text: On 20 March 1878, 31-year-old Rosebery married 27-year-old Hannah de Rothschild (1851–1890), only child and sole heiress of the Jewish banker Mayer Amschel de Rothschild, and the wealthiest British heiress of her day. Her father had died four years previously in 1874, and bequeathed to her the bulk of his estate. The wedding was held (registered) at the office of the Board of Guardians in Mount Street, London. Later the same day, the marriage was blessed at a Christian ceremony in Christ Church, Down Street, Piccadilly. The Prince of Wales and the Queen's cousin, the army commander Prince George, Duke of Cambridge, were among the guests who attended the ceremony.


title: Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery

text: The marriage was a happy one. In January 1878, Rosebery had told a friend that he found Hannah "very simple, very unspoilt, very clever, very warm-hearted and very shy ... I never knew such a beautiful character." Hannah's death in 1890 from typhoid, compounded by Bright's disease, left him distraught.


text: More than a decade after his wife's death, in July 1901, it was speculated that Rosebery intended to marry the widowed Princess Helena, Duchess of Albany, widow of Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, youngest son of Queen Victoria. Princess Helena was also the sister of Queen Emma of the Netherlands. However, Rosebery never remarried.


text: By his wife Hannah de Rothschild, Rosebery had two sons and two daughters, with whom, according to Margot Asquith, he loved to play:


text: Throughout his life, it was rumoured that Rosebery was homosexual or bisexual. He was a notorious misogynist, and liked to surround himself with younger men.


text: As a student at Eton, beyond his close relationship with his tutor, William Johnson Cory, he likely had feelings for at least one fellow student, Frederick Vyner. He was devastated by his murder at the hands of Greek brigands in 1870, keeping the anniversary sacred for the rest of his life.


text: Like Oscar Wilde, he was hounded by John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry for his association with Francis Douglas, Viscount Drumlanrig, Queensberry's first born son – who had become his private secretary in 1892 when Rosebery became Foreign Secretary. A few months later he arranged for Drumlanrig, who was 26 at the time, to be made a junior member of the government with a seat in the House of Lords.


text: During the preliminary hearing of the case against Wilde, a letter from Queensberry was produced referring to him as 'a damned cur and coward of the Rosebery type'.


text: On 18 October 1894, sixteen months after his ennoblement, Drumlanrig died from injuries received during a shooting party. The inquest returned a verdict of "accidental death", but his death was rumoured potentially to be suicide or murder. It was speculated at the time that Drumlanrig may have had a romantic, if not sexual, relationship with Rosebery.


text: The suggestion was that Queensberry had threatened to expose the Prime Minister if his government did not vigorously prosecute Wilde for Wilde's relationship with Drumlanrig's younger brother, Lord Alfred Douglas. Queensberry believed, as he put it in a letter, that "Snob Queers like Rosebery" had corrupted his sons, and he held Rosebery indirectly responsible for Drumlanrig's death. He claimed to have evidence of Rosebery's transgressions but that was never confirmed.


text: Using a minor defeat in Parliament that didn't warrant such action, Rosebery resigned from the Premiership on 22 June 1895. This was a few months after the death of Drumlanrig and not quite a month after Wilde was convicted on 25 May, his life and reputation destroyed by a man who was also pursuing Rosebery for the same reason he was after Wilde. In August 1893, Queensberry had followed Rosebery to the spa town of Bad Homburg with the declared intention of giving him a horse-whipping, and had to be dissuaded by the Prince of Wales who was also staying there.


text: In his recollections, Rosebery wrote: "I cannot forget 1895. To lie awake night after night, wide awake, hopeless of sleep, tormented of nerves, and to realise all that was going on, at which I was present, so to speak, like a disembodied spirit, to watch one's own corpse, as it were day after day, is an experience which no sane man would repeat."


text: Sir Edmund Backhouse wrote in his unpublished memoirs that he had been one of Rosebery's lovers - although it has been suggested that many of Backhouse's claims were dubiously made.


text: Robert Rhodes James, who wrote a biography of Rosebery in 1963 (when homosexuality was still illegal in Britain), makes no mention of homosexual relationships at all, while for Leo McKinstry, who was writing in 2005, the evidence that Rosebery was homosexual is circumstantial. Michael Bloch, in 2015, has, however, no doubt that Rosebery was at least romantically interested in men, making him one of the four figures presented in the first chapter of his book on homosexual and bisexual British politicians of the 20th century. In his view, any remaining evidence (of which he gives a long list) can only be circumstantial in any case, considering Rosebery's paranoid taste for secrecy.


text: The last year of the war was clouded by two personal tragedies: his son Neil's death in Palestine in November 1917 and Rosebery's own stroke a few days before the armistice. He regained his mental powers, but his movement, hearing, and sight remained impaired for the rest of his life. His sister Constance described his last years as a "life of weariness, of total inactivity, and at the last of almost blindness". John Buchan remembered him in his last month of life, "crushed by bodily weakness" and "sunk in sad and silent meditations".


text: Rosebery died at his Epsom, Surrey home of The Durdans on 21 May 1929, to the accompaniment, as he had requested, of a gramophone recording of the "Eton Boating Song". Survived by three of his four children, he was buried in the small church at Dalmeny. By the time of his death, he was the last Victorian-era British Prime Minister alive.


text: As a result of his marriage to Hannah de Rothschild, Rosebery acquired the Mentmore Towers estate and Mentmore stud near Leighton Buzzard which had been built by Mayer Amschel de Rothschild. Rosebery built another stable and stud near Mentmore Towers at Crafton, Buckinghamshire, called Crafton Stud.


text: Rosebery won several of the five English Classic Races. His most famous horses were Ladas who won the 1894 Derby, Sir Visto who did it again in 1895 (Rosebery was Prime Minister on both occasions), and Cicero in 1905.


text: Rosebery became the first president of the London Scottish Rugby Football Club in 1878, also developed a keen interest in association football and was an early patron of the sport in Scotland. In 1882 he donated a trophy, the Rosebery Charity Cup, to be competed for by clubs under the jurisdiction of the East of Scotland Football Association. The competition lasted over 60 years and raised thousands of pounds for charities in the Edinburgh area.


text: Rosebery also became Honorary President of the national Scottish Football Association, with the representative Scotland national team and Honorary President of Heart of Midlothian FC. The national team occasionally forsook their traditional dark blue shirts for his traditional racing colours of primrose and pink. This occurred 9 times during Rosebery's lifetime, most notably for the 1900 British Home Championship match against England, which the Scots won 4–1. These colours were used for the away kit of the Scotland national team in 2014 and were Heart of Midlothian's away colours for season 2016/17.


text: He was a keen collector of fine books and amassed an excellent library. It was sold on 29 October 2009 at Sothebys, New Bond Street. Rosebery unveiled the statue of Robert Burns in Dumfries on 6 April 1882.


text: The "Oatlands" area in the South Side of Glasgow was laid out in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, contemporary with Rosebery's most prominent period. The area is much changed since it was originally laid out, but several of the original street names had an association with him or areas around his estate to the northwest of Edinburgh: Rosebery Street, Dalmeny Street, Queensferry Street, Granton Street and Cramond Street.


text: In London, Rosebery Avenue, running between Holborn and Clerkenwell, was named after him, in recognition of his service as the London County Council's first chairman.


text: Rosebery, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney, is named after him. A major street, Dalmeny Avenue, runs through the area. Rosebery, Tasmania is also named after him, via the name of a mining company. Dalmeny, New South Wales, a suburb on the New South Wales South Coast, is named after him. Roseberry Avenue in the suburb of South Perth, Western Australia, is also named after him. The former township of Rosebery in South Australia (now part of Collinswood) was named for him, as was modern-day Rosebery Lane in Collinswood. Rosebery in the north west of Victoria, some 15 km south of Hopetoun is also named after him.


text: In October 1895 Lord Rosebery opened the new "Liberal Club" on Westborough, in Scarborough, only months after being Prime Minister. The building now houses a Wetherspoons, which is named in his honour.


title: How to Build a Girl

text: How to Build a Girl is a 2019 coming-of-age comedy film directed by Coky Giedroyc, from a screenplay by Caitlin Moran, based on her 2014 novel of the same name. The film tells the story of Johanna Morrigan, an aspiring music journalist in 1990s Wolverhampton. It stars Beanie Feldstein, Paddy Considine, Sarah Solemani, Alfie Allen, Frank Dillane, Laurie Kynaston, Arinzé Kene, Tadhg Murphy, Ziggy Heath, Bobby Schofield, Chris O'Dowd, Joanna Scanlan and Emma Thompson.


title: How to Build a Girl

text: "How to Build a Girl" had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on 7 September 2019 and won the FIPRESCI Special Presentations award. The film was released in the United States on 8 May 2020 by IFC Films and in the United Kingdom on 24 July 2020 by Lionsgate.


title: How to Build a Girl

text: In the 1990s, 16-year-old Johanna Morrigan lives on a council estate in Wolverhampton with her aspiring rock star father Pat, exhausted mother Angie, brothers Krissi and Lupin, and two infant twins.


title: How to Build a Girl

text: Johanna dreams of escaping her life to become a writer, and finds comfort in speaking with the portraits of her idols covering her bedroom wall. A poem she wrote is selected for a televised competition, but she is overcome with nerves and humiliates herself on national television. After inadvertently revealing that her family is illegally breeding Border Collies, resulting in her father losing his disability benefits, Johanna is determined to earn money for the family.


title: How to Build a Girl

text: Krissi refers her to "D&ME", a London music paper seeking a rock critic, and Johanna submits a review of the "Annie" soundtrack. She is invited to interview at the "D&ME" offices, but arrives to learn the staff assumed her submission was a joke. Undeterred, she convinces them to give her a chance, and is assigned to cover the Manic Street Preachers in Birmingham.


title: How to Build a Girl

text: Eager to reinvent herself, Johanna adopts a new style, bright red hair, and the pen name "Dolly Wilde". She attends her first rock show and falls in love with the music, immersing herself in the local scene. "D&ME" agrees to send her to Dublin to interview musician John Kite, who is instantly smitten with her bubbly personality. She spends the day with John, who brings her onstage with him. Afterward, they open up to one another about their lives, and Johanna finds herself enamored with him. Returning home, she writes a glowing feature on John, which her editor dismisses as the work of a teenage girl with a crush, and she is fired. Realising that negative criticism is the path to success, Johanna begins writing deliberately cruel reviews as Dolly, and is rehired at "D&ME". Now a scathing but popular critic, she is able to support her family with her writing income. She becomes sexually active, forcing Krissi to listen as she recounts her sexual exploits. Pat, still hoping to achieve fame with his band Mayonnaise, gives his single to Johanna to promote. She brings it to a "D&ME" gathering where it is derided by the others, who force her to skeet shoot the record.


title: How to Build a Girl

text: At a music industry event, Johanna receives an award for "Arsehole of the Year", and runs into John. She drunkenly confesses her feelings for him and tries to kiss him, but he kindly rejects her advances. The next morning, she writes a piece about his life, including deeply personal details he told her in confidence. She quits school, leading her parents and Krissi to confront her over her increasingly delinquent behaviour, but she cruelly reminds them that her money is supporting the family. Johanna goes to a party with her coworkers, where she accepts a full-time position at "D&ME", but overhears them badmouthing her. Unleashing a tirade against their smugness and negativity, she quits and returns home to find John has called about her article, ending their friendship. Distraught, Johanna drinks and cuts her wrist with a drawing compass, but is knocked unconscious when her "Arsehole" award falls on her head. Recovering at the hospital, she reconciles with her family.


title: How to Build a Girl

text: To make amends, Johanna tries to apologise to every musician she criticised. She writes a piece on self-harm, and is hired by "The Face" magazine to write her own column, "Building a Girl". Finding John, Johanna apologises for her article, and shows him her original writing about him. She also gives him her newly cut-off hair as a token of apology. John forgives her, and says that while they may not be in a relationship anytime soon, he is happy to be her friend. Breaking the fourth wall, Johanna tells the audience that a girl can always reinvent herself for the better.


title: How to Build a Girl

text: In November 2014, it was announced Alison Owen and Debra Hayward had acquired rights to the novel of the same by Caitlin Moran, who also wrote the script for the film. Owens and Hayward produced the film under their Monunmental Pictures banner, along with Film4 Productions. In May 2018, Beanie Feldstein joined the cast of the film, with Tango Entertainment producing and financing the film. In June 2018, Alfie Allen joined the cast of the film. In July 2018, Paddy Considine, Sarah Solemani, Laurie Kynaston, Joanna Scanlan, Arinze Kene, Frank Dillane, Tadhg Murphy and Ziggy Heath joined the cast of the film. Daniel Battsek, Ollie Madden, Sue Bruce-Smith, Tim Headington, Lisa Buman, Zygi Kamasa, Emma Berkofsky and Caitlin Moran will executive produce the film under their Film4 Productions and Tango Entertainment banners, respectively. Lionsgate will distribute in the United Kingdom. In August 2018, Jameela Jamil joined the cast of the film. In October 2018, Emma Thompson and Chris O'Dowd joined the cast of the film.


title: How to Build a Girl

text: The film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on 7 September 2019. Shortly after, IFC Films acquired US distribution rights to the film. It was released in the United States on 8 May 2020. and is scheduled to be released in the United Kingdom on 24 July 2020.


title: How to Build a Girl

text: In its opening weekend on the US, the film grossed $15,000 from six theatres. In its second weekend, it made $36,000 from nine drive-in cinemas, for a 10-day total of $55,802.


title: How to Build a Girl

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The site's critical consensus reads: "Led by Beanie Feldstein's charming performance, "How to Build a Girl" puts a disarmingly earnest spin on the familiar coming-of-age comedy formula." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 70 out of 100, based on 23 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: How to Build a Girl

text: Ann Hornaday of "The Washington Post" wrote: "To every girl who watched "Almost Famous" and "High Fidelity" and bears the scars of trying to shoehorn her inner self into the male protagonist's cramped psyche, "How to Build a Girl" arrives like a soothing, if imperfect, balm."


title: Lotte Lenya

text: Lotte Lenya (born Karoline Wilhelmine Charlotte Blamauer; 18 October 1898 – 27 November 1981) was an Austrian-American singer, diseuse, and actress, long based in the United States. In the German-speaking and classical music world, she is best remembered for her performances of the songs of her first husband, Kurt Weill. In English-language cinema, she was nominated for an Academy Award for her role as a jaded aristocrat in "The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone" (1961). She also played the murderous and sadistic Rosa Klebb in the James Bond movie "From Russia with Love" (1963).


title: Lotte Lenya

text: In 1922, Lenya was seen by her future husband, German-Jewish composer Kurt Weill, during an audition for his first stage score "Zaubernacht", but because of his position behind the piano, she did not see him. She was cast, but owing to her loyalty to her voice coach, she declined the role. She accepted the part of Jenny in the first performance of "The Threepenny Opera" ("Die Dreigroschenoper") in 1928, and the part became her breakthrough role. During the last years of the Weimar Republic, she was busy in film and theatre, and especially in Brecht-Weill plays. She made several recordings of Weill's songs.


title: Lotte Lenya

text: With the rise of Nazism in Germany, many artists were not appreciated, and although not Jewish, she left the country, having become estranged from Weill. (They would later divorce and remarry.) In March 1933, she moved to Paris, where she sang the leading part in Brecht-Weill's "sung ballet", "The Seven Deadly Sins".


title: Lotte Lenya

text: Lenya and Weill settled in New York City on 10 September 1935. During the summer of 1936, Weill, Lenya, Paul Green, and Cheryl Crawford rented a house at 277 Trumbull Avenue in Nichols, Connecticut, about 2 miles (3.2 km) from Pine Brook Country Club, the summer rehearsal headquarters of the Group Theatre. Here, Green and Weill wrote the script and music for the controversial Broadway play "Johnny Johnson", which was titled after the most frequently occurring name on the American casualty list of World War I. During this period, Lenya had a love affair with playwright Paul Green.


title: Lotte Lenya

text: During World War II, Lenya did a number of stage performances, recordings, and radio performances, including for the Voice of America. After a badly received part in her husband's musical "The Firebrand of Florence" in 1945 in New York, she withdrew from the stage. After Weill's death in 1950, she was coaxed back to the stage. She appeared on Broadway in "Barefoot in Athens" and married editor George Davis.


title: Lotte Lenya

text: In 1956, she won a Tony Award for her role as Jenny in Marc Blitzstein's English version of "The Threepenny Opera", the only time an off-Broadway performance has been so honored. Lenya went on to record a number of songs from her time in Berlin, as well as songs from the American stage. Her voice had deepened with age. When she was to sing the soprano parts in "Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny" and "The Seven Deadly Sins", the music needed transposition to substantially lower keys.


title: Lotte Lenya

text: "Sprechstimme" was used in some famous songs in the Brecht-Weill plays, but now Lenya used it even more to compensate for the shortcomings of her voice. Lenya was aware of this as a problem; in other contexts, she was very careful about fully respecting her late husband's score.


title: Lotte Lenya

text: She founded the Kurt Weill Foundation for Music, to administer incomes and issues regarding rights, and to spread knowledge about Weill's work. She was present in the studio when Louis Armstrong recorded Brecht-Weill's "Mack the Knife". Armstrong improvised the line "Look out for Miss Lotte Lenya!" and added her name to the list of Mack's female conquests in the song.


title: Lotte Lenya

text: Her role as Vivien Leigh's earthy friend Contessa Magda Terribili-Gonzales in the screen version of Tennessee Williams' "The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone" (1961) brought Lenya Academy Award and Golden Globe nominations as Best Supporting Actress. In 1963, she was cast as the SPECTRE agent Rosa Klebb in the James Bond movie "From Russia with Love" starring Sean Connery and Robert Shaw.


title: Lotte Lenya

text: In 1966, Lenya originated the role of "Fräulein" Schneider in the original Broadway cast of the musical "Cabaret". Kander and Ebb's score was considered by some to be inspired by Weill's music. In 1979, two years before her death, Lotte Lenya was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame.


title: Lotte Lenya

text: Lenya was born to Catholic working-class parents in Vienna. She went to Zürich to study in 1914, taking her first job at the Schauspielhaus, using the stage name Lotte Lenja. She moved to Berlin to seek work in 1921.


title: Lotte Lenya

text: Lenya and Weill did not meet properly until 1924 through a mutual acquaintance, the writer Georg Kaiser. They married in 1926, and later divorced in 1933, only to reconcile in September 1935 after emigrating to the United States. They remarried in 1937. During and between their marriages, she had numerous lovers, including Max Ernst, Paul Green and Tilly Losch. In 1941, the couple moved to a house of their own in New City, New York, roughly 50 km north of New York City. Their second marriage lasted until Weill's death in 1950.


title: Lotte Lenya

text: Lenya's second husband (1951–57) was American editor George Davis, who was homosexual. After Davis' death in 1957, she married artist Russell Detwiler in 1962, who was homosexual as well. He was 26 years her junior and a heavy alcoholic, but she was widowed for a third time when Detwiler died at the age of 44 in 1969, falling from his studio window on their seventh wedding anniversary. On June 9, 1971, she married critic and TV producer Richard Siemanowski, but separated from him only two years later, never having lived with him.


title: Lotte Lenya

text: Lenya died in Manhattan of cancer in 1981, aged 83. She is buried next to Weill at Mount Repose Cemetery in Haverstraw, New York.


title: Lotte Lenya

text: In 1956, Louis Armstrong recorded the song "Mack the Knife", both as a solo number and as a duet with Lenya. Armstrong added Lenya's name into the lyrics, in place of one of the characters in the play. Bobby Darin's 1959 hit recording of the song used these updated lyrics mentioning Lenya.


title: Lotte Lenya

text: In 2007, the musical "LoveMusik", based on Lenya's relationship with Weill, opened on Broadway. Lenya was portrayed by Donna Murphy.


title: Lotte Lenya

text: She is mentioned in the Fascinating Aïda song "Lieder", which originally described her as German, but was corrected for later performances. She is referenced in the Gavin Friday song "Dolls" from his 1995 album "Shag Tobacco".


title: Lotte Lenya

text: The Lotte Lenya Competition recognizes young singers and actors who are dramatically and musically convincing in repertoire ranging from opera and operetta to contemporary Broadway scores, with a focus on the works of Kurt Weill.


title: Angela Griffin

text: Angela Mellissa Griffin (born 19 July 1976) is a British actress and television presenter who has been active on British television since the early 1990s. She is best known for portraying the roles of Fiona Middleton in the ITV soap opera "Coronation Street" (1992–1998, 2019), Kim Campbell in the BBC One school-based drama series "Waterloo Road" (2006–2007, 2009–2010, 2022–present), and DS Lizzie Maddox in the final two series of ITV's detective drama series "Lewis" (2014–2015). Griffin was also an original cast member of "Holby City", playing nurse Jasmine Hopkins (1999–2001).


title: Angela Griffin

text: Griffin attended Intake High School in Leeds. She grew up on Cottingley Estate, near Beeston. She was born to an English mother and Caribbean father from St Kitts and Nevis.


title: Angela Griffin

text: Between December 1992 and September 1998, Griffin appeared in the popular long-running ITV soap opera "Coronation Street" as hairdresser Fiona Middleton. She made a guest appearance in 2019. Griffin appeared in the ITV soap opera "Emmerdale" in 1993, playing a minor character called Tina. Subsequently, she joined the original cast of the BBC One medical drama series "Holby City" as staff nurse Jasmine Hopkins, but left at the end of the third series in 2001 as the next series would be longer. Griffin has also appeared in the BBC dramas "Cutting It" and "Down to Earth".


title: Angela Griffin

text: In October 2001 Griffin presented "Brown Britain," a programme on the UK's Channel 4 about mixed race people in British society. The show included interviews with a large number of well-known British mixed-race people such as Bruce Oldfield and Hanif Kureishi, as well as political figures such as Tony Benn.


title: Angela Griffin

text: From 2006 to 2010, she appeared as art teacher and head of pastoral care Kim Campbell opposite former "Cutting It" co-star Jason Merrells and former "Coronation Street" co-star Denise Welch in the BBC One school-based drama series "Waterloo Road". She took a break during the third series in late 2007/early 2008, but returned to the role for the fourth series in 2009. However, she left once again at the end of the fifth series to concentrate on her new daytime show on Sky1.


title: Angela Griffin

text: From November 2009 to July 2010, Griffin hosted her own live daytime show on Sky1 called "Angela and Friends", a mix of health topics and celebrity gossip. She was joined by her best friends Lisa Faulkner and Nicola Stephenson. In 1999, she presented "The Midweek National Lottery" and also took part in the BBC's millennium programme on New Year's Eve. She filmed a pilot for the show "Dishes" on Channel 4, but decided against presenting it once it had been commissioned and was replaced by Kate Thornton.


title: Angela Griffin

text: In March 2008, Griffin appeared on the daytime reality show "Murder Most Famous", where, with five other celebrities, she wrote a crime novel, coached by crime writer Minette Walters, the end prize being, having the winning celebrities' novel published. It was won by former "Coronation Street" co-star Sherrie Hewson.


title: Angela Griffin

text: In January 2010, Griffin and Gethin Jones co-presented Sky 1's coverage of the Golden Globes. Griffin appeared in the first two series of Sky TV comedy drama "Mount Pleasant" and presented "Emergency with Angela Griffin" on Sky1. In January 2012, she appeared in the BBC Two show "The Great Sport Relief Bake Off" and was one of three finalists.


title: Angela Griffin

text: In 2013, Griffin played Dolly in "One Man, Two Guvnors". In 2014 and 2015, Griffin starred as DS Lizzie Maddox in the ITV series "Lewis". From 5–9 January 2015, Griffin and Kian Egan co-hosted "Fat Pets: Slimmer of the Year" for ITV.


title: Angela Griffin

text: Griffin had a recurring role as Elizabeth Harvey in the third series of "Harlots". On 17 September 2018, Griffin co-presented "The One Show" on BBC One alongside Matt Baker.


title: Angela Griffin

text: Griffin hosted BBC Radio 2's "Unwinds", starting in August 2021. From September 2021, Griffin also started sitting in for Steve Wright on "Sunday Love Songs" on various occasions on the station.


title: Angela Griffin

text: In January 2022, it was announced that Griffin would once again reprise her role as Kim Campbell for a new series of "Waterloo Road", with her character now promoted to Head Teacher.


title: Angela Griffin

text: In April 2022, Griffin starred in the Netflix Horror film "Choose or Die", playing the main protagonist's mother Thea.


title: Vernon Kay

text: Vernon Charles Kay (born 28 April 1974) is an English television and radio presenter, and former model. He presented Channel 4's "T4" (2000–2005) and has presented various television shows for ITV, including "All Star Family Fortunes" (2006–2015), "Just the Two of Us" (2006–2007), "Beat the Star" (2008–2009), "The Whole 19 Yards" (2010), "Splash!" (2013–2014), and "1000 Heartbeats" (2015–2016).


title: Vernon Kay

text: Kay presented his own BBC Radio 1 show between 2004 and 2012, and presented his own show on Radio X between 2015 and 2017. Since the start of the 2018–19 season, he has been the main presenter for the live coverage of Formula E for English speaking territories/platforms around the world.


title: Vernon Kay

text: In 2020, Kay appeared on the twentieth series of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!", finishing in third place, behind Jordan North and the eventual Queen of the Castle, Giovanna Fletcher.


title: Vernon Kay

text: Vernon Charles Kay was born on 28 April 1974 and was brought up in Bolton, Greater Manchester, the elder son of Norman, a lorry driver, and Gladys; he has a younger brother, Stephen, a primary school teacher. He attended St Joseph's RC High School in Horwich, near Bolton. He then graduated in environmental science at Manchester Polytechnic (now Manchester Metropolitan University). He supports his hometown's football club Bolton Wanderers.


title: Vernon Kay

text: While Vernon was working in a DIY shop as a cutter of wooden panels and in his own words "living for the weekend", he was persuaded to attend the BBC Clothes Show Live where he was scouted by a modelling agency after being convinced to do a catwalk by a friend.


title: Vernon Kay

text: Kay was able to use his success in modelling to launch a television career with co-hosting roles on teen-targeted entertainment shows T4 on Channel 4 and "The Mag" on Channel 5. Following this, Kay presented the summer CBBC weekend morning show "Fully Booked" (called FBI, Fully Booked Interactive) in 2000, as well as "TOTP+ Plus" and "TOTP@Play". In 2003 he co-hosted the Channel 4 game show "Boys and Girls", which was cancelled after one series. The following year Kay hosted the third series of "Celebrities Under Pressure" on ITV.


title: Vernon Kay

text: From 2006, Kay presented primetime game show "All Star Family Fortunes". In June 2015, it was announced that ITV was to rest the show until 2017, but it did not return. In 2007, he presented "Vernon Kay's Gameshow Marathon", after replacing Ant & Dec, who hosted the first series.


title: Vernon Kay

text: From 2008 until 2009, Kay presented two series of "Beat the Star", a programme for ITV. The first series averaged 4.05 million viewers and the second averaged 3.46 million.


title: Vernon Kay

text: On 17 April 2010, Kay began co-presenting a game show for ITV called "The Whole 19 Yards" with Caroline Flack which lasted for eight episodes and was made at Pinewood Studios. The series averaged 4.1 million viewers. In 2010, Kay was the co-host of "Skating with the Stars", a six-part series which was broadcast in the United States.


title: Vernon Kay

text: In 2011, Kay was originally going to present ITV game show "Sing If You Can" with Stacey Solomon but, after filming the pilot episode, he felt that it would be better hosted by a comedian and was replaced by Keith Lemon.


title: Vernon Kay

text: In December 2011, Kay presented the Christmas Channel 4 show "Home For the Holidays". In the summer of 2012, Kay presented ITV three episode mini-series "Let's Get Gold", however the show received poor viewing figures and was axed.


title: Vernon Kay

text: In 2013 and 2014, Kay, Gabby Logan and Tom Daley co-presented the ITV diving show "Splash!" The programme was axed after two series.


title: Vernon Kay

text: In 2013, after Channel 4 regained the NFL rights from the BBC, Kay was announced as a presenter of "The American Football Show", airing on Saturday mornings.


title: Vernon Kay

text: Since 2014, Kay has guest presented five episodes of "The One Show". In 2015, Vernon began presenting daytime quiz show, "1000 Heartbeats" for ITV. The show returned for a second run in November 2015. In 2016, Kay presented "Drive", a five-part entertainment show for ITV. He made regular appearances in the second series of "The Keith Lemon Sketch Show" on ITV2.


title: Vernon Kay

text: Kay hosted the non-broadcast pilot for a revival of "Play Your Cards Right", a game show formerly hosted by Bruce Forsyth, but was not commissioned for a series. In September 2015, he hosted a pilot for a new ITV game show "Home Win", made at Fountain Studios in Wembley.


title: Vernon Kay

text: In November 2017, it was announced that Kay would host Channel 5's coverage of the 2017–18 Formula E motor racing season. He co-presents the FIA's coverage of the 2018–19 season.


title: Vernon Kay

text: In November 2020, it was announced that Kay would be taking part in the twentieth series of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here". Kay reached the final and finished in third place on 4 December 2020.


title: Vernon Kay

text: It was announced in March 2021 that Kay would host the British version of new gameshow "Game of Talents". In March 2022, Kay was a last-minute replacement for Joel Dommett as co-host of Red Nose Day's "The Great Comic Relief Prizeathon".


title: Vernon Kay

text: In January 2004, Kay joined BBC Radio 1 and presented an entertainment show every Sunday. In April 2004, he was given the 10am1pm weekend slot, which was previously hosted by Colin Murray and Edith Bowman and previously broadcast on both Saturdays and Sundays on the popular radio network. From October 2007 Dick and Dom took over Sunday mornings; Kay's show then ran between 10am to 1pm on Saturday. In 2008, he was one of a team of DJ's who filled in for Edith Bowman while she was on maternity leave along with Fearne Cotton and Nihal.


title: Vernon Kay

text: On 11 February 2009, it was announced that Kay would fill in for Chris Moyles while he climbed Mount Kilimanjaro for Comic Relief, an act he repeated on 13 July 2009 when Moyles took a day off. He also filled-in for Pete Tong's "Essential Selection" on Radio 1 on 10 April 2008. That same year, Kay filled in again for Chris Moyles from 10 August to 15 August when he was on holiday. From 30 November 2009 Kay, again, covered for Chris Moyles on breakfast for a whole week as Moyles, Aled Haydn Jones and Fearne Cotton were away in Uganda handing out malaria nets and seeing how the money raised from the Mount Kilimanjaro climb for Comic Relief was being spent.


title: Vernon Kay

text: On 9 November 2012, it was announced that Kay would leave BBC Radio 1 to spend more time with his family. He presented his final show on 22 December and was replaced by Matt Edmondson.


title: Vernon Kay

text: After three years since his departure from Radio 1, Kay returned to radio on the newly launched Radio X network. In September 2015, Kay began presenting the weekday morning show from 10am to 1pm.


title: Vernon Kay

text: Kay returned to BBC Radio after nine years away, to cover for Rylan Clark on his BBC Radio 2 show "Rylan On Saturday" on 6 and 13 February 2021 and again on the 12 and 26 June as well as 3 July. He stood in for Steve Wright on Steve Wright in the Afternoon on the week of the 24–28 May 2021. Kay stood in for Dermot O'Leary on 21 August 2021. He was scheduled to fill in for Wright again from 26 August to 1 September 2021 but only presented on the 26 and 27 August before he began isolating after testing positive for COVID-19 and was replaced by Gethin Jones. He sat in again from 13–15 October 2021 & from 25 November - 1 December 2021 whilst Wright had an illness.


title: Vernon Kay

text: Kay has made a number of cameos, showing up in "Shaun of the Dead" (2004) and "" (2012). He also made an uncredited appearance as a feasting hall guest in "Hercules" (2014).


title: Vernon Kay

text: On 12 September 2003, Kay married Tess Daly at St Mary's Roman Catholic Church in Horwich, in Bolton. Together, they have two daughters, born in 2004 and 2009.


title: Vernon Kay

text: Kay received an honorary doctorate from the University of Bolton on 9 July 2009 for services to entertainment.


title: Vernon Kay

text: Kay is a passionate supporter of Bolton Wanderers F.C. He is also a fan of American football, joining the Manchester Allstars at the age of 13 and reuniting the team in 2011 for a one-off match against the Birmingham Lions. In 2011, he signed for the London Warriors, for whom he plays in the BAFANL Premier South division as a defensive back.


title: Jenna Boyd

text: Jenna Michelle Boyd (born March 4, 1993) is an American actress. She began her career as a child actress with roles in the 2003 films "The Hunted", "" and "The Missing", and the 2005 film "The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants". On television, she appeared on all four seasons of the Netflix comedy-drama "Atypical" (2017–2021).


title: Jenna Boyd

text: Boyd was born in Bedford, Texas. She was discovered at age two in a modeling search. She and her parents and younger brother Cayden (also an actor) moved to Los Angeles to pursue her acting career. In September 2019, she moved to Tulsa, Oklahoma as part of the Tulsa Remote program.


title: Jenna Boyd

text: Boyd began her career at age three, appearing in episodes of the children's TV show "Barney & Friends". She simultaneously acted and figure skated. In "" she played the daughter of a family hired by the titular character (David Spade) to help him recapture his childhood. Boyd's big break came when she was cast in "The Missing", alongside Cate Blanchett and Evan Rachel Wood. Although the film itself was not particularly well received, critics paid Boyd's performance.


title: Jenna Boyd

text: In 2005 Boyd played leukemia-suffering Bailey Graffman in "The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants". She appeared in the Lifetime miniseries "The Gathering" as the daughter of a doctor (Peter Gallagher) searching for his wife; and in the "Ghost Whisperer" episode "Children of Ghosts", as a troubled teenager living in a foster home. In 2017, she had the recurring role of Paige Hardaway, girlfriend of the autistic main character Sam Gardner, in the Netflix series "Atypical".


title: Jenna Boyd

text: In 2017 she stated that she had become a consultant for the multi-level marketing company Rodan + Fields.


title: Lee Jung-hyun

text: Lee Jung-hyun (born February 7, 1980), also known by her occasional stage name Ava, is a South Korean pop singer and actress. She was first recognized for her acting abilities with award-winning role in her first film and has been solidified as one of the top international acts from South Korea with her illustrious singing career. She has been known as "the Techno Queen" as she introduced the techno music genre to Korea. Lee is also known as "The Queen of Transformation" due to her changing new look for different songs. She is known as one of the first artists who introduced Korean Wave (Hallyu) to China and caused a sensation.


title: Lee Jung-hyun

text: Lee Jung-hyun made her acting debut at the age of 16 in "A Petal" in 1996, which won her 'Best New Actress' at the 34th Grand Bell Awards, 17th Blue Dragon Film Awards and 16th Korean Association of Film Critics Awards. The film tells the story of a girl who experienced the Gwangju uprising at the age of 15, and its effect on her life in later years. Since 1996, Lee has had numerous acting roles with projects in South Korea, Japan and China.


title: Lee Jung-hyun

text: In 2010, Lee regained her acting strides with the Chinese series "Confucius", playing the role of Nanzi. In 2011, Lee portrayed a shaman in Park Chan-wook and Park Chan-kyong's award-winning fantasy short film "Night Fishing", which was shot entirely on an iPhone. "Night Fishing" won the Golden Bear for Best Short Film at 2011 Berlin International Film Festival. In 2012, Lee portrayed a single mother in the coming-of-age film "Juvenile Offender", which won Best Feature at the Tokyo International Film Festival. She was next cast in the 2014 period blockbuster "", as the sole female character in the main cast. Lee returned to television in the SBS' drama "The Family is Coming".


title: Lee Jung-hyun

text: In 2015, Lee starred in black comedy film "Alice in Earnestland", which won her 'Best Actress' at the 36th Blue Dragon Film Awards & 3rd Wildflower Film Awards. Lee then starred in the bowling film "Split" in 2016, and war film "The Battleship Island" in 2017. In 2019, Lee is scheduled to star in the romantic comedy film "Shall We Do It Again".


title: Lee Jung-hyun

text: In 2020, Lee starred in the zombie film "Peninsula". The following year, she appeared in Park Chan-wook's mystery film "Decision to Leave".


title: Lee Jung-hyun

text: After debuting with an award-winning acting performance, Lee etched her singing career by introducing techno genre to the K-Pop scene and her ever-reinventing styles for each and every song. Lee assumes a unique persona for each release, such as a mermaid, Barbie doll, tribal queen, soldier, Korean folk dancer, belly dancer, or princess of the sea. She has garnered many nicknames over the years, including Techno Queen of Korea, Queen of Performance Art, Ms. Charisma, Little Giant, and Queen of Change.


title: Lee Jung-hyun

text: Before releasing her first solo music she featured as a guest vocalist on the Jo PD single "Fever", also appearing in the music video. She also appeared in the music video for Goofy's "The Rule of the Game".


title: Lee Jung-hyun

text: Her early work is techno-style dance music. Her first single, "Wa" (와, "Come") topped the Korean charts for three weeks, while her second, "Bakkweo" (바꿔, "Change") won awards for Best Song and Most Broadcast Song. These two songs were covered by artists throughout Asia and Europe. Many of her earlier songs are sung in an angry mood, from the perspective of a rejected lover. These two singles firmly established Lee as one of the top Korean singers who successfully gained popularity throughout Asia with her strong colorful performances.


title: Lee Jung-hyun

text: Ahead of the 2002 general elections, the singer was asked by political parties if they could use "Change" in their campaigns, to which she declined.


title: Lee Jung-hyun

text: Lee released Japanese versions of her early hits "Wa" and "Heaven" in December 2004. The single ranked #26 on Oricon chart in Week 3 of January 2005. Heaven was a theme song for the Korean drama "Beautiful Days". The drama became widely popular in Japan. On December 31, 2004, Lee was invited to perform Heaven and Wa-come on- and participate at the 55th edition of "Kōhaku Uta Gassen", an annual New Year's Eve live music show. In 2006, she released her first Japanese album, "This is Hyony".


title: Lee Jung-hyun

text: With her fifth album, "Passion", she switched to a Latin-influenced sound, complete with Spanish Guitar and flamenco-style tap dance.


title: Lee Jung-hyun

text: In May 2009, she released her first Korean mini album "Avaholic", featuring a trio of songs, "Crazy," "Vogue It Girl" and "Miro". The music video "Crazy" was choreographed by Brian Friedman. In September 2009, she was invited to open at Lady Gaga's The Fame Ball Tour in Club Answer, Seoul, South Korea. In December 2009, Lee sung her first ballad for the soundtrack of the Korean TV drama "Iris". The song, "How Can I Hold Back Tears," takes her to the ballad genre for the first time in her over 10-year singing career.


title: Lee Jung-hyun

text: In 2010, her seventh album was released on May 11, 2010 with the title song, "Suspicious Man." In this title single's music video, Lee once again showed her dynamic performance range by introducing a vengeful assassin with a short blonde do. The seventh album was entitled, "007th."


title: Lee Jung-hyun

text: In 2013, she released her single entitled "V", featuring Jin Goo in a music video directed by Park Chan-wook and Park Chan-kyong, with whom she'd previously worked on "Night Fishing".


title: Lee Jung-hyun

text: On June 22, 2012, Lee was appointed as an honorary ambassador for the Korea-China Cultural Industry Conference, called CICON.


title: Lee Jung-hyun

text: Lee married an orthopedic doctor in a private ceremony in 2019. During her appearance on "Stars' Top Recipe at Fun-Staurant", her husband, whose face was censored due to privacy concerns, was dubbed as "Baby".


title: Lee Jung-hyun

text: On April 23, 2022, Lee's agency confirmed that Lee gave birth to her first daughter on April 20, 2022.


title: Lee Jung-hyun

text: Lee's music has been featured in rhythm games. "Wa" and "Bakkwo" were included in the Korean dance game "Let's Dance". These songs were also featured in the Korean releases of "Dance Dance Revolution 3rdMix", as well as the "Dance Dance Revolution 4thMix" games. Also, "Nuh" (Trance Mix) was featured in EZ2Dancer.


title: Lee Jung-hyun

text: Her song "Come On!" is featured in the Pump It Up NX Absolute dance machine, both a short Chinese version and the full song version appearing in it.


title: Lee Jung-hyun

text: Currently, "I'll Give", "Going Crazy" and other songs are featured on Audition, an online dance-rhythm game.


title: Mr. Belvedere

text: Mr. Belvedere is an American sitcom that originally aired on ABC from March 15, 1985, to July 8, 1990. The series is based on the Lynn Aloysius Belvedere character created by Gwen Davenport for her 1947 novel "Belvedere", which was later adapted into the 1948 film "Sitting Pretty". The sitcom stars Christopher Hewett as the title character, who takes a job as a butler with an American family headed by George Owens, played by Bob Uecker.


title: Mr. Belvedere

text: The series follows posh English butler Lynn Belvedere as he struggles to adapt to the Owens household in suburban Pittsburgh. The breadwinner, George (Bob Uecker), is a sportswriter (in the pilot he worked in construction). His wife Marsha (Ilene Graff) is attending law school. At the show's start, older son Kevin (Rob Stone) is a senior in high school, daughter Heather (Tracy Wells) is a freshman, and Wesley (Brice Beckham) is in elementary school. Over the course of the series, George becomes a sportscaster (a career shared with Uecker, who balanced his role as the longtime play-by-play announcer for the Milwaukee Brewers while starring in the series), Marsha graduates from law school and starts a career as a lawyer, Kevin leaves for college and gets his own apartment, Heather moves up in high school, and Wesley moves up to junior high.


title: Mr. Belvedere

text: Several episodes deal with the relationship between Wesley and Mr. Belvedere, who are always at odds with each other, with Wesley constantly antagonizing Belvedere. Deep down, they are revealed to really love each other. In season two's "Wesley's Friend" – one of the series' many very special episodes – Danny, one of Wesley's classmates, contracts HIV via factor VIII treatment for hemophilia (the same way Ryan White contracted HIV). Danny is taken out of school due to the ignorance and uncertainty shared by the parents of many of the other children at Wesley's school. After hearing rumors from his friends about how HIV can be spread, leading them to shun him if he keeps spending time with Danny, Wesley begins to avoid Danny in fear of getting the disease himself. Mr. Belvedere is there for him and the child, and he helps Wesley to shed his fear of the boy and publicly accept him as his friend.


title: Mr. Belvedere

text: Throughout the series, Mr. Belvedere serves as a mentor of sorts to Wesley, as well as to the other children. Being a cultured man with many skills and achievements (having even once worked for Winston Churchill), he also comes to serve as some sort of a "counselor" to the Owens clan, helping them solve their dilemmas and stay out of mischief. Belvedere is the only one who can tame Wesley.


title: Mr. Belvedere

text: Each episode, except "Deportation Part 1" (season three) and "The Counselor" (season four), ends with Mr. Belvedere writing in his journal, recounting the events of the day (which is heard by the audience via his narration) with the Owens family and what he gets out of it in terms of a lesson.


title: Mr. Belvedere

text: A frequent gag on the show involves Heather's air-headed best friend Angela (Michele Matheson), who almost always mispronounces Mr. Belvedere's name (such as calling him "Mr. Bumpersticker", "Mr. Bellpepper", "Mr. Butterfinger" or "Mr. Velveeta"). Belvedere's penchant for junk food is shown in many episodes, often being playfully mocked by other characters. Another frequent gag involves George and Mr. Belvedere butting heads, with George being annoyed with his "nosy English housekeeper" always interfering. Yet another recurring gag features George always trying to be initiated into a local charity club, the "Happy Guys of Pittsburgh". Wesley's highly acrimonious relationship with the never-seen next door neighbors, the Hufnagels (whose first names all began with the letter H), and the shenanigans he pulls on them is another recurring plot element.


title: Mr. Belvedere

text: The character of Lynn Belvedere was originally created by Gwen Leys Davenport in her 1947 novel, "Belvedere". The following year, the title character was portrayed by Clifton Webb in the film "Sitting Pretty", which told the story of an arrogant genius who answers an employment advertisement for a babysitter for three bratty kids. He accepts such employment because he is secretly writing a novel about a community filled with gossips and busybodies. Webb's performance in the film earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor, and he reprised the role in two more movies, "Mr. Belvedere Goes to College" (1949) and "Mr. Belvedere Rings the Bell" (1951).


title: Mr. Belvedere

text: As early as the 1950s, attempts were made to adapt the character to television. Three pilots for a proposed series based on the Belvedere character were made during the 1950s and 1960s, a 1956 attempt starring Reginald Gardiner, a 1959 effort with Hans Conried, and a 1965 version starring Victor Buono in the title role. All efforts, however, were unsuccessful until 1985, when ABC picked up "Mr. Belvedere" to series to serve as a mid-season replacement, with British actor Christopher Hewett playing Lynn Belvedere.


title: Mr. Belvedere

text: The series' co-creators and executive producers, Frank Dungan and Jeff Stein, pitched the series as "a very elegant, very British sophisticate hired to restore order to a chaotic household in a Pittsburgh suburb." The show eventually developed with an upper-middle-class family in suburban Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, albeit a highly-fictionalized version of Beaver Falls. According to Dungan and Stein, Pittsburgh was chosen as the show's setting because "It was either Pittsburgh or Paris, and Paris doesn't have the Penguins... we wanted someplace with seasons and sporting activity... A city kinda going through a resurgence... with character and traditions that is moving into the '80s, a blue-collar community that is moving into the up-and-coming, yet with the traditional spirit of the country. From everything we've read, Pittsburgh is moving into high tech." The prediction of moving into high tech would eventually prove to be true, as several tech companies have since set up major offices in Pittsburgh long after the series ended.


title: Mr. Belvedere

text: Weeks after Pittsburgh was chosen as the show's setting, the city was named by Rand-McNally as the most livable American city. The show's produces promised to use this "national publicity". Both Dungan (who hailed from Philadelphia) and Stein (who is from Cleveland) admitted to never having been to Pittsburgh prior to developing the series, though Dungan's sister attended Carnegie Mellon University. (At the time, CMU's robotics department was in its infancy, which would lead to Pittsburgh's renaissance as a tech hub after the series ended.) "I remember for four years she talked about how Pittsburgh was changing, and about how different it was from Philadelphia." Stein admitted that early on, "we thought about setting the show in Cleveland, but that's too jokey" and that "we're not doing Pittsburgh jokes. We like Pittsburgh. We like the Pittsburgh Steelers. That's a classy ballclub. And we like Willie Stargell." No scenes from the pilot nor the first season's six episodes were shot in Pennsylvania, but the producers promised if they "get picked up for fall [1985–86], we'll probably come to Pittsburgh."


title: Mr. Belvedere

text: The producers educated themselves on Pittsburgh locales with a promotional calendar provided by the Pittsburgh Media Group (PMG), a consortium of public officials and Western Pennsylvania media. Dungan and Stein used it for story ideas during season one after the PMG pitched several studio groups in Los Angeles in January 1985. "People were impressed... the calendar has Pittsburgh scenes for each month. The Bridge of Sighs is February. The PPG Building is March. Three Rivers Stadium gets three months."


title: Mr. Belvedere

text: The show's theme song, "According to Our New Arrival," was performed by ragtime singer Leon Redbone. It was written by Judy Hart-Angelo and Gary Portnoy, who also co-wrote the theme songs to "Cheers" and "Punky Brewster". In the original unaired pilot, an unidentified studio vocalist sang the theme.


title: Mr. Belvedere

text: The song was composed in 1984 for a rejected television pilot called "Help" (which was later resurrected in 1987 as "Marblehead Manor", produced by Paramount Television and aired in first-run syndication). With a minor lyrical rewrite (changing the word ""arrivals"" to ""arrival""), it quickly became the theme song to "Mr. Belvedere". In 2007, Portnoy released a never-before-heard full-length version of the theme on his CD, "Destiny".


title: Mr. Belvedere

text: This sequence consisted of a purple family portrait book, with pictures of the cast (including a picture of George at his Construction job), set to the original version of theme song. This version was only used on the original unaired version of the pilot; the broadcast version used the second variation (see below). It surfaced on Antenna TV in 2015.


title: Mr. Belvedere

text: Similar to the original unaired Pilot, but now with a beige family portrait book, some of the cast pictures changed (most notably, George at his Construction job), and Leon Redbone singing the theme. The Redbone version would be used in all subsequent variations of the opening. On the Shout! Factory DVDs of Seasons One & Two, this was only seen on the broadcast version of the Pilot.


title: Mr. Belvedere

text: The opening was overhauled completely beginning with this season. It begins with a stock photo of a British palace, and then zooms in to Mr. Belvedere himself. It was then followed by Belvedere as different people (including a Man on Safari), followed by photos and clips from season one episodes, as well as general photos of the cast from said season. On the Shout! Factory DVDs of Seasons One & Two, this version was kept as is on all the season two episodes, but plastered the season one opening on episodes 2–7. In addition, the show adopted its familiar logo.


title: Mr. Belvedere

text: The opening was overhauled completely once more in season three. Now, it began with Mr. Belvedere writing in his journal, followed by the camera zooming in to the fictional World Focus magazine, with Belvedere on the front cover for the title card. It was then followed by edited images of Belvedere with famous people from around the world. The photos were updated to reflect how the cast looked in season three, and most of the season one clips were now replaced with scenes from season two episodes. In Season four, the opening was updated to feature new positions of Tracy Wells on the couch. In Season six, it was updated once more to feature clips from season five episodes, and new positions of Brice Beckham on the couch. A short 30 second version was also created, as well. In early Syndication reruns, the short season four/five opening was used on all the episodes, with the exception of season six; early reruns of season six used the short open from said season.


title: Mr. Belvedere

text: "Mr. Belvedere" did not place within Nielsen's Top 30 shows at any time during its six-season run; however it did have a relatively solid ratings base, and often won its time slot.


title: Mr. Belvedere

text: Its first season (1985) was exempt from the Nielsen ratings as it aired too few episodes before the end of April to be counted. In its second season (1985–86), the series ranked at #45 with a 14.8 rating.


title: Mr. Belvedere

text: During season three (1986–87), the show fell to 51st place with a 13.7 rating. At the end of the 1986–87 season, ABC decided to cancel the show after three seasons, but negative feedback from fans of the series led the network to reverse its decision and order a fourth season that debuted in October 1987. In season four (1987–88), the show fell to 64th place and an 11.5 rating for the year. For its fifth season (1988–89), the show rose to a 12.2 rating, placing it at #47 for the season.


title: Mr. Belvedere

text: For its sixth and final season (1989–90), "Mr. Belvedere" left its longtime Friday night slot (which began its evolution into the long-running TGIF block that season) and was moved to 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time on Saturday nights. The move led "Mr. Belvedere" to suffer a steep ratings decline, falling to a 6.3 rating. The final episode to air before it was put on hiatus on December 30, 1989 ranked #70 out of 83 shows. ABC canceled the series for good in February 1990. The two-part finale, which aired on July 1 and July 8, 1990, ranked #59 and #37, respectively, out of the 86 shows that aired during those weeks.


title: Mr. Belvedere

text: In addition to its existing prime time airings, ABC aired reruns of the first three seasons of "Mr. Belvedere" on the network's daily daytime schedule from September 7, 1987 to January 15, 1988, filling the gap between the cancellation of the game show "Bargain Hunters" and the premiere of the talk show "Home".


title: Mr. Belvedere

text: On September 11, 1989, (about the time the show entered its final season), and continuing in sporadically until 1997, it was seen in local syndication on select Fox affiliates. Along with the addition of seasons four through six, ten previously unaired episodes (two from season five and eight from season six), were also added to the syndication package. The syndication package initially consisted of all 95 half-hour episodes produced up until the end of season five in 1989; the following year, season six (the remaining 22 half-hour episodes) was finally included in the package.


title: Mr. Belvedere

text: In the early 2000s, reruns of the series aired on Foxnet (a master feed of the Fox network for markets without a local affiliate, which aired syndicated programs outside of network programming), and on CTS in Canada from 2002 to 2004.


title: Mr. Belvedere

text: On December 17, 2009, American Life Network aired both of the series' Christmas-themed episodes, as part of the network's month-long block of holiday-centered episodes of series from 20th Century Fox Television (season four's "Christmas Story" and season six's "A Happy Guy's Christmas"). This was the first time in over a decade that "Mr. Belvedere" was syndicated in U.S. On or around October 3, 2011, reruns began airing on FamilyNet, marking the first time that the series had been regularly syndicated in over 15 years. Around November 2012, Dish Network began broadcasting FamilyNet's successor channel, Rural TV, making the show viewable throughout the U.S. on weeknights (with commercial bumpers intact briefly). On January 5, 2015, Antenna TV began airing reruns of the series, initially airing seven days a week. These have been completely unedited, and include alternate pilot credits without Leon Redbone singing. It aired until April 1, 2018.


title: Mr. Belvedere

text: Shout! Factory (under license from 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment) has released the first four seasons of "Mr. Belvedere" on DVD in Region 1, featuring the original unedited prints of the episodes. Currently, Shout! Factory does not have the DVD rights to seasons five and six, and has been involved in protracted negotiations to acquire those remaining episodes (46 in total) for future releases.


title: Box (company)

text: Box, Inc. (formerly Box.net) is a public company based in Redwood City, California. It develops and markets cloud-based content management, collaboration, and file sharing tools for businesses. Box was founded in 2005 by Aaron Levie and Dylan Smith. Initially, it focused on consumers, but around 2009 and 2010 Box pivoted to focus on business users. The company raised about $500 million over numerous funding rounds, before going public in 2015. Its software allows users to store and manage files in an online folder system accessible from any device. Users can then comment on the files, share them, apply workflows, and implement security and governance policies.


title: Box (company)

text: The idea for Box.com started in 2003 with Aaron Levie, who was a business student at University of Southern California. He wrote a paper for school on the industry for storing digital files online and started developing the Box service in 2004. In 2005, Levie dropped out of school to work on Box full-time with long-time friend and cofounder Dylan Smith. Initially, the software was developed in the attic of Smith's parents' house, then in a garage owned by Levie's uncle that had been converted into a living space. Levie and Smith were joined by cofounders Jeff Queisser and Sam Ghods. The founders relied on their own money as well as support from friends and family members, until Mark Cuban invested $350,000 in seed funding in 2005.


title: Box (company)

text: The Box service was released in 2005. In the first year after its release, the company's revenue was in the tens of thousands of dollars. It raised $1.5 million in series A funding in 2006 and $6 million in Series B funding in 2008. Box's revenues grew 500% from 2008 to 2009. By 2010, the company had raised $29.5 million in funding and the service had four million users.


title: Box (company)

text: Box was initially focused on consumers, but many of those consumers used the service at work. Box pivoted to focus on business users around 2009 and 2010. The company developed features to embed Box in common business applications or use APIs to integrate with them. In 2009, it acquired Increo Solutions, which developed software for previewing and collaborating on digital files. In 2011, a reworked version of the Box service was released with technical improvements designed for handling large numbers of business users, changes to the user interface, and more collaboration features. The company started developing its first industry-specific features for heavily regulated industries in 2012, when it introduced tools for HIPAA compliance at healthcare organizations.


title: Box (company)

text: Box also expanded internationally, with offices in London, Berlin, and Tokyo, among other locations. In 2011, the company raised $48 million in funding to support its data centers. This was followed by an additional $125 million in funding round the next year, $100 million in 2013, and $150 million in 2014. By 2014, Box had made five acquisitions. These included the 2013 acquisition of Crocodoc, which developed software for opening documents online, and dLoop, which focused on analytics related to digital files. The company also purchased Streem for its technology that synchronizes files between devices and online files.


title: Box (company)

text: On January 23, 2015 Box became a public company via an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange. In November 2014, Box acquired MedXT, which developed medical software, for $3.84 million. The following February, it acquired cloud management service Airpost. Box moved its headquarters to its current location in Redwood City, California in January 2016. In July 2018, Box acquired search engine company Butter.ai. In 2019, hedge fund Starboard Value took a 7.5% stake in the company.


title: Box (company)

text: In May 2020, Box announced a new version with improved integration with videotelephony software, as well as a feature called Collections that allows users to customize their personal folder structure, due to the increase in remote work during the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Box (company)

text: Box acquired e-signature startup SignRequest for $55 million, in February 2021. In April 2021, Box announced that it had accepted a $500 million investment from KKR, a private equity firm.


title: Box (company)

text: Box.com is a cloud-based content management system with collaboration, security, analytics and other features related to files and information. There is a core Box service, then add-ons for different industries and situations. Box is used to manage, share, and collaborate on digital files. As of 2017, there are about 41 million users, constituting 6.5% of the market for software that helps manage, share, and collaborate on digital files.


title: Box (company)

text: Box stores files in an online folder system that can be accessed from any device with an internet connection. Often, a copy of the files are also stored on the user's devices, then synchronized with the online version. Users can invite "collaborators" that can upload or modify files or the user can share specific files or folders. Users can also create certain files directly in Box.com and add comments or notes that are visible from the folder system.


title: Box (company)

text: Box began as a simple service for storing, sharing, and syncing files among different users and devices, but developed over time into an enterprise product with features for security and compliance. Files on Box are encrypted using TLS encryption. Each user has access to their own documents, as well as to corporate files that the IT department manages. IT staff can also set other access and security policies, get audit information like who accessed what files, and receive alerts for suspicious downloads. Box's open APIs allow it to integrate with common business applications. For example, one integration allows users to save files to their Box.com folders directly from Microsoft applications. The company also provides consulting, support, and other services.


title: Box (company)

text: Box held its first annual conference, BoxWorks, in January 2010, initially under the name Altitude. The first conference drew about 300 attendees, but grew to about 3,000 by 2013.


title: The Order (white supremacist group)

text: The Order, also known as the (German for "Brothers Keep Silent" or "Brothers' Silence"), Silent Brotherhood or less commonly known as the Aryan Resistance Movement, was a white supremacist terrorist organization active in the United States between September 1983 and December 1984. The group raised funds via armed robbery. Ten members were tried and convicted for racketeering, and two for their role in the 1984 murder of radio talk show host Alan Berg.


title: The Order (white supremacist group)

text: The Order was founded by Robert Jay Mathews in late September 1983 at his farm near Metaline, Washington. Reportedly, Mathews's farm was where the members trained. Mathews had previously formed the Sons of Liberty, an anti-communist militia mostly made up of Mormon survivalists, fundamentalists and associates of John Singer that had no connection to the historical American organization of the same name.


title: The Order (white supremacist group)

text: A fundamental goal of The Order was revolution against the American government, which its members, and those of other white supremacist groups, believed to be controlled by a cabal of Jews with internationalist and Jewish-racial loyalties, rather than loyalty to the American nation. The Order was named after, and partly modeled on, a fictional terrorist group in William Luther Pierce's novel "The Turner Diaries". The Order's goals included the establishment of a homeland (now the Northwest Territorial Imperative) from which Jews and non-whites would be barred. They often referred to the United States federal government as "ZOG", an acronym for Zionist Occupied Government. Members of the Order included Randy Evans, Gary Yarborough, Bruce Pierce, Denver Parmenter, Frank DeSilva (also known as Frank Silva), Richard Scutari, David Lane, Randy Duey, and David Tate.


title: The Order (white supremacist group)

text: The Order drew up a hit list of enemies, and on June 18, 1984 radio talk show host Alan Berg was murdered in front of his home by Bruce Pierce, assisted by other members of The Order. Berg was number two on The Order's list.


title: The Order (white supremacist group)

text: In December 1984, authorities were able to track Mathews down to a house on Whidbey Island where he refused to surrender. During a shootout, the house was ignited by incendiary flares and became engulfed in flames, and Mathews was killed. Mathews is considered a martyr by some white nationalists.


title: The Order (white supremacist group)

text: Next, the group discussed how to fund actions of The Order, considering bidding on lumber-jacking and timber contracts, counterfeiting money, diaspora funding from overseas oil countries, and robberies. Though timber contracts were legal, counterfeiting money appealed to the ideals of the group in that it undermined the government by devaluing US currency. Robbery was first denied as an option due to its perceived sinful nature, until someone suggested they could rob pimps and drug dealers, which would raise money for the organization as well as set back street criminals in their businesses.


title: The Order (white supremacist group)

text: The organization won a bid on a timber trimming contract for a trail in the Salmo-Priest Wilderness. After five hours of grueling work, Matthews decided to call off the work and head home. Headed back to the trucks, David Lane muttered, "Well, we're going to have to be better thinkers than our fathers were, because we're sure not the men they were," while Matthews mentions that the pay off from the job "would not fund the right wing for a week anyway." The Order decided to try their hand at robberies, attempting to target pimps and drug dealers. After weeks of trailing black men in flashy cars, they realized they had no idea what a pimp or drug dealer looked like , and decided to switch to other crimes for funding.


title: The Order (white supremacist group)

text: The Order raised money through robbery. This began with the robbery of a pornographic video store, which netted them $369.10. Their later robberies were more effective, including a bank robbery, followed by a series of three armored car robberies. In the armored car robberies, they took a total of $4.1 million, including their final armored car robbery near Ukiah, California that netted them $3.8 million. The Order detonated a timed firebomb in a movie theater in Seattle (causing no deaths or injuries), in order to occupy the police during their second planned armored car robbery that took place the next day. Proceeds from these robberies were distributed to leaders of sympathetic organizations such as William Pierce (National Alliance) and Frazier Glenn Miller, Jr. (White Patriot Party).


title: The Order (white supremacist group)

text: The Order also ran a counterfeiting operation, but their bills were of poor quality, especially early on, and they led to Bruce Pierce being jailed early on, which later precipitated the group's downfall.


title: The Order (white supremacist group)

text: The Order was ultimately brought down when a member, Tom Martinez, approached the FBI and offered to turn informant. His role in the organisation had been to pass counterfeit money and he had been arrested on June 29, 1984, for passing counterfeit ten dollar bills to buy liquor. After he was released on his own recognizance Mathews convinced him to go underground and during this period Martinez learned that Mathews intended to kill the liquor store owner in order to prevent him from testifying. When he learned of Mathews' plan, Martinez approached the FBI and offered to turn informant.


title: The Order (white supremacist group)

text: Ten members of The Order were tried and convicted under Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) statutes with the help of the testimony of Frazier Glenn Miller, Jr., who testified against Order members in order to have his own sentence reduced. In a separate trial, three other members of The Order were tried and convicted of violating the civil rights of Alan Berg. No one has been charged in the murder of Berg. David Lane, the getaway driver for Berg's assailants, was sentenced to 190 consecutive years on the charges of racketeering, conspiracy, and violating Berg's civil rights. He died in prison in 2007. Order member Bruce Pierce was sentenced to 252 years in prison for his involvement in the Berg murder, and died of natural causes at the Allenwood Federal Correctional Complex on August 16, 2010 at the age of 56. Like Mathews, Lane and Pierce are regarded by many white-supremacists as heroes, political prisoners, and martyrs. In another trial, 14 men were charged with sedition, conspiracy, and civil rights violations. Thirteen of them were acquitted, and the judge dismissed the charges against the fourteenth man for lack of evidence.


title: The Order (white supremacist group)

text: A 2011 NPR report claimed that some of the people associated with this group were imprisoned in a highly restrictive Communication Management Unit. Richard Scutari, a member of the Order, was sentenced to a 60-year prison term in 1986, and was transferred to USP Marion CMU in July 2008.


title: The Order (white supremacist group)

text: The Order II, which is also known as the Bruder Schweigen Strike Force II, was an attempt to perpetuate the activities of the first Order by David and Deborah Dorr, both of whom were previously members of the Aryan Nations, but their activities were confined to the state of Idaho. The group launched its first attack on March 6, 1986, when it sent a packaged bomb to Gary Solomon, a local Jewish businessman who owned the Solomon Trucking company in Hayden Lake, Idaho. No casualties resulted from the incident and it is unknown whether or not the explosion caused any property damage. The bomb was sent by David Dorr, the leader of Order II, a group that grew out of the original Order, which had previously collapsed. Order II (Bruder Schweigen Strike Force II) was also anti-government and anti-Semitic.


title: The Order (white supremacist group)

text: On August 7 of the same year, a 12-inch tube bomb exploded at Fred Bower's auto repair shop in Hayden, Idaho, causing about $2,000 in damage. No casualties resulted from the incident. The two perpetrators, David and Deborah Dorr, and an alleged third perpetrator, Edward W. Hawley, were members of the Bruder Schweigen Strike Force II.


title: The Order (white supremacist group)

text: On September 16, 1986, an explosion was reported in front of the house of a Catholic priest who lived in the city of Coeur d'Alene, in Idaho. The explosion caused no injuries. It only caused property damage. On September 29, 1986, his latest attack targeted a federal building, a telephone and luggage store, and a restaurant parking lot in Coeur d'Alene, without causing any injuries.


title: The Order (white supremacist group)

text: The ATF and local, state and federal security forces collected evidence from the scene of the blast and executed a federal search warrant at Dorr's residence three days later. Special agents discovered a shelter that housed fully automatic AR-15 assault rifles which was a violation of federal firearms laws, as well as 30 other firearms, large amounts of ammunition and counterfeit money. They also discovered bomb-making components that were used in the September 29 explosion, as well as in previous bombings. The militants received federal sentences which ranged from 6 to 30 years and state sentences which ranged from 5 years to life in prison.


title: Flash flood

text: A flash flood is a rapid flooding of low-lying areas: washes, rivers, dry lakes and depressions. It may be caused by heavy rain associated with a severe thunderstorm, hurricane, or tropical storm, or by meltwater from ice or snow flowing over ice sheets or snowfields. Flash floods may also occur after the collapse of a natural ice or debris dam, or a human structure such as a man-made dam, as occurred before the Johnstown Flood of 1889. Flash floods are distinguished from regular floods by having a timescale of fewer than six hours between rainfall and the onset of flooding.


title: Flash flood

text: Flash floods are a significant hazard, causing more fatalities in the U.S. in an average year than lightning, tornadoes, or hurricanes. Flash floods can also deposit large quantities of sediments on floodplains and can be destructive of vegetation cover not adapted to frequent flood conditions.


title: Flash flood

text: Flash floods most often occur in dry areas that have recently received precipitation, but they may be seen anywhere downstream from the source of the precipitation, even many miles from the source. In areas on or near volcanoes, flash floods have also occurred after eruptions, when glaciers have been melted by the intense heat. Flash floods are known to occur in the highest mountain ranges of the United States and are also common in the arid plains of the Southwestern United States. Flash flooding can also be caused by extensive rainfall released by hurricanes and other tropical storms, as well as the sudden thawing effect of ice dams. Human activities can also cause flash floods to occur. When dams fail, a large quantity of water can be released and destroy everything in its path.


title: Flash flood

text: The United States National Weather Service gives the advice "Turn Around, Don't Drown" for flash floods; that is, it recommends that people get out of the area of a flash flood, rather than trying to cross it. Many people tend to underestimate the dangers of flash floods. What makes flash floods most dangerous is their sudden nature and fast-moving water. A vehicle provides little to no protection against being swept away; it may make people overconfident and less likely to avoid the flash flood. More than half of the fatalities attributed to flash floods are people swept away in vehicles when trying to cross flooded intersections. As little as of water is enough to carry away most SUV-sized vehicles. The U.S. National Weather Service reported in 2005 that, using a national 30-year average, more people die yearly in floods, 127 on average, than by lightning (73), tornadoes (65), or hurricanes (16).


title: Flash flood

text: In deserts, flash floods can be particularly deadly for several reasons. First, storms in arid regions are infrequent, but they can deliver an enormous amount of water in a very short time. Second, these rains often fall on poorly absorbent and often clay-like soil, which greatly increases the amount of runoff that rivers and other water channels have to handle. These regions tend not to have the infrastructure that wetter regions have to divert water from structures and roads, such as storm drains, culverts, and retention basins, either because of sparse population or poverty, or because residents believe the risk of flash floods is not high enough to justify the expense. In fact, in some areas, desert roads frequently cross a dry river and creek beds without bridges. From the driver's perspective, there may be clear weather, when a river unexpectedly forms ahead of or around the vehicle in a matter of seconds. Finally, the lack of regular rain to clear water channels may cause flash floods in deserts to be headed by large amounts of debris, such as rocks, branches, and logs.


title: Flash flood

text: Deep slot canyons can be especially dangerous to hikers as they may be flooded by a storm that occurs on a mesa miles away. The flood sweeps through the canyon; the canyon makes it difficult to climb up and out of the way to avoid the flood. For example, a cloudburst in southern Utah on 14 September 2015 resulted in 20 flash flood fatalities, of which seven fatalities occurred at Zion National Park when hikers were trapped by floodwaters in a slot canyon.


title: Flash flood

text: Flash floods induce severe impacts in both the built and the natural environment. The effects of flash floods can be catastrophic and show extensive diversity, ranging from damages in buildings and infrastructure to impacts on vegetation, human lives and livestock. The effects are particularly difficult to characterize in urban areas.


title: Flash flood

text: Researchers have used datasets such as the Severe Hazards Analysis and Verification Experiment (SHAVE) and the U.S. National Weather Service (NWS) "Storm Data" datasets to connect the impact of flash floods with the physical processes involved in flash flooding. This should increase the reliability of flash flood impact forecasting models. Analysis of flash floods in the United States between 2006 and 2012 shows that injuries and fatalities are most likely in small, rural catchments, that the shortest events are also the most dangerous, that the hazards are greatest after nightfall, and that a very high fraction of injuries and fatalities involve vehicles.


title: Flash flood

text: An impact severity scale is proposed in 2020 providing a coherent overview of the flash flood effects through the classification of impact types and severity and mapping their spatial extent in a continuous way across the floodplain. Depending on the affected elements, the flood effects are grouped into 4 categories: (i) impacts on built environment (ii) impacts on man-made mobile objects,(iii) impacts on the natural environment (including vegetation, agriculture, geomorphology, and pollution) and (iv) impacts on the human population (entrapments, injuries, fatalities). The scale was proposed as a tool on prevention planning, as the resulting maps offer insights on future impacts, highlighting the high severity areas.


title: Flash flood

text: Flash floods can cause rapid soil erosion. Much of the Nile delta sedimentation may come from flash flooding in the desert areas that drain into the Nile River. However, flash floods of short duration produce relatively little bedrock erosion or channel widening, having their greatest impact from sedimentation on the floodplain.


title: Flash flood

text: Some wetlands plants, such as certain varieties of rice, are adapted to endure flash flooding. However, plants that thrive in drier areas can be harmed by flooding, as the plants can become stressed by the large amount of water.


title: Gulf of Finland

text: The Gulf of Finland (; ; ; ) is the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea. It extends between Finland to the north and Estonia to the south, to Saint Petersburg in Russia to the east, where the river Neva drains into it. Other major cities around the gulf include Helsinki and Tallinn. The eastern parts of the Gulf of Finland belong to Russia, and some of Russia's most important oil harbors are located farthest in, near Saint Petersburg (including Primorsk). As the seaway to Saint Petersburg, the Gulf of Finland has been and continues to be of considerable strategic importance to Russia. Some of the environmental problems affecting the Baltic Sea are at their most pronounced in the shallow gulf. Proposals for a tunnel through the gulf have been made.


title: Gulf of Finland

text: The gulf has an area of . The length (from the Hanko Peninsula to Saint Petersburg) is and the width varies from near the entrance to on the meridian of Moshchny Island; in the Neva Bay, it decreases to . The gulf is relatively shallow, with the depth decreasing from the entrance to the gulf to the continent. The sharpest change occurs near Narva-Jõesuu, which is why this place is called the Narva wall. The average depth is with the maximum of . The depth of the Neva Bay is less than ; therefore, in March 2019, a channel was dug at the bottom for safe navigation. Because of the large influx of fresh water from rivers, especially from the Neva River (two-thirds of the total runoff), the gulf water has very low salinity – between 0.2 and 0.3 ‰ at the surface and 0.3–0.5 ‰ near the bottom. The average water temperature is close to in winter; in summer, it is at the surface and at the bottom. Parts of the gulf can freeze from late November to late April; the freezing starts in the east and gradually proceeds to the west. Complete freezing usually occurs by late January, and it may not occur in mild winters.


title: Gulf of Finland

text: The northern coast of the gulf is high and winding, with abundant small bays and skerries, but only a few large bays (Vyborg) and peninsulas (Hanko and Porkkalanniemi). The coast is mostly sloping; there are abundant sandy dunes, with occasional pine trees. The southern shores are smooth and shallow, but along the entire coast runs a limestone escarpment, the Baltic Klint, with a height up to . In the east, the gulf ends with Neva Bay; in the west it merges with the Baltic Sea.


title: Gulf of Finland

text: The gulf contains numerous banks, skerries and islands. The largest include Kotlin Island with the city of Kronstadt (population 42,800), Beryozovye Islands, Lisiy Island, Maly Vysotsky Island with the nearby city of Vysotsk (population 1706), Gogland (Suursaari), Moshtchny (Lavansaari), Bolshoy Tyuters (Tytärsaari), Sommers, Naissaar, Kimitoön, Kökar, Seskar (Seiskari), Pakri Islands and others.


title: Gulf of Finland

text: Starting in 1700, Russia constructed nineteen artificial islands with fortresses in the gulf. They aimed to defend Russia from maritime attacks, especially in the context of the Great Northern War of 1700–1721. Such fortresses include Fort Alexander, Krasnaya Gorka, Ino, Totleben and .


title: Gulf of Finland

text: The largest rivers flowing into the gulf are the Neva (from the east), the Narva (from the south), and the Kymi (from the north). Keila, Pirita, Jägala, Kunda, Luga, Sista and Kovashi flow into the gulf from the south. From the north flow the Sestra River, Porvoo, Vantaa and several other small rivers. The Saimaa Canal connects the gulf with the Saimaa lake.


title: Gulf of Finland

text: The International Hydrographic Organization defines the western limit of the Gulf of Finland as a line running from Spithami (59°13'N), in Estonia, through the Estonian island of Osmussaar from SE to NW and on to the SW extremity of Hanko Peninsula (22°54'E) in Finland.


title: Gulf of Finland

text: The modern depression can be traced to the incision of large rivers during the Cenozoic prior to the Quaternary glaciation. These rivers eroded the sedimentary strata above the Fennoscandian Shield. In particular the eroded material was made up of Ediacaran (Vendian) and Cambrian-aged claystone and sandstone. As erosion progressed, the rivers encountered harder layers of Ordovician-aged limestone, leading to the formation of the cliffs of Baltic Klint in northern Estonia and Ingria. Subsequently, the depression was somewhat reshaped by glacier activities. Its retreat formed the Littorina Sea, whose water level was some 7–9 metres higher than the present level of the Baltic Sea. Some 4,000 years ago the sea receded and shoals in the gulf have become its islands. Later uplifting of the Baltic Shield skewed the surface of the gulf; for this reason, its ancient northern shores are significantly higher than the southern ones.


title: Gulf of Finland

text: The climate in the area is humid continental climate, characterized by temperate to hot summers and cold, occasionally severe winters with regular precipitation. The vegetation is dominated by a mixture of coniferous and deciduous forests and treeless coastal meadows and cliffs. The major forest trees are pine, spruce, birch, willows, rowan, aspen, common and gray alder. In the far eastern part of the gulf vegetation of the marshy areas consists mainly of bulrush and reeds, as well as fully aquatic plants, such as white and yellow waterlilies and acute sedge. Aquatic plants in the shallow waters of the gulf include "Ruppia" and spiny naiad.


title: Gulf of Finland

text: Fish species of the gulf include Atlantic salmon, viviparous eelpout, gobies, belica, loach, European chub, common minnow, silver bream, common dace, ruffe, Crucian carp, stickleback, European smelt, common rudd, brown trout, tench, pipefish, burbot, perch, gudgeon, lumpsucker, roach, lamprey, vendace, garfish, common whitefish, common bream, zander, orfe, northern pike, spined loach, sprat, Baltic herring, sabre carp, common bleak, European eel and Atlantic cod. Commercial fishing is carried out in spring and autumn. Grey seal and ringed seal are met in the gulf, but the latter is very rare.


title: Gulf of Finland

text: Many ancient sites were discovered on the shores of the gulf dated to up to nine thousand years old. Humans began to inhabit these places soon after the ice age glaciers retreated and the water level of the Littorina Sea lowered to reveal the land. Remains of about 11 Neolithic settlements were found since 1905 in the mouth of the river Sestra River (Leningrad Oblast). They contain arrow tips and scrapers made of quartz, numerous food utensils and traces of fire camps – all indicative of hunting rather than agricultural or animal husbandry activities.


title: Gulf of Finland

text: The gulf coast was later populated by Finnic peoples. Eesti (or Chud) inhabited the region of the modern Estonia, Votes were living on the south of the gulf and Izhorians to the south of Neva River. Korela tribes settled to the west of Lake Ladoga. In the 8th and 9th centuries, the banks of Neva and of the Gulf of Finland was populated by East Slavs, in particular by Ilmen Slavs and Krivichs. They were engaged in slash-and-burn agriculture, animal husbandry, hunting and fishing. From the 8th to the 13th century, the Gulf of Finland and Neva were parts of the waterway from Scandinavia, through Eastern Europe to the Byzantine Empire.


title: Gulf of Finland

text: From the 9th century, the eastern coast of the gulf belonged to Veliky Novgorod and were called Vodskaya Pyatina. As a result of the 1219 crusade and the Battle of Lindanise, the Northern Estonia became part of Denmark (Danish Estonia). In the 12th century, the city Reval (, ) was established on the territory of modern Tallinn. As a result of the Estonian uprising in 1343, the Northern Estonia was taken over by the Teutonic Order and sold by Denmark in 1346. In 1559, during the Livonian War, the Bishop of Ösel-Wiek in Old Livonia sold his lands to King Frederick II of Denmark for 30,000 thalers. The Danish king gave the territory to his younger brother Magnus who landed on Saaremaa with an army in 1560. The whole of Saaremaa became a Danish possession in 1573, and remained so until it was transferred to Sweden in 1645.


title: Gulf of Finland

text: In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Finnish tribes on the north of the gulf were conquered by the Swedes who then proceeded to the Slavs. The first encounter is attributed to 1142 when 60 Swedish ships attacked 3 Russian merchant vessels. After a Swedish attack in 1256, the Russian army of Alexander Nevsky crossed the frozen gulf and raided the Swedish territories in the modern Finland. In 1293, the Vyborg Castle and city of Vyborg was founded by the Swedish marshal Torkel Knutsson. The castle was fought over for decades between Sweden and the Novgorod Republic. By the Treaty of Nöteborg in 1323, Vyborg was finally recognized as a part of Sweden. It withstood a prolonged siege by Daniil Shchenya during the Russo-Swedish War of 1496–1499. The town's trade privileges were chartered by King Eric of Pomerania in 1403. Vyborg remained in Swedish hands until its capture by Peter the Great in the Great Northern War (1710).


title: Gulf of Finland

text: In 1323, the Treaty of Nöteborg set the border between Sweden and Russia along the river Sestra. In the 15th century, the Izhorian lands of the Novgorod Republic were attached to the Grand Duchy of Moscow. In 1550, Gustav I of Sweden founded a city on the site of modern Helsinki. As a result of the Russian defeat in the Ingrian War (1610–1617) and the Treaty of Stolbovo (1617) the lands on the Gulf of Finland and Neva River became part of the Swedish Ingria. Its capital Nyen was located in the delta of Neva River.


title: Gulf of Finland

text: Russia reclaimed the eastern part of the gulf as a result of the victory in the Great Northern War (1700–1721). On 16 May 1703, Saint Petersburg was founded in the mouth of Neva River, not far from Nyen, and in 1712 it became Russia's capital. To protect the city from the Swedish fleet, the Kronshlot fortress was built on an artificial island near the Kotlin Island in May 1704. By 1705, five more such forts were built nearby composing the city Kronstadt. These fortifications, nicknamed by the contemporaries "the Russian Dardanelles", were designed to control the Gulf waterway.


title: Gulf of Finland

text: In 1710, the cities of Peterhof and Oranienbaum were founded on the southern shore of the Gulf of Finland. On 27 July 1714, near the Hanko Peninsula, the Russian Navy won the Battle of Gangut – a decisive victory over the Imperial Swedish Navy. The Russo-Swedish war ended in 1721 by the Treaty of Nystad, by which Russia received all the lands along the Neva and the Gulf of Finland, as well as Estland, Swedish Livonia and western part of the Karelian Isthmus, including Vyborg. However, Finland was returned to Sweden. The war resumed in (1788–1790), and the Battle of Hogland occurred on 6 July 1788 near the island Gogland. Both the battle and the war were relatively minor and indecisive, with the outcome of Russia retaining its territories.


title: Gulf of Finland

text: The next Russo-Swedish war was fought in (1808–1809). It ended with the Treaty of Fredrikshamn giving the Russia rights on the territory of Finland and Åland. The newly established in 1809 Grand Duchy of Finland received broad autonomy within the Russian Empire and Western Karelia was returned to Finland. On 6 December 1917, the Parliament of Finland promulgated the Finnish Declaration of Independence. Western Karelia was annexed by the Soviet Union after the Winter War.


title: Gulf of Finland

text: Estonia declared independence on 24 February 1918 and fought a war of independence. The republic existed until 1940 and then was annexed by the Soviet Union. Estonia regained its independence after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.


title: Gulf of Finland

text: In March 1921, the Kronstadt rebellion by sailors was put down by the Red Army. The Gulf of Finland had several major naval operations during World War II. In August 1941, during the evacuation of the Baltic Fleet from Tallinn to Kronstadt, German forces sank 15 Russian military vessels, (5 destroyers, 2 submarines, 3 guard ships, 2 minesweepers, 2 gunboats and 1 Motor Torpedo Boat) as well as 43 transport and support ships. Several ships still remain on the gulf bottom near Cape Juminda, and a monument was raised there in memory of those lost in the events.


title: Gulf of Finland

text: In 1978, construction was started on the Saint Petersburg Dam aiming to protect Saint Petersburg from the frequent floods. The work was halted at 60% completion in the late 1980s, due to the financial problems related to the breakup of the Soviet Union; it was resumed in 2001 and is – as of August 2011 – complete.


title: Gulf of Finland

text: The southern coast of the gulf contains the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant and a network of ports and unique natural and historical places. Navigation has long been the dominant activity in the gulf. The major port cities and their functions are, in Russia: Saint Petersburg (all kinds of goods), Kronstadt (container shipping),


title: Gulf of Finland

text: Lomonosov (general cargo, containers, metals), Vyborg (general cargo), Primorsk (oil and petroleum products), Vysotsk (oil and coal), Ust-Luga (oil, coal, timber, containers); in Finland: Helsinki (containers), Kotka (containers, timber, agricultural products; it is the main transhipment cargo port for Russia), Hanko (containers, vehicles), Turku (containers, rail ferry), Kilpilahti/Sköldvik harbour (oil refinery); in Estonia: Tallinn (grains, refrigerators, oil), Paldiski, Sillamäe. Gulf of Finland is also part of the Volga–Baltic Waterway and White Sea–Baltic Canal. Important goods include apatite from the Kola Peninsula, Karelian granite and greenstone, timber from Arkhangelsk Oblast and Vologda, ferrous metals from Cherepovets, coal from Donbas and the Kuznetsk Basin, pyrite from Ural, potassium chloride from Solikamsk, oil from Volga region, and grains from many regions of Russia.


title: Gulf of Finland

text: Passenger transport on the gulf includes a number of ferry lines which connect the following ports: Helsinki and Hanko (Finland), Mariehamn (Åland), Stockholm and Kapellskär (Sweden), Tallinn and Paldiski (Estonia), Rostock (Germany), Saint Petersburg and Kaliningrad (Russia), as well as many other cities.


title: Gulf of Finland

text: Another major and historical activity in the gulf is fishing, especially on the northern coast near Vyborg, Primorsk and on the southern coast near Ust-Luga. Commercial fish species are herring, sprats, European smelt, whitefishes, carp bream, roaches, perch, European eel, lamprey and others. In 2005, the catchment was 2000 tons by the ships of Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast alone.


title: Gulf of Finland

text: In September 2005 the agreement was signed on the construction of the Nord Stream 1 offshore gas pipeline on the Baltic Sea, from Vyborg to the German city of Greifswald. The first line was expected become operational in 2011. Afterwards, the first line of Nord Stream was laid by May 2011 and was inaugurated on 8 November 2011; the second line was inaugurated on 8 October 2012, and was completed in September 2021, but has not entered service yet, as its approval got halted in February 2022.