title: Promoter (genetics)

text: The initiation of the transcription is a multistep sequential process that involves several mechanisms: promoter location, initial reversible binding of RNA polymerase, conformational changes in RNA polymerase, conformational changes in DNA, binding of nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) to the functional RNA polymerase-promoter complex, and nonproductive and productive initiation of RNA synthesis.


title: Promoter (genetics)

text: The promoter binding process is crucial in the understanding of the process of gene expression. Tuning synthetic genetic systems relies on precisely engineered synthetic promoters with known levels of transcription rates.


title: Promoter (genetics)

text: Although RNA polymerase holoenzyme shows high affinity to non-specific sites of the DNA, this characteristic does not allow us to clarify the process of promoter location. This process of promoter location has been attributed to the structure of the holoenzyme to DNA and sigma 4 to DNA complexes.


title: Promoter (genetics)

text: Most diseases are heterogeneous in cause, meaning that one "disease" is often many different diseases at the molecular level, though symptoms exhibited and response to treatment may be identical. How diseases of different molecular origin respond to treatments is partially addressed in the discipline of pharmacogenomics.


title: Promoter (genetics)

text: Not listed here are the many kinds of cancers involving aberrant transcriptional regulation owing to creation of chimeric genes through pathological chromosomal translocation. Importantly, intervention in the number or structure of promoter-bound proteins is one key to treating a disease without affecting expression of unrelated genes sharing elements with the target gene. Some genes whose change is not desirable are capable of influencing the potential of a cell to become cancerous.


title: Promoter (genetics)

text: In humans, about 70% of promoters located near the transcription start site of a gene (proximal promoters) contain a CpG island. CpG islands are generally 200 to 2000 base pairs long, have a C:G base pair content >50%, and have regions of DNA where a cytosine nucleotide is followed by a guanine nucleotide and this occurs frequently in the linear sequence of bases along its 5' → 3' direction.


title: Promoter (genetics)

text: Distal promoters also frequently contain CpG islands, such as the promoter of the DNA repair gene "ERCC1", where the CpG island-containing promoter is located about 5,400 nucleotides upstream of the coding region of the "ERCC1" gene. CpG islands also occur frequently in promoters for functional noncoding RNAs such as microRNAs.


title: Promoter (genetics)

text: In humans, DNA methylation occurs at the 5' position of the pyrimidine ring of the cytosine residues within CpG sites to form 5-methylcytosines. The presence of multiple methylated CpG sites in CpG islands of promoters causes stable silencing of genes. Silencing of a gene may be initiated by other mechanisms, but this is often followed by methylation of CpG sites in the promoter CpG island to cause the stable silencing of the gene.


title: Promoter (genetics)

text: Generally, in progression to cancer, hundreds of genes are silenced or activated. Although silencing of some genes in cancers occurs by mutation, a large proportion of carcinogenic gene silencing is a result of altered DNA methylation (see DNA methylation in cancer). DNA methylation causing silencing in cancer typically occurs at multiple CpG sites in the CpG islands that are present in the promoters of protein coding genes.


title: Promoter (genetics)

text: Altered expressions of microRNAs also silence or activate many genes in progression to cancer (see microRNAs in cancer). Altered microRNA expression occurs through hyper/hypo-methylation of CpG sites in CpG islands in promoters controlling transcription of the microRNAs.


title: Promoter (genetics)

text: Silencing of DNA repair genes through methylation of CpG islands in their promoters appears to be especially important in progression to cancer (see methylation of DNA repair genes in cancer).


title: Promoter (genetics)

text: The usage of the term canonical sequence to refer to a promoter is often problematic, and can lead to misunderstandings about promoter sequences. Canonical implies perfect, in some sense.


title: Promoter (genetics)

text: In the case of a transcription factor binding site, there may be a single sequence that binds the protein most strongly under specified cellular conditions. This might be called canonical.


title: Promoter (genetics)

text: However, natural selection may favor less energetic binding as a way of regulating transcriptional output. In this case, we may call the most common sequence in a population the wild-type sequence. It may not even be the most advantageous sequence to have under prevailing conditions.


title: Promoter (genetics)

text: Recent evidence also indicates that several genes (including the proto-oncogene c-myc) have G-quadruplex motifs as potential regulatory signals.


title: Promoter (genetics)

text: Promoters are important gene regulatory elements used in tuning synthetically designed genetic circuits and metabolic networks. For example, to overexpress an important gene in a network, to yield higher production of target protein, synthetic biologists design promoters to upregulate its expression. Automated algorithms can be used to design neutral DNA or insulators that do not trigger gene expression of downstream sequences.


title: Promoter (genetics)

text: Some cases of many genetic diseases are associated with variations in promoters or transcription factors.


title: Promoter (genetics)

text: Some promoters are called constitutive as they are active in all circumstances in the cell, while others are regulated, becoming active in the cell only in response to specific stimuli.


title: Promoter (genetics)

text: When referring to a promoter some authors actually mean promoter + operator; i.e., the lac promoter is IPTG inducible, meaning that besides the lac promoter, the lac operon is also present. If the lac operator were not present the IPTG would not have an inducible effect.


title: Promoter (genetics)

text: Another example is the Tac-Promoter system (Ptac). Notice how tac is written as a tac promoter, while in fact tac is actually both a promoter and an operator.


title: Attack Attack! (American band)

text: Attack Attack! is an American metalcore band from Westerville, Ohio, originally formed in 2007 as Ambiance, later changing their name. Attack Attack!'s first release, an independent EP titled "If Guns Are Outlawed, Can We Use Swords?", was released in 2007, which led to the signing of the band to Rise Records the same year. They released three full-length albums, "Someday Came Suddenly", a self-titled album, and "This Means War" all through Rise Records. The band left Rise Records in 2012 and disbanded the following year after a farewell tour. On October 19, 2020, the band announced a re-formation, with a mix of returning and new members.


title: Attack Attack! (American band)

text: Attack Attack! was formed around 2006 when Johnny Franck, Andrew Whiting, Nick White and Andrew Wetzel met Austin Carlile while playing in local high school bands. Caleb Shomo joined the band as the keyboardist, and they changed the name to Attack Attack! In 2007 the band entered a local studio where they recorded material that was put up on Myspace to promote their music. As the oldest member of the band, Wetzel also acted as their manager for most of the year. The band was taken on by manager Eric Rushing of The Artery Foundation who signed them to Rise Records in May 2008. As members of the band were still underage at this point, contractual discussions required parental consent. The material recorded in 2007 was put together on the EP "If Guns Are Outlawed, Can We Use Swords?" (2008). All 8 musicians involved in recording the demos are shown on the cover which include Ricky Lortz and John Holgado (who would replace original bassist Nick White). The band was also signed by booking agent David Shapiro of the Agency Group that resulted in nationwide tours. In November 2008 they released their debut full-length album, "Someday Came Suddenly", on Rise. Many songs on the album were re-recorded tracks originally released on the "If Guns Are Outlawed" EP. Upon the release the album peaked on the "Billboard" Independent Albums chart and reached number 193 on the "Billboard" 200, with sales of more than 3,600 in its first week despite its mediocre reviews.


title: Attack Attack! (American band)

text: Later, halfway through a tour supporting Maylene and the Sons of Disaster, vocalist Austin Carlile was ejected from the band and replaced with Nick Barham, brother of former Sleeping With Sirens drummer Gabe Barham Attack Attack! then toured with Escape the Fate, William Control, Black Tide and Burn Halo early in 2009. The band was part of the Warped Tour 2009 where they appeared on one of the smaller stages.


title: Attack Attack! (American band)

text: Attack Attack! released a music video for their song "Stick Stickly". The "Stick Stickly" video has led to a number of criticisms, including lengthy pieces by Buddyhead and the British newspaper "The Guardian". It also lead to the creation of the internet meme "crabcore" mocking the "crab-like" stance of Attack Attack!'s guitarist featured in the music video. The band also has a "live" video for the song "Dr. Shavargo Pt. 3".


title: Attack Attack! (American band)

text: On October 19, 2009, lead vocalist Nick Barham announced his departure from Attack Attack! just two days short of their headliner tour, he stated in his blog on MySpace that "It was just time for change," and that there was no conflict between him and the other band members. The band then made the decision of Caleb Shomo to be moved as the band's primary vocalist but still remaining at his place as the keyboardist as well.


title: Attack Attack! (American band)

text: The band's self-titled album was released on June 8, 2010. They headlined the "This Is a Family Tour" in November 2010.


title: Attack Attack! (American band)

text: On November 10, 2010, Johnny Franck announced he had departed from the band to focus on his relationship with God. He has started a new project called The March Ahead. With this news also came a clip of a new song featuring Caleb Shomo on lead vocals. The music video for "Smokahontas" was released on January 21, 2011, and was directed by Thunder Down Country films. The music video featured Johnny Franck on guitar and singing, and Caleb Shomo on unclean vocals.


title: Attack Attack! (American band)

text: On November 14, 2011, it was announced that the band's third full-length, "This Means War" would be released on January 17, 2012. The entire album was produced by Caleb Shomo at his home studio. Along with this news, they also posted dates for the "This Means War Tour" with supporting acts from The Ghost Inside, Sleeping with Sirens, Chunk! No, Captain Chunk!, and Dream On, Dreamer. More news and the album artwork was released in the Hot Topic website "News." On December 13, 2011, they premiered a song from the album titled "The Motivation". 30 seconds of the whole track list were released on Amazon.com and pre-orders were also opened in many stores. On January 12, 2012. the band debuted the music video for the first single off the album, "The Wretched".


title: Attack Attack! (American band)

text: The band announced in 2012 their departure from Rise Records, simultaneous with an announcement that they have completed ten songs, produced by John Feldmann, for another album, although Wetzel said on his formspring "they're somewhere in Feldmann's hard drive" for they "would be too much work legally to get them released" The band stated that they "don't have another record label or anything lined up and [are] probably not planning on going to another one.", also that Wetzel "has [his] own label now [Oxide Entertainment] and will probably just use that" The band headlined the This World Is Ours Tour with Escape The Fate and the Word Alive.


title: Attack Attack! (American band)

text: On December 18, 2012, Caleb Shomo officially announced his departure from Attack Attack!, along with confirming the new vocalist of the band to be Phil Druyor of I Am Abomination.


title: Attack Attack! (American band)

text: On December 19, 2012, the band released a new song titled "No Defeat" through Alternative Press which song features the brand new line-up and was the first song to feature Phil Druyor on vocals and Tyler Sapp on bass. Jason Pettigrew of Alternative Press describes the song as "an intriguing mix of '80s FM-rock swagger and the electronic flourishes they built their career on". Andrew Wetzel also stated that the band will record more songs after "No Defeat". Attack Attack! released two video updates about their 4th studio album, which was never released.


title: Attack Attack! (American band)

text: In early 2013, Attack Attack! started touring in Europe again with the new members. On April 22, 2013, Attack Attack! said that the Back in Action tour was going to be their last tour and the band would be "laid to rest" .


title: Attack Attack! (American band)

text: Drummer Andrew Wetzel confirmed on his Formspring that In Fear and Faith guitarist Sean Bell left In Fear and Faith to become an official final member of Attack Attack! as well as a member of the new band that the former members made.


title: Attack Attack! (American band)

text: The final lineup of Attack Attack! had formed a new band, Nativ. Andrew Wetzel confirmed that the last lineup of Attack Attack! will stay together and stated, "the album that was going to be Attack Attack!'s final untitled album will be released through his and Whitings' new band." Nativ's band-members consisted of Phil Druyor, Andrew Wetzel, Andrew Whiting, Tyler Sapp, and William Honto. On November 13, 2013, Nativ was delayed due to a physical altercation between Andrew Wetzel and Andrew Whiting leading to a legal battle.


title: Attack Attack! (American band)

text: In October 2020, the band had returned and were in the studio with producer Joey Sturgis writing new material, with a new single titled "All My Life" that was released on December 7, 2020. The new lineup was later confirmed to consist of original members Andrew Wetzel and Andrew Whiting, as well as new members, bassist Jay Miller and vocalist Chris Parketny.


title: Attack Attack! (American band)

text: On April 20, 2021, Attack Attack! released a short new song titled, "Kawaii Cowboys". It features a blend of style described as country, J-pop, and metalcore. On April 30, 2021, the band released a new song titled "Brachyura Bombshell".


title: Attack Attack! (American band)

text: Attack Attack! have been described as "screamo/metalcore Christian rockers", electronicore, and post-hardcore combined with electronica influences.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: Created amidst the success of Nintendo's and Game Freak's "Pokémon" series, alongside the rise of collectable card games, "Mega Man Battle Network" has players control MegaMan.EXE, a NetNavi operated by Lan Hikari as they attempt to stop the schemes of a net-crime organization called WWW (called "World Three"), headed by the universe's interpretation of Dr. Wily. Players battle enemies on a 6x3 grid, selecting "Battle Chips" which allow for more powerful attacks.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: The series has been met with positive reviews from critics, although later games, particularly "5" and "6", have been criticized for a perceived lack of innovation; the series was followed-up by a sequel series titled "Mega Man Star Force", which is set 200 years after "Battle Network" and focuses on radio waves. A compilation of all six mainline entries, "Mega Man Battle Network Legacy Collection", is scheduled for release in April 2023 on the PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch and PC.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: "Mega Man Battle Network" is set in an ambiguous year in the 21st century ("20XX AD") in an alternate reality to the original "Mega Man" series. Within the world of "Battle Network", the Net has become humanity's primary means of communication, commerce, and even crime. Users are able to "jack in" to the Net and other computerized devices, and explore their various aspects using program avatars called "NetNavis (Network Navigators)" as if they were physical locations. The Net and the inner workings of computers are displayed as a virtual world with which computer programs of all varieties, as personified in a humanoid form, can interact. Users often do so by accessing their NetNavis via a "PET (PErsonal information Terminal)" device.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: The plot of "Mega Man Battle Network" follows one such pair, Lan Hikari and his NetNavi MegaMan.EXE. Lan is a fifth grader in the town of ACDC. His father, Dr. Yuichiro Hikari, is one of the world's top scientists and NetNavi researchers. Most of the series (barring spin-offs) involve Lan Hikari and MegaMan.EXE stopping an evil crime syndicate from taking over the world; "WWW" (said out loud as "World Three") in the first, third, and sixth games, Gospel in the second game, and Nebula in the fourth and fifth games.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: "Mega Man Battle Network" is a real-time tactical RPG series. To progress through the games, the player must alternately navigate the outside world as Lan Hikari and the Net as MegaMan.EXE, each containing certain tasks that must be completed to allow advancement in the other. Controlling Lan, the player may travel around the world map, interact with non-player characters, check email, purchase items, initiate Net missions, or speak with MegaMan.EXE through his PET. In contrast with traditional "Mega Man" entries in which battle and movement through the levels happen in the same setting, "Battle Network"'s combat occurs only through by battling computer viruses within the Net. This cyber world is represented by a series of branching pathways and nodes, where MegaMan.EXE can travel to both new and previously visited locations, find and purchase items, and fight viruses. Battles do not generally appear on the field screen of the Net but are usually set as random encounters.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: The battlefield itself is made up of 18 tiles divided into two groups of nine, one group being space in which MegaMan.EXE may freely move and the other group being space inhabited by enemies. Akin to other "Mega Man" games, MegaMan.EXE possesses an arm cannon called the "Mega Buster". The player can transition among the nine provided tiles and fire the Mega Buster at enemies from across the screen. The objective of each battle is to delete all the viruses by reducing their hit points (HP) to zero. If MegaMan.EXE's own health depletes, a game over occurs. In order to attack without the Mega Buster, the player must utilize Battle Chips, which are placed into a "folder" before the battle starts, and are drawn at random. Starting with the third game, Battle Chips are organized into three primary categories which limits how many of the same chip can be used in the same folder: Standard (4 of the same, 30 in the folder), Mega (1 of the same, 5 in the folder), and Giga (only 1 per folder). Excluding the asterisk code, which was introduced in "2", the player can only use Battle Chips that have either the same, or share the letter. Selecting a specific combination of Battle Chips results in Program Advances, which give the player either a strong attack, or continual use of the Battle Chip used for several seconds. Each Battle Chip also has an element assigned to it, and hitting an enemy with its weakness will result in them taking double damage.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: The series also has multiplayer functionality where two players can either fight, or trade chips with each other using the Game Link Cable; trading the opposite version's Mega Chips in "4"–"6" will result in them appearing as "Secret Chips" in the Chip Library, however Giga Chips cannot be traded .


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: Resulting from a cancelled horror game, the original "Mega Man Battle Network" was developed by Capcom Production Studio 2 for the Game Boy Advance handheld video game console.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: "Battle Network 3" was intended as the finale of the series, however development on the fourth game started a short while after its release. Writer Masakazu Eguchi wrote that for the last three mainline entries, the developers primarily focused on evolving the battle system from the third game. Later entries in the series also suffered from space limitations, as they still used the same ROM sizes as earlier entries, which lead to the overworld sprites being redrawn to be smaller and more cartoonish. The final game in the series, "Battle Network 6", redid several of the sprites again and changed the environment due to wanting to make the game feel fresh.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: Starting with "Battle Network 4", the series began including content from Hideo Kojima's series "Boktai", which was developed and published by Konami; the crossover content mainly included battle chips, bosses, and entire areas themed around "Boktai" and vampires. However, content related to the third "Boktai" game would be removed in international versions of "5: Double Team DS" and "6" since it was not released outside of Japan, as would "Lunar Knights" content in "Star Force".


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: The music of "Mega Man Battle Network" was primarily composed by Akari Kaida, Yoshino Aoki, and Toshihiko Horiyama. The soundtracks for "1" through "6", alongside "Battle Chip Challenge" and the Japanese-only "4.5: Real Operation" was released in 2021 on Spotify to celebrate the series' 20th anniversary.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: A terrorist organization called WWW (World Three) attempted to destroy the world with the use of a super virus known as the Life Virus. Despite interference by Lan and MegaMan, the members stole the four element programs they needed in order to make it and succeeded in its creation. The virus was as strong as predicted, but was destroyed by MegaMan. Its defeat forced WWW to retreat. This game received an averaged score of 80% score on GameRankings and 79% on Metacritic.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: "Mega Man Battle Network" was later re-released for the Nintendo DS as "Rockman.EXE: Operate Shooting Star", which serves both as an enhanced port of the original, as well as a crossover with the "Star Force" series. The NetNavi exclusive to "Operate Shooting Star", ClockMan.EXE, was a winner from a CoroCoro Comics contest. Despite initial strong sales, it would only sell 60000 copies by the end of 2009, which contributed to the cancellation of "Star Force 4". Capcom's then Vice President of Strategic Planning & Business Development, Christian Svennson, stated the company had no plans to release the game for Western territories, however an English fan translation released in 2018.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: The following summer after WWW's defeat, a new terrorist group called Gospel emerges. Their tactics differed considerably compared to WWW, as they appeared to have no set goal. Gospel's plan had seemingly consisted of only causing random destruction with their navis. Lan and MegaMan battled every member and prevented the worst possible situations. However, Gospel's hidden plan was to re-create the ultimate net navi, Bass. Using bug fragments, they planned to make a large army of Bass navis to take over the world. Unknown to Gospel, their method of creating Bass was imperfect, and his abilities were vastly below predictions. In an attempt to make copies of Bass to create an army, the leader of Gospel overloaded energy to the bug fragments; but something went wrong and the concoction transformed into a giant wolf-like multi-bug organism. Although the bug beast was stronger than before, Lan and MegaMan managed to eliminate it. This game received an averaged score of 82% score on GameRankings and 81% on MetaCritic.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: "Mega Man Battle Network 3" was released in late-2002 in Japan, and mid-2003 internationally; the game follows a revived WWW seeking to release Alpha, the original prototype of the internet. New to the game is the ability to customize Mega Man by placing blocks in a grid, however placing blocks incorrectly will cause a bug to occur. "Battle Network 3" was the first game to get two distinct versions, although this wasn't the case in Japan initially, which didn't get "Blue" until a few months after "White"'s release.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: Like with the previous two games, reception to "Battle Network 3" was positive, although some thought the game had innovated too little. The game also topped sales charts, with both versions selling a total of 768,000 units in Japan at the end of 2003.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: Released in December 2003 in Japan, and June 2004 in North America, "Mega Man Battle Network 4" involves a meteor on trajectory towards Earth, and a new crime syndicate "Nebula" corrupting Navis with Dark Chips. Style Changes are removed in this installment, instead being replaced with Double Souls (Soul Unisons), which can be activated by sacrificing a certain chip. During the game, players will have several scenarios they encounter which are different depending on the version.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: Reception to "Battle Network 4" was mixed-to-positive, although it too received lower review scores than the first three, which much criticism going to the lack of any real story outside of tournament scenarios. In addition, "Blue Moon" received criticism due to a bug on the Nintendo DS that would cause the game to slow down significantly when exiting from battle during the WoodMan scenario, which was acknowledged by Nintendo and fixed in time for the DS Lite. Despite this, "Battle Network 4" is the best-selling entry in the series, selling 1.35 million copies worldwide as of 2009.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: Nebula attacks again, this time with an all-out invasion. They kidnap Lan's father and use SciLab's computers to take over the internet. In response, either Chaud or Baryl (depending on the version) create a team of elite net navis and operators. Lan and MegaMan are the first members. As the story progresses, more team members are gained, and more areas of the net are liberated. When all of the net is won back, the team locates Nebula's headquarters and attempt to defeat the organization. The GBA versions received an average score of 68% on GameRankings and 67% on MetaCritic, whereas the NDS version received 70% on GameRankings and 68% on MetaCritic.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: "Mega Man Battle Network 6" is the final game in the series, in which Lan's father gets a new job and the family moves to Cyber City, leaving behind Lan's classmates and friends from ACDC Town. WWW attacks once again, aiming to revive the legendary Cybeasts, Gregar and Falzar. The Double Soul system is replaced with the similar Cross System, this time allowing the player to activate at any time, although it will be disabled if hit by its elemental weakness; players are also able to "Beast Out" MegaMan for a limited time, allowing him to tap into the power of the Cybeasts. Like the previous games, the Crosses and Beast Out differs depending on the version.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: The developers have stated the decision to end the series with the sixth game was only made part-way through due to wanting a new "Mega Man" series for the Nintendo DS; the English version also removed a significant amount of content, mainly the removal of the "Boktai" crossover. Reviewers generally showed little enthusiasm for "Battle Network 6", with it being near-universally highlighted for its lack of changes from previous installments in terms of graphics and gameplay, although some praised its story.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: Released as part of "Mega Man"'s fifteenth anniversary, "Mega Man Network Transmission" is a platformer developed by Arika and released for the Nintendo GameCube in mid-2003. The game was first announced in September 2002 at the Tokyo Game Show. The game acts is set between "1" and "2", and involves a new "Zero Virus" that makes Navis go berserk. The game mixes the gameplay of the "Classic" series 2D platforming and "Battle Network" series tactical RPG elements, with Keiji Inafune stating the decision was made by Arika to "preserve the core of "Rockman"".


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: Reception to "Network Transmission" was divisive; a major point of contempt was the game's high difficulty, while the overall presentation drew mixed reactions. On Metacritic, the game averaged a 65/100 indicating "mixed or average" reviews.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: Lan Hikari and MegaMan.EXE face off against the WWW. The story adapts aspects of both the first Mega Man Battle Network game as well as the anime series, MegaMan NT Warrior. The gameplay is similar to that of Mega Man Network Transmission.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: Developed with help from Inti Creates, who also developed the "Mega Man Zero" and "ZX" series, "Mega Man Battle Chip Challenge" utilizes a different battle system where players setup 12 Battle Chips on a grid called a "Program Deck", three of which are randomly selected. Aside from the Game Boy Advance version, the game also saw a release on the WonderSwan Color under the title "Rockman.EXE: N1 Battle", being among the last games released for the console.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: Unlike other games, contemporary reception to "Battle Chip Challenge" was mostly negative, with many critics disliking the lack of audience participation and aging presentation, although the audio was praised. The game currently has a 54/100 on Metacritic.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: "Rockman.EXE 4.5: Real Operation" was released in Japan-only on August 6, 2004. The "Real Operation" part of the title refers to how the Game Boy Advance functions as its own PET; during battles, players don't control the Navi directly, instead giving it instructions to follow. Reportedly, the game's development was "hell" due to it being completed in less than a year, in-between "Battle Network 4" and "5". The game was re-released for the Wii U Virtual Console in 2016.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: "Rockman.EXE: The Medal Operation", and "Rockman.EXE: Battle Chip Stadium" are a pair of arcade games released in 2005 and 2006; "The Medal Operation" is a medal game based on "Battle Network 5" where players could win chocolate, and "Battle Chip Stadium" uses the familiar battle system and is based upon "Battle Network 6". Service for "Battle Chip Stadium" ended in April 2014.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: Two mobile games were released in Japan, "Rockman.EXE: Phantom of Network" in 2004, and "Rockman.EXE: Legend of Network" in 2006; both games feature the same gameplay as the mainline entries and include exclusive characters. As of January 1, 2018, both games are no longer available for purchase. Despite their obscurity, many people have wished for them to see a re-release of them onto modern platforms.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: A compilation, "Mega Man Battle Network Legacy Collection", is scheduled for release in April 2023, bringing the series to Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Windows PC. The compilation will include all of six of the numbered games, including both versions of "Battle Network 3"–"6". Physical versions of the collection will be sold as one game, while digital versions will split the games between two volumes.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: The games were adapted into an anime series titled "MegaMan NT Warrior", which premiered in Japan on March 4, 2002, and concluded on September 30, 2006, lasting 209 episodes; the English dub of the series was handled by Viz Media, who outsourced the voice acting to the Ocean Group. It lasted for five series, subtitled "EXE", "Axess", "Stream", "Beast" and "Beast+", although only "EXE" and "Axess" would be dubbed into English. An alternate English dub by Voiceovers Unlimited would air in South-East Asian countries, which followed the Japanese script more closely, and lacked the censorship "NT Warrior" had.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: A film set during the events of "Stream", "Rockman.EXE the Movie: Program of Light and Darkness", premiered in Japanese theatres on March 12, 2005, as a double-billing with the "Duel Masters" film "Duel Masters: Curse of the Deathphoenix". The film grossed a total of US$6,178,840 within three weeks of its release.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: Two separate manga series were created by Shogakukan and published in their monthly magazine CoroCoro Comics; "MegaMan NT Warrior" by Ryo Takamisaki which lasted for 13 volumes, and "Battle Story MegaMan NT Warrior" by Keijima Jun and Miho Asada which consisted of 4 volumes. Viz Media would release "MegaMan NT Warrior" in North America between 2004 and 2008, while "Battle Story" only saw a release in Japan, Indonesia and certain European countries.


title: Mega Man Battle Network

text: In 2004, Capcom released "Rockman.EXE: Catan", a licensed version of "The Settlers of Catan" with the "Battle Network" motif. The game came in standard and portable types, with the portable version being magnetic.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: Annie Get Your Gun is a musical with lyrics and music by Irving Berlin and a book by Dorothy Fields and her brother Herbert Fields. The story is a fictionalized version of the life of Annie Oakley (1860–1926), a sharpshooter who starred in "Buffalo Bill's Wild West", and her romance with sharpshooter Frank E. Butler (1847–1926).


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: The 1946 Broadway production was a hit, and the musical had long runs in both New York (1,147 performances) and London, spawning revivals, a 1950 film version and television versions. Songs that became hits include "There's No Business Like Show Business", "Doin' What Comes Natur'lly", "You Can't Get a Man with a Gun", "They Say It's Wonderful", and "Anything You Can Do (I Can Do Better)".


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: Dorothy Fields had the idea for a musical about Annie Oakley, to star her friend, Ethel Merman. Producer Mike Todd turned the project down, so Fields approached a new producing team, Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II. After the success of their first musical collaboration, "Oklahoma!", Rodgers and Hammerstein had decided to become producers of both their own theatrical ventures and those by other authors. They agreed to produce the musical and asked Jerome Kern to compose the music; Fields would write the lyrics, and she and her brother Herbert would write the book. Kern, who had been composing for movie musicals in Hollywood, returned to New York on November 2, 1945, to begin work on the score to "Annie Get Your Gun", but three days later, he collapsed on the street due to a cerebral hemorrhage. Kern was hospitalized, and he died on November 11, 1945. The producers and Fields then asked Irving Berlin to write the musical's score; Fields agreed to step down as lyricist, knowing that Berlin preferred to write both music and lyrics to his songs. Berlin initially declined to write the score, worrying that he would be unable to write songs to fit specific scenes in "a situation show". Hammerstein persuaded him to study the script and try writing some songs based on it, and within days, Berlin returned with the songs "Doin' What Comes Naturally", "You Can't Get a Man With a Gun", and "There's No Business Like Show Business". Berlin's songs suited the story and Ethel Merman's abilities, and he readily composed the rest of the score to "Annie Get Your Gun". The show's eventual hit song, "There's No Business Like Show Business", was almost left out of the show because Berlin mistakenly got the impression that Richard Rodgers did not like it. In imitation of the structure of "Oklahoma!" a secondary romance between two of the members of the Wild West Show was added to the musical during its development.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: According to some sources, the role of Annie was originally offered to Mary Martin, who turned it down. This is not true. Dorothy Fields went to the hospital after Merman gave birth to her son to ask her if she would do the show. The show was conceived for Merman, but when time came to send out the post-Broadway national tour and Merman was unwilling to do it, Martin jumped at the chance, going on the road for approximately two years and belting out the songs, which had the effect of lowering her voice from its normal lyric-coloratura range to mezzo-soprano-alto.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: For the 1999 revival, Peter Stone revised the libretto, eliminating what were considered insensitive references to American Indians, including the songs "Colonel Buffalo Bill" and "I'm An Indian Too". Stone said, "The big challenge is taking a book that was wonderfully crafted for its time and make it wonderfully crafted for our time... It was terribly insensitive...to Indians... But it had to be dealt with in a way that was heartfelt and not obvious... In this case, it was with the permission of the heirs. They're terribly pleased with it." Stone also altered the structure of the musical, beginning it with "There's No Business Like Show Business" and presenting the musical as a "show within a show".


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: When the traveling Buffalo Bill's Wild West show visits Cincinnati, Ohio ("Colonel Buffalo Bill"), Frank Butler, the show's handsome, womanizing star ("I'm a Bad, Bad, Man"), challenges anyone in town to a shooting match. Foster Wilson, a local hotel owner, doesn't appreciate the Wild West show taking over his hotel, so Frank gives him a side bet of one hundred dollars on the match. Annie Oakley enters and shoots a bird off Dolly Tate's hat, and then explains her simple backwoods ways to Wilson with the help of her siblings ("Doin' What Comes Natur'lly"). When Wilson learns she's a brilliant shot, he enters her in the shooting match against Frank Butler.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: While waiting for the match to start, Annie meets Frank Butler and is instantly smitten with him, not knowing he will be her opponent. When she asks Frank if he likes her, Frank explains that the girl he wants will "wear satin... and smell of cologne" ("The Girl That I Marry"). The rough and naive Annie comically laments that "You Can't Get a Man with a Gun". At the shooting match, Annie finds out that Frank is the "big swollen-headed stiff" from the Wild West show. She wins the contest, and Buffalo Bill and Charlie Davenport, the show's manager, invite Annie to join the Wild West Show. Annie agrees because she loves Frank even though she has no idea what "show business" is. Frank, Charlie, and Buffalo Bill explain that "There's No Business Like Show Business".


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: Over the course of working together, Frank becomes enamored of the plain-spoken, honest, tomboyish Annie and, as they travel to Minneapolis, Minnesota, on a train, he explains to her what "love" is ("They Say It's Wonderful"). Buffalo Bill and Charlie discover that their rival, Pawnee Bill's Far East Show, will be playing in Saint Paul, Minnesota, while the Wild West show plays in nearby Minneapolis. They ask Annie to do a special shooting stunt on a motorcycle to draw Pawnee Bill's business away. Annie agrees because the trick will surprise Frank. She sings her siblings to sleep with the "Moonshine Lullaby".


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: As Annie and Frank prepare for the show, Frank plans to propose to Annie after the show and then ruefully admits that "My Defenses Are Down". When Annie performs her trick and becomes a star, Chief Sitting Bull adopts her into the Sioux tribe ("I'm An Indian Too"). Hurt and angry, Frank walks out on Annie and the show, joining the competing Pawnee Bill's show.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: Returning to New York from a tour of Europe with the Buffalo Bill show, Annie learns that the show has gone broke. Sitting Bull, Charlie, and Buffalo Bill plot to merge Buffalo Bill's show with Pawnee Bill's as they believe that show is doing well financially. Annie, now well-dressed and more refined and worldly, still longs for Frank ("I Got Lost in His Arms").


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: At a grand reception for Buffalo Bill's troupe at the Hotel Brevoort, Pawnee Bill, Dolly, and Frank also plot a merger of the two companies, assuming Buffalo Bill's show made a fortune touring Europe. When they all meet, they soon discover both shows are broke. Annie, however, has received sharpshooting medals from all the rulers of Europe worth one hundred thousand dollars, and she decides to sell the medals to finance the merger, rejoicing in the simple things ("I Got the Sun in the Mornin'"). When Frank appears, he and Annie confess their love and decide to marry, although with comically different ideas: Frank wants "some little chapel", while Annie wants "A wedding in a big church with bridesmaids and flower girls/ A lot of ushers in tail coats/ Reporters and photographers" ("An Old-Fashioned Wedding"). When Annie shows Frank her medals, Frank again has his pride hurt. They call off the merger and the wedding, but challenge each other to one last shooting match to decide who is the best shot.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: On the ferry to the Governors Island match site, Dolly attempts to ruin Annie's chances by tampering with her guns. She is caught and stopped by Sitting Bull and Charlie. However, they then decide to follow through with Dolly's plan so that Annie will lose the match, knowing that would soothe Frank's ego allowing the two to reconcile and the merger to take place.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: As the match is ready to begin, Annie and Frank's egos come out again with each claiming they are better than the other ("Anything You Can Do"). Sitting Bull convinces Annie to deliberately lose the match to Frank, reminding her that she "can't get a man with a gun." That done, Frank and Annie finally reconcile, deciding to marry and merge the shows.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: ""An Old-Fashioned Wedding" was written by Berlin for the 1966 revision, sung by Annie and Frank, and was also included in the 1999 revival"


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: "Annie Get Your Gun" premiered on Broadway at the Imperial Theatre on May 16, 1946, and ran for 1,147 performances. Directed by Joshua Logan, the show starred Ethel Merman as Annie, Ray Middleton as Frank Butler, Lea Penman as Dolly Tate, Art Bernett as Foster Wilson, Harry Bellaver as Chief Sitting Bull, Kenneth Bowers as Tommy Keeler, Marty May as Charlie Davenport, Warren Berlinger as the Little Boy and William O'Neal as Buffalo Bill.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: The musical toured the U.S. from October 3, 1947, starting in Dallas, Texas, with Mary Martin as Annie. This tour also played Chicago and Los Angeles. Martin stayed with the tour until mid-1948.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: The show had its West End premiere on June 7, 1947, at the London Coliseum where it ran for 1,304 performances. Dolores Gray played Annie with Bill Johnson as Frank.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: The first Australian production opened at His Majesty's Theatre in Melbourne on July 19, 1947. It starred Evie Hayes as Annie with Webb Tilton as Frank.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: A French version, "Annie du Far-West", starring Marcel Merkes and Lily Fayol, began production at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris on February 19, 1950, and ran for over a year.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: The first Broadway revival was staged in 1958 at the New York City Center, directed by Donald Burr and produced by Jean Dalrymple, director of the NYCC Light Opera Company. This production opened on February 19, 1958, and ran until March 2, for 16 performances. Betty Jane Watson played the role of Annie with David Atkinson as Frank, Margaret Hamilton as Dolly, James Rennie as Chief Buffalo Bill, and Jack Whiting as Charles Davenport. Included in the cast was Harry Bellaver, reprising his original role of Chief Sitting Bull. The program didn't list the performer who was to play Annie, and instead a "to-be-announced" statement was substituted for the name. At the last minute, Watson signed for the role. Even the program for the second week of the two-week engagement didn't list her name, except as understudy; this was the first time in memory that a leading performer wasn't listed.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: The show had its second Broadway revival in 1966 at the Music Theater of Lincoln Center. This production opened on May 31, 1966, and ran until July 9, followed by a short 10-week U.S. Tour. It returned to Broadway at the Broadway Theatre on September 21 for 78 performances. Ethel Merman reprised her original role as Annie with Bruce Yarnell as Frank, Benay Venuta as Dolly, and Jerry Orbach as Charles Davenport. The libretto and score were revised: The secondary romance between Tommy Keeler and Winnie Tate was completely eliminated, including their songs "I'll Share it All With You" and "Who Do You Love, I Hope?", and the song "An Old-Fashioned Wedding" was specially written for the revival and added to the second act. This version of the show is available for licensing for amateur performances. This production was telecast in an abbreviated ninety-minute version by NBC on March 19, 1967, and is the only musical revived at Lincoln Center during the 1960s to be telecast.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: Jay Harnick directed a revival at the Shady Grove Music Fair starring Barbara Eden, John Bennett Perry and Sandra Peabody that ran from 1973 to 1974.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: In 1976 a Spanish-language version was produced in Mexico City with the name of "Annie es un tiro". It was directed by José Luis Ibáñez and starred by Mexican film star Silvia Pinal. The production was represented at the Teatro Hidalgo and was co starred by the actor and singer Manuel López Ochoa. The success of the production produced the first Spanish-language version of the musical's soundtrack.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: In 1977, Gower Champion directed a revival for the Los Angeles Civic Light Opera starring Debbie Reynolds as Annie. The Assistant Director was James Mitchell. Harve Presnell, Reynolds's former co-star in the 1964 film "The Unsinkable Molly Brown", played Frank Butler. The cast featured Art Lund as Buffalo Bill, Bibi Osterwald as Dolly Tate, Gavin MacLeod as Charlie Davenport,


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: Peter Bruni as Foster Wilson, Don Potter as Pawnee Bill, and Manu Tupou as Sitting Bull. The cast also included Trey Wilson and Debbie Shapiro. The production later toured various North American cities, but never ran on Broadway, its planned destination.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: In 1986, a David Gilmore Chichester Festival Theatre production, with American rock star Suzi Quatro as Annie and Eric Flynn as Frank, opened at the Chichester Festival Theatre. It moved to the Theatre Royal, Plymouth, and then to the Aldwych Theatre in London's West End where it played from July 29 to October 4. The cast recorded an album, Annie Get Your Gun - 1986 London Cast and Quatro's songs "I Got Lost in His Arms"/"You Can't Get a Man with a Gun" were released as a single. Since then "I Got Lost in His Arms" has also been included in the compilation albums "The Divas Collection" (2003) and "Songs from the Greatest Musicals" (2008).


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: A short-lived London production ran at the Prince of Wales Theatre in the West End, starring Kim Criswell as Annie. Criswell's studio cast recording of the show - made with Thomas Hampson and conductor John McGlinn - provided the impetus for the production. Pippa Ailion was the Casting Director for this production.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: In 1999, a new production had its pre-Broadway engagement at the Kennedy Center, Washington, D.C., from December 29, 1998, to January 24, 1999. Previews began on Broadway on February 2, 1999, at the Marquis Theatre, with an official opening on March 4, 1999, and closed on September 1, 2001, after 35 previews and 1,045 performances.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: This revival starred Bernadette Peters as Annie and Tom Wopat as Frank, and Ron Holgate as Buffalo Bill, with direction by Graciela Daniele, choreography by Jeff Calhoun, and music arrangements by John McDaniel. Peters won the 1999 Tony Award for Best Leading Actress in a Musical and the production won the Tony for Best Revival of a Musical.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: This production had a revised book by Peter Stone and new orchestrations, and was structured as a "show-within-a-show", set as a Big Top travelling circus. "Frank Butler" is alone on stage and Buffalo Bill introduces the main characters, singing "There's No Business Like Show Business", which is reprised when "Annie" agrees to join the traveling Wild West show. The production dropped several songs (including "Colonel Buffalo Bill", "I'm A Bad, Bad Man", and "I'm an Indian Too"), but included "An Old-Fashioned Wedding". There were several major dance numbers added, including a ballroom scene. A sub-plot which had been dropped from the 1966 revival, the romance between Winnie and Tommy, her part-Native-American boyfriend, was also included. In the 1946 production, Winnie was Dolly's daughter, but the 1966 &1999 productions she is Dolly's younger sister. In this version, the final shooting match between Annie and Frank ends in a tie.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: While Peters was on vacation, "All My Children" star Susan Lucci made her Broadway debut as Annie from December 27, 1999, until January 16, 2000. Peters and Wopat left the show on September 2, 2000. Former "Charlie's Angels" star Cheryl Ladd made her Broadway debut as Annie on September 6, 2000, with Patrick Cassidy as Frank Butler. Country music singer Reba McEntire made her Broadway debut as Annie from January 26, 2001, to June 22, 2001, opposite Brent Barrett as Frank. On June 23, 2001, former "Wings" star Crystal Bernard, who had been playing Annie in the national tour of "Annie Get Your Gun", assumed the role of Annie in the Broadway production, with Tom Wopat returning as Frank Butler.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: The 1999 Broadway production, in a "slightly revised version", toured in a U.S. national tour starting in Dallas, Texas, on July 25, 2000, with Marilu Henner and Rex Smith. Tom Wopat joined the tour in late October 2000, replacing Smith.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: In 2006, the Prince Music Theater of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, revived the 1966 Lincoln Center Theater version for one month. This production starred Andrea McArdle (the original Annie of the 1977 Broadway musical "Annie"), Jeffrey Coon as Frank Butler, John Scherer as Charlie Davenport, Chris Councill as Buffalo Bill, Mary Martello as Dolly Tate, and Arthur Ryan as Sitting Bull. The production was well received by critics. The production was directed by Richard M. Parison, Jr. and choreographed by Mercedes Ellington.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: Jane Horrocks, Julian Ovenden and director Richard Jones mounted a major London revival at the Young Vic, Waterloo. The show opened at the off west end venue on October 16, 2009, initially booking until January 2, 2010, but with an extra week added due to popular demand. The production featured new arrangements by Jason Carr for a band consisting four pianos. London's Guardian newspaper awarded the show 5 stars, claiming that "Richard Jones's brilliant production offers the wittiest musical staging London has seen in years."


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: A concert staging of the original version of "Annie Get Your Gun" took place at the Ravinia Festival, Chicago from August 13–15, 2010 to celebrate the 150th anniversary of Annie Oakley's birth. Directed by Lonny Price, the concert starred Patti LuPone as Annie, Patrick Cassidy as Frank and George Hearn as Buffalo Bill. The concert received unanimously strong reviews, notably for LuPone and Price's direction.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: Lucie Arnaz starred in a production in the summer of 1978 with Harve Presnell at the Jones Beach Theater in Nassau County, New York. This was the first major production of the musical done in the New York area after the 1966 revival.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: The Paper Mill Playhouse produced a well-reviewed production in June 1987 starring Judy Kaye as Annie and Richard White as Frank.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: In 2004, Marina Prior and Scott Irwin starred in an Australian production of the 1999 Broadway rewrite of the show.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: In 2014 Carter Calvert and David Weitzer starred in a production that opened the Algonquin Arts Theatre's 2014-2015 Broadway Season. It was also the first show to be performed after the Algonquin underwent the task of installing new seating which had not been done since 1938.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: In October 2015, a two night concert version was presented at the New York City Center Gala starring Megan Hilty (Annie Oakley) and Andy Karl (Frank Butler). The concerts are directed by John Rando, and the cast features Judy Kaye (Dolly Tate), Ron Raines (Buffalo Bill), Brad Oscar (Charlie) and Chuck Cooper (Pawnee Bill).


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: In 1950, Metro Goldwyn Mayer made a well-received movie version of the musical. Although MGM purchased the rights to the film version with an announced intention of starring legendary singer-actress Judy Garland as Annie, early work on the film was plagued with difficulties, some attributed to Garland's health. Garland was fired and replaced by the brassier, blonde Betty Hutton.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: In 1957, a production starring Mary Martin as Annie and John Raitt as Frank Butler was broadcast on NBC. In 1967, the Lincoln Center production described above, starring Ethel Merman and Bruce Yarnell, was broadcast on NBC. The Mary Martin version has been re-broadcast sporadically over the years, but the 1967 videotapes starring Ethel Merman have apparently been irretrievably lost. Only a video and audio clip of "I Got the Sun in the Mornin' (and the Moon at Night)" is known to exist, as does an audio-only recording of the entire 90-minute show.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: Conductor John Owen Edwards along with JAY Records recorded the first-ever complete recording, with all musical numbers, scene change music and incidental music, of the show's score in the 1990s with Judy Kaye and Barry Bostwick. Christopher Lee had the role of Sitting Bull.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: The original Broadway production opened to favorable reviews. Critics unanimously praised Ethel Merman's performance as Annie Oakley, though some thought the score and book were not particularly distinguished. John Chapman of the "Daily News" declared that the production had "good lyrics and tunes by Irving Berlin...[and] the razzle-dazzle atmosphere of a big-time show" but pronounced Merman the best part of the show, stating "She is a better comedienne than she ever was before", stating that ""Annie" is a good, standard, lavish, big musical and I'm sure it will be a huge success--but it isn't the greatest show in the world". Louis Kronenberger of "PM" stated that the show was 'in many ways routine", but greatly praised Merman's performance, opining, "For me, "Annie" is mainly Miss Merman's show, though the rest of it is competent enough of its kind...Irving Berlin's score is musically not exciting--of the real songs, only one or two are tuneful".


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: Ward Morehouse of "The New York Sun" declared, "The big news about "Annie Get Your Gun" is that it reveals Ethel Merman in her best form since "Anything Goes"...She shouts the Berlin music with good effect. She often comes to the aid of a sagging book". He stated, "Irving Berlin's score is not a notable one, but his tunes are singable and pleasant and his lyrics are particularly good. The book? It's on the flimsy side, definitely. And rather witless too". Lewis Nichols of "The New York Times" said, "It has a pleasant score by Irving Berlin...and it has Ethel Merman to roll her eyes and to shout down the rafters. The colors are pretty, the dancing is amiable and unaffected, and Broadway by this time is well used to a book which doesn't get anywhere in particular".


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: However, the show itself was greatly lauded by some critics: Vernon Rice of the "New York Post" proclaimed, "Irving Berlin has outdone himself this time. No use trying to pick a hit tune, for all the tunes are hits...Ethel Merman is at her lusty, free and easy best...She is now able to develop a consistent characterization and stay with it to the show's end. And when she opens her mouth to sing, she sings!" William Hawkins of the "New York World-Telegram" said that Merman was "bright as a whip, sure as her shooting, and generously the foremost lady clown of her time" and asserted that the show itself was comparable to those of Rodgers and Hammerstein, proclaiming, "For verve and buoyancy, unslackening, there has seldom if ever been a show like it...the girls in "Annie" have the beauty and character of looks one associates with a Rodgers and Hammerstein show. And the production has in every way the distinction that has become their hallmark".


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: Historians have viewed the show as inaccurate, citing among other reasons its portrayal of Annie as a loud, boisterous character, when in reality she had a quiet personality and did needlepoint in her spare time.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: Native Americans have criticized the show's portrayal of Redface and promotion of cultural stereotypes. The song "I'm an Indian Too" is seen as particularly offensive; Annie sings that song after the character Sitting Bull adopts her into the Sioux tribe.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: Native Americans did protest outside the New York theatre, as well as movie theaters, holding picket signs stating: "Don't See "Annie Get Your Gun". As a result of this reaction, many contemporary productions have omitted the song from their revivals, and the protests stopped.


title: Annie Get Your Gun (musical)

text: However, the Native American comedy group The 1491s used the song in one of their satirical videos posted on YouTube. Directed and edited by Sterlin Harjo and starring Ryan Red Corn as "Hipster in a Headdress Mascot," the video plays with both the reality and the stereotypes of people who identify as Indian. The video is set in Santa Fe, New Mexico, during the annual Indian Market held there; the market itself features original art by highly praised Native artists, but some vendors also sell extremely stereotyped kitsch with supposedly Native themes or patterns. Part of the satire, as well, is that Ryan Red Corn does not look stereotypically Indian; he is filmed dancing to the tune of "I'm an Indian Too" in different places in the market, wearing shorts and a traditional Plains Indian headdress, with the word "Hipster" written in marker on his chest. People have quite different reactions to him and his dancing, with some who clearly get the joke that he is playing a stereotype while others clearly do not.


title: D'Lo Brown

text: Accie Julius Connor (born October 22, 1970), better known by his ring name D'Lo Brown (also formatted as D-Lo Brown), is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for his time in Impact Wrestling and WWE. Brown is also known for his appearances in Ring of Honor, All Japan Pro Wrestling, and Pro Wrestling Noah.


title: D'Lo Brown

text: Connor began his wrestling career in New Jersey as "Ace the Animal". He then wrestled Earthquake in the WWF in 1994 under his given name as a jobber. This led to his first widely known accomplishment in Smoky Mountain Wrestling, as he became the head of security for The Gangstas, using the moniker of "Downtown" D'Lo Brown. When the Gangstas left SMW in 1995, he signed a deal with the WWF and was sent to the Heartland Wrestling Association for more training while also continuing to make more appearances as a jobber on WWF television. D'Lo also spent most of 1996 wrestling in Puerto Rico for the World Wrestling Council.


title: D'Lo Brown

text: Connor made his official WWF debut in 1997 as a member of Faarooq's Nation of Domination heel stable, debuting as one of several non-descript people in suits that accompanied the group to the ring. During this time, his most notable moment was when Ahmed Johnson slammed him onto the roof of a car during Shotgun Saturday Night. His first televised match as a member of the Nation was on the April 26, 1997 episode of Shotgun Saturday Night, as he, Crush, and Savio Vega defeated Aldo Montoya, Steve Corino, and Freddie Joe Floyd. On May 26, 1997, he had his first match on Monday Night Raw (which was called Raw Is War at the time), defeating Bob "The Spark Plugg" Holly. After the King of the Ring 1997, Faarooq fired the rest of the Nation's members, except for D-Lo, who was later joined by Ahmed Johnson (later replaced by Rocky Maivia), Kama Mustafa, and Mark Henry. In early 1998, the group turned on Faarooq, allowing Maivia, now going by the name "The Rock", to assume leadership. During this period Kama also changed his name to "The Godfather" and began portraying a pimp character. D'Lo and Henry eventually turned on both Rock and Godfather separately, moving into a feud with the Rock before finally branching out as a moderately successful tag team, later turning face along the way. Prior to the face turn, Brown had started wrestling with a chest protector, supposedly for a torn pectoral muscle sustained in a match against Dan "The Beast" Severn. Instead, he used the chest protector to his advantage, making his finishing move, the "Lo Down", more effective.


title: D'Lo Brown

text: In 1998, he feuded with X-Pac over the WWF European Championship. His career peaked when he held the European and Intercontinental Championships simultaneously during a feud with Jeff Jarrett and Mark Henry. This feat has only been duplicated by Jeff Jarrett, Kurt Angle, and Rob Van Dam, all of whom became world champions in some form, later in their careers.


title: D'Lo Brown

text: Brown was involved in inadvertently ending the career of Droz on October 5, 1999 when a running powerbomb was botched due to Droz' baggy shirt. The match was filmed for the October 7 edition of "SmackDown!", but was never aired. Droz suffered a severe neck injury, rendering him a quadriplegic. During an interview with Title Match Wrestling, D'Lo Brown dispelled a popular rumor that a fan had thrown an object into the ring which caused him to slip and badly injure Darren Drozdov. D'Lo took responsibility for botching the move, stating that the accident could have happened to "any" wrestler he had been in the ring with that night. He also said the accident caused him to "wrestle differently" and to second guess every move he performed in the ring from that day forward. Drozdov has maintained that he does not blame Brown for his injuries and he believes that the incident was an accident.


title: D'Lo Brown

text: During the rest of the year and into some of the next, Brown became an ally of former fellow Nation member The Godfather, emulating his dress and walking motions. The teaming ended when Brown turned heel on the Godfather.


title: D'Lo Brown

text: Brown then formed a tag team in July 2000 with Chaz named "Lo Down". The team mostly wrestled on "Sunday Night Heat" and "WWE Jakked / Metal". Shortly after the team formed, Tiger Ali Singh joined the team to become their manager. The tag team then came dressed towards the ring in Sikh attire and took on a gimmick very similar to Tiger's. The team was removed from WWF television in January 2001 after Singh was injured. According to Brown, it was the lowest point in his career. Chaz and Singh were later released by WWE while Brown stayed in WWE's developmental territory, OVW. Notably, Brown wrestled future World champion Batista in a losing effort. Brown also spent six months in Puerto Rico wrestling for the International Wrestling Association teaming with Glamour Boy Shane holding the IWA tag team titles.


title: D'Lo Brown

text: Brown returned to television on the April 28, 2002 episode of "Heat", losing to Eddie Guerrero. For the rest of the year, Brown mostly wrestled on "Heat", did a little bit of commentary on the show, and even started a brief feud with Raven. In late 2002, Theodore Long retired as a WWE referee and managed D'Lo, who had complained about acts of racism during his matches. D'Lo started Long's group Thuggin' and Buggin' Enterprises which eventually turned into a group of African Americans who worked an angle in which they felt they were victims of racism and were being held down by the "white man." With Long's managerial services, D'Lo Brown went undefeated for several weeks.


title: D'Lo Brown

text: Brown faced Booker T in a losing effort on the February 10, 2003 episode of "Raw". His involvement with Thuggin' and Buggin' Enterprises was brought to a close when footage was shown on the February 16 episode of "Heat" of Theodore Long kicking D'Lo Brown to the curb and introducing his replacement Rodney Mack. He was then released from his WWE contract on February 14, 2003.


title: D'Lo Brown

text: Connor, still under the D'Lo Brown name, Joined NWA Total Nonstop Action in March 2003. During his time in TNA, he teamed with AJ Styles on many occasions together even challenging for the NWA World Tag Team Championships but were unsuccessful. After the team split up Brown challenged Styles for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship but came up short on every occasion doing a best of 3 series.


title: D'Lo Brown

text: On the March 19, 2003 edition of NWA-TNA, Brown teamed with Dusty Rhodes and Jeff Jarrett defeating Erik Watts, Brian Lawler and David Flair. On April 2, 2003, edition of NWA-TNA weekly pay-per view D'Lo Brown unsuccessfully challenged Jeff Jarrett for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. On April 14, 2004, Brown and Gran Apolo won the NWA World Tag Team Championships defeating Kid Kash and Dallas, They lost the titles just seven days after winning them. D'Lo later left TNA in the summer of 2004.


title: D'Lo Brown

text: On a September 2014 interview, Brown said there was a time in TNA during this time where the creative team wanted to radically change his character; on top of not feeling like he was a good fit with TNA, Brown felt that by wrestling in Japan, he could still wrestle there while being D'Lo Brown.


title: D'Lo Brown

text: Brown Joined All Japan Pro Wrestling, competing in regular tours with the Japanese company as a member of Roughly Obsess and Destroy (RO&D). During one of these tours on September 17, 2006, Brown betrayed RO&D to join the rival Voodoo Murders faction. Brown left All Japan in 2007 and rejoined RO&D in Pro Wrestling Noah.


title: D'Lo Brown

text: When not in Japan, Brown was regularly found touring the United Kingdom, as well as working for Irish Whip Wrestling in Ireland. In April 2005, Brown became one of the lead trainers of the ill-fated "Celebrity Wrestling" on ITV. This Saturday evening reality show saw celebrities learn wrestling and compete in challenge matches. After a few weeks the programme was to be canceled, but was instead moved to Sunday mornings to finish its final episodes. During his time wrestling in England, he would face off in a series of matches against his "Celebrity Wrestling" opposition's trainer, Joe Legend.


title: D'Lo Brown

text: In 2008, Brown began wrestling in a number of dark matches for WWE. On June 5, WWE announced that Brown had been signed to a contract, and he began working more dark matches for the company. He made his television return on the July 21, 2008 edition of "Raw", defeating Santino Marella. Following this, Brown's appearances on television became more sporadic, and on January 9, 2009, it was announced on WWE's official website that he had been released from his contract due to cost-cutting measures.


title: D'Lo Brown

text: Brown debuted for Ring of Honor during Proving Ground 09 weekend in February. He was defeated by Nigel McGuinness in an ROH World Championship match. He also wrestled at the ROH 7th Anniversary Show on March 21, 2009 in Manhattan, defeating Jay Briscoe. Brown also appeared on "Ring of Honor Wrestling" on HDNet. Varsity Pro Wrestling also announced that Brown would be making his third appearance for the promotion on their February tour. Brown also made a surprise appearance in Chikara, where he filled in as a substitute for Iceberg of The Cold Front at the 2009 King of Trios tournament. Brown came up short in an ROH World Championship match at Take No Prisoners (2009). At ROH's Manahttan Mayhem III on June 13, Brown tapped out to Colt Cabana in a four-way match also involving Bryan Danielson and Claudio Castagnoli. On June 27 on an ROH show he was defeated by Cabana.


title: D'Lo Brown

text: Throughout April and May 2009, Brown flew to Japan to take part in the 13-night Pro Wrestling Noah Global Tag League with his partner Buchanan. During the course of the event they won and lost three matches with one contest went to a draw giving them seven points placing them sixth of the eight teams. Outside of the tournament Brown was undefeated in six-man tag team competition, adding Keith Walker to the team, including a victory over Noah founder Mitsuharu Misawa in one of his last matches.


title: D'Lo Brown

text: On the September 15, 2009 edition of "Between The Ropes", Brown announced that after his current tour with Ring of Honor, he would retire from in-ring action. Also, on this edition of Between The Ropes, Brown announced he would become a semi-regular co-host when his TNA scheduling allowed him to be in studio.


title: D'Lo Brown

text: In September 2009, Connor was re-signed by TNA as their lead agent. Additionally, D'Lo was in charge of talent development and acquisitions heading up the TNA Gut Check program.


title: D'Lo Brown

text: On the March 7, 2013 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Brown attacked Kurt Angle and revealed himself as the Vice President of Aces & Eights, turning heel in the process. Three days later at Lockdown, Brown interfered in Angle's steel cage match against fellow Aces & Eights member Wes Brisco, costing Angle the match. Later that evening, the President of the Aces & Eights was revealed to be Bully Ray. Brown wrestled his first televised match in four years on the May 2 episode of "Impact Wrestling", losing to Kurt Angle in an I Quit Match. As a result of his loss, Brown was demoted to a prospect the following week. On July 17, Brown announced his release from TNA.


title: D'Lo Brown

text: On August 11, 2013, All Japan Pro Wrestling announced that Brown would be returning to the promotion the following month to take part in the 2013 Ōdō Tournament. Brown returned to the promotion on September 11 in a non-tournament tag team match, where he and Bambi Killer defeated Burning (Atsushi Aoki and Yoshinobu Kanemaru), with Brown pinning Kanemaru for the win. Three days later, Brown was eliminated by Kanemaru in his first round match in the Ōdō Tournament. For the rest of the tour, which lasted until September 23, Brown worked midcard tag team matches, suffering pinfall losses in most of them. On October 3, Brown was announced also for All Japan's next tour, which started October 12. Brown continued teaming regularly with Bambi Killer, which eventually led to the two forming a heel stable named DK (Dark Kingdom) under the leadership of Kenso on November 21.


title: D'Lo Brown

text: Brown formerly held a weekly class on Friday for "Future Stars of Wrestling" training center in Las Vegas.


title: D'Lo Brown

text: On July 3, 2019, Brown announced that he had returned to Impact Wrestling with a multi-year contract as a producer. Brown and Mr Anderson were scheduled to represent the Aces & Eights at but the event was annulled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: D'Lo Brown

text: In January 2021, it was announced that Brown would be one half of Impact's new announce team with Matt Striker from Hard to Kill onward. The role ended in early 2022 when Honor No More attacked him. His role was replaced by Matt Rehwoldt.


title: D'Lo Brown

text: Brown returned as part of the reunited Aces & Eights, managing Garett Bischoff and Wes Brisco, in a losing effort against Honor No More's Kenny King and Vincent. The reunion would later be a one-off, as Brown continued to his Talent Relations role backstage and makes occasional appearances thereafter. On September 6, it was announced that Brown was done with Impact Wrestling.


title: D'Lo Brown

text: Connor holds an accounting degree from the University of Maine. He worked as a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) before he began his wrestling career. He and his wife Jennifer were married in 2001 and have two daughters, Bria (born in 2003) and Payton (born in 2009). He has three half siblings on his dad's side. He is a fan of the Chicago Bears and Liverpool F.C..


title: Tangram

text: The tangram () is a dissection puzzle consisting of seven flat polygons, called "tans", which are put together to form shapes. The objective is to replicate a pattern (given only an outline) generally found in a puzzle book using all seven pieces without overlap. Alternatively the "tans" can be used to create original minimalist designs that are either appreciated for their inherent aesthetic merits or as the basis for challenging others to replicate its outline. It is reputed to have been invented in China sometime around the late 18th century and then carried over to America and Europe by trading ships shortly after. It became very popular in Europe for a time, and then again during World War I. It is one of the most widely recognized dissection puzzles in the world and has been used for various purposes including amusement, art, and education.


title: Tangram

text: The origin of the word 'tangram' is unclear. One conjecture holds that it is a compound of the Greek element '-gram' derived from "γράμμα" ('written character, letter, that which is drawn') with the 'tan-' element being variously conjectured to be Chinese "t'an" 'to extend' or Cantonese "t'ang" 'Chinese'. Alternatively, the word may be derivative of the archaic English 'tangram' meaning "an odd, intricately contrived thing".


title: Tangram

text: In either case, the first known use of the word is believed to be found in the 1848 book "Geometrical Puzzle for the Young" by mathematician and future Harvard University president Thomas Hill who likely coined the term in the same work. Hill vigorously promoted the word in numerous articles advocating for the puzzle's use in education and in 1864 it received official recognition in the English language when it was included in Noah Webster's "American Dictionary".


title: Tangram

text: Despite its relatively recent emergence in the West, there is a much older tradition of dissection amusements in China which likely played a role in its inspiration. In particular, the modular banquet tables of the Song dynasty bear an uncanny resemblance to the playing pieces of the Tangram and there were books dedicated to arranging them together to form pleasing patterns.


title: Tangram

text: Several Chinese sources broadly report a well-known Song dynasty polymath Huang Bosi 黄伯思 who developed a form of entertainment for his dinner guests based on creative arrangements of six small tables called 宴几 or 燕几（"feast tables" or "swallow tables" respectively). One diagram shows these as oblong rectangles, and other reports suggest a seventh table being added later, perhaps by a later inventor.


title: Tangram

text: According to Western sources, however, the tangram's historical Chinese inventor is unknown except through the pen name Yang-cho-chu-shih (Dim-witted (?) recluse, recluse = 处士). It is believed that the puzzle was originally introduced in a book titled "Ch'i chi'iao t'u" which was already being reported as lost in 1815 by Shan-chiao in his book "New Figures of the Tangram". Nevertheless, it is generally reputed that the puzzle's origins would have been around 20 years earlier than this.


title: Tangram

text: The prominent third-century mathematician Liu Hui made use of construction proofs in his works and some bear a striking resemblance to the subsequently developed Banquet tables which in turn seem to anticipate the Tangram. While there is no reason to suspect that tangrams were used in the proof of the Pythagorean theorem, as is sometimes reported, it is likely that this style of geometric reasoning went on to exert an influence on Chinese cultural life that lead directly to the puzzle.


title: Tangram

text: The early years of attempting to date the Tangram were confused by the popular but fraudulently written history by famed puzzle maker Samuel Loyd in his 1908 "The Eighth Book Of Tan". This work contains many whimsical features that aroused both interest and suspicion amongst contemporary scholars who attempted to verify the account. By 1910 it was clear that it was a hoax. A letter dated from this year from the Oxford Dictionary editor Sir James Murray on behalf of a number of Chinese scholars to the prominent puzzlist Henry Dudeney reads "The result has been to show that the man Tan, the god Tan, and the Book of Tan are entirely unknown to Chinese literature, history or tradition." Along with its many strange details "The Eighth Book of Tan's" date of creation for the puzzle of 4000 years in antiquity had to be regarded as entirely baseless and false.


title: Tangram

text: The earliest extant tangram was given to the Philadelphia shipping magnate and congressman Francis Waln in 1802 but it was not until over a decade later that Western audiences, at large, would be exposed to the puzzle. In 1815, American Captain M. Donnaldson was given a pair of author Sang-Hsia-koi's books on the subject (one problem and one solution book) when his ship, "Trader" docked there. They were then brought with the ship to Philadelphia, in February 1816. The first tangram book to be published in America was based on the pair brought by Donnaldson.


title: Tangram

text: The puzzle eventually reached England, where it became very fashionable. The craze quickly spread to other European countries. This was mostly due to a pair of British tangram books, "The Fashionable Chinese Puzzle", and the accompanying solution book, "Key". Soon, tangram sets were being exported in great number from China, made of various materials, from glass, to wood, to tortoise shell.


title: Tangram

text: Many of these unusual and exquisite tangram sets made their way to Denmark. Danish interest in tangrams skyrocketed around 1818, when two books on the puzzle were published, to much enthusiasm. The first of these was "Mandarinen" (About the Chinese Game). This was written by a student at Copenhagen University, which was a non-fictional work about the history and popularity of tangrams. The second, "Det nye chinesiske Gaadespil" (The new Chinese Puzzle Game), consisted of 339 puzzles copied from "The Eighth Book of Tan", as well as one original.


title: Tangram

text: One contributing factor in the popularity of the game in Europe was that although the Catholic Church forbade many forms of recreation on the sabbath, they made no objection to puzzle games such as the tangram.


title: Tangram

text: Tangrams were first introduced to the German public by industrialist Friedrich Adolf Richter around 1891. The sets were made out of stone or false earthenware, and marketed under the name "The Anchor Puzzle".


title: Tangram

text: More internationally, the First World War saw a great resurgence of interest in tangrams, on the homefront and trenches of both sides. During this time, it occasionally went under the name of "The Sphinx" an alternative title for the "Anchor Puzzle" sets.


title: Tangram

text: A tangram paradox is a dissection fallacy: Two figures composed with the same set of pieces, one of which seems to be a proper subset of the other. One famous paradox is that of the two monks, attributed to Dudeney, which consists of two similar shapes, one with and the other missing a foot. In reality, the area of the foot is compensated for in the second figure by a subtly larger body.


title: Tangram

text: The Magic Dice Cup tangram paradox – from Sam Loyd's book "The 8th Book of Tan" (1903). Each of these cups was composed using the same seven geometric shapes. But the first cup is whole, and the others contain vacancies of different sizes. (Notice that the one on the left is slightly shorter than the other two. The one in the middle is ever-so-slightly wider than the one on the right, and the one on the left is narrower still.)


title: Tangram

text: Over 6500 different tangram problems have been created from 19th century texts alone, and the current number is ever-growing. Fu Traing Wang and Chuan-Chin Hsiung proved in 1942 that there are only thirteen convex tangram configurations (config segment drawn between any two points on the configuration's edge always pass through the configuration's interior, i.e., configurations with no recesses in the outline).


title: Tangram

text: Choosing a unit of measurement so that the seven pieces can be assembled to form a square of side one unit and having area one square unit, the seven pieces are:


title: Tangram

text: Of these seven pieces, the parallelogram is unique in that it has no reflection symmetry but only rotational symmetry, and so its mirror image can be obtained only by flipping it over. Thus, it is the only piece that may need to be flipped when forming certain shapes.


title: Léo Santa Cruz

text: Léodegario Santa Cruz (born 10 August 1988) is a Mexican professional boxer. He is a four-weight world champion, having held the IBF bantamweight title from 2012 to 2013, the WBC super bantamweight title from 2013 to 2015, the WBA (Super) featherweight title twice between 2015 and 2022, and the WBA (Super) super featherweight title from 2019 to 2020.


title: Léo Santa Cruz

text: In January 2018, he reached a peak pound for pound ranking of sixth by the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board.


title: Léo Santa Cruz

text: Santa Cruz made his professional debut, at the age of 18 on 13 October 2006 against Mexican boxer Pedro Silva, winning the fight via knockout in round 2. After drawing his second bout in January 2007 against Rodrigo Hernandez, Santa Cruz went on to win his next thirteen fights, with five coming by stoppage. On 21 October 2010 Santa Cruz beat the veteran James Owens at the Martin's Valley Mansion in Cockeysville, Maryland. In March 2011, Santa Cruz knocked out the veteran Stephane Jamoye to win the vacant WBC Youth bantamweight championship.


title: Léo Santa Cruz

text: In April 2012, promoter Branco Milenkovic announced that a deal was set for Santa Cruz to fight South African boxer Vusi Malinga (20–3–1, 12 KOs) for the vacant IBF bantamweight title. The fight was slated for 2 June at the Home Depot Center in Carson, California. The IBF title was left vacant when then-champion Abner Mares moved up in weight. Santa Cruz beat Malinga via unanimous decision to win the IBF bantamweight title. The bout was televised on a Showtime boxing card. Two judges scored Santa Cruz the clear winner with scorecards of 120–108 and the third judge gave Malinga one round, scoring the fight 119–109. The fight started off with both boxers trying to out land each other, with Santa Cruz landing the cleaner and power shots. Malinga was hurt numerous times during the fight, but kept coming forward.


title: Léo Santa Cruz

text: In August 2012, it was announced that Santa Cruz would make the first defence of his IBF title on the undercard of Saul Álvarez vs. Josesito López on 15 September at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Paradise, Nevada. His first defence was rumoured to be against former two-time world champion Eric Morel (46–3, 23 KOs). On fight night, Santa Cruz wore down Morel with body shots, dominating the fight from the opening bell, forcing Morel to quit on his stool before round 6 began. CompuBox stats showed that Santa Cruz landed 66% of his power punches. In total, over five rounds, Santa Cruz landed 277 punches of 509 thrown (54%) and Morel landed 73 of his 344 thrown (21%).


title: Léo Santa Cruz

text: On 29 October 2012 a deal was reached for Santa Cruz to make a second defence of his IBF title at the Staples Center in Los Angeles against Mexican boxer Victor Zaleta (20–2–1, 10 KOs) on a double header featuring WBC super bantamweight champion Abner Mares vs. Anselmo Moreno on 10 November. The card was to be shown live on Showtime. Santa Cruz dropped Zaleta three times en route to a TKO victory in round 9 to retain his IBF title. Santa Cruz started the fight the better boxer and began working the body immediately. Zaleta was dropped following a body shot in round 4, again in round 7 following a combination of shots to the head and body and the final knockdown in round 9, again from a combination forced the referee to stop the fight.


title: Léo Santa Cruz

text: On 2 December 2012 Golden Boy Promotions announced a double-header which would take place on CBS at the Los Angeles Sports Arena on 15 December where Santa Cruz would make his third defence in four months against unbeaten Mexican boxer Alberto Guevara (16–0, 6 KOs). The last time CBS aired live boxing was 15 years prior in January 1997 when Bernard Hopkins stopped Glen Johnson. The fight was one-sided as Santa Cruz went on to win a unanimous decision to retain his IBF title. Santa Cruz, who was known to have a high punch output did not throw as much as his previous bouts but did enough for the three judges to score the fight 116–112, 118–110, and 119–109 in his favour. Santa Cruz explained the reason for the lower output was because he felt he had fought a lot recently. According to CompuBox Stats, Santa Cruz landed 291 of 989 punches thrown (29%) and Guevara landed 158 of his 793 thrown (20%). Santa Cruz finished the year with 5 wins including 3 title defenses.


title: Léo Santa Cruz

text: On 12 February 2013, Santa Cruz vacated his IBF bantamweight belt to move up to junior featherweight.


title: Léo Santa Cruz

text: Santa Cruz had his first fight at the super bantamweight limit on the undercard of the Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Robert Guerrero Showtime Pay-Per-View on 5 May 2013 at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas. The fight was officially announced in March along with the rest of the undercard. Santa Cruz was originally scheduled to fight Rafael Márquez, but he pulled out due to injury. Venezuelan veteran, former super flyweight world champion Alexander Muñoz (36–4, 28 KOs) stepped in. Santa Cruz won the vacant NABF super bantamweight title after stopping Muñoz in round 5. The fight started out with both boxers trading blow, but it was Santa Cruz who was landing the harder and cleaner shots. Muñoz was dropped at the end of round 3 and then nearly went down again in the next round. After taking more punishment from the bigger Santa Cruz, Muñoz's trainer stopped the fight. Santa Cruz landed 52% of his total punches thrown which included 57 body shots.


title: Léo Santa Cruz

text: On 18 June 2013 Golden Boy announced that Santa Cruz was the mandatory challenger with the WBC and would challenge Mexican boxer Victor Terrazas (37–2–1, 21 KOs) for his WBC super bantamweight title at the StubHub Center in Carson, California on 24 August. The fight would mark Terrazas' first title defence since winning the then-vacant title in April 2013 against Cristian Mijares. Golden Boy won the rights to promote the fight at the purse bids when they bid $526,000, more than the $451,000 which came from Zanfer Promotions. With Terrazas the champion, due 75%, meaning he would come out with $368,200 and Santa Cruz will get remaining $157,800. Santa Cruz beat Terrazas via a 3rd-round TKO to become a two-weight world champion. Santa Cruz started off quick immediately forcing Terrazas to fight on the back foot. Terrazas was able to fight back but was getting hit a lot in the process. By the end of round 2, Terrazas' right eye began to close due to the offence output of Santa Cruz. In round 3, Santa Cruz dropped Terrazas twice and although he beat the count each time, the referee waved off the fight after the second knockdown. Santa Cruz landed 78 of 267 punches thrown (29%) and Terrazas landed 33 of his 156 thrown (21%). Santa Cruz was credited with landed 33 power shots in round 2.


title: Léo Santa Cruz

text: Golden Boy initially tried to make Santa Cruz vs. Cristian Mijares for 2 November however negotiations broke down on 9 October. Instead a new deal was being formed for Santa Cruz to make his first voluntary defence against Cesar Seda (25–1, 17 KOs) on 14 December at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas, Nevada on the undercard of the Showtime PPV Marcos Maidana vs. Adrien Broner for the WBA welterweight title. The card was later taken off PPV, but would still be aired on Showtime and would take place at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas. Santa Cruz knocked Seda down once in the fifth-round as he went on to win a unanimous decision when the three judges scored it 117–110, 116–111, 115–112 in his favor. Despite the win, Santa Cruz was disappointing with his performance. CompuBox Stats showed that Santa Cruz landed 297 of 829 punches thrown (36%) and Seda landed 170 of his 649 thrown (26%)


title: Léo Santa Cruz

text: On 9 January 2014 it was announced that Santa Cruz would finally meet veteran Mexican contender Cristian Mijares (49–7–2, 24 KOs), also his mandatory challenger at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Paradise, Nevada on 8 March, defending his WBC title. The fight would take place on the PPV undercard of Canelo vs. Angulo. For the fight, Santa Cruz would earn $500,000 and Mijares had a $92,000 purse. The fight went the distance as Santa Cruz won on all three judges scorecards (120–108, 120–108, 119–109). Santa Cruz showed respect in the post fight interview to Mijares, who he looked up to before he won his first world title, "Mijares is a great boxer. I came to do what I had to do to win. Mijares had great experience. He's a lefty. I had to be ready. We practiced everything to put on a great fight." Santa Cruz landed 371 of 1043 punches thrown (36%) and Mijares landed 132 of his 574 thrown (23%).


title: Léo Santa Cruz

text: Santa Cruz made his next defence on 13 September at the MGM Grand on the Mayweather-Maidana II undercard against Mexican boxer Manuel Roman (17–2–3, 6 KOs) . He stopped Roman in round two to retain his world title. After the fight, Santa Cruz said, "I did my job. That's what I came for. I'm not scared of anyone. I want Rigondeaux and I want my manager [Al Haymon] to make the fight to show I am the best."


title: Léo Santa Cruz

text: Three months later on 17 January 2015 Santa Cruz defended his WBC super bantamweight title against Jesus Ruiz (33–5–5, 22 KOs) at the MGM Grand Garden Arena. The fight was announced a month earlier. Santa Cruz was criticized for fighting another low-level regarded opponent prior to the fight. Santa Cruz landed 277 punches to 120 by Ruiz, landing powerful head shots to force the stoppage 29 seconds into the 8th round. At the time of stoppage, Santa Cruz was ahead on all three judges scorecards (69–63, 69–64, 69–64). Santa Cruz earned a purse of $750,000 compared to Ruiz's $50,000. He then defended himself in the post-fight interview, "It was a war, but we came prepared. He gave me a tough fight. We went after him and stopped him. I know he was prepared."


title: Léo Santa Cruz

text: Santa Cruz moved up to featherweight and fought his first fight on 2 May 2015. His opponent was announced as Mexican Jose Cayetano (17–3, 8 KOs) in a scheduled 10 round bout on the Mayweather vs. Pacquiao super fight undercard at the MGM Grand Arena. Santa Cruz won every round on all three judges scorecards (100–90, 3 times). Still undefeated, Santa Cruz boasted a record of 30 wins, no losses and 1 draw, with 17 inside the distance.


title: Léo Santa Cruz

text: On 3 July 2015 a deal was finally reached for Santa Cruz to challenge fellow Southern Californian Abner Mares (29–1–1, 15 KOs) for the vacant WBA (Super) featherweight and vacant WBC Diamond featherweight titles on 29 August at the Staples Center in Los Angeles. Premier Boxing Champions confirmed the bout would take place on ESPN. Santa Cruz won the fight via majority decision in a potential fight of the year candidate to win the vacant titles. With the win, Santa Cruz became a three-weight world champion. 13,109 fans were in attendance at the Staples Center. Judge Max Deluca had it a draw at 114–114 whilst judges Jesse Reyes and Steve Morrow scored it 117–111 for Santa Cruz. "I was surprised Abner came out so strong. He came right at me but we figured him out and we got the win. I stayed outside with the jab. We were able to take control.", said Santa Cruz in the post fight interview. The whole card averaged 1.217 million on ESPN and peaked towards the end at 1.641 million viewers. The figures were recorded as the highest on ESPN since 1998. The bout was also televised on Spanish-only network ESPN Deportes and averaged 355,000 viewers, another record.


title: Léo Santa Cruz

text: In January 2016, Showtime announced they would televise Santa Cruz's first defence against Kiko Martínez (35–6, 26 KOs), scheduled to take place on 28 February at the Honda Center in Anaheim, California. For the fight, Martínez replaced usual trainer Gabriel Sarmiento with well-known trainer Robert García. Santa Cruz successfully retained his title by defeating Martínez via fifth-round TKO. Martínez was knocked down twice in Round 1, but beat the referee's count and continued to back Santa Cruz up in an entertaining slugfest. Both fighter combined threw over 1,000 punches in less than five full rounds. Santa Cruz hurt Martínez in round 5 when he cornered him and hurt him with right hands. Santa Cruz continued with a series of combinations until referee Raul Caiz Sr. jumped in at 2:09 as Martínez stopped throwing back. Santa Cruz landed 55% of his power punches.


title: Léo Santa Cruz

text: On 22 April 2016 negotiations were complete for Santa Cruz to defend his WBA (super) featherweight title against Carl Frampton (22–0, 14 KOs), who was moving up from super bantamweight on 30 July 2016 at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn. In a potential fight of the year candidate, Santa Cruz lost his title to Frampton via a 12-round majority decision win before an crowd of 9,062. One judge scored it a 114–114 draw but the others made Frampton the winner, 116–112 and 117–111. Frampton had a higher accuracy rate, despite both fighters landing equal numbers of punches. According to CompuBox stats, Frampton landed 242 of 668 punches (36 percent), whilst Santa Cruz connected on 255 of 1,002 blows (25 percent). In the post fight, Frampton said he wanted to defend the title in his home city and did not want to rule out a rematch. The fight averaged 480,000 and peaked at 549,000 viewers.


title: Léo Santa Cruz

text: A rematch was confirmed between Santa Cruz and Frampton in October to take place. Originally discussed to take place at Frampton's hometown of Belfast, the venue was confirmed to be at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas on 28 January 2017. 10,085 were in attendance as Santa Cruz regained his title with a majority decision (114–114, 115–113, 115–113). Santa Cruz and Frampton immediately discussed interest in a third fight, possibly in Frampton's hometown of Belfast. Frampton earned a purse of $1 million compared to $900,000 that Santa Cruz received. In the post-fight, Santa Cruz said, "Before the fight I said I wanted revenge and I wanted to work hard. I went to the gym and I worked hard, and I did what I had to do. Carl Frampton is a good fighter. Let's make it a third fight!" Frampton only landed 133 of his 592 punches thrown (22%) whereas Santa Cruz landed 230 of his 884 thrown (26%). Nielsen Media Research reported the fight averaged 587,000 and peaked at 643,000 viewers.


title: Léo Santa Cruz

text: On 3 April 2017 the World Boxing Association ordered a rematch between Santa Cruz and their "regular" champion Abner Mares (30–2–1, 15 KOs). This was done as part of WBA's ongoing plan to reduce the number of world titles. Mares became mandatory challenger and "regular" titleholder after winning a split decision against Argentine boxer Jesus Cuellar in December 2016. Due to the negotiations taking too long, the WBA ordered a deal be made by 11 July 2017 or the fight would go to purse bids on 21 July. The fight was supposedly set for 9 September at the Staples Center, but nothing materialized. Due to the Srisaket Sor Rungvisai–Roman González rematch taking place on the 9 September at the Stubhub Center in Carson, AEG, who own both venues said they would push the Santa Cruz-Mares rematch back to take place on 7 October instead. On 18 August, it was announced that negotiations had broken down.


title: Léo Santa Cruz

text: On 25 August, Mares told Ringtv that he and Santa Cruz would still appear on the same card on 14 October on Fox. The fight would take place in the afternoon, on the same card Jermell Charlo defends his WBC light middleweight title against Erickson Lubin in the evening on Showtime. Advisor Al Haymon re-assured Mares that a rematch with Santa Cruz would still take place. On 30 August, it was announced that Santa Cruz's opponent would be Chris Avalos, while Mares would fight Andrés Gutiérrez. Avalos came into the fight with a 2–3 record in his last 5 fights since 2015.