title: Demi Lovato discography

text: After signing with Hollywood Records, Lovato released her debut studio album "Don't Forget", which debuted at number two on the "Billboard" 200. Lovato's second studio album, "Here We Go Again" (2009), debuted at number one in the US, making Lovato one of the only singers to debut an album at number one on the "Billboard" 200 before turning 18 years old. Its eponymous lead single became her first top 15 entry on the "Billboard" Hot 100 as a solo artist. Lovato's third studio album, "Unbroken" (2011), debuted at number four on the "Billboard" 200, and spawned two singles: "Skyscraper" and "Give Your Heart a Break", the single "Skyscraper" reached the top ten in the US, New Zealand and the UK, the second single "Give Your Heart a Break" reached the top 20 in the US and also reached the top ten in New Zealand. In May 2013, Lovato released her fourth self-titled studio album "Demi", which topped the chart in Canada and also reached number three in the US. The album's lead single "Heart Attack" reached the top ten in the US, Canada, New Zealand and reached number three in UK and Ireland.


title: Demi Lovato discography

text: Lovato's fifth studio album, "Confident", was released in October 2015, her first release after signing with Island Records. It debuted at number two on the "Billboard" 200 and is certified Platinum by the RIAA. The lead single "Sorry Not Sorry" from Lovato's sixth studio album "Tell Me You Love Me" (2017), was a commercial and critical success, the song reached number six in the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100, and also reached the top ten in Australia, New Zealand and the UK, becoming her most certified song having received a 5x platinum certificate in the RIAA. In November of that year, her collaboration with Luis Fonsi "Échame la Culpa" was released and went on to reach number one in seventeen countries. In 2018, Lovato topped the international charts with "Solo", which became her first number-one song in the UK, Germany and Ireland. In 2021, Lovato released her seventh studio album "Dancing with the Devil... the Art of Starting Over", which reached number two on the "Billboard" 200 and UK chart. In August 2022, Lovato released her eighth studio album "Holy Fvck".


title: Electric Wizard

text: Electric Wizard are an English doom metal band from Dorset. The band formed in 1993 and have recorded nine studio albums, two of which have been considered genre landmarks: "Come My Fanatics…" (1997) and "Dopethrone" (2000). Electric Wizard's brand of doom metal incorporates stoner and sludge traits, with lyrics focusing on the occult, witchcraft, H. P. Lovecraft, horror films and cannabis. In 2014 they formed Witchfinder Records, an imprint of Spinefarm Records, on which they plan to release all future albums.


title: Electric Wizard

text: The origins of Electric Wizard go back to 1988 when Jus Oborn formed the band Lord of Putrefaction. They put out three demo tapes from 1989 to 1991 and also did one split with Mortal Remains. In 1992, the name was changed to Thy Grief Eternal after Adam Richardson left the band. They put out one demo under this name titled "On Blackened Wings". In 1993, James Evans left the band and they once again changed their name, shortening it to Eternal. The band released two demos under this name. After Gavin Gillingham left the band, Oborn started Electric Wizard. The recordings from this era were issued on the "Pre-Electric Wizard 1989–1994" compilation in 2006.


title: Electric Wizard

text: Electric Wizard began in Wimborne in Dorset, England during 1993, and was composed of guitarist-vocalist Jus Oborn, bassist Tim Bagshaw, and drummer Mark Greening. The band's name was taken from two Black Sabbath songs: "Electric Funeral" and "The Wizard". Oborn remarked, "Is the name Electric Wizard made out of two Black Sabbath song titles? Hahahaha, yeah it is!"


title: Electric Wizard

text: In 1995 the band signed to Rise Above Records and released their self-titled debut album. The music was in the vein of traditional doom metal, and received positive reviews. Later that year, they released the song "Demon Lung" as a split-single with Our Haunted Kingdom (later to become Orange Goblin).


title: Electric Wizard

text: In 1997 the band recorded and released "Come My Fanatics…", which introduced the stoner and sludge elements that have come to define Electric Wizard's sound. Later that year, Man's Ruin Records released the "Chrono.Naut" EP. Following the release of "Come My Fanatics..." Electric Wizard released the "Supercoven" EP on Bad Acid Records in 1998 and then recorded and released "Dopethrone" in 2000, which was described by Allmusic as a "dirge masterpiece" and is regarded as the band's magnum opus. Kerrang! has noted that despite the "groovy" stoner rock vibes usually associated with the band, lyrics for songs like "We Hate You" were more like "an indiscriminate spray of bile against everyone" than the typical stoner rock themes of "shagging and cars".


title: Electric Wizard

text: During the three years following the release of "Come My Fanatics...", the members of Electric Wizard encountered a series of setbacks, with Oborn suffering a collapsed eardrum during a concert and later severing a fingertip while laying a carpet. Greening broke his collarbone in an accident. Speaking to "Kerrang!" in July 2009, Jus Oborn remembered the days of the recording:


title: Electric Wizard

text: Their next album, "Let Us Prey", was released in 2002. It was Electric Wizard's most experimental record to date. Following the release, the band embarked on a North American tour that raised tensions between band members. It was announced that the band was breaking up after the last concert of the tour. However, Electric Wizard did a UK tour with Cathedral soon after, with Justin Greaves (of Iron Monkey) on drums. In April 2003, Greening and Bagshaw left the band.


title: Electric Wizard

text: In August 2003, Oborn revealed Electric Wizard's new line-up – drummer Greaves, second-guitarist Liz Buckingham (of 13 and Sourvein), and bassist Rob Al-Issa. This new lineup recorded "We Live" in 2004, just days after Buckingham began rehearsing with the band. As Oborn explained, the addition of Buckingham was crucial given the departure of his previous writing partner, Bagshaw:


title: Electric Wizard

text: The band toured England and Australia in support of the album and played at the 2005 Roadburn Festival. Greaves left the band in 2006 and was replaced by Shaun Rutter. The parting was not amicable, with Oborn remarking that "We fell out big time with that loser. You know, I would piss on his grave."


title: Electric Wizard

text: In November 2007, the band released "Witchcult Today". In 2008, bassist Rob Al-Issa left the band and was replaced by Tas Danazoglou. Three years later, in November 2010, Electric Wizard released their seventh album: "Black Masses".


title: Electric Wizard

text: On 31 March 2012, Electric Wizard played in London at the HMV Forum, debuting its newest members, bassist Glenn Charman and drummer Simon Poole. A 7" EP titled "Legalise Drugs and Murder" was available for sale at the show. After the gig it was announced that it would be released worldwide and that more EPs would follow. On 1 October 2012, some copies of "Terrorizer" came with a cassette EP of "Legalise Drugs and Murder" which contained the two songs from the 7" along with two outtakes and two new songs. Electric Wizard also headlined the 2012 edition of Maryland Deathfest on 27 May, their first show in the United States in ten years.


title: Electric Wizard

text: They headlined the 2013 edition of the Roadburn Festival called the 'Electric Acid Orgy,' which was also curated by Oborn.


title: Electric Wizard

text: Electric Wizard announced that their latest album, "Time to Die", was to be released in 2014 on their own label Witchfinder Records via Spinefarm Records. It was recorded at Toerag Studios and Skyhammer Studios and mixed by Chris Fielding. The album was produced by guitarist Jus Oborn and released on 29 September 2014. The album is the first since 2002's Let Us Prey to feature founding member Mark Greening on drums.


title: Electric Wizard

text: On Thursday 30 October 2014, Electric Wizard played their largest club show in the North of England at the 1500 capacity Ritz, Manchester, England.


title: Electric Wizard

text: On 16 December 2014 Electric Wizard announced they would embark on a US/Canada tour in 2015, their first US shows since 2012 and full tour of the US since 2002. Tickets to the tour were sold out within a month after going on sale. The band was set to release their latest album, "Wizard Bloody Wizard" in 2016, however this did not happen and in a September 2017 article Blabbermouth reported that the release date had been extended to 10 November 2017. The album was eventually released on 17 November 2017 Clayton Burgess left Electric Wizard in early 2018 to focus on his band Satan's Satyrs.


title: Total Divas

text: Total Divas is an American reality television series that aired from July 28, 2013, to December 10, 2019, on E!. The series gave viewers an inside look into the lives of female WWE wrestlers from their work within WWE to their personal lives with the inclusion of behind the scenes footage. Seasons one through nine are available on WWE's on-demand streaming service, WWE Network, Hulu and Peacock.


title: Total Divas

text: "Total Divas" was revealed in May 2013, as a part of a partnership with E!. The cast for the newly announced series comprised Brie and Nikki Bella, Naomi, Cameron, Natalya, Eva Marie, and JoJo. It was announced on August 14, 2013, that E! had ordered an additional six episodes to the already eight episode first season, bringing the total episode number up to fourteen episodes. The mid-season finale aired on September 15, 2013, with the season continuing on November 10, 2013. WWE commentator Josh Mathews revealed on November 20, 2013, that "Total Divas" had been renewed for a second season. The second season premiered on March 16, 2014, with Summer Rae joining the cast, replacing JoJo as she decided to focus more on wrestling.


title: Total Divas

text: On May 19, 2014, E! announced that the third season of "Total Divas" would premiere on September 7, 2014, with Rosa Mendes joining the cast. On February 24, 2015, Paige announced "Total Divas" was renewed for a fourth season, with filming commencing at the end of the month. It was then announced at the end of season three, that the fourth season would premiere on July 7, 2015, moving from Sunday to Tuesday nights. On April 1, 2015, E! announced the show had been renewed for a fourth season via a press release. In the press release, it was confirmed that Naomi would return as a series regular with Cameron and Rosa Mendes being removed from the main cast. All of the other Divas would return as series regulars. After the September 22 episode of "Total Divas" aired, it was announced that the following week's episode would serve as the season finale, rather than a mid-season finale.


title: Total Divas

text: Season 5 was announced on October 6, 2015, and premiered on January 19, 2016, with the fourth season's main cast with the exception of Naomi returning. It was subsequently announced that "WWE Tough Enough" runner-up Mandy Rose would be joining the show as a series regular and that Rosa Mendes would be rejoining the main cast. Season 6 was officially confirmed on April 18, 2016, by the E! Network with a fall premiere date and the majority of last season's cast returning, along with Naomi rejoining the show as a series regular, and Lana, Maryse and Renee Young replacing Alicia Fox, Mandy Rose and Rosa Mendes. Additionally, the E! Network announced that Brie and Nikki would be getting their own spin-off also with a fall premiere date, titled "Total Bellas".


title: Total Divas

text: On January 28, 2017, it was announced that Nikki Bella will serve as an executive producer of the show when the series returns in April 2017. In May 2017, it was announced that Eva Marie would not be returning as a series regular. On June 9, 2017, it was reported that Alexa Bliss and Nia Jax would be joining the upcoming season of "Total Divas". On June 10, 2017, Renee Young confirmed via Twitter that she will not be returning for the seventh season. Lana confirmed in an interview that she was returning to the show for its seventh season along with her storyline of becoming a singles competitor. On June 29, 2017, it was reported that Carmella would be joining the cast and that Paige wouldn't be returning for the upcoming season. On September 20, 2017, E! revealed that the seventh season will premiere on November 1, 2017.


title: Total Divas

text: On May 7, 2018, E! and WWE announced that "Total Divas" had been renewed for seasons 8 and 9. Season 8 is expected to air in fall 2018. On May 15, 2018, it was announced that Carmella would not be returning for the show's eighth season. On July 26, 2018, it was announced that season 8 would premiere on September 19, 2018, and the cast was to comprise Brie and Nikki Bella, Naomi, Natalya, Lana, Nia Jax and Paige.


title: Total Divas

text: In April 2019, Brie and Nikki Bella announced that they would not be returning for the ninth season of "Total Divas", stating that they wanted to focus solely on "Total Bellas". On August 26, 2019, it was revealed that Naomi, Natalya, and Nia Jax were set to return for season nine alongside Carmella, who was announced to be returning as a series regular, and new cast members Ronda Rousey and Sonya Deville. Additionally, Brie and Nikki Bella were reported to continue making guest appearances throughout the season. The ninth season premiered on October 1, 2019.


title: Total Divas

text: In June 2021, Essentially Sports reported that the E! Network had cancelled "Total Divas" and its sister show "Total Bellas", citing low ratings and a lack of interest from those involved.


title: Total Divas

text: The series premiered on July 28, 2013, drawing 1.34 million viewers. It would remain the highest rated season premiere throughout its run. The highest rated episode of the series was "Planet Funk is Funked Up" during the first season, garnering 1.67 million viewers. The lowest rated episode of the series was "MountainMania" during the ninth season, which only garnered a 0.19 in the ratings. The season two premiere episode "New Diva On The Block" received 1.07 million viewers. The following episode "The Braniel Bus" had a strong rise in viewers garnering 1.28 million viewers. The season three premiere attracted over 1.2 million viewers and 821K Adults 18–49, the series was up +15% and +17% respectively versus the season 2 premiere, as well as garnered 26,000 tweets and ranked as the #1 ad-supported cable program of the night. The third-season premiere of "Total Divas" outdrew the previous season's opener. The ninth season premiere episode pulled in a 0.25 rating, with the finale garnering a 0.22. This resulted in the cancellation of the show.


title: Total Divas

text: Tom Conroy of Media Life Magazine found the premiere "not very interesting", adding that it "feels real-ish" but "if the stars are doing any damage to their reputations, it's that they appear to be too nice. That might make their fans happy, but viewers expecting a smackdown can and will go elsewhere." Diva-Dirt.com stated "Meet Your New Guilty Pleasure!". Eric Gargiulo of Camel Clutch Blog said "I tuned in to "WWE" "Total Divas" expecting to see a scripted reality show in the vein of "Hogan Knows Best". Instead I got an interesting look behind the scenes of the WWE and its superstars more in the same vein as "Beyond the Mat"."


title: British Free Corps

text: The British Free Corps (; BFC) was a unit of the Waffen-SS of Nazi Germany during World War II, made up of British and Dominion prisoners of war who had been recruited by Germany. The unit was originally known as the Legion of St George. Research by British historian Adrian Weale has identified 54 men who belonged to this unit at one time or another, some for only a few days. At no time did it reach more than 27 men in strength.


title: British Free Corps

text: The idea for the British Free Corps came from John Amery, a British fascist, son of the serving British Secretary of State for India, Leo Amery. John Amery travelled to Berlin in October 1942, and proposed to the Germans the formation of a British volunteer force to help fight the Bolsheviks. The British volunteer force was to be modelled after the "Légion des volontaires français contre le bolchévisme" (Legion of French Volunteers against Bolshevism), a French collaborationist force fighting with the German Wehrmacht. In addition to touting the idea of a British volunteer force, Amery actively tried to recruit Britons. He made a series of pro-German propaganda radio broadcasts, appealing to his fellow countrymen to join the war on communism.


title: British Free Corps

text: The first recruits to the Corps came from a group of prisoners of war (POWs) at a 'holiday camp' set up by the Germans in Genshagen, a suburb of Berlin, in August 1943. In November 1943, they were moved to a requisitioned café in the Pankow district of Berlin. Recruits also came from an interrogation camp at Luckenwalde in late 1943. The Corps became a military unit on 1 January 1944, under the name 'The British Free Corps'. In the first week of February 1944, the BFC moved to the St Michaeli Kloster in Hildesheim, a small town near Hanover. Uniforms were issued on 20 April 1944 (Hitler's 55th birthday). On 11 October 1944, the Corps was moved to the Waffen-SS Pioneer school in Dresden, to start military training for service on the Eastern Front. On 24 February 1945, they travelled from Dresden to Berlin, where they stayed in a requisitioned school on the Schönhauser Allee. On 8 March 1945, they were moved to the village of Niemegk, a few miles to the south-west of Berlin.


title: British Free Corps

text: Recruiting for the Free Corps was done in German POW camps. In 1944, leaflets were distributed to the POWs, and the unit was mentioned in "Camp", the official POW newspaper published in Berlin. The unit was promoted "as a thoroughly volunteer unit, conceived and created by British subjects from all parts of the Empire who have taken up arms and pledged their lives in the common European struggle against Soviet Russia".


title: British Free Corps

text: The attempted recruitment of POWs was done amid German fear of the Soviets; the Germans were "victims of their own propaganda" and thought that their enemies were as worried about the Soviets as they were. In one Dutch camp, cigarettes, fruit, and other items were lavished on the POWs while they listened to Nazi propaganda officers who described the good that the Germans were doing in Europe, then asked the men to join in fighting the real enemy, the Soviets.


title: British Free Corps

text: The BFC did not have a "commander" "per se" as it was the intention of the SS to appoint a British commander when a suitable British officer came forward. However, three German Waffen-SS officers acted as the "Verbindungsoffizier" ("liaison officer") between the "SS-Hauptamt Amtsgruppe D/3", which was responsible for the unit and the British volunteers, and in practice they acted as the unit commander for disciplinary purposes at least. These were:


title: British Free Corps

text: A number of sources mention the involvement of Brigadier Leonard Parrington, a British Army officer captured by the Germans in Greece in 1941. This was based on a misunderstanding by some of the British volunteers after Parrington in the summer of 1943 had visited the POW "holiday camp" at Genshagen, in the southern suburbs of Berlin, as representative of the Senior British POW, Major General Victor Fortune. Parrington had told the assembled prisoners that he "knew the purpose of the camp" and the BFC volunteers who were there took this to mean that he approved of the unit. In reality, Parrington had accepted Genshagen at face value as a rest centre for POWs.


title: British Free Corps

text: Leading members of the Corps included Thomas Haller Cooper (although he was actually an Unterscharführer in the Waffen-SS proper), Roy Courlander, Edwin Barnard Martin, Frank McLardy, Alfred Minchin and John Wilson – these men "later became known among the renegades as the 'Big Six', although this was a notional elite whose membership shifted periodically as members fell into, and out of, favour."


title: British Free Corps

text: In 2002, it was claimed that Robert Chipchase, an Australian, was by then the last surviving member of the British Free Corps. He commented that he had changed his mind about joining and refused to sign the enlistment papers, spending the rest of the war in a punishment camp.


title: British Free Corps

text: In March 1945, a BFC detachment was deployed with the 11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland under Brigadeführer Joachim Ziegler, which was composed largely of Scandinavian volunteers and attached to the III (Germanic) SS Panzer Corps under Obergruppenführer Felix Steiner. They were first sent from Stettin to the division's headquarters at Angermünde. "From there they were sent to join the divisional armoured reconnaissance battalion (11. SS-Panzer-Aufklärunsabteilung) located in Grüssow [on the island of Usedom]. The battalion commander was Sturmbannführer Rudolf Saalbach ... [The BFC were allocated] to the 3rd Company, under the command of the Swedish Obersturmführer Hans-Gösta Pehrson." The BFC contingent was commanded by SS-Scharführer (squad leader) Douglas Mardon, who used the alias "Hodge". Richard W. Landwehr Jr. states "The Britons were sent to a company in the detachment that was situated in the small village of Schoenburg near the west bank of the Oder River".


title: British Free Corps

text: On 16 April 1945, the Corps was moved to Templin, where they were to join the transport company of Steiner's HQ staff (Kraftfahrstaffel StabSteiner). When the Nordland Division left for Berlin, 'the transport company followed Steiner's Headquarters to Neustrelitz and the BFC went with it.' On 29 April, Steiner decided 'to break contact with the Russians and order his forces to head west into Anglo-American captivity.' Thomas Haller Cooper and Fred Croft, the last two members of the Corps, surrendered on 2 May to the 121st Infantry Regiment (United States) in Schwerin, and were placed in the loose custody of the GHQ Liaison Regiment (known as Phantom).


title: British Free Corps

text: Newspapers of the period give details of the court-martial of several Commonwealth soldiers involved in the Corps. One Canadian captive, Private Edwin Barnard Martin, said he joined the Corps "to wreck it". He designed the flag and banner used by the Corps, and admitted to being one of the original six or seven members of the Corps during his trial. He was given a travel warrant and a railway pass which allowed him to move around Germany without a guard. He was found guilty of two charges of aiding the enemy while a prisoner of war.


title: British Free Corps

text: New Zealand soldier Roy Courlander claimed at his court-martial that he joined the Corps for similar reasons, to gather intelligence on the Germans, to foster a revolution behind the German lines, or to sabotage the unit if the revolution failed.


title: Alice B. Toklas

text: Alice Babette Toklas (April 30, 1877 – March 7, 1967) was an American-born member of the Parisian avant-garde of the early 20th century, and the life partner of American writer Gertrude Stein.


title: Alice B. Toklas

text: Alice B. Toklas was born in San Francisco into a middle-class Polish Jewish family. Her paternal grandfather was a rabbi, whose son Feivel (usually known as Ferdinand) Toklas moved to San Francisco in 1863. In 1876, Ferdinand Toklas married Emma (Emelia) Levinsky and they had two children: Alice and her brother Clarence Ferdinand (1887–1924).


title: Alice B. Toklas

text: In 1890, the Toklas family moved to Seattle, where her father was one half of Toklas, Singerman and Company, the city's leading dry goods store.


title: Alice B. Toklas

text: Toklas was educated in local schools, which included the Mount Rainier Seminary, and attended the University of Washington where she studied piano.


title: Alice B. Toklas

text: When her mother became ill, the family moved back to San Francisco. Her mother died in 1897, aged 41.


title: Alice B. Toklas

text: Five months after the devastating 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Toklas left the city and moved to Paris. On September 8, 1907, the day after she arrived in Paris, she met Gertrude Stein. This marked the beginning of a relationship which lasted for nearly four decades, ending in 1946 with Stein's death.


title: Alice B. Toklas

text: Together they hosted a salon in the home they shared at 27 rue de Fleurus that attracted expatriate American writers, such as Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Paul Bowles, Thornton Wilder, and Sherwood Anderson as well as avant-garde painters, including Picasso, Matisse, and Braque.


title: Alice B. Toklas

text: Acting as Stein's confidante, lover, cook, secretary, muse, editor, critic, and general organizer, Toklas remained a background figure, chiefly living in the shadow of Stein, until the publication by Stein of Toklas' "memoirs" in 1933 under the teasing title "The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas". It became Stein's best-selling book.


title: Alice B. Toklas

text: W. G. Rogers wrote in his memoir of the couple, published in 1946, that Toklas "was a little stooped, somewhat retiring and self-effacing. She doesn't sit in a chair, she hides in it; she doesn't look at you, but up at you; she is always standing just half a step outside the circle. She gives the appearance, in short, not of a drudge, but of a poor relation, someone invited to the wedding but not to the wedding feast." James Merrill wrote that before meeting Toklas "one knew about the tiny stature, the sandals, the mustache, the eyes," but he had not anticipated "the enchantment of her speaking voice—like a viola at dusk."


title: Alice B. Toklas

text: Although Gertrude Stein willed much of her estate to Toklas, including their shared art collection (some of it Picassos) housed in their apartment at 5 rue Christine, the couple's relationship had no legal recognition. As many of the paintings appreciated greatly in value, Stein's relatives took action to claim them, eventually removing them from Toklas's residence and placing them in a bank vault while she was away on vacation. Toklas then relied on contributions from friends as well as her writing to make a living.


title: Alice B. Toklas

text: In 1954, Toklas published "The Alice B. Toklas Cookbook", a book that mixes reminiscences and recipes. The most famous recipe, contributed by her friend Brion Gysin, is for "Haschich Fudge", a mixture of fruit, nuts, spices, and "canibus sativa" or marijuana. The "Haschich Fudge" recipe appeared in the British edition of the book, but it was left out of the first United States edition published by Harpers. It was included in the second American edition and became popular within the 1960s counterculture movement. She and the recipe were referenced in the 1968 film, "I Love You, Alice B. Toklas", starring Peter Sellers. The cookbook has been translated into numerous languages.


title: Alice B. Toklas

text: A second cookbook followed in 1958, "Aromas and Flavors of Past and Present". However, Toklas did not approve of it, as it was heavily annotated by Poppy Cannon, an editor at "House Beautiful" magazine. Toklas also wrote articles for several magazines and newspapers, including "The New Republic" and "The New York Times".


title: Alice B. Toklas

text: In 1963, Toklas published her autobiography "What Is Remembered", which ends abruptly with the death of Stein.


title: Alice B. Toklas

text: Toklas's later years were very difficult because of poor health and financial problems. She converted to the Catholic Church in 1957. She died in poverty at the age of 89, and is buried next to Stein in Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris, France; her name is engraved on the back of Stein's headstone.


title: Alice B. Toklas

text: "I Love You, Alice B. Toklas", a 1968 film starring Peter Sellers, that references Toklas's cannabis brownies, which play a significant role in the plot.


title: Alice B. Toklas

text: The Alice B. Toklas LGBTQ Democratic Club is a political organization founded in San Francisco in 1971.


title: Alice B. Toklas

text: Samuel Steward, who met Toklas and Stein in the 1930s, edited "Dear Sammy: Letters from Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Toklas" (1977), and also wrote two mystery novels featuring Stein and Toklas as characters: "Murder Is Murder Is Murder" (1985) and "The Caravaggio Shawl" (1989).


title: Alice B. Toklas

text: The San Francisco Board of Supervisors voted in 1998 to rename a block of Myrtle Street between Polk Street and Van Ness Avenue in San Francisco as Alice B. Toklas Place, since Toklas was born one block away on O'Farrell Street.


title: Alice B. Toklas

text: Toklas has been portrayed on-screen by Wilfrid Brambell in the 1978 Swedish film "The Adventures of Picasso", by Linda Hunt in the 1987 film "Waiting for the Moon"; by Alice Dvoráková in the 1993 television series "The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles"; and by Thérèse Bourou-Rubinsztein in the 2011 film "Midnight in Paris".


title: Myrtus

text: Myrtus (commonly called myrtle) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Myrtaceae. It was first described by Swedish botanist Linnaeus in 1753.


title: Myrtus

text: Over 600 names have been proposed in the genus, but nearly all have either been moved to other genera or been regarded as synonyms. The genus "Myrtus" has three species recognised today:


title: Myrtus

text: "Myrtus communis", the "common myrtle", is native across the Mediterranean region, Macaronesia, western Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. It is also cultivated.


title: Myrtus

text: The plant is an evergreen shrub or small tree, growing to tall. The leaf is entire, 3–5 cm long, with a fragrant essential oil.


title: Myrtus

text: The star-like flower has five petals and sepals, and numerous stamens. Petals usually are white. The flower is pollinated by insects.


title: Myrtus

text: The fruit is a round berry containing several seeds, most commonly blue-black in colour. A variety with yellow-amber berries is also present. The seeds are dispersed by birds that eat the berries.


title: Myrtus

text: "Myrtus nivellei", the Saharan myrtle, (Tuareg language: "tefeltest"), is endemic to the mountains of the central Sahara Desert. It is found in a restricted range in the Tassili n'Ajjer Mountains in southern Algeria, and the Tibesti Mountains in northern Chad.


title: Myrtus

text: It occurs in small areas of sparse relict woodland at montane elevations above the central Saharan desert plains.


title: Myrtus

text: 250 fossil seeds of †"Myrtus palaeocommunis" have been described from middle Miocene strata of the Fasterholt area near Silkeborg in Central Jutland, Denmark.


title: Myrtus

text: "Myrtus communis" is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant for use as a shrub in gardens and parks. It is often used as a hedge plant, with its small leaves shearing cleanly.


title: Myrtus

text: When trimmed less frequently, it has numerous flowers in late summer. It requires a long hot summer to produce its flowers, and protection from winter frosts.


title: Myrtus

text: The species and the subspecies "M. communis" subsp. "tarentina" have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.


title: Myrtus

text: "Myrtus communis" is used in the islands of Sardinia and Corsica to produce an aromatic liqueur called "Mirto" by macerating it in alcohol. "Mirto" is one of the most typical drinks of Sardinia and comes in two varieties: "mirto rosso" (red) produced by macerating the berries, and "mirto bianco" (white) produced from the less common yellow berries and sometimes the leaves.


title: Myrtus

text: Many Mediterranean pork dishes include myrtle berries, and roasted piglet is often stuffed with myrtle sprigs in the belly cavity, to impart an aromatic flavour to the meat.


title: Myrtus

text: The berries, whole or ground, have been used as a pepper substitute. They contribute to the distinctive flavor of some versions of Italian Mortadella sausage and the related American Bologna sausage.


title: Myrtus

text: In Calabria, a myrtle branch is threaded through dried figs and then baked. The figs acquire a pleasant taste from the essential oils of the herb. They are then enjoyed through the winter months.


title: Myrtus

text: Myrtle, along with willow tree bark, occupies a minor place in the writings of Hippocrates, Pliny, Dioscorides, Galen, and the Arabian writers. Celsus, for instance, suggested that 'soda in vinegar, or ladanum in myrtle oil and wine' could be used to treat various ailments of the scalp. It is possible that Myrtle's effect was due to high levels of salicylic acid.


title: Myrtus

text: In several countries, particularly in Europe and China, there has been a tradition for prescribing this substance for sinus infections. A systematic review of herbal medicines used for the treatment of rhinosinusitis concluded that the evidence that any herbal medicines are beneficial in the treatment of rhinosinusitis is limited, and that for "Myrtus" there is insufficient data to verify the significance of clinical results.


title: Myrtus

text: In Greek mythology and ritual the myrtle was sacred to the goddesses Aphrodite and also Demeter: Artemidorus asserts that in interpreting dreams "a myrtle garland signifies the same as an olive garland, except that it is especially auspicious for farmers because of Demeter and for women because of Aphrodite. For the plant is sacred to both goddesses." Pausanias explains that one of the Graces in the sanctuary at Elis holds a myrtle branch because "the rose and the myrtle are sacred to Aphrodite and connected with the story of Adonis, while the Graces are of all deities the nearest related to Aphrodite." Myrtle is the garland of Iacchus, according to Aristophanes, and of the victors at the Theban "Iolaea", held in honour of the Theban hero Iolaus.


title: Myrtus

text: In Rome, Virgil explains that "the poplar is most dear to Alcides, the vine to Bacchus, the myrtle to lovely Venus, and his own laurel to Phoebus." At the Veneralia, women bathed wearing crowns woven of myrtle branches, and myrtle was used in wedding rituals. In the Aeneid, myrtle marks the grave of the murdered Polydorus in Thrace. Aeneas' attempts to uproot the shrub cause the ground to bleed, and the voice of the dead Polydorus warns him to leave. The spears which impaled Polydorus have been magically transformed into the myrtle which marks his grave.


title: Myrtus

text: In Jewish liturgy, the myrtle is one of the four sacred plants (Four Species) of Sukkot, the Feast of Tabernacles representing the different types of personality making up the community. The myrtle having fragrance but not pleasant taste, represents those who have good deeds to their credit despite not having knowledge from Torah study. The three branches are lashed or braided together by the worshipers a palm leaf, a willow bough, and a myrtle branch. The etrog or citron is the fruit held in the other hand as part of the lulav wave ritual. In Jewish mysticism, the myrtle represents the phallic, masculine force at work in the universe. For this reason myrtle branches were sometimes given the bridegroom as he entered the nuptial chamber after a wedding (Tos. Sotah 15:8; Ketubot 17a). Myrtles are both the symbol and scent of Eden (BhM II: 52; Sefer ha-Hezyonot 17). The Hechalot text Merkavah Rabbah requires one to suck on a myrtle leaves as an element of a theurgic ritual. Kabbalists link myrtle to the sefirah of Tiferet and use sprigs in their Shabbat (especially Havdalah) rites to draw down its harmonizing power as the week is initiated (Shab. 33a; Zohar Chadash, SoS, 64d; Sha’ar ha-Kavvanot, 2, pp. 73–76).


title: Myrtus

text: Myrtle leaves were added to the water in the last (7th) rinsing of the head in the traditional Sephardic tahara manual (teaching the ritual for washing the dead). Myrtles are often used to recite a blessing over a fragrant plant during the Havdalah ceremony, as well as before Kiddush is some Sefardic and Hasidic traditions.


title: Myrtus

text: In the Mandaean religion, myrtle wreaths ("klila") are used by priests in important religious rituals and ceremonies, such as baptism and death masses ("masiqta"). Myrtle wreaths also form part of the "darfash", the official symbol of Mandaeism consisting of an olive wooden cross covered with a white silk cloth.


title: Myrtus

text: In neo-pagan and wicca rituals, myrtle, though not indigenous beyond the Mediterranean Basin, is now commonly associated with and sacred to Beltane (May Day).


title: Myrtus

text: A sprig of myrtle from Queen Victoria's wedding bouquet was planted as a slip, and sprigs from it have continually been included in royal wedding bouquets.


title: Myrtus

text: Because of its elegance of habit, appealing odour, and amenity to clipping by the "topiarius", as much as for sacred associations, the myrtle was an indispensable feature of Roman gardens. As a reminder of home, it will have been introduced wherever Roman elites were settled, even in areas of the Mediterranean Basin where it was not already endemic: "the Romans... must surely have attempted to establish a shrub so closely associated with their mythology and tradition," observes Alice Coats. In Gaul and Britannia it will not have proved hardy.


title: Myrtus

text: In England it was reintroduced in the 16th century, traditionally with the return from Spain in 1585 of Sir Walter Raleigh, who also brought with him the first orange trees seen in England. "Myrtus communis" will have needed similar protection from winter cold and wet. Alice Coats notes an earlier testimony: in 1562 Queen Elizabeth I's great minister Lord Burghley wrote to Mr Windebank in Paris to ask him for a lemon, a pomegranate and a myrtle, with instructions for their culture—which suggests that the myrtle, like the others, was not yet familiar.


title: Myrtus

text: By 1597 John Gerard lists six varieties being grown in southern England, and by 1640 John Parkinson noted a double-flowering one. Alice Coats suggests that this was the very same double that the diarist and gardener John Evelyn noted "was first discovered by the incomparable Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc, which a mule had cropt from a wild shrub."


title: Myrtus

text: In the late 17th and early 18th centuries myrtles in cases, pots and tubs were brought out to summer in the garden and wintered with other tender greens in an orangery. Fairchild, "The City Gardener" (1722) notes their temporary use, rented from a nurseryman annually to fill an empty fireplace in the warm months.


title: Myrtus

text: With the influx to England of more dramatic tender plants and shrubs from Japan or Peru in the 19th century, it was more difficult to find room for the common myrtle of borderline hardiness.


title: Myrtus

text: Many other related plants native to South America, New Zealand and elsewhere, previously classified in a wider interpretation of the genus "Myrtus", are now species within other genera, including: "Eugenia, Lophomyrtus, Luma, Rhodomyrtus, Syzygium, Ugni", and at least a dozen other genera.


title: Myrtus

text: The name "myrtle" is also used in common names (vernacular names) of unrelated plants in several other genera, such as: "Crepe myrtle" ("Lagerstroemia" species and hybrids, Lythraceae); "Wax myrtle" ("Morella" species, Myricaceae); and "Creeping myrtle" ("Vinca" species, Apocynaceae).


title: Quill

text: A quill is a writing tool made from a moulted flight feather (preferably a primary wing-feather) of a large bird. Quills were used for writing with ink before the invention of the dip pen, the metal-nibbed pen, the fountain pen, and, eventually, the ballpoint pen.


title: Quill

text: As with the earlier reed pen (and later dip pen), a quill has no internal ink reservoir and therefore needs to periodically be dipped into an inkwell during writing. The hand-cut goose quill is rarely used as a calligraphy tool anymore because many papers are now derived from wood pulp and would quickly wear a quill down. However, it is still the tool of choice for a few scribes who have noted that quills provide an unmatched sharp stroke as well as greater flexibility than a steel pen.


title: Quill

text: The shaft of a flight feather is long and hollow, making it an obvious candidate for being crafted into a pen. The process of making a quill from a feather involves curing the shaft to harden it, then fashioning its tip into a nib using a pen knife or other small cutting tool.


title: Quill

text: A quill pen is in effect a hollow tube which has one closed end, and has one open end at which part of the tube wall extends into a sharp point and has in it a thin slit leading to this point.


title: Quill

text: The hollow shaft of the feather (the "calamus") acts as an ink reservoir and ink flows to the tip through the slit by capillary action.


title: Quill

text: In a carefully prepared quill, the slit does not widen through wetting with ink and drying. It will retain its shape adequately, requiring only infrequent sharpening; it can be used repeatedly until there is little left of it.


title: Quill

text: The strongest quills come from the primary flight feathers discarded by birds during their annual moult. Although feathers from the left wing are supposedly favored by right-handed writers because the feather curves away from the sight line, over the back of the hand, the quill barrel is cut to six or seven inches in length so no such consideration of curvature or 'sight-line' is necessary. Additionally, writing with the left hand in the era in which the quill was popular was discouraged, and quills were never sold as left- and right-handed, only by their size and species.


title: Quill

text: Goose feathers are most commonly used; scarcer, more expensive swan feathers are used for larger lettering. Depending on availability and strength of the feather, as well as quality and characteristic of the line wanted by the writer, other feathers used for quill-pen making include those from the crow, eagle, owl, hawk, and turkey. Crow feathers were particularly useful as quills when fine work, such as accounting books, was required. Each bird could supply only about 10 to 12 good-quality quills.


title: Quill

text: On a true quill, the barbs are stripped off completely on the trailing edge. (The pinion for example only has significant barbs on one side of the barrel.) Later, a fashion developed for stripping partially and leaving a decorative top of a few barbs. The fancy, fully plumed quill is mostly a Hollywood invention and has little basis in reality. Most, if not all, manuscript illustrations of scribes show a quill devoid of decorative barbs, or at least mostly stripped.


title: Quill

text: Quill pens were used to write the vast majority of medieval manuscripts. Quill pens were also used to write "Magna Carta" and the Declaration of Independence. U.S. President Thomas Jefferson bred geese specially at Monticello to supply his tremendous need for quills.


title: Quill

text: From the 17th to 19th centuries the central tube of the quill was used as a priming tube (filled with gunpowder) for cannon fire.


title: Quill

text: Quills were the primary writing instrument in the western world from the 6th to the 19th century. The best quills were usually made from goose, swan, and later turkey feathers. Quills went into decline after the invention of the metal pen, mass production beginning in Great Britain as early as 1822 by John Mitchell of Birmingham. In the Middle East and much of the Islamic world, quills were not used as writing implements. Only reed pens were used as writing implements.


title: Quill

text: Quill pens were the instrument of choice during the medieval era due to their compatibility with parchment and vellum. Before this the reed pen had been used, but a finer letter was achieved on animal skin using a cured quill. Other than written text, they were often used to create figures, decorations, and images on manuscripts, although many illuminators and painters preferred fine brushes for their work. The variety of different strokes in formal hands was accomplished by good penmanship as the tip was square cut and rigid, exactly as it is today with modern steel pens.


title: Quill

text: It was much later, in the 1600s, with the increased popularity of writing, especially in the copperplate script promoted by the many printed manuals available from the 'Writing Masters', that quills became more pointed and flexible.


title: Quill

text: Quills are denominated from the order in which they are fixed in the wing; the first is favoured by the expert calligrapher, the second and third quills being very satisfactory also, plus the pinion feather. Flags the 5th and 6th feathers are also used. No other feather on the wing would be considered suitable by a professional scribe.


title: Quill

text: In order to harden a quill that is soft, thrust the barrel into hot ashes, stirring it till it is soft; then taking it out, press it almost flat upon your knees with the back of a penknife, and afterwards reduce it to a roundness with your fingers. If you have a number to harden, set water and alum over the fire; and while it is boiling put in a handful of quills, the barrels only, for a minute, and then lay them by.


title: Quill

text: An accurate account of the Victorian process by William Bishop, from researches with one of the last London quill dressers, is recorded in the "Calligrapher's Handbook" cited on this page.


title: Quill

text: From the 19th century in radical and socialist symbolism, quills have been used to symbolize clerks and intelligentsia. Some notable examples are the Radical Civic Union, the Czech National Social Party in combination with the hammer, symbol of the labour movement, or the Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro.


title: Quill

text: Quills appear on the seals of the United States Census Bureau and the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. They also appear in the coats of arms of several US Army Adjutant general units which focus on administrative duties.


title: Quill

text: Quills are on the coats of arms of a number of municipalities such as Bargfeld-Stegen in Germany and La Canonja in Spain.


title: Quill

text: A quill knife was the original primary tool used for cutting and sharpening quills, known as "dressing".


title: Quill

text: Following the decline of the quill in the 1820s, after the introduction of the maintenance-free, mass-produced steel dip nib by John Mitchell, knives were still manufactured but became known as desk knives, stationery knives or latterly as the name stuck "pen" knives.


title: Quill

text: There is a small but significant difference between a pen knife and a quill knife, in that the quill knife has a blade that is flat on one side and convex on the other which facilitates the round cuts required to shape a quill.


title: Quill

text: A "pen" knife by contrast has two flat sides. This distinction is not recognised by modern traders, dealers or collectors, who define a quill knife as any small knife with a fixed or hinged blade, including such items as ornamental fruit knives.


title: Quill

text: While quills are rarely used as writing instruments in the modern day, they are still being produced as specialty items, mostly for hobbyists. Such quills tend to have metal nibs or are sometimes even outfitted with a ballpoint pen inside to remove the need for a separate source of ink.


title: Quill

text: According to the Supreme Court Historical Society, 20 goose-quill pens, neatly crossed, are placed at the four counsel tables each day the U.S. Supreme Court is in session; "most lawyers appear before the Court only once, and gladly take the quills home as souvenirs." This has been done since the earliest sessions of the Court.


title: Quill

text: In the Jewish tradition quill pens, called "kulmus" (), are used by scribes to write Torah Scrolls, Mezuzot, and Tefillin.


title: Quill

text: Plectra for psalteries and lutes can be cut similarly to writing pens. The rachis, the portion of the stem between the barbs, not the calamus, of the primary flight feathers of birds of the "Corvidae" was preferred for harpsichords. In modern instruments, plastic is more common, but they are often still called "quills". The lesiba uses a quill attached to a string to produce sound.


title: Danger Close: The Battle of Long Tan

text: Danger Close: The Battle of Long Tan is a 2019 Australian war film about the Battle of Long Tan during the Vietnam War. It is directed by Kriv Stenders and stars Travis Fimmel.


title: Danger Close: The Battle of Long Tan

text: The film opens with a mortar attack on the 1st Australian Task Force (1 ATF) base at Nui Dat by the Viet Cong (VC) and People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN). During the attack, Major Harry Smith is cool under fire, ordering his men to take cover and stand to, while other soldiers don't take it seriously, playing cards or drinking beer. The base fends off the attack with counter-battery fire, killing the enemy mortar crew.


title: Danger Close: The Battle of Long Tan

text: Following the attack, Major Smith volunteers his unit, Delta Company, 6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (6 RAR) to investigate the rubber tree plantation at Long Tân away. Instead, Bravo Company is ordered to locate the mortar firing points and the direction of the enemy withdrawal. Bravo finds no enemy forces.


title: Danger Close: The Battle of Long Tan

text: The next day, Major Smith's Delta Company is sent to relieve Bravo, and thus missing the concert of Australian musicians Little Pattie and Col Joye and the Joy Boys set for that afternoon. Finding fresh tracks leading away from the mortar firing sites, Delta moves to follow the enemy forces. 11 Platoon takes the lead, and makes contact with a small VC patrol. 11 Platoon penetrates further into the plantation, widening the gap with 10 Platoon, and the rest of the company.


title: Danger Close: The Battle of Long Tan

text: 11 Platoon quickly comes under heavy attack, and calls down fire from artillery units back at Nui Dat, danger close to its position to hold back the enemy force. 12 Platoon reinforces, but the attack is only getting stronger. 11 Platoon become isolated, in danger of being overrun.


title: Danger Close: The Battle of Long Tan

text: Back at Nui Dat, Brigadier Oliver David Jackson is hesitant to commit reinforcements, and orders Delta to withdraw. Major Smith refuses to leave 11 Platoon behind, eventually forcing Jackson to send APCs to rescue Delta, leaving the base open to attack. Low on ammunition and under a monsoon, Major Smith pleads for a helicopter resupply. The senior RAAF officer at Nui Dat, Group Captain Peter Raw, does not want to risk aircraft with a hot LZ in the monsoon. However, two RAAF Iroquois pilots, Flight Lieutenant Francis Patrick (Frank) Riley and Flight Lieutenant Robert George (Bob) Grandin, volunteer to support D Company, flying in under heavy fire.


title: Danger Close: The Battle of Long Tan

text: Now resupplied, but still outnumbered, Major Smith organizes his forces to successfully hold off the assault, before the relief force of M113 armoured personnel carriers and infantry from Nui Dat finally arrives, and force the PAVN soldiers to withdraw.


title: Danger Close: The Battle of Long Tan

text: Production commenced in 2018 with the script completed in June 2014. Principal photography took place between May and July 2018 at the Village Roadshow Studios in Queensland and locations around Pimpama, Kingaroy and Nerang.


title: Danger Close: The Battle of Long Tan

text: On 28 February 2018, Travis Fimmel was announced as the lead actor, playing the role of Major Harry Smith. Fimmel described the role as "a big responsibility".


title: Danger Close: The Battle of Long Tan

text: The initial casting call was for 30 principal cast and bit part roles, and 100–200 Australians with combat experience in Iraq and Afghanistan as extras.


title: Danger Close: The Battle of Long Tan

text: The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that of critics have given the film a positive review based on reviews, with an average rating of . The site's critics' consensus reads: ""Danger Close" is problematic as a history lesson, but still offers viewers an involving look at life in the trenches of a real-life conflict."


title: Danger Close: The Battle of Long Tan

text: "The Sydney Morning Herald" wrote "Telling these stories so that we can follow the details is rare. Director Kriv Stenders has made the reality of the day accessible and gripping for a non-military audience."


title: Danger Close: The Battle of Long Tan

text: "Flicks Australia" wrote the film was a "patriotic but problematic" Australian war film turning down the context of the war, that being an intervention by two superpowers that was veiled in imperialistic action and ignored the deeply existential crisis that existed during the conflict. The film presenting a 2019 story of "sprawling and swarming hordes of Asiatic enemies" against a morally certain ANZAC force was deeply problematic, comparing it to the propaganda-like 1968 film "The Green Berets" that infamously ignored the muddy ideology behind the war.


title: Danger Close: The Battle of Long Tan

text: Writing for "The Curb", film critic Travis Johnson noted that "Danger Close’s boots-on-the-ground approach is intentional, and its focus is deliberate though the film itself does not reflect the cultural introspection and skepticism Australians tend to give towards media depictions of war films. Reflecting on the usage of the song "I Was Only 19", the musical choice underlies "an attempt not to fall to blind patriotism" in an "unjust war". Travis Johnson comments juggling historical, dramatic, and political demands with considerable dexterity, and the result is a film whose place in the Australian pantheon is assured.".


title: Danger Close: The Battle of Long Tan

text: Writing for "The Hollywood Reporter", Harry Windsor described the film as "both familiar and diffuse, with thinly sketched variations on a bronzed theme rather than characters" and presenting the story with "tone-deaf triumphalism", though he noted that "digital effects are kept to a refreshing minimum".


title: Danger Close: The Battle of Long Tan

text: ScreenDaily also commented that the film's "blinkered nature" in presenting a narrow tone of the film in a controversial and unpopular war was a far less welcomed feature.


title: Fisk University

text: Fisk University is a private historically black liberal arts college in Nashville, Tennessee. It was founded in 1866 and its campus is a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


title: Fisk University

text: In 1930, Fisk was the first African-American institution to gain accreditation by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS). Accreditations for specialized programs soon followed. It is the oldest institution for higher education in Nashville.


title: Fisk University

text: Fisk Free Colored School opened on January 9, 1866, shortly after the end of the Civil War. It was founded by John Ogden, Erastus Milo Cravath, and Edward Parmelee Smith of the American Missionary Association for the education of freedmen in Nashville. Fisk was one of several schools and colleges that the association helped found across the South to educate freed slaves following the Civil War. The school is named for Clinton B. Fisk, a Union general and assistant commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau of Tennessee. Fisk secured a site to house the school in a former military barracks near Union Station and provided $30,000 for its endowment.


title: Fisk University

text: The American Missionary Association's work was supported by the United Church of Christ, which retains an affiliation with Fisk. Fisk is the oldest higher education institution in Nashville.


title: Fisk University

text: Enrollment rose to 900 in the first several months following the school's opening, indicating the strong desire for education among local freedmen. Student ages ranged from seven to seventy.


title: Fisk University

text: During the nation's Reconstruction era, the Tennessee General Assembly passed legislation to enable free public education, which caused a need to increase teacher training. In 1867 the Fisk Free Colored School was reorganized and incorporated as Fisk University to focus on higher education. James Dallas Burrus, John Houston Burrus, Virginia E. Walker, and America W. Robinson were the first students to enroll at the institution. In 1875, the two Burruses and Walker graduated from Fisk and became the first African-American students to graduate from a liberal arts college south of the Mason–Dixon line.


title: Fisk University

text: In 1870 Adam K. Spence became the school's principal. Spence developed plans to expand and move the school to a larger campus in north Nashville on a site that had been Fort Gillem, a Union army base. To raise money for the school's initiatives, his wife Catherine Mackie Spence traveled throughout the United States to set up mission Sunday schools in support of Fisk students, organizing endowments through the American Missionary Association. With a strong interest in religion and the arts, Adam Spence supported the founding of a student choir; they were the start of the Fisk Jubilee Singers.


title: Fisk University

text: With the school facing financial distress, the choir went on tour to raise funds in 1871, led by professor and university treasurer George L. White. They toured the U.S. and Europe and became a sensation, singing before Ulysses S. Grant, Mark Twain, Queen Victoria; popularizing spirituals written by Wallace Willis such as "Swing Low Sweet Chariot"; and changing racial stereotypes. Their tour raised nearly $50,000 and funded construction of Jubilee Hall. (In W.E.B. Du Bois' book entitled “The Souls of Black Folk”, this number is quoted at $150,000). It was the first building built for the education of freedmen in the South and is now a National Historic Landmark.


title: Fisk University

text: Fisk co-founder Cravath returned in 1875 and became the institution's first president. He oversaw an active construction program and expansion of the school's curriculum offerings to include liberal arts, theology, and teacher training. By the turn of the 20th century, it had strengthened its reputation, built several campus buildings, added African-American teachers and staff, and enrolled a second generation of students.


title: Fisk University

text: James Griswold Merrill served as acting president of Fisk from 1899 to 1901, then continued as the institution's president from 1901 to 1908. Fisk University's dedication to liberal arts education at the turn of the century distinguished it from many other black colleges and universities that emphasized vocational training. The school established a department of social science in 1910, founded and directed by George E. Haynes. It was the first social work training center for African-American graduate students and a model for those established at other institutions. The school was criticized by some at the time for fostering an elitist reputation.


title: Fisk University

text: From 1915 to 1925, Fayette Avery McKenzie was president of Fisk. McKenzie's tenure, before and after World War I, was during a turbulent period in American history. In spite of many challenges, McKenzie developed Fisk as the premier all-Black college or university in the United States, secured Fisk's academic recognition as a standard college by the Carnegie Foundation, Columbia University and the University of Chicago, raised a $1 million endowment fund to ensure quality faculty, and laid a foundation for Fisk's accreditation and future success. McKenzie was eventually forced to resign when his strict policies on dress code, extracurricular activities, and other aspects of student life led to student protests in 1924 and 1925.


title: Fisk University

text: Thomas Elsa Jones became the institution's fourth president in 1925. He sought to diversify Fisk's faculty and further build the school's reputation. In 1930, Fisk became the first historically black college to gain accreditation by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. It was also the first such institution approved by the Association of American Universities in 1933. Accreditations for specialized programs soon followed.


title: Fisk University

text: In 1946, Charles S. Johnson became Fisk's sixth president and first African-American president. Johnson was a premier sociologist, a scholar who had also been the editor of "" magazine, a noted periodical of the Harlem Renaissance. Johnson expanded the school's Institute of Race Relations, which was established in 1942. The institute conducted research and fostered discussion about racial disparity in the U.S. and would later help develop strategies for desegregation in schools, employment, and the military. In 1949, Fisk received the Stieglitz Collection of modern art from photographer and arts patron Alfred Stieglitz.


title: Fisk University

text: In 1952, Fisk was the first predominantly black college to earn a Phi Beta Kappa charter. Organized as the Delta of Tennessee Chapter of the Phi Beta Kappa National Honor Society that December, the chapter inducted its first student members on April 4, 1953.


title: Fisk University

text: In 1960, Fisk students joined other black leaders in the Nashville sit-ins, nonviolent protests against segregation at lunch counters in the city during the civil rights movement. Martin Luther King, Jr., spoke at the institution in May 1960 in response to civil rights movement in the city. Fisk students John Lewis and Diane Nash were leaders during the protests, which led to Nashville becoming the first major city in the South to desegregate lunch counters. The two became early leaders of the national Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).


title: Fisk University

text: On April 8, 1967, a riot occurred near the Fisk and Tennessee State University campuses after Stokely Carmichael spoke at Vanderbilt University. Although it was viewed as a "race riot", it had classist characteristics. Protestors marched from Fisk to the Nashville courthouse to protest police brutality during the riots.


title: Fisk University

text: In 1978 Fisk's campus was recognized as a National Historic Landmark. The campus underwent significant restoration in the 1990s through assistance from a U.S. Congressional Grant.


title: Fisk University

text: From 2004 to 2013, Fisk was directed by its 14th president, Hazel O'Leary, former Secretary of Energy under President Bill Clinton. She was the second woman to serve as president of Fisk. On June 25, 2008, Fisk announced that it had successfully raised $4 million during the fiscal year ending June 30. It ended nine years of budget deficits and qualified for a Mellon Foundation challenge grant. However, Fisk still faced significant financial hardship, and said that it may need to close its doors unless its finances improved.


title: Fisk University

text: H. James Williams, served as president from February 2013 to September 2015. Williams had previously been dean of the Seidman College of Business at Grand Valley State University in Michigan and, before that, an accounting professor at Georgetown University, Florida A&M, and Texas Southern University. Williams was succeeded by interim president Frank Sims. In March 2017 the Fisk board of trustees announced that Kevin Rome would be Fisk university's seventeenth president.


title: Fisk University

text: In June 2017, a service in memory of 1892 lynching victim Ephraim Grizzard was held in the Fisk Memorial Chapel. A plaque memorializing Grizzard and two other lynching victims—his brother Henry and Samuel Smith—was installed at St. Anselm's Episcopal church in Nashville.


title: Fisk University

text: In 2018 the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools placed the institution on probation. The accreditor cited failings related to financial responsibility, control of research funds, and federal and state responsibility. Fisk announced a fundraising record and increased enrollment the following year. In 2020, Fisk was taken off probation and maintained its accreditation.


title: Fisk University

text: Fisk's 40-acre campus was dedicated in 1876. It sits on a small hill approximately two miles northwest of downtown that was previously Fort Gillem, a Union fort during the Civil War. The campus lies on Jefferson Street, a historic center of Nashville's African-American community.


title: Fisk University

text: The Fisk University Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. Notable campus buildings that contribute to the historic district include:


title: Fisk University

text: Additional campus buildings listed on the register include Little Theater, Harris Music Building, numerous residential structures, and a limestone wall built around 1873.


title: Fisk University

text: In the 1930s, Fisk hired the Olmsted Brothers firm to lead a master design of its campus at this time, resulting in the Beaux-Arts landscape.


title: Fisk University

text: Fisk is the home of a music literature collection founded by the noted Harlem Renaissance figure Carl Van Vechten, for whom the campus museum is named. It also holds a substantial collection of materials associated with Charles W. Chestnutt.


title: Fisk University

text: Harlem Renaissance painter Aaron Douglas was commissioned to paint murals for the new campus library, Cravath Hall, in 1930. Douglas described them a "panorama of the development of Black people in this hemisphere, in the new world." Douglas returned to Fisk in 1939 to teach and later served as chair of the art department. The murals were restored in 2003.


title: Fisk University

text: In 1949, Georgia O'Keeffe, wife and executrix of her late husband's estate, in accordance with the terms of his will, donated to Fisk a number of paintings that had belonged to her husband, the photographer and art patron Alfred Stieglitz. The collection consists of 101 works by important artists, including European modernists Paul Cézanne, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Pablo Picasso and Diego Rivera, as well as American artists Marsden Hartley, Arthur Dove and Charles Demuth and works by O'Keeffe.


title: Fisk University

text: In 2005, mounting financial difficulties and deteriorating conditions in the gallery led the trustees to vote to sell two of the paintings, O'Keeffe's "Radiator Building" and Hartley's "Painting No. 3," together estimated to be worth up to $45 million U.S. The sale was challenged by the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum, the legal guardians of her estate. This challenge failed. A joint agreement was established between Fisk University and the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art. The two museums now share the works' presentation and display rights of the Stieglitz collection; ownership remains with Fisk University, in accord with the terms of Stieglitz's estate. Presentation and display rights rotate between Fisk University and Crystal Bridges Museum every two years. In 2016, as part of the institution's sesquicentennial celebration, the collection was displayed at the newly renovated Carl Van Vechten Gallery.


title: Fisk University

text: Fisk University has a strong record of academic excellence: it has graduated more African Americans who go on to earn PhDs in the natural sciences than any other institution.


title: Fisk University

text: Started in 2004, the Fisk-Vanderbilt bridge program helps underrepresented groups gain access to PhD programs in STEM fields. The partnership between a small, historically black college and a major research university aims to diversify doctoral study. The program, which has received money from NASA, the National Science Foundation, and the Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship, provides a scholarship for a master's degree at Fisk University and close mentorship for students who go on to a PhD Since 2004, 21 students in the program have completed a PhD, with another 56 currently pursuing graduate study. The program has a success rate far higher than the national average for completion of PhD programs, which is about 50%.


title: Fisk University

text: The Fisk athletic teams are called the Bulldogs. The institution is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Gulf Coast Athletic Conference (GCAC) since the 2021–22 academic year; which they were a member on a previous stint from 2010–11 to 2013–14. The Bulldogs previously competed as an NAIA Independent within the Association of Independent Institutions (AII) from 2014–15 to 2020–21 (which they were a member on a previous stint from 2008–09 to 2009–10); in the defunct Great South Athletic Conference (GSAC) of the NCAA Division III ranks from 1999–2000 to 2005–06; in the D-III Southern Collegiate Athletic Conference (SCAC) from 1983–84 to 1993–94; and in the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SIAC) from 1913–14 to 1982–83, which is currently a NCAA Division II athletic conference.


title: Fisk University

text: Fisk competes in 14 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer and track & field (indoor and outdoor); while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, gymnastics, tennis, track & field (indoor and outdoor) and volleyball. Fisk is the first HBCU to add a competitive women's gymnastics team. Club sports include cheerleading and dance.


title: PBKDF2

text: In cryptography, PBKDF1 and PBKDF2 (Password-Based Key Derivation Function 1 and 2) are key derivation functions with a sliding computational cost, used to reduce vulnerabilities of brute-force attacks.


title: PBKDF2

text: PBKDF2 is part of RSA Laboratories' Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) series, specifically PKCS#5 v2.0, also published as Internet Engineering Task Force's RFC2898. It supersedes PBKDF1, which could only produce derived keys up to 160 bits long. RFC8018 (PKCS#5 v2.1), published in 2017, recommends PBKDF2 for password hashing.


title: PBKDF2

text: PBKDF2 applies a pseudorandom function, such as hash-based message authentication code (HMAC), to the input password or passphrase along with a salt value and repeats the process many times to produce a "derived key", which can then be used as a cryptographic key in subsequent operations. The added computational work makes password cracking much more difficult, and is known as key stretching.


title: PBKDF2

text: When the standard was written in the year 2000 the recommended minimum number of iterations was 1,000, but the parameter is intended to be increased over time as CPU speeds increase. A Kerberos standard in 2005 recommended 4,096 iterations; Apple reportedly used 2,000 for iOS 3, and 10,000 for iOS 4; while LastPass in 2011 used 5,000 iterations for JavaScript clients and 100,000 iterations for server-side hashing. In 2021, OWASP recommended to use 310,000 iterations for PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256 and 120,000 for PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA512.


title: PBKDF2

text: Having a salt added to the password reduces the ability to use precomputed hashes (rainbow tables) for attacks, and means that multiple passwords have to be tested individually, not all at once. The standard recommends a salt length of at least 64 bits. The US National Institute of Standards and Technology recommends a salt length of 128 bits.


title: PBKDF2

text: The function is the xor () of "c" iterations of chained PRFs. The first iteration of PRF uses "Password" as the PRF key and "Salt" concatenated with encoded as a big-endian 32-bit integer as the input. (Note that "i" is a 1-based index.) Subsequent iterations of PRF use "Password" as the PRF key and the output of the previous PRF computation as the input:


title: PBKDF2

text: PBKDF1 had a simpler process: the initial "U" (called "T" in this version) is created by , and the following ones are simply . The key is extracted as the first "dkLen" bits of the final hash, which is why there is a size limit.


title: PBKDF2

text: PBKDF2 has an interesting property when using HMAC as its pseudo-random function. It is possible to trivially construct any number of different password pairs with collisions within each pair. If a supplied password is longer than the block size of the underlying HMAC hash function, the password is first pre-hashed into a digest, and that digest is instead used as the password. For example, the following password is too long:


title: PBKDF2

text: This means regardless of the salt or iterations, PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA1 will generate the same key bytes for the passwords:


title: PBKDF2

text: will generate the same derived key bytes (codice_4). These derived key collisions do not represent a security vulnerability – as one still must know the original password in order to generate the "hash" of the password.


title: PBKDF2

text: One weakness of PBKDF2 is that while its number of iterations can be adjusted to make it take an arbitrarily large amount of computing time, it can be implemented with a small circuit and very little RAM, which makes brute-force attacks using application-specific integrated circuits or graphics processing units relatively cheap. The bcrypt password hashing function requires a larger amount of RAM (but still not tunable separately, i.e. fixed for a given amount of CPU time) and is slightly stronger against such attacks, while the more modern scrypt key derivation function can use arbitrarily large amounts of memory and is therefore more resistant to ASIC and GPU attacks.


title: PBKDF2

text: In 2013, the Password Hashing Competition (PHC) was held to develop a more resistant approach. On 20 July 2015 Argon2 was selected as the final PHC winner, with special recognition given to four other password hashing schemes: Catena, Lyra2, yescrypt and Makwa. Another alternative is Balloon hashing, which is recommended in NIST password guidelines.


title: PlayStation Now

text: PlayStation Now (PS Now), was a standalone video game subscription service the first on consoles developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment. The service offered cloud gaming for PlayStation, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable and PlayStation 4 games that could be played on PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5 and Microsoft Windows computers. In addition, PlayStation, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable and PlayStation 4 games could be downloaded to play locally on PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5. With the expansion of the PlayStation Plus service to offer additional tiers in May-June 2022, the standalone PlayStation Now subscription was shut down, but its services were incorporated into the PlayStation Plus Premium tier.


title: PlayStation Now

text: No games could be downloaded to a PC. Downloaded games could be played without an internet connection, but internet connection was required for verification every few days.


title: PlayStation Now

text: Non-PlayStation devices required a DualShock 3, 4, DualSense, or any XInput-compatible controller, such as an Xbox gamepad, to use the service. If members intended to stream their games, Sony recommended that players have a minimum of 5 Mbps internet connection to achieve good performance.


title: PlayStation Now

text: PlayStation Now was announced on January 7, 2014 at the 2014 Consumer Electronics Show powered by technology from Gaikai. At CES, Sony presented demos of "The Last of Us", "", "Puppeteer", and "", playable through PS Now on Bravia TVs and PlayStation Vita. The closed beta began in the United States on January 28 with PS3, and on May 19 was extended to PS4.


title: PlayStation Now

text: To implement the service, Sony created a single motherboard equivalent to 8 PS3 console units into a server rack to allow the games to function, as opposed to software emulation, due to architectural complexity.


title: PlayStation Now

text: PlayStation Now was launched in Open Beta in the United States and Canada on PS4 on July 31, 2014, on PS3 on September 18, 2014, on PS Vita and PS TV on October 14, 2014, with support for select 2014 Bravia TVs coming later in the year. At Gamescom 2014, SCE announced that PS Now would arrive in Europe in 2015, with the United Kingdom to be the first European country to access the service. On December 24, 2014, Sony announced that PlayStation Now would expand to the other electronic brands.


title: PlayStation Now

text: On CES 2015, Sony confirmed that PlayStation Now would arrive in North America on PS4 as full release on January 13, 2015. On March 7, 2015, it was revealed that PlayStation Now was accessible in Europe. Official beta invites for Europe started going out to PS4 owners on April 15, 2015.


title: PlayStation Now

text: On February 17, 2017, Sony announced it would discontinue PlayStation Now on PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, PlayStation TV, Sony Bravia televisions (modeled between 2013–15), Sony Blu-ray players and all Samsung televisions by August 15, 2017.


title: PlayStation Now

text: On September 20, 2018, Sony announced that users on PlayStation 4 would be able to download PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 4 games offered via the service as Sony started to gradually roll out the new feature to subscribers.


title: PlayStation Now

text: On January 23, 2019, Sony announced that the service would be launching in Spain, Italy, Portugal, Norway, Denmark, Finland and Sweden later in the year. A beta for these countries launched in early February and the full service launched on March 12, 2019.


title: PlayStation Now

text: On April 22, 2021, Sony announced that support for 1080p streaming would start rolling out during the week.


title: PlayStation Now

text: On December 3, 2021, Bloomberg reported that Sony was working on a new subscription service codenamed "Spartacus". The service would be a merger of the company’s current services, PlayStation Plus, and PlayStation Now, with the company reportedly set to keep the Plus branding. The service would include three tiers: the first would include all the benefits that PlayStation Plus would include, the second would expand upon the first by including a catalog of titles, and the third one would expand upon the first two by including game trials as well as a catalog of games from the PlayStation, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, and PlayStation Portable.


title: PlayStation Now

text: On March 29, 2022, Sony officially announced the merger of the two services under the Plus branding. The merger took place over May and June 2022.


title: PlayStation Now

text: PlayStation, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable and PlayStation 4 games on PlayStation Now could be streamed to PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, and PC. As of 2020, there were over 800 games available, with over 300 of them available for download to PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5. New games were added every month.


title: PlayStation Now

text: A separate subscription fee for online multiplayer was not required for PlayStation Now games. The three pricing options gave access to both single player and online multiplayer components.


title: PlayStation Now

text: PlayStation Now was available in Europe (including Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom), North America (Canada and the United States), as well as Japan.


title: Melanism

text: The term melanism refers to black pigment and is derived from the . Melanism is the increased development of the dark-colored pigment melanin in the skin or hair.


title: Melanism

text: Pseudomelanism, also called abundism, is another variant of pigmentation, identifiable by dark spots or enlarged stripes, which cover a large part of the body of the animal, making it appear melanistic.


title: Melanism

text: The morbid deposition of black matter, often of a malignant character causing pigmented tumors, is called melanosis.


title: Melanism

text: Melanism related to the process of adaptation is called adaptive. Most commonly, dark individuals become fitter to survive and reproduce in their environment as they are better camouflaged. This makes some species less conspicuous to predators, while others, such as leopards, use it as a foraging advantage during night hunting. Typically, adaptive melanism is heritable: A dominant allele, which is entirely or nearly entirely expressed in the phenotype, is responsible for the excessive amount of melanin.


title: Melanism

text: Adaptive melanism has been shown to occur in a variety of animals, including mammals such as squirrels, many cats and canids, and coral snakes. Adaptive melanism can lead to the creation of morphs, the most notable example being the peppered moth, whose evolutionary history in the United Kingdom is offered as a classic instructional tool for teaching the principles of natural selection.


title: Melanism

text: Industrial melanism is an evolutionary effect in insects such as the peppered moth, "Biston betularia" in areas subject to industrial pollution. Darker pigmented individuals are favored by natural selection, apparently because they are better camouflaged against polluted backgrounds. When pollution was later reduced, lighter forms regained the advantage and melanism became less frequent. Other explanations have been proposed, such as that the melanin pigment enhances function of immune defences, or a thermal advantage from the darker coloration.


title: Melanism

text: Melanistic coat coloration occurs as a common polymorphism in 11 of 37 felid species and reaches high population frequency in some cases but never achieves complete fixation. The black panther, a melanistic leopard, is common in the equatorial rainforest of Malaya and the tropical rainforest on the slopes of some African mountains, such as Mount Kenya. The serval also has melanistic forms in certain areas of East Africa. In the jaguarundi, coloration varies from dark brown and gray to light reddish. Melanic forms of jaguar are common in certain parts of South America. In 1938 and 1940, two melanistic bobcats were trapped alive in sub-tropical Florida.


title: Melanism

text: In 2003, the dominant mode of inheritance of melanism in jaguars was confirmed by performing phenotype-transmission analysis in a 116-individual captive pedigree. Melanistic animals were found to carry at least one copy of a mutant "MC1R" sequence allele, bearing a 15-base pair inframe deletion. Ten unrelated melanistic jaguars were either homozygous or heterozygous for this allele. A 24-base pair deletion causes the incompletely dominant allele for melanism in the jaguarundi. Sequencing of the agouti signalling peptide in the agouti gene coding region revealed a 2-base pair deletion in black domestic cats. These variants were absent in melanistic individuals of Geoffroy's cat, oncilla, pampas cat and Asian golden cat, suggesting that melanism arose independently at least four times in the cat family.


title: Melanism

text: Melanism in leopards is inherited as a Mendelian, monogenic recessive trait relative to the spotted form. Pairings of black animals have a significantly smaller litter size than other possible pairings. Between January 1996 and March 2009, Indochinese leopards were photographed at 16 sites in the Malay Peninsula in a sampling effort of more than 1000 trap nights. Of 445 photographs of melanistic leopards, 410 were taken south of the Kra Isthmus, where the non-melanistic morph was never photographed. These data suggest the near fixation of the dark allele in the region. The expected time to fixation of this recessive allele due to genetic drift alone ranged from about 1,100 years to about 100,000 years.


title: Melanism

text: Melanism in leopards has been hypothesized to be causally associated with a selective advantage for ambush. Other theories are that genes for melanism in felines may provide resistance to viral infections, or a high-altitude adaptation, since black fur absorbs more light for warmth.


title: Melanism

text: The chicken breeds Silkie and Ayam Cemani commonly exhibit this trait. Ayam Cemani is an uncommon and relatively modern breed of chicken from Indonesia. They have a dominant gene that causes hyperpigmentation (Fibromelanosis), making the chicken entirely black; including feathers, beak, and internal organs.


title: Melanism

text: The alpine salamander, "Salamandra atra", has one subspecies ("S. atra atra") that is completely black. The pigment comes from a specific cell called a melanophore, which produce the compound melanin.


title: Melanism

text: There are four other subspecies of this salamander, and they have varying levels of melanin pigmentation. The subspecies have yellow spots in different concentrations or proportions. The pigment-producing cells that contribute to the yellow spots of some sub-species are called xanthophores. It appears that the fully-black phenotypes do not ever develop these xanthophores. Alpine salamanders produce a toxin from their skin, and both fully melanistic, black salamanders and spotted individuals produce the compound.


title: Melanism

text: Studies done that traced DNA histories have suggested that the original alpine salamander phenotype was black with some yellow spots, meaning that the fully black color evolved over time and was thus selected for over many generations.


title: Melanism

text: Melanism, meaning a mutation that results in completely dark skin, does not exist in humans. Melanin is the primary determinant of the degree of skin pigmentation and protects the body from harmful ultraviolet radiation. The same ultraviolet radiation is essential for the synthesis of vitamin D in skin, so lighter colored skin – less melanin – is an adaptation related to the prehistoric movement of humans away from equatorial regions, as there is less exposure to sunlight at higher latitudes. People from parts of Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Australia may have very dark skin, but this is not melanism.


title: Melanism

text: This rare genetic disorder is characterized by the development of macules with hyperpigmentation on the lips and oral mucosa (melanosis), as well as benign polyps in the gastrointestinal tract.


title: Melanism

text: The term "melanism" has been used on Usenet, internet forums and blogs to mean an African-American social movement holding that dark-skinned humans are the original people from which those of other skin color originate. The term "melanism" has been used in this context as early as the mid-1990s and was promoted by some Afrocentrists, such as Frances Cress Welsing.


title: Federico Gatti

text: Federico Gatti (born 24 June 1998) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a defender for club Juventus and the Italy national team.


title: Federico Gatti

text: In his youth career, Gatti played for the clubs Chieri, Torino and Alessandria. Gatti's senior career began with in February 2015, when he joined Promozione team Pavarolo, who gained promotion to Eccellenza in the next season. In mid-2016, Gatti joined Saluzzo but returned to Pavarolo six months later. Gatti remained at Pavarolo until 2018, when he changed his position from midfielder to defender during the last matches of the season. He then moved to Verbania, who won the Eccellenza title and were promoted to Serie D in the 2018–19 season. Gatti made his professional debut with Serie C side Pro Patria and he joined Serie B side Frosinone the following year. In January 2022, Gatti joined Juventus, who loaned him back to Frosinone until the end of the season.


title: Federico Gatti

text: In 2005, aged seven, Federico Gatti played in a friendly match for Chieri against Torino; Giorgio Boscarato, Torino's sporting observer, noted his talent as a "trequartista" and reported him to Silvano Benedetti, the Torino Youth Sector sporting director who ultimately signed him. Gatti was promoted to the under-15s side before moving on to Alessandria's youth team. Gatti spent the 2012–13 and 2013–14 seasons with the club's under-15s (Giovanissimi Nazionali) side and with the under-17s (Allievi) team.


title: Federico Gatti

text: Throughout his youth career, Gatti was not considered by Torino nor by Alessandria. Gatti was sent on loan to Pavarolo in the 2014–15 season. Instead of playing with the under-17s side, Gatti spent most of the season playing for the under-19s (Juniores) team, with whom he scored 13 goals in 18 league appearances despite being only 17 years old.


title: Federico Gatti

text: In February 2015, Federico Gatti debuted with the first team, with whom he made four appearances that season. The following season, Gatti was promoted to the first team and scored three goals in 27 Promozione appearances; he also won the award for the Best Youth Player of the season. His side were also promoted to Eccellenza, having won the Coppa Italia Promozione Piemonte–Valle d'Aosta.


title: Federico Gatti

text: In 2016, Alessandria loaned Gatti to Saluzzo but not having found much space, Gatti returned to Pavarolo in mid-January 2017. At the end of the season, Pavarolo avoided relegation to Promozione. During the 2016–17 season, Gatti scored eight goals in 31 league appearances.


title: Federico Gatti

text: In the following season (2017–18), due to financial problems, Pavarolo could not pay its players so the most-experienced players decided not to train or play in the last 10 league matches, and the under-19s team were promoted to the first team. Because Gatti was the tallest player on the squad, he changed his position from midfielder to defender. Gatti's side were relegated to Promozione at the end of the season.


title: Federico Gatti

text: Verbania were impressed by Gatti's performances as a defender in a match against them, and they purchased him on a permanent contract in 2018. Gatti scored one goal in 34 league appearances and Verbania won the Eccellenza title. Gatti impressed Serie C side Cavese, who tried to purchase him but did not. In the following season (2019–20), Gatti scored three goals in 22 Serie D appearances prior to the interruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, and his side were relegated to Eccellenza.


title: Federico Gatti

text: In mid-2020, Gatti became a professional player and signed to Serie C side Pro Patria. On 30 September, he debuted for Pro Patria in a 3–2 second-round Coppa Italia match that was lost against Vicenza after extra time. Gatti's first Serie C match was on 4 October, a 1–1 draw with Pro Vercelli. His only goal for Pro Patria came on 3 April 2021, which allowed his team to win 1–0 against Lecco. On 9 May, Gatti played his last game of the season in a Serie C promotion play-off match against Juventus U23—the reserve team of Juventus—in a match lost 3–1 at home, causing Pro Patria's elimination from the play-offs in the first round. During the season, Gatti played 36 matches, almost all of them 90 minutes long.


title: Federico Gatti

text: Gatti moved to Serie B side Frosinone in 2021, signing a four-year contract for a fee of €250,000. Gatti made his debut on 15 August in the Coppa Italia first-round match against Venezia, which finished 1–1 and Gatti missed his penalty in the penalty shoot-out, losing 8–7. Gatti's Serie B debut came on 20 August, in which he played as a starter in a 2–2 draw against Parma. Gatti's first goal for Frosinone came on 23 October in a 2–1 win against Ascoli. On 4 December, Gatti was sent off after twice being yellow carded in two minutes of an eventual 1–1 draw against Ternana. Gatti's returned to the pitch after his one-match suspension caused by a red card on 18 December in Frosinone's 4–0 win against SPAL, in which he scored two goals.


title: Federico Gatti

text: Gatti had been close to a transfer move to Turin rivals Torino before Juventus entered the negotiations and bought him on 31 January 2022 in a four-and-a-half-year deal for a fee of €7.5 million plus €2.5 million in performance-related bonuses. After signing Gatti, Juventus promptly loaned him back to Frosinone for the rest of the season. Gatti finished the season with five goals scored in 36 matches in all competitions; he also received 13 yellow cards. He started matches 35 times and all of his appearances, except for the match against Ternana in which he was red-carded, were 90 minutes long. On 17 October, he received the Serie B Footballer of the Year award for the 2021–22 Serie B.


title: Federico Gatti

text: Gatti made his Juventus and Serie A debut on 31 August 2022 against Spezia, winning 2–0. On 25 October, he made his Champions League debut in a 4–3 defeat against Benfica.


title: Federico Gatti

text: In May 2022, Italy's coach Roberto Mancini called up Gatti for a three-day training camp in Coverciano. His Italy debut came on 11 June, when he was chosen as a starter in a UEFA Nations League match against England. The match ended 0–0, Italy struggling against England's strikers Tammy Abraham and Harry Kane, and Gatti was considered a "veteran" by Italian newspaper "Corriere della Sera" in the post-match report.


title: Federico Gatti

text: Gatti is a robust, right-footed, centre-back who is tall. According to Andrea Gigante writing for 90min.com, attributed Gatti's technique and vision to previous experience as a midfielder; he also has a strong personality and is strong in the air. According to Domenico Marchese writing for "La Repubblica", Gatti excels at man-to-man marking. According to Pro Patria sporting director Sandro Turotti, Gatti can play in a four-man defence and can also play centre-right in a three-man defence as he did for Pro Patria. Frosinone sporting director Guido Angelozzi drew comparisons between Gatti and Juventus' centre-back duo, defining Gatti as "a [Giorgio] Chiellini with [Leonardo] Bonucci's feet".


title: Federico Gatti

text: Gatti is an only child; his father Ludovico was a sporting director during his experience at Pavarolo.


title: Federico Gatti

text: At the age of 17, Federico Gatti left school and started working, following his father's unemployment. Gatti worked as a bricklayer and as window manufacturer, repaired roofs and worked at markets for nine-to-ten hours a day until 2018. Gatti would train in the evenings, having dinner at 23:00 and would get up between 03:00 and 04:00. Gatti's career has also been compared to that of Moreno Torricelli, who played amateur football and was a joiner before signing with Juventus in 1992.


title: Federico Gatti

text: Gatti considers Juventus' defender Giorgio Chiellini as his idol. Prior to switching positions from midfielder to defender, Frank Lampard, Steven Gerrard, Adel Taarabt and Radja Nainggolan had been his idols.


title: Denée Benton

text: Denée Ayana Benton (born December 31, 1991) is an American actress and singer. She is best known for her performance as Natasha Rostova in the 2016 musical "Natasha, Pierre, & The Great Comet of 1812" on Broadway, for which she was nominated for a Tony Award. Benton assumed the role of Eliza Hamilton in the Broadway production of "Hamilton", beginning performances on October 30, 2018. Her television acting credits include "UnREAL" and "The Gilded Age".


title: Denée Benton

text: Benton was raised in Eustis, Florida. She named Rodgers and Hammerstein's "Cinderella" as an early inspiration for her desire to act.


title: Denée Benton

text: She attended Trinity Preparatory School in Winter Park, Florida, before graduating from Carnegie Mellon University in 2014.


title: Denée Benton

text: Benton's first prominent professional role was her role as Nabulungi in the West End and U.S. national tour of "The Book of Mormon". Later she was cast in the titular role of Natasha in "Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812" with the American Repertory Theatre; she made her Broadway debut when that show opened at the Imperial Theatre on November 14, 2016. Benton received a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical nomination for her role in the show. She appeared on "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert" on December 12, 2016, to discuss the role.


title: Denée Benton

text: Benton gained wider prominence in her recurring role on the second season of the Lifetime series, "UnREAL", as Ruby Carter in 2016.


title: Denée Benton

text: On October 17, 2018, it was announced that Benton would assume the role of Eliza Hamilton in the Broadway production of "Hamilton", beginning performances on October 30. She left the show on February 24, 2019.


title: Denée Benton

text: As of 2022, Benton is a main cast member on the HBO historical drama series "The Gilded Age", playing Peggy Scott. It was announced in February 2022 that HBO was going to renew this show for a second season. It was announced that Benton would play the role of Cinderella in the 2022 production of Stephen Sondheim's "Into the Woods" at New York City Center.


title: Denée Benton

text: Benton began dating Carl Lundstedt in 2014, whom she met in her acting program at Carnegie Mellon University. They married in 2020.


title: A Street Cat Named Bob (film)

text: A Street Cat Named Bob is a 2016 British biographical drama film directed by Roger Spottiswoode and written by Tim John and Maria Nation. It is based on the book of the same name and "The World According to Bob" by James Bowen. The film stars Luke Treadaway, Ruta Gedmintas, Joanne Froggatt, Anthony Head, and Bob the Cat as himself. The film premiered in London on 3 November 2016, followed by a general release the next day. The title is a spoof of "A Streetcar Named Desire".


title: A Street Cat Named Bob (film)

text: A Christmas-themed sequel, "A Gift from Bob", was released to UK theatres in November 2020. The film was released posthumously, as Bob the cat died in June 2020.


title: A Street Cat Named Bob (film)

text: James Bowen is a homeless man and former heroin addict, living on the streets of London and down to his last bits of change. After a life-threatening drug-related incident, his support worker Val gets him into a council flat and prescribes him methadone in an attempt to get him off the street. On his first night in his flat James discovers a cat rifling through his food. Assuming the cat had escaped from somewhere, James tries to return the cat to his real owners.