title: University of Queensland

text: Proposals for a university in Queensland began in the 1870s. A Royal Commission in 1874, chaired by Sir Charles Lilley, recommended the immediate establishment of a university. Those against a university argued that technical rather than academic education was more important in an economy dominated by primary industry. Those in favour of the university, in the face of this opposition, distanced themselves from Oxford and Cambridge and proposed instead a model derived from the mid-western states of the U.S.A. A second Royal Commission in 1891 recommended the inclusion of five faculties in a new university; Arts, Law, Medicine, Science, and Applied Science. Education generally was given a low priority in Queensland's budgets, and in a colony with a literacy rate of 57% in 1861, primary education was the first concern well ahead of secondary and technical education. The government, despite the findings of the Royal Commissions, was unwilling to commit funds to the establishment of a university.


title: University of Queensland

text: In 1893, the Queensland University Extension Movement was begun by a group of private individuals who organised public lecture courses in adult education, hoping to excite wider community support for a university in Queensland. In 1894, 245 students were enrolled in the extension classes and the lectures were described as practical and useful. In 1906 the University Extension Movement staged the University Congress, a forum for interested delegates to promote the idea of a university. Opinion was mobilised, a fund was started and a draft Bill for a Queensland University was prepared. Stress was laid on the practical aspects of university education and its importance for the commerce of Queensland. The proceedings of the Congress were forwarded to Premier [of Queensland] Kidston. In October 1906, sixty acres in Victoria Park were gazetted for university purposes.


title: University of Queensland

text: The University of Queensland was established by an Act of State Parliament on 10 December 1909 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Queensland's separation from the colony of New South Wales. The Act allowed for the university to be governed by a senate of 20 men and Sir William MacGregor, the incoming Governor, was appointed the first chancellor with RH Roe as the vice-chancellor. Old Government House ... [then Government House] in George Street was set aside for the university following the departure of the governor to the Bardon residence, "Fernberg"..., sparking the first debates about the best location for the university.


title: University of Queensland

text: In 1910 the first teaching faculties were created. These included Engineering, Classics, Mathematics[,] and Chemistry. In December of the same year, the Senate appointed the first four professors; BD Steele in chemistry, JL Michie in classics, H. Priestley in mathematics and A Gibson in engineering. In 1911 the first students enrolled.


title: University of Queensland

text: The university's first classes in the Government House were held in 1911 with 83 commencing students and Sir William MacGregor is the first chancellor (with RH Roe as vice-chancellor). The University of Queensland began to award degrees to its first group of graduating students in 1914.


title: University of Queensland

text: The development of the university was delayed by World War I, but after the first world war the university enrolments for education and research took flight as demand for higher education increased in Australia. Thus, in the early 1920s the growing university had to look for a more spacious campus as its original site in George Street, Brisbane, had limited room for expansion. In 1927, James O'Neil Mayne and his sister, Mary, provided a grant of approximately £50,000 to the Brisbane City Council to acquire of land in St Lucia and provided it to the University of Queensland as its permanent home. In the same year, the pitch drop experiment was started by Thomas Parnell. The experiment has been described as the world's oldest and continues to this day. Lack of finance delayed development of the St Lucia campus. Hence, the construction of the university's first building in St Lucia only began in 1938. It was later named the Forgan Smith Building, after the premier of the day and it was completed in 1939. During World War II, the Forgan Smith Building was used as a military base and it served first as advanced headquarters for the Allied Land Forces in the South West Pacific.


title: University of Queensland

text: In 1990, Australia reorganised its higher education system by abolishing the binary system of universities and colleges of advanced education. Under this transition, the university merged with Queensland Agricultural College, to establish the new UQ Gatton campus. In 1999, UQ Ipswich began operation as one of the completely Web-enabled campuses in Australia.


title: University of Queensland

text: In May 2013, UQ joined edX, an international consortium of massive open online courses (MOOCs). From May 2014, the initial four UQx courses cover hypersonics, tropical coastal ecosystems, biomedical imaging and the science of everyday thinking.


title: University of Queensland

text: The University of Queensland is organised into a number of divisions for academic, administrative and logistical purposes.


title: University of Queensland

text: The senate is the governing body of The University of Queensland and consists of 22 members from the university and community. The senate is led by the chancellor and deputy chancellor, elected by the senate. The University of Queensland Act 1998 grants the senate wide powers to appoint staff, manage and control university affairs and property and manage and control finances to promote the university's interests.


title: University of Queensland

text: The academic board is the university's senior academic advisory body. It formulates policy on academic matters including new programs, teaching, learning and assessment, research, promotions, student academic matters, prizes and scholarships. An academic board member is elected annually as its president. The president is assisted by a half-time deputy president.


title: University of Queensland

text: UQ has a semester-based modular system for conducting academic courses. The Australian higher education model features a combination of the British system, such as small group teaching (tutorials) and the American system (course credits).


title: University of Queensland

text: Over a decade, UQ received more than $200 million in additional revenue from billionaire Chuck Feeney’s Atlantic Philanthropies, which matched funding with the Beattie government’s Smart State program.


title: University of Queensland

text: The University of Queensland is currently Australia's second best university and it is ranked 42 globally on average. As per 2023, UQ ranks as second best university in Australia below The University of Melbourne and 42 in the world on average. These rankings are given by the Aggregate Rankings of Top Universities (UNSW) which finds the average of all major ranking organisations (like QS, THE, ARWU) and positions them in the list.


title: University of Queensland

text: Some of UQ's rankings are 36th in the world by the 2022 "U.S. News", 47th in the world in the "Academic Ranking of World Universities" 2022, 50th in the world in the 2023 "QS World University Rankings," 53rd in the world in the "Times Higher Education World University Rankings" 2023, 37th in the world in the "CWTS Leiden Ranking" 2022, and UQ is ranked 33rd in the world in the 2022 NTU rankings.


title: University of Queensland

text: Overall, UQ Business School's Master of Business Administration degree is ranked first in Asia Pacific and top 10 globally in "The Economist Intelligence Unit 2016 MBA ranking". UQ's MBA degree is ranked 1st in Australia by the "Australian Financial Review". UQ is also the top Australasian institution for life sciences in the "U.S. News & World Report" and the "Academic Ranking of World Universities.


title: University of Queensland

text: The university is also highly ranked in various engineering disciplines. In mining and minerals engineering, it stands in 3rd worldwide, in chemical engineering 76–100th worldwide, in civil engineering 76–100th worldwide, in material science and engineering 101–150th worldwide, and in electrical and electronic engineering it is ranked within 101–150th worldwide.


title: University of Queensland

text: In the Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) inaugural world subject rankings, UQ ranked first in Biodiversity Conservation, and top 10 in 13 subjects based on the numbers of research articles published in top-tier journals.


title: University of Queensland

text: In the QS World University Rankings by Subject 2021, UQ ranked in the top 50 in the world in 20 subjects. UQ is first in Australia, second in the world, for "Sports-Related" "Subjects", and second in Australia, third in world, for "Mineral & Mining Engineering" "."


title: University of Queensland

text: Queensland has a strong research focus in science, medicine and technology. The university's research advancement includes pioneering the development of the cervical cancer vaccines, Gardasil and Cervarix, by UQ Professor Ian Frazer.


title: University of Queensland

text: In 2009, the Australian Cancer Research Foundation reported that UQ had taken the lead in numerous areas of cancer research.


title: University of Queensland

text: In the Commonwealth Government's Excellence in Research for Australia 2012 National Report, UQ's research is rated above world standard in more broad fields than at any other Australian university (in 22 broad fields), and more UQ researchers are working in research fields that ERA has assessed as above world standard than at any other Australian university. UQ research in biomedical and clinical health sciences, technology, engineering, biological sciences, chemical sciences, environmental sciences, and physical sciences was ranked above world standard (rating 5).


title: University of Queensland

text: In 2015, UQ is ranked by Nature Index as the research institution with the highest volume of research output in both interdisciplinary journals "Nature" and "Science" within the southern hemisphere, with approximately twofold more output than the global average.<ref name="nature.com/nature/journal/v519/n7544_supp_ni/full/519S64a"></ref>


title: University of Queensland

text: Aside from disciplinary-focused teaching and research within the academic faculties, the university maintains a number of interdisciplinary research institutes and centres at the national, state and university levels. For example, the Asia-Pacific Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, the University of Queensland Seismology Station, Heron Island Research Station and the Institute of Modern Languages.


title: University of Queensland

text: With the support from the Queensland Government, the Australian Government and major donor The Atlantic Philanthropies, The University of Queensland dedicates basic, translational and applied research via the following research-focused institutes:


title: University of Queensland

text: The University of Queensland plays a key role in Brisbane Diamantina Health Partners, Queensland's first academic health science system. This partnership currently comprises Children's Health Queensland, Mater Health Services, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Metro South Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, The University of Queensland and the Translational Research Institute.


title: University of Queensland

text: UQ is a partner of McDonnell International Scholars Academy - an international network of research universities and scholars comprising 28 university partners, including Boğaziçi University, Fudan University, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Keio University, Korea University, Makerere University, Middle East Technical University, National Taiwan University, National University of Singapore, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Peking University, Reichman University, Seoul National University, State University of Campinas, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Tecnológico de Monterrey, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tsinghua University, University of Chile, University of Ghana, University of Hong Kong, University of Indonesia, University of Tokyo, Utrecht University and Yonsei University.


title: University of Queensland

text: UniQuest is the main commercialisation company of The University of Queensland and specialises in global technology transfer and facilitates access for all business. UniQuest has created over 100 startups from its intellectual property portfolio, and since 2000 UniQuest and its start-ups have raised more than $700 million to take university technologies to market. UQ technologies licensed by UniQuest include UQ's cervical cancer vaccine technology, image correction technology in magnetic resonance imaging machines, and the Triple P Positive Parenting Program.


title: University of Queensland

text: The University of Queensland maintains a number of support and student services. The campuses at St Lucia and Gatton have Student Centres which provide information and support services.


title: University of Queensland

text: The UQ Union is the peak student representation body that coordinates various student services and activities, including over 190 affiliated clubs and societies, some of whom are listed below.


title: University of Queensland

text: UQ Sport offers a wide range of sport, fitness and recreation opportunities at the St Lucia and Gatton campuses of The University of Queensland. Its facilities and services are open to students, staff, alumni, and the general public.


title: University of Queensland

text: The UQ Aquatic Centre is operated by UQ Sport and consists of three pools; 50-metre and 25-metre outdoor heated pools and a small enclosed heated teaching pool. The main pool is a 50m lap pool with a minimum of three lanes dedicated to public lap swimming throughout the opening hours.


title: University of Queensland

text: The UQ Athletics Centre maintains an Olympic standard 8 lane synthetic track and grandstand able to accommodate up to 565 spectators. The UQ Sport and Fitness Centre is a multi-purpose indoor facility.


title: University of Queensland

text: The UQ Tennis Centre is the largest tennis centre in both Brisbane and Queensland. The UQ Playing Fields and Ovals is also managed by UQ Sport, home to a total of eight oval fields at the St Lucia campus. The majority are designated for use by particular sports including cricket, rugby and soccer. These ovals are also used for recreational activities and lunchtime social sport.


title: University of Queensland

text: Australia's largest university based sailing club, The University of Queensland Sailing Club, also operates under UQ Sport. However, the sailing club mainly operates off-site at a private facility in Redcliffe.


title: University of Queensland

text: Inspired by the Trinity College Great Court Run of the University of Cambridge, The University of Queensland organises an annual 636m sprint race around the UQ sandstone Great Court.


title: University of Queensland

text: In 2008, the university originated the Three Minute Thesis competition for students completing a higher degree by research. Three Minute Thesis is now held annually at universities across Australasia. It challenges participants to present their research in just 180 seconds, in an engaging form that can be understood by an intelligent audience with no background in the research area. This exercise develops presentation, research and academic communication skills and supports the development of research students' capacity to explain their work effectively.


title: University of Queensland

text: During Orientation week and the first week of each semester, Market Day is organised throughout Campbell Place and the Great Court at the St Lucia Campus. The UQ Union and clubs and societies have stalls and organises social activities. Several clubs also organize large displays. For example, The University of Queensland Sailing Club is known for placing a sailing boat in the Great Court.


title: University of Queensland

text: The UQ Careers Fair is an annual event that brings together university students and major employers from across the country. Degree-specific Careers Fairs are also held annually or bi-annually, such as the Engineering Careers Expo.


title: University of Queensland

text: The University of Queensland has 11 residential colleges with 10 of these located on its St Lucia campus and one on its Gatton campus. The University of Queensland Intercollege Council is the organisational and representative body for the residential colleges which coordinates sporting and cultural events and competitions.


title: University of Queensland

text: The University of Queensland maintains a number of campuses and facilities throughout Queensland. UQ has its main campus in the suburb of St Lucia in Brisbane, bordered by a meander in the Brisbane River to the north, east, and south. UQ's main campus has been recognised for its beauty by a number of sources. Its other campuses include Gatton and Herston.


title: University of Queensland

text: In 1927, the land on which the St Lucia campus is built was resumed by the Brisbane City Council using money donated by James O'Neil Mayne and his sister Mary Emelia Mayne to replace the less spacious city campus. The city campus is now home to the Gardens Point campus of the Queensland University of Technology. Construction of the new university at St Lucia began in 1937.


title: University of Queensland

text: At its centre is the heritage-listed Great Court – a open area surrounded by Helidon sandstone buildings with grotesques of great academics and historic scenes, floral and faunal motifs and crests of universities and colleges from around the world. This central semi-circular quadrangle features a connected arcade so students could reach any section under cover. The Great Court was added to the Queensland Heritage Register in 2002.


title: University of Queensland

text: The University of Queensland Art Museum is located in the James and Mary Emelia Mayne Centre on the St Lucia campus. The Art Museum was established in the Forgan Smith Tower in 1976 to house the artworks collected by The University of Queensland since the 1940s, relocating to its present site in 2004. Today, with more than 4,400 artworks, the University's Art Collection is Queensland's second largest public art collection.


title: University of Queensland

text: The university also houses the R.D. Milns Antiquities Museum in the Michie building (bldg 9, level 2) which contains Queensland's only publicly accessible collection of antiquities from ancient Rome, Greece, Egypt and the Near East. The museum supports research and teaching at the university. The UQ Anthropology Museum (also in the Michie Building on level 1) contains a significant collection of ethnographic material. It is also open to the public.


title: University of Queensland

text: The UQ Gatton Campus covers 1068 ha at Lawes, near the town of Gatton, Queensland, about west of Brisbane on the Warrego Highway. The campus was opened in 1897 next to the site of the Queensland Agricultural College which was then amalgamated with UQ in 1990. UQ Gatton is the core campus for research, learning and teaching activities and facilities in agriculture, animals, veterinary science and the environment.


title: University of Queensland

text: In 2008 the Centre for Advanced Animal Science (CAAS) was opened at the Gatton campus – a collaborative venture between UQ and the Queensland Government.


title: University of Queensland

text: UQ Mayne Medical School and the Queensland Institute of Medical Research is the core campus for clinical health teaching and research. The campus is situated in Herston and operates within Queensland Health system of the Royal Brisbane Hospital, Royal Children's Hospital, Royal Women's Hospital and the Queensland Institute of Medical Research.


title: University of Queensland

text: It is home to the Faculty of Medicine, the School of Population Health, the Herston Health Sciences Library, the Centre for Clinical Research and clinical research and learning activities of the School of Nursing and Midwifery.


title: University of Queensland

text: The Herston campus also houses other key facilities such as the Oral Health Centre and the purpose-built Herston Imaging Research Facility. The medical school building was added to the Queensland Heritage Register in 1999.


title: University of Queensland

text: The Marks-Hirschfeld Museum of Medical History is in the Mayne Medical School at the Herston campus. Operated by volunteers and supported by The University of Queensland Alumni, it has a collection of over 7,000 items of medical memorabilia, medical and surgical instruments. The focus is on the study of medical history in Queensland, but the collection includes items with broader significance to Australia and internationally.


title: University of Queensland

text: In 2014, UQ sold the Ipswich Campus to the University of Southern Queensland, believing that this regional teaching campus would be better used by USQ.


title: University of Queensland

text: The campus was made up of nearly 20 buildings and more than 5001 students on nearly . Courses offered included: arts, business, medicine and social sciences as well as Interaction design. It is located near central Ipswich, Queensland, just south of the CBD. Nearby landmarks include Limestone Park, Workshops Rail Museum and RAAF Base Amberley.


title: University of Queensland

text: The site dates back to 1878 with the opening of the Ipswich branch of the Woogaroo Lunatic Asylum. Operations continued until 1910 when it became the Ipswich Hospital for the Insane. In 1938 it was renamed the Ipswich Mental Hospital and in 1964 it was renamed again as the Ipswich Special Hospital. It was finally named the Challinor Centre in 1968 in honour of Henry Challinor, the ship's surgeon on the . From 1968 to 1997 the Challinor Centre served as an institution for people with intellectual disabilities. In late 1997 the Challinor Centre began its first stage of transformation as the new UQ Ipswich campus.


title: University of Queensland

text: UQ has other research and education facilities not directly attached to its three campuses. These locations are primarily for research, which cannot be undertaken in the campus locales but also represent buildings which established pre-eminence in education before the creation of the current campuses.


title: University of Queensland

text: Queen Street, Brisbane is the location of the Customs House and the UQ Business School Downtown Venue. Customs House is one of Brisbane's heritage icons and is located on the river along Queen Street in the Brisbane central business district. It is leased to and operated by The University of Queensland as a cultural, educational and heritage facility. The UQ Business School Downtown is an inner-city corporate education, meeting and dining venue and facility which is on Level 19 of Central Plaza One in the Brisbane central business district.


title: University of Queensland

text: Indooroopilly is the site of the Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre and the Queensland University Regiment Logistics Company. The Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre (JKMRC) of The University of Queensland Sustainable Minerals Institute is at a former silver and lead mine at Finney's Hill in Indooroopilly. Acquired in 1951 by the School of Mining Engineering under the leadership of Frank T. M. White, Foundation Professor (appointed 1950), this mine (formerly Finney's Hill United Silver Mines Limited) then became known as the Queensland University Experimental Mine. It promptly became an integral part of the teaching and research capacity of the School, which in 1952 expanded to become the Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering.


title: University of Queensland

text: JKMRC, incorporating the Experimental Mine, was officially established as a University Centre in 1970, with a goal to develop practical technical solutions for large-scale mining and minerals industry challenges. It is named after Julius Kruttschnitt, the chairman of Mount Isa Mines and a board member of the university's Faculty of Engineering.


title: University of Queensland

text: The Queensland University Regiment Logistics Company is housed in the Witton Barracks, Indooroopilly.


title: University of Queensland

text: The University of Queensland Library was founded in 1910. It developed from a small provincial university library into a major research library.


title: University of Queensland

text: The university is served by the University of Queensland ferry wharf, the westernmost stop and terminus of the CityCat service. TransLink also operates two bus stations on campus: the University of Queensland bus station at Chancellor's Place in the west, connecting passengers to Brisbane's inner west suburbs such as Indooroopilly, Toowong and Milton; and the UQ Lakes busway station in the east, the western terminus of the Eastern Busway, with services to Brisbane's inner south suburbs such as Woolloongabba, Carindale and Mount Gravatt via the Eleanor Schonell Bridge. This bridge also allows pedestrians and cyclists to cross the Brisbane River, to reach Dutton Park. The closest stops of the Queensland Rail City network are the Toowong railway station, Park Road railway station, and Dutton Park railway station.


title: University of Queensland

text: There are 3 refectories that provide food for students. These are the Main Refectory in the Student Union Complex, the Biological Sciences Refectory under the Biological Sciences Library, and the Physiology Refectory under the Physiology Lecture Theatres. The Student Union Complex houses the Student Union and other student services.


title: University of Queensland

text: University of Queensland Press publishes academic works, as well as, non-fiction works and has launched the careers of noted authors.


title: University of Queensland

text: The university publishes several academic journals through its various schools and faculties and in association with publishers:


title: University of Queensland

text: UQ has produced numerous distinguished alumni. Several notable examples include recipient of a Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine Peter C. Doherty, recipient of the "Triple Crown of Acting" (having won Primetime Emmy, Tony and Academy Awards) Geoffrey Rush, triple Grammy Award-winning musician Tim Munro, former Chief Justices of Australia Sir Gerard Brennan and Sir Harry Gibbs, international not-for-profit 'Hear and Say' founder and officer of the order of Australia Dimity Dornan, Principal of King's College London Edward Byrne, singer and eurovision representative Dami Im, former CEO of Dow Chemical Andrew Liveris, the first female Governor-General of Australia Dame Quentin Bryce, former Singaporean Minister of Defence and Manpower Lee Boon Yang, consecutive Olympic gold medal-winning swimmer David Theile, highly cited epidemiologist Graham Colditz, international best-selling author Kate Morton, and CEO of MS Research Australia and Harvard Club of Australia fellow, Dr Matthew Miles.


title: University of Queensland

text: Apparent links with the Confucius Institute, a Chinese government-supported international education partnership program, have been controversial for UQ. The university offers 13 courses co-funded by the institute, mainly around Chinese arts, media and language. Critics of these courses have claimed Chinese government influence on the course content, while UQ has contested that they have been developed by university academics without external contribution.


title: University of Queensland

text: On 29 May 2020, the UQ disciplinary board issued a two-year suspension to activist Drew Pavlou for alleged bullying, discrimination and harassment of university students and staff. Pavlou has contested the reasoning describing in a statement released on Twitter that his suspension was "to silence [him] for [his] political activism", something denied by both the university, and the disciplinary and appeals boards. Pavlou has admitted to swearing at other students on Facebook and an online university forum. An appeal to the UQ Senate Disciplinary Appeals Committee resulted in the committee endorsing two counts of serious misconduct, however reducing the suspension from two years to one semester.


title: University of Queensland

text: In June 2020, Pavlou launched a second lawsuit in the Supreme Court seeking 3.5 million in damages from the university for alleged defamation and a breach of contract. In September 2020, the Queensland Crime and Corruption Commission declined a request by Pavlou to investigate UQ Chancellor Peter Varghese and former Vice-Chancellor Peter Høj, citing that there was "insufficient evidence to suggest anyone who was subject of the complaint had engaged in corrupt conduct.


title: University of Queensland

text: Between 2011 and 2016 there were 38 reported cases of sexual assault and harassment on campus, resulting in 1 expulsion and 2 one-week suspensions. This included a report in 2015 where a staff member "filmed someone in the shower". These figures are lower than the 2017 Australian Human Rights Commission report on sexual assault and harassment. The vice-chancellor responded "there is no place for sexual assault or sexual harassment at UQ. Such behaviour is never the victim’s fault, and it will not be tolerated here" and introduced a number of new initiatives to address sexual assault problems.


title: University of Queensland

text: The University of Queensland's investment portfolio is a subject of ongoing debate. A fossil fuel divestment campaign began in 2013, led by the student group Fossil Free UQ and supported by the climate advocacy group 350.org. The goal of the campaign is "to freeze all new investments and phase out all current investments in coal, petroleum and gas over the next five years because fossil fuels drive climate change".


title: University of Queensland

text: On 18 April 2016, students occupied the Vice-Chancellory stating, 'We are asking the university to remove investment from the top 200 most polluting companies in the world' and calling for greater transparency regarding University investments. The sit-in resulted in communication with the Vice-Chancellor in May 2016.


title: University of Queensland

text: In October 2016 Fossil Free QUT provided a report to the University Senate. For the period July 2015 to June 2016 direct fossil fuel companies comprised an average of 3.82% of UQ's $169.2m investment portfolio. The University Senate voted not to divest from fossil fuels citing, 'that divestment would make no real difference'.


title: University of Queensland

text: In September 2013 350.org Australia released a report 'Exposing The Ties' to show 'shows how key decision makers at some of the country's leading tertiary institutions including the University of Queensland, University of Newcastle and University of New South Wales are non-executive directors or former employees of fossil fuel companies including AGL, BHP and Rio Tinto.' This showed The University of Queensland received $31million from the Australian Coal Association Research Program (ACARP) and the University's Senate includes three non-executive directors of Senex Energy, Metro Mining and Queensland Investment Corporation, (owner of Epic Energy and Lochard Energy) and a former Queensland Resources Council board member and recipient of the Queensland Resources Council Medal.


title: University of Queensland

text: Seven of the 22 members of the senate for UQ have interests in the fossil fuel industry, having ties with fossil fuel companies previously or currently.


title: University of Queensland

text: In October 2017 ten students occupied the Chancellor's Office deeming the 2016 Senate vote on divestment illegitimate due to conflicts of interest. The students were removed by the Queensland Police Service.


title: University of Queensland

text: In 2020, when the Prime Minister Scott Morrison was visiting, many students protested at the university, damaging university's property and the prime minister's car. Some students came close to the prime minister and used a blowhorn with sirens.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Koreanic is a small language family consisting of the Korean and Jeju languages. The latter is often described as a dialect of Korean, but is distinct enough to be considered a separate language. Alexander Vovin suggests that the Yukjin dialect of the far northeast should be similarly distinguished. Korean has been richly documented since the introduction of the Hangul alphabet in the 15th century. Earlier renditions of Korean using Chinese characters are much more difficult to interpret.


title: Koreanic languages

text: All modern varieties are descended the Old Korean. The little that is known of other languages spoken on the peninsula before the Sillan unification (mid 7th century) comes largely from toponyms and Goguryeo stele inscriptions written in Idu, which was used until the adoption of Hangul. Some of these languages are believed to have been Koreanic, it is also suggested that Japonic languages were spoken in central and southern parts of the peninsula. There have been many attempts to link Koreanic with other language families, most often with Tungusic or Japonic, but no genetic relationship has been conclusively demonstrated.


title: Koreanic languages

text: The various forms of Korean are conventionally described as "dialects" of a single Korean language, but breaks in intelligibility justify viewing them as a small family of two or three languages.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Korean dialects form a dialect continuum stretching from the southern end of the Korean peninsula to Yanbian prefecture in the Chinese province of Jilin, though dialects at opposite ends of the continuum are not mutually intelligible.


title: Koreanic languages

text: This area is usually divided into five or six dialect zones following provincial boundaries, with Yanbian dialects included in the northeastern Hamgyŏng group.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Dialects differ in palatalization and the reflexes of Middle Korean accent, vowels, voiced fricatives, word-medial and word-initial and .


title: Koreanic languages

text: Korean is extensively and precisely documented from the introduction of the Hangul alphabet in the 15th century (the Late Middle Korean period).


title: Koreanic languages

text: The key sources on Early Middle Korean (10th to 14th centuries) are a Chinese text, the "Jilin leishi" (1103–1104), and the pharmacological work "Hyangyak kugŭppang" (鄕藥救急方, mid-13th century).


title: Koreanic languages

text: During this period, Korean absorbed a huge number of Chinese loanwords, affecting all aspects of the language.


title: Koreanic languages

text: It is estimated that Sino-Korean vocabulary makes up more than half of the Korean lexicon, but only about 10% of basic vocabulary.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Old Korean (6th to early 10th centuries) is even more sparsely attested, mostly by inscriptions and 14 "hyangga" songs composed between the 7th and 9th centuries and recorded in the "Samguk yusa" (13th century).


title: Koreanic languages

text: The standard languages of North and South Korea are both based primarily on the central prestige dialect of Seoul, despite the North Korean claim that their standard is based on the speech of their capital Pyongyang. The two standards have phonetic and lexical differences.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Many loanwords have been purged from the North Korean standard, while South Korea has expanded Sino-Korean vocabulary and adopted loanwords, especially from English.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Nonetheless, due to their shared origin in the Seoul dialect, the North Korean standard language is easily intelligible to all South Koreans.


title: Koreanic languages

text: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, in response to poor harvests and the Japanese annexation of Korea, people emigrated from the northern parts of the peninsula to eastern Manchuria and the southern part of Primorsky Krai in the Russian Far East.


title: Koreanic languages

text: There are now about 2 million Koreans in China, mostly in the border prefecture of Yanbian, where the language has official status.


title: Koreanic languages

text: The speech of Koreans in the Russian Far East was described by Russian scholars such as Mikhail Putsillo, who compiled a dictionary in 1874.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Some 250,000 Koreans lived in the area in the 1930s, when Stalin had them forcibly deported to Soviet Central Asia, particularly Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan.


title: Koreanic languages

text: There are small Korean communities scattered throughout central Asia maintaining forms of Korean known collectively as Koryo-mar.


title: Koreanic languages

text: There is also a Korean population on Sakhalin, descended from people forcibly transferred to the Japanese part of the island before 1945.


title: Koreanic languages

text: The form of Korean spoken in Japan also shows the influence of Japanese, for example in a reduced vowel system and some grammatical simplification.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Korean-speakers are also found throughout the world, for example in North America, where Seoul Korean is the accepted standard.


title: Koreanic languages

text: The speech of Jeju Island is not mutually intelligible with standard Korean, suggesting that it should be treated as a separate language.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Jeju features a back central unrounded vowel , which also appears in standard 15th-century texts (written with the Hangul letter ), but has merged with other vowels in mainland dialects.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Jeju also features the combination , which the 15th-century "Hunminjeongeum Haerye" states was not found in the standard speech of that time, but did occur in some dialects.


title: Koreanic languages

text: The Yukchin dialect, spoken in the northernmost part of Korea and adjacent areas in China, forms a dialect island separate from neighbouring northeastern dialects, and is sometimes considered a separate language.


title: Koreanic languages

text: When King Sejong drove the Jurchen from what is now the northernmost part of North Hamgyong Province in 1434, he established six garrisons ("Yukchin") in the bend of the Tumen River – Kyŏnghŭng, Kyŏngwŏn, Onsŏng, Chongsŏng, Hoeryŏng and Puryŏng – populated by immigrants from southeastern Korea.


title: Koreanic languages

text: The speech of their descendents is thus markedly distinct from other Hamgyong dialects, and preserves many archaisms.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Modern varieties show limited variation, most of which can be treated as derived from Late Middle Korean (15th century).


title: Koreanic languages

text: The few exceptions indicate a date of divergence only a few centuries earlier, following the unification of the peninsula by Silla.


title: Koreanic languages

text: The consonant * does not occur initially in native words, a typological characteristic shared with "Altaic" languages.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Distinctions in the phonographic use of the Chinese characters and suggest that Old Korean probably had two liquids, which merged as Middle Korean "l".


title: Koreanic languages

text: Based on loans from Middle Mongolian and transcriptions in the "Jìlín lèishì", Lee Ki-Moon argued for a Korean Vowel Shift between the 13th and 15th centuries, a chain shift involving five of these vowels.


title: Koreanic languages

text: William Labov found that this proposed shift followed different principles to all the other chain shifts he surveyed.


title: Koreanic languages

text: The vowels * > and * > have a limited distribution in Late Middle Korean, suggesting that unaccented * and * underwent syncope.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Some authors have proposed that Late Middle Korean reflects an eighth Proto-Korean vowel, based on its high frequency and an analysis of tongue root harmony.


title: Koreanic languages

text: The Late Middle Korean script assigns to each syllable one of three pitch contours: low (unmarked), high (one dot) or rising (two dots).


title: Koreanic languages

text: The rising tone is believed to be secondary, arising from a contraction of a syllable with low pitch with one of high pitch.


title: Koreanic languages

text: There is some evidence that pitch levels after the first high tone were not distinctive, so that Middle Korean was a pitch-accent language rather than a tonal language.


title: Koreanic languages

text: In the proto-language, accent was probably not distinctive for verbs, but may have been for nouns, though with a preference for accent on the final syllable.


title: Koreanic languages

text: In modern Korean, verbs are bound forms that cannot appear without one or more inflectional suffixes.


title: Koreanic languages

text: In contrast, Old Korean verb stems could be used independently, particularly in verb-verb compounds, where the first verb was typically an uninflected root.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Old Korean pronouns were written with the Chinese characters for the corresponding Chinese pronouns, so their pronunciation must be inferred from Middle Korean forms.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Modern Koreanic varieties have a three-way contrast between plain, aspirated and reinforced stops and affricates, but Proto-Korean is reconstructed with a single set, like Proto-Japonic and Ainu, but unlike Tungusic, Mongolic and Turkic, which feature a voicing contrast.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Korean also resembles Japonic and Ainu in having a single liquid consonant, while its continental neighbours tend to distinguish and .


title: Koreanic languages

text: Most modern varieties (except Jeju and a few northern dialects) have a form of accent, marked by vowel length in central dialects and pitch in the northeast and southeast.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Like other languages in northeast Asia, Korean has agglutinative morphology and head-final word order, with subject–object–verb order, modifiers preceding nouns, and postpositions (particles).


title: Koreanic languages

text: There have been several attempts to link Korean with other language families, with the most-favoured being "Altaic" (Tungusic, Mongolic and Turkic) and Japonic.


title: Koreanic languages

text: However, none of these attempts has succeeded in demonstrating a common descent for Koreanic and any other language family.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Larger proposed groupings subsuming these hypotheses, such as Nostratic and Eurasiatic, have even less support.


title: Koreanic languages

text: The Altaic proposal, grouping Tungusic, Mongolic and Turkic, emerged in the 19th century as a residue when the larger Ural–Altaic grouping was abandoned.


title: Koreanic languages

text: The languages share features such as agglutinative morphology, subject–object–verb order and postpositions.


title: Koreanic languages

text: The Altaic theory was incorporated into the influential two-wave migration model of Korean ethnic history proposed in the 1970s by the archaeologist Kim Won-yong, who attributed cultural transitions in prehistoric Korea to migrations of distinct ethnic groups from the north.


title: Koreanic languages

text: The appearance of Neolithic Jeulmun pottery was interpreted as a migration of a Paleosiberian group, while the arrival of bronze was attributed to a Tungusic migration of the ancestral Korean population, identified with the Yemaek of later Chinese sources.


title: Koreanic languages

text: South Korean culture-historians tended to project contemporary Korean homogeneity into the distant past, assuming that a preformed Korean people arrived in the peninsula from elsewhere, ignoring the possibility of local evolution and interaction.


title: Koreanic languages

text: However, no evidence of these migrations has been found, and archaeologists now believe that the Korean peninsula and adjacent areas of eastern Manchuria have been continuously occupied since the Late Pleistocene.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Moreover, most comparativists no longer accept the core Altaic family itself, even without Korean, believing most of the commonalities to be the result of prolonged contact.


title: Koreanic languages

text: The shared features turned out to be rather common among languages across the world, and typology is no longer considered evidence of a genetic relationship.


title: Koreanic languages

text: The proposed sound correspondences have also been criticized for invoking too many phonemes, such as the four phonemes that are said to have merged as *y in proto-Turkic.


title: Koreanic languages

text: A detailed comparison of Korean and Tungusic was published by Kim Dongso in 1981, but it has been criticized for teleological reconstructions, failing to distinguish loanwords and poor semantic matches, leaving too few comparisons to establish correspondences.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Much of this work relies on comparisons with modern languages, particularly Manchu, rather than reconstructed proto-Tungusic.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Many of the best matches are found only in Manchu and closely related languages, and thus could be the result of language contact.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Scholars outside of Korea have given greater attention to possible links with Japonic, which were first investigated by William George Aston in 1879.


title: Koreanic languages

text: The phoneme inventories of the two proto-languages are similar, with a single series of obstruents, a single liquid consonant and six or seven vowels.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Samuel Martin, John Whitman and others have proposed hundreds of possible cognates, with sound correspondences.


title: Koreanic languages

text: However, Koreanic and Japonic have a long history of interaction, making it difficult to distinguish inherited vocabulary from ancient loanwords.


title: Koreanic languages

text: The early Japanese state received many cultural innovations via Korea, which may also have influenced the language.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Alexander Vovin points out that Old Japanese contains several pairs of words of similar meaning in which one word matches a Korean form, while the other is also found in Ryukyuan and Eastern Old Japanese.


title: Koreanic languages

text: He thus suggests that the former group represent early loans from Korean, and that Old Japanese morphemes should not be assigned a Japonic origin unless they are also attested in Southern Ryukyuan or Eastern Old Japanese, leaving fewer than a dozen possible cognates.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Most linguists studying the Japonic family believe that it was brought to the Japanese archipelago from the Korean peninsula around 700–300 BC by wet-rice farmers of the Yayoi culture.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Placename glosses in the "Samguk sagi" and other evidence suggest that Japonic languages persisted in central and southwestern parts of the peninsula into the early centuries of the common era.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Koreanic and Japonic were thus in contact over an extended period, which may explain the grammatical similarities and the residue of shared vocabulary.


title: Koreanic languages

text: A link with Dravidian was first proposed by Homer Hulbert in 1905 and explored by Morgan Clippinger in 1984, but has attracted little interest since the 1980s.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Various proposals have been based on archaeological and ethnological theories and vague references in early Chinese histories.


title: Koreanic languages

text: There is a tendency in Korea to assume that all languages formerly spoken on the peninsula were early forms of Korean, but the evidence indicates much greater linguistic variety in the past.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Chinese histories provide the only contemporaneous descriptions of peoples of the Korean peninsula and eastern Manchuria in the early centuries of the common era.


title: Koreanic languages

text: They contain impressionistic remarks about the customs and languages of the area based on second-hand reports, and sometimes contradict one another.


title: Koreanic languages

text: In 108 BC, the Chinese Han dynasty conquered northern Korea and established the Four Commanderies of Han, the most important being Lelang, which was centred on the basin of the Taedong River and lasted until 314 AD.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Chapter 30 of the "Records of the Three Kingdoms" (late 3rd century) and Chapter 85 of the "Book of the Later Han" (5th century) contain parallel accounts of peoples neighbouring the commanderies, apparently both based on a survey carried out by the Chinese state of Wei after their defeat of Goguryeo in 244.


title: Koreanic languages

text: To the north and east, the Buyeo, Goguryeo and Ye were described as speaking similar languages, with the language of Okjeo only slightly different from them.


title: Koreanic languages

text: The latter language is completely unattested, but is believed, on the basis of the description of the people and their location, to have been Tungusic.


title: Koreanic languages

text: To the south lay the Samhan ('three Han'), Mahan, Byeonhan and Jinhan, who were described in quite different terms from Buyeo and Goguryeo.


title: Koreanic languages

text: The Mahan were said to have a different language from Jinhan, but the two accounts differ on the relationship between the languages of Byeonhan and Jinhan, with the "Records of the Three Kingdoms" describing them as similar, but the "Book of the Later Han" referring to differences.


title: Koreanic languages

text: The "Zhōuhú" (州胡) people on a large island to the west of Mahan (possibly Jeju) were described as speaking a different language to Mahan.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Based on this text, Lee Ki-Moon divided the languages spoken on the Korean peninsula at that time into Puyŏ and Han groups.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Lee originally proposed that these were two branches of a Koreanic language family, a view that was widely adopted by scholars in Korea.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Alexander Vovin and James Marshall Unger argue that the Han languages were Japonic, and were replaced by Koreanic Puyŏ languages in the 4th century.


title: Koreanic languages

text: In the south, Baekje, the Gaya confederacy and Silla arose from Mahan, Byeonhan and Jinhan respectively.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Thus began the Three Kingdoms period, referring to Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla (Gaya was absorbed by Silla in the 6th century). The period ended in the late 7th century, when Silla conquered the other kingdoms in alliance with the Chinese Tang dynasty and then expelled the Tang from the peninsula.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Linguistic evidence from these states is sparse and, being recorded in Chinese characters, difficult to interpret.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Most of these materials come from Silla, whose language is generally believed to be ancestral to all extant Korean varieties.


title: Koreanic languages

text: The issue is politically charged in Korea, with scholars who point out differences being accused by nationalists of trying to "divide the homeland".


title: Koreanic languages

text: Apart from placenames, whose interpretation is controversial, data on the languages of Goguryeo and Baekje is extremely sparse.


title: Koreanic languages

text: The most widely cited evidence for Goguryeo is chapter 37 of the "Samguk sagi", a history of the Three Kingdoms period written in Classical Chinese and compiled in 1145 from earlier records that are no longer extant.


title: Koreanic languages

text: This chapter surveys the part of Goguryeo annexed by Silla, listing pronunciations and meanings of placenames, from which a vocabulary of 80 to 100 words has been extracted.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Although the pronunciations recorded using Chinese characters are difficult to interpret, some of these words appear to resemble Tungusic, Korean or Japonic words.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Scholars who take these words as representing the language of Goguryeo have come to a range of conclusions about the language, some holding that it was Koreanic, others that it was Japonic, and others that it was somehow intermediate between the three families.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Other authors point out that most of the place names come from central Korea, an area captured by Goguryeo from Baekje and other states in the 5th century, and none from the historical homeland of Goguryeo north of the Taedong River.


title: Koreanic languages

text: These authors suggest that the place names reflect the languages of those states rather than that of Goguryeo.


title: Koreanic languages

text: It is generally agreed that these glosses demonstrate that Japonic languages were once spoken in part of the Korean peninsula, but there is no consensus on the identity of the speakers.


title: Koreanic languages

text: A small number of inscriptions have been found in Goguryeo, the earliest being the Gwanggaeto Stele (erected in Ji'an in 414).


title: Koreanic languages

text: All are written in Classical Chinese, but feature some irregularities, including occasional use of object–verb order (as found in Korean and other northeast Asian languages) instead of the usual Chinese verb–object order, and particles 之 and 伊, for which some authors have proposed Korean interpretations.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Alexander Vovin argues that the Goguryeo language was the ancestor of Koreanic, citing a few Goguryeo words in Chinese texts such as the "Book of Wei" (6th century) that appear to have Korean etymologies, as well as Koreanic loanwords in Jurchen and Manchu.


title: Koreanic languages

text: According to Korean traditional history, the kingdom of Baekje was founded by immigrants from Goguryeo who took over Mahan.


title: Koreanic languages

text: The Japanese history "Nihon Shoki", compiled in the early 8th century from earlier documents, including some from Baekje, records 42 Baekje words. These are transcribed as Old Japanese syllables, which are restricted to the form (C)V, limiting the precision of the transcription. About half of them appear to be Koreanic.


title: Koreanic languages

text: Based on these words and a passage in the "Book of Zhou" (636), Kōno Rokurō argued that the kingdom of Baekje was bilingual, with the gentry speaking a Puyŏ language and the common people a Han language.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: Training in Judo since childhood, Aoki became a successful Judoka and competed in national and international championships. He attended Waseda University where he was part of the Judo Club. However, interested in modalities like Kosen Judo which were away from him due to the Kodokan competition rules, he moved to other combat sports, until landing in mixed martial arts. One of the key influences that shifted Aoki to mixed martial arts was watching Kazushi Sakuraba defeat powerful foreign players in Pride FC. Aoki initially joined the Judo-based RJJ gym before moving to Team Roken along with his longtime friend Masakazu Imanari, though he later moved to Paraestra Shooto Gym, where he trained under former Kosen representative Yuki Nakai. He earned both his A-class Shooto rank as well as his Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu black belt under Nakai, and became one of the team's main teachers.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: Aoki had his MMA debut for DEEP in November 2003, winning a one night tournament by fast armbar submissions. He later would show further unorthodox grappling skills against veteran Seichi Ikemoto and Keith Wisniewski, who he defeated by breaking his arm with a standing wakigatame also known as a Fujiwara armbar. He also would face legendary Hayato Sakurai in a Shooto event, losing a decision which was seen as controversial. Aoki went to compete in both companies until 2007, also defeating Akira Kikuchi to win the Shooto Welterweight Championship.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: In August 2006, Aoki made his PRIDE Fighting Championships debut at Pride Bushido 12, submitting American fighter Jason Black in under two minutes with a triangle choke. Following that win, Aoki was booked to face rising Lightweight star Gilbert Melendez at the following Bushido card, Bushido 13. However, prior to the fight Melendez received an elbow injury (a burst bursa sac) in training and was forced to pull out of the fight. Aoki's opponent was changed to Clay French. Aoki submitted French in just under four minutes with a triangle choke. Afterwards, Melendez was shown in the crowd with a sling, and announced he would like to face Aoki at Pride Shockwave 2006 on New Year's Eve. Aoki agreed.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: For unknown reasons, the proposed fight with Melendez did not take place. Instead, Aoki faced highly ranked Lightweight fighter Joachim Hansen. Aoki submitted Hansen with a gogoplata—this was the second successful gogoplata in MMA competition (the first by Ryusuke Uemura).


title: Shinya Aoki

text: After his win over Hansen, Aoki was set to rematch Kikuchi in Shooto, with Aoki's Shooto Welterweight title (previously won from Kikuchi) on the line. Aoki successfully defended his title against Kikuchi, winning via split decision.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: Following his victory, Aoki announced that he was to be the Shooto representative in the forthcoming Pride Lightweight Grand Prix tournament. Aoki's next fight was at Pride 34, where he faced little known Dutch fighter Brian Lo-A-Njoe. At the event Aoki submitted Lo-A-Njoe in the first round with an armbar. Following the fight, Aoki once again confirmed his participation in the Lightweight Grand Prix. With the purchase of Pride by the majority owners of Zuffa LLC, the Pride Lightweight Grand Prix was cancelled.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: On November 21, 2007, Aoki's participation on the New Year's Eve MMA card Yarennoka! was announced. Originally, his opponent was to be two-time K-1 Hero's Middleweight Grand Prix champion Gesias "JZ Calvan" Cavalcante. Rumors that Cavalcante was injured surfaced only two weeks before the bout, though Cavalcante denied them before eventually admitting the injury and withdrawing from the fight. Aoki defeated Korean Olympic Judo silver medalist Jung Bu-Kyung, Cavalcante's replacement, via unanimous decision in what was Jung Bu-Kyung's mixed martial arts debut. Aoki had promised to use a never before seen submission in the match but was unable to finish the debut fighter.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: After the purchase of Pride by Zuffa LLC, most Japanese fighters signed to newly created mixed martial arts promotions, with Aoki signing to Dream. Here Aoki finally faced Cavalcante on March 15, 2008 at the opening round of the Dream Lightweight Grand Prix tournament. Early in the first round, the referee stopped the action when Cavalcante apparently landed illegal elbow strikes to the back of Aoki's neck. The ringside doctor announced that Aoki was unable to continue due to the injury and Cavalcante apologized for the incident. The fight resulted in a no contest. Elbow strikes to the neck and spine area are illegal under Dream rules. Aoki was later found to have sustained concussion of the cervical vertebra.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: They had their rematch at Dream 2 on April 29, 2008. In that match, Aoki defeated Cavalcante via unanimous decision. He sustained a severely bruised rib and tore cartilage in his costal area during the match. At Dream 4, Aoki defeated Katsuhiko Nagata via a mounted gogoplata (possibly the first ever in professional competition, later to be dubbed "the Aoki-plata") submission to advance to the semi-finals of the Dream Lightweight Grand Prix. At Dream 5, Aoki defeated Caol Uno by unanimous decision. Later that night, Eddie Alvarez was set to fight Aoki, but had to bow out due to injury from his previous match that evening. Joachim Hansen took his place and defeated Aoki by TKO (punches) at 4:19 round 1 to become the first Dream Lightweight Champion.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: At Dynamite!! 2008 on New Year's Eve, Aoki finally squared off against American Eddie Alvarez for the WAMMA Lightweight Championship. Aoki started quickly, securing Alvarez's back after catching a kick, before being thrown to the canvas by the stronger American. In a scramble, Aoki latched onto the foot of Alvarez and applied a heel hook. Alvarez fought the hold, but tapped out shortly after Aoki adjusted his grip. Alvarez also suffered ligament damage in his knee.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: Aoki defeated David Gardner at the March 8, 2009 Featherweight Grand Prix card at Dream 7 at the Saitama Super Arena in Saitama, Japan. This fight is remembered for Gardner waving to the crowd as Aoki was controlling his back and saying "Hello, Japan!", thus allowing Aoki to secure a rear-naked choke from that position. Aoki, who was still recognized by Shooto as its Welterweight () Champion, also moved back to that weight to fight in Dream's Welterweight Grand Prix at Dream 8 in 2009. His first match in the tournament was a rematch with Hayato Sakurai. Aoki lost the fight in twenty-seven seconds via TKO due to punches and knees following a Sakurai reversal from a takedown by Aoki. As a result of the match, Aoki did not advance in the DREAM 2009 Welterweight Grand Prix.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: Aoki met Fedor Emelianenko during a five-minute "special exhibition" at an April 29 M-1 Challenge (presented by Affliction) event in Tokyo. Emelianenko made Aoki tap out from an Achilles lock.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: Aoki defeated Vítor Ribeiro at Dream 10 on July 20, 2009, which earned him a title fight against Joachim Hansen. Aoki faced Joachim Hansen in a rematch for the DREAM Lightweight Championship at Dream 11 on October 6, 2009. Last time they met, Aoki previously fought a tough match against Caol Uno on the same night which went on for both two rounds (15 minutes) when Hansen only fought for 2 minutes 35 seconds previously. Aoki ended up defeating Hansen in the second round for the title shot via submission (armbar) to become the new DREAM Lightweight Champion.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: On December 22, 2009, it was announced that Aoki would not be taking on fellow DREAM fighter Tatsuya Kawajiri, but would be fighting Sengoku Lightweight Champion, Mizuto Hirota. In his pre-fight interview Aoki stated that he felt insulted with the short notice changes as he was looking forward to battling it out with one of the world's other top lightweight competitors in Kawajiri. Aoki's opponent Hirota just came off a spectacular win over longtime friend of Aoki's, Satoru Kitaoka to become the new Sengoku Lightweight champion. The fight between Aoki and Hirota was considered to be one of the main events of the night along with Satoshi Ishii vs. Hidehiko Yoshida and the K-1 bout Masato vs Andy Souwer. Aoki defeated Hirota with a brutal submission (hammerlock) that broke Hirota's arm in the first round at 1:17. He then proceeded to get in the face of his downed opponent and give him the finger then, get up and run around the ring doing the same to the crowd before leaving the ring.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: Aoki lost his US debut against then Strikeforce Lightweight Champion Gilbert Melendez on April 17, 2010 at . The fight was broadcast live to a North American audience on CBS. After Aoki's defeat to Gilbert Melendez in Strikeforce he has expressed interest to train at Cesar Gracie's camp in northern California.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: Aoki successfully defended his Lightweight title against top contender Tatsuya Kawajiri in just under two minutes of the first round via an Achilles lock submission, at Dream 15 on July 10, 2010.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: Aoki defeated Marcus Aurélio by unanimous decision in a non-title bout on September 25, 2010 at Dream 16.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: He then competed again at Deep: 50th Impact on October 24 against former PABA and WBA boxing champion Yokthai Sithoar. Aoki won by submission (americana) 1:00 into the first round against Sithoar.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: After the proposed rematch with Melendez fell through due to contract issues on Melendez's part, Aoki faced K-1 kickboxer Yuichiro "Jienotsu" Nagashima in a special rules exhibition bout at Dynamite!! 2010. In the first 3-minute kickboxing round, Aoki evaded Nagashima's offense by breaking the rules via excessive clinching, falling to the ground, and going for takedowns in order to run out the clock and move onto the 5-minute mixed martial arts round. Aoki was warned repeatedly by the referee, however no points were deducted as there could not be a decision winner. The commentary team of Michael Schiavello and Frank Trigg were openly criticising Aoki for his rule breaking during the first round, while the Japanese crowd uncharacteristically booed him. At 0:04 of the second MMA rules round, Aoki was knocked out immediately as he went for a double leg takedown via flying knee and subsequent grounded strikes. Since the bout was contested as an exhibition, the loss is not reflected on Aoki's professional mixed martial arts record.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: Aoki was expected to face Willamy Freire on May 29, 2011 at Dream: Fight for Japan!. Freire reportedly had trouble getting a visa, and it then appeared that he would be facing Antonio McKee instead, but then McKee chose to pull out of the card. It was then announced that Shane Nelson would fight Aoki, but he was quickly replaced with Rich Clementi. Aoki defeated Clementi by way of Neck Crank/Rear Naked Choke at the 2:32 mark of the second round.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: Aoki fought Satoru Kitaoka for the DREAM lightweight title at . He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: Aoki Took on former Maximum Fighting Championship Lightweight Champion, Antonio McKee at Dream 18 on December 31, 2012. He won via TKO in the second round.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: On June 27 it was revealed that Aoki had signed an exclusive contract with ONE Championship and would be making his debut at in Manila on August 31. On August 16 it was revealed that Aoki would be fighting Arnaud Lepont in a lightweight super fight in the main event at He won the fight via triangle choke at the 1:25 point of the first round.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: Aoki faced Kotetsu Boku at ONE Fighting Championship: Kings and Champions on April 5, 2013 for the Lightweight Championship. He stated that win or lose, he will be dropping to the Featherweight division after the fight. Aoki defeated his opponent at 2:01 of the second round via rear-naked choke, successfully avenging his Evolve teammate Zorobabel Moreira.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: Aoki made his featherweight debut on October 18, 2013 at when he took on Cody Stevens. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: Aoki later returned to lightweight and picked up a victory in the Inoki Bom-Ba-Ye promotion before successfully defending his ONE Lightweight World Championship against Kamal Shalorus by submission in the first round at on August 29, 2014.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: Rizin Fighting Federation announced Aoki would compete on December 29, 2015 against Kazushi Sakuraba in the main event of their inaugural event. He won the fight via TKO at 5:56 in the first round after Sakuraba's corner threw in the towel.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: In the third defense of his title, Aoki faced Eduard Folayang at on November 11, 2016 in Singapore. He lost the bout and title via TKO in the third round.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: Aoki faced Ev Ting on October 6, 2018 at and won the fight via arm-triangle choke in the opening minute of the bout. Due to the victory, Aoki secured a fight for the vacant lightweight championship against the winner of Eduard Folayang and Amir Khan in the promotion's inaugural event in Tokyo, Japan on March 31, 2019.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: On March 31, 2019 at Aoki recaptured the lightweight title in a rematch with Eduard Folayang by defeating Folayang via technical submission.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: Aoki was expected to face former LFA Welterweight Champion James Nakashima on January 22, 2021 at He won the fight via submission in the first round.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: Aoki was scheduled to fight the former UFC Lightweight Sage Northcutt at ONE on TNT 4, on April 28, 2021. The bout was subsequently cancelled due to Sage still having lingering effects from COVID-19. A new bout was scheduled for the event with Aoki facing off against former rival Eduard Folayang. He won the bout via armbar in the first round.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: Aoki was booked to face Saygid Izagakhmaev on November 19, 2022, at ONE 163. He lost the fight by a first-round technical knockout.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: Aoki began dabbling in pro wrestling in 2014 for Antonio Inoki's Inoki Genome Federation (IGF), competing in a series of MMA fights on his cards before eventually transitioning to pro wrestling. In 2017, Aoki was announced as a member of Next Exciting Wrestling (NEW), a new show under the IGF banner. Aoki competed on the first show, defeating Keisuke Okuda. Aoki competed for NEW until IGF announced its cancellation in July 2017. In his last match for NEW, Aoki lost to Tatsuhito Takaiwa.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: After a short hiatus, Aoki announced his return to pro wrestling in 2018, and that he would be competing for DDT Pro Wrestling. Aoki made his in-ring debut at Maji Manji #15, quickly defeating Gota Ihashi. On October 28, at Maji Manji #21, Aoki defeated Harashima to win the DDT Extreme Championship. Aoki lost the title back to Harashima on February 19, 2019 at .


title: Shinya Aoki

text: Aoki has received criticisms by the mixed martial arts community for his disrespectful victory celebrations and perceived lack of care for his opponents, often causing injuries which are seen as needless. He firstly became known for breaking Keith Wisniewski's arm by waki-gatame, then doing the same with Kuniyoshi Hironaka via flying armbar in a submission grappling match, sidelining him for a year. In 2009, controversy would come when he faced Mizuto Hirota in a super bout. After Aoki won by breaking Hirota's arm in a brutal fashion, he gave the middle finger to the downed fighter and the crowd while running excitedly.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: Despite the crowd actually cheering him back, pundits found the act as extremely offensive and unsportsmanlike, among them Dream executive Keiichi Sasahara and Aoki's trainer Yuki Nakai. Aoki would later apologize for his behavior in his post fight interview:


title: Shinya Aoki

text: As a result of his actions following his win, Aoki was dismissed as an instructor at the Paraestra Kasai gym, though he was still training under Nakai and representing Paraestra.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: In 2014, after submitting Yuki Yamamoto, Aoki again taunted his opponent and the crowd with a middle finger, while Yamamoto had to be restrained by his cornermen. Shinya left the arena without putting down the taunt.


title: Shinya Aoki

text: Nicknamed "Tobikan Judan" ("The Grand Master of Flying Submissions") due to his spectacular submissions, Aoki is considered an unusual fighter for his heavy specialization in grappling at the expense of other areas of the MMA game. Therefore, virtually all of his stand-up game is focused on taking his opponent to the ground, utilizing chain combinations of wrestling and judo techniques from the clinch to secure his goal, as well as the more dramatic guard pulling. Once on the mat, Aoki is an electric grappler, drawing strength from his expertise in many different disciplines like Shooto's style of shoot wrestling, judo, jiu-jitsu and Eddie Bravo's 10th Planet Jiu-Jitsu system. He is an active guard player, favouring specially the rubber guard thanks to his flexibility, and is famous for his creative approach to submissions, excelling not only in armlocks and leglocks, but also in neck cranks and more exotic joint locks.


title: Christian and Nick Candy

text: Nicholas Anthony Christopher Candy (born 23 January 1973) and Christian Peter Candy (born 31 July 1974) are British luxury property developers. The brothers were estimated to share a joint net worth of £1.5 billion in the "Estates Gazette" rich list 2010, placing them at position 52 in the list of the richest property developers in the United Kingdom.


title: Christian and Nick Candy

text: Born in London to a Greek-Cypriot mother and English father, the brothers were educated at Priory Preparatory School and Epsom College in Surrey. Christian was later studying for a business management degree at King's College London but did not graduate. Nick graduated from University of Reading with a degree in Human Geography.


title: Christian and Nick Candy

text: In 1995, they bought their first property, a one-bedroom flat in Redcliffe Square, Earl's Court, London. Using a £6,000 loan from their grandmother, the brothers renovated the £122,000 apartment while living in it. Eighteen months later they sold it for £172,000, making a £50,000 profit.


title: Christian and Nick Candy

text: In their spare time between 1995 and 1999, the brothers began renovating flats and working their way up the property ladder. Eventually they were able to give up their day jobs where Nick worked in advertising for J. Walter Thompson and Christian for investment bank Merrill Lynch and established Candy & Candy in 1999, of which Nick is CEO. Nicholas and Christian, who did collaborate on the prestigious One Hyde Park scheme in London, operate separate independent businesses and have done for a number of years. In June 2018, Candy & Candy was renamed Candy Property in order to reinforce Nick Candy's sole ownership of the business and to align with his wider portfolio of companies. In 2004, Christian established CPC Group in Guernsey, to specialise in high-end residential developments around the world. Some of their more high-profile developments, however, have been in London.


title: Christian and Nick Candy

text: In 2016 and 2017 they were involved in high-profile litigation in the High Court in London which put their reputations on the line. Mark Holyoake claimed in the High Court action that the Candy Brothers had used threats against him and his family to extort total repayments of £37m against a £12m loan. Although they were cleared of extortion, Mr Justice Nugee said in his judgment "the protagonists...have been willing to lie when they consider their commercial interests justify them doing so". Mr Justice Nugee went on to say ""he had found none of Mr Holyoake's claims to be true, and that there had been no undue duress, influence, intimidation or unlawful interference with economic interests."" In June 2018, following another application by Mr. Holyoake, the Court of Appeal rejected Mark Holyoake's bid challenging the high-profile high court ruling in December 2017 (above). Lord Justice David Richards concluded that Mr Holyoake's arguments had "no real prospect of success" meaning Mr Justice Nugee's original decision in 2017 was affirmed.


title: Christian and Nick Candy

text: In recent years Nick Candy has diversified his interests outside of real estate and developed a portfolio of global investments (often in high tech, leading edge technology) through his private investment fund Candy Ventures. Candy Ventures, alongside Qualcomm Ventures was reported to have led a $37 million funding round for a leading augmented reality and computer vision company. Candy Ventures acquired the intellectual property assets of leading augmented reality start-up Blippar in January 2019.


title: Christian and Nick Candy

text: The website for Candy Ventures lists 18 investments within the companies portfolio, including Blippar, UK fashion house Ralph & Russo and data processing company Hanzo Archives. Nick Candy is currently in dispute with Ralph & Russo, which filed for bankruptcy in March 2018, in the UK High Court over a disagreement over the terms of a £17 million loan given by Candy Ventures to the company.


title: Christian and Nick Candy

text: Candy Ventures acquired a stake in Blippar and another tech start-up, Crowdmix, after both companies were placed into administration. The takeovers were both facilitated by Paul Appleton, who worked as the administrator for the two companies and was appointed administrator in the Ralph & Russo bankruptcy. Their portfolio includes mining investments in the Runruno gold mine in the Philippines, which has faced opposition from human rights groups after the demolition of local communities in 2012, which caused injuries to six local people. The development has also been blamed for causing landslides leading to deaths in the area. On 28 May 2022, "The Times" reported that Candy Ventures is considering a bid to buy The Hut Group, though journalist Oliver Shah was sceptical, pointing to "a series of disastrous investments in tech start-ups" and "no record of big acquisitions". However, on 15 June 2022, "Bloomberg" reported that Candy Ventures had pulled out of the bidding process for The Hut Group.


title: Christian and Nick Candy

text: On 9 March 2022, Nick Candy, a boyhood fan, confirmed he was planning a consortium bid to take over Chelsea Football Club after owner Roman Abramovich put the club up for sale following Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The sale process was halted the following day after Abramovich's assets, including the club, were frozen to stop him making money from Chelsea, but the UK government was open to considering a variation to its sanctions licence to allow a sale so long as Abramovich received no funds. On 25 March 2022, "The Athletic" reported that Candy's bid to acquire Chelsea had failed, despite support from South Korean firms Hana Financial and C&P Sports Group.


title: Christian and Nick Candy

text: In July 2022, his Luxembourg-registered investment vehicle, Candy Ventures SARL, sued Aaqua BV and its major shareholder, Robert Bonnier, for an alleged fraud. He claimed that Bonnier misled him about Aaqua, a false claim that Apple and LVMH are interested to invest in Aaqua, so requested to the court to froze Bonnier's assets and nullify the swap of his shares in Audioboom Group PLC, a podcast platform, with Aaqua. Later, the High Court issued a freezing order against Bonnier, but ordered that Candy Ventures had to obtain a £10 million bank guarantee to maintain the freezing order. In August 2022, the freezing orders were discharged. On 7 September 2022, Bonnier demanded £150 million in damages from Candy for falsely obtained freezing orders that turned his technology company into a credit risk.


title: Christian and Nick Candy

text: In 2004, the brothers sought an investment partner to help them buy the site of Bowater House in Knightsbridge, with plans to demolish it and construct 86 luxury apartments.


title: Christian and Nick Candy

text: After setting up a joint venture with Waterknights – a private company owned by the Prime Minister of Qatar – they purchased the site from Land Securities in 2005 for £150m. One Hyde Park was also financed by a £1.15 billion development loan from the German bank, Eurohypo, a successor to the defunct Dresdner Bank, which was led by Matthias Warnig, a long-term associate of Russian President Vladimir Putin.


title: Christian and Nick Candy

text: They then hired the architect Richard Rogers to design the exterior, and used their own Candy & Candy to handle interior design. One Hyde Park: The Residences of Mandarin Oriental, London, was constructed in four years after obtaining planning permission in 2006, with the finished development housing three commercial units: Rolex, McLaren Automotive and Abu Dhabi Islamic Bank. Despite its name, the building's address is located at 68-114 Knightsbridge, London. In 2015, "The Guardian" obtained a leaked recording of a 2010 promotional video for One Hyde Park, which features Richard Rogers, Nick Candy and Christian Candy, and Stephen Smith, a tax advisor for the Candy Brothers, who demanded changes to the video to "improve the tax profile" to avoid an enquiry by Her Majesty's Revenue & Customs, which at the time was led by Ian Barlow, a former director of a Candy brothers company in the British Virgin Islands.


title: Christian and Nick Candy

text: The One Hyde Park development officially launched in January 2011 and had a profound effect on the global real estate market, breaking a number of industry records as the most expensive residential development in the world. It was reported that the penthouse apartments alone fetched some of the highest prices on record. Since the development opened, apartments at the complex have been purchased by the superrich, including Viktor Kharitonin, a Russian billionaire and business partner of Roman Abramovich, Ukrainian oligarch Rinat Akhmetov, who bought a triplex penthouse in 2010 for £136 million, Anar Aitzhanova, a Kazakh singer whose husband was shot dead in 2004, and Ekaterina Fedun, the daughter of Russian billionaire and Lukoil shareholder Leonid Fedun. Other owners of flats in the bloc include Temur Akhmedov, the son of sanctioned Russian-Azeri oligarch Farkhad Akhmedov, whose $460 million superyacht is now frozen in Germany due to EU sanctions following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. On 18 June 2022, "The Telegraph" reported that Alexander Ponomarenko, a sanctioned Russian oligarch accused of purchasing a palace on behalf of President Vladimir Putin, is the owner of an apartment at One Hyde Park valued at £60 million.


title: Christian and Nick Candy

text: In October 2018, it was reported that Nick Candy refinanced his penthouse at One Hyde Park with an £80 million mortgage from Credit Suisse in order to pursue rental opportunities. The property is reportedly valued at £160 million.


title: Christian and Nick Candy

text: In April 2021, "Bloomberg" reported that Nick had placed his penthouse on the market for £175 million. In August 2020, Nick also announced that his yacht, the Eleven Eleven was up for sale for €59.5 million.


title: Christian and Nick Candy

text: In 2006, the site of the former Middlesex Hospital was purchased for £175m by Project Abbey (Guernsey) Holdings Ltd – an investment consortium which included Kaupthing Bank, the now defunct Icelandic bank, and was led by the Candy's CPC Group. In February 2007, the brothers applied to Westminster City Council for planning permission to redevelop the 1.2 hectare (3 acre) site into a mixed use development of several hundred new residential units and office space. The plans were met with strong criticism from local residents over the Candy's choice of NoHo Square as the name for the new development.


title: Christian and Nick Candy

text: Planning permission for NoHo Square was granted in November 2007; however, the completion of demolition of the hospital in 2008 coincided with the collapse of Kaupthing as a result of the 2007-2008 global financial crisis. Kaupthing was the largest shareholder in the Guernsey-based consortium which bought the Middlesex site from University College Hospital in 2006, and with the bank in administration, the NoHo Square development stalled. As a result of CPC Group being partners with Kaupthing in another property development over in the US, the Candy brothers were able to transfer their equity stake in NoHo Square to the bank and in exchange take full control of the US development.


title: Christian and Nick Candy

text: In April 2007, the Candy brothers acquired the Chelsea Barracks in a joint venture with Qatari Diar, part of the Qatar government's investment arm. In what is believed to be Britain's costliest residential property deal, the Candy brothers and the Qatari government have bought the 12.8-acre site from the Ministry of Defence for £959m.


title: Christian and Nick Candy

text: In 2010, Candy's CPC Group brought an £81 million lawsuit against the Qatar Diar after the latter pulled out of the project, which was later settled out of court. Qatari Diar's decision to abandon the project came after pressure from Prince Charles, who criticised the plans and Qatar's Prime Minister and Chairman of Qatari Diar, Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al-Thani, calling the plans "brutish".


title: Christian and Nick Candy

text: In April 2007, the Candy brothers purchased – through CPC Group – an eight-acre site in Beverly Hills, California, known as 9900 Wilshire, with their equity partners Kaupthing for a reported £250m.


title: Christian and Nick Candy

text: CPC Group hired architect Richard Meier to design a condominium and retail complex in place of the former Robinsons-May department store. Victor Bardack of the Beverly Hills North Homeowners Association said: "To put two huge projects on the already-impacted intersection of Santa Monica and Wilshire boulevards is grossly detrimental to the community,[...] It'll be gridlock forever." The controversy stemmed from the Sheikh being part owner of a Middle Eastern newspaper that has been accused of being anti-Semitic and anti-American.


title: Christian and Nick Candy

text: CPC Group served a written notice of default on Kaupthing shortly after. In the same month, the situation was made worse when the acquisition loan to the project from Credit Suisse became past due, and, additionally, it became increasingly difficult to get financing on the 250 condominiums that the original plans catered for. This was due to the collapse of the property market and banks pulling their funding. It was later reported that CPC Group – after negotiating full control of the development from Kaupthing – defaulted on a US$365.5 million bank loan.


title: Christian and Nick Candy

text: Christian agreed to purchase Gordon House from the Royal Hospital Chelsea in 2012. He exchanged contracts, consisting of two lease agreements for £20 million and £48 million. Christian began elaborate subterranean building works, including a 60 ft swimming pool and a cinema. Even though he had not completed on the purchase, the start of the works triggered a rule that the purchase had been "substantially performed", so he had to pay the SDLT levy. He decided not to move in, despite having paid £27.4 million of the price, and gave it to Nick, who finished the works and completed on the purchase — at which point he became liable to pay the tax again.


title: Christian and Nick Candy

text: Christian married Emily Crompton, socialite and former nightclub hostess, in a lavish ceremony in 2010. They had twins in 2013, Isabella Monaco Evanthia and Cayman Charles Wolf. They lived between UK and Monaco.


title: Christian and Nick Candy

text: On 29 September 2012, Nick married the Australian-British actress-musician-TV presenter Holly Valance in Beverly Hills, California, US. In November 2013, they had their first child in London, a daughter, Luka Violet Toni. Their second daughter, Nova Skye Coco, was born in September 2017. On 8 April 2022, Candy and Valance were pictured with former US President Donald Trump and British politician Nigel Farage at Trump's Mar-a-Lago resort, with a tweet by Farage indicating that the group had dinner together. A report in "The Times" on 28 May 2022 indicated that Candy is also friends with comedians Jimmy Carr and David Walliams, referring to Candy as "any Olympic level name dropper".


title: Christian and Nick Candy

text: In December 2021, "The Daily Mirror" published a photograph revealing that Nick attended a party with the then Conservative London mayoral candidate Shaun Bailey on 14 December 2020, which would have broken coronavirus restrictions at the time. The publication of the photograph in December 2021, followed reporting by "The Times" in March 2021, which named Nick as the leader of fundraising for Shaun Bailey's London mayoral campaign. In June 2020, "The Guardian" also reported that Candy had donated £100,000 to the Conservative Party in March 2020.


title: Stamp Fairtex

text: Nanthawan Panthong (, born November 16, 1997), known professionally as Stamp Fairtex (), is a Thai Muay Thai kickboxer and mixed martial artist. She is currently signed to ONE Championship, where she is ranked #1 in the ONE Championship Women's Atomweight rankings. She is the organization's first two-sport world champion, having held the ONE Atomweight Muay Thai World Championship and ONE Atomweight Kickboxing World Championship.


title: Stamp Fairtex

text: Initially competing in the all-striking ONE Super Series, Stamp made her mixed martial arts debut on October 11, 2018. She won the 2021 ONE Women's Atomweight World Grand Prix.


title: Stamp Fairtex

text: Stamp's father is a former Muay Thai fighter who competed under the name Wisanlek Lukbangplasoy. Stamp started practicing Muay Thai at the age of 5 in order to avoid bullying in school, with her father training her. A year later, she would win her first fight by KO via knees. She became a Muay Thai champion of a local stadium and a two-division Eastern Thailand champion. Going into her teenage years, Stamp took eight years off of Muay Thai due to being unable to find suitable opponents in her hometown region, in addition to there being a lack of women's Muay Thai fights being held at the time.


title: Stamp Fairtex

text: At 18, she moved to the Fairtex Gym in Pattaya, where she would also begin training in Brazilian jiu-jitsu. Stamp has won a gold medal at the 2019 Siam Cup BJJ tournament in the women's gi 58.5kg class.


title: Stamp Fairtex

text: In her ONE Championship debut at on October 6, 2018, she challenged Kai Ting Chuang for the ONE Atomweight Kickboxing World Championship. Stamp would win by unanimous decision, claiming her first ONE world title.


title: Stamp Fairtex

text: She was next scheduled to face Janet Todd for the inaugural ONE Atomweight Muay Thai World Championship at on February 22, 2019. Stamp won the fight by unanimous decision to claim the ONE Atomweight Muay Thai World Championship and become ONE Championship's first two-sport world champion.


title: Stamp Fairtex

text: Stamp Fairtex would defend her ONE Atomweight Muay Thai World Championship against Alma Juniku at on June 15, 2019. She retained her title by a unanimous decision victory.


title: Stamp Fairtex

text: After three straight mixed martial arts matches, Stamp will face Janet Todd for the second time to defend the ONE Atomweight Kickboxing World Championship at on February 28, 2020. Stamp lost the title to Todd via a closely contested split decision, marking her first-ever loss in ONE Championship.


title: Stamp Fairtex

text: Stamp Fairtex is scheduled to defend her Atomweight Muay Thai belt for the second time during on August 28, 2020, with her opponent being the Queens of the Ring Flyweight Tournament winner Allycia Rodrigues. After five rounds, Stamp lost the title to Rodrigues by majority decision.


title: Stamp Fairtex

text: After being scouted by Rich Franklin, Stamp made her mixed martial arts debut on ONE Warrior Series 2 on July 19, 2018. She knocked out Rashi Shinde with a head kick in just 19 seconds of the first round. The victory earned her a contract with ONE Championship.


title: Stamp Fairtex

text: Stamp announced her intentions to compete in mixed martial arts in ONE Championship, with the goal of becoming a ONE World Champion in MMA as well. She made her ONE Championship promotional MMA debut against Asha Roka at on August 16, 2019. Stamp won by submission at 1:29 of the third round via rear naked choke. Following the submission victory, she was given her blue belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu by De'Alonzio Jackson.


title: Stamp Fairtex

text: Stamp was next expected to face Bi Nguyen at on November 8, 2019. After dominating all three rounds with her Muay Thai-based striking, she would go on to win by unanimous decision.


title: Stamp Fairtex

text: Stamp next faced Puja Tomar at on January 10, 2020. Stamp went on to defeat Tomar by TKO at 4:27 of the first round via ground and pound.


title: Stamp Fairtex

text: Leading up to her fight with Tomar, Stamp had voiced her interest in facing Mei Yamaguchi, who she said possesses high-class wrestling skills, in order to test her own skill level. She hopes a fight with Yamaguchi will help solidify her all-round MMA skills before she potentially challenges for a ONE World Title. "My stand-up game is really good. It is strong, but my ground game still needs a lot of work," Stamp said, "I need to improve my ground game and get stronger because (reigning ONE Women’s Atomweight World Champion) Angela Lee is good all-around."


title: Stamp Fairtex

text: Stamp next faced Sunisa Srisen at on July 31, 2020. She extended her winning streak to five with a first round TKO of Srisen.


title: Stamp Fairtex

text: She then faced Alyona Rassohyna at on January 22, 2021. Despite dominating the majority of the fight, Stamp lost by submission via a last-effort guillotine choke in the closing seconds, earning her first loss in MMA competition. While there was initially some controversy surrounding the fight, with Stamp arguing she did not tap, media outlets generally agreed that she did tap out.


title: Stamp Fairtex

text: Stamp faced Alyona Rassohyna in a rematch as the quarterfinal bout of ONE Women's Atomweight Grand Prix at on May 28, 2021. However, the event was postponed due to COVID-19. The event was rescheduled for September 3, 2021. She avenged her loss, winning the bout via split decision.


title: Stamp Fairtex

text: Stamp was scheduled to face Seo Hee Ham in the semi-final bout of ONE Women's Atomweight Grand Prix at on October 29, 2021. Ham later withdrew from the bout after suffering an injury in training, and was replaced by Julie Mezabarba. She won the fight by unanimous decision.


title: Stamp Fairtex

text: Stamp faced Ritu Phogat in the ONE Women's Atomweight Grand Prix Final at on December 3, 2021. She defeated Phogat by submission via armbar in the second round to win the 2021 ONE Women's Atomweight World Grand Prix Championship.


title: Stamp Fairtex

text: Stamp faced Angela Lee for the ONE Women's Atomweight Championship at on March 6, 2022. Even though she hurt Lee with a liver punch in the first round, she lost the bout by submission via rear-naked choke in the second round.


title: Stamp Fairtex

text: Stamp faced Jihin Radzuan at ONE on Prime Video 2: Xiong vs. Lee 3 on September 29, 2022. At the weigh-ins, Radzuan weighed in at 120.25 pounds, 5.25 lbs over the atomweight non-title fight limit. Radzuan was fined 30% of their purse, which went to their opponent Stamp. Stamp won the fight by unanimous decision.


title: Stamp Fairtex

text: Before Stamp faced Jihin Radzuan, it was announced that Anissa Meksen will fight Stamp in a Mixed Rules-bout at ONE on Prime Video 6 on January 14, 2023 at the Impact, Muang Thong Thani in Bangkok. After she won, Fairtex responded to being called a 'dancer' by Meksen, stating that Meksen has never won a ONE Championship-belt, as Fairtex actually held both the ONE Atomweight Muay Thai and Kickboxing title simultaneously.


title: MBB Bo 105

text: The Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm Bo 105 is a light, twin-engine, multi-purpose helicopter developed by Bölkow of Ottobrunn, West Germany. It was the first light twin-engine helicopter in the world, and the first rotorcraft that could perform aerobatic maneuvers such as inverted loops. The Bo 105 features a revolutionary hingeless rotor system, a pioneering innovation in helicopters when it was introduced into service in 1970. Production of the Bo 105 began at the then-recently merged Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB).


title: MBB Bo 105

text: The main production facilities for producing the Bo 105 were located in Germany and Canada; due to the level of export sales encountered, additional manufacturing lines were set up in Spain, Indonesia, and the Philippines. MBB became a part of Eurocopter in 1991, who continued production of the type until 2001. The Bo 105 was formally replaced in Eurocopter's product range by the newer Eurocopter EC135.


title: MBB Bo 105

text: In 1964, development work began at Bölkow upon the helicopter that would become the Bo 105, although work on the hingeless rotor it would use had begun earlier. On 16 February 1967, the second Bo 105A prototype conducted its maiden flight at Ottobrunn in Germany; the first public demonstration was held in May 1967. The test program was broken down into stages as the Bo 105 comprised a new airframe, new rotor system, and a new engine; thus the flying Bo 105 prototype was initially equipped with a main rotor from Westland Helicopter's Scout rotorcraft and a pair of Allison Model 250 turboshaft engines instead of their production counterparts. Sud Aviation worked with Bölkow on developing the rotorcraft; an Alouette II helicopter was modified with the Bo 105's rotor and used to test its performance envelope. The third Bo 105 prototype was equipped with the initial production standard MAN Turbo 6022 turboshaft engines; six pre-production Bo 105s were constructed for testing.


title: MBB Bo 105

text: On 13 October 1970, the German Civil Aviation Authority certified the Bo 105; initial deliveries for the first customers, ADAC Air Rescue and the Bavarian State Police, took place shortly thereafter. In 1972, further type certification was granted by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), enabling export orders from the United States and Britain respectively, which soon followed. In 1972, an improved version of the rotorcraft with more powerful engines, the Bo 105C, was developed; this model quickly superseded the Bo 105A. On 25 September 1973, the prototype Bo 106 performed its first flight; the Bo 106 shared many similarities to the Bo 105, the principal difference being a widened cabin area, capable of seating three abreast in the front row and four abreast in the rear of the cabin. However, nothing further came of the Bo 106 project.