title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: After abandoning the Tour de France, Froome announced he would ride the 2014 Vuelta a España where he finished in second position, finishing one minute ten seconds, behind the winner Alberto Contador. Froome was awarded the overall combativity award for the entire race.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: In September, Wiggins returned to the Tour of Britain with the stated aim of defending his title. He finished third overall, winning the final day time trial by eight seconds from Sylvain Chavanel. Wiggins returned to action later in September at the road world championships, again with the aim of winning the time trial event. Wiggins won the time trial by over 25 seconds from perennial opponent, Tony Martin. Wiggins won Team Sky's first ever rainbow jersey.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: On 28 July 2014, the team announced that Thomas had signed a two-year contract extension, keeping him at the team until the end of the 2016 season. In September Swift signed a two-year contract extension. On 13 August 2014, "Cyclingnews.com" reported that Edvald Boasson Hagen would not renew his contract and would leave the team at the end of the season.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: After the cycling World Championships, Sky announced that they had signed Leopold König, Nicolas Roche, Wout Poels, and Andrew Fenn, with Lars Petter Nordhaug rejoining the team after two years at Belkin. On 1 October 2014, it was announced that Dario Cataldo would leave the team at the end of the season to join . On 24 October, the team announced the signing of their sixth rider, Elia Viviani. American climber Joe Dombrowski also left Team Sky to join . On 5 January 2015, Wiggins signed a contract extension with the team up until and including the 2015 Paris–Roubaix.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: On 8 January, Richie Porte scored the team's first victory of the season by winning the Australian National Time Trial championships and went on to record the team's first stage win at the Tour Down Under. Elia Viviani scored his first win for the team, taking sprint victory on stage two of the Dubai Tour.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: In February the team dominated the Vuelta a Andalucía and Volta ao Algarve with both Froome and Thomas taking both overall wins respectively. At the end of February Stannard scored the team second classic, taking a second successive victory at Omloop Het Nieuwsblad. The victory was made more impressive as Stannard made the four-man selection with three riders; Boonen, Terpstra and Vandenbergh.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: The team's next victory came at Paris–Nice where Porte led a team one-two (along with Thomas) at the summit finish of Croix de Chaubouret. Porte won the stage 7 time trial to the summit of Col d'Èze. In the same week, Wout Poels recorded his first win for the team when he secured victory on the fifth stage of Tirreno–Adriatico to Castelraimondo.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: In late March, Thomas emerged victorious in E3 Harelbeke after attacking his co-breakaway companions, Zdeněk Štybar and Peter Sagan, and soloing to victory. Ben Swift then won the second stage of Settimana Internazionale Coppi e Bartali the same day and Richie Porte moved into the lead and eventually won the Volta a Catalunya Victory in Catalunya represented Porte's second overall win of the season and the fourth for the team.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: In April, Bradley Wiggins won his final time trial for the team at the Three Days of De Panne. Later in the same week, Bradley Wiggins retired from the team and joined his own team, allowing him to focus on the 2016 Olympic Games. In late April Porte won the Giro del Trentino taking a decisive stage victory on the queen stage summit finish to Brentonico. The team then rounded off a successful April by taking victory in the Team Time Trial at the Tour de Romandie, placing Geraint Thomas in the yellow leaders jersey whilst new signing Wout Poels underwent surgery on a broken shoulder bone courtesy of his crash at La Fleche Wallonne.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: The team began May with success; Lars Petter Nordhaug took the opening stage win at the inaugural Tour de Yorkshire, whilst Ben Swift crashed out later requiring surgery.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: The team entered the 2015 Giro d'Italia with Porte as team leader with the aim of winning the general classification. After limiting the time loss in the stage 1 team time trial Elia Viviani secured the first win for the team in a Grand Tour since the 2013 Vuelta a España on stage 2, also taking over the "Maglia rossa". On stage 10 Porte lost 47 seconds, docked two minutes fine for accepting outside intervention, resulting in Porte dropping down to 12th on the general classification. Porte lost more time on the uphill finish on stage 12, a further two minutes on stage 13, and 27 minutes on stage 15. He then abandoned on the second rest day.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: Chris Froome returned to action at the Critérium du Dauphiné, as part of his build up for the Tour de France, and the team won three stages and took the overall title for the fourth time. Peter Kennaugh opened the team's account taking the victory on stage one, just in front of the bunch sprint finish. Froome went on to dominate the final two summit finish stages, taking victory at Montée du Bettex (stage 7) and Modane Valfréjus (stage 8) giving him a lead of 10 seconds over Tejay van Garderen.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: The team went into the 2015 Tour de France with their "strongest team ever" After a strong performance on the Mur de Huy Froome took over the race lead, and general classification by one second over Tony Martin. As the Tour entered the second week of racing stage 10 saw the first mountains stage, the summit finish of La Pierre-Saint-Martin, where Froome went on to take the stage win, putting significant time into his general classification rivals. During the remainder of the race the team faced intense scrutiny regarding their dominant performances; Porte was punched in the ribs by a spectator in the Pyrenees, and Froome had urine thrown at him by another spectator.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: On the first rest of the Tour de France Porte confirmed he would leave the team at the end of the season. This would later, in August, be confirmed to be . The team signed Alex Peters and Tao Geoghegan Hart as stagiares for the remainder of the season, with the former also signing for two years. In September, Mikel Landa confirmed his move to the team for the 2016 season, with Mikel Nieve also signing a two-year extension with the team. Later, in the same month the team then signed their second neo-pro, Gianni Moscon, Michal Golas, Danny van Poppel, Beñat Intxausti and the 2014 World Road Race champion Michał Kwiatkowski. On 28 September the team confirmed that Nathan Earle, Bernhard Eisel, Danny Pate, Richie Porte, Kanstantsin Siutsou and Chris Sutton would be leaving the team. The team also confirmed that Ian Boswell, Philip Deignan, Sebastian Henao, Peter Kennaugh, Vasil Kiryienka, Christian Knees, Mikel Nieve, Luke Rowe, Ian Stannard and Xabier Zandio would be staying after signing new contract extensions.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: Later in September Sky retained the World Time Trial Championships in Richmond when Vasil Kiryienka won by nine seconds from Adriano Malori.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: With Chris Froome delaying the start of his season a number of key deluxe-domestiques were afforded opportunities to aim for race victories at the start of the season. Peter Kennaugh took the team's first one-day race win at the second Cadel Evans Great Ocean Road Race, whilst Wout Poels claimed his first overall GC victory at the Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana, in the process taking two stages, the mountains and the points classifications. Froome returned towards the end of the Australian cycling season to claim the team's first ever GC win at the Herald Sun Tour. Geraint Thomas enjoyed a successful start to his 2016 campaign, notching up overall victories at Volta ao Algarve (for the second successive year) and Paris–Nice. Thomas' victory in the French stage race means that Sky have won four of the past five editions.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: Sky entered the spring classics campaign with the perennial aim of claiming their first monument race. New recruit, Michał Kwiatkowski, took his first victory for the team in the E3 Harelbeke semi-classic. As the classics campaign progressed the team showed great consistency, but fell short of their goal again, taking second in Milan–San Remo, fifth at the Tour of Flanders and third at Paris–Roubaix. Upon entering the Ardennes classics the team pinned their hopes on Kwiatkowski at La Fleche Wallonne, to no avail. Entering the final monument of the spring, Liège–Bastogne–Liège, the team again led with Kwiatkowski. Sky finally achieved their coveted monument win, but it wasn't Kwiatkowski, but rather, domestique Wout Poels who emerged victorious on a day with poor weather conditions and enduring snow.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: New recruit Mikel Landa claimed his first overall win for team – taking the GC at the 2016 Giro del Trentino only a week after claiming his first stage win for the team. Landa's stated aim for the first half of the season is the Giro d'Italia. Froome added to Sky's race win total by successfully defending his Critérium du Dauphiné title after taking the overall lead with a victory on stage 5 to Vaujany, becoming the fifth rider to win the overall title three times.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: The team went into the 2016 Tour de France with what was without question an even stronger squad than the previous year. A week into the race on stage 8, Froome took many by surprise by attacking on the descent of the Col de Peyresourde which caught his main rivals off guard, resulting in a solo victory into Bagnères-de-Luchon to take the yellow jersey. On stage 11 to Montpellier in crosswinds, he gained more time as part of a 4-man breakaway in the final 12 kilometres of the stage alongside green jersey wearer Peter Sagan, Sagan's Tinkoff teammate Maciej Bodnar, and Froome's own teammate Geraint Thomas, placing second to Sagan in a sprint finish.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: On stage 12 to Mont Ventoux (which was shortened to Chalet Reynard due to high winds), Froome was involved in a crash involving a stopped motorbike that also sent Richie Porte and Bauke Mollema down. With no usable bike, Froome had no choice but to run partway up the mountain until he was able to get a spare bike from his team car. Provisionally he had fallen to sixth place overall which would have given the yellow jersey to Adam Yates, however race officials decided to give him and Porte the same time as Mollema, ensuring Froome would hold on to his first overall position.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: Superb performances in both the individual time trials (second on stage 13 to La Caverne du Pont-d'Arc and winner of stage 18 to Megève) allowed Froome to gain even more time on his rivals, and despite a crash on stage 19 to Saint-Gervais-les-Bains where he finished the stage on Thomas' bike with support from Wout Poels, it was enough for him to win the race overall 4:05 ahead of second-placed Romain Bardet, becoming the first British rider to win the Tour on three occasions, the fourth rider to become a 3-time winner (joining Philippe Thys, Louison Bobet and Greg LeMond), and the first since Miguel Indurain in 1995 to successfully defend his title. It was also the first time the team finished a Grand Tour with all nine riders intact.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: Sky started off their 2016 Vuelta a España campaign in late August by winning the team time trial on stage 1 and holding the red jersey for 2 days before surrendering it on stage 3, where Chris Froome took a 4th-place finish at Mirador de Ézaro to elevate himself into third place in the overall standings. He then got the victory on stage 11 at Peña Cabarga, the very same mountain where he got his first-ever Grand Tour stage win in 2011, and put himself into second overall just under a minute behind race leader Nairo Quintana.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: A series of early attacks by Quntana and Alberto Contador on stage 15 to Aramon Formigal blew the race apart, causing Froome to be isolated from his teammates and to lose more than 2 and a half minutes on his rival. He gained most of that time back on the stage 19 time trial to Calp with a dominant performance, but was unable to make up the difference in the penultimate stage, finishing second overall in the end by just 1:23 behind Quintana. It was Froome's second Grand Tour podium following his win at the Tour de France, and just coming off of winning the bronze medal in the time trial at the Olympic Games in Rio.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: In August 2016 the news broke that the team had signed Olympic Team Pursuit champion, Owain Doull from and Tao Geoghegan Hart from Later, in the same month, the team confirmed their third signing of the season – Polish rider Łukasz Wiśniowski from . For the 2017 season Nicolas Roche will leave for , as well as Andy Fenn, Lars Petter Nordhaug (both to new Irish team Aqua Blue Sport) and Leopold König (to ). Luke Rowe, Chris Froome, Christian Knees, Salvatore Puccio and Geraint Thomas have renewed with the team. In September the team announced the signing of Kenny Elissonde from on a two-year deal. On 30 September, Wout Poels signed a three-year contract extension with the team. Elia Viviani signed a new 2-year deal on 26 October. The team announced on 27 October that it had signed Diego Rosa from on a 3-year deal, and on 8 November announced the signing of Doull's WIGGINS teammate Jonathan Dibben.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: The team finished the 2016 season 3rd overall in the UCI World Tour team rankings, with Froome as its highest-ranked rider, finishing 3rd overall in the individual rider ranking.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: Sky started the 2017 season with three stage wins at the Herald Sun Tour as well as winning the teams classification, with new team member Kenny Elissonde finishing on the podium in 3rd place and Chris Froome finishing sixth overall. The team's first race win of the season came at Strade Bianche when Michał Kwiatkowski took a solo victory after attacking 15 kilometers from the finish. Geraint Thomas took a stage win at Tirreno-Adriatico and held the leader's jersey for one day, also taking the overall victory and one stage win at the Tour of the Alps. Sky won Paris–Nice for the fifth time in sixth years courtesy of Sergio Henao, who won the race overall by just two seconds over Alberto Contador. Kwiatkowski added to Sky's win total by winning Milan–San Remo in a three-up sprint, giving the team its second Monument win. Neo-pro Jonathan Dibben won the individual time trial stage at the Tour of California, the team also winning the team classification with Tao Geoghegan Hart and Ian Boswell placing in the final top ten overall.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: Thomas and Mikel Landa were appointed the team's joint leaders for the Giro d'Italia. At one point in the race, Thomas was sitting second in the general classification, however on the 9th stage to Blockhaus a fair chunk of the peloton was involved in a crash involving a stopped motorbike, which took down Thomas, Landa and most of the other members of the team. Thomas attempted a comeback after placing second in the following day's time trial, but the extent of his injuries were as such that he abandoned the race prior to stage 11. Landa continued as sole leader, taking several top-3 finishes on several mountain stages before finally winning stage 19 to Piancavallo. He went on to win the mountains classification and the super-combativity prize, also winning the Cima Coppi for being the first to cross the summit of the Stelvio Pass on stage 16. The team then participated in the inaugural Hammer Series, a three-day event pitting teams against each other in various skills competitions. Impressive performances by Tao Geoghegan Hart in the climbing event and Elia Viviani in the sprint event gave the team enough points to take the overall lead. In the team time trial-style Chase event, they held on by one second over Team Sunweb to win the entire competition. Froome returned to action at the Critérium du Dauphiné and finished fourth overall, just one second off the podium. Teammate Peter Kennaugh won the penultimate stage at Alpe d'Huez.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: The team then went into the Tour de France with yet another strong lineup and the goal to help Froome achieve his fourth overall victory. In the opening prologue stage in Düsseldorf the team placed four riders within the top eight led by Geraint Thomas, who became the first Welsh rider to wear the yellow jersey. He was followed by Vasil Kiryienka in third, Froome in 6th and Kwiatkowski in eighth – Froome putting between 35 seconds and nearly a minute into most of his general classification rivals. On stage five to La Planche des Belles Filles, Froome took third place behind stage winner Fabio Aru, moving him into yellow and Thomas to second place. The 1–2 placing on GC held until stage nine to Chambéry, when Thomas was involved in a crash on the descent of the Col de la Biche and had to abandon the race with a fractured collarbone. On stage 12 to Peyragudes, Froome cracked within the final kilometer, ceding 22 seconds and the yellow jersey to Aru. On the final approach on stage 14 to Rodez the team stretched out the peloton, splitting it into several groups due to crosswinds allowing Froome to put 25 seconds into Aru, enough to retake yellow by a margin of 18 seconds overall. On stage 15 to Le Puy-en-Velay, Froome ran into mechanical trouble on the ascent of the Col de Peyra Taillade and was distanced by more than 40 seconds thanks to a brutal acceleration by the AG2R La Mondiale team, but with the help of his teammates he managed to make it back to the main group of GC contenders to keep his overall lead intact. Froome and Landa performed strongly in the Alpine stages to Serre Chevalier and Izoard helping Landa move into fourth overall. In the final time trial in Marseille, Froome's strength in the discipline helped him put nearly two minutes into Romain Bardet and 25 seconds into Rigoberto Urán, finishing third on the stage six seconds behind stage winner Maciej Bodnar and 5 seconds behind second-place Kwiatkowski. Froome secured his fourth Tour victory and third consecutively, putting him one win away from joining the likes of Anquétil, Indurain, Merckx and Hinault. He also became the 7th man to win the Tour overall without winning a stage, however he did amass ten top-ten finishes. Sky also won the team classification for the first time in their history, leading from start to finish.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: A week after the end of the Tour de France, Kwiatkowski continued his strong rides in the one-day classics by winning the Clásica de San Sebastián, and on 8 August signed a three-year contract extension. After months of recovery following his injury, Wout Poels returned to form by winning the final stage of the Tour de Pologne and finishing third overall, with teammate Diego Rosa taking the mountains classification. Landa followed up his performance in the Tour with overall victory in the Vuelta a Burgos, also winning two stages, the mountains classification and the points classification.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: The team sent its strongest-ever squad to the Vuelta a España, with Froome on a mission to finally win the race that had eluded him on multiple occasions. After a 4th-place finish in the opening team time trial in Nîmes, Froome took third place on the third stage at Andorra behind Vincenzo Nibali. Combined with bonus seconds picked up from the stage's intermediate sprint, it was enough to move him into the overall race lead, collecting his first red jersey since stage 10 in 2011. Several days later, he took his first stage win of his season at Cumbre del Sol, which also moved him into the lead in the points classification, followed by a second-place finish at Calar Alto on stage 11. The following day to Antequera, Froome crashed twice after a mechanical, but managed to limit his time losses with the help of his teammates and bounced back on the next 3 stages with consecutive top-10 finishes and regained the points lead after stage 15. Froome then dominated the stage 16 individual time trial to Logroño, extending his lead to nearly 2 minutes ahead of Nibali. However, he struggled on the steep slopes to Los Machucos the next day, dropping about 40 seconds to Nibali. He regained half that loss on stage 18, and cemented the overall lead as well as the combination classification with a third-place finish at Alto de l'Angliru behind Alberto Contador on stage 20. In a bunch sprint finish on the final stage in Madrid, he held on to the points classification by two points over Matteo Trentin. With the victory, Froome became the first British rider to win the Vuelta, the third man to complete the Tour-Vuelta double in the same year (joining Jacques Anquetil and Bernard Hinault), and the first to complete the feat in the modern era since the Vuelta moved to its current August–September time period. A week after the Vuelta victory, the team won the bronze medal in the team time trial at the 2017 UCI Road World Championships in Bergen.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: On 30 June, the eve of the Tour de France Grand Départ, Froome signed a 2-year contract extension with the team. The team announced the signings of Jonathan Castroviejo () and David de la Cruz () for the 2018 season. On 27 August 2017, the team also announced the signing of 2017 Tour de l'Avenir winner Egan Bernal (). A day later, they announced the signings of reigning Under 23 Road Race World Champion Kristoffer Halvorsen () and 2017 Girobio overall winner Pavel Sivakov (), Then on 1 September, it was revealed that 2017 British Under-23 road race champion Chris Lawless had also been signed from . Dylan van Baarle () was signed on 18 September 2017. On 5 December 2017, the team announced that they had signed Leonardo Basso, a stagaire with . Whilst Mikel Landa transferred to Movistar, Mikel Nieve to , Peter Kennaugh to and Ian Boswell to . Elia Viviani ended his contract a year early to join QuickStep for the 2018 and 2019 seasons. Christian Knees, Michal Golas, Sebastian Henao, Phil Deignan, David Lopez and Ian Stannard all signed multi-year contract extensions.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: The team finished the 2017 season on top of the UCI World Tour team ranking for the first time since 2012. Chris Froome was the highest-ranked rider in the individual rankings, placing second.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: The team's first victory of the year came via highly regarded new recruit, Egan Bernal claiming victory in the Colombian national time trial championships. Teammate Sergio Henao would also claim victory in the national road race championships leading to a clean sweep of national titles. Bernal continued his strong early season form, claiming overall victory at the Colombia Oro y Paz. As the European stage racing season kicked-off Wout Poels and David de la Cruz claimed victories at Vuelta a Andalucía. Michal Kwiatkowski and Geraint Thomas claimed a one–two victory at Volta ao Algarve. Poels and de la Cruz continued their strong form, claiming stage victories at Paris–Nice, whilst Kwiatkowski claimed a second overall general classification victory, winning Tirreno–Adriatico – the team's first victory at the race.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: In the lead up to the first Grand Tour of the year, the 2018 Giro d'Italia, Diego Rosa emerged victorious at Settimana Internazionale Coppi e Bartali, claiming his first overall win for the team. New recruits; Chris Lawless and Pavel Sivakov also claimed their first classification victories for the team, with Lawless also winning a stage of the race. Bernal had been en route to claim second place at his first World Tour event of the year, Volta a Catalunya, however a late crash on the final stage of the race saw Bernal abandon. Bernal would next race at the Tour de Romandie where he would win the stage three time trial and with it, the young rider classification. Moving on to the 2018 Tour of California, Bernal would lead the team's general classification ambitions, resulting in his first World Tour stage race victory, claiming two stages as well.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: Chris Froome would enter the Giro d'Italia as favourite to win the overall race. As the current champion of both the Tour de France and Vuelta a España, Froome had the opportunity to join an elite group of riders who concurrently held all Grand Tour titles. The Giro started in Israel for the first time and before the race had begun Froome had already crashed during a recon of the first stage time trial route. Froome would cede over 30 seconds to main race rival, Tom Dumoulin as well as 20 seconds to Simon Yates. As the race returned to Italian land, Froome found himself over 50 seconds down on the "maglia rosa" – Rohan Dennis. By the end of stage six, the races first summit finish at the top of Mount Etna Froome had moved up to eighth position overall, but had lost over a minute to new race leader, Yates. By the end of the eighth stage and third mountain-top finish at Gran Sasso d'Italia, Froome trailed Yates by nearly two and a half minutes, with general classification hopes looking all but impossible. Froome's domestiques, Poels and Sergio Henao, were 18th and 25th overall 3' 14" and 5' 56" behind the race leader. By the end of stage 13, Froome had slipped back to 12th overall 3' 20" behind race leader, Yates. Stage 14 would see the riders face the fearsome climb of Monte Zoncolan, with gradients reaching nearly 20%. Froome attacked the main selection of favourites, winning the stage from Yates. Unfortunately however, Froome's improved form would not be maintained into stage 15, with Yates claiming the victory on the medium-mountain stage by a margin of 41 seconds over everyone else. Yates' lead in the race would now grow to 2' 11" over Dumoulin and 4' 52" over Froome – who was now sat in seventh place overall. The time trial on stage 16, from Trento to Rovereto, had been a focus-point for Froome, hoping to claw back significant amounts of time over Yates' by virtue of his stronger time-trialling ability. Froome would cut the deficit to 3' 50" by the end of the stage, having taken back over a minute from Yates. Deep into the third week of the race, stage 18 would see the first sign of weakness from Yates, cracking on the final climb of the day to Prato Nevoso, with the deficit to Dumoulin in second cut to 28 seconds and 3' 22" to Froome. Stage 19 of the 2018-edition of the race had been designated as the races' queen stage, starting in Venaria Reale, the stage would climb over a trio of mountains; the part-gravel Colle delle Finestre, climb to Sestriere ending at Bardonecchia. Yates' poor form continued into stage 19, culminating in him being dropped by the peloton on the lower slopes of the Finestre, promoting Domoulin to virtual race leader. With over 80 kilometres remaining in the stage Froome attacked the peloton on the gravel section of the Finestre, pulling away from the main group of favourites. This attack would continue over the subsequent two climbs with Froome ultimately winning the stage by three minutes from second place Richard Carapaz, but importantly by over 3' 20" from Dumoulin. Froome was now leading the race overall by 40 seconds from Dumoulin with two stages remaining. Froome would maintain his race lead, becoming the fifth rider to simultaneously hold all three grand tour titles. Froome also won the mountains classification largely due to his stage 19 exploits, and Team Sky won the overall team classification.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: As the cycling season entered the European summer, the build to the 2018 Tour de France had begun. Geraint Thomas claimed overall victory at the Critérium du Dauphiné improving his chances of being promoted to team-leader for the Tour de France. The team would go on to score a number of national title victories: Jonathan Castroviejo won the Spanish time trial title, Kwiatkowski the Polish road race, Dylan van Baarle the Dutch time trial, Thomas the British time trial and Vasil Kiryienka the Belarusian time trial.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: As the Tour de France began, the team lead with a two-pronged attack, incumbent champion Froome hoping for a fourth straight grand tour win and fifth overall title and Thomas reigning Dauphiné champion and super-domestique in previous editions of the race. By the end of the first week of racing Thomas had ridden a flawless race and was second overall, only six seconds behind Greg Van Avermaet. Froome on the other hand was 14th, over a minute behind the Belgian race leader. Thomas and Froome both lost time to Van Avermaet on stage nine as the race transitioned across the cobbles of Roubaix, with Thomas 43 seconds and Froome 1' 42" behind the race leader. By the end of stage 10 these deficits had grown to 2' 22 for Thomas and 3' 21" for Froome. As the race entered the Alps Thomas would cement his control on the race and the team, claiming consecutive victories at the summit finishes of La Rosière and Alpe d'Huez. By the end of stage 12 Thomas lead had grown to 1' 39" over team-mate Froome. Colombian prodigy, Bernal, in his first grand tour of his career was 19th overall 21' 22" behind Thomas. Following the 15th stage, controversy arouse around Gianni Moscon, who had been seen punching Fortuneo–Samsic rider Élie Gesbert during the opening kilometres of the stage. After reviewing footage of the incident, the race jury disqualified him for 'particularly serious aggression', leaving Sky with 7 riders for the remaining stages. On stage 17 Froome cracked, slipping to third overall 2' 31" behind Thomas. This promoted Giro d'Italia runner-up, Tom Dumoulin, to second overall 1' 59" behind Welshman Thomas. Thomas would ultimately win the race overall, and the team would record their fourth consecutive grand tour win, fifth Tour de France title and second successive year achieving more than one grand tour win. Thanks to his second-place performance on the penultimate day time trial, Froome joined Thomas on the final podium finishing third overall.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: Into the latter part of the season, Kwiatkowski would maintain his good form from the Tour de France, winning his home stage race – the Tour de Pologne, claiming two stage wins. He would head into the final grand tour of the year, the Vuelta a España, as the team's general classification leader but would finish 43rd overall, nearly an hour and three quarters behind race winner, Simon Yates. The teams best finisher was de la Cruz, 15th overall and 28 minutes behind the race winner. The team would go onto claim two stage wins at the Tour of Britain courtesy of Poels and Ian Stannard. Gianni Moscon returned after a five-week suspension in good form as the road to the final monument of the year began, winning Coppa Agostoni and the Giro della Toscana, as well as the Italian national time trial title. Moscon would go onto take the overall victory at the 2018 Tour of Guangxi – the team's final victory of the year.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: In mid-December 2018, Sky announced they would withdraw their sponsorship as part of an ongoing review brought on by their acquisition by Comcast. 21st Century Fox also announced that it would end its partnership at the end of the season, forcing the team into a sponsorship search in order to continue. In February 2019, "Cyclingnews.com" reported that potential sponsorship could be sourced via a combination of the Colombian government and state-controlled oil and gas company, Ecopetrol. Later reports claimed that no deal had been forthcoming. In mid-March, Cyclingnews.com again broke the news that another potential sponsor had been found. The report linked the team with British-based multi-national chemical company, Ineos, with the team expected to become "Team Ineos" for the 2020 season. Ineos is controlled by Manchester-born billionaire, Jim Ratcliffe, who has amassed an estimated fortune of over £21 billion. Ratcliffe has also invested over £100 million in Ben Ainslie's sailing team. The web-domain "TeamIneos.com" was discovered to have been registered on 5 March, and the Twitter handle "@teamineos" was also registered. On 19 March, Team Sky confirmed its new title sponsor, announcing it was to be renamed 'Team Ineos' on 1 May, ahead of the 2019 Tour de Yorkshire. However, the UCI's rules prevent teams from racing under different names at the same time – Sky had planned to take part in the 2019 Tour de Romandie, starting on 30 April as well as the Tour de Yorkshire. As a consequence, it announced that the Romandie would be the first race under the Ineos name, with the team wearing a special black kit, while the Yorkshire would see the launch of the team's new colours.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: For the 2019 season the team signed world individual pursuit champion, Filippo Ganna and former rider, Ben Swift (); former Ecuadorian national road champion, Jhonatan Narváez (). After a protracted transfer the team also signed Colombian talent – Ivan Sosa (). Philip Deignan and David López retired, Sergio Henao left to join , Beñat Intxausti joined Euskadi–Murias and Łukasz Wiśniowski joined the newly Polish-sponsored BMC team, CCC Pro Team. Jonathan Dibben also left the team.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: For the 2020 season the team announced a number of new signings: 2019 Giro d'Italia champion, Richard Carapaz (), double and reigning Time Trial World Champion, Rohan Dennis, Ethan Hayter, Brandon Rivera (GW–Shimano) and Carlos Rodriguez.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: David de la Cruz left the team to join , Kenny Elissonde joined , Kristoffer Halvorsen joined (EF Education First Pro Cycling), Wout Poels joined Team Bahrain McLaren and Diego Rosa joined Arkéa–Samsic.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: Ineos had the highest payroll of any team in cycling for the 2020 season, and of the top ten highest paid riders in the sport, five of them rode for Ineos. In Euros, Carapaz was paid 2.1 million, Kwiatkowski 2.5 million, Bernal 2.7 million, Geraint Thomas 3.5 million and Chris Froome was the 2nd highest paid cyclist in the sport contracted to make 4.5 million.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: On 30 January 2020, the team announced the retirement of Vasil Kiryienka due to heart problems. The following day, Australian Cameron Wurf joined the squad.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: On 3 March 2020, the team's lead sports director Nicolas Portal passed away suddenly of a heart attack at the age of 40. A day later, the team announced that it would temporarily withdraw from racing until 23 March in time for the Volta a Catalunya. The reasoning behind the decision was twofold: to allow the team to properly mourn Portal's passing, and to keep all its members safe amidst the growing coronavirus outbreak which saw the final two stages of the UAE Tour cancelled.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: Additional races on the 2020 calendar were either postponed to later in the year or cancelled outright due to restrictions and lockdowns in several European countries forced by the pandemic. On 12 April, the entire team took part in a special event via interactive cycling site Zwift. Over 15,000 fans from around the world rode with the team in a virtual group ride, which was followed by an e-race where all 30 riders on the active roster competed against each other. It was streamed on YouTube and the team's Facebook page, with commentary by Eurosport's Rob Hatch and Matt Stephens. The race was won by Rohan Dennis.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: On 9 July 2020, it was announced that the contract of Chris Froome would not be renewed, ending his 10-year association with the team. An hour later, Froome signed a multi-year deal with Israel Start-Up Nation for the 2021 season.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: According to the results of a study commissioned by Cyclingnews.com and performed by Repucom, the team gave more media value to their sponsors and partners than any other cycling team. The team delivered approximately $550m in advertising value, the highest amount achieved by any professional team.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: BSkyB provided £30 million in sponsorship for the team and will back the team as name sponsor until the end of 2013. The team also receives further sponsorship from 21st Century Fox (previously News Corporation) and Sky Italia. Pinarello supplies bicycle frames and forks. On 5 January 2010, Adidas were announced as the team's official apparel and accessories partner. Gatorade, Marks & Spencer, Oakley, IG Markets are additional sponsors and Jaguar are providers of the team cars.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: The team jerseys were changed to black and green beginning with the 2011 Tour de France, when the team formed Sky Rainforest Rescue, a three-year partnership with WWF to help raise awareness of deforestation in Brazil. At the 2018 Tour de France, the team wore special kit in support of the Sky Ocean Rescue initiative, with the goal of eliminating single-use plastic team-wide by 2020.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: On 25 June 2013, the team announced that the logo of 21st Century Fox (the direct successor to News Corporation following the spin-off of its publishing business) would appear on the team's kit and team vehicles.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: On the second rest day of the 2016 Tour de France, the team announced they had signed a four-year extension with Pinarello – supplying the team with bikes until 2020.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: Castelli started providing the team's kit beginning in 2017 after their 3-year partnership with Rapha ended. The new kit was revealed during the Rouleur Classic event on 3 November 2016.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: On 12 December 2018, Sky's parent company 21st Century Fox confirmed that they would withdraw sponsorship of the team at the end of the 2019 season, but would until the 2019 Tour de France seek a new sponsor.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: On 19 March 2019, Team Sky announced that Ineos, a multinational chemicals company owned by Jim Ratcliffe, would become the new title sponsor as of 1 May 2019.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: In 2021, the team announced that Belgian kit manufacturer Bioracer will provide the team kit from 2022 onwards.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: A five-part documentary series following the team's 2012 season, "Team Sky and British Cycling: The Road to Glory", premiered on Sky Atlantic on 30 August 2012. Another documentary "Bradley Wiggins: A Year in Yellow", following Wiggins's exploits in the 2012 season was first shown on the same channel in November 2012. The team have also produced two books chronicling the 2012 Tour de France and 2013 season- "21 Days to Glory" and "The Pain and the Glory".


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: The team claims to have a zero-tolerance approach to doping. All its riders and staff must sign an agreement that they have no past or present involvement in taking illegal substances. Anyone breaching the agreement at any time must leave the squad. Previous team members such as team doctor Geert Leinders, sports director Steven de Jongh and coach Bobby Julich have all left the team when their involvement in doping prior to working with Sky became known.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: This approach has been criticised by David Howman of WADA, who has argued that fear of losing their job will discourage people with a history of doping from confessing.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: Although there have been speculations that Team Sky's tactics and success imply use of banned substances, Brailsford has strenuously denied any team use of illegal substances, citing his team's success in the Olympics as proof that you don't need to dope to dominate.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: In September 2013, Jonathan Tiernan-Locke was asked by the UCI to explain a potential discrepancy in his biological passport data. In December 2013, British Cycling confirmed it had been instructed to begin disciplinary proceedings against Tiernan-Locke by the UCI. Sky stated the blood values in question were taken in 2012, when Tiernan-Locke was a member of the squad, and he was suspended from all team activities pending a decision. In July 2014 Tiernan-Locke was banned from competition until 31 December 2015 by the UCI, resulting in his contract with the team being terminated with immediate effect.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: In March 2014, Sergio Henao was removed from race schedules for at least eight weeks pending the conclusion of an "altitude research programme", following tests that were taken over the winter whilst Henao was training at altitude in Colombia. In June 2014, Henao returned to racing at the Tour de Suisse, after completing an independent research programme investigating the physiology of "altitude natives" in conjunction with the University of Sheffield.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: In April 2016, the Cycling Anti-Doping Foundation (CADF) opened an investigation into Sergio Henao's biological passport data from between 2011 and 2015. As a result, the team withdrew Henao from their active roster. After investigation, including a review of the research done in the previous year for Team Sky, CADF declared Henao had no case to answer, and he was restored to the racing squad.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: In December 2017 Chris Froome returned an adverse analytical finding (AAF) for salbutamol over the WADA threshold of 1000 ng/mL, potentially resulting in a ban and the loss of his 2017 Vuelta title. On 2 July 2018, the UCI with the assistance of WADA concluded there was no AAF upon further investigation of the evidence and closed the case against Froome, exonerating him from any wrongdoing which allowed his Vuelta title to stand. Both Froome and the team welcomed the decision.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: In September 2016, Russian cyber espionage group Fancy Bear hacked the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) ADAMS anti-doping system and released data on a number of athletes, including Chris Froome and Bradley Wiggins. Therapeutic use exemptions (TUEs) are medical exemptions athletes can be given when they need treatment for pre-existing medical conditions where the drugs used in the treatment are on the WADA prohibited compound list. The leak demonstrated that Wiggins had received TUEs for triamcinolone acetonide in June 2011, June 2012 and April 2013, a number of days before the start of the 2011 Tour de France, 2012 Tour de France, and 2013 Giro d'Italia respectively. Wiggins also received TUEs for salbutamol, fluticasone, formoterol and budesonide whilst at Team Highroad. Froome had received TUEs for prednisolone in May 2013 and during the 2014 Tour de Romandie.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: In response Froome said he had "no issues" with the leak whilst Wiggins's spokesperson said "there's nothing new here".


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: In October 2016, UK Anti-Doping (UKAD) opened an investigation into Team Sky and British Cycling. It was revealed that Simon Cope delivered a package, to the team, during the 2011 Critérium du Dauphiné, giving it to team Doctor Richard Freeman confirming the package contained some form of medicine. Neither the team nor Cope could confirm the exact contents of the package. Former rider, Jonathan Tiernan-Locke (who has since served a ban for an anti-doping violation) claimed that Freeman had administered Tramadol to the British national team during the 2012 UCI Road World Championships. In late October, parliament announced it would open an investigation into the relationship between the medical package and former rider, Bradley Wiggins. In December 2016, UCI President Brian Cookson urged both Team Sky and general manager, Dave Brailsford to give "full disclosure" about what was in the package. British Cycling has warned Cope about his relationship with both the team as well as the British National team.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: In December 2016, Brailsford announced that the package contained the legal drug, Fluimucil – a mucolytic compound which helps the body to remove sticky and thick mucus that can often be found obstructing the airway, resulting in coughing. British Cycling officials maintained that they did not know the contents of the package.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: In March 2017, British Cycling admitted its failure in correctly recording the contents of the package, whilst the team maintained that no anti-doping rules had been broken.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: In early March news broke around a number of riders potentially considering asking Brailsford to resign from the team, however on the same day Geraint Thomas, Luke Rowe, Tao Geoghegan Hart, Peter Kennaugh, Michal Kwiatkowski and Elia Viviani came out in support of their General Manager.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: In March, former team rider, Joshua Edmondson admitted to the "BBC" that he violated the team's "no needle" policy by injecting himself with a cocktail of vitamins – carnitine, folic acid, 'TAD' (reduced glutathione) – two or three times a week, for a month. The team stated that they found the vitamins, which were not prohibited compounds, and needles in the riders room. A day later the UCI's Cycling Anti-Doping Foundation asked UK Anti-Doping to assess Edmondson's admission.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: On 15 November 2017, the UKAD announced that it had closed its investigation and filed no charges, citing that it was impossible to determine the contents of the package. Both the team and British Cycling issued statements welcoming its conclusion.


title: Ineos Grenadiers

text: In March 2018, The Commons Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee published the report "Combatting doping in sport". The report stated that Team Sky had "crossed an ethical line" by using medical drugs to "enhance the performance of riders" and that Brailsford must "take responsibility for the "damaging scepticism about the legitimacy of his team's performance and accomplishments." Following the report Bradley Wiggins, in an interview with the BBC, claimed that he "100 per cent did not cheat", and believed he was a victim of a smear campaign. He was also critical of the 'anonymous' source, demanding that the source should be made public. Chris Froome later came out in support of Brailsford remaining team principal, rubbishing the accusations laid out in the report whilst Geraint Thomas said that the team had never even joked about using corticosteroids. Former rider, Bernhard Eisel being interviewed at the 2018 Tirreno–Adriatico, also denied any drug use during his tenure with the team. Eisel also criticised reports for a lack of verifiable proof, further suggesting that this had "created a vacuum, within which he [Eisel] felt social media had filled in the blanks" as well as criticising comments made by former cyclist, Floyd Landis, regarding the removal of Wiggins's 2012 title.


title: Hemu

text: Hemu (; also known as Hemu Vikramaditya and Hemchandra Vikramaditya; died 5 November 1556) was an Indian emperor who previously served as a general and Wazir of Adil Shah Suri of Sur Empire during a period in Indian history when Mughals and Afghans were vying for power across North India. He fought Afghan rebels across North India from Punjab to Bengal and Mughal forces of Humayun and Akbar in Agra and Delhi, winning 22 battles for Adil Shah.


title: Hemu

text: Hemu claimed royal status after defeating Akbar's Mughal forces on 7 October 1556 in the Battle of Delhi and assumed the title of Vikramaditya that had been adopted by many Indian kings in the past. A month later, Hemu was wounded by a chance arrow and captured unconscious during the Second Battle of Panipat and was subsequently beheaded by Akbar, who took the title of Ghazi.


title: Hemu

text: Contemporary accounts of Hemu's early life are fragmentary, due to his humble background, and often biased, because they were written by Mughal historians such as Bada'uni and Abu'l-Fazl who served in the court of Akbar. Modern historians differ on his family's ancestral home and caste, and the place and year of his birth. What is generally accepted is that he was born in a Hindu family of limited means, and that he spent his childhood in the town of Rewari, in the Mewat region, south-west of Delhi. Modern research confirms that Hemu was born to Rai Puran bhargav who become puran das after becoming saint in present day village Maccheri in the Alwar district of Rajasthan. Due to his family's financial condition, Hemu at a young age started working as a tradesman, either as a green-grocer or selling saltpetre.


title: Hemu

text: Details of Hemu's early career are vague and involve much speculation. Following his start as a seller of saltpetre, he is said to have been a trader or a weighman in the market. After Sher Shah Suri's death in 1545, his son Islam Shah became the ruler of the Sur Empire and during his rule, Hemu rose to become the superintendent of the market in Delhi with some military experience under his belt. Hemu is subsequently said to have been appointed the Chief of Intelligence and Superintendent of Posts. Other sources also place him as a surveyor of the imperial kitchens.


title: Hemu

text: Islam Shah, who liked to place Hindus in command alongside Afghan officers so that they could spy on each other, recognised Hemu's soldierly qualities and assigned him responsibilities equivalent to those of a high-ranking officer. Hemu was then dispatched to monitor the movements of Humayun's half-brother, Kamran Mirza, in the neighbourhood of Mankot.


title: Hemu

text: Islam Shah died on 30 October 1553 and was succeeded by his 12-year-old son, Firoz Khan, who was killed within three days of his accession by his uncle, Adil Shah Suri. The new ruler was however more interested in the pursuit of pleasure than affairs of the state. But Hemu threw in his lot with Adil Shah and his military successes led him to being elevated to the position of Chief Minister and the general supervisor of the state. According to Abu'l-Fazl, Hemu "undertook all appointments and dismissals, and the distribution of justice" in the Shah's court.


title: Hemu

text: Hemu, besides being a highly capable civil administrator, was also the finest military mind on the Afghan side after the demise of Sher Shah Suri. He is reputed to have waged and won as many as 22 battles against the opponents of Adil Shah. Many of these battles were against Afghans who had rebelled against Adil Shah. One of these was Taj Khan Karrani, a member of Islam Shah's court who, rather than serving Adil Shah, decided to flee with his followers from Gwalior towards the east. He was overtaken by Hemu at Chibramau and defeated, but somehow managed to escape and plundered and robbed his way to Chunar. Hemu gave chase again and fought Karrani at Chunar and was victorious once more. However, just as at Chibramau, Karrani gave him the slip again. Hemu asked Adil Shah—who had accompanied him—to remain at Chunar and proceeded to chase Karrani all the way to Bengal.


title: Hemu

text: After the victory of Humayun over Adil Shah's brother-in-law, Sikandar Shah Suri, on 23 July 1555, the Mughals finally recovered Delhi and Agra. Hemu was in Bengal when Humayun died on 26 January 1556. His death gave Hemu an ideal opportunity to defeat the Mughals. He started a rapid march from Bengal and drove the Mughals out of Bayana, Etawah, Sambhal, Kalpi, and Narnaul. In Agra, the governor evacuated the city and fled without a fight upon hearing of Hemu's invasion.


title: Hemu

text: Tardi Beg Khan, who was Akbar's governor in Delhi, wrote to his masters who were camped at Jalandhar, that Hemu had captured Agra and intended to attack the capital Delhi which could not be defended without reinforcements. While the main army could not be spared due to the belligerent presence of Sikandar Shah Suri, Akbar's regent, Bairam Khan, realising the gravity of the situation, sent his most capable lieutenant, Pir Muhammad Sharwani, to Delhi. Meanwhile, Tardi Beg Khan had also ordered all the Mughal nobles in the vicinity to muster their forces at Delhi. A council of war was convened where it was decided that the Mughals would stand and fight Hemu, and plans were made accordingly.


title: Hemu

text: After winning Agra, Hemu, who had set off in pursuit of the city's governor, reached Tughlaqabad, a village just outside Delhi where he ran into Tardi Beg Khan's forces. The Mughals while outnumbered, put up a gallant fight against Hemu's forces which, according to Bada'uni, included 1000 elephants, 50,000 horses, 51 cannon and 500 falconets. Jadunath Sarkar describes the battle thus:


title: Hemu

text: Hemu's push was also bolstered by the timely arrival of fresh reinforcements from Alwar under the command of Haji Khan. When the previously victorious Mughal vanguard and left wing returned from their pursuit, they realised that the day was lost and dispersed without offering a fight. Hemu took possession of Delhi after a day's battle on 7 October 1556.


title: Hemu

text: After taking control of Delhi, Hemu claimed royal status and assumed the title of Vikramaditya (or "Bikramjit"), an appellation used by a number of Hindu kings in India's ancient past. What this signifies is, however, a subject of speculation among historians.


title: Hemu

text: Historians such as Satish Chandra do not believe that this implies that Hemu had declared himself to be an "independent" king. He reasons that, for one, none of the Mughal authors of the time explicitly say so in their histories. In the Akbarnama, Abu'l-Fazl writes that after Hemu's victory at Tughlaqabad, "the ambition of sovereignty" was stirring within him. According to Bada'uni, Hemu took on the title of "Bikramjit" like a great Raja of Hindustan. Another contemporary historian named Nizamuddin Ahmad merely states that Hemu took on said title, but refrains from saying anything more. Secondly, it would have been an ill-advised move as Hemu's military force was composed almost entirely of Afghans. According to Bada'uni, there were also some murmurings against Hemu amongst the Afghans who were "sick of his usurpation … prayed for his downfall".


title: Hemu

text: Other historians describe Hemu's claim to be an attempt to set himself up as an independent ruler, throwing off the yoke of Adil Shah's authority. Abraham Eraly quotes Ahmad Yadgar who states in his history of the Afghans that Hemu "raised the imperial canopy over him, and ordered coin to be struck in his name". This was done in connivance with the Afghans to whom he had liberally distributed the spoils. But Eraly notes that Hemu continued to humour Adil Shah with professions of fealty.


title: Hemu

text: Whether he had set himself up as an independent king or not, Hemu Vikramaditya's reign was to be short-lived as he would again clash with the Mughals only a month later. This time the battlefield would be at Panipat, not far from the site where Akbar's grandfather, Babur, had been victorious against the Lodis 30 years earlier.


title: Hemu

text: On hearing the disastrous news from Tughlaqabad, Akbar immediately set off for Delhi. Ali Quli Khan Shaibani who had been sent ahead with 10,000-strong cavalry force chanced upon Hemu's artillery which was being transported under a weak guard. He was easily able to capture the entire train of artillery. This would prove to be a costly loss for Hemu.


title: Hemu

text: On 5 November 1556, the Mughal army met Hemu's army at the historic battlefield of Panipat. Akbar and Bairam Khan stayed in the rear, eight miles from the battleground. The Mughal army was led by Ali Quli Khan Shaibani in the centre with Sikandar Khan Uzbak on the right and Abdulla Khan Uzbak towards the left and the vanguard led by Husain Quli Beg and Shah Quli Mahram. Hemu led his army himself into battle, atop an elephant named "Hawai". His left was led by his sister's son, Ramya, and the right by Shadi Khan Kakkar. It was a desperately contested battle but the advantage tilted in favour of Hemu. Both the wings of the Mughal army had been driven back and Hemu moved his contingent of war elephants and cavalry forward to crush their centre. Hemu was on the cusp of victory when he was wounded in the eye by a Mughal arrow and collapsed unconscious. This triggered a panic in his army which broke formation and fled. The battle was lost; 5000 dead lay on the field of battle and many more were killed while fleeing.


title: Hemu

text: The elephant carrying the wounded Hemu was captured and led to the Mughal camp. Bairam Khan asked the 13-year-old Akbar to behead Hemu. According to Akbar's later courtier Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak, he refused to take the sword to a dead man. However, this is not attested by contemporary chronicler Muhammad Arif Qandhari who composed the "Tarikh-i-Akbari" states that Akbar followed Bairam Khan's advice and himself beheaded Hemu and took the title of Ghazi. The account of Akbar's refusal to behead Hemu is probably a later invention of his courtiers. Hemu's head was sent to Kabul while his body was gibbeted on a gate in Delhi. A minaret was subsequently constructed of the heads of the other dead.


title: Hemu

text: Hemu's family who lived in Machari (near Alwar) was captured by Pir Muhammad, a Mughal officer who had fought at Panipat. Pir Muhammad offered to spare the life of Hemu's elderly father if he converted to Islam. When the old man refused, he was executed. However, Hemu's wife did manage to escape.


title: Hemu

text: With the passing of Hemu, Adil Shah's fortunes also took a turn for the worse. He was defeated and killed by Khizr Khan, son of Muhammad Shah of Bengal, in April 1557.


title: Hemu

text: The spoils from the battle at Panipat included 120 of Hemu's war elephants whose destructive rampages so impressed the Mughals that the animals soon became an integral part of their military strategies.


title: Hemu

text: Hemu's rise from his humble beginnings in Rewari to the assumption of the royal title of "Raja Vikramaditya" is considered a notable turning point in history. But if not for the stray arrow in a battle where he was in a position of strength, Hemu Vikramaditya could well have brought about a restoration of a "Sanskritic monarchical tradition" to a region which had been subject to Muslim rule for centuries. However, Given the Hemu's army and administrative base consisted of ethnic afghans loyal to 'Sur Dynasty', the feasibility of him retaining the royal status is questioned. it would have been an ill-advised move as Hemu's military force was composed almost entirely of Afghans. According to Bada'uni, there were also some murmurings against Hemu amongst the Afghans who were "sick of his usurpation … prayed for his downfall".


title: Hemu

text: Even Hemu's enemies were in grudging admiration of him. Abu'l-Fazl praises his lofty spirit, courage, and enterprise, wishing that young Akbar or perhaps a wise member of his court had deigned to keep Hemu prisoner rather than executing him, in the hope that he could have been persuaded to join royal service where he would surely have distinguished himself.


title: Jacob Fortune-Lloyd

text: Jacob Fortune-Lloyd (born 18 January 1988) is an English actor. He is known for his roles as Francis Weston in the BBC series "Wolf Hall" (2015), Francesco Salviati in " Medici" (2018), and Townes in the Netflix chess period drama "The Queen's Gambit" (2020).


title: Jacob Fortune-Lloyd

text: Fortune-Lloyd was born in the West London Borough of Hillingdon, the son of journalist John Lloyd. Fortune-Lloyd is Jewish. He studied at St. Anne's College, Oxford University where he earned a Bachelor of Arts in English literature. He then went on to train at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, graduating in 2014. As a student, he performed in various plays such as "Agamemnon", "The Man of Mode", "Guys & Dolls", and "Medieval Mystery Plays".


title: Jacob Fortune-Lloyd

text: As a theatre actor, Fortune-Lloyd starred in a number of Royal Shakespeare Company theatre and other productions, including "The Importance of Being Earnest", "The Merchant of Venice" "The Moderate Soprano", "Macbeth" and "Othello".


title: Jacob Fortune-Lloyd

text: Fortune-Lloyd starred as Archbishop Francesco Salviati in the medieval drama series "Medici" in 2018, and has appeared as a Sith fleet officer in "" (Episode IX). Fortune-Lloyd starred as Francis Weston for five episodes of the BAFTA-winning series "Wolf Hall" alongside Mark Rylance, Claire Foy, and Jonathan Pryce. Fortune-Lloyd starred as D.L. Townes for four episodes of the Netflix chess miniseries "The Queen's Gambit" alongside Anya Taylor-Joy.


title: Jacob Fortune-Lloyd

text: In 2021, Fortune-Lloyd appeared as Gideon Tooms in the week 15 episode of "Midsomer Murders". Fortune-Lloyd has been cast as the Beatles former manager Brian Epstein in the film "Midas Man", which began filming in 2021.


title: Jacob Fortune-Lloyd

text: In 2022, Fortune-Lloyd was names as Screen International's "Stars of Tomorrow" for all his film, television and theatre work to date.


title: Pippa Bennett-Warner

text: Philippa Elaine Fanti Bennett-Warner (born 23 July 1988) is a British actress. She was nominated for an Ian Charleson Award in 2010 for her performance as Cordelia in Michael Grandage's production of "King Lear", and long-listed for Best Actress at the 2012 "Evening Standard" Theatre Awards for her role in the play "The Witness" at Royal Court Theatre.


title: Pippa Bennett-Warner

text: On television, she is best known for starring in the Sky Atlantic crime drama "Gangs of London" (2020–present) and the BBC thrillers "Roadkill" (2020) and "Chloe" (2022).


title: Pippa Bennett-Warner

text: Bennett-Warner was brought up in Buckinghamshire, and was educated at St Edward's School in Oxford, and Lucie Clayton Charm Academy. She is of Jamaican and Kittitian descent, and has a sister, Georgina, who is three years older.


title: Pippa Bennett-Warner

text: She started her acting career in Julie Taymor's 1999 London production of "The Lion King", as one of the original young Nalas.


title: Pippa Bennett-Warner

text: In 2006, she got a place at Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and the role of Emmie Thibodeaux in the musical "Caroline, or Change", for which she was nominated for the Whatsonstage.com Stuart Phillips London Newcomer of the Year award 2007, alongside Andrew Garfield. She went on to star in the lead role in Athol Fugard's UK premiere of "Victory" for the Peter Hall Company and then went to RADA in September 2007.


title: Pippa Bennett-Warner

text: Bennett-Warner graduated from RADA in 2010, but left early to take on the role of Sophie in Lynn Nottage's "Ruined" at the Almeida Theatre. Before completing the course she was awarded the prestigious Carleton Hobbs Radio Award. However, due to another job commitment she was unable to join the radio rep.


title: Pippa Bennett-Warner

text: After finishing "Ruined", a two-hander ("Crocodile", written by Frank McGuinness) with Sinéad Cusack for Sky Arts followed. During this time Bennett-Warner was cast in Michael Grandage's award-winning "King Lear" as Cordelia, with Derek Jacobi in the title role. Before rehearsals started for "King Lear" in October, she filmed small parts in "Come Fly With Me" with David Walliams and Ashley Lucas and also in "Case Histories" alongside Jason Isaacs.


title: Pippa Bennett-Warner

text: Bennett-Warner received an Ian Charleson commendation for "King Lear". She then took the role of Denise in D. C. Moore's new play "The Swan" — in a role that had been written for her – at the National Theatre followed by playing Queen Isabel in Michael Grandage's swan song "Richard II" at the Donmar Warehouse with Eddie Redmayne in the title role and Andrew Buchan as Bolingbroke in 2010. She received positive reviews from the critics, with Kate Bassett from "The Independent" saying: "Both of them (Redmayne and Buchan) are, in fact, outshone by Pippa Bennett-Warner in the cameo role of Isabel, Richard’s devoted, fiery queen."


title: Pippa Bennett-Warner

text: In 2012, she played the lead role in Vivienne Franzmann's second play "The Witness", at the Royal Court Theatre. She received rave reviews with Susannah Clapp from "The Observer" stating, "Always thought Pippa Bennett-Warner had big future. Now she is having it in ‘The Witness’ at Royal Court...There are actresses (even actors) who are more flashy, who more obviously inflect every detail of a speech. PBW is completely natural. Audiences of course admire her: but they do something else, which is not always the same thing: they believe her”. Bennett-Warner went on to secure a nomination for Best Actress at the "Evening Standard" Theatre Awards 2012, alongside Cate Blanchett and Dame Eileen Atkins and was named as one of the 1000 Most Influential Londoners in 2012 in the category "Generation Next" by "The Evening Standard".


title: Pippa Bennett-Warner

text: In 2016, she narrated Zadie Smith's book "Swing Time". From 2018-2019 she played the title role in "The Maya Angelou Autobiographies" for BBC Radio 4. In 2020, she narrated Bernardine Evaristo's "Girl, Woman, Other" for the BBC.


title: Pippa Bennett-Warner

text: Bennett-Warner is good friends with Jonathan Bailey who she appeared with in "Doctor Who"'s "Time Heist" episode in 2014. Bailey also photographed her for a profile for "Rose & Ivy" magazine in 2021.


title: James Frecheville

text: James Aitken Frecheville (; born 14 April 1991) is an Australian actor known for his lead role in the Australian film "Animal Kingdom" as Joshua "J" Cody, a confused teenager and youngest member of a criminal family in Melbourne's underworld.


title: James Frecheville

text: Frecheville was born in Melbourne and grew up in the suburb of Malvern East. He attended Lloyd Street Primary School as a child and was educated at McKinnon Secondary College as a teenager. He found a particular interest in drama and the arts at a young age and continued to excel in this field throughout his schooling life. Initially, Frecheville was involved with various youth theatre groups (mostly amateur theatre, including school productions) before starting work as an extra on the Australian television series "City Homicide". Prior to his big break, Frecheville took part in a series of acting courses at schools such as The Australian Film & Television Academy (TAFTA).


title: James Frecheville

text: Auditions for "Animal Kingdom" took place in 2008 with about 500 young men competing for the lead role of "J" Cody. Filming started in 2009, causing some disruption to Frecheville's studies as a Year Twelve high school student. At the 2010 Sundance Film Festival (where the film won the World Cinema Jury Prize, Dramatic), "The Hollywood Reporter" described Frecheville as "a brilliant casting choice."


title: James Frecheville

text: In preparation for his role in the 2018 film "Black '47", Frecheville had to learn the Irish language. In an interview, he discussed the challenges of playing an Irish character and filming in Connemara, stating "It's hard to say where the challenge was because it was all challenging. It was all very cold. I'm not so good at learning languages so to pick up a language that not a great number of people speak was pretty tough, but apparently, I passed a few tests but I still have to see what the public thinks."


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: Wake-on-LAN (WoL or WOL) is an Ethernet or Token Ring computer networking standard that allows a computer to be turned on or "awakened" by a network message.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: The message is usually sent to the target computer by a program executed on a device connected to the same local area network. It is also possible to initiate the message from another network by using subnet directed broadcasts or a WoL gateway service.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: Equivalent terms include wake on WAN, remote wake-up, power on by LAN, power up by LAN, resume by LAN, resume on LAN and wake up on LAN. If the computer being awakened is communicating via Wi-Fi, a supplementary standard called Wake on Wireless LAN (WoWLAN) must be employed.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: The WoL and WoWLAN standards are often supplemented by vendors to provide protocol-transparent on-demand services, for example in the Apple Bonjour wake-on-demand (Sleep Proxy) feature.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: In October 1996, Intel and IBM formed the "Advanced Manageability Alliance" (AMA). In April 1997, this alliance introduced the Wake-on-LAN technology.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: Ethernet connections, including home and work networks, wireless data networks and the Internet itself, are based on frames sent between computers. WoL is implemented using a specially designed frame called a magic packet, which is sent to all computers in a network, among them the computer to be awakened. The magic packet contains the MAC address of the destination computer, an identifying number built into each network interface card ("NIC") or other ethernet device in a computer, that enables it to be uniquely recognized and addressed on a network. Powered-down or turned off computers capable of Wake-on-LAN will contain network devices able to "listen" to incoming packets in low-power mode while the system is powered down. If a magic packet is received that is directed to the device's MAC address, the NIC signals the computer's power supply or motherboard to initiate system wake-up, in the same way that pressing the power button would do.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: The magic packet is sent on the data link layer (layer 2 in the OSI model) and when sent, is broadcast to all attached devices on a given network, using the network broadcast address; the IP-address (layer 3 in the OSI model) is not used.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: Because Wake-on-LAN is built upon broadcast technology, it can generally only be used within the current network subnet. There are some exceptions, though, and Wake-on-LAN can operate across any network in practice, given appropriate configuration and hardware, including remote wake-up across the Internet.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: In order for Wake-on-LAN to work, parts of the network interface need to stay on. This consumes a small amount of standby power, much less than normal operating power. The link speed is usually reduced to the lowest possible speed to not waste power (e.g. a Gigabit Ethernet NIC maintains only a 10 Mbit/s link). Disabling wake-on-LAN when not needed can very slightly reduce power consumption on computers that are switched off but still plugged into a power socket. The power drain becomes a consideration on battery powered devices such as laptops as this can deplete the battery even when the device is completely shut down.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: The "magic packet" is a frame that is most often sent as a broadcast and that contains anywhere within its payload 6 bytes of all 255 (FF FF FF FF FF FF in hexadecimal), followed by sixteen repetitions of the target computer's 48-bit MAC address, for a total of 102 bytes.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: Since the magic packet is only scanned for the string above, and not actually parsed by a full protocol stack, it could be sent as payload of any network- and transport-layer protocol, although it is typically sent as a UDP datagram to port 0 (reserved port number), 7 (Echo Protocol) or 9 (Discard Protocol), or directly over Ethernet as EtherType 0x0842. A connection-oriented transport-layer protocol like TCP is less suited for this task as it requires establishing an active connection before sending user data.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: The Wake-on-LAN implementation is designed to be very simple and to be quickly processed by the circuitry present on the network interface card with minimal power requirement. Because Wake-on-LAN operates below the IP protocol layer, IP addresses and DNS names are meaningless and so the MAC address is required.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: A principal limitation of standard broadcast wake-on-LAN is that broadcast packets are generally not routed. This prevents the technique being used in larger networks or over the Internet. Subnet directed broadcasts (SDB) may be used to overcome this limitation. SDB may require changes to intermediate router configuration. Subnet directed broadcasts are treated like unicast network packets until processed by the final (local) router. This router then broadcasts the packet using layer 2 broadcast. This technique allows a broadcast to be initiated on a remote network but requires all intervening routers to forward the SDB. When preparing a network to forward SDB packets, care must be taken to filter packets so that only desired (e.g. WoL) SDB packets are permittedotherwise the network may become a participant in DDoS attacks such as the Smurf attack.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: Wake-on-LAN can be a difficult technology to implement, because it requires appropriate BIOS/UEFI, network card and, sometimes, operating system and router support to function reliably. In some cases, hardware may wake from one low power state but not from others. This means that due to hardware issues the computer may be waking up from the "soft off state" (S5) but doesn't wake from sleep or hibernation or vice versa. Also, it is not always clear what kind of magic packet a NIC expects to see.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: In that case, software tools like a packet analyzer can help with Wake-on-LAN troubleshooting as they allow confirming (while the PC is still on) that the magic packet is indeed visible to a particular computer's NIC. The same magic packet can then be used to find out if the computer powers up from an offline state. This allows networking issues to be isolated from other hardware issues. In some cases they also confirm that the packet was destined for a specific PC or sent to a broadcast address and they can additionally show the packet's internals.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: Starting with Windows Vista, the operating system logs all wake sources in the "System" event log. The Event Viewer and the codice_1 command can retrieve them.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: Magic packets are sent via the data link or OSI-2 layer, which can be used or abused by anyone on the same LAN, unless the L2 LAN equipment is capable of (and configured for) filtering such traffic to match site-wide security requirements.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: Firewalls may be used to prevent clients among the public WAN from accessing the broadcast addresses of inside LAN segments, or routers may be configured to ignore subnet-directed broadcasts (see above).


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: Certain NICs support a security feature called "SecureOn". It allows users to store within the NIC a hexadecimal password of 6 bytes. Clients have to append this password to the magic packet. The NIC wakes the system only if the MAC address and password are correct. This security measure significantly decreases the risk of successful brute force attacks, by increasing the search space by 48 bits (6 bytes), up to 2 combinations if the MAC address is entirely unknown. However any network eavesdropping will expose the cleartext password. Still, only a few NIC and router manufacturers support such security features.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: Abuse of the Wake-on-LAN feature only allows computers to be switched on; it does not in itself bypass password and other forms of security, and is unable to power off the machine once on. However, many client computers attempt booting from a PXE server when powered up by WoL. Therefore, a combination of DHCP and PXE servers on the network can sometimes be used to start a computer with an attacker's boot image, bypassing any security of the installed operating system and granting access to unprotected, local disks over the network.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: The use of Wake-on-LAN technology on enterprise networks can sometimes conflict with network access control solutions such as 802.1X or MAC-based authentication, which may prevent magic packet delivery if a machine's WoL hardware has not been designed to maintain a live authentication session while in a sleep state. Configuration of these two features in tandem often requires tuning of timing parameters and thorough testing.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: Some PCs include technology built into the chipset to improve security for Wake-on-LAN. For example, Intel AMT (a component of Intel vPro technology), includes Transport Layer Security (TLS), an industry-standard protocol that strengthens encryption.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: AMT uses TLS encryption to secure an out-of-band communication tunnel to an AMT-based PC for remote management commands such as Wake-on-LAN. AMT secures the communication tunnel with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 128-bit encryption and RSA keys with modulus lengths of 2,048 bits. Because the encrypted communication is out-of-band, the PC's hardware and firmware receive the magic packet before network traffic reaches the software stack for the operating system (OS). Since the encrypted communication occurs "below" the OS level, it is less vulnerable to attacks by viruses, worms, and other threats that typically target the OS level.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: IT shops using Wake-on-LAN through the Intel AMT implementation can wake an AMT PC over network environments that require TLS-based security, such as IEEE 802.1X, Cisco Self Defending Network (SDN), and Microsoft Network Access Protection (NAP) environments. The Intel implementation also works for wireless networks.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: Wake-on-LAN support is implemented on the motherboard of a computer and the network interface card, and is consequently not dependent on the operating system running on the hardware. Some operating systems can control Wake-on-LAN behaviour via NIC drivers. With older motherboards, if the network interface is a plug-in card rather than being integrated into the motherboard, the card may need to be connected to the motherboard by an additional cable. Motherboards with an embedded Ethernet controller which supports Wake-on-LAN do not need a cable. The power supply must meet ATX 2.01 specifications.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: Older motherboards must have a WAKEUP-LINK header onboard connected to the network card via a special 3-pin cable; however, systems supporting the PCI 2.2 standard and with a PCI 2.2 compliant network adapter card do not usually require a Wake-on-LAN cable as the required standby power is relayed through the PCI bus.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: PCI version 2.2 supports PME (Power Management Events). PCI cards send and receive PME signals via the PCI socket directly, without the need for a Wake-on-LAN cable.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: Wake-on-LAN usually needs to be enabled in the Power Management section of a PC motherboard's BIOS/UEFI setup utility, although on some systems, such as Apple computers, it is enabled by default. On older systems the BIOS/UEFI setting may be referred to as WoL; on newer systems supporting PCI version 2.2, it may be referred to as PME (Power Management Events, which include WoL). It may also be necessary to configure the computer to reserve standby power for the network card when the system is shut down.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: In addition, in order to get Wake-on-LAN to work, enabling this feature on the network interface card or on-board silicon is sometimes required. Details of how to do this depend upon the operating system and the device driver.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: Laptops powered by the Intel Centrino Processor Technology or newer (with explicit BIOS/UEFI support) allow waking up the machine using wireless Wake on Wireless LAN (WoWLAN).


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: In most modern PCs, ACPI is notified of the "waking up" and takes control of the power-up. In ACPI, OSPM must record the "wake source" or the device that is causing the power-upthe device being the "Soft" power switch, the NIC (via Wake-on-LAN), the cover being opened, a temperature change, etc.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: The 3-pin WoL interface on the motherboard consist of pin-1 +5V DC (red), pin-2 Ground (black), pin-3 (green or yellow). By supplying the pin-3 wake signal with +5V DC the computer will be triggered to power up provided WoL is enabled in the BIOS/UEFI configuration.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: Software which sends a WoL magic packet is referred to in different circles as both a "client" and a "server", which can be a source of confusion. While WoL hardware or firmware is arguably performing the role of a "server", Web-based interfaces which act as a gateway through which users can issue WoL packets without downloading a local client often become known as "The Wake On LAN Server" to users. Additionally, software that administers WoL capabilities from the host OS side may be carelessly referred to as a "client" on occasion, and of course, machines running WoL generally tend to be end-user desktops, and as such, are "clients" in modern IT parlance.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: Sending a magic packet requires knowledge of the target computer's MAC address. Software to send WoL magic packets is available for all modern platforms, including Windows, Macintosh and Linux, plus many smartphones. Examples include: Wake On LAN GUI, LAN Helper, Magic Packet Utility, NetWaker for Windows, Nirsoft WakeMeOnLAN, WakeOnLANx, EMCO WOL, Aquila Tech Wake on LAN, ManageEngine WOL utility, FusionFenix and SolarWinds WOL Tool. There are also web sites that allow a "Magic Packet" to be sent online without charge. Example source code for a developer to add Wake-on-LAN to a program is readily available in many computer languages.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: If the sender is on the same subnet (local network, aka LAN) as the computer to be awakened there are generally no issues. When sending over the Internet, and in particular where a NAT (Network Address Translator) router, as typically deployed in most homes, is involved, special settings often need to be set. For example, in the router, the computer to be controlled needs to have a dedicated IP address assigned (aka a DHCP reservation). Also, since the controlled computer will be "sleeping" except for some electricity on to part of its LAN card, typically it will not be registered at the router as having an active IP lease.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: Further, the WoL protocol operates on a "deeper level" in the multi-layer networking architecture. To ensure the magic packet gets from source to destination while the destination is sleeping, the ARP Binding (also known as IP & MAC binding) must typically be set in a NAT router. This allows the router to forward the magic packet to the sleeping computer's MAC adapter at a networking layer below typical IP usage. In the NAT router, ARP binding requires just a dedicated IP number and the MAC address of the destination computer. There are some security implications associated with ARP binding (see ARP spoofing); however, as long as none of the computers connected to the LAN are compromised, an attacker must use a computer that is connected directly to the target LAN (plugged into the LAN via cable, or by breaking through the Wi‑Fi connection security to gain access to the LAN).


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: Most home routers are able to send magic packets to LAN; for example, routers with the DD-WRT, Tomato or PfSense firmware have a built-in Wake-on-LAN client. OpenWrt supports both Linux implementations for WoL etherwake and WoLs.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: Most WoL hardware functionally is typically blocked by default and needs to be enabled in using the system BIOS/UEFI. Further configuration from the OS is required in some cases, for example via the Device Manager network card properties on Windows operating systems.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: Newer versions of Microsoft Windows integrate WoL functionality into the Device Manager. This is available in the Power Management tab of each network device's driver properties. For full support of a device's WoL capabilities (such as the ability to wake from an ACPI S5 power off state), installation of the full driver suite from the network device manufacturer may be necessary, rather than the bare driver provided by Microsoft or the computer manufacturer. In most cases correct BIOS/UEFI configuration is also required for WoL to function.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: The ability to wake from a hybrid shutdown state (S4) (aka Fast Startup) or a soft powered-off state (S5) is unsupported in Windows 8 and above, and Windows Server 2012 and above. This is because of a change in the OS behavior which causes network adapters to be explicitly not armed for WoL when shutdown to these states occurs. WOL from a non-hybrid hibernation state (S4) (i.e. when a user explicitly requests hibernation) or a sleep state (S3) is supported. However, some hardware will enable WoL from states that are unsupported by Windows.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: Modern Mac hardware supports WoL functionality when the computer is in a sleep state, but it is not possible to wake up a Mac computer from a powered-off state.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: The feature is controlled via the OS X System Preferences Energy Saver panel, in the Options tab. Marking the "Wake for network access" checkbox enables Wake-on-LAN. It can also be configured through the terminal using the "pmset womp" (wake on magic packet) command.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: Apple's Apple Remote Desktop client management system can be used to send Wake-on-LAN packets, but there are also freeware and shareware Mac OS X applications available.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: On Mac OS X Snow Leopard and later, the service is called Wake on Demand or Bonjour Sleep Proxy and is synonymous with the Sleep Proxy Service. It comes enabled out of the box, but in previous versions of the operating system, the service needs to be enabled under the Energy Saver pane of System Preferences. The network interface card may allow the service to function only on Wi‑Fi, only on Ethernet, or both.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: In the early days of Wake-on-LAN the situation was relatively simple: a machine was connected to power but switched off, and it was arranged that a special packet be sent to switch the machine on.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: Since then many options have been added and standards agreed upon. A machine can be in seven power states from S0 (fully on) through S5 (powered down but plugged in) and disconnected from power (G3, Mechanical Off), with names such as "sleep", "standby", and "hibernate". In some reduced-power modes the system state is stored in RAM and the machine can wake up very quickly; in others the state is saved to disk and the motherboard powered down, taking at least several seconds to wake up. The machine can be awakened from a reduced-power state by a variety of signals.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: The machine's BIOS/UEFI must be set to allow Wake-on-LAN. To allow wakeup from powered-down state S5, wakeup on PME (Power Management Event) is also required. The Intel adapter allows "Wake on Directed Packet", "Wake on Magic Packet", "Wake on Magic Packet from power off state", and "Wake on Link". Wake on Directed Packet is particularly useful as the machine will automatically come out of standby or hibernation when it is referenced, without the user or application needing to explicitly send a magic packet. Unfortunately in many networks waking on directed packet (any packet with the adapter's MAC address or IP address) or on link is likely to cause wakeup immediately after going to a low-power state. Details for any particular motherboard and network adapter are to be found in the relevant manuals; there is no general method. Knowledge of signals on the network may also be needed to prevent spurious wakening.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: For a machine which is normally unattended, precautions need to be taken to make the Wake-on-LAN function as reliable as possible. For a machine procured to work in this way, Wake-on-LAN functionality is an important part of the purchase procedure.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: Some machines do not support Wake-on-LAN after they have been disconnected from power (e.g., when power is restored after a power failure). Use of an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) will give protection against a short period without power, although the battery will discharge during a prolonged power-cut.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: If a machine that is not designed to support Wake-on-LAN is left powered down after power failure, it may be possible to set the BIOS/UEFI to start it up automatically on restoration of power, so that it is never left in an unresponsive state. A typical BIOS/UEFI setting is "AC back function" which may be "on", "off", or "memory". "On" is the correct setting in this case; "memory", which restores the machine to the state it was in when power was lost, may leave a machine which was hibernating in an unwakeable state.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: Other problems can affect the ability to start or control the machine remotely: hardware failure of the machine or network, failure of the BIOS/UEFI settings battery (the machine will halt when started before the network connection is made, displaying an error message and requiring a keypress), loss of control of the machine due to software problems (machine hang, termination of remote control or networking software, etc.), and virus infection or hard disk corruption. Therefore, the use of a reliable server-class machine with RAID drives, redundant power supplies, etc., will help to maximize availability. Additionally, a device which can switch the machine off and on again, controlled perhaps by a remote signal, can force a reboot which will clear problems due to misbehaving software.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: For a machine not in constant use, energy can be conserved by putting the machine into low-power RAM standby after a short timeout period. If a connection delay of a minute or two is acceptable, the machine can timeout into hibernation, powered off with its state saved to disk.


title: Wake-on-LAN

text: The originator of the wakeup signal (magic packet) does not have to be on the same local area network (LAN) as the computer being woken. It can be sent from anywhere using:


title: Cash Wheeler

text: Daniel Marshall Wheeler (born May 17, 1987) is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) under the ring name Cash Wheeler. Wheeler is also known for his time in WWE, under the ring name Dash Wilder. In WWE, he held both the Raw and SmackDown Tag Team Championships as well as the NXT Tag Team Championship and WWE 24/7 Championship along with his partner Scott Dawson.


title: Cash Wheeler

text: Wheeler made his professional wrestling debut in 2005, wrestled extensively on the independent circuit under the ring name Steven Walters. He most notably appeared for NWA Anarchy, where he won both the NWA Anarchy Television Championship and the NWA Anarchy Tag Team Championship, and for numerous other promotions such as OMEGA Championship Wrestling, Resistance Pro Wrestling and Dragon Gate USA. He also wrestled internationally for promotions such as All Star Wrestling, Preston City Wrestling, and Pro Wrestling ZERO1.


title: Cash Wheeler

text: Wheeler signed with WWE in 2014 and reported to the WWE Performance Center, taking the ring name Dash Wilder. He immediately formed a tag-team with Scott Dawson, with the two performing extensively at live events under the name The Mechanics. The duo made their debut on the July 17, 2014 episode of "NXT", losing to Bull Dempsey and Mojo Rawley. The duo made only one further televised appearance in 2014, losing to Enzo Amore and Colin Cassady on the October 23 episode of "NXT", but continued to wrestle extensively at house shows.


title: Cash Wheeler

text: Dawson and Wilder's team resurfaced and picked up their first televised win on the July 29, 2015 episode of "NXT", defeating Amore and Cassady. The duo were involved in an 8-man tag-team match that was taped prior to . At , Dawson and Wilder were defeated in the semi-finals of the "Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic" by eventual winners Samoa Joe and Finn Bálor. On the October 21 episode of "NXT", The Mechanics' ring name was changed to Dash and Dawson. The duo would go on win the NXT Tag Team Championship from The Vaudevillains on the November 11 episode of "NXT". They subsequently defended the titles against Enzo Amore and Colin Cassady at . Beginning in February 2016, the duo began performing under the team name The Revival. The two made their main roster debuts on March 12, 2016 at Roadblock, again successfully defending their championships against Amore and Cassady.


title: Cash Wheeler

text: On April 1 at , The Revival lost the NXT Tag Team Championship to American Alpha (Chad Gable and Jason Jordan) but the two won back the titles from American Alpha two months later at . At , The Revival retained the titles against Johnny Gargano and Tommaso Ciampa. In a rematch at , Tommaso Ciampa and Johnny Gargano won the NXT Tag Team Championship in a 2 out of 3 falls match. At , Wilder and Dawson lost to The Authors of Pain in a triple threat match for the NXT Tag Team Championship, also involving DIY.


title: Cash Wheeler

text: On the April 3 episode of "Raw", The Revival answered an open challenge issued by The New Day. The Revival would defeat The New Day, and afterwards attacked Kofi Kingston, who was not participating in the match. On April 14, Dash Wilder fractured his jaw during an NXT match in Spartanburg, South Carolina against Hideo Itami and Shinsuke Nakamura which required surgery and would keep him out of action for eight weeks. Wilder returned to in ring competition on the June 26 taping of "Main Event" aired on June 30, teaming with Dawson to defeat Karl Anderson and Luke Gallows by pinfall. On the June 25, 2018 episode of Raw, Wilder pinned Roman Reigns in a tag team match. On SummerSlam pre-show, The Revival lost to The B-Team (Bo Dallas and Curtis Axel) in an attempt to become the Raw Tag Team Champions. At Survivor Series, they were part of Team Raw, but lost to Team SmackDown in the 10-on-10 Survivor Series tag team elimination match.


title: Cash Wheeler

text: Following this they began a feud against Lucha House Party (Kalisto, Gran Metalik and Lince Dorado) and suffered various losses in handicap matches. On Raw, December 17, 2018 they defeated Lucha House Party, The B-Team and AOP in a Fatal 4-Way Match receiving a title shot for the Raw Tag Team Titles. During the next two Raw episodes they challenged Bobby Roode and Chad Gable for the titles but Dawson and Wilder were unsuccessful to win the matches in controversial fashion. Dave Meltzer of The Wrestling Observer reported that the duo asked for their release from their WWE contracts following their match against Lucha House Party on the January 14, 2019 episode of "Raw". On February 11, 2019 episode of Raw, Dawson and Wilder defeated the team of Roode and Gable to win the Raw Tag Team Championships. At WrestleMania 35, The Revival lost the titles to the team of Curt Hawkins and Zack Ryder.


title: Cash Wheeler

text: On the August 12, 2019 during a scheduled tag team match at "Raw" (the episode post-SummerSlam) in which The Revival were facing Lucha House Party (Lince Dorado and Gran Metalik, with Kalisto), R-Truth ran out from backstage, being chased by several wrestlers. The match was called off and The Revival performed a "Hart Attack" on Truth and simultaneously pinned him to become the first co-champions of the 24/7 Championship. However in the same night R-Truth pinned Dawson, with the help of Carmella, and regained the title.


title: Cash Wheeler

text: After leaving WWE, Wilder (now known as Cash Wheeler) and Dawson (now known as Dax Harwood) adopted the new name of FTR and started appearing at All Elite Wrestling (AEW) shows. They debuted on the May 27, 2020 episode of "AEW Dynamite", entering the Daily's Place amphitheater in a pickup truck and attacking The Butcher and The Blade. In July 2020, after appearing on AEW television for two months despite not being under contract with the company, Wheeler and Harwood signed multi-year contracts with AEW. In November 2020, Harwood and Wheeler revealed in an interview with Talk Sport journalist Alex McCarthy that FTR wanted to join AEW, despite being offered a huge amount of money to stay in the WWE, because they kept getting pulled from main roster events in the WWE, with Wheeler stating that "Once we got pulled from all of our dates on the main roster, it was down to NXT as the option and we talked to Hunter at length, there were offers on the table that were very tempting because we loved NXT and we loved our time there, but at the end of the day like Dax said, we knew that our time there was done."


title: Cash Wheeler

text: Wilder made his video game debut as a playable character in "WWE 2K17", and has since appeared in "WWE 2K18", "WWE 2K19", and "WWE 2K20".


title: Cash Wheeler

text: Wheeler stated in a May 2020 interview that all of his matches up to this point in time, his favorites were live event matches between The Revival and American Alpha during their NXT days. He stated that his favorite on-screen match was the match between the two teams at , as, while he believed that the match between The Revival and DIY at in 2016 was better, NXT TakeOver: Dallas had "a special magical atmosphere". In a November 2020 interview, Wheeler described FTR's upcoming match with The Young Bucks at Full Gear as a "dream match," stating "Dream match label or not, I think Dax and I always put a lot of pressure on ourselves, to go out there and perform at the highest level and to be the best. So, the match with The Young Bucks notwithstanding, we always have a lot of pressure on our shoulders."


title: Lavon Affair

text: The Lavon affair was a failed Israeli covert operation, codenamed Operation Susannah, conducted in Egypt in the summer of 1954. As part of a false flag operation, a group of Egyptian Jews were recruited by Israeli military intelligence to plant bombs inside Egyptian-, American-, and British-owned civilian targets: cinemas, libraries, and American educational centers. The bombs were timed to detonate several hours after closing time. The attacks were to be blamed on the Muslim Brotherhood, Egyptian Communists, "unspecified malcontents", or "local nationalists" with the aim of creating a climate of sufficient violence and instability to induce the British government to retain its occupying troops in Egypt's Suez Canal zone. The operation caused no casualties among the population, but led to the deaths of four operatives: two cell members who committed suicide after being captured; and two operatives who were tried, convicted, and executed by the Egyptian authorities.