title: The Idolmaster

text: Frontier Works published 12 drama CDs from 2005 to 2009 for the games: six based on the arcade game, three based on its Xbox 360 port, and three based on "The Idolmaster SP". Lantis released three drama CDs based on "Idolmaster: Xenoglossia" in 2007. Frontier Works also published two drama CDs based on "Puchimas! Petit Idolmaster" in 2011. There have been 15 radio shows for the video games and anime adaptations.


title: The Idolmaster

text: A South Korean drama television series based on the games and titled "The Idolmaster KR" premiered in 2017, running for 24 hour-long episodes. It is streaming worldwide by Amazon Prime Video as an Amazon Original.


title: The Idolmaster

text: Each installment of "The Idolmaster" has seen different levels of success. The Xbox 360 port of "The Idolmaster" was awarded the special prize at the 2007 Japan Game Awards partially for its unique take on raising simulation games at the time. The Xbox 360 port of "The Idolmaster" sold 25,000 copies in its first week of sale and was the fifteenth best selling console video game in Japan for the time of its release. "The Idolmaster Live For You!" would see better success, selling 44,000 units in its first week of sales as the fifth best selling console video game in Japan. In their first week of sales, the three versions of "The Idolmaster SP" sold 129,088 units. "The Idolmaster Dearly Stars" sold 30,786 in its first week of sales. "The Idolmaster 2" for the Xbox 360 was voted one of the most anticipated future game at the 2010 Tokyo Game Show by attendees. Despite this, the Xbox 360 version of the game initially sold 34,621 units and was the tenth best selling console video game in Japan for the time of its release, but the PlayStation 3 version sold 65,512 units in its first week. The three versions of "The Idolmaster Shiny Festa" sold 119,132 units in their first week of sales.


title: The Idolmaster

text: "The Idolmaster Cinderella Girls" earned more than per month ( annually) in Japan during 2012. "" grossed in Japan during 2017, and during 2018. This adds up to at least () in mobile game revenue.


title: The Idolmaster

text: Up until 2012, "The Idolmaster" anime DVD and Blu-ray releases grossed in Japan, while music CD and concert sales grossed . In 2013, the franchise grossed in home media (videos, manga, music, novels) sales. In 2014, anime DVD and Blu-ray sales generated . "The Idolmaster" home media (videos, manga, music, novels) sales earned in Japan between 2015 and 2016, and then between 2017 and 2018. This adds up to approximately () in home media sales revenue, .


title: The Idolmaster

text: "" (2014) grossed in East Asian theaters, including ¥772,973,700 () in Japan and () in South Korea. "The Idolmaster" merchandise grossed () in Japan retail sales during 2007.


title: The Idolmaster

text: The raising simulation system in the series has been described as simple and easy to understand, and the various minigames have been described as "addictive". However, the audition system in later games such as "The Idolmaster 2" has been called strategically weaker, but at the same time easier to understand than previous games. As the series progressed, the improved realism in the idol's expressions, movements and manner of speaking was praised. As the first handheld release, "The Idolmaster SP" was praised as satisfying the needs of the fans who enjoy "lovingly raising their favorite idols" at all times. Overall, an enjoyable aspect of the series has been cited as deepening one's relationship with "cute and individualistic" idols while going through the ups and downs of the story.


title: The Idolmaster

text: The introduction of rivals into "The Idolmaster SP" was described as effectively giving each game a different impression, and competing against rivals in the series has been praised. While one reviewer for "Famitsu" suggested it was natural to identify with the idols when watching them perform, a different reviewer in the same magazine issue stated that the game would be somewhat tiresome if the player did not have an emotional attachment to a given idol. However, another reviewer noted that it was easier to empathize with an idol when the story is told from the perspective of the idols in "The Idolmaster Dearly Stars". Although, because other aspects of the gameplay in "Dearly Stars" are similar such as doing lessons and auditions, the sense of enjoyment is not that different from other games. Early aspects of the series were criticized as presenting a narrow and unrealistic view of the idol world.


title: The Idolmaster

text: "", another Xbox 360 game developed and published by Namco, references "The Idolmaster" in special paint schemes for the Su-33 Flanker, F-117A Night Hawk, F-16C Fighting Falcon, F-2A Viper Zero, Su-47 Berkut, F-15E Strike Eagle, Rafale M, Mirage 2000-5, Typhoon, F-14D Tomcat and F-22A Raptor as part of downloadable packs of extra aircraft colors made available for purchase between November 22, 2007 and March 31, 2008. The character Miki Hoshii appears on the paint schemes of the Su-33 and Su-47, Yukiho Hagiwara appears on the F-117A, Chihaya Kisaragi appears on the F-15E, Haruka Amami on the F-22A, Yayoi Takatsuki on the Mirage 2000-5, Azusa Miura on the F-14D, and Iori Minase on the Rafale M.


title: The Idolmaster

text: Yayoi Takatsuki made a cameo in Namco's role-playing game (RPG) "Tales of Hearts" as a support attacker by using a move named High Touch. Haruka Amami made an appearance as a cameo costume for Mel in Namco's RPG "". The game "" had several of the girls' costumes featured as purchasable and wearable armor. Downloadable content (DLC) costumes can be bought of custom outfits from "The Idolmaster" for the Namco Bandai games "Tales of Graces" and "Tales of Xillia". In "Graces", Sophie, Pascal and Cheria can have costumes purchased for them, and in "Xillia", Milla, Leia and Elise can have costumes purchased for them.


title: The Idolmaster

text: A stage in "Beautiful Katamari" set in the producer's office features a song by ten of the girls titled "Danketsu". A remix was produced titled "Danketsu 2010" sung by all of the girls. Some of the Katamari Cousins in the game also represent the idols. Four songs from "The Idolmaster" series were featured in "Taiko no Tatsujin 14". An update patch for PlayStation Home features "The Idolmaster" slot machines inside the Namco Bandai hubs where one can win special clothing to make PlayStation Home avatars look like Haruka. A collaboration DLC package between Sega's "" and "The Idolmaster SP" was released, featuring a Haruka costume for Hatsune Miku, a combined version of Ami and Mami's costumes for Kagamine Rin, and a Chihaya costume for Megurine Luka. The package also comes with "Go My Way!!" redone by Miku and "Relations" redone by Luka and Rin. "" as well as the "Ridge Racer" series on PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita and Xbox 360 also include DLC for "The Idolmaster" series.


title: The Idolmaster

text: Bandai Namco Entertainment and Aniplex has allowed third party companies and organizations to use the franchise's characters in their promotions both individually or as a group. Miki Hoshii was named the store manager of Tower Records' Japanese branches on March 21, 2011 at the retailer's Shinjuku branch. In 2012, the Tokyo Shrine Agency distributed posters and pamphlets featuring the 765 Production idols as part of a campaign to attract hatsumōde visitors. Sagan Tosu featured the idol characters of "Cinderella Girls" on the tickets and merchandises for their September 12, 2015 match against the Shimizu S-Pulse and September 26, 2015 match against the Ventforet Kofu.


title: Picea abies

text: Picea abies, the Norway spruce or European spruce, is a species of spruce native to Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.


title: Picea abies

text: It has branchlets that typically hang downwards, and the largest cones of any spruce, 9–17 cm long. It is very closely related to the Siberian spruce ("Picea obovata"), which replaces it east of the Ural Mountains, and with which it hybridizes freely. The Norway spruce has a wide distribution for it being planted for its wood, and is the species used as the main Christmas tree in several countries around the world. It was the first gymnosperm to have its genome sequenced. The Latin specific epithet "abies" means “like


title: Picea abies

text: Norway spruce is a large, fast-growing evergreen coniferous tree growing tall and with a trunk diameter of 1 to 1.5 m. It can grow fast when young, up to 1 m per year for the first 25 years under good conditions, but becomes slower once over tall. The shoots are orange-brown and glabrous. The leaves are needle-like with blunt tips, 12–14 mm long, quadrangular in cross-section, and dark green on all four sides with inconspicuous stomatal lines. The seed cones are 9–17 cm long (the longest of any spruce), and have bluntly to sharply triangular-pointed scale tips. They are green or reddish, maturing brown 5–7 months after pollination. The seeds are black, 4–5 mm long, with a pale brown 15 mm wing.


title: Picea abies

text: The Norway spruce grows throughout Europe from Norway in the northwest and Poland eastward, and also in the mountains of central Europe, southwest to the western end of the Alps, and southeast in the Carpathians and Balkans to the extreme north of Greece. The northern limit is in the arctic, just north of 70° N in Norway. Its eastern limit in Russia is hard to define, due to extensive hybridization and intergradation with the Siberian spruce, but is usually given as the Ural Mountains. However, trees showing some Siberian spruce characters extend as far west as much of northern Finland, with a few records in northeast Norway. The hybrid is known as "Picea" × "fennica" (or "P. abies" subsp. "fennica", if the two taxa are considered subspecies), and can be distinguished by a tendency towards having hairy shoots and cones with smoothly rounded scales.


title: Picea abies

text: Norway spruce cone scales are used as food by the caterpillars of the tortrix moth "Cydia illutana", whereas "Cydia duplicana" feeds on the bark around injuries or canker.


title: Picea abies

text: Populations in southeast Europe tend to have on average longer cones with more pointed scales; these are sometimes distinguished as "Picea abies" var. "acuminata", but there is extensive overlap in variation with trees from other parts of the range.


title: Picea abies

text: Some botanists treat Siberian spruce as a subspecies of Norway spruce, though in their typical forms, they are very distinct, the Siberian spruce having cones only 5–10 cm long, with smoothly rounded scales, and pubescent shoots. Genetically Norway and Siberian spruces have turned out to be extremely similar and may be considered as two closely related subspecies of "P. abies".


title: Picea abies

text: Another spruce with smoothly rounded cone scales and hairy shoots occurs rarely in the Central Alps in eastern Switzerland. It is also distinct in having thicker, blue-green leaves. Many texts treat this as a variant of Norway spruce, but it is as distinct as many other spruces, and appears to be more closely related to Siberian spruce ("Picea obovata"), Schrenk's spruce ("Picea schrenkiana") from central Asia and Morinda spruce ("Picea smithiana") in the Himalaya. Treated as a distinct species, it takes the name Alpine spruce ("Picea alpestris"). As with Siberian spruce, it hybridizes extensively with Norway spruce; pure specimens are rare. Hybrids are commonly known as Norwegian spruce, which should not be confused with the pure species Norway spruce.


title: Picea abies

text: The Norway spruce is one of the most widely planted spruces, both in and outside of its native range, and one of the most economically important coniferous species in Europe. It is used as an ornamental tree in parks and gardens. It is also widely planted for use as a Christmas tree. Every Christmas, the Norwegian capital city, Oslo, provides the cities of London (the Trafalgar Square Christmas tree), Edinburgh and Washington, D.C., with a Norway spruce, which is placed at the central most square of each city. This is mainly a sign of gratitude for the aid these countries gave during the Second World War.


title: Picea abies

text: In North America, Norway spruce is widely planted, specifically in the Northeastern, Pacific Coast, and Rocky Mountain states, as well as in southeastern Canada. It is naturalised in some parts of North America. There are naturalized populations occurring from Connecticut to Michigan, and it is probable that they occur elsewhere. Norway spruces are more tolerant of hot, humid weather than many conifers which do not thrive except in cool-summer areas and they will grow up to USDA Growing Zone 8.


title: Picea abies

text: Seed production begins when the tree is in its fourth decade and total lifespan is up to 300 years in its natural range in Europe. Introduced Norway spruces in the British Isles and North America have a much shorter life expectancy. As the tree ages, its crown thins out and lower branches die off.


title: Picea abies

text: In the northern US and Canada, Norway spruce is reported as invasive in some locations; however, it does not pose a problem in Zone 6 and up as the seeds have a significantly reduced germination rate in areas with hot, humid summers.


title: Picea abies

text: The Norway spruce tolerates acidic soils well, but does not do well on dry or deficient soils. From 1928 until the 1960s it was planted on surface mine spoils in Indiana.


title: Picea abies

text: Several cultivars have been selected as ornamentals (‘Barrya’, ‘Capitata’, ‘Decumbens’, ‘Dumosa’, ‘Clanbrassiliana’, ‘Gregoryana’, ‘Inversa’, ‘Microsperma’, ‘Nidiformis’, ‘Ohlendorffii’, ‘Repens’, ‘Tabuliformis’, ‘Maxwellii’, 'Virgata', 'Inversa', ‘Pendula’), with a wide variety of sizes and shapes, from full-sized forest trees to extremely slow-growing, prostrate forms. They are occasionally traded under the obsolete scientific name "Picea excelsa" (an illegitimate name). The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:


title: Picea abies

text: It is esteemed as a source of tonewood by stringed-instrument makers. One form of the tree called (Hazel-spruce) grows in the European Alps and has been recognized by UNESCO as intangible cultural heritage. This form was used by Stradivarius for instruments.


title: Picea abies

text: The tree is the source of spruce beer, which was once used to prevent and even cure scurvy. This high vitamin C content can be consumed as a tea from the shoot tips or even eaten straight from the tree when light green and new in spring.


title: Picea abies

text: Norway spruce shoot tips have been used in traditional Austrian medicine internally (as syrup or tea) and externally (as baths, for inhalation, as ointments, as resin application or as tea) for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, skin, locomotor system, gastrointestinal tract and infections.


title: Picea abies

text: During the production of Mont d'Or cheese it is wrapped in a ""sangle"" made from the cambium of a Norway spruce (French: "") for about two weeks at least, which gives the cheese a unique flavour.


title: Picea abies

text: A press release from Umeå University says that a Norway spruce clone named Old Tjikko, carbon dated as 9,550 years old, is the "oldest living tree". The oldest individual specimen of Norway spruce discovered by tree ring dating found in 2012 in a nature reserve of Buskerud County, Norway was found to be 532 years old.


title: Picea abies

text: However, Pando, a stand of 47,000 quaking aspen clones, is estimated to be between 14,000 and one million years old.


title: Picea abies

text: The stress is on the difference between the singular "oldest tree" and the multiple "oldest trees", and between "oldest clone" and "oldest non-clone". Old Tjikko is one of a series of genetically identical clones growing from a root system, one part of which is estimated to be 9,550 years old based on carbon dating. The oldest known individual tree (that has not taken advantage of vegetative cloning) is a Great Basin bristlecone pine over 5,000 years old (germination in 3051 BC).


title: Picea abies

text: The genome of "Picea abies" was sequenced in 2013, the first gymnosperm genome to be completely sequenced. The genome contains approximately 20 billion base pairs and is about six times the size of the human genome, despite possessing a similar number of genes. A large proportion of the spruce genome consists of repetitive DNA sequences, including long terminal repeat transposable elements. Despite recent advances in massively parallel DNA sequencing, the assembly of such a large and repetitive genome is a particularly challenging task, mainly from a computational perspective.


title: Picea abies

text: Within populations of "Picea abies" there is great genetic variability, which most likely reflect populations' isolation in glacial refugia and post-glacial evolutionary history. Genetic diversity can in particular be detected when looking at how the populations respond to climatic conditions. E.g. variations in timing and length of the annual growth period as well as differences in frost-hardiness in spring and autumn. These annual growth patterns are important to recognize in order to choose the proper reforestation material of "Picea abies".


title: Picea abies

text: p-Hydroxybenzoic acid glucoside, picein, piceatannol and its glucoside (astringin), isorhapontin (the isorhapontigenin glucoside), catechin and ferulic acid are phenolic compounds found in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruces. Piceol and astringin are also found in "P. abies".


title: Picea abies

text: "Picea abies" (L.) H. Karst is the accepted name of this species. More than 150 synonyms of "Picea abies" have been published.


title: Raymond Bailey

text: Raymond Thomas Bailey (May 6, 1904 – April 15, 1980) was an American actor, and comedian on the Broadway stage, films, and television. He is best known for his role as greedy banker Milburn Drysdale in the television series "The Beverly Hillbillies".


title: Raymond Bailey

text: Bailey was born in San Francisco, California, the son of William and Alice (née O'Brien) Bailey. When he was a teenager he went to Hollywood to become a movie star. He found it was harder than he had thought, however, and took a variety of short-term jobs. He worked for a time as a day laborer at a movie studio in the days of silent pictures, but was fired for sneaking into a mob scene while it was being filmed. He also worked for a while as a stockbroker and a banker.


title: Raymond Bailey

text: Having no success receiving movie roles of any kind, Bailey then went to New York City where he had no better success obtaining roles in theatre. Eventually he began working as a merchant seaman and sailed to various parts of the world, including China, Japan, the Philippines and the Mediterranean. While docked in Hawaii, he worked on a pineapple plantation, acted at the community theatre and sang on a local radio program.


title: Raymond Bailey

text: In 1938, he decided to try Hollywood again. His luck changed for the better when he actually began getting some bit parts in movies. He appeared as the character of Mr. West in the action adventure serial "The Green Hornet" (1940). After the United States entered World War II he again served in the United States Merchant Marine. When the war was over he returned to Hollywood and eventually began getting bigger character roles.


title: Raymond Bailey

text: In the early 1950s, Bailey was cast in many character roles in television series, such as "Alfred Hitchcock Presents", "Tales of Tomorrow" (episode "Ice from Space"), "Frontier", "Crusader", "My Friend Flicka" (episode "When Bugles Blow"), "Gunsmoke" (episodes "General Parsley Smith" and "The Big Con"), "Tightrope", "State Trooper", "Coronado 9", and "Johnny Ringo".


title: Raymond Bailey

text: Other appearances were on "The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show", "Private Secretary", "Playhouse 90", "The Rifleman", "Laramie", "Bat Masterson", "The Jack Benny Program", "Yancy Derringer", "Riverboat", "Bourbon Street Beat", "77 Sunset Strip", "Hennesey", "The Twilight Zone", three times on "Bonanza", "", "The Untouchables", "Have Gun-Will Travel", "The Tab Hunter Show", "Pete and Gladys", "The Donna Reed Show", "Bachelor Father", "Going My Way", "The Tom Ewell Show", "The Investigators", "Science Fiction Theatre" (episode "The Long Day"), "Whirlybirds", twice on "Mister Ed", and twice on "Wagon Train".


title: Raymond Bailey

text: Bailey made two guest appearances on "Perry Mason", playing banker Mr. Hilliard in "The Case of the Caretaker's Cat," and Dr. Bell in "The Case of the Injured Innocent." During its 1960–1961 season, he had a regular role on "My Sister Eileen" and guest-starred on Pat O'Brien's ABC sitcom "Harrigan and Son". He appeared in the 1962–1963 season as Dean McGruder on CBS's "The Many Loves Of Dobie Gillis".


title: Raymond Bailey

text: Bailey appeared in four Broadway plays, as Howard Haines in "Last Stop" (1944), playing an unknown man in "The Bat" (1953), A. J. Alexander in "Sing Till Tomorrow" (1953), and Captain Randolph Southard in "The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial" (1954–1955), which starred Henry Fonda.


title: Raymond Bailey

text: Bailey's film roles include playing a member of the board in the comedy/romance "Sabrina" (1954) starring Humphrey Bogart, Audrey Hepburn and William Holden; Mr. Benson in the drama "Picnic" (1955) starring William Holden and Kim Novak; a doctor in Hitchcock's drama/thriller "Vertigo" (1958) starring James Stewart and Novak; a Colonel in the comedy "No Time for Sergeants" (1958) starring Andy Griffith; the warden of San Quentin in the crime/dramas "I Want to Live!" starring Susan Hayward and as Philip Dressler in "The Lineup" (1958); lawyer Brancato in the crime drama "Al Capone" (1959) starring Rod Steiger; and Major General Alexander "Archie" Vandegrift in the World War II drama "The Gallant Hours" (1960). He also played a plantation owner in "Band of Angels" (1957) starring Clark Gable, Sidney Poitier and Yvonne De Carlo. He also played in the low-budget horror classic, "Tarantula!" (1955), and had a small role in Irwin Allen's "Five Weeks in a Balloon" (1962).


title: Raymond Bailey

text: In "The Beverly Hillbillies", Nancy Kulp portrayed Bailey's ever loyal and by-the-book secretary, Miss Jane Hathaway. Banker Drysdale managed the millions of dollars in oil money royalties in the bank account of country gentleman Jed Clampett (portrayed by Buddy Ebsen). He was so keen on keeping an eye on the Clampetts that he convinced them to buy the mansion right next door to his own, in ritzy Beverly Hills. Often, Mr. Drysdale would be required to talk with Clampett about how strange "city life" and "city folk" are (when compared to Mr. Clampett's view of "normal" country folk). On occasions when Mr. Clampett was considering withdrawing all his funds and returning to the country (his home near Bug Tussle), the miserly Mr. Drysdale would often panic and desperately work to try keep the family (and their fortune) in Beverly Hills.


title: Raymond Bailey

text: Bailey began feeling the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease around the time of the final episodes of "The Beverly Hillbillies". He made only two film appearances after the show's 1971 cancellation — the Disney features "Herbie Rides Again" (1974) and "The Strongest Man in the World" (1975) — before retiring in 1975 due to the effects of the disease.


title: Raymond Bailey

text: In his final years, Bailey divided his time between a condominium and a houseboat in Laguna Niguel, California. He kept in touch with former co-star Nancy Kulp (whom he nicknamed "Slim") but was primarily a recluse.


title: Raymond Bailey

text: Raymond Bailey died of a heart attack on April 15, 1980, aged 75, in Irvine, California. His body was cremated and his ashes were scattered at sea. He was survived by his wife, Gaby Aida George, and was an uncle of actor William Sylvester.


title: Canadian Indian residential school gravesites

text: Throughout its history, between 3,200 and 6,000 students died while attending the Canadian Indian residential school system. The exact number remains unknown due to incomplete records. Comparatively few cemeteries associated with residential schools are explicitly referenced in surviving documents, however the age and duration of the schools suggests that most had a cemetery associated with them. Most cemeteries were unregistered, and as such the locations of many burial sites of residential school children have been lost. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada has called for "the ongoing identification, documentation, maintenance, commemoration, and protection of residential school cemeteries or other sites at which residential school children were buried."


text: The Canadian Indian Residential Schools were a network of boarding schools for Indigenous peoples. Directed and funded by the Department of Indian Affairs, and administered mainly by Christian churches, the residential school system removed and isolated Indigenous children from the influence of their own native culture and religion in order to forcefully assimilate them into the dominant Canadian culture. Given that most of them were established by Christian missionaries with the express purpose of converting Indigenous children to Christianity, schools often had nearby mission churches with community cemeteries. Students were often buried in these cemeteries rather than being sent back to their home communities, since the school was expected by the Department of Indian Affairs to keep costs as low as possible. Additionally, occasional outbreaks of disease led to the creation of mass graves when the school had insufficient staff to bury students individually.


text: Bodies, unmarked graves, and potential burial sites have been identified near residential school sites across Canada since the 1970s, mainly using ground-penetrating radar. To date, the sites of unmarked graves are estimated to hold the remains of more than 1,900 previously unaccounted individuals, mostly children. However, across the entire residential school system, the number of identifiable children who are documented as having died while in their custody is over 4,100 individuals; the fourth volume of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada "identified 3,200 deaths on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission's Register of Confirmed Deaths of Named Residential School Students and the Register of Confirmed Deaths of Unnamed Residential School Students". The issue of unmarked graves gained renewed attention after an anthropologist detected ground disturbances on radar at Kamloops Indian Residential School in May 2021, and concluded that these were 215 "probable burials" (this number was later revised to 200). Several similar announcements followed over the ensuing months, leading to commemorations and protests, as well as leading to a series of arsons against Christian buildings and the 2022 "penitential" visit to Canada by Pope Francis.


text: The Canadian Indian residential school system was a network of boarding schools for Indigenous peoples. They were funded by the Department of Indian Affairs branch of the Canadian government, and administered by Christian churches across the country. The school system was created to remove and isolate Indigenous children from the influence of their own native culture and religion in order to forcefully assimilate them into the dominant Canadian culture.


text: The residential school system ran for over 120years, with the last school closing in 1997. A significant number of Indigenous children died while attending residential schools, mostly from disease or fire, with some schools experiencing rates as high as 1death per 20students. Most of the recorded student deaths at residential schools took place before the 1950s. Anti-tuberculosis antibiotics became widely used in the 1950s, which led to a decline in the incidence of the disease.


text: Few school cemeteries are explicitly documented, however given the age of the institutions and the duration of time over which they operated, it is likely that most had a cemetery associated with them. Some were officially associated with schools historically but were overgrown and abandoned after the school closed, while others may have been unmarked burial sites even while the school was in operation. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission Report estimates the number of unmarked graves to be 3,200. However, other sources state this is a conservative estimate, and the actual number could be much higher.


text: The fourth volume of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada's (TRC) final report, dedicated to missing children and unmarked burials, was developed after the original TRC members realized, in 2007, that the issue required its own working group. In 2009, the TRC requested $1.5million in extra funding from the federal government to complete this work, but was denied. The researchers concluded, after searching through available records, analyzing satellite imagery and maps of school sites, and visiting a representative sample of sites across the country, that, "for the most part, the cemeteries that the Commission documented are abandoned, disused, and vulnerable to accidental disturbance".This research done by the Commission resulted in the creation of a centralized database of information about where children who died at residential school are buried. Of the 139 recognized residential schools, 59 cemeteries were identified by the commission, and 55 individual reports detailing information about the history of each cemetery were created.


text: The effort to fully document the children that never returned home from the schools remains ongoing. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission identified 1,953children, 477 where additional investigation is required and an additional 1,242students where they are known to have passed away but their names are not yet known. The National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation (NCTR) has conducted further review of the records and has added an additional 471students to the memorial. This number is expected to climb as additional work is conducted. In total there are presently 4,126children within the national student memorial register. Research efforts by the NCTR are ongoing, and this number will increase over time. At present, the memorial only contains the names of students who attended schools covered by the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement (IRSSA) and does not include students who died while attending day schools or other non-IRSSA schools.


text: Since the 1970s, investigations into unmarked gravesites around residential schools have taken place using a variety of methods, including non-invasive archaeological tools such as ground-penetrating radar. The announcement of preliminary results from one such investigation at the former site of Kamloops Indian Residential School in May 2021 made international news and led to wider and renewed calls to investigate other former school sites for unmarked graves.


text: Battleford Industrial School's final principal expressed concern over future generations forgetting the cemetery containing the bodies of former students at the school site:


text: The land was never officially registered as a cemetery, and became dilapidated and vandalised. In 1974, five students from the Department of Anthropology and Archaeology at the University of Saskatchewan excavated 72 graves at the Battleford school cemetery, constituting nearly all of the 74 people buried in the cemetery. Most of the people buried there are former students of the Industrial School. During the excavation, the contents of each unmarked grave were uncovered, identified, and recorded, then re-covered and marked with a marble marker, before a chain-link fence was erected around the outside of the site. On August 31, 1975, the burial ground was reconsecrated by the students in a ceremony, during which a cairn was erected with the names of fifty students known to be buried there.


text: From 1992 to 1994, Albert Lafferty, a Métis resident of Fort Providence, Northwest Territories, led research into the old community cemetery, located near the site of the former Sacred Heart Mission School (operated by the Catholic Church from 1867 to 1960) and the mission's associated hospital. Lafferty was prompted by a desire to follow up on stories he had heard in the community about unmarked graves. He found that the missionaries established the first on that site cemetery in 1868, but relocated the remains of eight missionaries that had been buried there to the present location of the Catholic cemetery in 1929. In relocating, they had left behind the remains of hundreds of Indigenous people buried there, and the cemetery was ploughed over in 1948, after which it became a potato field. Over the course of his research, which was facilitated by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Mackenzie–Fort Smith in Yellowknife and involved the use of ground-penetrating radar, Lafferty identified 298 people likely buried at the site in unmarked graves. This number includes adults, as well as 161 children from across the Dehcho who attended the Sacred Heart Mission School. Some members of the community believe the actual number of interred students is much higher, while a separate study estimates the site holds a total of 150 children and adults. In 2013, a memorial was erected on the site, which lists the names or identities (in the case of individuals whose names are unknown) of the people buried at the site. Since around 2009, former NWT premier Stephen Kakfwi made annual pilgrimages to the site to honour the dead in ceremony, and has encouraged community members, as well as representatives of religious institutions and governments to do the same. In July 2021, Deh Gáh Got’ı̨ę First Nation confirmed that they would try to complete a further search of the former school grounds before the first snowfall, though community healing and acquiring funding were priorities.


text: In 1996, a flood eroded the banks of the Highwood River, exposing the caskets and remains of some of the 73 children known to have died while attending Dunbow Industrial School, also referred to as St. Joseph's. In May 2001, the remains of 34 children were identified and re-interred at a site further from the river, following First Nations, Métis, and Christian traditions. Since then, local resident Laurie Sommerville has worked on identifying the names of some of the deceased children, and had identified 27 as of May 2013.


text: In 2012, an archaeological survey utilizing ground-penetrating radar was conducted over the south part of the privately owned plot of land that held the cemetery associated with the Regina Indian Industrial School (RIIS). The survey found evidence of 22 graves. Documents from 1921 indicated that a prairie fire likely destroyed the wooden crosses marking thirty to forty gravesites. The cemetery is located at the western edge of the former property at 701 Pinkie Road. In 2014, an unpublished report by the Regina Planning Department indicated that the site contained the remains of First Nations and Métis children, as well as the bodies of the children of the school's first principal. In September 2016, the cemetery received municipal heritage status, and in July 2017 it received provincial heritage status. It had been privately owned farmland since the 1980s. The RCMP, who owned the land adjacent to the cemetery, contacted the landowner about the remains in 2007, and began to initiate a land transfer. According to the CBC, the land was "recovered" in 2011. An arrangement was reached between the realtor who owned the property the cemetery was on, the RCMP, and the RIIS Commemorative Association, and in 2019, a land transfer ceremony was held to give the land to the Commemorative Association. In the weeks before Canada's first National Day for Truth And Reconciliation on September 30, 2021, 38 orange metal feathers were placed in the ground on the site, to mark the gravesites of the 38 children identified to have been buried there. The metal markers were donated by Pasqua First Nation and Pro Metal Industries. The site is encircled by a white picket fence.


text: In 2021, Sarah Beaulieu, an anthropologist experienced at searching for historical gravesites, surveyed the site of the Kamloops Indian Residential School on the lands of the Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc First Nation with ground-penetrating radar and observed "disruptions in the ground" which she concluded could be 200 unmarked graves, based on "their placement, size, depth, and other features" though "only forensic investigation with excavation" would confirm if these were actually human remains. As of May 2022, the nation had assembled a team of technical archaeologists and professors as they continue their investigation of the site, which Chief Rosanne Casimir described as an ongoing process from "exhumation to memorialization."


text: Beginning in 2012, a team from the Sioux Valley Dakota Nation and Simon Fraser University investigated two cemetery sites at Brandon Indian Residential School in Brandon. The project, which received funding to continue its work in April 2019, was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


text: On June4, 2021, it was announced that 104 potential graves had been located, of which 78 are accountable through historical records.


text: A community graveyard next to Marieval Indian Residential School in Marieval on the lands of Cowessess First Nation was first used in 1885 prior to the establishment of the school, and as such included not only the graves of children but also adult Catholic parishioners. However, by 2021, only an estimated third of the graves remained marked.


text: The archbishop of Regina Don Bolen said that the loss of headstones occurred at least partly in the 1960s when an Oblate priest and a local First Nations chief "entered into a conflict" and the priest then used a bulldozer to knock over "huge numbers of tombstones." One person claiming relatives in the cemetery said he knew the workers who picked up the headstones. In 2019, the Archdiocese of Regina provided the Cowessess First Nation $70,000 to identify the unmarked graves and restore the cemetery.


text: A subsequent search for unmarked gravesites was delayed two years due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In May 2021, the Cowessess First Nation announced it would search the site using ground-penetrating radar in collaboration with a group from Saskatchewan Polytechnic. It started on June1 and was expanded four times after anecdotes from elders that bodies had been buried past the school grounds.


text: On June24, 2021, Cowessess First Nation Chief Cadmus Delorme announced that findings from the preliminary survey indicated the presence of up to 751unmarked graves near the former site of the school. The preliminary figure was the largest number of potential or confirmed unmarked graves associated with a given residential school according to the Federation of Sovereign Indigenous Nations (FSIN), which represents Saskatchewan's First Nations.


text: Delorme underlined, "This is not a mass grave site. These are unmarked graves." In noting that the radar technology used had an error rate of 10–15%, he concluded that as a result of the loss of the headstones, "...today, we have over 600 unmarked graves."


text: On October8, 2021, it was announced that names had been put to 300 of the gravesites. The identification was made possible through the records of the RCMP, the Catholic Church, and Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada, as well as band members' oral stories.


text: A press release published January 20, 2022 announced the identification of the 751 unmarked graves as belonging to "both former children who attended the Residential School and locals, both First Nation and non-First Nations," and stating that more research had to be done to be able to "share the true story by identifying which children did not make it home."


text: On June 30, 2021, the leadership of ʔaq̓am (a member of the Ktunaxa Nation) announced that 182 unmarked grave sites had been identified in a cemetery in their community adjacent to the site of the former St. Eugene's Mission Residential School.


text: During remedial work around the cemetery in 2020, they came upon an "unknown and unmarked grave", and set about to use ground-penetrating radar to identify additional unmarked graves. The graves were marked with wooden crosses which eventually burned or rotted away, resulting in them being unmarked.


text: The graveyard dates to 1865, before the construction of the school, and has been continuously used for burials by the local settler and indigenous community, including for the St. Eugene Hospital, which operated from 1874 to 1899. The residential school was in operation from 1912 to 1970, and a press release from the First Nation stated that, due to the site's history, it is "extremely difficult to establish whether or not these unmarked graves contain the remains of children who attended the St. Eugene Residential School".


text: In 2018, Penelakut Chief and Council and Elders' Committee met with researchers from the University of British Columbia to discuss a possible survey of the grounds of the former Kuper Island Indian Residential school for unmarked graves using GPR. This work would build on previous GPR surveys conducted in known cemeteries in the community in 2014 and 2016.


text: In a memo sent to band members on July 8, 2021, Chief Joan Brown of the Penelakut First Nation made reference to the discovery of at least 160"undocumented and unmarked" graves located on the grounds of the former school, off Vancouver Island. The memo was circulated in national media coverage on July 12. It is unclear whether the number referred to new findings.


text: The school, referred to as "Canada's Alcatraz", was operated on the remote Penelakut Island (formerly Kuper Island) from 1889 to 1969 by the Catholic Church, and from 1969 to 1975 by the federal government.


text: In June 2021, a search was announced of the site of St. Joseph's Mission Residential School near Williams Lake, led by Williams Lake First Nation, using ground-penetrating radar, and focusing on 0.15 square kilometres of the 4.5 square kilometre site. Work began in late August 2021. On January 25, 2022, the chief of Williams Lake First Nations announced that 93 potential burial sites were discovered.


text: A search using ground-penetrating radar was conducted by Keeseekoose First Nation on the former grounds of St. Philip's Indian Residential School in Kamsack, Saskatchewan, and the former site of another school near Fort Pelly, which had been erected at the expense of the Oblate Fathers from 1905 to 1913. The search by ground-penetrating radar revealed 42 potential unmarked graves at the Fort Pelly site, and 12 at St. Philip's.


text: On March 1, 2022, the Kapawe'no First Nation announced the results of a search of 3696.5m at the site of St. Bernard's Residential School conducted in October 2021 by the Institute Prairie and Indigenous Archeology from the University of Alberta. The search was led by Dr. Kish Supernant and used ground-penetrating radar and multi-spectral imagery captured by drone. It found 169 potential gravesites that researchers subdivided into three categories, based on confidence intervals. From lowest to highest confidence, the categories they used for the GPR reflections identified in the search are as follows:


text: 32 possible graves, 129 probable graves, and 8 likely graves were identified in the final summary of the search.


text: The nation also announced plans to conduct further searches based on the testimony of residential school students. The nation is planning searches of a nearby Anglican church and a site where Indian agents and the North-West Mounted Police had structures.


text: A cemetery established at the Muscowequan Indian Residential School was rediscovered in 1992 amidst planning for and initial work on a new water line from documentary evidence and inadvertent exhumations during the aborted dig. Nineteen bodies were found with indications of further graves nearby. In 2018, a team led by a University of Alberta researcher identified a further ten to fifteen potential gravesites by GPR. The graves are estimated to contain people of Saulteaux, Cree, Métis as well as European origin, many of whom had fallen ill from an influenza epidemic in the early 1900s. Further searches are planned.


text: A cemetery dating back to at least the early 1900s was situated by the Lac La Ronge Indian Residential School near La Ronge on or adjacent to land that is now the Lac La Ronge Indian Band's urban reserve. The graveyard served as the last resting place for community members, school staff and possibly students who passed away at the school. While the cemetery retains some headstones, rocks and other grave markings, SNC Lavalin was hired to search for potential unmarked graves using GPR within as well as outside the boundaries where some fear the unbaptized or those who committed suicide were buried.


text: As of December 23, 2021, the search was about 97 percent complete. Crosses were put up to mark possible gravesites identified by GPR.


text: On April 20, 2022, George Gordon First Nation Chief Byron Bitternose announced that 14 possible grave sites were identified using ground-penetrating radar at the former George Gordon Indian Residential School site. Records from the National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation showed that 49 students died during the school's operation from 1888 to 1996.


text: Following the announcement from Kamloops in 2021, consultation and a search began at the site of the former Sandy Bay Residential School on Sandy Bay First Nation. The search used ground-penetrating radar and drone imagery. Results of the search were presented to the community in May 2022, having identified 13 potential unmarked grave sites. Four of these sites were determined to have a "moderate probability" of being an unmarked grave and nine sites were assessed as possessing a "low probability" of being graves. Further steps had not been decided by the community as of May 29, 2022.


text: Since 2004, partial remains have been repeatedly discovered while digging new graves in the Saddle Lake Cree Nation community cemetery, located near the site where the Blue Quills Indian Residential School once stood. At the time, the remains were re-interred upon discovery, but investigators undertaking the nation's efforts to discover unmarked graves on their territory announced on May 17, 2022, that they believed those accidentally excavated remains were the remains of children who died at residential school. The investigators believe that the discoveries include a mass grave, where they found "numerous children-sized skeletons wrapped in white cloth," theorizing that the potential mass grave could have been from a typhoid outbreak at the school. In an effort to prevent further accidental excavations, the nation has requested funding to acquire ground-penetrating radar equipment and carry out a non-invasive survey.


text: As of late July 2021, the Sagkeeng First Nation had begun a search of the former site of Fort Alexander Indian Residential School, near Powerview-Pine Falls in Manitoba. The search was done in association with AltoMaxx, using drone surveying and ground-penetrating radar. On June 6, 2022, the Nation announced they had identified 190 "anomalies" in the ground during the search: 137 in one area and 53 in another. The anomalies were not found at the site of the residential school. Having ruled out pipelines, sewer lines, and waterlines, work continued following the announcement to determine whether the anomalies were gravesites.


text: A number of First Nations have announced searches for unmarked graves at various former residential school sites. Some of these searches were already underway prior to the Kamloops confirmation. Below are a list of school sites announced thus far:


text: In 2021, the announced a three-year investigation for the presence of unmarked graves at Fraser Valley residential schools, including around the historic mission and school cemetery at the former site of St. Mary's Indian Residential School in Mission, the Methodist-run Coqualeetza Residential School grounds in Chilliwack, and the All Hallows Residential School in Yale. A historic 1958 funeral photo shows at least twelve graves outside the current St. Mary's cemetery fence line, an area now covered by blackberry bushes with the iron cross grave markers lying along the cemetery perimeter. The Coqualeetza grounds had a cemetery, but the remains were dug up and moved to three or four First Nations cemeteries in Chilliwack when the school closed in 1940 for conversion to a children's hospital in 1941. In addition to searches of known graveyards, they plan to search for any unrecorded graves as informal burials is not uncommon among Stó:lō communities. The search will entail archival research and GPR, with confirmation of any findings by exhumation prior to a commemoration to be decided later. Although no progress had been made in the estimated $3 million plan proposed to the government, memorial house post carvings were erected at the sites of the government-run St. Mary's second location (now, ) and Coqualeetza later that year to honor victims of abuse such as at the former institution and those that passed away.


text: Community memorials have been set up at the Vancouver Art Gallery, the Ontario Legislative Building, as well as various government buildings and church buildings that had been in charge of running the residential school system.


text: On June2, 2021, the federal government pledged C$27 million in immediate funding to the National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation to identify the unmarked graves.


text: The provincial governments of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Ontario also pledged C$12million, C$8million, C$2million, C$2.5million and C$10million, respectively, to fund searches.


text: MPs Mumilaaq Qaqqaq and Charlie Angus have called on Justice Minister David Lametti to launch an independent investigation on crimes against humanity in Canada. Canada Day festivities were cancelled in some communities in British Columbia, Alberta, Northern Saskatchewan and New Brunswick.


text: The Canadian School Boards Association has asked for the development of a Canada-wide curriculum on Indigenous history, to be taught from kindergarten to Grade12.


text: In New Brunswick, Education Minister Dominic Cardy said the education curriculum would be amended to teach about the province's Indigenous day schools.


text: The United Nations Human Rights Office and independent UN human rights experts have called on Canada and the Holy See to investigate the uncoveries.


text: Similar sentiments were echoed by the governments of China, Russia, Belarus, Iran, North Korea, Syria and Venezuela.


text: The identification of possible gravesites at Kamloops has been followed by calls for name changes and removals of monuments commemorating figures controversial for their colonial views or policies towards Indigenous peoples. These include monuments to Egerton Ryerson, John A. Macdonald, Hector-Louis Langevin, Oscar Blackburn, and Vital-Justin Grandin.


text: A nationwide survey of editors published by the Canadian Press voted the topic "Children who never returned from residential schools" as the Canadian Newsmakers of the Year in 2021.


text: By July4, 2021 nearly two dozen churches, including eight on First Nations territories, had been burned. Some indigenous leaders, the prime minister, and provincial officials have condemned the suspected arsons.


text: Harsha Walia, the executive director of the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association, tweeted "burn it all down", and the Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs expressed "strong solidarity with (Harsha Walia) in condemning the brutally gruesome genocide of residential ‘school’ system by Canada and Church while crown stole FN land".


text: Numerous Duplessis Orphans were committed, some wrongfully, by the provincial government of Quebec into psychiatric hospitals run by the Catholic Church in the 1940s and 1950s and possibly buried there. The publicity and government response concerning the situation at residential schools renewed calls for the Quebec government and the Catholic Church to excavate the sites of these hospitals, with a class action lawsuit launched in 2018 denouncing the lack of a "true apology" by the government and religious organizations.


text: From April 2020 to July 2021, an investigation of the site of the former Shubenacadie Indian Residential School in Shubenacadie was led by a member of the Sipekneꞌkatik First Nation who is a curator with the Nova Scotia Museum, along with an associate professor from Saint Mary's University. The residential school operated from 1929 to 1967, and the building burned to the ground in 1986. The land is now occupied by a plastics factory and used as farmland. The National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation lists 16 children who died while attending the school, and the community feared more had been buried at the site. Evidence had been identified that indicated unmarked graves on the site, but they predated the school's founding by a century. The investigation made use of ground-penetrating radar and aerial laser scanning. On August4, 2021, the Sipekneꞌkatik First Nation issued a press release stating the investigation had concluded, confirming that it was unable to find any unmarked graves of children who had died while at the school. Having searched about 70% of the former school grounds, the First Nation received money from the federal government in April 2022 to go towards completing the fieldwork, along with knowledge gathering, and commemorating the school's legacy.


text: In July 2021, a "New York Times" article "'Horrible History'" sparked interest in the matter. In May 2022, the "National Post" article "The year of the graves" said that despite the saturation of news coverage and their consequences, nothing new had been added to the public record that was not already known and that "it wasn't the Indigenous people directly involved who made the disturbing claims that ended up in the headlines".


title: Words on Bathroom Walls

text: Words on Bathroom Walls is a 2020 American coming-of-age romantic drama film directed by Thor Freudenthal and written by Nick Naveda, based on the novel of the same name by Julia Walton. The film stars Charlie Plummer, Andy García, Taylor Russell, AnnaSophia Robb, Beth Grant, Molly Parker and Walton Goggins.


title: Words on Bathroom Walls

text: "Words on Bathroom Walls" was released on August 21, 2020, by Roadside Attractions. It received generally positive reviews from critics.


title: Words on Bathroom Walls

text: Adam Petrazelli is a high school senior who experiences an apparent psychotic break at school, accidentally burning a lab partner's arm. He is diagnosed with schizophrenia. After first self-treating through intense focus on cooking, which helps calm him, his symptoms - chiefly hallucinating friends and hearing their voices and a scary deep 'dark' voice - worsen to such an extent that he is prescribed a newly available drug to try to treat his condition. Throughout the film, he is visited regularly, most often at times of high stress, by the visions of Rebecca (new age hippie), Joaquin (the smutty best friend) and "The Bodyguards" (who over-protectively look to snuff out threats to him, often violently), as well as the deep, 'dark' threatening voice, which seems to represent Adam's fears of the unknown.


title: Words on Bathroom Walls

text: Adam is expelled from his school and transfers to a new one called St. Agatha's Catholic School, where he meets Maya, a feisty, intelligent girl, who runs a sideline in faking other students' assignments for money, she claims because she likes helping people. Adam arranges for Maya to tutor him and finds she helps him feel better and this inspires him to take his new medication regularly.


title: Words on Bathroom Walls

text: This reduces his visions with only minor side effect of muscle twitching. He takes Maya out for food but resists telling her about his condition because he's worried she will no longer want to spend time with him.


title: Words on Bathroom Walls

text: Maya gets caught by the school faking assignments and is told she was almost expelled, only spared as she is so clever. Adam visits Maya's home when she fails to turn up for a tutoring appointment. The home is in a poor neighbourhood, while Maya had implied she was well-off. Once she realises he doesnt care, she continues tutoring him. He comes to the restaurant where Maya works part-time to get her corrections on his Math homework and she invites him to cook something there as a reward. But, when Maya tastes what he made, it is far too spicy, which Adam cannot tell any longer, probably due to the medication.


title: Words on Bathroom Walls

text: Adam takes Maya to an outdoor screening of her favorite movie, "Never Been Kissed", where Rebecca and Joaquin try to encourage Adam to express feelings to Maya but a deep voice starts to prey on his insecurity. He admits to having insecurity over his mother having another kid with Paul, but after he apologizes, he asks Maya to prom, even though she's against the idea of it. She accepts, and they have their first kiss. His work gets so much better that he writes an essay that is accepted to be read at graduation.


title: Words on Bathroom Walls

text: His mother finds out Adam has stopped taking his medication, and berates him for this. At school, Sister Catherine has been told about this and of the incident at his last school by his mom and stepdad and she announces that the school will be suspending him temporarily, instead of expulsion, for the safety of other students. Adam lashes out at Paul for writing the email to Sister Catherine the previous night, which Adam finds suspicious. The suspension also means he can't go to prom, but he defies everyone's orders and goes anyway. Arriving at the prom, he picks up Maya but as they dance together, Adam is plagued by the deep voice while Sister Catherine tries to kick him out. As his vision goes erratic, Adam pushes the nun to the ground and runs away. He runs to the top bleachers and falls over the ledge.


title: Words on Bathroom Walls

text: Adam is taken to the hospital and wakes up to see Beth and Paul, and Maya soon shows up, but he breaks down after he is overwhelmed by the presence of the visions. He is later expelled from St. Agatha's and placed in a psych ward. Father Patrick visits him, despite an earlier encounter where Adam was rude to him when he tried to offer advice. After Father Patrick says that he was not aware of what Adam was struggling with, Adam apologizes for his behavior and agrees to join Father Patrick in prayer.


title: Words on Bathroom Walls

text: Beth visits Adam in the hospital and gives him a printed copy of the email that Paul sent to St. Agatha's. Contrary to what Adam thought, Paul was expressing his support for his stepson and thought suspending him was cruel, saying that they must show more care for Adam's condition. Realizing how much Paul cares about him, Adam runs to catch up with him and Beth, and he hugs Paul for the first time, making it clear that he will be better at accepting him as a new father figure.


title: Words on Bathroom Walls

text: On graduation day, Beth and Paul take Adam to the ceremony, where, despite Sister Catherine's attempt to speak up, Father Patrick shows support for Adam. The deep-voiced black cloud tries to get Adam, but he gathers the courage to address the student body calmly. He recites his essay in which he discusses both his condition and battle with schizophrenia, declaring that he now knows that his life will not be defined by his illness. After he leaves the auditorium, Maya runs to catch up with him. Adam apologizes to Maya for not telling her the truth about his illness from the beginning, at which point they express their love for each other. Joaquin then encourages Adam to kiss Maya, which he does.


title: Words on Bathroom Walls

text: With the voices still pestering on him, Adam becomes a good big brother to Beth's and Paul's child and gets accepted into culinary school.


title: Words on Bathroom Walls

text: In February 2018, Thor Freudenthal was announced as the film's director, from a screenplay by Nick Naveda, based on the novel of the same name by Julia Walton, with LD Entertainment producing. In March 2018, Charlie Plummer and Taylor Russell were set to star in the film. In April 2018, Andy García, Molly Parker, Walton Goggins, AnnaSophia Robb and Devon Bostick also joined the cast. The Chainsmokers and Andrew Hollander composed the film's score, the first time the band has scored a film. The trailer features The Chainsmokers' 2019 single "Push My Luck."


title: Words on Bathroom Walls

text: In June 2020, Roadside Attractions acquired distribution rights to the film and set it for an August 7, 2020, release. The release date was later pushed forward a week, with the film newly scheduled for July 31, 2020. The film's official website later removed the release date, with "in theaters this summer" in its place. The trailer premiered on July 15, 2020, and the film was released to theaters on August 21, 2020.


title: Words on Bathroom Walls

text: Opening as one of the first new films in wide release during the COVID-19 pandemic, on August 21, 2020, the film made $462,050 from 925 theaters in its first weekend (an average of $499 per venue), finishing third at the box office. 54% of the audience was female, with 62% being between the ages 18–34. The film expanded to 1,395 theaters in its second weekend, and grossed $453,000, then made $282,000 from 1,168 theaters in its third.


title: Words on Bathroom Walls

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average of . The site's critics consensus reads, "Sensitive, well-acted, and solidly directed, "Words on Bathroom Walls" is an admirable addition to a genre that too rarely does justice to its worthy themes." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 61 out of 100, based on 12 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported 81% of filmgoers gave it a positive score.


title: Words on Bathroom Walls

text: Nick Naveda received a nomination for the Best Adapted Screenplay Award from the Chlotrudis Society for Independent Films.


title: Words on Bathroom Walls

text: The "Words on Bathroom Walls" soundtrack album, including the soundtrack and score, was produced by Andrew Hollander featuring the Chainsmokers, and released on August 21, 2020.


title: Draft (hull)

text: The draft or draught of a ship's hull is the vertical distance between the waterline and the bottom of the hull (keel). The draught of the vessel is the maximum depth of any part of the vessel, including appendages such as rudders, propellers and drop keels if deployed. Draft determines the minimum depth of water a ship or boat can safely navigate. The related term air draft is the maximum height of any part of the vessel above the water.


title: Draft (hull)

text: The more heavily a vessel is loaded, the deeper it sinks into the water, and the greater its draft. After construction, the shipyard creates a table showing how much water the vessel displaces based on its draft and the density of the water (salt or fresh). The draft can also be used to determine the weight of cargo on board by calculating the total displacement of water, accounting for the content of the ship's bunkers, and using Archimedes' principle.


title: Draft (hull)

text: In commercial ship operations, the ship will usually quote the mean draft as the vessel's draft. However in navigational situations, the maximum draft, usually the aft draft, will be known on the bridge and will be shared with the pilot.


title: Draft (hull)

text: The draft of a ship can be affected by multiple factors, besides the variations caused by changes in displacement:


title: Draft (hull)

text: The drafts are marked on the hull with a "banded" scale, at the bow and stern, and for some ships, also amidships on both sides, where they may be accompanied by international load line markings. The scale may use Imperial units or metric units. If the Imperial system is used, the bottom of each marking is the draft in feet and markings are 6 inches high, spaced at 1 foot intervals. In metric marking, the bottom of each draft mark is the draft in decimeters and each mark is one decimeter high, spaced at intervals of 2 decimeters.


title: Draft (hull)

text: Larger ships need to keep the propeller immersed when they are light (without cargo), and may ballast further to reduce windage or for better directional stability or seakeeping, or to distribute load along the hull to reduce hogging and sagging stresses. To achieve this they use sailing ballast distributed among ballast tanks to stabilize the ship, following the unloading of cargo. The draft of a large ship has little direct link with its stability because stability depends mainly on the relative positions of the metacenter of the hull and the center of gravity. However, a "light" ship may have an excessively high stability which can cause uncomfortable rolling of the ship. A fully laden ship (with a large draft) can have either a high or low stability, depending on the height of the center of gravity, which is affected by the distribution of cargo.


title: Draft (hull)

text: The draft of a ship can be increased by longitudinal motion in shallow water, a hydrodynamic effect known as squat, which causes a local pressure reduction under the vessel.


title: Draft (hull)

text: Draft is a significant factor limiting navigable waterways, especially for large vessels. This includes many shallow coastal waters and reefs, but also some major shipping lanes, therefore restriction on the maximum draft (the draft limit, a distance from the seabed or riverbed to the water level) is sometimes established (in particular, all ports set up draft limits). Panamax class ships—the largest ships able to transit the Panama Canal—do have a draft limit (and an "air draft" limit for passing under bridges) but are usually limited by beam, or sometimes length overall, for fitting into locks. However, ships can be longer, wider and higher in the Suez Canal, the limiting factor for Suezmax ships is draft. Some supertankers are able to transit the Suez Canal when unladen or partially laden, but not when fully laden.


title: Draft (hull)

text: Canals are not the only draft-limited shipping lanes. A Malaccamax ship, is the deepest draft able to transit the very busy but relatively shallow Strait of Malacca. The Strait only allows ships to have more draft than the Suez Canal. Capesize, Ultra Large Crude Carriers and a few Chinamax carriers, are some of the ships that have too deep a draft when laden, for either the Strait of Malacca or the Suez Canal.


title: Draft (hull)

text: A "small draft" allows pleasure boats to navigate through shallower water. This makes it possible for these boats to access smaller ports, to travel along rivers and even to 'beach' the boat. A "large draft" may increase ultimate stability in, depending on the hull form, as the center of gravity can be lower. A broad beamed boat like a catamaran can provide high initial stability with a small draft, but the width of the boat increases.


title: Draft (hull)

text: A term called keel depth is used for submarines, which can submerge to different depths at sea, specifying the current distance from the water surface to the bottom of the submarine's keel. It is used in navigation to avoid underwater obstacles and hitting the ocean floor, and as a standard point on the submarine for depth measurements. Submarines usually also have a specified draft used while operating on the surface, for navigating in harbors and at docks.


title: William Saroyan

text: William Saroyan (; August 31, 1908 – May 18, 1981) was an Armenian-American novelist, playwright, and short story writer. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1940, and in 1943 won the Academy Award for Best Story for the film "The Human Comedy". When the studio rejected his original 240-page treatment, he turned it into a novel, "The Human Comedy." Saroyan is regarded as one of the greatest writers of the 20th century.


title: William Saroyan

text: Saroyan wrote extensively about the Armenian immigrant life in California. Many of his stories and plays are set in his native Fresno. Some of his best-known works are "The Time of Your Life", "My Name Is Aram" and " My Heart's in the Highlands". His two collections of short stories from the 1930s, "Inhale Exhale" (1936) and "The Daring Young Man On the Flying Trapeze" (1941) are regarded as among his major achievements and essential documents of the cultural history of the period on the American West Coast.


title: William Saroyan

text: He has been described in a Dickinson College news release as "one of the most prominent literary figures of the mid-20th century" and by Stephen Fry as "one of the most underrated writers of the [20th] century." Fry suggests that "he takes his place naturally alongside Hemingway, Steinbeck and Faulkner". Kurt Vonnegut has said that Saroyan was "the first and still the greatest of all the American minimalists.”


title: William Saroyan

text: William Saroyan was born on August 31, 1908, in Fresno, California, to Armenak and Takuhi Saroyan, Armenian immigrants from Bitlis, Ottoman Empire. His father came to New York in 1905 and started preaching in Armenian Apostolic churches.


title: William Saroyan

text: At the age of three, after his father's death, Saroyan, along with his brother and sister, was placed in an orphanage in Oakland, California. He later went on to describe his experience in the orphanage in his writings. Five years later, the family reunited in Fresno, where his mother, Takuhi, had already secured work at a cannery. He continued his education on his own, supporting himself with jobs, such as working as an office manager for the San Francisco Telegraph Company.


title: William Saroyan

text: Saroyan decided to become a writer after his mother showed him some of his father's writings. A few of his early short articles were published in "Overland Monthly". His first stories appeared at the end of the 1920s. Among these was "The Broken Wheel", written under the name Sirak Goryan and published in the Armenian journal "Hairenik" in 1933. Many of Saroyan's stories were based on his childhood experiences among the Armenian-American fruit growers of the San Joaquin Valley or dealt with the rootlessness of the immigrant. The short story collection "My Name is Aram" (1940), an international bestseller, was about a young boy and the colorful characters of his immigrant family. It has been translated into many languages.


title: William Saroyan

text: As a writer, Saroyan made his breakthrough in "Story" magazine with "The Daring Young Man on the Flying Trapeze" (1934), the title taken from the nineteenth-century song of the same title. The protagonist — a young, starving writer who tries to survive in a Depression-ridden society — resembles the penniless writer in Knut Hamsun's 1890 novel "Hunger", but lacks the anger and nihilism of Hamsun's narrator.


title: William Saroyan

text: The story was republished in a collection whose royalties enabled Saroyan to travel to Europe and Armenia, where he learned to love the taste of Russian cigarettes, once observing, "You may tend to get cancer from the thing that makes you want to smoke so much, not from the smoking itself" (from "Not Dying", 1963). His advice to a young writer was: "Try to learn to breathe deeply; really to taste food when you eat, and when you sleep really to sleep. Try as much as possible to be wholly alive with all your might, and when you laugh, laugh like hell." Saroyan endeavored to create a prose style full of zest for life and seemingly impressionistic, that came to be called "Saroyanesque".


title: William Saroyan

text: Saroyan's stories of the period characteristically devote an unvarnished attention to the trials and tribulation, social malaise and despair of the Depression. He worked rapidly, hardly editing his text, and drinking and gambling away much of his earnings.


title: William Saroyan

text: Saroyan published essays and memoirs, in which he depicted the people he had met on travels in the Soviet Union and Europe, such as the playwright George Bernard Shaw, the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius, and Charlie Chaplin. In 1952, Saroyan published "The Bicycle Rider in Beverly Hills", the first of several volumes of memoirs. Several other works were drawn from his own experiences, although his approach to autobiographical fact contained a fair bit of poetic license. Drawn from such deeply personal sources, Saroyan's plays often disregarded the convention that conflict is essential to drama. "My Heart's in the Highlands" (1939), his first play, a comedy about a young boy and his Armenian family, was produced at the Guild Theatre in New York. He is probably best remembered for his play "The Time of Your Life" (1939), set in a waterfront saloon in San Francisco. It won a Pulitzer Prize, which Saroyan refused on the grounds that commerce should not judge the arts; he did accept the New York Drama Critics' Circle award. The play was adapted into a 1948 film starring James Cagney.


title: William Saroyan

text: Before the war, Saroyan had worked on the screenplay of "Golden Boy" (1939), based on Clifford Odets's play, but he never had much success in Hollywood. A second screenplay, "The Human Comedy" (1943) is set in the fictional California town of Ithaca in the San Joaquin Valley (based on Saroyan's memories of Fresno, California), where young telegraph messenger Homer bears witness to the sorrows and joys of life during World War II.


title: William Saroyan

text: Having hired Saroyan to write the MGM screenplay, Louis B. Mayer balked at its length, but Saroyan would not compromise and was removed from directing the project. He then turned the script into a novel, publishing it just prior to the release of the film, for which he won the 1943 Academy Award for Best Story. The novel is often credited as the source for the movie, when in fact the reverse is true. The novel was itself the basis for a 1983 musical of the same name. After his disappointment with the "Human Comedy" film project, he never permitted Hollywood screen adaptations of any of his novels, despite his often dire financial straits.


title: William Saroyan

text: Saroyan served in the United States Army during World War II and was stationed in Astoria, Queens, spending much of his time at the Lombardy Hotel in Manhattan, far from Army personnel. In 1942, he was posted to London as part of a film unit. He narrowly avoided a court martial when his novel, "The Adventures of Wesley Jackson", was seen as advocating pacifism. Interest in Saroyan's novels declined after the war, when he was criticized for sentimentality. Freedom, brotherly love, and universal benevolence were for him basic values, but critics considered his idealism as out of step with the times which, in their view, were properly described as devoted to division, ethnic and ideological hatred, and universal predation. He still wrote prolifically, so that one of his readers could ask "How could you write so much good stuff and still write such bad stuff?" In the novellas "The Assyrian and other stories" (1950) and in "The Laughing Matter" (1953), Saroyan mixed allegorical elements within a realistic novel. The plays "Sam Ego's House" (1949) and "The Slaughter of the Innocents" (1958) were not as successful as his prewar plays. Many of Saroyan's later plays, such as "The Paris Comedy" (1960), "The London Comedy" (1960), and "Settled Out of Court" (1960), premiered in Europe. Manuscripts of a number of unperformed plays are now at Stanford University with his other papers.


title: William Saroyan

text: When Ernest Hemingway learned that Saroyan had made fun of the controversial non-fiction work "Death in the Afternoon", Hemingway responded: "We've seen them come and go — good ones too, better ones than you, Mr. Saroyan."


title: William Saroyan

text: One of Saroyan's most financially successful ventures was perhaps his most unlikely: the song "Come On-a My House," which became a huge hit in 1951 for singer Rosemary Clooney. Saroyan wrote the song in 1939 with his cousin Ross Bagdasarian (who later became famous as "David Seville," the impresario behind Alvin and the Chipmunks), adapting the music from an Armenian folk song.


title: William Saroyan

text: Saroyan also painted. He said: "I made drawings before I learned how to write. The impulse to do so seems basic — it is both the invention and the use of language." His abstract expressionist works were exhibited by the Anita Shapolsky Gallery in New York City. From 1958 on, William Saroyan mainly resided in a Paris apartment. In the late 1960s and 1970s, Saroyan earned more money and finally got out of debt. In 1979, he was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame. The Indian educational board CBSE has added a chapter of his in the grade 11 English book "Snapshots" named "The Summer of the Beautiful White Horse" in his honour.


title: William Saroyan

text: Saroyan had a correspondence with writer Sanora Babb that began in 1932 and ended in 1941, that grew into an unrequited love affair on Saroyan's part.


title: William Saroyan

text: In 1943, Saroyan married actress Carol Grace (1924–2003; also known as Carol Marcus), with whom he had two children: Aram, who became an author and published a book about his father, and Lucy, who became an actress. By the late 1940s, Saroyan's drinking and gambling took a toll on his marriage, and in 1949, upon returning from an extended European trip, he filed for divorce. They remarried in 1951 and divorced again in 1952 with Marcus later claiming in her autobiography, "Among the Porcupines: A Memoir", that Saroyan was abusive. After her divorce from Saroyan, Carol Grace (Marcus) married actor Walter Matthau in 1959, and they remained married until his death in 2000.


title: William Saroyan

text: Saroyan died in Fresno, of prostate cancer at the age of 72. Half of his ashes were buried in California, and the remainder in Armenia at the Komitas Pantheon near fellow artists such as composer Aram Khachaturian, painter Martiros Saryan, and film director Sergei Parajanov.


title: William Saroyan

text: In 2008 a monument was erected in honor of Saroyan in Mashtots Avenue in Yerevan (sculptor David Yerevantsi, architects Ruben Asratyan and Levon Igityan).


title: William Saroyan

text: In 2014 the city council of Bitlis approved the renaming of five streets in the historical part of the city in Southeast Turkey. One of the 5 streets was renamed to “William Saroyan Street”.


title: William Saroyan

text: On August 31, 2018, the William Saroyan House Museum was opened in the house where Saroyan lived for the last 17 years of his life, in the city of Fresno, the USA. The house presents photographs from different periods of his life, drawings, and covers of his books. The museum has a separate room which features a hologram of the writer.


title: William Saroyan

text: In 1991 the USA and the USSR (series "Joint issue of USSR and USA. William Saroyan") issued stamps depicting William Saroyan.


title: William Saroyan

text: The Central Bank of Armenia issued a 10,000 Dram coin ("100th Birth anniversary of novelist William Saroyan") in 2008 and a 5,000 Dram banknote in 2018.


title: William Saroyan

text: In October 1988, a small alley in San Francisco across from City Lights Bookstore named Adler Place, was renamed William Saroyan Place in Saroyan's honor. Championed by City Lights owner Lawrence Ferlinghetti, the naming (along with the renaming of its twin alley across the street to "Jack Kerouac Alley") was commemorated with a gala.


title: William Saroyan

text: In 1940 William Saroyan was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his play "The Time of Your Life""," but he refused the award.


title: William Saroyan

text: In 1943 William Saroyan received the Academy Award for his screenplay for "The Human Comedy", a screenplay he adapted into a novel that was published just prior to the release of the film." "


title: William Saroyan

text: The 2013 Parajanov-Vartanov Institute Award posthumously honored Saroyan for the play "The Time of Your Life" and the novel "Human Comedy". It was presented to his granddaughter by Academy Award-winning Hollywood actor Jon Voight.


title: Davis, California

text: Davis is the most populous city in Yolo County, California. Located in the Sacramento Valley region of Northern California, the city had a population of 66,850 in 2020, not including the on-campus population of the University of California, Davis, which was over 9,400 (not including students' families) in 2016. there were 38,369 students enrolled at the university.


title: Davis, California

text: Davis sits on land that originally belonged to the Indigenous Patwin, a southern branch of Wintun people, who were killed or forced from their lands by the 1830s as part of the California Genocide through a combination of mass murders, smallpox and other diseases, and both Mexican and American systems of Indigenous slavery. Patwin burial grounds have been found across Davis, including on the site of the UC Davis Mondavi Center. After the killing and expulsion of the Patwin, territory that eventually became Davis emerged from one of California's most complicated, corrupt land grants, Laguna de Santos Callé. The 1852 Land Commission concurred with US Attorneys who argued that the grant was "fraudulent in all its parts," and in his 1860 District Court ruling Justice Ogden Hoffman observed that "It is impossible to contemplate without disgust the series of perjuries which compose the record" of the land grant. Nevertheless, Jerome C. Davis, a prominent farmer and one of the early claimants to land in Laguna de Santos Callé, lobbied all the way to the United States Congress in order to retain the land that eventually became Davis. Davis became a depot on the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1868, when it was named "Davisville" after Jerome C. Davis. However, the post office at Davisville shortened the town name to "Davis" in 1907. The name stuck, and the city of Davis was incorporated on March 28, 1917.


title: Davis, California

text: From its inception as a farming community, Davis is known primarily for its contributions to agricultural policy along with veterinary care and animal husbandry. Following the passage of the University Farm Bill in 1905 by the California State Legislature, Governor George Pardee selected Davis out of 50 other sites as the future home to the University of California's University Farm, officially opening to students in 1908. The farm, later renamed the Northern Branch of the College of Agriculture in 1922, was upgraded to become the seventh UC general campus, the University of California, Davis, in 1959.


title: Davis, California

text: Davis is located in Yolo County, California, west of Sacramento, northeast of San Francisco, north of Los Angeles, at the intersection of Interstate 80 and State Route 113. Neighboring towns include Dixon, Winters, Woodland, and West Sacramento.


title: Davis, California

text: Davis lies in the Sacramento Valley, the northern portion of the Central Valley, in Northern California, at an elevation of about above sea level.


title: Davis, California

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of . of it is land and of it (0.19%) is water.


title: Davis, California

text: The Davis climate resembles that of nearby Sacramento and is typical of California's Central Valley Mediterranean climate region: warm and dry in the spring, summer and autumn, and cool and wet in the winter. It is classified as a Köppen Csa climate. Summer days are hot, ranging from , but the nights turn pleasantly cool, almost always dropping below . The Delta Breeze, a flow of cool marine air originating from the Pacific Ocean via San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, frequently provides relief in the evening. Winter temperatures generally reach between in the afternoon; nights average at about , but often fall below freezing.


title: Davis, California

text: Average temperatures range from in December and January to in July and August. Thick ground fog called tule fog settles into Davis during late fall and winter. This fog can be dense, with visibility nearly zero. As in other areas of northern California, the tule fog is a leading cause of road accidents in the winter season.


title: Davis, California

text: Mean rainfall per annum is about . The bulk of rain occurs between about mid-November to mid-March, with typically no precipitation falling from mid-June to mid-September.


title: Davis, California

text: Davis is internally divided by two freeways (Interstate 80 and State Route 113), a north–south railroad (California Northern), an east–west mainline (Union Pacific) and several major streets. The city is unofficially divided into six main districts made up of smaller neighborhoods (often originally named as housing subdivisions):


title: Davis, California

text: The University of California, Davis is located south of Russell Boulevard and west of A Street and then south of 1st Street. The land occupied by the university is not incorporated within the boundaries of the city of Davis and lies within both Yolo and Solano Counties.


title: Davis, California

text: Local energy planning began in Davis after the energy crisis of 1973. A new building code promoted energy efficiency. Energy use in buildings decreased dramatically and in 1981 Davis citizens won a $100,000 prize from utility PG&E, for cutting electricity use during the summer peak.


title: Davis, California

text: On November 14, 1984, the Davis City Council declared the city to be a nuclear-free zone. In 1998, the City passed a "Dark Skies" ordinance in an effort to reduce light pollution in the night sky.


title: Davis, California

text: In 2013, Davis became part of the state Cool Roof Initiative with the "CoolDavis" campaign, requiring all new roofing projects to meet Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) requirements, including the installation of light-colored roofs. The aim is to reflect more sunlight back into space via the albedo effect, and reduce the amount of heat absorbed in hopes of limiting climate change.


title: Davis, California

text: The 2010 United States Census reported that Davis had a population of 65,622. The population density was . The racial makeup of Davis was 42,571 (64.9%) White, 1,528 (2.3%) African American, 339 (0.5%) Native American, 14,355 (21.9%) Asian, 136 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 3,121 (4.8%) from other races, and 3,572 (5.4%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8,172 persons (12.5%).


title: Davis, California

text: In 2006, Davis was ranked as the second most educated city (in terms of the percentage of residents with graduate degrees) in the US by CNN "Money Magazine", after Arlington County, Virginia.


title: Davis, California

text: Davis' Asian population of 14,355 was apportioned among 1,631 Indian Americans, 6,395 Chinese Americans, 1,560 Korean Americans, 1,185 Vietnamese Americans, 1,033 Filipino Americans, 953 Japanese Americans, and 1,598 other Asian Americans.


title: Davis, California

text: Davis' Hispanic and Latino population of 8,172 was apportioned among 5,618 Mexican American, 221 Puerto Rican American, 80 Cuban American, and 2,253 other Hispanic and Latino.


title: Davis, California

text: The Census reported that 63,522 people (96.8% of the population) lived in households, 1,823 (2.8%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 277 (0.4%) were institutionalized.


title: Davis, California

text: There were 24,873 households, of which 6,119 (24.6%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 9,343 (37.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 1,880 (7.6%) had a female householder with no husband present, and 702 (2.8%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,295 (5.2%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 210 (0.8%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 5,952 households (23.9%) were made up of individuals, and 1,665 (6.7%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55. There were 11,925 families (47.9% of all households); the average family size was 2.97.


title: Davis, California

text: The population age and sex distribution was 10,760 people (16.4%) under the age of 18, 21,757 people (33.2%) aged 18 to 24, 14,823 people (22.6%) aged 25 to 44, 12,685 people (19.3%) aged 45 to 64, and 5,597 people (8.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 25.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.0 males.


title: Davis, California

text: There were 25,869 housing units, with an average density of , of which 10,699 (43.0%) were owner-occupied, and 14,174 (57.0%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0.9%; the rental vacancy rate was 3.5%. 27,594 people (42.0% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 35,928 people (54.7%) lived in rental housing units.


title: Davis, California

text: As of the United States 2000 Census, there were 60,308 people, 22,948 households, and 11,290 families residing in the city. The population density was 5,769.2 inhabitants per square mile (2,228.2/km). There were 23,617 housing units at an average density of . The racial composition of the city was 70.07% White, 2.35% Black or African American, 0.67% Native American, 17.5% Asian, 0.24% Pacific Islander, 4.26% from other races, and 4.87% from two or more races. 9.61% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Davis, California

text: There were 22,948 households, of which 26.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.3% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 50.8% were non-families. 25.0% of all households were composed of individuals, and 5.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.00.


title: Davis, California

text: In the city, the population age distribution was 18.6% under the age of 18, 30.9% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 16.7% from 45 to 64, and 6.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 25 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.8 males.


title: Davis, California

text: The median income for a household in the city was $42,454, and the median income for a family was $74,051. Males had a median income of $51,189 versus $36,082 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,937. About 5.4% of families and 24.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.8% of those under age 18 and 2.8% of those age 65 or over.


title: Davis, California

text: This city of approximately 62,000 people abuts a university campus of 32,000 students. Although the university's land is not incorporated within the city, many students live off-campus in the city.


title: Davis, California

text: According to the city's 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:


title: Davis, California

text: Bicycling has been one of the most popular modes of transportation in Davis for decades, particularly among school-age children and UC Davis students. In 2010, Davis became the new home of the United States Bicycling Hall of Fame.


title: Davis, California

text: Bicycle infrastructure became a political issue in the 1960s, culminating in the election of a pro-bicycle majority to the City Council in 1966. By the early 1970s, Davis became a pioneer in the implementation of cycling facilities. As the city expands, new facilities are usually mandated. As a result, Davis residents today enjoy an extensive network of bike lanes, bike paths, and grade-separated bicycle crossings. The flat terrain and temperate climate are also conducive to bicycling.


title: Davis, California

text: In 2005 the Bicycle-Friendly Community program of the League of American Bicyclists recognized Davis as the first Platinum Level city in the US In March 2006, "Bicycling Magazine" named Davis the best small town for cycling in its compilation of "America's Best Biking Cities." Bicycling appears to be declining among Davis residents: from 1990 to 2000, the US Census Bureau reported a decline in the fraction of commuters traveling by bicycle, from 22 percent to 15 percent. This resulted in the reestablishment of the city's Bicycle Advisory Commission and creation of advocate groups such as "Davis Bicycles!". In 2016, Fifth Street, a main road in Davis was converted from four lanes to two lanes to allow for bicycle lanes and encourage more bicycling.


title: Davis, California

text: In 1996, 2001, 2006, and 2009 the UC Davis "Cal Aggie Cycling" Team won the national road cycling competition. The team also competes off-road and on the track, and has competed in the national competitions of these disciplines. In 2007, UC Davis also organized a record breaking bicycle parade numbering 822 bicycles.


title: Davis, California

text: A continuous stream of bands, speakers and various workshops occurs throughout Mother's Day weekend on each of Whole Earth Festival's (WEF) three stages and other specialty areas. The WEF is organized entirely by UC Davis students, in association with the Associated Students of UC Davis and the university.


title: Davis, California

text: Celebrate Davis is the annual free festival held by the Davis Chamber of Commerce. It features booths by Davis businesses, live music, food vendors, live animals, activities like rock climbing and zip-line. It concludes with fireworks after dark. Parking is problematic, so most people ride their bikes and use the free valet parking.


title: Davis, California

text: Picnic Day is an annual event at the University of California, Davis and is always held on the third Saturday in April. It is the largest student-run event in the US. Picnic Day starts off with a parade, which features the UC Davis California Aggie Marching Band-uh!, and runs through campus and around downtown Davis and ends with the Battle of the Bands, which lasts until the last band stops playing (sometimes until 2 am). There are over 150 free events and over 50,000 attend every year. Other highlights include: the Dachshund races, a.k.a. the Doxie Derby, held in the Pavilion; the Davis Rock Challenge, the Chemistry Magic Show, and the sheep dog trials. Many departments have exhibits and demonstrations, such as the Cole Facility, which until recently showed a fistulated cow (a cow that has been fitted with a plastic portal (a "fistula") into its digestive system to observe digestion processes). Its name was "Hole-y Cow".


title: Davis, California

text: The Davis Transmedia Art Walk is a free—self-guided—public art tour includes 23 public murals, 16 sculptures, and 15 galleries and museums all in downtown Davis and the University of Davis campus. A free Davis Art Walk map serves as a detailed guide to the entire collection. The art pieces are all within walking distance of each other. The walk is a roughly circuitous path that can be completed within an hour or two. Every piece of art on the Art Walk has been embedded with an RFID chip. Using a cellphone that supports this technology, you access multimedia files that relate to each work. You can even leave a comment or "burn your own message" for other visitors to see. Artist hosted tours are held on the weekend by appointment only. To pick up a copy of the Davis Art Walk map, visit the Yolo County Visitors Bureau (132 E St., Suite 200; (530) 297–1900) or the John Natsoulas Center for the Arts (521 1st St.; (530) 756–3938).


title: Davis, California

text: The Manetti Shrem Museum of Art, located on the UC Davis campus, opened on November 13, 2016, and carries on the legacy of the university's world-renowned first generation art faculty, which contributed to innovations in conceptual, performance and video art in the 1960s and 70s. The museum has generated nationwide attention with exhibits by artists such as Wayne Thiebaud, Bruce Nauman, John Cage, and Robert Arneson as well as its striking architecture, featuring a 50,000 square-foot “Grand Canopy” of perforated aluminum triangular beams, supported by 40 steel columns. Every year the museum exhibits works by graduating art students. The museum is free and hosts lecture series and events throughout the year, as well as weekend art studio activities for all ages.


title: Davis, California

text: The Mondavi Center, located on the UC Davis campus, is one of the biggest non-seasonal attractions in Davis. The Mondavi Center is a theater which hosts many world-class touring acts, including star performers such as Yo-Yo Ma, Yitzhak Perlman and Wynton Marsalis, and draws a large audience from Sacramento.


title: Davis, California

text: The UC Davis Arboretum is an arboretum and botanical garden. Plants from all over the world grow in different sections of the park. There are notable oak and native plant collections and a small redwood grove. A small waterway spans the arboretum along the bed of the old North Fork of Putah Creek. Occasionally herons, kingfishers, and cormorants can be seen around the waterways, as well as the ever-present ducks. Tours of the arboretum led by volunteer naturalists are often held for grade-school children.


title: Davis, California

text: The Domes, (AKA Baggins End Innovative Housing), is an on-campus cooperative housing community designed by project manager Ron Swenson and future student-residents in 1972. Consisting of 14 polyurethane foam-insulated fiberglass domes and located in the Sustainable Research Area at the western end of Orchard Road, it is governed by its 26 UCD student residents. It is one of the few student co-housing cooperative communities in the US, and is an early example of the modern-day growing tiny house movement. The community has successfully resisted several threats to its continuation over the years.