title: Punahou School

text: Punahou has also produced seven NFL linemen and four running backs, including Mark Tuinei ('78), who played 195 games over 15 years (team record) for the Dallas Cowboys, winning three Super Bowls and playing in two Pro Bowls. Ray Schoenke ('59*) played 145 games for the Cowboys and Redskins over twelve years. Charley Ane ('49) was a Pro Bowler and twice-NFL champion team captain, whose son, Kale Ane ('71), is the current Punahou football coach, after a career in the NFL. The elder Ane's brothers, Herman Clark ('48) and Jim Clark ('48), also played professionally. The four combined for a total of 260 NFL games over 20 seasons for the Packers, Chiefs, Lions, Redskins, and Bears. Pro Bowler and Super Bowler Mosi Tatupu ('74) played 199 games and redefined the importance of special teams.


title: Punahou School

text: Punahou's high school All-Americans have played football for Stanford, Michigan State (twice), Santa Clara, and Notre Dame (twice); All-American college football players have played at Harvard (twice), Navy, Stanford, Northwestern, Notre Dame, and Oregon.


title: Punahou School

text: Punahou has a tradition of sending athletes to the Olympic Games, with alumni contributing five gold, seven silver, and two bronze medals, competing in many of the modern games ('20, '24, '28, '32, '52, '68, '72, '76, '84, '88, '92, '96, '00, '04, '08, '12, '16, '21), and on every U.S. team since 1968 (Moscow '80 would have been the second of four Olympics for Henry Marsh ('72) if not for the U.S. boycott). Warren Kealoha ('25*) was the youngest gold medalist in swimming when he won the first of two gold medals. Taylor Crabb and Carissa Moore competed in 2021, with Moore winning gold in the first Olympic surfing competition.


title: Punahou School

text: John W. Gardner taught at Stanford and Hiram Bingham III at Harvard, Princeton and Yale. Barack Obama lectured on Constitutional Law at the University of Chicago.


title: Punahou School

text: Punahou alumni include endowed professors at Berkeley, Stanford, UCLA, Duke, Illinois, Notre Dame, Purdue, and Boston University, and research professors of medicine at UCSF, UCLA, UCSD, USC, Stanford, Harvard, Columbia, Duke, Indiana, Texas, Maryland, Pitt, Walter Reed, and Baylor. John Lie ('78) wrote six books on Asian cultures, Patrick Vinton Kirch ('68) wrote nine books on Polynesian cultures, and Fred Hoxie ('65) wrote 20 books on Native American peoples. Jesuit Father Robert Spitzer, SJ ('70) was the president of Gonzaga University. General George Forsythe ('66*), formerly the academic vice dean at West Point, is the president of Westminster College (Missouri). Marie Mookini ('74) was an admissions officer for Stanford University and then for programs at Stanford's Graduate School of Business for over two decades in total. William Richards Castle, Jr. (1896) was a Harvard Overseer. Elizabeth Bennett Johns ('55) has been a Guggenheim Fellow. Mount Rex is named for atmospheric science pioneer Lt. Cdr. Dan Rex ('33*).


title: Punahou School

text: William Ouchi ('61) wrote a book on Japanese business that is one of the top-100 most widely held books in U.S. libraries. Other prominent works by alumni (over 1000 citations for a single work, at scholar.google.com) are on leadership (Gardner '29*), plasma deformation (Killeen '42*), stability of silicates (Holdaway '54*), bird evolution (Steadman, '54), neuralgia vaccine (Gershon '56), coronary disease (3x, Labarthe '57), communicative acts (2x, Harnish '59*), dynamic choice (3x, Porteus '60), markets and bureaucracies (5x, Ouchi '61), floating point computation (Walther, '62), heart physiology (3x, Lederer '65), assay methods (Bennett, '66), marital conflict (4x, Cummings '68), gender equality (Roos '68), immunology (Umetsu '69), intraoperative melanoma (Wong '71), equal employment law (Krieger '72), bacteria viability (Oliver, '73), AIDS vaccination (2x, Michael '75), autophagy assays (Terada '75), virus expression (3x, R. Chung '78), stem cells (2x, Mankani '79), immunotherapy (Yuen '79), tumor pathogenesis (2x, D. Chung '80), legal construction of race (Haney-Lopez '82), nation building (Latham '86), and criminal records (Pager '89).


title: Punahou School

text: Samuel C. Armstrong (1859) and Elbert Tuttle were awarded Honorary Degrees from Harvard. Armstrong founded a normal school (which later became Hampton University) to educate African-Americans and later Native Americans. He was also the founder of the Hampton University Museum, the country's oldest African-American museum and Virginia's oldest museum.


title: Punahou School

text: Punahou has a connection to Mills College through Punahou's former president, Cyrus Mills, who helped found Mills with his wife, Punahou teacher Susan Tolman Mills. Queenie B. Mills was a Kindergarten director who helped design the Head Start program.


title: Punahou School

text: IMDb.com lists over 100 credits for Carrie Ann Inaba ('86) ("In Living Color", "Austin Powers in Goldmember", "Dancing with the Stars") and 150 for Kelly Preston ('80) ("Jerry Maguire", "For Love of the Game", "Only You", "Twins"). Sarah Wayne Callies ('95), has starred in "Prison Break", "Colony", and "The Walking Dead".


title: Punahou School

text: Al Harrington ('54) starred in the original "Hawaii Five-O" and plays a recurring character in the revived series.


title: Punahou School

text: Joan Blondell ('25*) has a Hollywood Walk of Fame star after 52 years in films and was a nominee for best supporting actress in 1951. Buster Crabbe ('27), who had won a gold medal in the 1932 Olympics, portrayed Tarzan, Flash Gordon, and Buck Rogers in film. Gerry Lopez ('66) is well known for surfing, but is also known as Subotai in "Conan the Barbarian". Teri Ann Linn ('79) provided the beauty in "The Bold and the Beautiful" for over eight years. Scott Coffey ('81) appeared in "Ferris Bueller's Day Off" and was in two films with Naomi Watts ("Tank Girl", "Mulholland Drive") before writing and directing her indie bio pic, "Ellie Parker". Amanda Schull ('96) had the lead role as an aspiring ballerina in "Center Stage" and featured in "Suits"". Three alumni danced for the early Martha Graham. Leilani Jones ('75) won a Tony Award on Broadway and was on the original casts of "Grind" and "Little Shop of Horrors". Ann Harada ('81) starred on Broadway in "Avenue Q" and "Cinderella", and on TV in "Smash".


title: Punahou School

text: Drew Matich '(82) has produced TV shows such as "Fairly Legal", "In Plain Sight", "", "Beautiful People", "Joan of Arcadia", and "Dawson's Creek". Rod Lurie ('80) has directed and produced a dozen films ("Straw Dogs", "The Contender") and two major TV series ("Line of Fire", "Commander in Chief"). Kevin McCollum ('80*) directs a Broadway production company that claims 18 Tony Award-winning plays, and a Pulitzer Prize for Drama, three awarded personally ("In the Heights", "Avenue Q", "Rent"). Allan Burns ('53) was a 6-time Emmy Award-winning writer and creator, known for such shows as "The Munsters", "Get Smart", "Mary Tyler Moore Show", and "Rocky and Bullwinkle". Ken Peterson ('26) animated "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", "One Hundred and One Dalmatians", and "Sleeping Beauty". John Kneubuhl ('38), a Samoan royal, was a writer on "Wild, Wild, West", "", "Hawaii Five-O", "Gunsmoke", "Mannix", and 40 other shows. Bruce Broughton ('62) is a film composer ("Silverado", "Tombstone", "The Rescuers Down Under") and a 10-time Emmy-winner for TV themes ("JAG", "Tiny Toon Adventures"). Iris Yamashita ('83*) was nominated for best original screenplay with "Letters from Iwo Jima". Scott Moore ('85) co-wrote "The Hangover", for which he received a BAFTA Best Original Screenplay nomination, and "Bad Moms", which he also co-directed.


title: Punahou School

text: The Kingston Trio had two Punahou alumni as founders, Dave Guard ('52*) and Bob Shane ('52), producing five #1 albums on Billboard's charts, ten top-40 hits, and a #1 Grammy-winning single. The group won a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. Robin Luke ('59) was a Rockabilly Hall of Fame act. Hawaiian slack-key guitar is represented by the popular music of Henry Kapono Kaaihue ('67) of Cecilio & Kapono. Melody Ishikawa ('00) had three top-ten albums in Japan, Tané McClure ('77*) did much of the Terminator soundtrack, and Teri Ann Linn's ('79) debut CD went gold on the European charts.


title: Punahou School

text: General Samuel C. Armstrong led a rifle company that repelled parts of Pickett's Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg, and led U.S. Colored Troops.


title: Punahou School

text: Captain Francis Wai ('35) was awarded a posthumous Medal of Honor, Killed in Action in the Battle of Leyte Gulf. Admiral Thomas G. W. Settle ('14*) received the Navy Cross in World War II. General Donald Prentice Booth ('22*) received the Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army) in World War II and the Cold War. General Ned Moore ('24) received the Distinguished Service Cross (United States) in the Korean War. General Sidney Wooten ('24*) received the DSC in World War II and, with classmates Ned Moore and General Walter K. Wilson, Jr. ('24), the DSM during the Cold War. General Philip Lindeman ('26) received the DSC in World War II and DSM in the Vietnam War. General Tom Stayton ('26) received the DSM posthumously in Vietnam. General Walter Jensen ('27) earned the DSM during the Vietnam War. Admiral Gordon Chung-Hoon ('29*) received the Navy Cross in World War II. General Kelley Lemmon Jr. ('31*) and General Stanley Larsen ('33) received the DSC in World War II and DSM in Vietnam. Admiral Chester Nimitz, Jr. ('32*) received the Navy Cross in World War II. William Robertson Desobry ('36) received the DSM in Vietnam, and General Ross T. Dwyer ('37) received the DSM (Navy) in Peacetime. General George Cantlay ('38) received the DSM in Vietnam and a Peacetime DSM (Defense). General George Patton IV ('42*) received the DSC in the Vietnam War and a Peacetime DSM. Admiral Kleber Masterson, Jr. ('50*) received a DSM (Navy) in Vietnam.


title: Punahou School

text: Many of the students were children of high level commanders stationed in the Pacific, such as Chester Nimitz, Jr. and George Patton IV. Admiral Grant Sharp '(56) and Admiral Stephen Clarey ('58) had fathers who would become Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet. General Stephen Fuqua, Jr.'s ('28*) father was Chief of Infantry and Colonel Wallace Greene III's ('50) father was Commandant of the Marine Corps.


title: Punahou School

text: The school can claim at least fifteen Brigadier Generals, eleven Major Generals, six Lieutenant Generals, thirteen Rear Admirals, and three Vice Admirals. Stanley Larsen was the first commander of the Field Force, Vietnam and commander of the Sixth United States Army. Ross Dwyer was commander of the 1st Marine Division and George Cantlay was commander of the 2nd Armored Division. Donald Booth was commander of the Fourth United States Army. Kleber Masterson, Jr. commanded the United States Second Fleet. Admiral Thomas H. Copeman III ('77) was Commander, Naval Surface Forces Pacific and Commander, Naval Surface Forces Atlantic.


title: Punahou School

text: Colonel Farrant Turner ('13), Major Alex McKenzie ('29), and Major John Johnson ('31) commanded the Nisei 100th Infantry Battalion, a.k.a. the "Purple Heart Battalion." Johnson was Killed in Action at the Battle of Monte Cassino. The destroyer is named after Punahou football star, Gordon Chung-Hoon, who was assigned to the .


title: Punahou School

text: Lt. Michael T. McCormick (1964) was shot down in Vietnam War in 1973, recovered in 2002, and now rests in Arlington National Cemetery.


title: Punahou School

text: West Point graduates Generals Albert Lyman (1906*) and Charles Lyman (1908) were the first ethnic Hawaiians to attain that rank. General C. B. Stewart ('30) was a Ph.D. in nuclear physics and General Frances Mossman ('50) has her J.D. Admiral Alma Lau (Grocki) ('77) was a member of the 2nd Naval Academy class to admit women.


title: Punahou School

text: Many Punahou teachers in its history have been military reservists or ex-military. Former computer and math teacher Henry Wells Lawrence was one of the first pilots to respond to the Attack on Pearl Harbor.


title: Punahou School

text: In 2007, Cox Enterprises passed to two former Punahou students who are highly philanthropic like their mother Barbara Cox Anthony, who "twice" married Punahou alumni; daughter, Blair Kennedy ('68*), a former schoolteacher, is now the second wealthiest woman in Australia; son James C. Kennedy ('65*) was Atlanta's philanthropist of the year 2007, and 61st on the Forbes 400 list 2012. Charles Gates, Jr. ('39) has donated $147 million through his Gates Family Foundation (Gates last appeared on the Forbes 400 list in 2006). As mentioned above, the philanthropic founders of AOL and eBay were Punahou students, with both still listed on the 2012 Forbes 400. USA Today reported that Pierre Omidyar's ('84*) total charitable contributions exceeded $1 billion.


title: Punahou School

text: Nancy Cordes ('91) is a senior CBS News White House correspondent and anchor. Emily Chang ('98) is the anchor and executive producer of Bloomberg news shows.


title: Punahou School

text: Punahou students were crowned Miss Hawaii or Miss Hawaii USA in 1977, 1981, 1997, 1999, and 2004 (with Judi Anderson ('76) becoming Miss USA and Brook Mahealani Lee ('89*) becoming Miss Universe).


title: Punahou School

text: Punahou students appear across the political spectrum, from Ronald Reagan's "favorite economist" and former Enron board member Wendy Lee Gramm ('62); Ryan Henry ('68) and Robert Silberman ('75), Deputy Under Secretary of Defense and Assistant Secretary of the Army, respectively, for George H. W. Bush; to centrist Ray Schoenke ('59*), a former Democratic candidate for Maryland Governor who founded the American Hunters and Shooters Association (an alternative to the National Rifle Association); to Jerry Berman ('58), chief counsel of the ACLU.


title: Punahou School

text: Throughout the years we've shown our light,We glory in Oʻahu's might;The Buff and Blue's a glorious sight,Punahou, our Punahou.


title: Punahou School

text: The song is sung to the tune of "Maryland, My Maryland", also known as "O Tannenbaum". The lyrics are taken from a poem, "Oahu Wa," by then student Wilhelm Albert Gartner (1902).


title: Punahou School

text: This cheer is typically shouted by the marching band and cheerleaders at Punahou, at events such as football games and other sports activities and gatherings following the alma mater.


title: Punahou School

text: Punahou does not have an official mascot. The closest thing is the hala tree, whose image is used in the school's seal. Fans often refer to athletic teams as the "Sons of Oahu", or "Buff & Blue". In 1890 the colors buff and blue officially became Punahou's school colors, representing sand and the sea. In 1890, long before the development of high-rises and hotels in Waikiki, all that was visible in the distance from the top of Punahou's campus was the buff-colored sand and blue-colored sea of Waikiki Beach.


title: Cory Wells

text: Cory Wells (born Emil Lewandowski; February 5, 1941 – October 20, 2015) was an American singer, best known as one of the three lead vocalists in the band Three Dog Night.


title: Cory Wells

text: Wells came from a musical family and began playing in Buffalo, New York-area bands in his teens. His biological father, who was married to someone other than his mother, died when Cory was a small child, leaving his mother to struggle financially until she eventually married. She gave Cory her birth surname, although Cory eventually changed his surname to Wells (a shortened version of his birth father's surname, Wellsley). His full stage name "Cory Wells" was suggested by The Enemys' first manager, Gene Jacobs, who had a son named Cory.


title: Cory Wells

text: Having survived childhood in a low-income, blue-collar neighborhood and an even more brutal home environment fueled by an abusive stepfather, this according to manager Joel Cohen's band biography, "Three Dog Night And Me," Wells joined the United States Air Force directly out of high school. While in the Air Force, he formed a band of interracial musical performers, inspired by his boyhood love of a similar popular band called The Del-Vikings, who had a national hit with the doo-wop song, "Come Go with Me".


title: Cory Wells

text: Following his military tour of duty, Wells returned to Buffalo and was asked to join a band named the Vibratos. Gene Jacobs, the brother-in-law of the Vibratos guitar player, Mike Lustan, suggested to him that the Vibratos travel to California if they were serious about making it in music. They took his advice and changed the name of the band to "The Enemys." They soon began working the clubs in Los Angeles, San Diego, Las Vegas and Sacramento, and they became the house band at the Whisky a Go Go. They were also featured in the television shows "The Beverly Hillbillies", "Burke's Law", "Riot on Sunset Strip", and the film "Harper", with Paul Newman. While at the Whisky a Go Go, Cher asked the band to tour with Sonny & Cher. It was on this tour that Wells met Danny Hutton, a former songwriter/performer for Hanna-Barbera Productions who became his future partner in the rock band Three Dog Night. The Enemys had minor hits with recordings of "Hey Joe" and "Sinner Man". Wells moved to Phoenix in 1967 where he formed The Cory Wells Blues Band, whose bass player was future Three Dog Night bass player, Joe Schermetzler (stage name Joe Schermie). In 1968, Wells returned to Hollywood where he "couch-surfed" while Danny Hutton worked to convince him of the feasibility of forming a group with three lead singers and a back-up band.


title: Cory Wells

text: Hutton and Wells formed Three Dog Night in 1968. They found a third lead singer in Chuck Negron, whom Hutton had met at a Hollywood party. Hutton, Wells, and Negron met The Beach Boys' Brian Wilson, and they recorded demos under the name "Redwood" with Wilson as producer. The sessions produced a potential single, "Time to Get Alone," but Beach Boy member Mike Love wanted to save the song for the next Beach Boys album. Having perfected their three-part harmony sound, Wells, Hutton and Negron added a four-piece backing group consisting of guitarist Michael Allsup, organist Jimmy Greenspoon, bassist Joe Schermie, and drummer Floyd Sneed. The group began performing as Three Dog Night in 1968, and became one of the most successful bands of the late 1960s and early 1970s. Wells sang the lead vocal on Three Dog Night's "Billboard" No. 1 hit song "Mama Told Me (Not to Come)". He said that Randy Newman, who wrote the song, later called him on the phone and said: "I just want to thank you for putting my kids through college."


title: Cory Wells

text: Unlike many other rock musicians of the day, Wells managed to abstain from alcohol and other drugs. Also, he didn't squander his earnings on the lavish lifestyles of many other successful rock stars; rather, he chose to live a somewhat more moderate existence. After Three Dog Night broke up in 1976, Wells tried a solo career, recording the album "Touch Me" for A&M Records in 1978. Wells helped re-launch Three Dog Night in the mid-1980s, recording an EP called "It's a Jungle". A falling out with Negron left Hutton and Wells with the name "Three Dog Night" as an entity, and the pair (along with original member Mike Allsup) toured regularly each year. Original member Jimmy Greenspoon also toured with Three Dog Night until his diagnosis of metastatic melanoma in late 2014, which led to his death in March 2015.


title: Cory Wells

text: Wells died in his sleep on October 20, 2015, at Brooks Memorial Hospital in Dunkirk, New York at the age of 74. His family later confirmed he was fighting multiple myeloma, a form of blood cancer. His survivors include his wife, daughters, five grandchildren, and siblings.


title: La Scala

text: La Scala (, , ; abbreviation in Italian of the official name ) is a famous opera house in Milan, Italy. The theatre was inaugurated on 3 August 1778 and was originally known as the "" (New Royal-Ducal Theatre alla Scala). The premiere performance was Antonio Salieri's "Europa riconosciuta".


title: La Scala

text: Most of Italy's greatest operatic artists, and many of the finest singers from around the world, have appeared at La Scala. The theatre is regarded as one of the leading opera and ballet theatres globally. It is home to the La Scala Theatre Chorus, La Scala Theatre Ballet, La Scala Theatre Orchestra, and the Filarmonica della Scala orchestra. The theatre also has an associate school, known as the La Scala Theatre Academy (), which offers professional training in music, dance, stagecraft, and stage management.


title: La Scala

text: La Scala's season opens on 7 December, Saint Ambrose's Day, the feast day of Milan's patron saint. All performances must end before midnight, and long operas start earlier in the evening when necessary.


title: La Scala

text: The Museo Teatrale alla Scala (La Scala Theatre Museum), accessible from the theatre's foyer and a part of the house, contains a collection of paintings, drafts, statues, costumes, and other documents regarding La Scala's and opera history in general. La Scala also hosts the Accademia d'Arti e Mestieri dello Spettacolo (Academy for the Performing Arts). Its goal is to train a new generation of young musicians, technical staff, and dancers (at the Scuola di Ballo del Teatro alla Scala, one of the Academy's divisions).


title: La Scala

text: Above the boxes, La Scala has a gallery—called the "loggione"—where the less wealthy can watch the performances. The gallery is typically crowded with the most critical opera aficionados, known as the loggionisti, who can be ecstatic or merciless towards singers' perceived successes or failures. For their failures, artists receive a "baptism of fire" from these aficionados, and fiascos are long remembered. For example, in 2006, tenor Roberto Alagna left the stage after being booed during a performance of "Aida", forcing his understudy, Antonello Palombi, to quickly replace him mid-scene without time to change into a costume. Alagna did not return to the production.


title: La Scala

text: A fire destroyed the previous theatre, the Teatro Regio Ducale, on 25 February 1776, after a carnival gala. A group of ninety wealthy Milanese, who owned private boxes in the theatre, wrote to Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este asking for a new theatre and a provisional one to be used while completing the new one. The neoclassical architect Giuseppe Piermarini produced an initial design. However, it was rejected by Count Firmian (the governor of the then Austrian Lombardy).


title: La Scala

text: A second plan was accepted in 1776 by Empress Maria Theresa. The new theatre was built on the former location of the church of Santa Maria alla Scala, from which the theatre gets its name. The church was deconsecrated and demolished. Over a period of two years, the theatre was completed by Pietro Marliani, Pietro Nosetti, and Antonio and Giuseppe Fe. The theatre had a total of "3,000 or so" seats organized into 678 pit-stalls, arranged in six tiers of boxes above which is the 'loggione' or two galleries. Its stage is one of the largest in Italy (16.15m d x 20.4m w x 26m h).


title: La Scala

text: Building expenses were covered by the sale of boxes, which were lavishly decorated by their owners, impressing observers such as Stendhal. La Scala (as it came to be known) soon became the preeminent meeting place for noble and wealthy Milanese people. In the tradition of the times, the main floor had no chairs, and spectators watched the shows standing up. The orchestra was in full sight, as the orchestra pit had not yet been built.


title: La Scala

text: As with most of the theatres at that time, La Scala was also a casino, with gamblers sitting in the foyer. Conditions in the auditorium, too, could be frustrating for the opera lover, as Mary Shelley discovered in September 1840:


title: La Scala

text: At the Opera they were giving Otto Nicolai's "Templario". Unfortunately, as it is well known, the theatre of La Scala serves, not only as the universal drawing-room for all the society of Milan but every sort of trading transaction, from horse-dealing to stock-jobbing, is carried on in the pit; so that brief and far between are the snatches of melody one can catch.


title: La Scala

text: La Scala was originally illuminated with 84 oil lamps mounted on the stage and another thousand in the rest of the theatre. To reduce the risks of fire, several rooms were filled with hundreds of water buckets. In time, oil lamps were replaced by gas lamps; these, in turn, were replaced by electric lights in 1883.


title: La Scala

text: The original structure was renovated in 1907 when it was given its current layout with 1,987 seats. In 1943, during World War II, La Scala was severely damaged by bombing. It was rebuilt and reopened on 11 May 1946, with a memorable concert conducted by Arturo Toscanini—twice La Scala's principal conductor and an associate of the composers Giuseppe Verdi and Giacomo Puccini—with a soprano solo by Renata Tebaldi, which created a sensation.


title: La Scala

text: La Scala hosted the first productions of many famous operas and had a special relationship with Verdi. However, for several years, Verdi did not allow his work to be played here, as some of his music had been modified (he said "corrupted") by the orchestra. This dispute originated in a disagreement over the production of his "Giovanna d'Arco" in 1845; however, the composer later conducted his "Requiem" there on 25 May 1874. He announced in 1886 that La Scala would host the premiere of what was to become his penultimate opera, "Otello". The premiere of his last opera, "Falstaff" was also given in the theatre.


title: La Scala

text: In 1982, the Filarmonica della Scala orchestra was established to develop a symphonic repertoire to add to La Scala's operatic tradition, the orchestra drawing its members from the larger pool of musicians that comprise the Orchestra della Scala. The Filarmonica was conducted first by Carlo Maria Giulini, then by Riccardo Muti, plus many collaborative relations with some of the greatest conductors of the time.


title: La Scala

text: Rossini's opera, William Tell was premiered there, and it had the selections like 'Overture', 'Storm', 'Randez Vaches', and the well known 'March of the Swiss Soldiers', the theme song of the Lone Ranger.


title: La Scala

text: The theatre underwent a major renovation from early 2002 to late 2004. The theatre closed following the traditional 7 December 2001 season-opening performances of "Otello", which ran through December. From 19 January 2002 to November 2004, the opera company transferred to the new Teatro degli Arcimboldi, built in the Pirelli-Bicocca industrial area from the city center.


title: La Scala

text: The renovation by architect Mario Botta proved controversial, as preservationists feared that historic details would be lost. However, the opera company was satisfied with the improvements to the structure and the sound quality, which was enhanced when the heavy red carpets in the hall were removed. The stage was entirely rebuilt, and an enlarged backstage allows more sets to be stored, permitting more productions.


title: La Scala

text: Seats now include monitors for the electronic libretto system provided by Radio Marconi, an Italian company, allowing audiences to follow opera libretti in English and Italian in addition to the original language.


title: La Scala

text: The opera house re-opened on 7 December 2004 with a production, conducted by Riccardo Muti, of Salieri's "Europa riconosciuta", the opera performed at La Scala's inauguration in 1778. Tickets for the re-opening fetched up to €2,000.


title: La Scala

text: The renovations cost a reported €61 million and left a budget shortfall that the opera house overcame in 2006.


title: La Scala

text: Carlo Fontana, the general manager of La Scala since 1990, was dismissed in February 2005 by the board of governors over differences with the music director, Riccardo Muti. The resulting staff backlash caused serious disruptions and staff strikes. In a statement, the theatre's board said it was "urgent to unify the theatre's management". On 16 March 2005, the La Scala orchestra and other staff overwhelmingly approved a no-confidence motion against Muti. They demanded the resignation of Fontana's replacement, Mauro Meli. Muti had already been forced to cancel a concert a few days earlier because of the disagreements. Italy's culture minister, Giuliano Urbani, supported the conductor but called for urgent action by management to safeguard the smooth operation and prestige of La Scala. On 2 April 2005, Muti resigned from La Scala, citing "hostility" from staff members.


title: La Scala

text: In May 2005, Stéphane Lissner, formerly head of the Aix-en-Provence Festival, was appointed General Manager and Artistic Director of La Scala, becoming the first non-Italian in its history to hold the office. On 15 May 2006, Daniel Barenboim was named "Maestro Scaligero", or "de facto" principal guest conductor of the company. In October 2011, Barenboim was appointed the next music director of La Scala, effective December 2011, with an initial contract of 5 years.


title: La Scala

text: In December 2013, management named Riccardo Chailly the next music director of La Scala, effective 1 January 2015.


title: La Scala

text: Stéphane Lissner left La Scala for the Paris Opera. His successor , formerly director of the Salzburg Festival, began his tenure on 1 October 2014. In June 2019 it was announced that Pereira will leave in 2020 and will be replaced by Dominique Meyer.


title: La Scala

text: La Scala was originally selected to host the opening ceremony of the 134th IOC Session in 2019, but the event was moved to Lausanne, Switzerland after Milan submitted a joint bid with Cortina d'Ampezzo for the 2026 Winter Olympics.


title: Morecambe

text: Morecambe ( ) is a seaside town and civil parish in the City of Lancaster district in Lancashire, England. It is in Morecambe Bay on the Irish Sea.


title: Morecambe

text: The first use of the name was by John Whitaker in his "History of Manchester" (1771), when he refers to the "æstury of Moricambe". It next appears four years later in "Antiquities of Furness", where the bay is described as "the Bay of Morecambe".


title: Morecambe

text: That name is derived from the Roman name "Moriancabris Æsturis" shown on maps prepared for them by "Claudius Ptolemœus" (Ptolemy) from his original Greek maps. At this distance in time it is impossible to say if the name was originally derived from an earlier language (e.g. Celtic language) or from Greek. The Latin version describes the fourth inlet north from Wales on the west coast of England as Moriancabris Æsturis. Translated, this gives a more accurate description than the present name of Morecambe Bay as the Latin refers to multiple estuaries on a curved sea, not a bay, as then the word sinus or gulf would have been used.


title: Morecambe

text: The name appeared in March 1862 on a steam locomotive built for the South Durham and Lancashire Union Railway, which could indicate it was already in unofficial use for the area.


title: Morecambe

text: It was not until 1889 that the necessary legislation was passed to officially name the area Morecambe, comprising the hamlets of Poulton, Bare and Torrisholme (a township for the purposes of the Census of 1841 but shown as separate townships in the previous Census of 1831). In 1894, the Urban District Council was formed, thus freeing Morecambe completely from its governance by the Borough of Lancaster until 1974 when Lancaster again took charge.


title: Morecambe

text: Before the creation of Morecambe, Poulton acquired two suffixes, "le Sands" and briefly "by Sands". The reason for these additions stems from the dearth of names of townships in earlier times with the same name recurring over again. In the days before free movement of people, this was not so important. As travel became easier through first the turnpikes and later the railways, it became necessary to differentiate between the various towns with the same name, hence the additions.


title: Morecambe

text: On 3 August 1928, the name changed again when the Corporation of Morecambe amalgamated with Heysham Urban District Council to form the Municipal Borough of Morecambe and Heysham.


title: Morecambe

text: In 1846, the Morecambe Harbour and Railway Company was formed to build a harbour on Morecambe Bay, close to the fishing village of Poulton-le-Sands, and a connecting railway. By 1850, the railway linked to Skipton, Keighley and Bradford in the West Riding of Yorkshire, and a settlement began to grow around the harbour and railway to service the port and as a seaside resort. The settlement expanded to absorb Poulton and the villages of Bare and Torrisholme. The settlement started to be referred to as "Morecambe", possibly after the harbour and railway. In 1889, the new name was officially adopted.


title: Morecambe

text: Morecambe was a thriving seaside resort in the mid-20th century. It was home to the largest Pontins resort in the country. Pontins closed in 1993. While the resort of Blackpool attracted holiday-makers predominantly from the Lancashire mill towns, Morecambe had more visitors from Yorkshire (due to its railway connection) and Scotland. Mill workers from Bradford and further afield in West Yorkshire would holiday at Morecambe, with some retiring there. This gave Morecambe the nickname "Bradford on Sea". Between 1956 and 1989, it was the home of the Miss Great Britain beauty contest.


title: Morecambe

text: Morecambe suffered a decades-long decline after a series of incidents that damaged tourism and the local economy. Two piers were lost: West End Pier was partly washed away in a storm in November 1977, and the remnants were demolished in 1978; Central Pier, damaged by fire in 1933, was removed in 1992. In 1994, The World of Crinkley Bottom attraction in Happy Mount Park closed only thirteen weeks after opening. The ensuing Blobbygate scandal, a financial disaster after projected visitor numbers did not materialise, led to a legal battle between Lancaster City Council and TV star Noel Edmonds, costing North Lancs taxpayers £2.6 million. The closures of Bubbles, Morecambe's swimming pool, and the Frontierland fairground soon followed.


title: Morecambe

text: Morecambe was selected by the RNLI as the location for its first active life-saving hovercraft. (Griffon 470SAR) H-002 "The Hurley Flyer", which became operational on 23 December 2002, was housed in a temporary garage next to the Yacht Club until a permanent building could be designed and built. Work on the latter began in 2008, and it officially opened on 12 June 2010.


title: Morecambe

text: On 5 February 2004, there was a major loss of life in Morecambe Bay when at least 21 Chinese immigrant shellfish harvesters were drowned after they became trapped by the incoming tide.


title: Morecambe

text: In December 2017 a local general practitioner and community health activist claimed that children in Morecambe were suffering from malnourishment and implied that cases of rickets had been observed as a consequence. The Morecambe Bay Clinical Commissioning Group subsequently sought to correct the GP's claims and clarified the aetiology of vitamin D deficiency in the local population, explaining "rickets is a very rare condition and has multiple causes".


title: Morecambe

text: Enoch Powell made a speech in Morecambe on 11 October 1968 on the economy, setting out alternative, radical free-market policies that would later be called the Morecambe Budget. Powell used the financial year 1968–69 to show how income tax could be halved from 8s 3d to 4s 3d in the pound (basic rate cut from 41% to 21%) and how capital gains tax and Selective Employment Tax could be abolished without reducing expenditure on defence or the social services. These tax cuts required a saving of £2,855 million, and this would be funded by eradicating losses in the nationalised industries and denationalising the profit-making state concerns; ending all housing subsidies except for those who could not afford their own housing; ending all foreign aid; ending all grants and subsidies in agriculture; ending all assistance to development areas; ending all investment grants; abolishing the National Economic Development Council; and abolishing the Prices and Incomes Board The cuts in taxation would also allow the state to borrow from the public to spend on capital projects such as hospitals and roads and on the firm and humane treatment of criminals.


title: Morecambe

text: The town is in the Morecambe and Lunesdale parliamentary constituency; the current Member of parliament is David Morris.


title: Morecambe

text: Morecambe's main central shopping area incorporates two markets—the Festival Market and the Morecambe Sunday Market—and the Reel Cinema complex.


title: Morecambe

text: Morecambe Hotel and Tourism Association, which had forty members, has merged with the Bay Tourism Association. At a full meeting of the Morecambe Hotel and Tourism Association on Monday 8 March 2010, it was unanimously resolved that the MHTA would join with Bay Tourism to become one association under the name of the Bay Tourism Association and the MHTA would cease to operate as an association. The BTA works closely with Lancaster Chamber and organises joint promotional ventures with other tourism associations in the region.


title: Morecambe

text: Recent tourism initiatives have made Morecambe a centre for bird watchers with the Tern Project enhancing the town's heritage linked to the extensive natural landscape of Morecambe Bay and its diverse wildlife.


title: Morecambe

text: In 2018, the Eden Project revealed its design for the Eden Project North on the seafront in Morecambe. There will be biodomes shaped like mussels and a focus on the marine environment. Grimshaw are the architects for the £80 million project, which is a partnership with the Lancashire Enterprise Partnership, Lancaster University, Lancashire County Council and Lancaster City Council.


title: Morecambe

text: Morecambe is served by a number of primary, secondary and tertiary educational establishments. These include Morecambe Bay Academy, Bay Leadership Academy and Lancaster and Morecambe College.


title: Morecambe

text: Morecambe has two large live-music venues: the Platform and More Music. The Platform is a converted Victorian-styled building which used to be the old railway station. It also houses the Morecambe Tourist Information Centre. Morecambe has a number of bands playing in the town's pubs and music venues.


title: Morecambe

text: Morecambe is home to community music charity More Music. More Music was established in 1993 and is based in the Hothouse. The Hothouse is now a venue for live gigs.


title: Morecambe

text: The Yorkshire playwright and author Alan Bennett has enjoyed a long association with Morecambe and has often referred to the town in his work and writing. One of his early TV plays, "Sunset Across the Bay" (1975), is about a couple from Leeds who retire to Morecambe, leaving their old home with the words "Bye bye, mucky Leeds!" He based the play on memories of the many holidays he spent in Morecambe with his parents. In his essay "Written on the Body", collected in "Untold Stories" (2005), he even suggests that his association with the town is pre-natal: "[I]t had been in a boarding house that I was conceived, sometime over the August Bank Holiday of 1933 at Morecambe or Filey." In the same collection, Bennett pays tribute to the Morecambe-born actress Thora Hird in the essays "Last of the Sun", about the final play he wrote for her, and "Thora Hird 1911–2003", a memoir of the work they had done together since the 1960s. Earlier in the book, he discusses his maternal aunt Kathleen, who married in Morecambe and lived there until her death in 1974.


title: Morecambe

text: Morecambe was the birthplace of the artist William Woodhouse (1857–1939), who lived all his life in the town and is buried with his wife and daughter at St. Peter's Church in the village of Heysham, a little to the south of Morecambe.


title: Morecambe

text: Stanley's Youth and Community Centre is based on Stanley Road in the West End of Morecambe. It offers the opportunity for young people aged 8–18 to play music, cook or just use the facilities to catch up with friends. There are also community sessions including community meal, women's group and 'Get Connected' information service.


title: Morecambe

text: The Exchange, which was set up in 2015 and is based on West Street in the West End of Morecambe, is a Community Arts CIC, offering free creative workshops to local residents. Promoting creativity as a means of well-being, it serves as a non-profit welcome space for all ages and abilities. In addition to workshops, The Exchange sells the artwork of local residents and hosts events such as the popular Soup Night.


title: Morecambe

text: One of Morecambe's most famous landmarks is a statue commemorating one of its most famous sons, Eric Morecambe. It was created by sculptor Graham Ibbeson.


title: Morecambe

text: One of Morecambe's landmark buildings is the partially renovated Victoria Pavilion or Morecambe Winter Gardens. This was once a venue for swimming baths, a grand theatre, a restaurant and a ballroom.


title: Morecambe

text: Morecambe's current library opened in 1967; it was designed by the office of the architect Roger Booth. It replaced the Victoria Street library, which opened in 1928. There had been earlier proposals to build a library in Morecambe with Carnegie funding, but arguments about the rates involved stalled the project. The library is mentioned by Pevsner and is one of the few noteworthy buildings, other than churches, that are not connected to the seaside trade. The building is formed by hexagons, with a hyperbolic parabolic roof, creating a distinctive skyline and interior.


title: Morecambe

text: Morecambe once boasted two fairgrounds: a small one to the north of the railway station, which closed down in the 1980s, and a larger one to the south of the station, which ultimately became Frontierland and closed in 1999. The last remaining landmark on the site was the Polo Tower, left standing only because of the contract for the phone mast on top. This was demolished mid 2017.


title: Morecambe

text: In July 2008, the local council ordered a clean-up of the Polo Tower, and scaffolding was erected around the structure to carry out a survey. It was demolished in sections, in July 2017.


title: Morecambe

text: Near the promenade is the Morecambe and Heysham War Memorial which commemorates the men of Morecambe who lost their lives in the two world wars and the Korean War. The memorial differs from most as it lists the First World War as 1914 to 1919 rather than 1914 to 1918.


title: Morecambe

text: In March 2019 a Time and Tide Bell designed by Marcus Vergette was installed beside the Stone Jetty, as part of a national public art project.


title: Morecambe

text: The Midland Hotel is an art deco hotel on the seafront. It contains interior design and art pieces by artist Eric Gill. In 2009 it underwent a £7m restoration, headed by Manchester company Urban Splash. The hotel re-opened for business in June 2008.


title: Morecambe

text: In March 2011 Urban Splash sold the freehold of the building to Lancashire-based 'The Lancaster Foundation'.


title: Morecambe

text: Local weekly newspapers include "The Visitor" published on Tuesdays and the "Morecambe Guardian", a local edition of the "Lancaster Guardian" published on Fridays.


title: Morecambe

text: A monthly publication entitled "Local Choice" is delivered by Royal Mail to every household in the district.


title: Morecambe

text: Morecambe F.C. (known as 'the Shrimps') are the leading local football club and on 20 May 2007 won the Conference National playoffs to earn promotion to the Football League for the first time in their history. As of 2021–22, they play in League One. They had a successful first season in the Football League, surprising a few teams, and in the 2009–10 season they reached the play-offs, only to lose 7–2, on aggregate, to eventual winners Dagenham & Redbridge.


title: Morecambe

text: At the end of the 2009–10 season the team moved from its Christie Park ground to a brand new home, the Globe Arena. The old ground was demolished to make way for a Sainsbury's supermarket.


title: Morecambe

text: On 31 May 2021, Morecambe won the League Two play-off Final at Wembley, beating Newport County 1-0 after extra time to win promotion to League One for the first time in their history.


title: Morecambe

text: When the rugby football schism occurred in 1895, the now defunct Morecambe RFC joined the Northern Rugby Football Union (now Rugby Football League) in its second season. Morecambe played for eight of the ten seasons from the 1896–97 season through to the end of 1905–06 season. Morecambe finished 14th of 14 in its first three seasons of the Lancashire Senior Competition, withdrew for the 1899–1900 and 1900–01 seasons, finished 11th of 13 in the Lancashire Senior Competition, then finished 17th of 18, 16th of 17, 13th of 14 in Division-2, and finally 30th of 31 in the recombined league, after which Morecambe withdrew from the Northern Rugby Football Union.


title: Morecambe

text: The town still hosts a rugby league team, with Heysham Atoms playing from their Trimpell Sports and Social Club base. The Atoms finished joint top of division three in the North West Counties in 2012.


title: Morecambe

text: Morecambe has a Commonwealth Featherweight Champion, Isaac Lowe, who beat Marco McCullough in the 8th round with in one minute and 56 seconds on the Frampton Vs Quigg Under-card World Heavyweight Champion Tyson Fury lives nearby and is often seen in and around Morecambe.


title: Morecambe

text: A 5 km parkrun event takes place every Saturday morning on the Promenade. The first event was held in April 2019.


title: Morecambe

text: Morecambe station has a regular rail service from , with some trains running direct from and . Trains also run to Heysham, where they connect with the ferry service to the Isle of Man. There is another railway station at Bare Lane, serving the suburb of Bare. Services are operated by Northern.


title: Morecambe

text: The present-day Morecambe station opened in 1994, replacing an older station once known as , built by the Midland Railway on its North Western Line from Skipton in Yorkshire. There was also a station called , built by the rival London & North Western Railway, which closed in 1963.


title: Morecambe

text: Bus services in the area are operated mainly by Stagecoach Cumbria & North Lancashire & other local companies. Direct services link the town with Windermere and Bowness-on-Windermere via Carnforth, Milnthorpe and Kendal (755), Lancaster with connections to Keswick via Carnforth, Milnthorpe, Kendal, Windermere, Ambleside and Grasmere (555), Carnforth (5, 55, 755), and, all via Garstang, Preston (40/41), Blackpool (42). Regular services up to every 15 minutes (numbers 41/100) operate along the promenade to Heysham and to Lancaster University, a bus route also runs from the bus station via Heysham and then fast to Lancaster (number 2X), while service 1 and 1A operate up to every 10 minutes from Euston Road to both Heysham and Lancaster University. Services 6 and 6A operate via Westgate (where most caravan holiday parks are) to the Asda supermarket and Salt Ayre Leisure Centre. Service 5 operates to Overton and Carnforth. Most services (2X/4/6/6A/40/41/42/100/555/755) operate using Low Floor Easy Access Vehicles suitable for wheelchair users and prams/pushchairs.


title: The Streets of San Francisco

text: The Streets of San Francisco is a television crime drama filmed on location in San Francisco and produced by Quinn Martin Productions, with the first season produced in association with Warner Bros. Television (QM produced the show on its own for the remainder of its run).


title: The Streets of San Francisco

text: It starred Karl Malden and Michael Douglas as two homicide Inspectors in San Francisco. The show ran for five seasons, between 1972 and 1977, on ABC, amassing a total of 119 60-minute episodes. Douglas left the series at the start of its final season, and was replaced by Richard Hatch.


title: The Streets of San Francisco

text: The series started with a pilot movie of the same title (based on the 1972 detective novel "Poor, Poor Ophelia" by Carolyn Weston) a week before the series debuted. Edward Hume, who wrote the teleplay for the pilot, was credited as having developed the series based on characters in Weston's novel. The pilot featured guest stars Robert Wagner, Tom Bosley, and Kim Darby.


title: The Streets of San Francisco

text: "The Streets of San Francisco" debuted on ABC on Saturday, September 16, 1972, at 9 pm Eastern, competing against the popular CBS sitcoms "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" and "The Bob Newhart Show". After "Streets" gained attention on Saturday nights during the first season, the show was moved to Thursday, where it stayed for the remainder of its run, beginning with the second season, competing against other successful 1970s crime dramas, in different timeslots.


title: The Streets of San Francisco

text: By all accounts, Malden and Douglas developed a strong professional and personal relationship from their time on the series. Twenty years after last working together on an episode, they were both onstage at the 1996 People's Choice Awards. Malden referred to Douglas as "the son I never had" and mentioned that he had wanted producer Quinn Martin to cast Douglas on the series. Douglas responded to the compliment by calling Malden "my mentor", and both expressed that they enjoyed working together on the show.


title: The Streets of San Francisco

text: The show revolved around two police officers who investigated homicides in San Francisco. The center of the series was a veteran cop and widower, Lt. Michael Stone, star #897 (played by Malden), who had more than 20 years of police experience and was now assigned to the homicide detail of the San Francisco Police Department's Bureau of Inspectors. He was partnered with a young inspector and energetic partner, Assistant Inspector Steve Keller, star #2248 (played by Douglas), a college graduate, aged 28, who had little experience on the police force. Stone became a second father to Keller as he learned the rigors and procedures of detective work. Eventually, Keller was promoted to full inspector. As the series progressed, Douglas became a star in his own right. Mike's daughter, Jeannie Stone (Darleen Carr), made occasional appearances.


title: The Streets of San Francisco

text: After the second episode of the fifth and final season, Douglas left the show after successfully producing the film "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest", which won the Academy Award for Best Film for 1975. He, in turn, also established a film career. His character's absence was explained by having him take a teaching position at UC Berkeley, a local college, while Lt. Stone was partnered with another Inspector, Inspector Dan Robbins (Hatch). Hatch started his career on the ABC soap "All My Children" and later went on to "Battlestar Galactica". The change was not popular with audiences, and the show ended in 1977 due to declining ratings and increased production costs. Additionally in 1977, writer James J. Sweeney won an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for his teleplay for the season-four episode "Requiem for Murder".


title: The Streets of San Francisco

text: The series was sponsored by Ford Motor Company, and half of the vehicles shown were new Ford cars. In the early episodes, Keller and Stone drove a brown 1971 Ford Galaxie four-door sedan and the entire SFPD cruiser fleet consists of Ford Galaxies.


title: The Streets of San Francisco

text: On January 27, 1992, a reunion TV movie titled "Back to the Streets of San Francisco" was aired. Douglas did not appear. However, Darleen Carr did return as Mike Stone's daughter Jeannie.


title: The Streets of San Francisco

text: Many actors guest-starred on the show; some were relatively unknown at the time and became successful stars in their own feature films or television series. Guest stars included Eileen Heckart, Dean Stockwell, Pernell Roberts, Edmond O'Brien, Ricky Nelson, Ron Glass, Susan Dey, Marion Ross, Van Williams, Paula Kelly, Don Johnson, Tom Selleck, Leslie Nielsen, Roscoe Lee Browne, James Woods, Nick Nolte, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Martin Sheen, Dabney Coleman, David Wayne, Vera Miles, Brenda Vaccaro, Desi Arnaz Jr., Tony Young, Cal Bellini, Marshall Colt, Pat Conway, Patty Duke, Denver Pyle, Richard Egan, Richard Eastham, Rodolfo Hoyos Jr., Don Keefer, Wright King, Flip Mark, Nora Marlowe, John Ritter, Stefanie Powers, Robert Wagner, Wayne Maunder, Dick Van Patten, Mark Hamill, Tom Bosley, Larry Hagman, Anthony Geary, John Davidson, Eve McVeagh, Andrew Robinson, Beverly Washburn, Bill Bixby, Charles Aidman, Edward Mulhare, Jessica Walter, Len Birman, Michael Constantine, Norman Fell, Richard Bull, William Windom, David Soul, Paul Michael Glaser, Bernie Kopell, Claude Akins, Dennis Cole, Doris Roberts, Earl Holliman, Gerald McRaney, Howard Duff, John Saxon, Larry Pennell, Ned Beatty, Gary Lockwood, Kay Lenz, Laurie Heineman, Lew Ayres, Luther Adler, Maureen McCormick, Meredith Baxter, Michael Ansara, Noah Beery Jr., Paul Sorvino, Richard Anderson, Albert Salmi, Celeste Holm, David White, Dick Sargent, Geoffrey Lewis, Jack Albertson, Jamie Farr, Joe Santos, Joseph Cotten, Robert Reed, Roger E. Mosley, Stuart Whitman, Carl Weathers, Cheryl Ladd, Clint Howard, Gordon Jump, Herbert Jefferson Jr., Martin Kove, Sam Elliott, Tommy Kirk, Tyne Daly, Vic Morrow, Nan Martin, and Victor French. Michael Douglas's mother Diana Douglas guest-starred in the season two episode "Chapel of the Damned". Gary Vinson appeared toward the end of his career.


title: The Streets of San Francisco

text: When the series debuted, it was slotted as counter programming opposite CBS' popular Saturday-night situation comedies, but failed to build an audience. The two-hour pilot movie ranked 58 out of 65 programs telecast that week, while the first regular episode of the series fared even lower at 62nd of 65 programs. In January 1973, ABC shook up its lineup by shuffling a number of its programs around. "The Streets of San Francisco" moved to Thursday night, and immediately increased its viewership to an 18.1 rating and 31 percent share of the audience. Over the next three years, the series flourished on Thursday, ranking number 22 for its second and third seasons and number 26 for its fourth. For the 1976-77 television season, ABC made the strategic error of moving the show up one hour, placing it in direct competition with "Barnaby Jones", another Quinn Martin Production. The two crime dramas virtually split their audience with "Barnaby Jones" ranking 49th and "The Streets of San Francisco" falling to 52nd of 104 shows for the season. The decline in viewership, coupled with steadily rising production costs and a new contract for star Karl Malden, prompted ABC to cancel the series.


title: The Streets of San Francisco

text: CBS DVD (distributed by Paramount) has released all five seasons of "The Streets of San Francisco" on DVD in Region 1, and the first two seasons in Region 4. All seasons have been released in two volume sets.


title: The Streets of San Francisco

text: On May 9, 2017, CBS DVD released "The Streets of San Francisco- The Complete series" on DVD in Region 1.


title: The Streets of San Francisco

text: Paramount Home Entertainment has released the first two seasons of "Streets of San Francisco" on DVD in the UK.


title: Anthea Turner

text: Anthea Turner (born 25 May 1960) is an English former television presenter. She was a host of "Blue Peter" from 1992 until 1994, and of "GMTV" from 1994 until 1996.


title: Anthea Turner

text: Turner was born in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, and educated at the Roman Catholic girls' school St Dominic's Grammar School in Stoke. She was one of three daughters born to her parents Brian and Jean Turner. One of her sisters, Ruth, died aged 15. Her other sister is presenter Wendy Turner Webster.


title: Anthea Turner

text: Turner joined BBC Radio Stoke as a runner, eventually joining breakfast show presenter Bruno Brookes as part of his rap crew. The couple became romantically involved and employed Peter Powell as an agent through his management company.


title: Anthea Turner

text: Turner moved into television through Sky Channel and Music Box presenting live music programmes from July 1986 to 1989. Her debut on national television was with the BBC on "But First This", which led to her fronting two series for the BBC on the Saturday morning show "UP2U".


title: Anthea Turner

text: During a motorbike stunt that went wrong on "UP2U", Turner suffered burns and temporary hearing loss, which led to a successful lawsuit against the BBC.


title: Anthea Turner

text: She presented "Top of the Pops" from October 1988 to May 1991, and, for the final 18 months of this period, was the only non-Radio 1 DJ to do so regularly.


title: Anthea Turner

text: Turner presented the children's television show "Blue Peter" from 27 June 1992 to 29 June 1994, and around this time was also associated with publicising The Y Plan, a system of exercise developed by the London YMCA. She moved on to presenting on "Totally Live" on pan-European music channel Music Box, followed by "GMTV", which she presented from July 1994 to 24 December 1996.


title: Anthea Turner

text: Turner was also a host on the first National Lottery draw on BBC One on 19 November 1994 with Noel Edmonds and Gordon Kennedy. She remained as sole host of the National Lottery Live until 20 April 1996, when she joined ITV and the travel show "Wish You Were Here...?", becoming the second-highest-paid female television presenter in the UK, after Cilla Black. She was replaced on The National Lottery Live by Bob Monkhouse.


title: Anthea Turner

text: The relationship between Turner and her "GMTV" co-presenter Eamonn Holmes was frosty, with Holmes issuing an ultimatum to the "GMTV" management that he would leave if they did not sack his colleague: as a result, Turner lost her job. After Bovey left his wife Della for Turner, with ensuing tabloid interest, Turner's career went into a decline. Her autobiography "Fools Rush In", for which she was paid an estimated £400,000 advance, sold 451 copies in its first week of release in November 2000 and entered the bestseller charts at No. 531.


title: Anthea Turner

text: Attempting to revive her career, Turner presented BBC One's short-lived Saturday-evening programme "Your Kids Are in Charge" in 2000 with her sister Wendy Turner Webster. The following year, she participated in "Celebrity Big Brother", and was the third contestant to be evicted, after Chris Eubank and Vanessa Feltz.


title: Anthea Turner

text: In February 2006, Turner made a television comeback on BBC Three in "", where she taught disorganised-house women and men how to clean and run their houses. The series was accompanied by three related books. Later in 2006, she appeared as a guest on BBC Two's music-based panel show "Never Mind the Buzzcocks".


title: Anthea Turner

text: In April 2009, Turner appeared on the ITV reality show "Hell's Kitchen" with Marco Pierre White, alongside her then husband Grant Bovey. Turner also presented the show "Help Me Anthea, I'm Infested" for BBC Three, as she advised people whose homes have been overrun by pests. Turner took part in the first series of the Channel 4 game show "The Jump" in 2013. The show saw twelve celebrities take part in winter sports. The show is set in a mountainside in Austria.


title: Anthea Turner

text: On 23 August 2015, she replaced Anne Diamond and Sian Welby as the host of the Health Lottery draws on Channel 5. Welby later returned on 2 October and Anthea Turner was dropped from the line-up.


title: Anthea Turner

text: Turner took part in a special celebrity edition of Channel 4's "First Dates" on 12 October 2015, in aid of Stand Up to Cancer.


title: Anthea Turner

text: On 20 November 2017, Turner appeared on the BBC show "Celebrity Antiques Road Trip" in an episode set in Staffordshire and Cheshire. In 2018, she appeared on the Channel 5 show "Celebs In Solitary", where she attempted to spend five days in solitary confinement.


title: Anthea Turner

text: In 2013, Turner appeared as a contestant in the eighth series of "Dancing on Ice", where she finished in ninth place out of twelve celebrity skaters. She participated in the show with her professional skating partner Andrew Buchanan. In the third week she performed to the Donny Osmond song "Puppy Love", and ended up in the skate-off against Keith Chegwin. They lost the skate-off and were the fourth couple to be eliminated in the series.


title: Anthea Turner

text: In February 2021 she was criticised for tweets by many on Twitter. The first tweet showed two women, one without a mask and a second woman in a wheelchair wearing a mask holding a McDonald’s takeaway bag. A speech bubble attributes the words "Put a mask on! You’re putting my health at risk!" to the second woman. In a second tweet she said "Sadly those of us who have genuinely tried to protect the NHS by looking after our bodies are paying the terrible price for those who have chosen lazy lifestyle choices." Piers Morgan called one tweet "despicable", adding "What the hell is this? Have you lost your mind, Anthea?". He criticised the second tweet by saying "You’re blaming 120,000+ covid deaths on the victims being lazy? What a repellent, dumb and grotesquely offensive attitude. Shame on you." Jess Phillips commented "The Anthea Turner thing this morning has just about done me in. I just wish the idiots would just admit that the wind on their face is more important than my sister in laws life while she has chemo. Stop with the god damn hierarchy of whose life matters."


title: Anthea Turner

text: Turner's private life has been covered in the tabloid press. The then-editor of the "Daily Mirror", Piers Morgan, admitted in April 2003 that the interest of the popular press in Turner's private life had seriously damaged her career.


title: Anthea Turner

text: After her long relationship with one-time DJ co-worker Bruno Brookes, she married her manager, former DJ Peter Powell in 1990; the couple divorced in 1998.


title: Anthea Turner

text: The year of her divorce from Powell, Turner moved in with the CEO of Imagine Homes, Grant Bovey. Bovey left his wife, Della, to move in with Turner. He later reconciled with Della, before leaving her again to return to Turner. Turner and Bovey married on 23 August 2000. Turner was keen to start her own family with Bovey, who has three daughters from his previous marriage.


title: Anthea Turner

text: Turner and Bovey split up in 2012, due to Bovey's extramarital affair. After an initial reconciliation, they separated again in August 2013, this time permanently and they divorced in October 2015.


title: Tony Dokoupil

text: Tony Dokoupil (born December 24, 1980) is an American broadcast journalist and author, known for his work as a co-anchor of "CBS Mornings". He was also a news correspondent for CBS News and MSNBC.


title: Tony Dokoupil

text: Dokoupil, who is of Czech heritage, was born in Connecticut on December 24, 1980. His mother, Ann, worked as a teacher, while his father, Anthony, was a marijuana dealer. Growing up, Dokoupil was told of his father's involvement in real estate, which was a front. His family relocated to Miami shortly after he was born. Dokoupil and his mother relocated back to Maryland when he was six, where he attended Severna Park High School. He later studied business at George Washington University, graduating first in his class, and pursued media studies at Columbia University.


title: Tony Dokoupil

text: From 2007 to 2013, Dokoupil was a senior writer at "Newsweek" magazine and the website "The Daily Beast". In September 2013, he joined NBC News as a senior writer. He released a memoir titled "The Last Pirate: A Father, His Son, and the Golden Age of Marijuana" on April 1, 2014. He later became a reporter on MSNBC.


title: Tony Dokoupil

text: Following his departure from NBC News and MSNBC, Dokoupil joined CBS News as a New York-based correspondent in August 2016. On May 6, 2019, Dokoupil was named the new co-anchor of the morning program "CBS This Morning"; He made his debut on May 20. The program was renamed "CBS Mornings" in September 2021.


title: Tony Dokoupil

text: Dokoupil has two children from a previous relationship. He married fellow broadcast journalist Katy Tur in October 2017, and they have two children together.


title: Heretic (video game)

text: Heretic is a dark fantasy first-person shooter video game released in December 1994. It was developed by Raven Software and published by id Software through GT Interactive.


title: Heretic (video game)

text: Using a modified version of the "Doom" engine, "Heretic" was one of the first first-person games to feature inventory manipulation and the ability to look up and down. It also introduced multiple gib objects that spawned when a character suffered a death by extreme force or heat. Previously, the character would simply crumple into a heap. The game used randomised ambient sounds and noises, such as evil laughter, chains rattling, distantly ringing bells, and water dripping in addition to the background music to further enhance the atmosphere. The music in the game was composed by Kevin Schilder. An indirect sequel, "", was released the following year. "Heretic II" was released in 1998, which served as a direct sequel continuing the story.


title: Heretic (video game)

text: Three brothers (D'Sparil, Korax, and Eidolon), known as the Serpent Riders, have used their powerful magic to possess seven kings of Parthoris, turning them into mindless puppets and corrupting their armies. The Sidhe elves resist the Serpent Riders' magic. The Serpent Riders thus declared the Sidhe as heretics and waged war against them. The Sidhe are forced to take a drastic measure to sever the natural power of the kings destroying them and their armies, but at the cost of weakening the elves' power, giving the Serpent Riders an advantage to slay the elders. While the Sidhe retreat, one elf (revealed to be named Corvus in "Heretic II") sets off on a quest of vengeance against the weakest of the three Serpent Riders, D'Sparil. He travels through the "City of the Damned", the ruined capital of the Sidhe (its real name is revealed to be Silverspring in "Heretic II"), then past the demonic breeding grounds of Hell's Maw and finally the secret Dome of D'Sparil.


title: Heretic (video game)

text: The player must first fight through the undead hordes infesting the location where the elders performed their ritual. At its end is the gateway to Hell's Maw, guarded by the Iron Liches. After defeating them, the player must seal the portal and so prevent further infestation, but after he enters the portal guarded by the Maulotaurs, he finds himself inside D'Sparil's dome. After killing D'Sparil, Corvus ends up on a perilous journey with little hope of returning home. However, he eventually succeeds in his endeavour, only to find that Parthoris is in disarray once again.


title: Heretic (video game)

text: The gameplay of "Heretic" is heavily derived from "Doom", with a level-based structure and an emphasis on finding the proper keys to progress. Many weapons are similar to those from "Doom"; the early weapons in particular are near-exact copies in functionality to those seen in "Doom". Raven added a number of features to "Heretic" that differentiated it from "Doom", notably interactive environments, such as rushing water that pushes the player along, and inventory items. In "Heretic", the player can pick up many different items to use at their discretion. These items range from health potions to the "morph ovum", which transforms enemies into chickens. One of the most notable pickups that can be found is the "Tome of Power" which acts as a secondary firing mode for certain weapons, resulting in a much more powerful projectile from each weapon, some of which change the look of the projectile entirely. "Heretic" also features an improved version of the "Doom" engine, sporting the ability to look up and down within constraints, as well as fly. However, the rendering method for looking up and down merely uses a proportional pixel-shearing effect rather than any new rendering algorithm, which distorts the view considerably when looking at high-elevation angles.


title: Heretic (video game)

text: As with "Doom", "Heretic" contains various cheat codes that allow the player to be invulnerable, obtain every weapon, be able to instantly kill every monster in a particular level, and several other abilities. If the player uses the "all weapons and keys" cheat ("codice_1") from "Doom", a message appears warning the player against cheating and takes away all of his weapons, leaving him with only a quarterstaff. If the player uses the "god mode" cheat ("codice_2") from "Doom", the game will display a message saying "Trying to cheat, eh? Now you die!" and kills the player character.


title: Heretic (video game)

text: The original shareware release of "Heretic" came bundled with support for online multiplayer through the new DWANGO service.


title: Heretic (video game)

text: "Heretic" was developed by Raven Software with assistance by publisher id Software, the latter of which had recently pioneered the first-person shooter genre with "Wolfenstein 3D" and "Doom". Brian Raffel, the game's director and vice-president of Raven at the time, revealed that the developer first came to id's attention with the release of its debut title "Black Crypt". After providing Raven with a modified "Wolfenstein 3D" engine for its next project "ShadowCaster" and being impressed by the final result, id requested that Raven develop a medieval-themed/dark fantasy game using a modified version of id's signature "Doom" engine. Raffel considered himself and his colleagues as typical "D&D" fans and initially drafted the game with role-playing elements. They then took instruction from id programmer John Carmack to simply "do it like "Doom", and add the fantasy flavor." "Heretic" began development in March 1994 with Ben Gokey as lead programmer and a rough storyline penned by Michael Raymond-Judy that was finalized by the game's publisher.


title: Heretic (video game)

text: id designer John Romero signed on as executive producer. He recalled visiting the team at Raven, bringing them several Intel-based Epson NeXT computers, and teaching them how to use id's tools and engine. Major additions to the engine for graphics and gameplay included an expendable inventory system; the ability to look up, look down, and fly; water and wind effects on the player character's movement; and improved audio for both ambient and localized sound. Assistant programmer Chris Rhinehart was responsible for adding the flight mechanic, which Raffel described as a "happy accident". The director explained, "Chris came up with the idea of moving the horizon line just up and down. It wasn't a real calculation of flying, it was a hack... That was such a big event for us, and that gave us our unique flavor."


title: Heretic (video game)

text: The original version of "Heretic" was only available through shareware registration (i.e. mail order) and contained three episodes. The retail version, "Heretic: Shadow of the Serpent Riders", was distributed by GT Interactive in 1996, and featured the original three episodes and two additional episodes: "The Ossuary", which takes the player to the shattered remains of a world conquered by the Serpent Riders several centuries ago, and "The Stagnant Demesne", where the player enters D'Sparil's birthplace. This version was the first official release of "Heretic" in Europe. A free patch was also downloadable from Raven's website to update the original "Heretic" with the content found in "Shadow of the Serpent Riders".


title: Heretic (video game)

text: Along with the two full additional episodes, "Shadow of the Serpent Riders" contains 3 additional levels in a third additional episode (unofficially known as "Fate's Path") which is inaccessible without the use of cheat codes. The first of these three levels can be accessed by typing the cheat ("codice_3"). The first two levels are fully playable, but the third level does not have an exit so the player is unable to progress further.


title: Heretic (video game)

text: On January 11, 1999, the source code of the game engine used in "Heretic" was published by Raven Software under a license that granted rights to non-commercial use, and was re-released under the GNU GPL-2.0-only on September 4, 2008. This resulted in ports to Linux, Amiga, Atari, and other operating systems, and updates to the game engine to utilize 3D acceleration. The shareware version of a console port for the Dreamcast was also released.


title: Heretic (video game)

text: "Next Generation" reviewed the PC version of the game, and stated that "if you're only going to get one action game in the next couple of months, this is the one".


title: Heretic (video game)

text: While remarking that "Heretic" is a thinly-veiled clone of "Doom", and that its being released in Europe after and with "Quake" due out shortly makes it somewhat outdated, "Maximum" nonetheless regarded it as an extremely polished and worthwhile purchase. They particularly highlighted the two additional episodes of the retail version, saying they offer a satisfying challenge even to first person shooter veterans and are largely what make the game worth buying.


title: Heretic (video game)

text: In 1996, "Computer Gaming World" listed being turned into a chicken as #3 on its list of "the 15 best ways to die in computer gaming".


title: Heretic (video game)

text: "Heretic" has received three sequels: "", "Hexen II", and "Heretic II". Following ZeniMax Media's acquisition of id Software, the rights to the series have been disputed between both id and Raven Software; Raven's parent company Activision holds the developing rights, while id holds the publishing rights to the first three games.


title: Heretic (video game)

text: Further homages to the series have been made in other id Software titles; In 2009's "Wolfenstein", which Raven Software developed, "Heretic"'s Tomes of Power are collectible power-ups found throughout the game. The character Galena from "Quake Champions" wears armor bearing the icon of the Serpent Riders.


title: Heretic (video game)

text: In 2014, Raven co-founder Brian Raffel had expressed interest in making a sequel to the "Heretic" series. Rather than licensing it to other developers, he wants Raven to do it themselves.


title: BMW N46

text: The BMW N46 is a naturally aspirated inline-four piston engines which replaced the BMW N42 and was produced from 2004 to 2015.


title: BMW N46

text: In 2007, the N46's successor - the BMW N43 - was introduced. However, the direct-injected N43 was not sold in countries with high-sulfur fuel, so the N46 continued to be produced alongside the N43. The N46 continued production until 2015, when the last N46 models were replaced by the BMW N13 turbocharged four-cylinder engine.


title: BMW N46

text: Compared with its N42 predecessor, the N46 features a revised crankshaft, intake manifold and valvetrain. In 2007, the N46 was updated, which was known as the N46N. Changes included the intake manifold, exhaust camshaft and the engine control unit was changed from Bosch Motronic version ME9.2 to version MV17.4.6. The redline is 6,500 rpm.


title: BMW N46

text: The N46B20U2 produces and . It was used instead of the N43 engine in countries with high-sulfur fuel.


title: BMW N46

text: The N46B20O1 produces and . On models with secondary air injection, peak torque occurs at 3750 rpm instead of 3600 rpm.


title: The Shire

text: The Shire is a region of J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional Middle-earth, described in "The Lord of the Rings" and other works. The Shire is an inland area settled exclusively by hobbits, the Shire-folk, largely sheltered from the goings-on in the rest of Middle-earth. It is in the northwest of the continent, in the region of Eriador and the Kingdom of Arnor.


title: The Shire

text: The Shire is the scene of action at the beginning and end of Tolkien's "The Hobbit", and of the sequel, "The Lord of the Rings". Five of the protagonists in these stories have their homeland in the Shire: Bilbo Baggins (the title character of "The Hobbit"), and four members of the Fellowship of the Ring: Frodo Baggins, Sam Gamgee, Merry Brandybuck and Pippin Took. The main action in "The Lord of the Rings" returns to the Shire near the end of the book, in "The Scouring of the Shire", when the homebound hobbits find the area under the control of Saruman's ruffians, and set things to rights.


title: The Shire

text: Tolkien based the Shire's landscapes, climate, flora, fauna, and placenames on rural England where he lived, first in Worcestershire as a boy, then in Oxfordshire. In Peter Jackson's films of both "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings", the Shire was represented by countryside and constructed hobbit-holes on a farm near Matamata in New Zealand, which became a tourist destination.


title: The Shire

text: Tolkien took considerable trouble over the exact details of the Shire. Little of his carefully crafted fictional geography, history, calendar, and constitution appeared in "The Hobbit" or "The Lord of the Rings", though additional details were given in the Appendices of later editions. The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey comments that all the same, they provided the "depth", the feeling in the reader's mind that this was a real and complex place, a quality that Tolkien believed essential to a successful fantasy.


title: The Shire

text: In Tolkien's fiction, the Shire is described as a small but beautiful, idyllic and fruitful land, beloved by its hobbit inhabitants. They had agriculture but were not industrialized. The landscape included downland and woods like the English countryside. The Shire was fully inland; most hobbits feared the Sea. The Shire measured 40 leagues (193 km, 120 miles) east to west and 50 leagues (241 km, 150 miles) from north to south, with an area of some : roughly that of the English Midlands.


title: The Shire

text: The main and oldest part of the Shire was bordered to the east by the Brandywine River, on the north by uplands rising to the Hills of Evendim, on the west by the Far Downs, and on the south by marshland. It expanded to the east into Buckland between the Brandywine and the Old Forest, and (much later) to the west into the Westmarch between the Far Downs and the Tower Hills.


title: The Shire

text: The Shire was subdivided into four Farthings ("fourth-ings", "quarterings"), as Iceland once was; similarly, Yorkshire was historically divided into three "ridings". The Three-Farthing Stone marked the approximate centre of the Shire. It was inspired by the Four Shire Stone near Moreton-in-Marsh, where once four counties met, but since 1931 only three do. There are several Three Shire Stones in England, such as in the Lake District, and formerly some Three Shires Oaks, such as at Whitwell in Derbyshire, each marking the place where three counties once met. Pippin was born in Whitwell in the Tookland.


title: The Shire

text: Within the Farthings there are unofficial clan homelands: the Tooks nearly all live in or near Tuckborough in Tookland's Green Hill Country.


title: The Shire

text: Buckland, also known as the "East Marches", was just to the east of the Shire across the Brandywine River. Named for the Brandybuck family, it was settled "long ago" as "a sort of colony of the Shire." The Westmarch or West Marches was given to the Shire by King Elessar after the War of the Ring.


title: The Shire

text: To the east of the Shire was the isolated village of Bree, unique in having hobbits and men living side-by-side. It was served by an inn named "The Prancing Pony", noted for its fine beer which was sampled by hobbits, men, and the wizard Gandalf. Many inhabitants of Bree, including the inn's landlord Barliman Butterbur, had surnames taken from plants. Tolkien described the butterbur as "a fat thick plant", evidently chosen as appropriate for a fat man. Tolkien suggested two different origins for the people of Bree: either it had been founded and populated by men of the Edain who did not reach Beleriand in the First Age, remaining east of the mountains in Eriador; or they came from the same stock as the Dunlendings.


title: The Shire

text: The name "Bree" means "hill"; Tolkien justified the name by arranging the village and the surrounding Bree-land around a large hill, named Bree-hill. The name of the village Brill, in Buckinghamshire, a place that Tolkien often visited, inspired him to create Bree, has the same meaning: "Brill" is a modern contraction of "Breʒ-hyll". Both syllables are words for "hill" – the first is Celtic and the second Old English.


title: The Shire

text: The Shire was first settled by hobbits in the year 1601 of the Third Age (Year 1 in Shire Reckoning); they were led by the brothers Marcho and Blanco. The hobbits from the vale of Anduin had migrated west over the perilous Misty Mountains, living in the wilds of Eriador before moving to the Shire.


title: The Shire

text: After the fall of Arnor, the Shire remained a self-governing realm; the Shire-folk chose a Thain to hold the king's powers. The first Thains were the heads of the Oldbuck clan. When the Oldbucks settled Buckland, the position of Thain was peacefully transferred to the Took clan. The Shire was covertly protected by Rangers of the North, who watched the borders and kept out intruders. Generally the only strangers entering the Shire were Dwarves travelling on the Great Road from their mines in the Blue Mountains, and occasional Elves on their way to the Grey Havens. In the hobbits defeated an invasion of Orcs at the Battle of Greenfields. In –60, thousands of hobbits perished in the Long Winter and the famine that followed. In the Fell Winter of –12, white wolves from Forodwaith invaded the Shire across the frozen Brandywine river.


title: The Shire

text: The protagonists of "The Hobbit" and "Lord of the Rings", Bilbo and Frodo Baggins, lived at Bag End, a luxurious "smial" or hobbit-burrow, dug into The Hill on the north side of the town of Hobbiton in the Westfarthing. In Bilbo Baggins left the Shire on the quest recounted in "The Hobbit". He returned the following year, secretly bearing a magic ring. This turned out to be the One Ring. The Shire was invaded by four Ringwraiths in search of the Ring. While Frodo, Sam, Merry, and Pippin were away on the quest to destroy the Ring, the Shire was taken over by Saruman through his underling Lotho Sackville-Baggins. They ran the Shire in a parody of a modern state, complete with armed ruffians, destruction of trees and handsome old buildings, and ugly industrialisation.


title: The Shire

text: The Shire was liberated with the help of Frodo and his companions on their return at the Battle of Bywater (the final battle of the War of the Ring). The trees of the Shire were restored with soil from Galadriel's garden in Lothlórien (a gift to Sam). The year was considered by the inhabitants of the Shire to be the most productive and prosperous year in their history.


title: The Shire

text: The hobbits of the Shire spoke Middle-earth's Westron or Common Speech. Tolkien however rendered their language as modern English in "The Hobbit" and in "Lord of the Rings", just as he had used Old Norse names for the Dwarves. To resolve this linguistic puzzle, he created the fiction that the languages of parts of Middle-earth were "translated" into different European languages, inventing the language of the Riders of Rohan, Rohirric, to be "translated" again as the Mercian dialect of Old English which he knew well. This set up a relationship something like ancestry between Rohan and the Shire.


title: The Shire

text: The Shire had little in the way of government. The Mayor of Michel Delving was the chief official and was treated in practice as the Mayor of the Shire. There was a "Message Service" for post, and the 12 "Shirriffs" (three for each Farthing) of the "Watch" for police; their chief duties were rounding up stray livestock. These were supplemented by a varying number of "Bounders", an unofficial border force. At the time of "The Lord of the Rings", there were many more Bounders than usual, one of the few signs for the hobbits of that troubled time. The heads of major families exerted authority over their own areas.


title: The Shire

text: The Master of Buckland, hereditary head of the Brandybuck clan, ruled Buckland and had some authority over the Marish, just across the Brandywine River.


title: The Shire

text: Similarly, the head of the Took clan, often called "The Took", ruled the ancestral Took dwelling of Great Smials, the village of Tuckborough, and the area of "The Tookland". He held the largely ceremonial office of Thain of the Shire.


title: The Shire

text: Tolkien devised the "Shire calendar" or "Shire Reckoning" supposedly used by the Shire's hobbits on Bede's medieval calendar. In his fiction, it was created in Rhovanion hundreds of years before the Shire was founded. When hobbits migrated into Eriador, they took up the Kings' Reckoning, but maintained their old names of the months. In the "King's Reckoning", the year began on the winter solstice. After migrating further to the Shire, the hobbits created the "Shire Reckoning", in which Year 1 corresponded to the foundation of the Shire in the year 1601 of the Third Age by Marcho and Blanco. The Shire's calendar year has 12 months, each of 30 days. Five non-month days are added to create a 365-day year. The two "Yuledays" signify the turn of the year, so each year begins on 2 Yule. The "Lithedays" are the three non-month days at midsummer, 1 Lithe, Mid-year's Day, and 2 Lithe. In leap years (every fourth year except centennial years) an "Overlithe" day is added after Mid-year's Day. There are seven days in the Shire week. The first day of the week is "Sterday" and the last is "Highday". The Mid-year's Day and, when present, "Overlithe" have no weekday assignments. This causes every day to have the same weekday designation from year to year, instead of changing as in the Gregorian calendar.


title: The Shire

text: For the names of the months, Tolkien reconstructed Anglo-Saxon names, his take on what the English would be if it had not adopted Latin names for the months such as January and February (also known as "Anglish"). In "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings", the names of months and week-days are given in modern equivalents, so "Afteryule" is called "January" and "Sterday" is called "Saturday".


title: The Shire

text: Shippey writes that not only is the Shire reminiscent of England: Tolkien carefully constructed the Shire as an element-by-element calque upon England.


title: The Shire

text: There are other connections; Tolkien equated the latitude of Hobbiton with that of Oxford (i.e., around 52° N). The Shire corresponds roughly to the West Midlands region of England in the remote past, extending to Worcestershire (where Tolkien grew up), forming in Shippey's words a "cultural unit with deep roots in history". The name of the Northamptonshire village of Farthinghoe triggered the idea of dividing the Shire into Farthings. Tolkien said that pipe-weed "flourishes only in warm sheltered places like Longbottom;" in the seventeenth century, the Evesham area of Worcestershire was well known for its tobacco.


title: The Shire

text: Tolkien made the Shire feel homely and English in a variety of ways, from names such as Bagshot Row and the Mill to country pubs with familiar names such as "The Green Dragon" in Bywater, "The Ivy Bush" near Hobbiton on the Bywater Road, and "The Golden Perch" in Stock, famous for its fine beer. Michael Stanton comments in the "J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia" that the Shire is based partly on Tolkien's childhood at Sarehole, partly on English village life in general with, in Tolkien's words, "gardens, trees, and unmechanized farmland". The Shire's capital, Michel Delving, embodies a philological pun: the name sounds much like that of an English country town, but means "Much Digging" of hobbit-holes, from Old English "micel", "great" and "delfan", "to dig".


title: The Shire

text: The industrialization of the Shire was based on Tolkien's childhood experience of the blighting of the Worcestershire countryside by the spread of heavy industry as the city of Birmingham grew. "The Scouring of the Shire", involving a rebellion of the hobbits and the restoration of the pre-industrial Shire, can be read as containing an element of wish-fulfilment on his part, complete with Merry's magic horn to rouse the inhabitants to action.


title: The Shire

text: The Shire makes an appearance in both the 1977 "The Hobbit" and the 1978 "The Lord of the Rings" animated films.


title: The Shire

text: In Peter Jackson's "The Lord of the Rings" motion picture trilogy, the Shire appeared in both "" and "". The Shire scenes were shot at a location near Matamata, New Zealand. Following the shooting, the area was returned to its natural state, but even without the set from the movie the area became a prime tourist location. Because of bad weather, 18 of 37 hobbit-holes could not immediately be bulldozed; before work could restart, they were attracting over 12,000 tourists per year to Ian Alexander's farm, where Hobbiton and Bag End had been situated.


title: The Shire

text: Jackson's Bree is constantly unpleasant and threatening, complete with special effects and the Eye of Sauron when Frodo puts on the Ring. In Ralph Bakshi's animated 1978 adaptation of "The Lord of the Rings", Alan Tilvern voiced Bakshi's Butterbur (as "Innkeeper"); David Weatherley played Butterbur in Jackson's epic, while James Grout played him in BBC Radio's 1981 serialization of "The Lord of the Rings". In the 1991 low-budget Russian adaptation of "The Fellowship of the Ring", "Khraniteli", Butterbur appears as "Lavr Narkiss", played by Nikolay Burov. In Yle's 1993 television miniseries "Hobitit", Butterbur ("Viljami Voivalvatti" in Finnish, meaning "William Butter") was played by Mikko Kivinen. Bree and Bree-land can be explored in the PC game "The Lord of the Rings Online".


title: The Shire

text: Jackson revisited the Shire for his films "" and "". The Shire scenes were shot at the same location.


title: The Shire

text: In the 2006 real-time strategy game "", the Shire appears as both a level in the evil campaign where the player invades in control of a goblin army, and as a map in the game's multiplayer skirmish mode.


title: The Shire

text: In the 2007 MMORPG "The Lord of the Rings Online", the Shire appears almost in its entirety as one of the major regions of the game. The Shire is inhabited by hundreds of non-player characters, and the player can get involved in hundreds of quests. The only portions of the original map by Christopher Tolkien that are missing from the game are some parts of the West Farthing and the majority of the South Farthing. A portion of the North Farthing also falls within the in-game region of Evendim for game play purposes.


title: The Shire

text: In the 2009 action game "", the Shire appears as one of the game's battlegrounds during the evil campaign, where it is razed by the forces of Mordor.


title: The Shire

text: Games Workshop also produced a supplement in 2004 for "The Lord of the Rings" Strategy Battle Game entitled "The Scouring of the Shire". This supplement contained rules for a large number of miniatures that depicted the Shire after the War of the Ring had concluded.


title: Toyota M engine

text: Toyota Motor Corporation's M family of engines were a longitudinally mounted straight-6 engine design. They were used from the 1960s through the 1990s. All M family engines were OHC designs. While the M family was born with a chain-driven single camshaft it evolved into a belt drive DOHC system after 1980. All M family engines used a cast-iron block with an aluminum cylinder head, and were built at the Toyota Kamigo plant in Toyota City, Japan.


title: Toyota M engine

text: The M-E variant, available only in the Japanese domestic market, was the first Toyota engine to be equipped with fuel injection (at the same time as the 4-cylinder 18R-E). The 4M-E was the first Toyota engine to be equipped with fuel injection for non-Japanese markets. The M family were Toyota's most prestigious engines (apart from the uncommon "V family" V8) for 30 years. They were commonly found on the large Toyota Crown, Mark II, and Supra models.


title: Toyota M engine

text: The first M was a version produced from 1965 through 1988. It was a 2-valve SOHC engine. Cylinder bore and stroke was square at . Output was at 5,200 to 5600 rpm, depending on specifications and model year. Typical torque is at 3,800 rpm.


title: Toyota M engine

text: Anti emissions versions, the M-U and M-EU, replaced the M and M-E on the Japanese market in mid 1976. The emissions system was called TTC (Toyota Total Clean), with a "-C" to denote the installation of a catalytic converter. For commercial vehicles, the emissions controlled carburetted version was called the M-J.


title: Toyota M engine

text: An LPG version, the M-P and M-PU was produced from 1966 through 1989. The earliest models were simply called the M-LPG, with the emissions scrubbed M-PU replacing it in mid-1976.


title: Toyota M engine

text: The M-E appeared in the 1972–1976 Toyota Corona Mark II LG sedan and hardtop as sold in Japan. It was not sold outside Japan.


title: Toyota M engine

text: The M-E was redesignated as the "M-EU" for the Japanese market in December 1976 when it received the TTC-C (Toyota Total Clean), catalytic converter to meet anti-emissions laws.


title: Toyota M engine

text: The turbocharged M-TEU appeared in 1980 with at 5,600 rpm and at 3,000 rpm. It used a Garret T-03 turbo.


title: Toyota M engine

text: In 1983, Toyota added an air/water intercooler to the M-TEU. Output was bumped to at 5,600 rpm and at 3,000 rpm.


title: Toyota M engine

text: The 2-valve SOHC 2M was stroked to for . It was produced from November 1966 to September 1974. Output was at 5,200 rpm and at 3,600 rpm.


title: Toyota M engine

text: Another naturally aspirated inline 6, with both squared bore and stroke of and equipped with 3 Mikuni-Solex 40 PHH carburetors, the 2 valves per cylinder DOHC 3M, was produced from 1966 through 1971. This special engine shared the original M's block but featured an aluminum sump, a special Yamaha-designed aluminum head with wide 79° valves and a hemispherical shape. It powered the Yamaha/Toyota MF10 2000GT, which 'Import Tuner' magazine has described as "the first true original Japanese supercar". Output was at 6,600 rpm and at 5,000 rpm and a Compression ratio of 8.4:1.


title: Toyota M engine

text: The engine was bored out to to create the 2-valve SOHC 4M. Produced from 1972 through 1980, output was at 5,600 rpm and at 3,600 rpm.


title: Toyota M engine

text: The fuel-injected 4M-E was produced from 1978 through 1980. It was also a 2-valve SOHC engine. Output was at 4,800 rpm and at 2,400 rpm.


title: Toyota M engine

text: The bore was up again to in the 5M, produced from 1979 through 1988. Although 2-valve SOHC and carbureted versions were made, it is the fuel-injected DOHC 5M-GE that is the most common.


title: Toyota M engine

text: In Australia the 5M-E (in 1985) was just at 4,800 rpm and at 3,600 rpm due to the particular emissions standards at the time. This engine was used in the Supra in Australia as well as Sweden and Switzerland, while Swiss buyers were also offered this engine in the Cressida and the Crown.


title: Toyota M engine

text: In Europe (aside from Sweden and Switzerland, who received the same spec engine as Australia) the 5M-E produced in the Crown MS112 and the Celica Supra MA61.


title: Toyota M engine

text: The 12-valve (2 valves per cylinder) DOHC 5M-GE is familiar as the engine of the Toyota Supra and Toyota Cressida of the 1980s. It was quite different from any previous member of the M family, with Bosch L-Jetronic-derived electronic fuel-injection (using an AFM intake measuring scheme), wide-angle valves, and belt-driven dual camshafts. It used hydraulic valve lifters, a first for Toyota. The use of rocker arms and valve lash adjusters eliminated the need for valve clearance maintenance, a world first for any twin cam engine. This version of the M made its US debut in 1982's Toyota Celica Supra MK2. The 1982 version had a vacuum-advance distributor, whereas the 1983–1988 versions found in the Celica Supra and Cressida had full electronic control of the ignition system and distributor. The newer engine control system found in these later cars was named TCCS, or Toyota Computer Control System and, together with different intake runners, increased max power by from August 1983.


title: Toyota M engine

text: Output ranged from , depending on exhaust system, emissions controls, compression ratio, intake runner shape (earlier models had round intake runners and later models had D-shaped intake runners), and ECU tuning.


title: Toyota M engine

text: There were aftermarket crank and piston kits offered for the 5M-GE that took the displacement up to 2.9 L for and 3.1 L for . Outfitted with kits like the Kuwahara 3100, these engines were often used quite successfully in powerboat racing in the mid 1980s.


title: Toyota M engine

text: Toyota increased the 5M-GE's stroke to to create the 6M-GE. This necessitated the fitment of larger diameter intake runners versus . Only produced in 12-valve (2 valves per cylinder) DOHC/fuel-injected versions, it was available as the 6M-GE and Japan-spec 6M-GEU from 1984 through 1987. The 6M engine used the same crank, machined to accept a different torsional damper, as the 1986–1989 7M-GE and 7M-GTE engines; this fact is witnessed by the designation "6M" stamped on the counterweight of the crank on the earlier 1986–1988 7M engines.


title: Toyota M engine

text: Output was at 5,600 rpm and at 4,400 rpm. The 6M-GEU is usually the lower powered variant of 6M engines, due to more restrictive exhaust and increased emissions-control hardware. Even though it was never offered in US-market vehicles, it is sometimes imported from countries where it was available and transplanted into US-market Celica Supras and MX63 and MX73 Cressidas, since it is externally identical to the 5M-GE.