title: Arachidonic acid

text: While studies looking at arachidonic acid supplementation in sedentary subjects have failed to find changes in resting inflammatory markers in doses up to 1,500 mg daily, strength-trained subjects may respond differently. One study reported a significant reduction in resting inflammation (via marker IL-6) in young men supplementing 1,000 mg/day of arachidonic acid for 50 days in combination with resistance training. This suggests that rather being pro-inflammatory, supplementation of AA while undergoing resistance training may actually improve the regulation of systemic inflammation.


title: Arachidonic acid

text: A meta-analysis looking for associations between heart disease risk and individual fatty acids reported a significantly reduced risk of heart disease with higher levels of EPA and DHA (omega-3 fats), as well as the omega-6 arachidonic acid. A scientific advisory from the American Heart Association has also favorably evaluated the health impact of dietary omega-6 fats, including arachidonic acid. The group does not recommend limiting this essential fatty acid. In fact, the paper recommends individuals follow a diet that consists of at least 5–10% of calories coming from omega-6 fats, including arachidonic acid. It suggests dietary AA is not a risk factor for heart disease, and may play a role in maintaining optimal metabolism and reduced heart disease risk. Maintaining sufficient intake levels of both omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, therefore, is recommended for optimal health.


title: Arachidonic acid

text: Arachidonic acid is not carcinogenic, and studies show dietary level is not associated (positively or negatively) with risk of cancers. AA remains integral to the inflammatory and cell growth process, however, which is disturbed in many types of disease including cancer. Therefore, the safety of arachidonic acid supplementation in patients with cancer, inflammatory, or other diseased states is unknown, and supplementation is not recommended.


title: Associação Chapecoense de Futebol

text: Associação Chapecoense de Futebol, commonly known as Chapecoense, is a Brazilian football club, based in the city of Chapecó in the state of Santa Catarina.


title: Associação Chapecoense de Futebol

text: The club was founded in 1973 with the goal of restoring football in the city, and won the state championship, the Campeonato Catarinense, for the first time in 1977. The club has won six state titles to date, most recently in 2017. A relatively small club, it entered Brazil's top division, Série A, for the first time in 1978, returning to the top flight only in 2014. The club also has activities in futsal, in which it has been state champion twice. The club's home matches are played at Arena Condá.


title: Associação Chapecoense de Futebol

text: On 28 November 2016, a charter flight carrying the first team crashed as it approached José María Córdova International Airport near Medellín, Colombia, where the team was travelling to play the first leg of the 2016 Copa Sudamericana final against Atlético Nacional, a match that was seen as the biggest in the history of the club. All but six of the 77 passengers died; only three Chapecoense players survived their injuries. Following the crash, Atlético Nacional made a request to the governing body of the competition, CONMEBOL, that Chapecoense be awarded the trophy. CONMEBOL awarded Chapecoense the trophy on 5 December, and Atlético Nacional received the Centennial Fair Play Award for their gesture.


title: Associação Chapecoense de Futebol

text: The club was founded as Associação Chapecoense de Futebol on 10 May 1973, after the merger of Atlético Chapecoense and Independente.


title: Associação Chapecoense de Futebol

text: In 1977, Chapecoense won its first title, which was the Campeonato Catarinense, beating Avaí 1–0 in the final.


title: Associação Chapecoense de Futebol

text: In 1978, the club competed for the first time in the Campeonato Brasileiro, finishing in the 51st position, and in following year, finished in the 93rd position.


title: Associação Chapecoense de Futebol

text: In 2002, due to a partnership, Chapecoense was renamed to Associação Chapecoense Kindermann/Mastervet. In 2006, the club went back to its original name, Associação Chapecoense de Futebol, and also won the Copa Santa Catarina. In 2007, the club won the state championship for the third time, and also competed in the Brazilian Championship Third Level, but was eliminated in the first stage of the competition. They won the Campeonato Catarinense again in 2011 and 2016.


title: Associação Chapecoense de Futebol

text: Chapecoense competed in the Série A for the first time since 1979 in 2014, as the club was promoted after they and Bragantino drew 1–1, in Chapecó, for the 2013 Série B. Winning important points during its first season in the top flight, "Chape" cemented a place in the 2015 Série A, its second season in a row in the first division.


title: Associação Chapecoense de Futebol

text: In 2016, Chapecoense made history when they reached the finals of the Copa Sudamericana, South America's secondary club football tournament, after defeating San Lorenzo de Almagro using the away goals rule. They were awarded the title following LaMia Flight 2933, a disastrous plane crash which killed the majority of their squad on the way to the final (see below)


title: Associação Chapecoense de Futebol

text: As Copa Sudamericana champions, Chapecoense qualified for the 2017 Copa Libertadores, their first appearance in that tournament. With a squad built up from loan players, free signings and promoted youth players, as well as two survivors of the crash, they won their first match in an away game at Zulia of Venezuela.


title: Associação Chapecoense de Futebol

text: On 27 November 2019, almost three years to the day from the devastating plane crash, the club suffered relegation from the Série A following a 0–1 loss to Botafogo.


title: Associação Chapecoense de Futebol

text: On 12 January 2021, a year after being relegated, they were promoted back to the Série A following a 2-1 victory against state rivals Figueirense.


title: Associação Chapecoense de Futebol

text: On the evening of 28 November 2016, LaMia Flight 2933, carrying 77 people, including the staff and players from the club, crashed as it approached Medellín, Colombia; 71 people died (including 21 journalists and almost the entire first team and managerial staff) and 6 survived, according to the BBC. The surviving players were left-back Alan Ruschel, backup goalkeeper Jakson Follmann (who had one of his legs amputated due to his injuries and was forced to retire from professional football), and center-back Neto. Goalkeeper Danilo initially survived the crash, but later died before arriving to the hospital. Chapecoense goalkeeper Nivaldo, who did not board the flight, soon after announced his immediate retirement from football. There was a lot of anger among the fans of Chapecoense after it was confirmed that LaMia Airlines Flight 2933 ran out of fuel after leaked footage confirmed that the pilot requested to land due to fuel problems but was instructed to wait 7 minutes as another aircraft was having fuel leakage problems and had already requested priority landing. The government of Bolivia has suspended LaMia Airlines's flying license after it surfaced that the pilot skipped a crucial refuelling stop.


title: Associação Chapecoense de Futebol

text: Due to the crash, the 2016 Copa Sudamericana Finals in which the team were due to play was suspended indefinitely. Their opponents, Atlético Nacional, offered to concede the tie to allow Chapecoense to be awarded the championship. On 4 December 2016, Chapecoense's interim president announced that CONMEBOL would be granting the club the tournament title and prize money. While initially other Brazilian clubs offered to loan out players to them for free and sent a request to the Brazilian FA stating that the club should be immune from relegation for three years, Chapecoense rejected this assistance, stating that they wanted to rebuild properly.


title: Associação Chapecoense de Futebol

text: Chapecoense were asked to fulfill their next league fixture in tribute to the players and staff who died in a plane crash. Chapecoense President Ivan Tozzo revealed that the Brazilian FA had asked for the club to play their final league game of the 2016 campaign in part by drawing on their Under-20s side to fill out the roster. However, both Chapecoense and their opponents Atlético Mineiro refused to play. Both teams were awarded a 3–0 loss for the game.


title: Associação Chapecoense de Futebol

text: As of 2016, the sponsors are English company Umbro, the kit supplier; Caixa Econômica Federal, a state-owned Brazilian bank; Unimed, a Brazilian health insurance company; and Aurora Alimentos, a food processing company from Chapecó.


title: Qi (standard)

text: Qi (pronounced ; from the Chinese word 气 qi; traditional Chinese: 氣) is an open interface standard that defines wireless power transfer using inductive charging over distances of up to 4 cm (1.6 inches). It is developed by the Wireless Power Consortium. The system uses a charging pad and a compatible device, which is placed on top of the pad, charging via resonant inductive coupling.


title: Qi (standard)

text: As of February 2020, there are 488 manufacturers working with the standard including Apple, Asus, Google, Huawei, LG Electronics, Samsung, Xiaomi, and Sony.


title: Qi (standard)

text: First released in 2008, the Qi standard was incorporated into more than 200 smartphones, tablets and other devices by 2017.


title: Qi (standard)

text: Devices that operate using the Qi standard rely on electromagnetic induction between planar coils. A Qi system consists of two types of devices – the Base Station, which is connected to a power source and provides inductive power, and Mobile Devices, which consume inductive power. The Base Station contains a power transmitter that comprises a transmitting coil that generates an oscillating magnetic field; the Mobile Device contains a power receiver holding a receiving coil. The magnetic field induces an alternating current in the receiving coil by Faraday's law of induction. Close spacing of the two coils, as well as shielding on their surfaces, ensure the inductive power transfer is efficient.


title: Qi (standard)

text: Base Stations typically have a flat surface – referred to as the Interface Surface – on top of which a user can place one or more Mobile Devices. There are two methods for aligning the transmitting coil (part of the Base Station) and receiving coil (part of the Mobile Device) in order for a power transfer to happen. In the first concept – called guided positioning – a user must place the Mobile Device on a certain location of the Base Station's surface. For this purpose, the Mobile Device provides an alignment aid that is appropriate to its size, shape and function. The second concept – referred to as free – positioning does not require the user to place the Mobile Device in direct alignment with the transmitting coil. There are several ways to achieve free positioning. In one example a bundle of transmitting coils is used to generate a magnetic field at the location of the receiving coil only. Another example uses mechanical means to move a single transmitting coil underneath the receiving coil. A third option is to use a technique called "Multiple Cooperative Flux Generators."


title: Qi (standard)

text: Figure 1-1 illustrates the basic system configuration. As shown, a power transmitter includes two main functional units – a power conversion unit and a communications and control unit. The diagram shows the transmitting coil (array) generating the magnetic field as part of the power conversion unit. The control and communications unit regulates the transferred power to the level that the power receiver requests. The diagram also demonstrates that a Base Station may contain numerous transmitters, allowing for multiple Mobile Devices to be placed on the same Base Station and inductively charge until each of its batteries are fully charged. Finally, the system unit in the diagram comprises all other functionality of the Base Station, such as input power provisioning, control of multiple power transmitters, and user interfacing.


title: Qi (standard)

text: A power receiver comprises a power pick-up unit, as well as a communications and control unit. Similar to the power conversion unit of the transmitter, Figure 1-1 illustrates the receiving coil as capturing the magnetic field of the power pick-up unit. A power pick-up unit typically contains a single receiving coil only. Moreover, a Mobile Device typically contains a single power receiver. The communications and control unit regulates the transferred power to the level that is appropriate for the subsystems (e.g., battery) connected to the output of the power receiver. These subsystems represent the main functionality of the Mobile Device.


title: Qi (standard)

text: As an example from the 2017 version 1.2.2 of the Qi specification (referenced above), the A2 reference Qi low-power transmitter has a coil of 20 turns (in two layers) in a flat coil, wound on a form with a 19 mm inner diameter and a 40 mm outer diameter, with a below-coil shield of soft iron at least 4 mm larger in diameter which gives an inductance of 24±1 microhenries. This coil is placed in a series resonant circuit.


title: Qi (standard)

text: This series resonant circuit is then driven by an H-bridge switching arrangement from the DC source; at full power, the voltage in the capacitor can reach 50 volts. Power control is automatic; the Qi specification requires that the actual voltage applied be controllable in steps at least as small as 50 millivolts.


title: Qi (standard)

text: Rather than down-regulate the charging voltage in the device, Qi chargers meeting the A2 reference use a PID (proportional-integral-derivative) controller to modulate the delivered power according to the primary cell voltage.


title: Qi (standard)

text: Other Qi charge transmitters start their connections at 140 kHz, but can change frequencies to find a frequency with a better match, as the mutual inductance between transmitter and receiver coils will vary according to the standoff distance between transmitter and receiver coils, and thus the natural resonance frequency will vary. Different Qi reference designs have different coil arrangements, including oval coil and multi-coil systems as well as more complex resonance networks with multiple inductors and capacitors. These designs allow frequency-agile operation at frequencies from 105 to 205 kHz and with maximum resonant circuit voltages as high as 200 volts.


title: Qi (standard)

text: The Qi power receiver hardware reference design 1, also from version 1.2.2 of the Qi specification, starts with a rectangular coil of wire 44 mm x 30 mm outside size, with 14 turns of wire, and with an above-coil magnetic shield. This coil is wired into a parallel resonant circuit with a pair of capacitors (of 127 nanofarads in series and 1.6 nanofarads in parallel). The power output is taken across the 1.6 nanofarad capacitor.


title: Qi (standard)

text: In order to provide a digital communications channel back to the power transmitter, a resonance modulator consisting of a pair of 22 nanofarad capacitors and a 10 kΩ resistor in a T configuration can be switched across the 1.6 nanofarad capacitor. Switching the T network across the 1.6 nano-farad capacitor causes a significant change in the resonant frequency of the coupled system that is detected by the power transmitter as a change in the delivered power.


title: Qi (standard)

text: Power output to the portable device is via a full-wave bridge wired across the 1.6-nanofarad capacitor; the power is typically filtered with a 20-microfarad capacitor before delivery to the charge controller.


title: Qi (standard)

text: Other Qi power receivers use alternate resonance modulators, including switching a resistor or pair of resistors across the receiver resonator capacitor, both before and after the bridge rectifier.


title: Qi (standard)

text: The WPC published the Qi low-power specification in August 2009. The Qi specification can be downloaded freely after registration. Under the Qi specification, "low power" inductive transfers deliver power below 5 W using inductive coupling between two planar coils. These coils are typically 5 mm apart but can be up to 40 mm and possibly further apart. The Qi low-power specification has been renamed to the Qi Baseline Power Profile (BPP).


title: Qi (standard)

text: Regulation of the output voltage is provided by a digital control loop where the power receiver communicates with the power transmitter and requests more or less power. Communication is unidirectional from the power receiver to the power transmitter via backscatter modulation. In backscatter modulation, the power-receiver coil is loaded, changing the current draw at the power transmitter. These current changes are monitored and demodulated into the information required for the two devices to work together.


title: Qi (standard)

text: In 2011, the Wireless Power Consortium began to extend the Qi specification to medium power. As of 2019, the Medium Power standard currently delivers 30 to 65 W. It is expected to eventually support up to 200 W (typically used for portable power tools, robotic vacuum cleaners, drones and e-bikes).


title: Qi (standard)

text: In 2015, the WPC also demonstrated a high-power specification, called "Ki", that will deliver up to 1 kW, allowing the powering of kitchen appliances among other high-power utilities.


title: Qi (standard)

text: In 2015, WPC introduced the Qi Extended Power Profile (EPP) specification which supports up to 15 W. EPP is also typically used to charge mobile devices like BPP. Phone companies that support EPP include LG, Sony, Xiaomi, and Sharp.


title: Qi (standard)

text: WPC introduced Proprietary Power Delivery Extension (PPDE) to allow phone OEMs to deliver higher than Baseline Power Profile's 5 W or the Extended Power Profile's 15 W. Currently, only Samsung has published their compliance test. Other phone companies that use proprietary standards for fast wireless charging include Apple, Huawei and Google.


title: Qi (standard)

text: Nokia first adopted Qi in its Lumia 920, and Samsung Mobile on the Galaxy S3 (supported via a retrofittable official Samsung back cover accessory) in 2012, the Google/LG Nexus 4 followed later that year. Toyota began offering a Qi charging cradle as a factory option on its 2013 Avalon Limited, with Ssangyong the second car manufacturer to offer a Qi option, also in 2013.


title: Qi (standard)

text: In 2015, a survey found that 76% of people surveyed in the United States and China were aware of wireless charging (an increase from 36% the previous year), and 20% were using it — however, only 16% of those were using it daily. Furniture retailer IKEA introduced lamps and tables with integrated wireless chargers for sale in 2015, and the Lexus NX gained an optional Qi charging pad in the center console. An estimated 120 million wirelessly charging phones were sold that year, notably the Samsung Galaxy S6, which supported both Qi and the competing Power Matters Alliance standards. However, the existence of several competing wireless charging standards was still seen as a barrier to adoption.


title: Qi (standard)

text: By early 2017, Qi had displaced other competing standards such as Rezence. On September 12, 2017, Apple Inc. announced that their new smartphones, the iPhone 8, iPhone 8 Plus, and the iPhone X, would support the Qi standard. Since then, every new iPhone version has supported the Qi wireless charging standard. Apple also announced plans to expand the standard with a new protocol called AirPower which would have added the ability to charge multiple devices at once; however, this was canceled on March 29, 2019.


title: Qi (standard)

text: As the Qi standard gains popularity, it is expected that "Qi Hotspots" will begin to arise in places such as coffee shops, airports, sports arenas, etc. The Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf, a major US coffee chain, will install inductive charging stations at selected major metropolitan cities, as well as Virgin Atlantic, for United Kingdom's London Heathrow Airport and New York City's John F. Kennedy International Airport.


title: Form 1099

text: Form 1099 is one of several IRS tax forms (see the variants section) used in the United States to prepare and file an "information return" to report various types of income other than wages, salaries, and tips (for which Form W-2 is used instead). The term "information return" is used in contrast to the term "tax return" although the latter term is sometimes used colloquially to describe both kinds of returns.


title: Form 1099

text: The form is used to report payments to independent contractors, rental property income, income from interest and dividends, sales proceeds, and other miscellaneous income. Blank 1099 forms and the related instructions can be downloaded from the IRS website.


title: Form 1099

text: Payees use the information provided on the 1099 forms to help them complete their own tax returns. In order to save paper, payers can give payees one single Combined Form 1099 that lists all of their 1099 transactions for the entire year. Taxpayers are usually not required to attach Form 1099s to their own Federal income tax returns unless the Form 1099 includes a report for Federal income tax withheld by the payer from the related payments.


title: Form 1099

text: The issuance or non-issuance of a Form 1099 in a particular case is not determinative of the tax treatment required of the payee. Each payee-taxpayer is legally responsible for reporting the correct amount of total income on his or her own Federal income tax return regardless of whether a Form 1099 was filed.


title: Form 1099

text: For a variety of reasons some Form 1099 reports may include amounts that are not actually taxable to the payee. A typical example is Form 1099-S for reporting proceeds (not gain) from real estate transactions. The Form 1099-S preparer will report the sales proceeds without regard to the amount of the taxpayer's "basis" in the real estate sold. (Basis is usually the amount of cost incurred by the taxpayer when he or she acquired the property, perhaps years before the sale.) The taxpayer's basis amount is deducted by the taxpayer (on his or her own tax return) from the proceeds amount to determine the gain (if any) on the sale.


title: Form 1099

text: In any case, the payee-taxpayer remains responsible for filing an accurate Federal income tax return.


title: Form 1099

text: Each payer must complete a Form 1099 for each covered transaction. Three or four copies are made: one for the payer, one for the payee, one for the IRS, and one for the State Tax Department, if required. Payers who file 250 or more Form 1099 reports must file all of them electronically with the IRS. If the fewer than 250 requirement is met, and paper copies are filed, the IRS also requires the payer to submit a copy of Form 1096, which is a summary of information forms being sent to the IRS. However, 1096 is not required if 1099 form filed electronically. The returns must be filed with the IRS and sent to payees by the end of January immediately following the year for which the income items or other proceeds are paid.


title: Form 1099

text: The law provides various dollar amounts under which no Form 1099 reporting requirement is imposed. For some variants of Form 1099, for example, no filing is required for payees who receive less than $600 from the payer during the applicable year. For Form 1099-MISC in particular, businesses are required to submit a Form 1099 for every contractor paid more than $600 for services during a year. This requirement usually does not apply to corporations receiving payments. See the table in the variants section for specific minimum amounts for each form.


title: Form 1099

text: The form is used to report income, proceeds, etc., only on a calendar year (January 1 through December 31) basis, regardless of the fiscal year used by the payer or payee for other Federal tax purposes.


title: Form 1099

text: One notable use of Form 1099 is to report amounts paid by a business (including nonprofits) to a non-corporate US resident independent contractor for services (in IRS terminology, such payments are "nonemployee compensation"). The ubiquity of the form has also led to use of the phrase "1099 workers" or "the 1099 economy" to refer to the independent contractors themselves.


title: Form 1099

text: In 2011 the requirement was extended by the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010 to payments made by persons who receive income from rental property.


title: Form 1099

text: Form 1099 is also used to report interest (1099-INT), dividends (1099-DIV), sales proceeds (1099-B) and some kinds of miscellaneous income (1099-MISC). Blank 1099 forms and the related instructions can be downloaded from the IRS website.


title: Form 1099

text: The following table provides information for each variant. Note that for those who have electronic filing of Form 1099 set up, the due date for the IRS is March 31 rather than the last day of February.


title: Form 1099

text: The War Revenue Act of 1917 required every entity to report certain payments made to another entity. Payments subject to reporting included payments of interest, rent, salaries, wages, premiums, annuities, compensation, remuneration, emoluments, or other fixed or determinable grains, profits, and income. Payments to an entity were required to be reported if the payments totaled at least $800 during the year. The payor was required to report the name and address of the payee and the total amount of payments on Form 1099 and sent to the Internal Revenue Service by March 1 of the year following the payments. The payor was required to include Form 1096, a letter of transmittal and affidavit certifying the accuracy of each Form 1099.


title: André Galvão

text: André Luiz Leite Galvão (; born September 29, 1982) is a Brazilian grappler and professional mixed martial artist. A 4th degree Brazilian jiu-jitsu black belt under Fernando "Tererê" Augusto as well as a Judo black belt, Galvão is one of the most decorated athletes ever, having won most major international tournaments multiple times.


title: André Galvão

text: Galvão is the co-founder and head coach of Atos Jiu Jitsu in San Diego, California, one of the most successful BJJ teams in competitive sport, and a coach to numerous world champions. He is the author of the martial arts book "Drill to Win: One Year to Better Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu".


title: André Galvão

text: In June 2022 Galvão was inducted into the IBJJF Hall of Fame & in September 2022, he was inducted into the ADCC Hall of Fame.


title: André Galvão

text: Galvão has won the 2011 ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship ("weight and absolute") Brazilian National Championship, World Jiu-Jitsu Championship and Pan American Championships multiple times and has also taken third place in the 2007 ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship at both -77 kg and openweight. Despite his frequent competition success, Galvao has stated that he only began to learn Wrestling as an adult after he moved to America in 2008.


title: André Galvão

text: Galvão was a competitor in the 2009 ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship in Barcelona, Spain where he placed second in the -88 kg class. More recently, Galvao had a standout performance in 2011, first by winning the Ultimate Absolute NYC by defeating standouts Antonio Braga Neto, Vinny Magalhaes, and Rustam Cshiev. At the 2011 ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship Galvão captured gold in both the -88 kg and absolute weight classes defeating Rousimar Palhares and Pablo Popovitch, in each respective finals.


title: André Galvão

text: Galvão defeated Braulio Estima by rear naked choke in their Superfight at the 2013 ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship.


title: André Galvão

text: Galvão faced Chael Sonnen at Metamoris IV on August 9, 2014. He won the bout via a rear-naked choke submission.


title: André Galvão

text: Despite initially going back and forth on whether or not to retire from the sport altogether, Galvao confirmed in 2021 that he will be returning at least one more time to defend his ADCC superfight championships at the 2022 World Championship event. In November 2021, Galvao became part of the inaugural class of the ADCC Hall of Fame thanks to his records as the longest-serving superfight champion and most decorated competitor.


title: André Galvão

text: Galvão made his mixed martial arts debut in 2008, and in 2009 he entered DREAM's 2009 Welterweight Tournament.


title: André Galvão

text: Since completing the tournament, Galvão fought in Strikeforce. He earned a record of 2 wins and 1 loss in the promotion before retiring from the sport.


title: André Galvão

text: Despite being retired from MMA for over a decade, Galvão revealed on November 30, 2020 that he was planning on making a return to professional MMA competition at some point in 2021.


title: André Galvão

text: On November 8, 2021, it was announced that Galvão had signed a multi-fight contract with ONE Championship. He made his promotional debut in a grappling match against ONE Middleweight and ONE Light Heavyweight Champion Reinier de Ridder at on March 26, 2022. They grappled to a draw after 12 minutes after neither could find the submission.


title: André Galvão

text: Mitsuyo "Count Koma" Maeda → Carlos Gracie, Sr. → Helio Gracie → Rolls Gracie → Romero "Jacare" Cavalcanti → Alexandre Paiva → Fernando "Tererê" Augusto → André Galvao


title: André Galvão

text: The book focuses on "learning the transitional skills of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and submission wrestling through proper diet, calisthenics, and technical drills".


title: Opinion polling for the next Danish general election

text: In the run-up to the next Danish general election, various organisations will carry out opinion polling to gauge voting intentions in Denmark. Results of such polls are displayed in this list.


text: The date range for these opinion polls are from the 2022 Danish general election, held on 1 November, to the present day. The Constitution of Denmark specifies that the next election must be held no later than four years after the previous election.


title: Miya (actress)

text: Gimi George, better known by her stage name Miya George, or more commonly Miya, is an Indian actress and model who predominantly works in Malayalam films, along with a few Tamil films. She started her career as an actress by playing supporting roles in television shows.


title: Miya (actress)

text: She made her film debut by playing short roles in films such as "Oru Small Family" (2010), "Doctor Love" (2011) and "Ee Adutha Kaalathu" (2012). She was selected the Kerala Miss Fitness in 2012 and played her first lead role the same year in the Malayalam film "Chettayees".


title: Miya (actress)

text: Miya was born in Dombivli, Mumbai as a daughter to George Joseph & Mini George,In A Syro Malabar Catholic family where her father worked as an engineer. Later, at the age of four, she moved to Pala in Kottayam. She did her schooling from Sacred Heart Girls High School, Bharananganam and St. Mary's Higher Secondary School, Bharananganam. She completed B.A. degree from Alphonsa College, Palai and her Masters in English Literature at St. Thomas College, Palai. She has one elder sister, Gini, who is married to Lijo George and is settled in Bangalore. On 12 September 2020, Miya married businessman Ashwin Philip at St. Mary's Basilica Church, Ernakulam in a simple ceremony due to COVID-19 restrictions. They had a son in July 2021.  Her father George Joseph died two months later on 21 September 2021.


title: Miya (actress)

text: She started her career by playing supporting roles in the television serials "Alphonsamma" and "Kunjali Marakkar". She wain the films "Doctor Love" and "Ee Adutha Kaalathu". She rose to fame when she was chosen the Kerala Miss Fitness 2012 in a beauty pageant. She made her debut as a heroine through the film "Ettekaal Second" but the project got a commercial release in the year 2014. Actress Urmila Unni who played Miya's mother in this film suggested her to director Shajoon Kariyal who cast her to play the lead role in his 2012 comedy film "Chettayees". She played the wife of the character played by Biju Menon which won her critical acclaim. Miya was then seen in the Mohanlal-starrer "Red Wine" in which she played the lead opposite Asif Ali. She played the role of an investigative journalist in Jeethu Joseph's "Memories" which turned out to be a major hit of the year 2013. The same year she appeared as a Christian nun thrown out of the church in"Vishudhan". In 2014, she appeared in veteran director Joshiy's "Salaam Kashmier" in which she played the lead role alongside Jayaram and Suresh Gopi and B. Unnikrishnan's "Mr. Fraud" in which she paired with Mohanlal. She also appeared in Lal Jr.'s psychological thriller "Hi I'm Tony" in which she paired opposite Asif Ali for the second time, George Varghese's "6B Paradise", and K. N. Sasidharan's "Nayana" which had her playing the mother of a young girl. She made her debut in Tamil with Jeeva Shankar's "Amara Kaaviyam" in which she played a character called Karthika. In 2015 she had done "32aam Adhyayam 23aam Vaakyam".


title: 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane

text: 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (also known as norflurane (INN), R-134a, Freon 134a, Forane 134a, Genetron 134a, Green Gas, Florasol 134a, Suva 134a, or HFC-134a) is a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and haloalkane refrigerant with thermodynamic properties similar to R-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) but with insignificant ozone depletion potential and a lower 100-year global warming potential (1,430, compared to R-12's GWP of 10,900). It has the formula CFCHF and a boiling point of −26.3 °C (−15.34 °F) at atmospheric pressure. R-134a cylinders are colored light blue. A phaseout and transition to HFO-1234yf and other refrigerants, with GWPs similar to CO, began in 2012 within the automotive market.


title: 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane

text: 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane is a non-flammable gas used primarily as a "high-temperature" refrigerant for domestic refrigeration and automobile air conditioners. These devices began using 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane in the early 1990s as a replacement for the more environmentally harmful R-12. Retrofit kits are available to convert units that were originally R-12-equipped.


title: 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane

text: Other common uses include plastic foam blowing, as a cleaning solvent, a propellant for the delivery of pharmaceuticals (e.g. bronchodilators), wine cork removers, gas dusters ("canned air"), and in air driers for removing the moisture from compressed air. 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane has also been used to cool computers in some overclocking attempts. It is the refrigerant used in plumbing pipe freeze kits. It is also commonly used as a propellant for airsoft airguns. The gas is often mixed with a silicone-based lubricant.


title: 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane

text: 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane is also being considered as an organic solvent, both in liquid and supercritical fluid.


title: 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane

text: It is used in the resistive plate chamber particle detectors in the Large Hadron Collider. It is also used for other types of particle detectors, e.g. some cryogenic particle detectors. It can be used as an alternative to sulfur hexafluoride in magnesium smelting as a shielding gas.


title: 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane

text: 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane was introduced in the early 1990s as a replacement for dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12), which has massive ozone depleting properties. Even though 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane has insignificant ozone depletion potential (ozone layer) and negligible acidification potential (acid rain), it has a 100-year global warming potential (GWP) of 1430 and an approximate atmospheric lifetime of 14 years. Its concentration in the atmosphere and contribution to radiative forcing have been growing since its introduction. Thus it was included in the IPCC list of greenhouse gases.


title: 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane

text: R-134a was consequently banned from use in the European Union, starting with new cars in 2011, by a directive of 2006 banning gases in air conditioning systems with a GWP above 100.


title: 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane

text: 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane is subject to use restrictions in the US and other countries as well. The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) has proposed that it be best replaced by a new fluorochemical refrigerant HFO-1234yf (CFCF=CH) in automobile air-conditioning systems. By model year 2021, newly manufactured light-duty vehicles in the United States will no longer use R-134a.


title: 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane

text: California may also prohibit the sale of canned R-134a to individuals to avoid non-professional recharge of air conditioners. A ban had been in place in Wisconsin since October 1994 under ATCP 136 prohibiting sales of container sizes holding less than 15 lbs of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, but this restriction applied only when the chemical was intended to be a refrigerant. However, the ban was lifted in Wisconsin in 2012. During the time that it was active, this Wisconsin-specific ban contained loopholes. For example, it was legal for a person to purchase gas duster containers with any amount of the chemical because in that instance the chemical is neither intended to be a refrigerant nor is HFC-134a included in the § 7671a listing of class I and class II substances.


title: 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane

text: Mixtures with air of the gas 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane are not flammable at atmospheric pressure and temperatures up to 100 °C (212 °F). However, mixtures with high concentrations of air at elevated pressure and/or temperature can be ignited. Contact of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane with flames or hot surfaces in excess of 250 °C (482 °F) may cause vapor decomposition and the emission of toxic gases including hydrogen fluoride and carbonyl fluoride, however the decomposition temperature has been reported as above 370°C. 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane itself has an of 1,500 g/m in rats, making it relatively non-toxic, apart from the dangers inherent to inhalant abuse. Its gaseous form is denser than air and will displace air in the lungs. This can result in asphyxiation if excessively inhaled. This contributes to most deaths by inhalant abuse.


title: 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane

text: Aerosol cans containing 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, when inverted, become effective freeze sprays. Under pressure, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane is compressed into a liquid, which upon vaporization absorbs a significant amount of thermal energy. As a result, it will greatly lower the temperature of any object it contacts as it evaporates.


title: 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane

text: For its medical uses, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane has the generic name norflurane. It is used as propellant for some metered dose inhalers. It is considered safe for this use. In combination with pentafluoropropane, it is used as a topical vapocoolant spray for numbing boils before curettage. It has also been studied as a potential inhalational anesthetic, but it is nonanaesthetic at doses used in inhalers.


title: Billy Cobham

text: William Emanuel Cobham Jr. (born May 16, 1944) is a Panamanian–American jazz drummer who came to prominence in the late 1960s and early 1970s with trumpeter Miles Davis and then with the Mahavishnu Orchestra.


title: Billy Cobham

text: He was inducted into the "Modern Drummer" Hall of Fame in 1987 and the "Classic Drummer" Hall of Fame in 2013. AllMusic biographer Steve Huey said, "Generally acclaimed as fusion's greatest drummer, Billy Cobham's explosive technique powered some of the genre's most important early recordings – including groundbreaking efforts by Miles Davis and the Mahavishnu Orchestra – before he became an accomplished bandleader in his own right. At his best, Cobham harnessed his amazing dexterity into thundering, high-octane hybrids of jazz complexity and rock & roll aggression."


title: Billy Cobham

text: Cobham's influence stretched far beyond jazz, including on progressive rock contemporaries like Bill Bruford of King Crimson and Danny Carey of Tool. Prince and Jeff Beck both played a version of Cobham's "Stratus" in concert. Phil Collins, who named Mahavishnu Orchestra's "The Inner Mounting Flame" as a key influence on his early style said, "Billy Cobham played some of the finest drumming I've ever heard on that record."


title: Billy Cobham

text: Born in Colón, Panama, Cobham moved with his family to Brooklyn, New York when he was three. His father, Manuel, worked as a hospital statistician during the week and played piano on weekends. Cobham started playing drums at age four and joined his father four years later. When he was fourteen, he got his first drum kit as a gift after being accepted to The High School of Music & Art in New York City. He was drafted in 1965, and for the next three years he played with a U.S. Army band.


title: Billy Cobham

text: After his discharge, he became a member of Horace Silver's quintet. He played an early model electric drum kit given to him by Tama Drums. He was a house drummer for Atlantic Records and a session musician for CTI and Kudu, appearing on the albums "White Rabbit" by George Benson, "Sunflower" by Milt Jackson, and "Soul Box" by Grover Washington Jr.


title: Billy Cobham

text: Cobham started the jazz rock group Dreams with Michael Brecker, Randy Brecker, Barry Rogers, and John Abercrombie. He moved further into jazz fusion when he toured with Miles Davis and recorded Davis's albums "Bitches Brew" and "A Tribute to Jack Johnson". In 1971, he and guitarist John McLaughlin left Davis to start the Mahavishnu Orchestra, another group that fused rock, funk, and jazz. Cobham toured extensively from 1971 to 1973 with the Mahavishnu Orchestra, which released two studio albums, "The Inner Mounting Flame" (1971) and "Birds of Fire" (1973), and one live album, "Between Nothingness & Eternity" (1973). The studio versions of songs on the live album were released on "The Lost Trident Sessions" (1999).


title: Billy Cobham

text: Cobham's debut album, "Spectrum" (1973), surprised him and his record company when it reached No. 1 on the "Billboard" magazine Jazz Albums chart and No. 26 on the Top 200 Albums chart. Cobham started experimenting with different drum equipment. In 1974 for "Crosswinds" he used a fiberglass shell snare built for him by Al Duffy, and used Duffy's custom chain-drive bass drum pedal. Cobham's massive drum kit in the mid-1970s, based on a clear acrylic set by Fibes Drums, contained two Fibes bass drums, a custom Duffy snare, two flared-shell rack toms by North Drums, four Fibes rack toms, two Fibes floor toms, two gong drums by Duffy customized by Cobham's drum roadie Jeff Ocheltree, a hi-hat, five Zildjian cymbals, and one hanging 36-inch gong. This expansive kit and Cobham's dynamic style influenced later drummers.


title: Billy Cobham

text: In 1980, he worked with Jack Bruce in Jack Bruce & Friends. For this group, Cobham used a very large custom drum kit designed for him by Tama Drums, featuring three bass drums with linked pedals, and three snares including a piccolo snare and a Hinger Space Tone expanding snare. Cobham said this kit adapted to fit the music, and the music adapted to fit the kit – "a continual chicken–egg–chicken scenario." On October 30, 1980, he joined the Grateful Dead during the band's concert at Radio City Music Hall. He performed a long drum solo session with the band's two percussionists, Bill Kreutzmann and Mickey Hart, also known as the Rhythm Devils. In 1981, Billy Cobham's Glass Menagerie was formed with Michał Urbaniak on violin and EWI, Gil Goldstein on piano, Tim Landers on bass, and Mike Stern on guitar. Dean Brown replaced Stern when he left to play with Miles Davis. Glass Menagerie released two albums for Elektra Musician.


title: Billy Cobham

text: In 1984, he played in the band Bobby and the Midnites, a side project for Bob Weir of the Grateful Dead, with Bobby Cochran and Kenny Gradney, and recorded the album "Where the Beat Meets the Street".


title: Billy Cobham

text: In 1994, he joined an all-star cast Greek Theatre in Los Angeles and the results appeared on the album "Stanley Clarke, Larry Carlton, Billy Cobham, Najee and Deron Johnson Live at the Greek". The concert was predominantly Clarke's music, but all the musicians contributed material.


title: Billy Cobham

text: In 2006, Cobham released "Drum 'n' Voice 2", a return to the 1970s jazz-funk sound, with guests including Brian Auger, Guy Barker, Jeff Berlin, Frank Gambale, Jan Hammer, Mike Lindup, Buddy Miles, Dominic Miller, Airto Moreira, John Patitucci, and the band Novecento. The album was produced and arranged by Pino and Lino Nicolosi for Nicolosi Productions. In 2009, he released "Drum'n' Voice 3". Guests included Alex Acuña, Brian Auger, George Duke, Chaka Khan, Bob Mintzer, Novecento, John Scofield, and Gino Vannelli.


title: Billy Cobham

text: Cobham plays his drums using the open-handed technique, which allows the player to play without crossing their right hand over the snare drum.


title: Billy Cobham

text: In December 2011, Cobham began teaching drums online at the Billy Cobham School of Drums, a school in the ArtistWorks Drum Academy.


title: Billy Cobham

text: Many musicians have cited Cobham as an influence, including Kenny Aronoff, Steve Arrington, Ranjit Barot, Danny Carey, Jimmy Chamberlin, Dennis Chambers, Brann Dailor, Matt Garstka, Chris Hornbrook, Thomas Lang, Mac McNeilly, OM, Opeth, Chris Pennie Mike Portnoy, Thomas Pridgen, Sivamani, Bill Stevenson, Jon Theodore, and Tony Thompson.


title: Billy Cobham

text: In addition, other musicians have been quoted expressing admiration for his work, including Steven Wilson, and Dave Bainbridge.


title: Billy Cobham

text: In an interview with NME, Drummer Ethan Torchio from the band Maneskin said that Cobham's Spectrum album was the first cd he ever purchased.


title: South African Communist Party

text: The South African Communist Party (SACP) is a communist party in South Africa. It was founded in 1921 as the Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA), tactically dissolved itself in 1950 in the face of being declared illegal by the governing National Party under the Suppression of Communism Act, 1950. The Communist Party was reconstituted underground and re-launched as the SACP in 1953, participating in the struggle to end the apartheid system. It is a member of the ruling Tripartite Alliance alongside the African National Congress and the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and through this it influences the South African government. The party's Central Committee is the party's highest decision-making structure.


title: South African Communist Party

text: The Communist Party of South Africa was founded in 1921 by the joining together of the International Socialist League and others under the leadership of Willam H. Andrews. It first came to prominence during the Rand Revolt, a strike by white miners in 1922. The large mining concerns, facing labour shortages and wage pressures, had announced their intention of engaging blacks in semi-skilled and some higher level jobs at low wage rates, compared to their white counterparts who enjoyed the monopoly of higher and well-paying occupations. The CPSA supported the strike as the struggle between the working class and the capitalist class but it distanced itself from racist slogans associated with the strike. The party said in the statement a white South Africa was impossible, and all the workers had to organise and unite regardless of their race to fight for a non-racial South Africa and better conditions for all workers.


title: South African Communist Party

text: In 1928, the Communist International adopted a resolution for the CPSA to adopt the "Native Republic" thesis which stipulated that South Africa is a country that belong to the natives, that is, the Indigenous Black population. The resolution was influenced by a delegation from South Africa. James la Guma, the party Chairperson from Cape Town, had met with the leadership of the Communist International. The party thus reoriented itself at its 1924 Party Congress towards organising black workers and "Africanising" the party. By 1928, 1,600 of the party's 1,750 members were black. Contemporary scholars have argued that the party dismissed competing attempts at multiracial revolutionary organisations during this period, especially multiracial union organising by the syndicalists, and used revisionist history to claim that the party and its Native Republic policy was the only viable route to African liberation. Despite this, in 1929 the party adopted a "strategic line" which held that, "The most direct line of advance to socialism runs through the mass struggle for majority rule". By 1948, the Communist Party had officially abandoned the Native Republic policy.


title: South African Communist Party

text: In 1946, the CPSA along with the African National Congress participated in the general strike that was started by the African Mine Workers' Strike in 1946. Many party members, such as Bram Fischer, were arrested.


title: South African Communist Party

text: Aware that the National Party, elected to government in 1948, was about to ban the Communist Party, the CPSA decided by a majority to dissolve itself. A minority felt that the party should organise underground, but the majority apparently argued that this would be unnecessary, believing that support should be given to the African National Congress (ANC) in the drive to majority rule. After its voluntary dissolution, the CPSA was declared illegal in 1950. In 1953, a group of former CPSA members launched the "South African Communist Party" that remained — as had been the CPSA — aligned with the Soviet Union. The ban on the party was lifted in 1990 when the ANC and other anti-apartheid organisations and individuals were also unbanned, and African National Congress leader Nelson Mandela was released from prison.


title: South African Communist Party

text: The CPSA/SACP was a particular target of the governing National Party. The Suppression of Communism Act was used against all those dedicated to ending apartheid, but was obviously particularly targeted at the communists.


title: South African Communist Party

text: Following the dissolution and subsequent banning of the CPSA, former party members and, after 1953, members of the SACP adopted a policy of primarily working within the ANC in order to reorient that organisation's programme from a nationalist policy akin to the CPSA's former Native Republic policy towards a non-racial programme which declared that all ethnic groups residing in South Africa had equal rights to the country. While black members of the SACP were encouraged to join the ANC and seek leadership positions within that organisation, many of its white leading members formed the Congress of Democrats which in turn allied itself with the African National Congress and other "non-racial" congresses in the Congress Alliance on the basis of multi-racialism. The Congress Alliance committed itself to a democratic, non-racial South Africa where the "people shall govern" through the Freedom Charter. The Freedom Charter was adopted by the ANC, the SACP and other partners in the Alliance in accordance with its evolution. The Charter has since remained the cornerstone of the Alliance, as its basic, shared programme to advance a national democratic revolution, both a process of struggle and transformation to achieve a non-racial, non-sexist, democratic and prosperous South Africa.


title: South African Communist Party

text: The SACP played a role in the development of the Freedom Charter through its cadres who were openly active in the Congress Alliance and in the Party's underground organisation. In the same vein the Party played an important role in the evolution of the Alliance and the development of the liberation movement in South Africa.


title: South African Communist Party

text: As the National Party increased repression in response to increased black pressure and radicalism throughout the 1950s, the ANC, previously committed to non-violence, turned towards the question of force. A new generation of leaders, led by Nelson Mandela and Walter Sisulu recognised that the Nationalists were certain to ban the ANC and so make peaceful protest all but impossible.


title: South African Communist Party

text: They allied themselves with the communists to form Umkhonto we Sizwe ("Spear of the Nation") which began a campaign of economic bombing or 'armed propaganda'. However the leaders of Umkhonto were soon arrested and jailed and the liberation movement was left weak and with an exiled leadership. Communist Joe Slovo was Chief of Staff of Umkhonto; his wife and fellow SACP cadre Ruth First was perhaps the leading theoretician of the revolutionary struggle the ANC were engaged in. The ANC itself, though, remained broadly social democratic in outlook.


title: South African Communist Party

text: In exile, communist nations provided the ANC with funding and firearms. Gradual work by the ANC slowly rebuilt the organisation inside South Africa, and the ANC was able to capitalise on the wave of anger amongst young South Africans during and after the Soweto uprising of 1976.


title: South African Communist Party

text: Eventually external pressures and internal ferment made even many strong supporters of apartheid recognise that change had to come and a long process of negotiations began which resulted, in 1994, in the defeat of the National Party after forty-six years of rule.


title: South African Communist Party

text: With victory a number of communists occupied prominent positions on the ANC benches in parliament. Most prominently, Nelson Mandela appointed Joe Slovo as Minister for Housing. This period also brought new strains in the ANC-SACP alliance when the ANC's programme did not threaten the existence of capitalism in South Africa and was heavily reliant on foreign investment and tourism. However, the Freedom Charter had been considered only as a blueprint for a future democratic and free South Africa. Joe Slovo believed socialism had failed in Eastern Europe and could not be regarded as a model for the SACP. In his autobiography "Long Walk to Freedom", Nelson Mandela famously remarked:


title: South African Communist Party

text: "The cynical have always suggested that the Communists were using us. But who is to say that we were not using them?"


title: South African Communist Party

text: After Mandela's death in 2013, the ANC confirmed that he had been a member of the SACP and served on its central committee.


title: South African Communist Party

text: Through the Tripartite Alliance and the sitting of many SACP members on the ANC's NEC, the SACP has wielded influence from within the ANC, often serving as an ideological opposition against the presidency and socio-economic policies of Thabo Mbeki (1999–2008); this became most apparent with the ouster of Mbeki from the presidencies of both the party (2007, by vote) and the government (2008, by ANC party recall) and his eventual replacement in both offices with Jacob Zuma, who was widely seen as being more conciliatory to the ideological demands of both the SACP and COSATU.


title: South African Communist Party

text: Initially, the party did not contest elections under its own name. However, in December 2017, the party contested a number of local council by-elections in Metsimahalo in the Free State, failing to win any first-past-the-post ward seats, but gaining three proportional representation seats. In total the SACP received 3,270 votes (6,3%).


title: Stationary process

text: In mathematics and statistics, a stationary process (or a strict/strictly stationary process or strong/strongly stationary process) is a stochastic process whose unconditional joint probability distribution does not change when shifted in time. Consequently, parameters such as mean and variance also do not change over time. If you draw a line through the middle of a stationary process then it should be flat; it may have 'seasonal' cycles, but overall it does not trend up nor down.


title: Stationary process

text: Since stationarity is an assumption underlying many statistical procedures used in time series analysis, non-stationary data are often transformed to become stationary. The most common cause of violation of stationarity is a trend in the mean, which can be due either to the presence of a unit root or of a deterministic trend. In the former case of a unit root, stochastic shocks have permanent effects, and the process is not mean-reverting. In the latter case of a deterministic trend, the process is called a trend-stationary process, and stochastic shocks have only transitory effects after which the variable tends toward a deterministically evolving (non-constant) mean.


title: Stationary process

text: A trend stationary process is not strictly stationary, but can easily be transformed into a stationary process by removing the underlying trend, which is solely a function of time. Similarly, processes with one or more unit roots can be made stationary through differencing. An important type of non-stationary process that does not include a trend-like behavior is a cyclostationary process, which is a stochastic process that varies cyclically with time.


title: Stationary process

text: For many applications strict-sense stationarity is too restrictive. Other forms of stationarity such as wide-sense stationarity or "N"-th-order stationarity are then employed. The definitions for different kinds of stationarity are not consistent among different authors (see Other terminology).


title: Stationary process

text: Formally, let formula_1 be a stochastic process and let formula_2 represent the cumulative distribution function of the unconditional (i.e., with no reference to any particular starting value) joint distribution of formula_1 at times formula_4. Then, formula_1 is said to be strictly stationary, strongly stationary or strict-sense stationary if


title: Stationary process

text: An example of a discrete-time stationary process where the sample space is also discrete (so that the random variable may take one of "N" possible values) is a Bernoulli scheme. Other examples of a discrete-time stationary process with continuous sample space include some autoregressive and moving average processes which are both subsets of the autoregressive moving average model. Models with a non-trivial autoregressive component may be either stationary or non-stationary, depending on the parameter values, and important non-stationary special cases are where unit roots exist in the model.


title: Stationary process

text: Then formula_1 is a stationary time series, for which realisations consist of a series of constant values, with a different constant value for each realisation. A law of large numbers does not apply on this case, as the limiting value of an average from a single realisation takes the random value determined by formula_9, rather than taking the expected value of formula_9.


title: Stationary process

text: As a further example of a stationary process for which any single realisation has an apparently noise-free structure, let formula_9 have a uniform distribution on formula_17 and define the time series formula_1 by


title: Stationary process

text: Then formula_1 is strictly stationary since (formula_21 modulo formula_22) follows the same uniform distribution as formula_23 for any formula_24.


title: Stationary process

text: Keep in mind that a white noise is not necessarily strictly stationary. Let formula_25 be a random variable uniformly distributed in the interval formula_26 and define the time series formula_27


title: Stationary process

text: In , the distribution of formula_31 samples of the stochastic process must be equal to the distribution of the samples shifted in time "for all" formula_31. "N"-th-order stationarity is a weaker form of stationarity where this is only requested for all formula_31 up to a certain order formula_34. A random process formula_1 is said to be "N"-th-order stationary if:


title: Stationary process

text: A weaker form of stationarity commonly employed in signal processing is known as weak-sense stationarity, wide-sense stationarity (WSS), or covariance stationarity. WSS random processes only require that 1st moment (i.e. the mean) and autocovariance do not vary with respect to time and that the 2nd moment is finite for all times. Any strictly stationary process which has a finite mean and a covariance is also WSS.


title: Stationary process

text: So, a continuous time random process formula_1 which is WSS has the following restrictions on its mean function formula_37 and autocovariance function formula_38:


title: Stationary process

text: The first property implies that the mean function formula_39 must be constant. The second property implies that the autocovariance function depends only on the "difference" between formula_40 and formula_41 and only needs to be indexed by one variable rather than two variables. Thus, instead of writing,


title: Stationary process

text: The main advantage of wide-sense stationarity is that it places the time-series in the context of Hilbert spaces. Let "H" be the Hilbert space generated by {"x"("t")} (that is, the closure of the set of all linear combinations of these random variables in the Hilbert space of all square-integrable random variables on the given probability space). By the positive definiteness of the autocovariance function, it follows from Bochner's theorem that there exists a positive measure formula_48 on the real line such that "H" is isomorphic to the Hilbert subspace of "L"("μ") generated by {"e"}. This then gives the following Fourier-type decomposition for a continuous time stationary stochastic process: there exists a stochastic process formula_49 with orthogonal increments such that, for all formula_47


title: Stationary process

text: where the integral on the right-hand side is interpreted in a suitable (Riemann) sense. The same result holds for a discrete-time stationary process, with the spectral measure now defined on the unit circle.


title: Stationary process

text: When processing WSS random signals with linear, time-invariant (LTI) filters, it is helpful to think of the correlation function as a linear operator. Since it is a circulant operator (depends only on the difference between the two arguments), its eigenfunctions are the Fourier complex exponentials. Additionally, since the eigenfunctions of LTI operators are also complex exponentials, LTI processing of WSS random signals is highly tractable—all computations can be performed in the frequency domain. Thus, the WSS assumption is widely employed in signal processing algorithms.


title: Stationary process

text: In the case where formula_1 is a complex stochastic process the autocovariance function is defined as formula_53 and, in addition to the requirements in , it is required that the pseudo-autocovariance function formula_54 depends only on the time lag. In formulas, formula_1 is WSS, if


title: Stationary process

text: Two stochastic processes formula_1 and formula_57 are called jointly strict-sense stationary if their joint cumulative distribution formula_58 remains unchanged under time shifts, i.e. if


title: Stationary process

text: Two random processes formula_1 and formula_57 is said to be jointly ("M" + "N")-th-order stationary if:


title: Stationary process

text: Two stochastic processes formula_1 and formula_57 are called jointly wide-sense stationary if they are both wide-sense stationary and their cross-covariance function formula_63 depends only on the time difference formula_43. This may be summarized as follows:


title: Stationary process

text: The terminology used for types of stationarity other than strict stationarity can be rather mixed. Some examples follow.


title: Stationary process

text: One way to make some time series stationary is to compute the differences between consecutive observations. This is known as differencing. Differencing can help stabilize the mean of a time series by removing changes in the level of a time series, and so eliminating trends. This can also remove seasonality, if differences are taken appropriately (e.g. differencing observations 1 year apart to remove year-lo).


title: Stationary process

text: One of the ways for identifying non-stationary times series is the ACF plot. Sometimes, seasonal patterns will be more visible in the ACF plot than in the original time series; however, this is not always the case. Nonstationary time series can look stationary


title: Stationary process

text: Another approach to identifying non-stationarity is to look at the Laplace transform of a series, which will identify both exponential trends and sinusoidal seasonality (complex exponential trends). Related techniques from signal analysis such as the wavelet transform and Fourier transform may also be helpful.


title: Vegas Pro

text: Vegas Pro (stylized as VEGAS Pro, colloquially called "Sony Vegas") is a video editing software package for non-linear editing (NLE). The first release of Vegas Beta was on June 11, 1999. The software runs on Windows operating systems.


title: Vegas Pro

text: Originally developed as audio editing software, it became an NLE for video and audio, starting from version 2.0. Vegas Pro features real-time multitrack video and audio editing on unlimited tracks, resolution-independent video sequencing, complex effects, compositing tools, 24-bit/192 kHz audio support, VST and DirectX plug-in effect support, and Dolby Digital surround sound mixing.


title: Vegas Pro

text: The software was originally published by Sonic Foundry until May 2003, when Sony purchased Sonic Foundry and formed Sony Creative Software. On May 24, 2016, Sony announced that Vegas was sold to MAGIX, which formed VEGAS Creative Software, to continue support and development of the software.


title: Vegas Pro

text: Vegas does not require any specialized hardware to run properly, allowing it to operate on any Windows computer that meets the system requirements.


title: Vegas Pro

text: In the areas of compositing and motion graphics, Vegas provides a varied toolset, including a 3D track motion with control over z-depth, and spatial arrangement of visual planes including plane intersection.


title: Vegas Pro

text: Many of the visual effects processing in Vegas follow an audio-like paradigm. Effects can be applied at any stage of the visual signal flow or event level. Moreover, track level and output level effects, such as reverb, delay, and flange, are applied in a digital audio system, like Pro Tools, Cubase or Sonar. Master output effects can also be controlled and manipulated over time by the use of Master Bus track automation envelopes.


title: Vegas Pro

text: One major drawback of Vegas is that although it started as an Audio Multitrack NLE, it has no MIDI capability at all (with the exception of control-desk and synchronization). For this reason, the use of Vegas is restricted only for post-production audio or for the Video NLE market.


title: Vegas Pro

text: Vegas features integration with 24p DV. It is also one of the few NLEs which can convert other formats to 24p (or any other format) without any kind of a plug-in or third-party application support. It is the only NLE that allows multiple instances of the application to be opened simultaneously. Clips and sequences can be copied and pasted between instances of Vegas. One example of this can be rendering a sequence in the background, while the user continues to edit in a different instance of Vegas in the foreground. Vegas provides sophisticated compositing including green screen, masking, and key-frame animation. Nesting allows a prior project to be included in another project, modularizing the editing process so that an array of tracks and edits become one track for further editing. Any changes to the previous project become reflected in the later project. Nesting is especially helpful in large, complex or special effects projects, as the final rendering suffers no generation loss.


title: Vegas Pro

text: Sonic Foundry introduced a sneak preview version of Vegas Pro on 11 June 1999. It is called a "Multitrack Media Editing System".


title: Vegas Pro

text: Released on 23 July 1999 at the NAMM Show in Nashville, Tennessee, Vegas was an audio-only tool with a particular focus on rescaling and resampling audio. It supported formats like DivX and Real Networks RealSystem G2 file formats.


title: Vegas Pro

text: Released in November 2003; This is the first release of Vegas under the ownership of Sony; Sonic Foundry had sold Vegas alongside Sound Forge and other programs to Sony Pictures Digital for US$18 Million that same year.


title: Vegas Pro

text: The first Sony Vegas version to go with the "Sony Vegas Pro" branding instead of the regular "Sony Vegas" branding. It also moved the timeline to the bottom by default, but users can still move it back to the top.


title: Vegas Pro

text: On 11 May 2009, Sony Creative Software released Sony Vegas Pro 9.0 with greater support for digital cinema including:


title: Vegas Pro

text: The latest release of Sony Vegas Pro 9.0 is Vegas Pro 9.0e (Released on 13 May 2010), which includes features such as new white balance video FX.


title: Vegas Pro

text: In 2009, Sony Creative Software purchased the Velvetmatter Radiance suite of video FX plug-ins and these are included in Vegas 9. As a result, they are no longer available as a separate product from Velvetmatter.


title: Vegas Pro

text: Sony announced Vegas Pro 11 on 9 September 2011, and it was released on 17 October 2011. Updated features include GPGPU acceleration of video decoding, effects, playback, compositing, pan/crop, transitions, and motion. Other improvements were to include enhanced text tools, enhanced stereoscopic/3D features, RAW photo support, and new event synchronization mechanisms. In addition, Vegas Pro 11 comes pre-loaded with "NewBlue" Titler Pro, a 2D and 3D titling plug-in.


title: Vegas Pro

text: Sony released Vegas Pro 12 on 9 November 2012. Updated features include enhanced 4K support, more visual effects, and faster encoding performance. Vegas Pro 12 is dedicated to 64-bit versions of Windows.


title: Vegas Pro

text: It brings new collaboration tools and streamlined workflows to professional content producers faced with a wide variety of multimedia production tasks. This is the final Vegas Pro release under Sony's ownership. The last Sony Vegas Pro 13 build was #453. MAGIX released a rebranded version build #545.


title: Vegas Pro

text: MAGIX released Vegas Pro 14 on 20 September 2016. This is the first release of Vegas Pro under the ownership of MAGIX. It features advanced 4K upscaling as well as various bug fixes, a higher video velocity limit, RED camera support and various other features. This was the last version of Vegas Pro to have the light theme set by default.


title: Vegas Pro

text: Released on 28 August 2017, Vegas Pro 15 features major UI changes which claimed to bring usability improvements and customization. It was the first version of VEGAS Pro to have a dark theme, and it also allows more efficient editing speeds, including adding new shortcuts to speed up editing. Vegas Pro 15 includes support for Intel Quick Sync Video (QSV) and other technologies, as well as various other features. It also changed the VEGAS Pro icon into a V.


title: Vegas Pro

text: Released on 27 August 2018, Vegas Pro 16 has some new features including file backup, motion tracking, improved video stabilization, 360° editing and HDR support.


title: Vegas Pro

text: Vegas Pro 18 has suffered from serious stability issues, causing it to have a 35% positive review score on the distribution platform Steam.


title: Vegas Pro

text: Major broadcasters have utilized the software, such as "Nightline" with Ted Koppel. Several films have used Vegas to cut their features.


title: M.O.P.

text: M.O.P. (short for Mash Out Posse) is an American hip hop duo composed of East Coast rappers Billy Danze and Lil' Fame. The song "Ante Up", was released on their "Warriorz" album in 2000. The group has frequently collaborated with DJ Premier. Fame sometimes produces under the moniker Fizzy Womack and has produced a significant number of tracks on all M.O.P. releases since 1996's "Firing Squad", as well as work for other artists including Kool G Rap, Teflon and Wu-Tang Clan.


title: M.O.P.

text: Lil' Fame (Jamal Grinnage; born April 9, 1976) and Billy Danze (Eric Murray; born November 15, 1974) grew up together in the neighborhood of Brownsville, Brooklyn, New York City, New York. They formed a street gang called Mash Out Posse. They later formed a hip hop duo and took their gang name of Mash Out Posse, with Fame choosing to express himself through music after his older brother was shot to death in his neighborhood.


title: M.O.P.

text: After contributing to the 1992 compilation "The Hill That's Real", M.O.P. debuted in 1993 with the single "How About Some Hardcore?", which appeared on the soundtrack for the film "House Party 3". The underground success of the single, promoted by a low-budget video from then-unknown director Hype Williams, led to their debut album "To the Death". It was released in 1994 on the small label Select Records, almost fully produced by DR Period.


title: M.O.P.

text: In 1996, M.O.P. released their second effort, "Firing Squad". Hoping for better promotion, they signed with Relativity Records. Changing record labels and production duties to include Gang Starr's DJ Premier and Lil' Fame himself, the group still kept their energetic style and gained a slightly larger following this time round. In 1998 M.O.P. released the "Handle Ur Bizness" EP, which was soon followed by the album "First Family 4 Life". Working with the same formula, again with a heavy percentage of the record produced by DJ Premier and Lil' Fame, the album featured guest appearances by Guru of Gang Starr, Treach of Naughty by Nature, OC of Diggin' in the Crates Crew and Jay-Z. The album had the dubious distinction of being the most stolen album from New York City's HMV stores in 1998.


title: M.O.P.

text: M.O.P.'s fan base was loyal but remained rather small until 2000, when they released "Warriorz", this time on Loud Records. Mainstream radio began playing the first single, "Ante Up", produced by DR Period, with whom they had not worked with since their debut. The single was a hit and propelled the album to #25 on the "Billboard" 200 chart. The follow-up single, the self-produced "Cold As Ice" (which featured a sample from "Cold As Ice" by Foreigner), also received radio airplay, although several of the song's lyrics had to be censored for the radio version. It was used in the UK on a TV advert for Ice White toothpaste. Both "Ante Up" and "Cold as Ice" reached the top ten on the UK Singles Chart peaking at #7 and #4 respectively. In 2001, M.O.P. collaborated with Krumbsnatcha to make the song "W.O.L.V.E.S.", which appeared on the soundtrack for the film "Training Day".


title: M.O.P.

text: In 2001, a remix of "Ante Up" was released featuring Busta Rhymes, Remy Ma, and Teflon, which was also very well received. That same year, they collaborated on a song titled "Life is Good" with the pop group LFO. The song reached #40 on "Billboard"'s Hot Singles Sales chart. Both singles continued the Posse's long-awaited mainstream success.


title: M.O.P.

text: In 2002, Loud Records folded, leaving the group stranded. In 2003, Loud's parent label Sony/Columbia issued a greatest hits album titled "<nowiki>10 Years and Gunnin'</nowiki>". M.O.P. later joined Jay-Z and Damon Dash's Roc-A-Fella Records. Their first recording for the label was a guest appearance on Jay-Z's album ""; they were set to release their album titled "Ghetto Warfare", but the eagerly anticipated album was shelved. Two other albums were recorded: one titled "The Last Generation", and the other titled "Kill Nigga Die Slo Bluckka Bluckka Bloaoow Blood Sweat Tears and We Out". A Dash-produced track "It's That Simple" with Spice Girl Victoria Beckham was created, and received a premiere on radio stations in July 2003. This generated mixed reviews and further criticism, with the feeling being that Beckham was far from convincing as an urban act.


title: M.O.P.

text: During this waiting period, the group kept busy by releasing a slew of mixtapes and appearing on soundtracks to films such as "Bad Boys II". They also contributed two songs ("Ground Zero" and "Put it in the Air") to the videogame "NFL Street 2", and another ("Fire") to "Fight Night 2004", another video game. They also contributed Ante Up to the third installment of the popular "Midnight Club" video game series. Also, in 2004, M.O.P. joined the American rap rock band Linkin Park on the second stage of the Projekt Revolution Tour.


title: M.O.P.

text: The group also released a mixtape called "Marxmen Cinema" (under the name The Marxmen), as well as a self-titled rap rock album (under the name Mash Out Posse) recorded as a collaboration with heavy metal group Shiner Massive. In 2004, Damon Dash sold his share of Roc-A-Fella to new Def Jam president, Jay-Z, and kept M.O.P. on his new label, Dame Dash Music Group. The group was left feeling uncomfortable with the situation. They announced their departure from Roc-A-Fella and Dame Dash in May 2005.


title: M.O.P.

text: In June 2005, M.O.P. officially announced their signing with 50 Cent's G-Unit Records, around the same time as Queens rap duo Mobb Deep. The duo completed a song with 50 Cent which was featured on the "Get Rich or Die Tryin"' soundtrack entitled "When Death Becomes You", and also contributed their rap vocals in a remix of "I'll Whip Ya Head Boy". Months after the signing, M.O.P. released a compilation album entitled "M.O.P. Salutes the St. Marxmen", consisting of several tracks recorded while the group was signed to Roc-A-Fella. In July 2006, M.O.P released the long-shelved "Ghetto Warfare".


title: M.O.P.

text: In February 2008, M.O.P. left G-Unit Records, due to creative differences. Billy and Fame released their next album, "The Foundation", in 2009 on E1 Music. The album featured production from DJ Premier, Statik Selektah, The Alchemist, and Jake One, and guest appearances from Heltah Skeltah, Busta Rhymes, Jadakiss, Beanie Sigel, Styles P and Redman. The first single from the album, "Blow the Horns" featuring Busta Rhymes, and another track called "Street Life," which is a collaboration with dancehall artist Demarco, was released on the internet.


title: M.O.P.

text: On October 14, 2008, M.O.P. filed suit in a New York Federal Court against World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and John Cena. The group claims that Cena and the WWE stole parts of their song "Ante Up" for Cena's theme song "The Time is Now". The theme song is also featured as the first track on Cena's album "You Can't See Me". M.O.P. is seeking the destruction of the song and asking for $150,000 in damages. The lawsuit has since been dropped, it is unknown if a settlement was reached outside of court.


title: M.O.P.

text: In June 2009, with extensive production from Lil' Fame (as Fizzy Womack) and a historic guest-list (Masta Ace, Kool G Rap, Sadat X), the RZA-executive produced "Wu-Tang Chamber Music" debuted in the Top 50 within its first week. M.O.P. themselves appeared on the album cut "Ill Figures" alongside Raekwon and Kool G Rap.


title: M.O.P.

text: Lil' Fame produced the 2011 Wu-Tang Clan compilation "Legendary Weapons" alongside Noah Rubin and Andrew Kelley.


title: M.O.P.

text: On October 24, 2011, M.O.P. released "Get Yours", their first single from their collaborative album "Sparta" with the German production team Snowgoons, on Babygrand Records.


title: M.O.P.

text: Lil Fame and Termanology teamed up on a collaborative album, "Fizzyology". It was released on November 6, 2012 via Brick Records.


title: M.O.P.

text: On November 18, 2014, M.O.P. released a new EP, "Street Certified", on Nature Sounds. It is executive produced by DJ Premier and features guest appearances from Maino, Mobb Deep and Busta Rhymes. In 2019, M.O.P. released the single "Never Give Up" with DJ Tomekk.


title: Mark Curry (actor)

text: Marcus G. Curry (bornJune 1, 1961), known professionally as Mark Curry, is an American actor, comedian, and host. Curry is best known for his role as Mark Cooper, ex–basketball player turned teacher on the ABC sitcom "Hangin' with Mr. Cooper" which originally aired from 1992 to 1997. Curry also served as one of the various hosts of the syndicated series "It's Showtime at the Apollo" during the early 1990s. Curry co-starred in all three seasons of "See Dad Run", Nick At Nite's first original live-action family comedy series, from 2012 to 2015.


title: Mark Curry (actor)

text: Born in Oakland, California Curry is the youngest of nine. Curry attended St. Joseph Notre Dame High School in Alameda, California, and California State University, East Bay in Hayward, California. As a child, Curry was a participant at the East Oakland Youth Development Center (EOYDC), a local youth organization.


title: Mark Curry (actor)

text: Curry's first role was in the 1991 feature film "Talkin' Dirty After Dark" where he appeared alongside Martin Lawrence.


title: Mark Curry (actor)

text: Curry's first major role was on the ABC sitcom "Hangin' with Mr. Cooper" which made its debut in September 1992. On the show he played the lead role of Mark Cooper, an NBA player-turned-substitute teacher/gym coach. "Hangin' with Mr. Cooper" was eventually on air for five seasons with over a hundred episodes.


title: Mark Curry (actor)

text: In 1994 Curry guest starred on the sitcom "Living Single". In 1997, he made another guest appearance on the sitcom "Martin".


title: Mark Curry (actor)

text: Curry was later featured on two episodes of "The Jamie Foxx Show" as eccentric driving instructor Sergeant Easy.


title: Mark Curry (actor)

text: That year he also hosted the Comedy Central game show "Don't Forget Your Toothbrush" and made a guest appearance on the sitcom "For Your Love" with his "Hangin' with Mr. Cooper" co-star, Holly Robinson Peete.


title: Mark Curry (actor)

text: Curry went on to play the lead role of scientist Norton Ballard in the Disney Channel Original Movie "The Poof Point". The movie reunited Curry with "Hangin' with Mr. Cooper" co-star Dawnn Lewis, who played the his onscreen wife Marigold.


title: Mark Curry (actor)

text: Curry was the host of the PAX-TV show "Animal Tails" and BET's "Coming to the Stage" in 2003. In 2004, he appeared on "Celebrity Mole Yucatan". He came in second place to Dennis Rodman.


title: Mark Curry (actor)

text: In 2005, Curry was featured on an episode of "Less Than Perfect" and guest starred as Max Cooper on two episodes of "Fat Actress". Curry made another guest appearance on a 2008 episode of the sitcom "House of Payne".


title: Mark Curry (actor)

text: On November 30, 2008, Curry performed a stand-up comedy routine on "The Comedy Festival Laffapalooza Special" which was hosted by Tracy Morgan.


title: Mark Curry (actor)

text: From 2009 to 2011, Curry hosted Jamie Foxx's "FoxxHole Live" every Monday in the Conga Room in Los Angeles, which was heard on satellite radio stations Sirius 106/XM 149. In 2012, Curry joined Sommore, Earthquake, Bruce Bruce, and Tony Rock on the "Royal Comedy Tour".


title: Mark Curry (actor)

text: Curry also starred in Nick At Nite's first-ever original live-action family sitcom, "See Dad Run," which debuted in 2012, as Marcus, who's a friend of Scott Baio's character. "See Dad Run" eventually ran for three seasons on the network.


title: Mark Curry (actor)

text: In 2014, Curry joined "Sommore's Standing Ovation Comedy Tour" along with Bill Bellamy, Tommy Davidson, and others. That same year, Bounce TV launched the sitcom "One Love", starring Curry and Sheryl Lee Ralph. In 2018, Curry was a special guest on the Katt Williams 11:11 Tour. Since 2018, Curry has also regularly performed stand-up comedy at the Hollywood Improv.


title: Mark Curry (actor)

text: Curry was featured in the music video for Too Short's "I Ain't Trippin'". He also appeared in the music video of Bow Wow's "Take Ya Home", where he played a father trying to get his daughter a doll of the rapper.


title: Mark Curry (actor)

text: He appeared in the 2002 song "Oakland Raiders" by Oakland rap group Luniz. Delivering a humorous monologue as the song faded out, Curry asserted his status as a pimp and stated his fondness for big dank. Most recently he can be seen in the 2015 music video "Pull Up" by Young Dolph featuring 2Chains and Juicy J; a tribute to the movie "Coming to America."


title: Mark Curry (actor)

text: On May 17, 2007, an aerosol can that had fallen behind a water heater exploded, and Curry, who was doing laundry at the time, was burned on more than 20% of his body, including his arm, back, and side. He spent many months recuperating at his home. According to an Associated Press interview posted on CNN.com on February 17, 2008, Curry considered suicide after waking from a three-day, medically induced coma, but decided against it with the help of friends and fellow comedians, such as Sinbad and Bill Cosby. Curry went on "The Montel Williams Show" to discuss his recovery.


title: Brocken spectre

text: A Brocken spectre (British English; American spelling Brocken specter; ), also called Brocken bow, mountain spectre, or spectre of the Brocken is the magnified (and apparently enormous) shadow of an observer cast in mid air upon any type of cloud opposite a strong light source. Additionally, if the cloud consists of water droplets backscattered, a bright area called , and halo-like rings of rainbow coloured light called a glory can be seen around the head or apperature silhouette of the spectre. Typically the spectre appears in sunlight opposite the sun's direction at the antisolar point.


title: Brocken spectre

text: The phenomenon can appear on any misty mountainside, cloud bank, or be seen from an aircraft, but the frequent fogs and low-altitude accessibility of the Brocken, a peak in the Harz Mountains in Germany, have created a local legend from which the phenomenon draws its name. The Brocken spectre was observed and described by Johann Silberschlag in 1780, and has often been recorded in literature about the region.


title: Brocken spectre

text: The "spectre" appears when the sun shines from behind the observer, who is looking down from a ridge or peak into mist or fog. The light projects their shadow through the mist, often in a triangular shape due to perspective. The apparent magnification of size of the shadow is an optical illusion that occurs when the observer judges their shadow on relatively nearby clouds to be at the same distance as faraway land objects seen through gaps in the clouds, or when there are no reference points by which to judge its size. The shadow also falls on water droplets of varying distances from the eye, confusing depth perception. The ghost can appear to move (sometimes suddenly) because of the movement of the cloud layer and variations in density within the cloud.


title: Brocken spectre

text: Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem "Constancy to an Ideal Object" concludes with an image of the Brocken spectre:


title: Brocken spectre

text: Lewis Carroll's "Phantasmagoria" includes a line about a Spectre who "...tried the Brocken business first/but caught a sort of chill/so came to England to be nursed/and here it took the form of thirst/which he complains of still."


title: Brocken spectre

text: Stanisław Lem's "Fiasco" (1986) has a reference to the "Brocken Specter": "He was alone. He had been chasing himself. Not a common phenomenon, but known even on Earth. The Brocken Specter in the Alps, for example." The situation, of pursuing one's self, via a natural illusion is a repeated theme in Lem. A scene of significance in his book "The Investigation" (1975) depicts a detective who, within the confines of a snowy, dead-end alley, confronts a man who turns out to be the detective's own reflection, "The stranger... was himself. He was standing in front of a huge mirrored wall marking the end of the arcade."


title: Brocken spectre

text: In "The Radiant Warrior" (1989), part of Leo Frankowski's Conrad Stargard series, the protagonist uses the Brocken Spectre to instill confidence in his recruits.


title: Brocken spectre

text: The Brocken spectre is a key trope in Paul Beatty's "The White Boy Shuffle" (1996), in which a character, Nicholas Scoby, declares that his dream (he specifically calls it a "Dream and a half, really") is to see his glory through a Brocken spectre (69).


title: Brocken spectre

text: In James Hogg's novel "The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner" (1824) the Brocken spectre is used to suggest psychological horror.


title: Brocken spectre

text: ... I had a dream which both frightened and encouraged me. It was night in some unknown place, and I was making slow and painful headway against a mighty wind. Dense fog was flying along everywhere. I had my hands cupped around a tiny light which threatened to go out at any moment... Suddenly I had the feeling that something was coming up behind me. I looked back, and saw a gigantic black figure following me... When I awoke I realized at once that the figure was a "specter of the Brocken," my own shadow on the swirling mists, brought into being by the little light I was carrying.


title: Brocken spectre

text: In "Gravity's Rainbow", Geli Tripping and Slothrop make "god-shadows" from a Harz precipice, as Walpurgisnacht wanes to dawn. Additionally, the French–Canadian quadruple agent Rémy Marathe muses episodically about the possibility of witnessing the fabled spectre on the mountains of Tucson in David Foster Wallace's novel "Infinite Jest".


title: Brocken spectre

text: The explorer Eric Shipton saw a Brocken Spectre during his first ascent of Nelion on Mount Kenya with Percy Wyn-Harris and Gustav Sommerfelt in 1929. He wrote:


title: Brocken spectre

text: Then the towering buttresses of Batian and Nelion appeared; the rays of the setting sun broke through and, in the east, sharply defined, a great circle of rainbow colours framed our own silhouettes. It was the only perfect Brocken Spectre I have ever seen.


title: Brocken spectre

text: The progressive metal band Fates Warning makes numerous references to the Brocken Spectre in both their debut album title "Night on Bröcken" and in lyrics on a subsequent song called "The Sorceress" from the album "Awaken the Guardian" that read "Through the Brocken Spectre rose a luring Angel."


title: Brocken spectre

text: The design of Kriemhild Gretchen, a Witch in the anime series "Puella Magi Madoka Magica", may have been inspired by the Brocken spectre.


title: Brocken spectre

text: In Charles Dickens's "Little Dorrit", Book II Chapter 23, Flora Finching, in the course of one of her typically free-associative babbles to Mr Clennam, says " ... ere yet Mr F appeared a misty shadow on the horizon paying attentions like the well-known spectre of some place in Germany beginning with a B ... "


title: Brocken spectre

text: In the manga and anime "Tensou Sentai Goseiger", Brocken Spectres were one of the enemies that Gosei Angels must face.


title: Brocken spectre

text: In the anime "Detective Conan", Brocken spectres are mentioned in episode 348 and episode 546 as well.


title: Devon Rex

text: The Devon Rex is a tall-eared, short-haired breed of cat that emerged in England during the late 1950s. They are known for their slender bodies, wavy coat, and large ears. This breed of cat is capable of learning difficult tricks but can be hard to motivate.


title: Devon Rex

text: The Devon Rex is a breed of cat with a curly, very soft short coat similar to that of the Cornish Rex. They are often thought of as one of the most hypoallergenic cats available because of their type of coat. However, they are technically not hypoallergenic.


title: Devon Rex

text: The first Devon was discovered by Beryl Cox in Buckfastleigh, Devon, UK, in 1959. The breed was initially thought to be linked with the Cornish Rex; however, test mating proved otherwise.


title: Devon Rex

text: Cats have three types of hair: guard hair, awn hair, and down hair. The Devon Rex's coat is unusual because there is little guard hair.


title: Devon Rex

text: The curl in Devon Rex fur is caused by a different mutation and gene than that of the Cornish Rex and German Rex, and breeding of a Devon with either of those cats results in cats without rexed (curled) fur. Devons, which are medium-sized cats, are often called "pixie cats" because of their unique appearance.


title: Devon Rex

text: Their uncommonly large, slightly rounded ears are set low on the sides of their wide heads, their eyes are large, and their noses are slightly upturned. Unlike most cats, their whiskers are very short and often curled to such an extent that it may appear as if they have no whiskers. Their body type is distinctly lightly built. Their long, sturdy legs are well suited for long leaps, and their toes are unusually large.


title: Devon Rex

text: Many Devon rex cats also have hereditary myopathy, which is caused by a genetic variant known as COLQ and it appears anytime from 3 to 23 weeks of age. Typically, there is a chance that the myopathy in the cats might stabilize, however, most of the time, the condition worsens and the Devon rex cats die from laryngospasm, after obstructing their larynx with food.


title: Devon Rex

text: The typical Devon is active, mischievous, playful, and very people-oriented. They have been described as a cross between a cat, a dog and a monkey (or, more famously, as "a monkey in a cat suit"). They are high-jumpers and will try to occupy any space large enough to admit them. With this trait, they are often found in odd nooks and crannies of a closet, shelf, or laundry basket. Devons prefer to be in high places and will go to great lengths to get to the highest spot in a room. They are relatively easy to take care of. Most Devons also have one central person to whom they devote their love, and on whom they will most often lie and rub. They like to playfully nip, and love to play throughout their lives.


title: Devon Rex

text: They are a very intelligent breed; the typical Devon Rex can be trained to walk on a leash, fetch or perform all manner of tricks usually associated with canines, like jump, heel and tag to name a few.


title: Devon Rex

text: Another common trait is their show of affection: they have a particular penchant for being close to the head or neck of their human companions and can often be found mounted upon one's shoulder or nestled into the cranny created by the neck and shoulder when one is prone. The Devon Rex is a faithful companion and will usually follow the object of their affection from room to room, waiting for the opportunity to leap onto their arms, lap, or shoulder.


title: Druidry (modern)

text: Druidry, sometimes termed Druidism, is a modern spiritual or religious movement that promotes the cultivation of honorable relationships with the physical landscapes, flora, fauna, and diverse peoples of the world, as well as with nature deities, and spirits of nature and place. Theological beliefs among modern Druids are diverse; however, all modern Druids venerate the divine essence of nature.


title: Druidry (modern)

text: While there are significant interregional and intergroup variations in modern Druidry practice, Druids across the globe are unified by a core set of shared spiritual and devotional practices: meditation; prayer/conversation with deities and spirits; the use of extra-sensory methods of seeking wisdom and guidance; the use of nature-based spiritual frameworks to structure devotional practices and rituals; and a regular practice of nature connection and environmental stewardship work.


title: Druidry (modern)

text: Arising from the 18th century Romanticist movement in Britain, which glorified the ancient Celtic peoples of the Iron Age, the early neo-Druids aimed to imitate the Iron Age priests who were also known as druids. At the time, little accurate information was known about these ancient priests, and the modern Druidic movement has no direct connection to them, despite contrary claims made by some modern Druids.


title: Druidry (modern)

text: In the late 18th century, modern Druids developed fraternal organizations modeled on Freemasonry that employed the romantic figure of the British Druids and Bards as symbols of the indigenous spirituality of Prehistoric Britain. Some of these groups were purely fraternal and cultural, such as the oldest one that remains, the Ancient Order of Druids founded in 1781, creating traditions from the national imagination of Britain. Others, in the early 20th century, merged with contemporary movements such as the physical culture movement and naturism. Since the 1980s, some modern druid groups have adopted similar methodologies to those of Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism in an effort to create a more historically accurate practice. However, there is still controversy over how much resemblance modern Druidism may or may not have to the Iron Age druids.


title: Druidry (modern)

text: By 2020, modern Druidry had spread to 34 nations, across 6 continents, and had taken root in 17 diverse biomes. The importance that modern Druids attributed to Celtic language and culture, circa 2020, varied depending upon the physical and cultural environments in which the individual Druid lived. By 2020, roughly 92% of world Druids were living outside the British Isles.


title: Druidry (modern)

text: Based on 2011-2013 census data from Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Ireland, and 2008 ARIS Report data from the United States, the population of Druids residing in anglophone nations was estimated at 59,299. The current global population of Druids is likely to significantly exceed this number, as many countries with resident Druids do not allow for the existence of Druidry within their census instruments. Pagan faith surveys are also likely to undercount Druids, as only 63% of world Druids identify with either of the categories Pagan or Heathen. In addition, 74% of world Druids report having significant privacy and safety concerns, due to discrimination and persecution within their local communities, and so are likely to be underreported in the census data that does exist.