title: Automotive lighting

text: Neon light tubes were introduced into series production for the centre high-mount stop light on the 1995 Ford Explorer. Notable later uses included the 1998 Lincoln Mark VIII with a neon tube spanning the width of the trunk decklid, and the BMW Z8, which made extensive use of neon.


title: Automotive lighting

text: The linear format of the neon light source lends itself to centre high-mount stop light installation, and neon lights offer the same nearly instant rise time as LEDs. However, neon tubes require a ballast.


title: Automotive lighting

text: In distributive light systems, the light from a single source is sent via optical fibres or light guides to wherever it is needed in the automobile. Light guides are commonly used to distributively light dashboard displays, and premium vehicles are beginning to use distributive systems for lighting such items as door locks, window controls, and cup holders. Distributive exterior lighting has also been explored, with high-intensity central light sources.


Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC; ) is the department of the Government of Canada with responsibility for matters dealing with immigration to Canada, refugees, and Canadian citizenship. The department was established in 1994 following a reorganization.


title: Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada

text: The Departmental Results Report (2018–2019), stated that a total of 7,414 full-time equivalent employees are currently employed with IRCC. The same report states that IRCC plans to have 7,378 full-time equivalent employees in 2019–2020 and 7304 in 2020–2021.


text: Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada's mandate is specified in the "Department of Citizenship and Immigration Act". The Minister of IRCC administers the "Citizenship Act" of 1977 and its subsequent amendments. The Minister of IRCC works closely with the Minister of Public Safety in relation to the administration of the "Immigration and Refugee Protection Act".


text: IRCC, together with its partners, has the responsibility of conducting "the screening of potential permanent and temporary residents to protect the health, safety and security of Canadians." The issuance and control of Canadian passports and other travel documents that facilitate the travel of Canadian citizens, permanent residents and protected persons is also under the responsibility of IRCC.


text: In collaboration with its partners,""" IRCC will continue to work to build a "stronger Canada" in promoting programs and services geared towards helping newcomers to successfully integrate and fully live the Canadian way of life, maximizing their abilities to help build better communities. Instill in them the values, duties and responsibilities as new Canadians without prejudice regardless of their race and religious beliefs. It also aims to advance in terms of its immigration and humanitarian activities and policies.


text: The objective of IRCC is to be instrumental in helping build a stronger Canada through immigration which aims to continue its humanitarian efforts that is known all over the world. The vision is to solidify the goal of creating a stable economic agenda as well as its social and cultural landscape.


text: Prior to the establishment of the "Naturalization Act" of 1947, persons who were born in Canada, as well as those who were naturalized Canadians regardless of their country of origin, were all categorized as British subjects. Therefore, during these times, "citizen" and "citizenship" referred to people living in Canada rather than those in possession of Canadian citizenship status.


text: When the "Citizenship Act" was put in place, it formalized the sense of nationalism and Canadian identity to its citizenry. Under the "British North America Act" of 1867, immigration responsibilities were shared by the federal government and provincial/territorial governments and commissions.


text: Immigration and citizenship legislation are laws that set standards, policies and practices in accordance with the "Citizenship Act". The following is the chronology of Canadian immigration and citizenship laws.


text: IRCC operates a large network of "Citizenship and Immigration Centres" throughout Canada such as Case Processing Centres (CPCs), Centralized Intake Offices (CIOs), and Operations Support Centres (OPCs), as well as an important number of embassies, high commissions, and consulates abroad.


text: Canadian embassies and consular offices across the world play an important role in safeguarding its citizens while abroad. There are identified countries in different regions around the globe that are strategically located and serve as case processing centres for students, temporary residents, visitors, refugees and landed immigrants visa applications.


text: Service Canada is responsible for some of the domestic field operations of the department, while the Canada Border Services Agency controls enforcement and entry control at ports of entry.


text: IRCC remains responsible for the establishment of policies and processing of permanent and temporary resident visa, refugee protection and citizenship applications.


text: Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada was created and is guided by the principles provided in specific Canadian laws. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom is its guiding light in enforcing immigration policies and laws, and preserving human rights. The below list of acts and regulations highlights the guiding principles for IRCC's operations and dealings with other organizations, both in Canada and abroad.


text: Enumerated below are the Acts that are used and applied under any circumstances related to Canadian immigration, refugees, and citizenship.


text: Canadian regulations are enacted by the Parliament of Canada and are carried out as provided by the law. Regulations are generally sets of rules but have the weight of the rule of law, they can be more detailed such as "include definitions, licensing requirements, performance specifications, exemptions, forms, etc." The acts that govern IRCC are backed up with these sets of regulations.


text: The Departmental Results Report for 2018–2019 reported that the actual spending amount by IRCC was . The budget was spent through various immigration programs.


text: As part of an initiative called the "Settlement Program and Resettlement Assistance Program," updated application forms are provided online by IRCC for available funding opportunities for settlement organizations across Canada. This program supports partners in providing services that enable smooth transitions for the settlement of newcomers. The services can vary from language skills development in both official languages (English and French), employment opportunities banking on the newcomers educational backgrounds and skills. The four areas of focus for the program are:


text: IRCC also funds the Refugee Resettlement Assistance Program (RAP) by financing individual or family asylum seekers in finding temporary accommodations upon arrival in Canada, and eventually, locating a permanent place to live, supporting the ability to purchase daily basic needs and providing assistance with the development of general life skills.


text: The Government of Canada welcomed 25,000 Syrian Refugees by the end of February 2016 and also partook in funding this commitment in opening doors to this specific group of refugees. The refugees came into the country in three different refugee immigration schemes and are given up to 6 months of financial aid until they can fully stand on their own:


text: Quebec is the only province in Canada that is not a part of the Provincial Nominee Program (PNP), instead having its own system—the Quebec Skilled Worker Program (QSWP)—for the induction of immigrants into the province. The QSWP is the application process to be followed by foreign skilled workers interested in taking up Canadian permanent residency and living in Quebec.


text: In order for an overseas-born person to be able to immigrate to Canada through the QSWP, a 2-stage application process will have to be followed. The process begins with securing the Quebec Selection Certificate ("Certificat de sélection du Québec", CSQ) from the province's Ministry of Immigration, Francisation and Integration.


text: After assessing the applicant on their own criteria, the province of Quebec will issue a CSQ as proof that the applicant has indeed been accepted by Quebec as a potential immigrant to the province. After the CSQ has been issued, the applicant will then have to apply to IRCC directly for the processing of their permanent residency in Canada. Applicants going through this program are expected to have at least 4 years of total processing time before permanent residency is approved. The estimated processing time is calculated while taking into consideration the time required for potentially submitting biometrics, if needed.


text: While generally considered to be a much longer process as compared to the federal Express Entry System of Canada, which takes only 6 months for 80% of the applications, there are nevertheless certain advantages that the QSWP has over the Express Entry.


text: IRCC has been claimed to lack properly-managed client support channels to assist applicants with their enquiries regarding their applications. Telephone calls to IRCC for permanent residency have an average wait time of 40 minutes. Customer support agents have been said to be untrained and lacking domain knowledge to answer an applicant's questions. There have been instances where web-based Case Specific Enquiries have been claimed to have lacked a proper response to applicants' questions. Examples include instances where applicants' additional documents were not routed to the proper department, thus leading to delays with, and, in some cases, rejection of, applications. As in the case of Vegreville Case Processing Centre, the Case Processing Centre responsible for examining applications was found to have lacked overall quality. As per "Global News":According to a review of 996 files handled at the Vegreville Case Processing Centre in Alberta, which deals with permanent residence applications, between November 1 and December 6, 2014, the quality management team found that of the 617 request letters sent to applicants


text: Due to delays, the Quebec Skilled Worker Program is not popular among highly-skilled immigrants who have other pathways of faster immigration to the rest of Canada. Moreover, skilled workers who are currently working or residing in Quebec are not eligible to apply through Express Entry according to the Canada–Québec Accord. These processing delays have led to many skilled workers and international students moving out of Quebec for faster immigration processing and the province of Quebec experiencing scarcity of skilled foreign workers.


text: Under Immigration, Refugees and Immigration Canada, the Citizenship Commission is responsible for the administration of citizenship grants to new applications who are admissible for Canadian citizenship. Composed of citizenship judges across Canada, the Commission's mandate is to administer Oath of Citizenship; process and approve citizenship applications that meet residency requirements; educate new citizens with their civil responsibilities as new Canadians; and "to promote citizenship in communities."


text: Decisions will be made according to individual application circumstances, hence, making each citizenship judge unique and "independent decision makers." However, their decisions are subject for judicial review by the citizenship applicants and by the Minister of IRCC. Citizenship judges must follow the principles provided by administrative law and natural justice as well as the "Citizenship Act", Citizenship Regulations and other relevant precedents applicable to each individual case.


text: Citizenship judges are obliged to obey the mandate as stated by the Citizenship Commission under the "Citizenship Act" and the Citizenship Regulations. They provide citizenship application assessment ensuring that the applicants meet the necessary requirements, such as residency, they will administer the Oath of Citizenship during ceremonies and review the rights, privileges and duties of a Canadian citizen, conduct hearings, and supply written decisions following timeline set by the regulation. They are also asked to maintain the integrity of the citizenship application process.


title: The Honest Company

text: The Honest Company, Inc. is an American digital-first consumer goods company, founded by actress Jessica Alba. The company had $319 million in 2021 sales, and was valued at roughly $550 million as of February 2022. The Honest Company has raised multiple rounds of venture capital, and went public via initial public offering in May 2021. Honest serves the United States, China, Canada, and Europe.


title: The Honest Company

text: Company founder Jessica Alba was inspired by the 2008 birth of her first child, Honor, and her own history of childhood illnesses to create a company that provided an alternative to the prevalent baby products with ingredients such as petrochemicals and synthetic fragrances. She was compelled to become serious about this venture when one of her mother's baby laundry recommendations caused her to have a welt outbreak.


title: The Honest Company

text: It took Alba three years to find her business partners Brian Lee, Sean Kane, and Christopher Gavigan. Alba launched the company in 2012 with 17 products.


title: The Honest Company

text: While building her company, Alba lobbied the United States Congress for stricter chemical testing of consumer products in the marketplace.


title: The Honest Company

text: In 2013, The Honest Company's sales reached $50 million. Honest raised $70 million from venture capitalists in the summer of 2014 in preparation for an imminent initial public offering. As of August 2014, the company's products were available at retail stores in the United States and Canada. The financing put a value on the company of $1 billion. Prior to the 2014 round of financing led by Wellington Management Company, the company had raised $52 million in financing from ICONIQ Capital, General Catalyst Partners, Institutional Venture Partners and Lightspeed Venture Partners.


title: The Honest Company

text: In November 2014, the company had 275 employees and was projected to do $150 million in sales. 80% of its sales were online via a monthly subscription service with the remainder being done in department stores and discount warehouses. The company eventually totaled $170 million in sales in 2014.


title: The Honest Company

text: In July 2015, Jessica Alba announced that The Honest Company would be moving its headquarters from Santa Monica to the Playa Vista neighborhood of Los Angeles in early 2016. The following month, it announced a new round of funding generated an additional $100 million of venture capital, implying a valuation of $1.7 billion. In late 2015, the company acquired Alt12 Apps, the makers of popular apps such as Baby Bump, Pink Pad, and Kidfolio.


title: The Honest Company

text: In March 2017, The Honest Company announced that Nick Vlahos would replace Brian Lee as Chief Executive Officer. Vlahos worked on several Unilever brands, including Burt's Bees, Brita and Green Works. At that time, it was announced that Brian Lee would depart the company but remain on the board in an advisory role.


title: The Honest Company

text: In October 2017, The Honest Company closed a series E round of funding. After settling two lawsuits in the summer of 2017, the valuation was set at $19.60 per share down from the Series D shares sold in 2015 at $45.75. Thus, the company's value was below 1 billion.


title: The Honest Company

text: In April 2021, The Honest Company officially filed for an initial public offering. The company began trading under ticker symbol HNST on May 5, 2021 with shares being traded on the Nasdaq stock exchange. The 2021 IPO raised $412.8 million.


title: The Honest Company

text: The Honest Company markets its products as safe and eco-friendly. The company does not use "health-compromising chemicals or compounds", including the "No List", a specific list of products it promises to never allow in its products. Whole Foods and Costco were The Honest Company's initial retail distributors. The company began selling in Target Corporation on June 15, 2014. Other stores that carried the company's products by mid 2014 included Buy Buy Baby and Nordstrom. By the end of the third quarter of 2014, the company carried 90 products. Its leading selling product was diapers, at the time. Under Vlahos, Honest Company has expanded the brand’s internal laboratories and R&D team and opened a fulfillment center. In 2022, Honest expanded and formed retail partnerships with Walmart, Ulta, and GNC. In the Ulta partnership, Honest Company released its first acne line. In the fall of 2022, Honest Company partnered with SuperOrdinary to launch in China on the e-commerce platform, Tmall Global.


title: The Honest Company

text: In 2015, a controversy surrounding Honest's SPF 30 sunblock occurred when multiple customers complained of skin burns. These reports occurred shortly after the product had been repackaged and reformulated with reduced zinc oxide levels to improve aesthetics.


title: The Honest Company

text: In March 2016, it was reported by "The Wall Street Journal" that Honest's liquid laundry detergent product contained "a significant amount" of sodium lauryl sulfate or SLS, a synthetic surfactant that the company claimed it would "never consider for use in anything. Period." Honest's detergent is sourced from Earth Friendly Products (EFP) which did not test for SLS. EFP in turn purchased untested chemicals from Trichromatic West which also did not test for SLS. EFP had removed its claims of SLS-free product from its own website in late 2015.


title: The Honest Company

text: In April 2016, "Good Morning America" reported that The Honest Company was being sued for representing its infant formula as organic even though this product contains 11 synthetic substances prohibited under federal law in organic products. Honest Company stated that the infant formula had been FDA approved and certified USDA Organic in accordance with the National Organic Program. In December 2016, The Los Angeles Superior Court entered judgment for The Honest Company, dismissing the complaint permanently.


title: The Honest Company

text: Responding to the lawsuit over ingredient claims, Honest leadership said they are focused on delivering products that match their promise to consumers.


title: The Honest Company

text: On September 9, 2015, the company opened the Honest Beauty brand as a separate entity with its own website and logo. Its products are derived from botanicals free of parabens, phthalates, petrolatum, sulfates and chemical sunscreens. On September 25 of that year, the brand opened a pop-up retail shop in The Grove. The brand began selling the beauty line at Target in spring 2017.


title: The Honest Company

text: Honest Beauty was the only planned set of products slated for the company's 2019 debut in Western Europe (Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Poland, the Netherlands, and Austria). Honest Beauty launched its European line in the summer of 2019 via an exclusivity deal with Douglas stores.


title: The Honest Company

text: In 2021, Honest Beauty redesigned its brand packaging to be made of sustainable and recyclable material. At the same time, it launched the Daily Defense skincare collection for use against environmental factors like pollutants.


title: The Honest Company

text: In 2022, Honest Beauty launched a sensitive skincare collection with a four-step daily skincare routine for sensitive skin.


title: Warbreaker

text: Warbreaker is a fantasy novel written by American author Brandon Sanderson. It was published on June 9, 2009 by Tor Books.


title: Warbreaker

text: Sanderson released several rewrites of "Warbreaker" under a Creative Commons license (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 US), one chapter at a time. The entire novel, including older drafts, is available in digital format from Sanderson's website. "Warbreaker" has been well received by reviewers.


title: Warbreaker

text: "Warbreaker" tells the story of two Idrian princesses, Vivenna and Siri. Vivenna was contracted through a treaty written before she was born to marry the God King of rival nation Hallandren. However, King Dedelin sends his other daughter Siri to meet the treaty instead.


title: Warbreaker

text: Vivenna follows her to Hallandren in the hope of saving Siri from her fate. Upon arriving in Hallandren, Vivenna meets with Lemex, one of her father's spies in the city, but he has taken ill and dies shortly thereafter — though not before bequeathing his large sum of BioChromatic Breath to her (which is considered heretical by the Idrians).


title: Warbreaker

text: Vivenna joins up with Denth and Tonk Fah, mercenaries that were under Lemex's employ, and together they begin making guerilla attacks against Hallandren's supply depots and convoys that will hopefully give the Idrians an advantage in the seemingly inevitable war.


title: Warbreaker

text: Siri, after spending many terrified nights waiting for the God King to procreate with her, finds that he is not actually the menacing, frightening God that she thought, but has actually had his tongue cut out by his priests, making him nothing more than a figurehead. Though he is intelligent, he possesses a childlike outlook because his education was withheld. Siri teaches the God King to communicate by writing, and over time they learn to care for each other and fall in love. However, Siri believes that the priests are secretly plotting to kill her and the God King if she produces an heir, and fears that Hallandren will soon launch a war against Idris. Siri finds a potential ally in the unorthodox god Lightsong, who is plagued by nightmares of war and is struggling to discover his purpose.


title: Warbreaker

text: Back in the city, Vivenna discovers that Denth and Tonk Fah are not working for her but against her, having been hired by an unknown third party to instigate the war with Idris, and she barely escapes their custody with her life. After hiding and living destitute in the Idrian slums of Hallandren for weeks, Vivenna is taken in by Vasher, a mysterious man who can use his BioChromatic Breath to Awaken objects, an art at which he is incredibly skilled. He wields a sword called Nightblood, a weapon created in a Biochromatic experiment and which possesses sentience. Together, Vivenna and Vasher work to undo the damage done by Denth and avert the war.


title: Warbreaker

text: Vivenna convinces Vasher to try and save her sister Siri from the God King's palace. However, Vasher is captured and tortured by Denth, who is revealed to have been working for the God King's Pahn Kahl servants, who are trying to incite war between the Idrians and Hallendren so that they can take the city for themselves.


title: Warbreaker

text: The Pahn Kahl servants capture Siri, kill many of the God King's priests, and throw the God King in the dungeon. Lightsong and many of the other gods are taken captive as well. The Pahn Kahl, having gained the Commands to control the city's undead Lifeless army, send them to attack the Idrians and start the war. However, Lightsong, imprisoned in the dungeon alongside the God King, sacrifices himself by giving the God King his BioChromatic Breath. This heals the king, giving him his tongue back and allowing him access to his godly cache of BioChromatic power. The God King uses his magic to save Siri from the Pahn Kahl servants just as she is about to be murdered. Meanwhile, Vivenna uses her own budding BioChromatic powers to break into the God King's palace and free Vasher, who kills Denth.


title: Warbreaker

text: Vivenna and Siri are reunited. However, even with the God King's near unlimited power, the Lifeless army cannot be stopped. Vasher then reveals that he is actually one of the Five Scholars — ancient beings who originally discovered the Commands for using BioChromatic Breath — and bestows upon the God King the code to awaken the city's secret army of nearly indestructible D'denir Lifeless soldiers, which have been hidden in plain sight throughout the city as statues. These soldiers are sent to destroy the Lifeless army before it can reach Idris.


title: Warbreaker

text: While Siri and the God King begin a new rule and life together, Vivenna joins Vasher as he sets out on another quest to a distant land.


title: Warbreaker

text: The book uses a system of magic, "Awakening", which allows Awakeners to bring life to objects as well as provide benefits directly to the mages while they hold "BioChromatic Breath", the source of their power, such as perfect pitch, perfect color recognition, perfect life recognition, and agelessness. Use of Awakening drains the colors from surrounding objects and the less colorful an object is, the more difficult it is to apply Awakening to it. The system has been praised as a unique and original magical system.


title: Warbreaker

text: According to Sanderson, "Warbreaker's substructure is that of reversals." In the early chapters Sanderson begins to show a swap in the roles and attitudes of the main characters Siri and Vivenna. Through the contrast between the Hallandren and Idrian civilizations, a few major themes are displayed. One is the misunderstandings that can occur between two cultures, and the biases that can result from these. This is in part shown by the mistreatment of Idrian workers, who are thought to be boring, untrustworthy, and stuffy. Another is how two cultures may interpret history differently—the Hallandrens think of the Idrians as rebels, while the Idrians think of themselves as the rightful rulers.


title: Warbreaker

text: Orson Scott Card said that he initially found some aspects of the magic system disappointing because he felt it was too far-fetched to obtain magical power from color. He did not mind it as much when it turned out that the draining of color was a symptom of magic use rather than the source of the power. He stated that "As with all good fantasy fiction, the story isn't about the magic; that's just the rule set within which the real story takes place. That story is absolutely up to Sanderson's very high standard, with political intrigue, carefully differentiated cultures and believable human motivations."


title: Warbreaker

text: Michael Moorcock also praised "Warbreaker" saying, "Brandon Sanderson has written a heroic fantasy depending on originality of character and plot. His "heroines and heroes are outstanding – especially Vasher, the Warbreaker, whose special relationship with his sentient sword is both sardonic and sinister. The mysteries of life after death, of identity and destiny, the politics of magic, are unveiled through three-dimensional characters." He finished, "Not only has Sanderson drawn a freshly imagined world and its society, he has also given us a plot full of unexpected twists and turns ... Anyone looking for a different and refreshing fantasy novel will be delighted by this exceptional tale of magic, mystery and the politics of divinity. Warbreaker might even take your breath away."


title: Warbreaker

text: SFFWorld called the book "well-wrought, intelligent, and at times, surprising – one might say a conspiracy novel with slight hints of 1984 wrapped in a wonderful fantasy package."


title: Warbreaker

text: Sanderson has discussed the possibility of writing another book in the same world as "Warbreaker". It would not be a sequel (in the strictest definition of the term) as the first book was written as a stand-alone novel. Sanderson has not stated anything about possible location, events, or characters involved. A possible name for the second book is "Nightblood", which refers to the living sword Nightblood that is carried by Vasher, one of "Warbreaker"s main characters.


title: Warbreaker

text: Aspects of "Warbreaker" - particularly two of its characters and the sword Nightblood - have appeared in some books in "The Stormlight Archive", which shares a universe in Sanderson's linked 'Cosmere'.


title: Warbreaker

text: GraphicAudio has released "Warbreaker" as a dramatized audio production. It was adapted and produced with a full cast, narrator, sound effects and music.


title: Warbreaker

text: Recorded Books has also published an authorized audiobook of Warbreaker. The first version was read by James Yaegashi. A second version was released in 2015 read by Alyssa Bresnahan.


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: The "New Mexico" class was a class of three super-dreadnought battleships built for the United States Navy in the late 1910s. The class comprised three ships: , the lead ship, , and . Part of the standard series, they were in most respects copies of the s that immediately preceded them, carrying over the same main battery arrangement of twelve guns, but now increased to 50-caliber. They incorporated several other improvements, including a better arrangement of the secondary battery that increased its usability, a clipper bow that improved seakeeping, and an experimental turbo-electric propulsion system adopted on "New Mexico". Like the other standard-type battleships, they had a top speed of that allowed the fleet to operate as a tactically homogeneous unit.


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: All three ships spent the bulk of their peacetime careers in the Pacific Fleet; throughout the 1920s and 1930s, they were involved in numerous Fleet Problems, which were large-scale training exercises that helped develop the doctrine later employed during the Pacific War. By 1941, the three ships were moved to the East Coast to join the Neutrality Patrols that protected American merchant ships from German U-boat attacks during the Battle of the Atlantic. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December, they were quickly transferred back to the Pacific, though they spent most of 1942 escorting convoys off the west coast of the United States. Beginning in mid-1943, they supported amphibious operations during the Aleutian Islands, Gilbert and Marshall Islands, and the Mariana and Palau Islands Campaigns. The Philippines Campaign followed in late 1944, though "Mississippi" was the only member of the class to participate in the early stages of the campaign, the other vessels being under refit at the time. There, she was present for the Battle of Surigao Strait on 24 October, the last battleship engagement in history.


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: "Mississippi" and "New Mexico" took part in the Invasion of Lingayen Gulf, part of the Philippines Campaign, in early 1945 and both were hit by "kamikazes". As they were both under repair, only "Idaho" participated in the Battle of Iwo Jima, but all three ships were part of the bombardment force for the Battle of Okinawa, where all were damaged by "kamikazes". They were present for the occupation of Japan in August and September, thereafter returning to the United States. "New Mexico" and "Idaho" were quickly decommissioned and sold for scrap, but "Mississippi" remained in service, having been converted into a gunnery testing and training ship. In this capacity, her crew experimented with anti-aircraft missiles in the mid-1950s before the ship was sold to ship breakers in 1956.


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: In the early 1910s, the US Navy began experimenting with guns as other navies began to move to weapons. As development of the new guns progressed, the Navy evaluated a series of proposals for ships incorporating 16-inch guns. The first was a ten-gun ship with five twin-gun turrets that also included improved armor compared to earlier battleships. Additionally, the secondary battery was increased from the standard US armament of guns to weapons. Another smaller version with eight 16-inch guns was also suggested, along with a design mounting the then-standard gun. As work on the new design progressed, the cost of the vessels increased significantly. Compared to the cost of a 14-inch-gunned ship—$12 million—the eight-gun ship was estimated to cost $16.5 million, while the price for the ten-gun ship rose to $19 million.


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: Even before trials of the new guns had been completed, Rear Admiral Joseph Strauss, then the Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance (BuOrd), argued in 1913 that the 16-inch gun was not worth pursuing; he argued that at the expected battle ranges of the day, the 14-inch gun was capable of penetrating heavy armor plate just as effectively and that a ship carrying twelve of those guns had a much better chance of hitting than a ship with eight 16-inch guns. The General Board concurred and instructed the designers to work on the 14-inch ship. Existing turrets for those guns used a single recoil slide for all three guns, which caused concern that a single hit could jam it and thus disable all three guns. Strauss accordingly suggested that the designers at the Bureau of Construction and Repair, under Chief Constructor Richard Watt, incorporate independent slides.


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: The design staff submitted two proposals on 21 November 1913: a version and a variant. The first incorporated a secondary battery of twenty 6-inch guns, while the smaller one retained twenty-two of the standard 5-inch guns. Weight savings were also achieved by reducing the thickness of the barbette and belt armor by an inch, and reducing fuel capacity. The General Board preferred the larger of the two, citing the heavier armor as needed to defeat the latest 15-inch guns being adopted in foreign battleships and the stronger secondary battery, which they viewed as necessary to ward off long-range torpedo attacks by destroyers. Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels disagreed, and on 3 January 1914, rejected the design owing to its higher cost. Instead, he ordered the Navy to accept a repeat of the preceding , which might be fitted with separate slides for the main guns.


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: Work on the design continued through the year; the designers were concerned that earlier battleships were too "wet" forward, leading to the adoption of a clipper bow to reduce the tendency to ship water in heavy seas. Additionally, experience with existing ships had revealed that the secondary battery, mounted in casemates in the forecastle deck, were effectively unusable in rough sea conditions. The designers therefore moved eighteen of the guns a deck higher and further aft, where they would be less prone to being washed out. Weight savings elsewhere allowed the designers to strengthen the main deck and the transverse bulkhead at either end of the belt. Daniels approved these changes on 2 July, and the following month, BuOrd suggested a newly developed 50-caliber version of 14-inch gun be used, which Watt authorized in September. The longer gun produced a higher muzzle velocity, which allowed the shells to penetrate an additional of armor at . By this time, work on the design stopped, as bids for the contracts were to be submitted starting on 6 October.


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: Despite the fact that the offer period had opened, one more major change to the design was made. At the time, the standard propulsion system for warships relied on steam turbines to turn propeller shafts, though the former operated most efficiently at high speed, while the latter generated thrust most effectively at relatively low speed. One solution to this problem was turbo-electric transmission, which used the turbines to generate electric power that in turn powered electric motors that drove the screws. The Bureau of Steam Engineering (BuEng) recommended the new system on 17 October, pointing out that it would have many advantages over traditional direct-drive systems, including greater fuel economy and lighter and smaller machinery, which could be used to shorten the armored box that protected the ships' vitals. Also, since the turbines would only need to spin in one direction, simpler machinery without reverse gears could be used. Daniels was convinced, and he approved the change for "New Mexico" on 10 November. Since this was an unproven technology, the other two members of the class received direct-drive systems.


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: Congress authorized two ships for the class— and —but in mid-1914, the two pre-dreadnoughts were sold to the Greek Navy, and the US Navy was able to use the funds generated by their sale to fund a third member of the class, .


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: The ships of the "New Mexico" class were part of the standard series that began with the ; they featured similar characteristics, including speed, armor, armament, and the use of fuel oil rather than coal. They were designed as such to create a battle fleet of tactically homogeneous ships that would simplify command and control. They were long at the waterline and long overall. They had a beam of and a draft of . They displaced as designed and up to at full combat load. Their hulls featured a long forecastle deck that stepped down to main deck level at the main mast. As built, the ships were fitted with two cage masts with spotting tops for the main-gun battery.


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: Their crew numbered 58 officers and 1,026 enlisted men. Over the course of their careers, their crews expanded significantly as equipment was added. After their early 1930s refit, their crew numbered 82 officers and 1,371 enlisted, and by 1945, wartime improvements brought the crews to 129 officers and 1,850 enlisted. They carried a number of smaller boats for utility purposes while in harbor, as well as to assist with rescue efforts at sea. These included a number of motor launches of various lengths and motor whaleboats.


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: All three ships were powered by four Curtis turbines, with steam provided by nine oil-fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers. "New Mexico"s turbines were used to power electrical motors that drove the screw propellers; her system was rated for . The latter two ships, with their traditional propulsion systems, were rated at . All three vessels were rated for a top speed of . Though the turbo-electric system was effective and it was repeated in the follow-on , the Navy ultimately decided that the system was too heavy and occupied too much space in the hull, and later ships reverted to traditional turbine propulsion.


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: The ships had storage capacity for of fuel oil for the boilers, though additional spaces in the hull could be used to increase capacity to , which provided a cruising range of at a speed of . As speed increased, their range decreased significantly: at , they could steam for , and at , their range fell to . Moreover, these figures were assuming the vessels had clean hulls free of marine growth that would inhibit their hydrodynamic efficiency. In service conditions where biofouling added drag to the hulls, their ranges were reduced even further to and , respectively.


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: The ships were armed with a main battery of twelve /50 caliber Mark IV guns in four, three-gun turrets on the centerline, placed in two superfiring pairs forward and aft of the superstructure. Unlike earlier American battleships with triple turrets, these mounts were true three-gun turrets, in that each barrel could elevate independently. They fired a shell with a bursting charge. The guns had a muzzle velocity of . Early in their careers, the "New Mexico"s and the "Tennessee" class experienced excessive dispersion of shot. After extensive testing, it was eventually discovered to have been caused by overly lengthy chambers, which allowed a gap between the shell and the propellant charges. The problem was eventually corrected with the Mark VII gun. The guns were supplied with 100 shells each and they were capable of a rate of fire of about one salvo per minute, as demonstrated by extensive testing with "Idaho" in October 1942.


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: The secondary battery consisted of fourteen /51 caliber guns mounted in individual casemates clustered in the superstructure amidships. Initially, the ship was to have been fitted with twenty-two of the guns, but experiences in the North Sea during World War I demonstrated that the additional guns, which would have been placed in the hull, would have been unusable in anything but calm seas. As a result, the casemates were plated over to prevent flooding, leaving only the fourteen guns in the superstructure. Of these, ten were located on the forecastle deck and the other four were in open mounts on the shelter deck. Each gun position contained twenty-four rounds of ready-use ammunition, with further munitions stored in the magazines below. The guns were the Mark VIII type, which had a muzzle velocity of firing a shell.


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: The secondary battery was augmented with four /50 caliber guns in high-angle mounts for anti-aircraft defense. The guns fired a shell at a velocity of .


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: In addition to their gun armament, the "New Mexico"-class ships were also fitted with two torpedo tubes, mounted submerged in the hull, one on each broadside. Both tubes were located in a single torpedo room forward in the hull. Each tube was supplied with a total of six torpedoes, which were Bliss-Leavitt weapons of the Mark VII type; these carried a warhead and had a range of at a speed of .


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: As was standard for American battleships of the period, the "New Mexico"-class ships relied on the "all or nothing" principle that reserved armor protection only for a ship's vitals, creating an armored citadel that had enough reserve buoyancy to keep the vessel afloat even if the unarmored portions of the ship were flooded. The main armored belt was thick, with the thickest armor protecting the ammunition magazines and the propulsion machinery spaces. The transverse bulkheads that capped either end of the belt were the same thickness. The ships had two armored decks; the first, consisted of two layers of special treatment steel (STS) that were thick. Further aft, these were increased to a 1.75 in layer and a layer over the steering compartment. The lower armored deck also consisted of two layers, which were also composed of STS, the first thick and the second 2 in thick.


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: The main battery gun turrets had thick faces, with thick sides, rears, and 5 in roofs. They rested on barbettes that reduced to 4.5 in below the upper deck, where it was protected by the armored citadel. The conning tower had 16 in thick sides and a roof that consisted of two layers that were each thick.


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: The members of the "New Mexico" class received a series of modifications even while under construction, including the already noted alterations to the secondary battery, which was authorized on 7 February 1918 by which time "New Mexico" had been completed with her original twenty-two guns. The other two ships had already had their casemates built into their hulls, so they were simply plated over, unlike the later "Tennessee"s, which had their hulls faired in. Their conning towers were modified with a newly developed bridge arrangement that became standard for all American battleships of the period. It consisted of a fully enclosed navigation bridge on the forward side of the tower, with a large chart house located behind the bridge. Atop the structure was an enclosed torpedo defense station. Starting in 1921, the Navy began installing aircraft catapults on its battleships to allow them to operate floatplanes for aerial reconnaissance and fire observation, and the three "New Mexico"s were among the vessels to receive a Mark II catapult. The ships initially carried Hanriot HD.2 and then Vought UO-1s in the 1920s, which were replaced with Vought O2U Corsairs toward the end of the decade. These, and improved O3U variants served aboard the ships until 1938, when these were replaced with Curtiss SOC Seagulls. Beginning in August 1940, the ships began to receive Vought OS2U Kingfishers.


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: The three ships were heavily modernized in the early 1930s. Their received an additional 2 in of special treatment steel for their main deck armor, bringing the total thickness to . A second torpedo bulkhead was installed outboard of the original one, and all three ships received anti-torpedo bulges to further enhance their resistance to underwater attack. Both lattice masts were removed; a heavy tower bridge was built in place of the fore mast, and a light pole mast was erected in place of the main mast. During the installation of her new bridge, "Idaho" was fitted out as a flagship, which included the addition of a flag bridge for the admiral and his staff. The ships' armament was also revised, with the main battery turrets being modified to allow elevation to 30 degrees, greatly extending the range of the guns. Two of the 5-inch guns were removed, and eight 5-inch/25 caliber anti-aircraft guns were installed. These alterations greatly increased their displacement, to standard and full load. All three ships had their propulsion systems overhauled, receiving new Westinghouse turbines and six BuEng express boilers. Despite the increases in displacement resulting from the additional armor plating and the bulges, the new powerplant increased speed to from . The ships' crews increased significantly, to 1,443.


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: Immediately after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 (while the "New Mexico"-class ships were in the Atlantic), the ships were docked for improvements to their anti-aircraft armament, receiving a battery of anti-aircraft guns. The ships also had Mark 3 fire-control radars installed. The Navy considered removing their heavily armored conning towers to compensate for the increased weight of the new equipment, but the work could not be accomplished in the eight-week overhaul period that had been scheduled, so they retained their original towers, unlike many of the other older battleships that were rebuilt early in the war. Since many of the American battleships had been sunk or damaged at Pearl Harbor, the three "New Mexico"s were too valuable to be removed from operational status for the necessary amount of time to substantially rebuild them. As a result of these limitations, "New Mexico" and "Mississippi" received a series of rolling changes over the course of late 1942 and into 1943; while at Pearl Harbor in October 1942, they had four of their 5-inch /51 guns removed, along with their directors, to free up space for a pair of quadruple Bofors guns and the shielded tubs for the 1.1-inch guns were converted for use with the 40 mm mounts, though the 1.1-inch guns remained until 1943. Six Oerlikon guns were added as well.


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: During a refit from 14 October to 28 December 1942, while her sisters received only modest alterations, "Idaho" underwent a more thorough modernization. This consisted of a new anti-aircraft battery of ten quadruple Bofors guns and forty-three Oerlikons, though the Oerlikons were added in stages. By the time the refit ended, she carried only sixteen of them, with eleven more added in January 1943, the remaining sixteen being added in February. The Mark 3 radars were replaced in 1944 by Mark 28 radars for "New Mexico" and "Mississippi" and Mark 8 radars aboard "Idaho". Later that year, the ships began to receive Mark 27 backup fire-control radars as well.


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: From 22 October 1944 to 1 January 1945, "Idaho" received another major refit, which included the installation of ten 5-inch/38 caliber guns in individual, dual-purpose mounts in place of the old 25-caliber guns. She also received new Mark 8 radars for her main battery fire control system. In early 1945, while under repair for combat damage, "Mississippi" also received a new secondary battery. The old 51-caliber 5-inch guns were removed, and eight more of the 25-caliber anti-aircraft guns were installed, along with thirteen quadruple Bofors 40 mm mounts and forty 20 mm Oerlikon guns. To compensate for the added weight, the ship's armored conning tower was removed.


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: In 1946, "Mississippi" was converted into a gunnery training ship, and for this role she received a new gun battery. No. 1 turret was replaced by a twin 6-inch (152 mm)/47 caliber dual-purpose turret, the same as mounted on the anti-aircraft cruisers. No. 2 and No. 3 main battery turrets were also removed, but No. 4 turret was initially retained. Three twin 5-inch /38 caliber dual-purpose mounts, two single 5-inch/54 caliber dual-purpose mounts (as on the aircraft carriers), two twin 3-inch (76 mm)/50 caliber mounts, and two 40 mm Bofors quad mounts were installed. In 1952, the last main battery turret was removed and "Mississippi" had two new RIM-2 Terrier missile launchers installed in its place. She later tested the Petrel missile, a radar-homing weapon, in February 1956.


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: As the members of the class entered service, they initially operated in the Atlantic, and "New Mexico" escorted President Woodrow Wilson across the Atlantic to the Versailles Peace Conference that ended World War I. As the US Navy reorganized its fleet to emphasize a focus on affairs in Asia and the Pacific, the ships were reassigned to the Pacific Fleet in 1919, with "New Mexico" serving as the fleet flagship. Throughout this period, the fleet was based in San Pedro, California, but it frequently operated in Hawaiian waters, off the coast of Central and South America, and in the Caribbean Sea. In 1925, the Pacific Fleet embarked on a major cruise to visit Australia and New Zealand.


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: Beginning in 1923, the US Navy began a series of major exercises with Fleet Problem I, during which "Mississippi" sank the old battleship , which had by then been converted into a target ship; "Mississippi" used aircraft to spot her shots at long range, the first time this had been done in the US Navy. The fleet problems were typically held once a year, and they provided the basis for the US Navy's operations in the Pacific War. Experience in the exercises that demonstrated that the standard type battleships were too slow to operate with aircraft carriers led to the development of the fast battleships built in the 1930s. Joint training with the Marine Corps provided experience that proved to be useful during the island-hopping campaign during the Pacific War. In 1937, the ships took part in training exercises in Dutch Harbor, Alaska, to experiment with sub-arctic operations.


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: In mid-1940, the Battle Fleet was transferred from California to Hawaii in response to rising tensions between the United States and Japan over the latter's aggression in the Second Sino-Japanese War. By 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt initiated the Neutrality Patrols to protect American shipping caught in the Battle of the Atlantic during World War II. All three "New-Mexico"-class ships were transferred from the Pacific to the Atlantic Fleet to reinforce the patrols in May that year. During this period, the ships escorted convoys between the United States and Iceland, though they saw no action with German U-boats that were waging an unrestricted submarine warfare campaign against merchant shipping in the North Atlantic.


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: Immediately after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the Navy reassigned the three battleships to the Pacific Fleet to shore up the fleet's battleship strength. After arriving in California in January 1942, the ships spent the next several months patrolling the west coast of the United States and escorting convoys in the area. They took part in the Aleutian Islands campaign between May and July 1943, with "Idaho" serving as the flagship of the bombardment group that shelled the islands of Attu and Kiska. After maintenance and training at Pearl Harbor, the three "New Mexico"s then took part in the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign that began in November, where they provided naval gunfire support to the Marines who stormed ashore at Tarawa, Kwajalein, and Eniwetok, among other islands in the archipelago. These operations continued into January 1944, at which point the fleet began preparations for the next major campaign, which would be directed against the Marianas Islands in the central Pacific.


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: "New Mexico" and "Idaho" took part in the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign beginning in June 1944, though "Mississippi" was out of service for a refit during the first part of the campaign. They shelled Japanese positions on Saipan, Tinian, and Guam as amphibious forces assaulted each island in turn. The two battleships remained with the invasion fleet to cover it from Japanese attacks while the Fast Carrier Task Force met and decisively defeated the Japanese 1st Air Fleet in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. By September, "Mississippi" had returned to the fleet to relieve "New Mexico" for her own refit, and she and "Idaho" shelled the island of Pelelieu, the last battle of the Marianas campaign. The fleet thereafter withdrew to Manus Island to prepare for the coming invasion of the Philippines, while "New Mexico" departed for a refit at the Puget Sound Navy Yard.


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: "Mississippi" supported the invasion of Leyte in October as part of the bombardment group under Rear Admiral Jesse B. Oldendorf. The American invasion triggered the Japanese to launch Operation Shō-Gō 1, a major naval counterattack that resulted in the Battle of Leyte Gulf on 23–26 October, a complex battle that involved four separate actions. She was present at the Battle of Surigao Strait on the night of 24 October, which was one component of the battle. There, the Allied fleet destroyed the Japanese Southern Force consisting of a pair of old battleships, one heavy cruiser, and four destroyers; only one Japanese destroyer escaped the overwhelming Allied fleet. "Mississippi", which still had her old Mark 3 radars, had difficulty in finding a target in the darkness and fired only one salvo in the last battleship action in history.


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: By January 1945, "New Mexico" had rejoined the fleet, the next target of which was the invasion of Lingayen Gulf on the island of Luzon; she and "Mississippi" supported the amphibious assault and during the battle both ships were struck by a "kamikaze" suicide plane. The two ships nevertheless remained in action until February when they departed for Pearl Harbor for repairs. By that time, "Idaho" had completed her refit and had rejoined the fleet in time to take part in the Battle of Iwo Jima. She shelled the island extensively before the Marines went ashore and continued to provide fire support during the battle. Repairs to "New Mexico" and "Mississippi" were completed quickly, and all three sister ships were reunited to support the invasion of Okinawa in May 1945. As Japan's military situation continued to deteriorate, they launched increasingly desperate "kamikaze" attacks. "New Mexico" and "Mississippi" were both hit by another "kamikaze" and "Idaho" was damaged by a near miss. "New Mexico" was also hit by a bomb, forcing her to withdraw for repairs. All three ships were repaired in time to participate in the initial occupation of Japan in August and September.


title: New Mexico-class battleship

text: "New Mexico" and "Idaho" returned to the east coast of the United States by October 1945, where they were both decommissioned. Initially slated to be kept in the reserve fleet, they were instead stricken from the naval register in 1947 and sold for scrap. "Mississippi" survived the postwar draw-down in naval strength through conversion into a gunnery training and evaluation ship to replace the older battleship . With the new hull number EAG-128 to designate her status as an auxiliary vessel, she was reconstructed at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard from November 1945 through April 1948 with a new armament that included a variety of different weapons, thereafter serving as the flagship of the Operational Test and Evaluation Force. She helped to evaluate anti-aircraft missiles in the mid-1950s before being decommissioned in February 1956 and sold to ship breakers. By that time, she had spent nearly 39 years in service.


title: Hubal

text: In Arabian mythology, Hubal () was a god worshipped in pre-Islamic Arabia, notably by the Quraysh at the Kaaba in Mecca. The god's idol was a human figure believed to control acts of divination, which was performed by tossing arrows before the statue. The direction in which the arrows pointed answered questions asked of the idol. The specific powers and identity attributed to Hubal are equally unclear.


title: Hubal

text: Access to the idol was controlled by the Quraysh tribe. The idol's devotees fought against followers of the Islamic prophet Muhammad during the Battle of Badr in 624 AD. After Muhammad entered Mecca in 630, he destroyed the statue of Hubal from the Kaaba along with the idols of all the other pagan gods.


title: Hubal

text: Hubal most prominently appeared at Mecca, where an image of him was worshipped at the Kaaba. According to Karen Armstrong, the sanctuary was dedicated to Hubal, who was worshipped as the greatest of the 360 idols the Kaaba contained, which probably represented the days of the year.


title: Hubal

text: Hisham Ibn Al-Kalbi's "Book of Idols" describes the image as shaped like a human, with the right hand broken off and replaced with a golden hand. According to Ibn Al-Kalbi, the image was made of red agate, whereas Al-Azraqi, an early Islamic commentator, described it as of "cornelian pearl". Al-Azraqi also relates that it "had a vault for the sacrifice" and that the offering consisted of a hundred camels. Both authors speak of seven arrows, placed before the image, which were cast for divination, in cases of death, virginity, and marriage.


title: Hubal

text: According to Ibn Al-Kalbi, the image was first set up by Khuzaymah ibn-Mudrikah ibn-al-Ya's' ibn-Mudar, but another tradition, recorded by Ibn Ishaq, holds that Amr ibn Luhayy, a leader of the Khuza'a tribe, put an image of Hubal into the Kaaba, where it was worshipped as one of the chief deities of the tribe. The date for Amr is disputed, with dates as late as the end of the fourth century AD suggested, but what is quite sure is that the Quraysh later became the protectors of the ancient holy place, supplanting the Khuza'a.


title: Hubal

text: A tale recorded by Ibn Al-Kalbi has Muhammad's grandfather Abdul Mutallib vowing to sacrifice one of his ten children. He consulted the arrows of Hubal to find out which child he should choose. The arrows pointed to his son Abd-Allah, the future father of Muhammad. However, he was saved when 100 camels were sacrificed in his place. According to Tabari, Abdul Mutallib later also brought the infant Muhammad himself before the image.


title: Hubal

text: After defeat by Muhammad's forces at the Battle of Badr, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, leader of the Quraysh army, is said to have called on Hubal for support to gain victory in their next battle, saying "Show your superiority, Hubal". When Muhammad conquered Mecca in 630, he removed and had destroyed the statue of Hubal, along with the other 360 images at the Kaaba, and dedicated the structure to God.


title: Hubal

text: There may be some foundation of truth in the story that Amr travelled in Syria and had brought back from there the cults of the goddesses ʻUzzāʼ and Manāt, and had combined it with that of Hubal, the idol of the Khuza'a. According to Al-Azraqi, the image was brought to Mecca "from the land of Hit in Mesopotamia" (Hīt in modern Iraq). Philip K. Hitti, who relates the name "Hubal" to an Aramaic word for spirit, suggests that the worship of Hubal was imported to Mecca from the north of Arabia, possibly from Moab or Mesopotamia. Hubal may have been the combination of Hu, meaning "spirit" or "god", and the Moabite god Baal meaning "master" or "lord" or as a rendition of Syriac "habbǝlā"/Hebrew "heḇel" "vanity". Outside South Arabia, Hubal's name appears just once, in a Nabataean inscription; there Hubal is mentioned along with the gods Dushara (ذو الشراة) and Manawatu—the latter, as Manat, was also popular in Mecca. On the basis of such slender evidence, it has been suggested that Hubal "may actually have been a Nabataean". There are also inscriptions in which the word Hubal appears to be part of personal names, translatable as "Son of Hubal" or "made by Hubal".


title: Hubal

text: The paucity of evidence concerning Hubal makes it difficult to characterise his role or identity in pagan Arabian mythologies. The 19th century scholar Julius Wellhausen suggested that Hubal was regarded as the son of al-Lāt and the brother of Wadd. Hugo Winckler in the early twentieth century speculated that Hubal was a lunar deity, a view that was repeated by other scholars. This was derived from Ditlef Nielsen's theory that South Arabian mythology was based on a trinity of Moon-father, Sun-mother and the evening star (the planet Venus) envisaged as their son. More recent scholars have rejected this view, partly because it is speculation but also because they believe a Nabataean origin would have made the context of South Arabian beliefs irrelevant.


title: Hubal

text: Mircea Eliade and Charles J. Adams assert that he was "a god of rain and a warrior god. Towards the end of the pre-Islamic era he emerged as an intertribal warrior god worshipped by the Quraysh and the allied tribes of the Kinana and Tihama." The view that he was a warrior rain god is repeated by David Adams Leeming.


title: Hubal

text: John F. Healey in "The Religion of the Nabataeans" (2001) accepts the Nabataean origins of the god, but says there is little evidence of Hubal's mythological role, but that it is possible that he was closely linked to Dushara in some way. The one surviving inscription concerns a religious injunction to placate Hubal and others for violating a tomb.


title: Hubal

text: Islamists have invoked the figure of Hubal in the ideological struggles of the post-Cold War era. In Islamism, Hubal has been used as a symbol of modern forms of "idol worship". According to Adnan A. Musallam, this can be traced to one of the founders of radical Islamism, Sayyid Qutb, who used the label to attack secular rulers such as Nasser, seen as creating "idols" based on un-Islamic Western and Marxist ideologies. In 2001, Osama bin Laden called America the modern Hubal. He referred to allies of America as "hypocrites" who "all stood behind the head of global unbelief, the Hubal of the modern age, America and its supporters". Al Qaeda's then number two, Ayman al-Zawahiri, repeated the phrase ("hubal al-'asr") in describing America during his November 2008 message following Barack Obama's election to the presidency. The analogy may have been passed on to Bin Laden by one of his teachers, Abdullah Azzam.


title: Hubal

text: Conversely, since monotheism does not mean the worship of the same one God, many, including evangelicals, have invoked Hubal by claiming that the worship of Allah as proclaimed by Muhammad was not a restoration of Abrahamic monotheism, but an adaptation of the worship of Hubal. Robert Morey's 1994 book "Moon-god in the Archeology of the Middle East" revives Hugo Winckler's identification of Hubal as a moon god, and claims that worship of Allah evolved from that of Hubal, thus making Allah a "moon god" too. This view is repeated in the Chick tracts "Allah Had No Son" and "The Little Bride", and has been widely circulated in evangelical and anti-Islamic literature in the United States. In 1996, Janet Parshall asserted that Muslims worship a moon god in syndicated radio broadcasts. In 2003 Pat Robertson stated, "The struggle is whether Hubal, the Moon God of Mecca, known as Allah, is supreme, or whether the Judeo-Christian Jehovah God of the Bible is Supreme."


title: Hubal

text: These views about Hubal as Allah have been called propaganda by Muslims, and dismissed by Islamic scholars. Farzana Hassan sees these claims as an extension of longstanding Christian evangelical beliefs that Islam is "pagan" and that Muhammad was an impostor and deceiver:


title: Mary Lincoln Beckwith

text: Mary Lincoln Beckwith (August 22, 1898 – July 10, 1975) was a prominent descendant of Abraham Lincoln. Beckwith was one of the last two descendants of Abraham Lincoln, along with her younger brother Robert.


title: Mary Lincoln Beckwith

text: Beckwith was born to Jessie Harlan Lincoln and Warren Wallace Beckwith on August 22, 1898, in Mount Pleasant, Iowa. She got the nickname "Peggy" from her grandfather Robert Todd Lincoln, who described her hair as "flying in the sun" when he wrote to his Aunt Emile Todd Helm. People who were close to her called her "Peggy."


title: Mary Lincoln Beckwith

text: Raised with her brother in Manchester, VT at the home of her grandfather, Robert Todd Lincoln, at a farm known as Hildene, the family estate in Vermont, she later grew up in Washington, D.C., and was said to have become "a squat, fair-haired, blue-eyed, chain smoker who golfed and dabbled in oil painting and sculpture." Beckwith attended the Madeira School, then called Miss Madeira's School, a private prep school, but she did not go on to college afterwards.


title: Mary Lincoln Beckwith

text: Prior to World War I, she was a representative on the committee on public information in Cuba. In 1918, she returned to the family farm to fill positions left by men who had gone to war. Beckwith took an agricultural course at Cornell, and wanted to organize young women to work the farm.


title: Mary Lincoln Beckwith

text: Beckwith was interested in aviation. Her first time flying was to ask for a ride in a plane at the Curtiss airport in Baltimore in 1930 and afterwards "she announced without any further formalities that she would like to learn to fly by herself." She earned her private pilot's license by 1931. In the 1930s, she built a private landing strip in Manchester VT, and purchased a number of airplanes. One of them was a three-seat sports plane. She also owned a Cutliss Gypsy Moth and a Traveler. During this time she was living at Hildene with her grandmother, Mary Harlan Lincoln.


title: Mary Lincoln Beckwith

text: By 1938, Beckwith was operating a 1,000 acre dairy farm at Hildene. She had inherited this property following the death of her grandmother, Mary Harlan Lincoln in 1938.


title: Mary Lincoln Beckwith

text: Beckwith ran the estate "as a farm" and dabbled in art and sculpture. Despite her desire to eschew publicity, she was well-known by the local farm community. She was known to conduct errands in the town around Hildene "dressed in blue jeans overalls, with a shirt and a man's cap."


title: Mary Lincoln Beckwith

text: She died on July 10, 1975 at around 2:15 a.m. at Rutland Hospital in Rutland, Vermont. She had requested that her ashes be spread over her estate; this request was granted and there was no funeral or memorial service held. Upon her death, her brother Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith became the last living descendant of Abraham Lincoln.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport , also known as DFW Airport, is the primary international airport serving the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex and the North Texas Region in the U.S. state of Texas.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: It is the largest hub for American Airlines, which is headquartered near the airport, and is the third-busiest airport in the world by aircraft movements and the second-busiest airport by passenger traffic in 2021, according to the Airports Council International. It is the ninth-busiest international gateway in the United States and the second-busiest international gateway in Texas (behind Houston-IAH). American Airlines at DFW is the second-largest single airline hub in the world and the United States, behind Delta Air Liness hub in Atlanta.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: Located roughly halfway between the major cities of Dallas and Fort Worth, DFW spills across portions of Dallas and Tarrant counties and includes portions of the cities of Grapevine, Irving, Euless, and Coppell. At , DFW is larger than the island of Manhattan, and is the second-largest airport by land area in the United States after Denver International Airport. It has its own post office ZIP Code, 75261, and United States Postal Service city designation ("DFW Airport, TX"), as well as its own police, fire protection, and emergency medical services.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: As of June 2022, DFW Airport has service to 260 destinations from 28 scheduled airlines. In surpassing 200 destinations, DFW joined a small group of airports worldwide with that distinction.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: In April 2022, DFW Airport was ranked as the second-busiest airport in the world with 62.5 million passengers in 2021.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: As early as 1927, before the area had an airport, Dallas proposed a joint airport with Fort Worth. Fort Worth declined the offer and thus each city opened its own airport, Love Field and Meacham Field, each of which had scheduled airline service.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: In 1940, the Civil Aeronautics Administration earmarked for the construction of a Dallas/Fort Worth Regional Airport. American Airlines and Braniff Airways struck a deal with the city of Arlington to build an airport there, but the governments of Dallas and Fort Worth disagreed over its construction and the project was abandoned in 1942. After World War II, Fort Worth annexed the site and developed it into Amon Carter Field with the help of American Airlines. In 1953, Fort Worth transferred its commercial flights from Meacham Field to the new airport, which was from Dallas Love Field. In 1960, Fort Worth purchased Amon Carter Field and renamed it Greater Southwest International Airport (GSW) in an attempt to compete with Dallas' airport, but GSW's traffic continued to decline relative to Dallas Love Field. By the mid-1960s, Fort Worth was getting 1% of Texas air traffic while Dallas was getting 49%, which led to the virtual abandonment of GSW.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: The joint airport proposal was revisited in 1961 after the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) refused to invest more money in separate Dallas and Fort Worth airports. While airline service had steeply declined at both GSW and Meacham, Dallas Love Field was congested and had no more room to expand. Following an order from the federal government in 1964 that it would unilaterally choose a site if the cities could not come to an agreement, officials from the two cities finally agreed on a location for a new regional airport that was north of the near-abandoned GSW and almost equidistant from the two city centers. The land was purchased by the cities in 1966 and construction began in 1969.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: Voters went to the polls in cities throughout the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex to approve the new North Texas Regional Airport, which was named after the North Texas Commission that was instrumental in the regional airport coming to fruition. The North Texas Commission formed the North Texas Airport Commission to oversee the planning and construction of the giant airport. Area voters approved the airport referendum and the new North Texas Regional Airport would become a reality. However, many Dallas residents remained satisfied with Love Field, and an attempt to establish an independent Dallas Fort Worth Regional Airport Authority—despite strong backing from the Dallas Chamber of Commerce and Dallas mayor J. Erik Jonsson—failed when Dallas voters rejected the proposal by a narrow margin. After further negotiation, the cities instead established an appointed airport board consisting of seven members from Dallas and four from Fort Worth and were able to persuade all existing air carriers at Love and GSW to move to the new regional airport.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: Under the original 1967 airport design, DFW was to have pier-shaped terminals perpendicular to a central highway. In 1968, the design was revised to provide for semicircular terminals, which served to isolate loading and unloading areas from the central highway, and to provide additional room for parking in the middle of each semicircle. The plan proposed thirteen such terminals, but only four were built initially.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: DFW held an open house and dedication ceremony on September 20–23, 1973, which included the first landing of a supersonic Concorde in the United States, an Air France aircraft en route from Caracas to Paris. The attendees at the airport's dedication included former Texas Governor John Connally, Transportation Secretary Claude Brinegar, U.S. Senator Lloyd Bentsen and Texas Governor Dolph Briscoe. The airport opened for commercial service as Dallas/Fort Worth Regional Airport on January 13, 1974, at a cost of $700 million. At the time of DFW's opening, at 17,500 acres (27.3 sq mi), it was the largest airport in the world ever constructed in terms of land area (surpassed in October 1975 with the opening of Montréal-Mirabel International Airport). The first flight to land was American Airlines Flight 341 from New York, which had stopped in Memphis and Little Rock. The surrounding cities began to annex the airport property into their city limits shortly after the airport was developed. The name change to Dallas/Fort Worth International did not occur until 1985.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: An innovative feature of the airport during its early history was the Vought Airtrans, the world's first operational fully automated people mover system. Later rebranded as the "Airport Train" and the "TrAAin" ("AA" signifying American Airlines), the system ultimately encompassed of fixed guideways and transported as many as 23,000 persons per day at a maximum speed of .


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: When it opened, DFW had four terminals, numbered 2W, 2E, 3E and 4E. During its first year of operations, the airport was served by American Airlines, Braniff International Airways, Continental Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Eastern Air Lines, Frontier Airlines, Ozark Air Lines, Rio Airways and Texas International Airlines. The Wright Amendment of 1979 banned long-distance flights into Love Field, leaving Southwest Airlines as Love Field's only jet airline and operating solely as an intrastate air carrier in the state of Texas.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: Braniff International Airways was a major operator at DFW in the airport's early years, operating a hub from Terminal 2W with international flights to South America and Mexico from 1974, London from 1978, and Europe and Asia from 1979, before ceasing all operations in 1982. During the Braniff hub era, DFW was one of only four U.S. airports to have scheduled Concorde service; Braniff commenced scheduled Concorde service from Dallas to Washington from 1979 to 1980, using British Airways and Air France aircraft temporarily re-registered to Braniff while flying within the United States. British Airways later briefly flew Concordes to Dallas in 1988 as a substitute for its ordinarily scheduled DC-10 service.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: Following airline deregulation, American Airlines (which had already been one of the largest carriers serving the Dallas/Fort Worth area for many years) established its first hub at DFW on June 11, 1981. American finished moving its headquarters from Grand Prairie, Texas, to a building in Fort Worth located on the site of the old Greater Southwest International Airport, near DFW Airport on January 17, 1983; the airline began leasing the facility from the airport, which owns the facility. By 1984, the American hub occupied most of Terminal 3E and part of Terminal 2E. American's hub grew to fill all of Terminal 2E by 1991. American also began long-haul international service from DFW, adding flights to London in 1982 and Tokyo in 1987.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: Delta Air Lines also built up a hub operation at DFW, which occupied most of Terminal 4E through the 1990s. The Delta hub peaked around 1991, when Delta had a 35% market share at DFW; its share was halved by 2004, after many of its mainline routes were downgraded to more frequent regional jet service in 2003. Delta constructed a satellite terminal in Terminal E in 1988 to accommodate their hub, which was permanently reopened in May 2019 for American Eagle operations. Delta closed its DFW hub in 2004 in a restructuring of the airline to avoid bankruptcy, cutting its DFW operation to only 21 flights a day from over 250 and redeploying aircraft to hubs in Cincinnati, Atlanta and Salt Lake City. Prior to the closure, Delta had a 17.3% market share at DFW.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: In 1989 the airport authority announced plans to rebuild the existing terminals and add two runways. After an environmental impact study was released the following year, the cities of Irving, Euless and Grapevine sued the airport over its extension plans, a battle that was finally decided (in favor of the airport) by the US Supreme Court in 1994. The seventh runway opened in 1996. The four primary north-south runways (those closest to the terminals) were all lengthened from to their present length of . The first, 17R/35L, was extended in 1996 (at the same time the new runway was constructed) and the other three (17C/35C, 18L/36R, and 18R/36L) were extended in 2005. DFW is now the only airport in the world with four serviceable paved runways longer than .


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: Terminal D, built for international flights, and DFW Skylink, a modern bidirectional people mover system, opened in 2005. The remaining Airport Train system, which had been mostly replaced by buses in 2003, had been fully decommissioned weeks earlier. In September 2014, the largest commercial aircraft in the world, an Airbus A380 owned by Australian airline Qantas, made the first arrival at DFW ever by an A380, and was handled at Concourse D.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: From 2004 to 2012, DFW was one of two US Army "Personnel Assistance Points" that received US troops returning from wars in Iraq and Afghanistan for rest and recuperation. This ended on March 14, 2012, leaving Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport as the sole Personnel Assistance Point.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: Airports Council International (ACI) named DFW Airport the best large airport with more than 40 million passengers in North America for passenger satisfaction in 2016.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: In June 2018, DFW Airport opened a fully functioning, free standing emergency room on airport grounds, located in Southgate Plaza near the Airport Headquarters and Rental Car Center. With this opening, the facility became the first actual ER on an airport's property anywhere around the globe.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: DFW Airport tentatively completed a $2.7 billion "Terminal Renewal and Improvement Program" (TRIP), which encompassed renovations of three of the original four terminals (A, B, and E). Work on the project began following the conclusion of Super Bowl XLV in February 2011. Terminal A was the first terminal to undergo these renovations, which were completed in January 2017 at a cost of about $1 billion. This was followed by the completion of Terminal E in August 2017 and Terminal B in December 2017. While Terminal C was originally part of the multibillion-dollar renovations, American Airlines in 2014 asked to delay renovations of the terminal. Terminal C is now slated to be renovated along with the project to construct a new terminal, Terminal F, to be completed sometime in 2025.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: On May 20, 2019, DFW Airport and American Airlines announced plans to build a sixth terminal. The proposed project is estimated to cost $3–3.5 billion and was expected to finish as soon as 2025. Along with the addition of up to 24 new gates to Terminal F, renovations of Terminal C are planned to take place, as it is the last terminal that has not been updated in recent years. The goal of the new terminal is to "provide the region with the growth it needs to compete with international business centers," according to CEO of DFW Airport, Sean Donohue. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the timing of the project is currently in flux.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: On November 3, 2022, Frontier Airlines announced that it will establish a crew operating base at DFW for up to 340 pilots and flights attendants in early 2023, and will add a gate in Terminal E to accommodate flights to additional destinations starting in April of that year.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: Of the portions of the airport, fewer than reside in Grapevine, fewer than are in Irving, over are in Euless, and are in Coppell.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport has five terminals and 174 gates; these terminals are in the City of Grapevine. DFW's terminals are designed to minimize the distance between a passenger's car and airplane, and to reduce traffic around terminals. A consequence of this layout used to be that connecting passengers needed to walk long distances, however the addition of the SkyLink train with two stops in each terminal has reduced walking distances to around 500 feet on average. The Skylink rail system connects all five terminals inside the secured area. Terminal Link connects all terminals with a shuttle bus system on the non-secure side. All non-precleared international flights are processed in Terminal D, which also has a gate to accommodate an Airbus A380. This terminal is where American Airlines’


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: Oneworld international partners fly to and have a sizable presence (British Airways, Iberia, Finnair, Japan Airlines, Qantas and Qatar). All non-American Airlines domestic carriers and pre-cleared flights from Canada use Terminal E.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: The Hyatt Regency DFW Airport hotel is directly adjacent to Terminal C, while the 298-room Grand Hyatt DFW Hotel is directly connected to Terminal D.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: The DFW Airport area is served by International Parkway (partially State Highway 97 Spur), which runs through the center of the airport, connecting to Airport Freeway (State Highway 183) on the southern side of the airport and John W. Carpenter Freeway (State Highway 114) on the northern side. International Parkway continues north of State Highway 114, carrying the State Highway 121 designation for a short while until its interchange with the Lyndon B. Johnson Freeway (I-635), where State Highway 121 continues north as the Sam Rayburn Tollway.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: Bus routes serving the airport are operated by Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) and Trinity Metro. DART operates route 230 from Downtown Irving/Heritage Crossing Station and Southwestern Medical District/Parkland Station to the Remote South Parking facility, and Trinity Metro operates the TRE Link bus route from CentrePort/DFW Airport station.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: Three rail systems serve the airport: DART Light Rail, TEXRail, and the Trinity Railway Express. DART operates light rail from DFW Airport station located at Terminal A. This provides direct rail service on the to Dallas and Las Colinas (with a later extension to DFW Airport North station).


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: TEXRail is a commuter rail service between Terminal B and T&P Station in downtown Fort Worth. DFW Airport is additionally served by the Trinity Railway Express commuter rail line at CentrePort/DFW Airport Station via shuttle bus to the Remote South parking lot. The line serves both downtown Dallas and downtown Fort Worth. There is also the DART Silver Line opening in 2024 which will serve terminal A.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: A consolidated rental car facility is located at the south end of the airport and connected to all terminals by a dedicated network of shuttle buses. Hosting ten rental car companies, the center was completed in March 2000.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: A cargo facility at 1639 West 23rd Street is located on the airport property and in the City of Grapevine. Tenants include China Airlines, Lufthansa Cargo, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: The DFW Airport Department of Public Safety provides the airport with its own police, fire protection, and emergency medical services.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: The DFW International Airport headquarters is located nearby at 2400 Aviation Drive, DFW Airport, TX 75261.


title: Dallas Fort Worth International Airport

text: In 1995, the airport opened Founders' Plaza, an observation park dedicated to the founders of DFW Airport. The site offered a panoramic view of the south end of the airport and hosted several significant events, including an employee memorial the day after the September 11 attacks in 2001 and the airport's 30th anniversary celebration in 2004. As part of the perimeter taxiway project, Founders' Plaza was closed in 2007 and moved to a new location surrounding a -tall beacon on the north side of the airport in 2008. The plaza features a granite monument and sculpture, post-mounted binoculars, piped-in voices of air traffic controllers and shade pavilions. In 2010, a memorial honoring Delta Air Lines Flight 191 was dedicated at the plaza.


title: Jason Behr

text: Jason Behr (born December 30, 1973) is an American film and television actor. He first starred in the American television series "Roswell", for which he was twice nominated for a Saturn Award, followed by roles in the films "The Shipping News" and the American remake of the Japanese horror film "The Grudge". Behr has also had a series of guest appearances in various television shows like "Step by Step", "The Profiler", "7th Heaven", "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "JAG" and had recurring roles in the American television series "Dawson's Creek" and "Breakout Kings".


title: Jason Behr

text: The second of four boys, Behr was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota on December 30, 1973, to Patricia Ann Steiner and David Behr. After his parents' divorce, Patricia moved her sons to the suburb of Richfield, where Jason attended St. Richards Catholic Elementary, a private grade school.


title: Jason Behr

text: Behr first started acting at the age of five when he participated in a school play as a sunflower. By age eight he was doing commercials for Stomper Trucks and modeling for local department stores. Behr continued to perform throughout his school years. In 1992 he graduated from Richfield Senior High School. At the age of 19, after a chance meeting with Hollywood manager Marvin Dauer in Minneapolis, Behr moved to Los Angeles. In his early acting career, he appeared in over 75 commercials, and in 1995 landed the role of Tyler Baker in the racy Showtime comedy series "Sherman Oaks". It ran for two seasons until it was cancelled in early 1997.


title: Jason Behr

text: After "Sherman Oaks", Behr had a series of guest appearances in various television shows ("Step by Step", "The Profiler", "7th Heaven", "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "JAG"). He was cast in the ABC series "Push", but the ill-fated show only aired a few times before being cancelled. Then Behr picked up a recurring role as the character Chris Wolfe in The WB's series "Dawson's Creek". While filming the show in North Carolina, Jason read the script for a pilot called "Roswell High" — later shortened to "Roswell" — and felt an immediate affinity for the lead alien, Max Evans. "Roswell" had a moderately successful run on The WB for two seasons, then moved to UPN for its third and final season. While the show never hit it big in the ratings, the series had an extremely loyal fan base.


title: Jason Behr

text: Since "Roswell", Behr has taken on a variety of roles in independent films such as: Unsu Lee's "Happily, Even After"; Jefery Levy's "Man of God", and Rebecca Cook's "Shooting Livien". In 2001 he played Dennis Buggit in Lasse Hallstrom's "The Shipping News", co-starring with Kevin Spacey, Judi Dench, Julianne Moore, and Cate Blanchett. He made a guest appearance in "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" in 1998, and was later reunited with leading actress Sarah Michelle Gellar in the hit Japanese/American film collaboration "The Grudge". His two most recent film appearances were in the Korean CGI dragon fantasy "D-War" and Lions Gate's reinvention of the werewolf tale, "Skinwalkers".


title: Jason Behr

text: In the spring of 2006, Behr wrapped the CBS dramatic pilot, "The Way", about a powerful New England family that uses witchcraft to further its business enterprises. Jason plays Michael Warden, the show's male lead, one of the family's children who is at the center of a sibling power rivalry. Jason is in good company with fellow castmates who include, Jane Alexander, Julia Ormond, Peter Strauss, Will Patton, and Andrew McCarthy. As of May 17, 2006, CBS announced its fall lineup — and "The Way" was not picked up. In May 2006, Behr wrapped "Senseless", filmed in and around Glasgow, Scotland, for Matador Pictures, Circle of Confusion, Shoreline Entertainment, and in association with Plum Films; a dark chiller written by Simon Hynd, based on the book of the same name by Stona Fitch. Once again, Jason takes the lead, playing Eliott Gast, an American economist who is abducted in Europe by a shadowy anti-globalization group.


title: Jason Behr

text: "Senseless" unfolds as an affluent business man (Jason Behr) finds himself the unwilling hostage to political extremists who brutally torture him for acts he has no recollection of ever committing.


title: Jason Behr

text: Audiences of blood-thirsty home viewers fixate on their computer screens as his torment is streamed across the internet and delivers the most graphic and disturbing reality show ever to be broadcast.


title: Jason Behr

text: Behr starred in the thriller "The Tattooist", which cast him as a tattoo artist who becomes fascinated by the Samoan tatau tradition, but his desire to learn the ancient skill brings him into conflict and danger with the island mysticism and a deadly spirit is released as a result.


title: Jason Behr

text: The film was commercial director Peter Burger's feature film debut. Filming started in Auckland, New Zealand, in September 2006, and finished in early November 2006. It was released in New Zealand on 30 August 2007.


title: Jason Behr

text: In April 2007, Behr began shooting his new film project "Frost" (since renamed "The Last International Playboy"). The film made its debut at the Gen Art film festival in New York City in April 2008, with its nationwide theatrical release on June 12, 2009.


title: Jason Behr

text: In October 2019 it was revealed at the New York Comic Con that Behr would have a recurring part in "Roswell, New Mexico" in an undisclosed role.


title: Jason Behr

text: In March 2021 it was announced that Behr would have a recurring role in "Supergirl" in an undisclosed role. This role turned out to be Zor-El who was previously portrayed by Robert Gant in season 1 and season 2.


title: Jason Behr

text: Behr previously dated his "Roswell" co-star Katherine Heigl. While shooting "The Grudge" in Japan, he met actress KaDee Strickland, whom he married on November 10, 2006, in Ojai, California. They have a son, born October 2013.


title: DPR Live

text: Hong Da-bin (born January 1, 1993), better known by his stage name DPR Live, is a South Korean rapper and singer. Along with Ian, Cream, and REM, Hong co-founded the label Dream Perfect Regime—all of whom attach the label's acronym "DPR" to their names. He released his debut EP, "Coming to You Live", on March 15, 2017. He then released his second EP "Her" on December 7, 2017, followed by his debut studio album "Is Anybody Out There?" on March 3, 2020. His third EP "Iite Cool" was released on July 23, 2021.


title: DPR Live

text: Hong Da-bin was born in Seoul on January 1, 1993, and was raised in Guam. According to his song “To Whoever” he left Guam for Korea in February 2007. He planned to pursue his higher education in psychology and philosophy in college before considering music but his perspective changed after he attended his mandatory military service in South Korea, where "he found inspiration to go after his dream." He began writing during that period of time and continued to do so, which led him to grow "into a natural passion for music".


title: Donna Air

text: Donna Marie Theresa Air (born 2 August 1979) is an English actress, television presenter and media personality.


title: Donna Air

text: Donna Marie Theresa Air was born on 2 August 1979, in Wallsend, North Tyneside, to receptionist Marie (née Lackenby) and mechanical engineer Trevor Air. The eldest of three children, Air has a sister, Francesca, and brother, Alexander. Air grew up in Gosforth, Newcastle upon Tyne, where she attended St Oswald's Catholic Primary School and later Sacred Heart Convent School. Air was then educated at Gosforth High School, and also attended First Act Theatre, a local youth theatre group. Her fellow students at First Act Theatre included Jill Halfpenny and Anthony McPartlin. Air also modelled as a child, appearing in ads for Nissan, Asda and Lenor.


title: Donna Air

text: First appearing as an extra on CBBC programme "Byker Grove" aged 10, Air was asked to audition for a role by a producer, and was subsequently cast as Charlie Charlton. In 1994, Air and her co-stars Jayni Hoy and Vicky Taylor formed Byker Groove!, releasing the single "Love Your Sexy", which charted at 48 on the UK Singles Chart. Air moved to London aged 15, continuing the band as a duo with Hoy as Crush. Two of the band's singles released in 1996, "Jellyhead" and "Luv'd Up", charted in the UK at 50 and 45 respectively, while their debut studio album "Teenage Kicks" failed to chart. The band's management team booked Crush on a tour of the United States, Japan and South East Asia, commencing after Air completed her GCSEs, with "Jellyhead" subsequently peaking at 76 on the Billboard Hot 100.


title: Donna Air

text: Following her promotional touring, she returned to the United Kingdom and in September 1997 signed to MTV UK to host the daily live show, "MTV Select", later becoming a presenter of several shows including "The Big Breakfast", Channel 4's flagship morning entertainment show. Air departed "MTV Select" in April 2000, citing her desire to return to acting and to devote more time to her role on "The Big Breakfast" as the reasons for her departure. In January 2001, Air was promoted to a main presenter on "The Big Breakfast" in a relaunch of the programme amid falling viewer figures. However, Air later resigned in May of that year, with Channel 4 axing "The Big Breakfast" shortly thereafter. Also in May, Air appeared in "The Mummy Returns", the sequel to "The Mummy" (1999), in a "blink-and-you'll-miss-it cameo" that BBC film critic Neil Smith described as one of the only points of difference between the sequel and the original film.


title: Donna Air

text: She has also appeared in many television dramas, most recently "Hollyoaks" in 2010 and "Hotel Babylon" in 2008, BBC TV comedy "Operation Good Guys", Catherine Cookson's six-parter "A Dinner of Herbs", and Lynda La Plante's "Supply & Demand". Air appeared in the films "Still Crazy" (1998) and "Bad Day" (2008) amongst others. Air presented on "Five's" early evening, magazine programme "Live from Studio Five", alongside regular presenter of the programme, Kate Walsh.


title: Donna Air

text: In January 2013, Air participated in the ITV programme "Splash!" She replaced Jennifer Metcalfe at short notice. In November 2017, Air announced that she would be taking part in the tenth series of "Dancing on Ice". She was partnered with Mark Hanretty. They were eliminated in Week 7.


title: Donna Air

text: In 2019, Air was announced as having a starring role in the second series of the drama "The Split", which started airing on BBC One in February 2020.


title: Donna Air

text: In 2000, Air met businessman and animal conservationist Damian Aspinall, having been introduced by their mutual friend Tara Palmer-Tomkinson. The pair began a long-term relationship, with Air giving birth to their daughter, Freya Air Aspinall, in September 2003. Shortly after her birth the couple announced their intention to place their baby daughter in the care of a gorilla, a ritual in which Aspinall's older children had already taken part. Air and Aspinall separated amicably in 2007. In 2013, Air began dating James Middleton, the younger brother of Catherine, Princess of Wales (then the Duchess of Cambridge); the pair eventually separated in 2018. Air lives in Chelsea, London.


title: Donna Air

text: Air supports the Macmillan Cancer Support, Race for Life, Sport Relief and Jeans for Genes charities.


title: The Red Badge of Courage

text: The Red Badge of Courage is a war novel by American author Stephen Crane (1871–1900). Taking place during the American Civil War, the story is about a young private of the Union Army, Henry Fleming, who flees from the field of battle. Overcome with shame, he longs for a wound, a "red badge of courage," to counteract his cowardice. When his regiment once again faces the enemy, Henry acts as flag-bearer, carrying the regimental colors.