. Working conditions and travel were made extremely difficult for Afro-German musicians, variety, circus or film professionals. Based on racist propaganda, employers were unable to retain or hire Afro-German employees.


title: Afro-Germans

text: Afro-Germans in Germany were socially isolated and forbidden to have sexual relations and marriages with Aryans by the Nuremberg Laws. In continued discrimination directed at the so-called Rhineland bastards, Nazi officials subjected some 500 Afro-German children in the Rhineland to forced sterilization. Afro-Germans were considered "enemies of the race-based state", along with Jews and Roma. The Nazis originally sought to rid the German state of Jews and Romani by means of deportation (and later extermination), while Afro-Germans were to be segregated and eventually exterminated through compulsory sterilization.


title: Afro-Germans

text: Some Black Germans who lived through this period later wrote about their experiences. In 1999 Hans Massaquoi published "Destined to Witness" about his life in Germany under Nazi rule, and in 2013 Theodor Wonja Michael, who was also the main witness in the documentary film "Pages in the Factory of Dreams", published his autobiography, "Deutsch Sein Und Schwarz Dazu."


title: Afro-Germans

text: The end of World War II brought Allied occupation forces into Germany. American, British and French forces included numerous soldiers of African American, Afro-Caribbean or African descent, and some of them fathered children with ethnic German women. At the time, these armed forces generally maintained non-fraternization rules and discouraged civilian-soldier marriages. Around 8,000 of these biracial Afro German children were born immediately after the war, making up about 1% of all births in ethnically homogeneous West Germany in 1945. " Most single ethnic German mothers kept their "brown babies", but thousands were adopted by American families and grew up in the United States. Often they did not learn their full ancestry until reaching adulthood.


title: Afro-Germans

text: Until the end of the Cold War, the United States kept more than 100,000 U.S. soldiers stationed on German soil. These men established their lives in Germany. They often brought families with them or founded new ones with ethnic German wives and children. The federal government of West Germany pursued a policy of isolating or removing from Germany those children that it described as "mixed-race negro children".


title: Afro-Germans

text: Audre Lorde, Black American writer and activist, spent the years from 1984 to 1992 teaching at the Free University of Berlin. During her time in Germany, often called "The Berlin Years," she helped push the coining of the term "Afro-German" into a movement that addressed the intersectionality of race, gender, and sexual orientation. She encouraged Black German women such as May Ayim and Ika Hügel-Marshall to write and publish poems and autobiographies as a means of gaining visibility and. She pursued intersectional global feminism and acted as an advocate for that movement in Germany.


title: Afro-Germans

text: Since 1981, Germany has had immigration from African countries, mostly Nigeria and Ghana, who were seeking work. Some of the Ghanaians also came to study in German universities.


title: Afro-Germans

text: The cultural life of Afro-Germans has great variety and complexity. With the emergence of MTV and Viva, the popularity of American pop culture promoted Afro-German representation in German media and culture.


title: Afro-Germans

text: May Ayim (1960-1996), was an Afro-German poet, educator and activist. She was a co-editor of the book "Farbe bekennen", whose English translation was published as "".


title: Afro-Germans

text: The "SFD - Schwarze Filmschaffende in Deutschland" ("Black Filmmakers in Germany") is a professional association based in Berlin for directors, producers, screenwriters, and actors who are Afro-Germans or of Black African origin and living in Germany. They have organized the "New Perspectives" series at the Berlinale film festival.


title: History of Delhi

text: Delhi has a long history, and has been an important political centre of India as the capital of several empires. Earliest coverage of Delhi's history is in the onset of the Tomar's kingdom in the 8th century. It is considered to be a city built, destroyed and rebuilt several times, as outsiders who successfully invaded the Indian Subcontinent would ransack the existing capital city in Delhi, and those who came to conquer and stay would be so impressed by the city's strategic location as to make it their capital and rebuild it in their own way.


title: History of Delhi

text: In the medieval era, Delhi was ruled by the Tomara dynasty and Chauhan from 736 to 1193. The Delhi Sultanate is the name given for a series of five successive dynasties, which remained as a dominant power of Indian subcontinent with Delhi as their capital.


title: History of Delhi

text: During Sultanate period, the city became a center for culture. The Delhi Sultanate came to an end in 1526, when Babur defeated the forces of the last Lodi sultan, Ibrahim Lodi at the first Battle of Panipat, and formed the Mughal Empire.


title: History of Delhi

text: The Mughals ruled the area for three centuries. During the 16th century, the city declined as the Mughal capital was shifted. The fifth Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan built the walled city of Shahjahanabad within Delhi, and its landmarks, the Red Fort and Jama Masjid. His reign would be considered the zenith of the empire. After the death of his successor Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire was plagued by a series of revolts. They lost major portions to the Marathas, Sikhs and many governors of erstwhile Mughal provinces like Bengal, Awadh and Hyderabad. Delhi was sacked and looted by Nader Shah. The Jats captured many important towns of Mughal heartland south of Delhi. The Marathas captured Delhi in the battle of Delhi in 1757 and continued to control it until 1803 when they were defeated by the British during the second Anglo-Maratha War. In 1803, the Delhi was captured by the British East India Company.


title: History of Delhi

text: During Company Rule in India, the Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II was reduced to merely a figurehead. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 sought to end company rule and declared Bahadur Shah II the Emperor of India. However, the British soon recaptured Delhi and their other territories, ending the short-lived rebellion. This also marked the beginning of direct British Rule in India. In 1911, the capital of British India was shifted from Calcutta to New Delhi, the last inner city of Delhi designed by Edwin Lutyens.


title: History of Delhi

text: After India's Independence from the British, New Delhi became the capital of the newly formed Republic of India.


title: History of Delhi

text: A long-standing tradition associates Delhi with Indraprastha and identifies the legendary city with the village Indarpat, which survived until the early 20th century within the Purana Qila. There is no tangible archeological evidence, however, which links the excavated 'painted greyware' at Purana Qila with the Bharata Khanda site.The legendary ancient city of Indraprastha is mentioned in the ancient Indian epic Mahabharata probably compiled between the 3rd century BCE and the 3rd century CE, with the oldest preserved parts not much older than around 400 BCE.


title: History of Delhi

text: There was Ochre Coloured Pottery culture in Red fort area which began around c.2000 BCE according to carbon dating. Around c.1200 BCE the region was inhabited by people of Painted Grey Ware culture which corresponds to Vedic Period. Significant prehistoric sites in Delhi include Anangpur (in the Badarpur region), as well as Harappan excavations near Narela and Nand Nagari.


title: History of Delhi

text: Anangpal Tomar founded Delhi in 1052. A VS 1383 inscription in Delhi Museum confirms the founding of Delhi by the Tomars.


title: History of Delhi

text: He established the Tomar Dynasty of Delhi in the early 8th century and built his capital at the Anangpur village in Haryana. The Anangpur Dam was built during his reign; the Surajkund during the reign of his son Surajpal.


title: History of Delhi

text: The Rajput Chahamana (Chauhan) kings of Ajmer conquered Lal Kot in 1180 and renamed it Qila Rai Pithora. The Chauhan king Prithviraj III was defeated in 1192 by Muhammad Ghori in the Second Battle of Tarain, solidifying Muslim presence in northern India and shattering Rajput power in the Indo-Gangetic Plain.


title: History of Delhi

text: From 1206, Delhi became the capital of the Delhi Sultanate under the Slave Dynasty. The first Sultan of Delhi, Qutb-ud-din Aybak, was a former slave who rose through the ranks to become a general, a governor and then Sultan of Delhi. Qutb-ud-din started the construction of the Qutub Minar, a recognisable symbol of Delhi, to commemorate his victory but died before its completion. In the Qutb complex he also constructed the Quwwat-al-Islam (might of Islam), which is the earliest extant mosque in India. He was said to have destroyed twenty-seven Jain temples initially housed in the Qutb complex and pillaged exquisitely carved pillars and building material from their debris for this mosque, many of which can still be seen. After the end of the Slave dynasty, a succession of Turkic Central Asian and Afghan dynasties, the Khalji dynasty, the Tughluq dynasty, the Sayyid dynasty and the Lodi dynasty held power in the late medieval period and built a sequence of forts and townships in Delhi.


title: History of Delhi

text: In 1398, Timur Lang invaded India on the pretext that the Muslim sultans of Delhi were too tolerant of their Hindu subjects. After defeating the armies of Nasiruddin Mahmud of Tughlaq dynasty, on 15 December 1398, Timur entered Delhi on 18 December 1398, and the city was sacked, destroyed, and left in ruins, and over 100,000 war prisoners were killed as well. In 1526, following the First Battle of Panipat, Zahiruddin Babur, the former ruler of Fergana, defeated the last Afghan Lodi sultan and founded the Mughal dynasty which ruled from Delhi, Agra and Lahore.


title: History of Delhi

text: The early modern period in Indian history is marked with the rise of the Mughal Empire between the 16th and 18th centuries. After the fall of the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughals ruled from Agra, Sikri and Lahore, but the city once became the capital in 1648 during the rule of Shah Jahan, and remained the capital until the fall of the empire. During this time, Delhi became a center for culture, and poets such as Ghalib, Dard, Dagh and Zauq lived in the city and sought patronage of the emperor. The Mughals also built several monuments in the city including Humayun's Tomb, Red Fort, and Jama Masjid.


title: History of Delhi

text: In the mid-16th century there was an interruption in the Mughal rule of India as Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun and forced him to flee to Persia. Sher Shah Suri built the sixth city of Delhi, as well as the old fort known as Purana Qila, even though this city was settled since the ancient era. After Sher Shah Suri's death in 1545, his son Islam Shah took the reins of north India from Delhi. Islam Shah ruled from Delhi till 1553 when Hindu king Hemu, became the Prime Minister and Chief of Army of Adil Shah. Hemu fought and won 22 battles in all against rebels and twice against Akbar's army in Agra and Delhi, without losing any. After defeating Akbar's army on 7 October 1556 at Tughlaqabad fort area in Battle of Delhi (1556), Hemu acceded to Delhi throne and established Hindu Raj in North India for a brief period, and was bestowed with the title 'Vikramaditya', at his coronation in Purana Quila, Delhi. Hemu was defeated at the second battle of Panipat by Mughal forces led by Akbar's regent Bairam Khan, thus reinstating Mughal rule in the region.


title: History of Delhi

text: The third and greatest Mughal emperor, Akbar, continued to ruled from Agra, resulting in a decline in the fortunes of Delhi. In the mid-17th century, the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan (1628–1658) built the city that sometimes bears his name Shahjahanabad, the seventh city of Delhi that is now commonly known as the old city or old Delhi. This city contains a number of significant architectural features, including the Red Fort ("Lal Qila") and the Jama Masjid. The city served as the capital of the later Mughal Empire from 1638 onward, when Shah Jahan transferred the capital back from Agra.


title: History of Delhi

text: Aurangzeb (1658–1707) crowned himself as emperor in Delhi in 1658 at the Shalimar garden ('Aizzabad-Bagh) with a second coronation in 1659. After 1680, the Mughal Empire's influence declined rapidly as the Hindu Maratha Empire rose to prominence.


title: History of Delhi

text: The Mughal Empire suffered several blows due to invasions from Marathas, Jats, Afghans and Sikhs. In 1737, Bajirao I marched towards Delhi with a huge army. The Marathas defeated the Mughals in the First Battle of Delhi. The Maratha forces sacked Delhi following their victory against the Mughals. In 1739, the Mughal Empire lost the huge Battle of Karnal in less than three hours against the numerically outnumbered but military superior Persian army led by Nader Shah during his invasion after which he completely sacked and looted Delhi, the Mughal capital, followed by massacre for 2 days, killing over 30,000 civilians and carrying away immense wealth including the Peacock Throne, the Daria-i-Noor, and Koh-i-Noor. Nader eventually agreed to leave the city and India after forcing the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah I to beg him for mercy and granting him the keys of the city and the royal treasury. A treaty signed in 1752 made Marathas the protector of the Mughal throne at Delhi. In 1753 Jat ruler Suraj Mal attacked Delhi. He defeated Nawab of Delhi Ghazi-ud-din (second) and captured Delhi in the Capture of Delhi. Jats sacked Delhi from 9 May to 4 June. Ahmad Shah Durrani invaded North India for the fourth time in early 1757. He entered Delhi in January 1757 and kept the Mughal emperor under arrest. In August 1757, the Marathas once again attacked Delhi, decisively defeating Najib-ud-Daula and his Rohilla Afghan army in the Battle of Delhi (1757). Later, Ahmad Shah Durrani conquered Delhi in 1761, after the Third Battle of Panipat in which the Marathas were decisively defeated. Later, a treaty was made between the Marathas and Afghans that the Marathas would have all the lands east of the Sutlej river. Thus, the Marathas established full control over the city. Under the leadership of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Baghel Singh, Delhi was briefly conquered by the Sikh Empire in early 1783 in the Battle of Delhi (1783).


title: History of Delhi

text: In 1803, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, the forces of British East India Company defeated the Maratha forces in the Battle of Delhi (1803), ending the Maratha rule over the city. As a result, Delhi came under the control of British East India Company, and became a part of the North-Western Provinces. The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II remained a mere figurehead.


title: History of Delhi

text: The Indian Rebellion of 1857 sought to end Company Rule in India. On 11 May, the mutineers reached and captured Delhi, and declared Bahadur Shah Zafar II the Emperor of India, and the Emperor held his first court in many years. However, the British returned and laid siege to Delhi on 8 June 1857. On 21 September, Delhi finally fell into the hands of British troops. The city received significant damage during the battle. Afterwards, the last titular Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar II was captured and exiled to Rangoon.


title: History of Delhi

text: Delhi passed into the direct control of British Government in 1857 after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the remaining Mughal territories were annexed as a part of British India.


title: History of Delhi

text: Calcutta was the capital of British India till 1911 but in 1911 at the Delhi Durbar of 1911, held at the Coronation Park, King George V announced the shifting of the capital to Delhi. New Delhi designed by the British architect Edwin Lutyens was inaugurated in 1931 after its construction was delayed due to World War I. New Delhi was officially declared as the seat of the Government of India after independence in 1947.


title: History of Delhi

text: During the partition of India, around five lakh Hindu and Sikh refugees, mainly from West Punjab fled to Delhi, while around three lakh Muslim residents of the city migrated to Pakistan. Ethnic Punjabis are believed to account for at least 40% of Delhi's total population and are predominantly Hindi-speaking Punjabi Hindus. Migration to Delhi from the rest of India continues (), contributing more to the rise of Delhi's population than the birth rate, which is declining.


title: History of Delhi

text: The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 created the Union Territory of Delhi from its predecessor, the "Chief Commissioner's Province of Delhi".


title: History of Delhi

text: The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as the National Capital Territory of Delhi. The Act gave Delhi its own legislative assembly along Civil lines, though with limited powers.


title: History of Delhi

text: After 1967 relations between Hindus and Muslims deteriorated to the level that there was a significant uptick in the number of riots and other disruption of civil life. One of the most significant was the 1973 riot in Bao Hindu Rao area, which resulted in the injury of 18 police officers and financial losses estimated to be around 500,000 Rupees, according to police sources. Another significant riot happened on 5 May 1974 in the Sadar Bazar area between Hindus and Muslims in which 11 people were killed and 92 were injured. This riot was the worst in Delhi since independence. The Centre for the Study of Developing Societies carried out a survey in nearby areas that showed significant division between Hindus and Muslims who saw each other negatively.


title: History of Delhi

text: In 1966, an inscription of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka (273-236 BCE) was discovered near Sriniwaspuri. Two sandstone pillars inscribed with the edicts of Ashoka were brought to by Firuz Shah Tughluq in the 14th century already exist in Delhi.


title: Ian Beale

text: Ian Beale is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera "EastEnders", played by Adam Woodyatt. He is the drama's longest-serving main character and, following the departure of Pauline Fowler (Wendy Richard) in 2006, became the only one to have appeared continuously from its inception. The character appeared in his 2,000th episode in the show on 26 March 2007, and his 3,000th on 27 May 2016. After 36 years on the show, Woodyatt departed "EastEnders" on 22 January 2021. He made an unannounced appearance for the funeral of Dot Cotton (June Brown) on 12 December 2022.


title: Ian Beale

text: Ian is the most-married character in "EastEnders" history, with six marriages to five women (Cindy Williams, Mel Healy, Laura Dunn, twice to Jane Collins, and Sharon Watts) and two aborted engagements to Mandy Salter and Denise Fox. Ian is the owner of 45 Albert Square, traditionally represented within the series as the family home of the Beale and Fowler family, and in 2020 he bought the Queen Victoria pub for Sharon Watts (Letitia Dean).