title: Sadako vs. Kayako

text: Several events were held for the promotion of the movie. On Twitter, users could vote for either Sadako or Kayako as their favorite horror icon up until the day of the film's release. Two videos, one for Sadako and one for Kayako and Toshio, were uploaded to YouTube to appeal to voters. Sadako won. At the end of May, a press conference was held to promote the movie. As with the previous "Ju-on" movies, Sadako, Kayako and Toshio were present, in costume, and stayed true to their roles. In the beginning of June, a baseball match featuring the Nippon-Ham Fighters and the Yakult Swallows was interrupted by Sadako, Kayako and Toshio who staged the first pit ceremony. Other videos were released at the same time, featuring the ghosts of the movie teaching theater etiquette, such as not bringing recording devices or avoiding to take minors to see the movie. Social media was also heavily used to promote the movie. A Twitter account created for Sadako (as a promotion for the "Sadako 3D" movie) was reused. An Instagram account was created for Kayako and Toshio, depicting humorous, everyday life situation with the two ghosts. Promotional items playing on the Kawaii culture regularly seen in Japan were released. These items included cup hangers, beauty masks and even a collaboration with the Hello Kitty brand. Other items were more traditional, such as T-shirts, key rings and doorknob hangers.


title: Sadako vs. Kayako

text: On December 2–4, and December 9–25, 2016, they began to promote Kayako and Sadako into the virtual reality at Laforet Harajuku, as they held a virtual experience to celebrate the film's home video release. Shudder later released with the English subtitles on January 26, 2017.


title: Sadako vs. Kayako

text: The film has received mixed reviews. John Squires of Bloody Disgusting complained that the title was deceptive: "It's not merely that it takes too long to get to the good stuff, it's that the good stuff never comes at all". He further stated the film was just not interesting: "Feeling like a reboot of "The Ring" crudely smashed together with a reboot of "The Grudge", the film hardly brings the two franchises together in any sort of creative fashion, and it's all very clunky; worse yet, it's incredibly boring". Joe Lipsett, also writing for Bloody Disgusting, agreed saying that "the biggest flaw of "Sadako vs. Kayako" is that it takes far, far too long to get the titular to face off...Even the narrative hoops required to bring the two franchises together doesn't hold up under scrutiny!"


title: Sadako vs. Kayako

text: More positive reviews include Chris Alexander, writing for "Comingsoon.net", who found the film to be "goofy but entertaining". Katie Rife for "The A.V. Club" admitted that the "vs" in the title came up short, but said: "Still, for fans of Japanese horror looking for popcorn entertainment, or for fans of Western horror looking for something different-yet-familiar, it's worth indulging your curiosity for 98 minutes".


title: Lakas–CMD

text: Lakas–Christian Muslim Democrats, abbreviated as Lakas–CMD and also known simply as Lakas, is a political party in the Philippines. Lakas–CMD is considered to sit on the centre-right of the political spectrum, and is influenced by Christian democracy and Islamic democracy. Since the 2022 elections, Lakas–CMD is currently the biggest party in the House of Representatives, with the party's president, Martin Romualdez, serving as Speaker of the House. Vice President Sara Duterte is the party's chairperson, and the party is a dominant member of the UniTeam Alliance led by President Bongbong Marcos.


title: Lakas–CMD

text: Lakas–CMD has produced one President of the Philippines, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, who was in power when the party was formed in 2009, and one vice president, Sara Duterte, who was elected in 2022.


title: Lakas–CMD

text: Lakas–CMD was founded in 2008, after the original Lakas–CMD party merged with the Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino (KAMPI), forming Lakas Kampi CMD. The party later reverted to its original name and removed KAMPI after many of its members defected to the National Unity Party (NUP).


title: Lakas–CMD

text: After the 2010 elections, the party was split into both the majority and minority blocs. By 2013, Lakas supported most candidates of the opposition coalition United Nationalist Alliance in the 2013 Senate election, although the party was still split. After the 2016 elections, the party joined the majority bloc led by PDP–Laban, the party of the winner of the presidential election, Rodrigo Duterte. In the 2019 elections, the party joined the Hugpong ng Pagbabago alliance. After the 2022 elections, Lakas won the vice presidency and replaced PDP–Laban as the largest party in Congress, leading the majority bloc.


title: Lakas–CMD

text: After the Hello Garci scandal, the party was split into two main factions in 2006, one led by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and another by former president Fidel V. Ramos, who had initially supported Arroyo despite the scandal but later called for her resignation.


title: Lakas–CMD

text: On January 16, 2008, Lakas spokesman and legal counsel Raul Lambino released a list of potential Lakas senatorial bets for 2010. Except for Parañaque Representative Eduardo Zialcita, they were not yet identified.


title: Lakas–CMD

text: Former House Speaker Jose de Venecia Jr. resigned his post as president of Lakas–CMD on March 10, 2008; he rejected the proposition of former president Fidel Ramos to give him the title Chairman-emeritus. The then current House Speaker Prospero Nograles was sworn in as the new president of Lakas–CMD party and Feliciano Belmonte Jr. as vice president for Metro Manila affairs on the same day.


title: Lakas–CMD

text: On June 18, 2008, President Arroyo confirmed the merger of the original Lakas–Christian Muslim Democrats (Lakas–CMD) and the Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino (KAMPI) parties. Both parties adopted the "equity of the incumbent" principle, as the merger would account for almost 200 national and 8,000 local officials, amid Arroyo's prediction of 2010 elections victory. The party's president, Prospero Nograles, and KAMPI chairperson, Ronaldo Puno, signed the covenant at the Davao City regional caucus. Ramos announced on February 6, 2008, that the Lakas–CMD name would be retained even after the merger, and asserted that de Venecia will remain as the party's president.


title: Lakas–CMD

text: On August 9, 2009, de Venecia and Ramos led fifty members from Lakas in objecting to its merger with KAMPI on May 28, 2009. The faction retained de Venecia its president with Ramos as the Chairman Emeritus. Ramos refused the offer to become the Chairman Emeritus of the new party after being named in the interim party organization. De Venecia filed a resolution at the Commission on Elections to declare the merger null and void. However, the Supreme Court ultimately upheld the legality of the merger, citing the failure of de Venecia "to sufficiently show that any grave abuse of discretion was committed by the Commission on Elections in rendering the challenged resolution."


title: Lakas–CMD

text: In the 2010 elections, the party suffered several losses, and was split into both the majority and minority blocs. It lost the 2010 presidential election with Gilberto Teodoro as its presidential nominee while only two of its candidates in the 2010 Senate election won; the two joined the Liberal Party–led majority coalition. In the 2010 House of Representatives election, it won 47% of the seats contested in the district election. However, after Benigno Aquino III was sworn in as president on June 30, 2010, the majority of the former legislative members of Lakas were sworn as members of the reborn Liberal Party, Aquino's party. Other members led by Pablo P. Garcia established the neutral National Unity Party in December 2010. After the split, the party's new chairman, Edcel Lagman, declared that the Lakas Kampi CMD coalition has "ceased to exist". On May 11, 2012, the party decided to revert to its original name and drop Arroyo's KAMPI from the coalition. It became one of the parties in the opposition after the 2010 elections.


title: Lakas–CMD

text: The party weakened following Arroyo's arrest under charges of electoral fraud in 2011 which were later dismissed, and again in 2012, on charges of misuse of $8.8 million in state lottery funds; she would later be acquitted in 2017. On February 5, 2013, senator Bong Revilla succeeded Lagman and became the party's chairperson, while 1st district representative of Leyte, Martin Romualdez, became the party's president. In the 2013 Senate election, the party mostly supported several candidates from the United Nationalist Alliance (UNA), which counts previous Lakas members among its candidates, such as Juan Miguel Zubiri, Dick Gordon, and Mitos Magsaysay. Three out of nine UNA candidates were elected.


title: Lakas–CMD

text: In 2016, the party initially planned to field senator Revilla for the presidential election. However, he would be detained at the Philippine National Police custodial center at Camp Crame due to his alleged involvement in the pork barrel scam. By August 2015, Lakas reportedly eyed to form an alliance with UNA and support vice president Jejomar Binay's candidacy for president. However, by February 2016, the party failed to reach a consensus on who to support, eventually opting not to endorse any candidate for president. The party supported the candidacy of Bongbong Marcos for vice president, who lost.


title: Lakas–CMD

text: After then Davao City mayor Rodrigo Duterte won the presidential election, Lakas signed a coalition agreement with Duterte's party, PDP–Laban, on May 18, 2016, joining several other political parties in the Coalition for Change, the administration's coalition. In October 2017, Arroyo and two of her allies joined PDP–Laban. According to Arroyo, the move was done to "consolidate support for the president." In September 2018, House Minority Leader Danilo Suarez, who had rejoined Lakas, announced that the party is rebuilding to restore its dominance before Arroyo stepped down as president. On November 6, 2018, the party joined Hugpong ng Pagbabago, with Revilla joining the coalition's senatorial slate for the 2019 Senate election. Revilla was reelected, marking Lakas' return to the upper chamber. The party also won a dozen seats in the 2019 House of Representatives elections. After the 2019 elections, several politicians joined the party. Arroyo returned to the party on March 9, 2020.


title: Lakas–CMD

text: On November 17, 2021, Sara Duterte became the chairperson of the party, succeeding Revilla. Following her move to Lakas, she announced her candidacy for vice president in the 2022 vice presidential election, becoming the running mate of Bongbong Marcos. On November 29, 2021, the party formed the UniTeam Alliance with three other parties to support the candidacies of Marcos and Duterte. The tandem won the elections, becoming the first presidential ticket to win together since Arroyo's victory along with her running mate in 2004.


title: Lakas–CMD

text: Following the 2022 Philippine general election, which saw Lakas winning 26 seats in the House of Representatives as well as the vice presidency, 38 politicians moved to the party, most of whom belonged to the weakening PDP–Laban. By the time the 19th Congress was opened, the party's seats in the House of Representatives increased from 12 in the 18th Congress to 64, replacing PDP–Laban as the dominant party in the lower house. Prominent members of the party were elected to various leadership positions in the lower house; Romualdez was elected as the House Speaker while Arroyo and Isidro Ungab became deputy speakers.


title: Lakas–CMD

text: Lakas–CMD adheres to the Christian democracy and Islamic democracy ideologies, adopting the same ideologies of its predecessor party, and is a member of the Centrist Democrats International (CDI). The party also advocates for a shift from the present presidential system to a parliamentary form of government through constitutional amendments and through establishing peace talks with Muslim separatists and communist rebels.


title: Lakas–CMD

text: Lakas–CMD has always focused on economic growth and development, stronger ties with the United States, creation of jobs, and strong cooperation between the executive and legislative branches of government. The party is distinct in its ecumenical inclusion of Muslim leaders in its political alliance. The party has tended to be more popular in the Mindanao provinces.


title: Bernoulli number

text: In mathematics, the Bernoulli numbers are a sequence of rational numbers which occur frequently in analysis. The Bernoulli numbers appear in (and can be defined by) the Taylor series expansions of the tangent and hyperbolic tangent functions, in Faulhaber's formula for the sum of "m"-th powers of the first "n" positive integers, in the Euler–Maclaurin formula, and in expressions for certain values of the Riemann zeta function.


title: Bernoulli number

text: The values of the first 20 Bernoulli numbers are given in the adjacent table. Two conventions are used in the literature, denoted here by formula_1 and formula_2; they differ only for , where formula_3 and formula_4. For every odd , . For every even , is negative if is divisible by 4 and positive otherwise. The Bernoulli numbers are special values of the Bernoulli polynomials formula_5, with formula_6 and formula_7.


title: Bernoulli number

text: The Bernoulli numbers were discovered around the same time by the Swiss mathematician Jacob Bernoulli, after whom they are named, and independently by Japanese mathematician Seki Takakazu. Seki's discovery was posthumously published in 1712 in his work "Katsuyō Sanpō"; Bernoulli's, also posthumously, in his "Ars Conjectandi" of 1713. Ada Lovelace's note G on the Analytical Engine from 1842 describes an algorithm for generating Bernoulli numbers with Babbage's machine. As a result, the Bernoulli numbers have the distinction of being the subject of the first published complex computer program.


title: Bernoulli number

text: The superscript used in this article distinguishes the two sign conventions for Bernoulli numbers. Only the term is affected:


title: Bernoulli number

text: In the formulas below, one can switch from one sign convention to the other with the relation formula_8, or for integer = 2 or greater, simply ignore it.


title: Bernoulli number

text: Since for all odd , and many formulas only involve even-index Bernoulli numbers, a few authors write "" instead of . This article does not follow that notation.


title: Bernoulli number

text: The Bernoulli numbers are rooted in the early history of the computation of sums of integer powers, which have been of interest to mathematicians since antiquity.


title: Bernoulli number

text: Methods to calculate the sum of the first positive integers, the sum of the squares and of the cubes of the first positive integers were known, but there were no real 'formulas', only descriptions given entirely in words. Among the great mathematicians of antiquity to consider this problem were Pythagoras (c. 572–497 BCE, Greece), Archimedes (287–212 BCE, Italy), Aryabhata (b. 476, India), Abu Bakr al-Karaji (d. 1019, Persia) and Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham (965–1039, Iraq).


title: Bernoulli number

text: During the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries mathematicians made significant progress. In the West Thomas Harriot (1560–1621) of England, Johann Faulhaber (1580–1635) of Germany, Pierre de Fermat (1601–1665) and fellow French mathematician Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) all played important roles.


title: Bernoulli number

text: Thomas Harriot seems to have been the first to derive and write formulas for sums of powers using symbolic notation, but even he calculated only up to the sum of the fourth powers. Johann Faulhaber gave formulas for sums of powers up to the 17th power in his 1631 "Academia Algebrae", far higher than anyone before him, but he did not give a general formula.


title: Bernoulli number

text: Blaise Pascal in 1654 proved "Pascal's identity" relating the sums of the th powers of the first positive integers for .


title: Bernoulli number

text: The Swiss mathematician Jakob Bernoulli (1654–1705) was the first to realize the existence of a single sequence of constants which provide a uniform formula for all sums of powers.


title: Bernoulli number

text: The joy Bernoulli experienced when he hit upon the pattern needed to compute quickly and easily the coefficients of his formula for the sum of the th powers for any positive integer can be seen from his comment. He wrote:


title: Bernoulli number

text: Bernoulli's result was published posthumously in "Ars Conjectandi" in 1713. Seki Takakazu independently discovered the Bernoulli numbers and his result was published a year earlier, also posthumously, in 1712. However, Seki did not present his method as a formula based on a sequence of constants.


title: Bernoulli number

text: Bernoulli's formula for sums of powers is the most useful and generalizable formulation to date. The coefficients in Bernoulli's formula are now called Bernoulli numbers, following a suggestion of Abraham de Moivre.


title: Bernoulli number

text: Bernoulli's formula is sometimes called Faulhaber's formula after Johann Faulhaber who found remarkable ways to calculate sum of powers but never stated Bernoulli's formula. According to Knuth a rigorous proof of Faulhaber's formula was first published by Carl Jacobi in 1834. Knuth's in-depth study of Faulhaber's formula concludes (the nonstandard notation on the LHS is explained further on):


title: Bernoulli number

text: The Bernoulli numbers (n)/(n) were introduced by Jakob Bernoulli in the book "Ars Conjectandi" published posthumously in 1713 page 97. The main formula can be seen in the second half of the corresponding facsimile. The constant coefficients denoted , , and by Bernoulli are mapped to the notation which is now prevalent as , , , . The expression means – the small dots are used as grouping symbols. Using today's terminology these expressions are falling factorial powers . The factorial notation as a shortcut for was not introduced until 100 years later. The integral symbol on the left hand side goes back to Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1675 who used it as a long letter for "summa" (sum). The letter on the left hand side is not an index of summation but gives the upper limit of the range of summation which is to be understood as . Putting things together, for positive , today a mathematician is likely to write Bernoulli's formula as:


title: Bernoulli number

text: This formula suggests setting when switching from the so-called 'archaic' enumeration which uses only the even indices 2, 4, 6... to the modern form (more on different conventions in the next paragraph). Most striking in this context is the fact that the falling factorial has for the value . Thus Bernoulli's formula can be written


title: Bernoulli number

text: The formula for formula_14 in the first half of the quotation by Bernoulli above contains an error at the last term; it should be formula_15 instead of formula_16.


title: Bernoulli number

text: Many characterizations of the Bernoulli numbers have been found in the last 300 years, and each could be used to introduce these numbers. Here only three of the most useful ones are mentioned:


title: Bernoulli number

text: where formula_18 and denotes the Kronecker delta. Solving for formula_19 gives the recursive formulas


title: Bernoulli number

text: In 1893 Louis Saalschütz listed a total of 38 explicit formulas for the Bernoulli numbers, usually giving some reference in the older literature. One of them is (for formula_21):


title: Bernoulli number

text: By means of the zeta functional equation and the gamma reflection formula the following relation can be obtained:


title: Bernoulli number

text: In some applications it is useful to be able to compute the Bernoulli numbers through modulo , where is a prime; for example to test whether Vandiver's conjecture holds for , or even just to determine whether is an irregular prime. It is not feasible to carry out such a computation using the above recursive formulae, since at least (a constant multiple of) arithmetic operations would be required. Fortunately, faster methods have been developed which require only operations (see big notation).


title: Bernoulli number

text: David Harvey describes an algorithm for computing Bernoulli numbers by computing modulo for many small primes , and then reconstructing via the Chinese remainder theorem. Harvey writes that the asymptotic time complexity of this algorithm is and claims that this implementation is significantly faster than implementations based on other methods. Using this implementation Harvey computed for . Harvey's implementation has been included in SageMath since version 3.1. Prior to that, Bernd Kellner computed to full precision for in December 2002 and Oleksandr Pavlyk for with Mathematica in April 2008.


title: Bernoulli number

text: Arguably the most important application of the Bernoulli numbers in mathematics is their use in the Euler–Maclaurin formula. Assuming that is a sufficiently often differentiable function the Euler–Maclaurin formula can be written as


title: Bernoulli number

text: Here formula_30 (i.e. the zeroth-order derivative of formula_31 is just formula_31). Moreover, let formula_33 denote an antiderivative of formula_31. By the fundamental theorem of calculus,


title: Bernoulli number

text: Thus the last formula can be further simplified to the following succinct form of the Euler–Maclaurin formula


title: Bernoulli number

text: Bernoulli numbers are also frequently used in other kinds of asymptotic expansions. The following example is the classical Poincaré-type asymptotic expansion of the digamma function .


title: Bernoulli number

text: Bernoulli numbers feature prominently in the closed form expression of the sum of the th powers of the first positive integers. For define


title: Bernoulli number

text: This expression can always be rewritten as a polynomial in of degree . The coefficients of these polynomials are related to the Bernoulli numbers by Bernoulli's formula:


title: Bernoulli number

text: Some authors use the alternate convention for Bernoulli numbers and state Bernoulli's formula in this way:


title: Bernoulli number

text: Bernoulli's formula is sometimes called Faulhaber's formula after Johann Faulhaber who also found remarkable ways to calculate sums of powers.


title: Bernoulli number

text: The Bernoulli numbers appear in the Taylor series expansion of many trigonometric functions and hyperbolic functions.


title: Bernoulli number

text: The Kervaire–Milnor formula for the order of the cyclic group of diffeomorphism classes of exotic -spheres which bound parallelizable manifolds involves Bernoulli numbers. Let be the number of such exotic spheres for , then


title: Bernoulli number

text: The Hirzebruch signature theorem for the genus of a smooth oriented closed manifold of dimension 4"n" also involves Bernoulli numbers.


title: Bernoulli number

text: The connection of the Bernoulli number to various kinds of combinatorial numbers is based on the classical theory of finite differences and on the combinatorial interpretation of the Bernoulli numbers as an instance of a fundamental combinatorial principle, the inclusion–exclusion principle.


title: Bernoulli number

text: The definition to proceed with was developed by Julius Worpitzky in 1883. Besides elementary arithmetic only the factorial function and the power function is employed. The signless Worpitzky numbers are defined as


title: Bernoulli number

text: A Bernoulli number is then introduced as an inclusion–exclusion sum of Worpitzky numbers weighted by the harmonic sequence 1, , , ...


title: Bernoulli number

text: Consider the sequence , . From Worpitzky's numbers , applied to is identical to the Akiyama–Tanigawa transform applied to (see Connection with Stirling numbers of the first kind). This can be seen via the table:


title: Bernoulli number

text: The numerators of the first parentheses are (see Connection with Stirling numbers of the first kind).


title: Bernoulli number

text: (resulting in ) which is an explicit formula for Bernoulli numbers and can be used to prove Von-Staudt Clausen theorem.


title: Bernoulli number

text: The two main formulas relating the unsigned Stirling numbers of the first kind to the Bernoulli numbers (with ) are


title: Bernoulli number

text: Here the number are the rational Akiyama–Tanigawa numbers, the first few of which are displayed in the following table.


title: Bernoulli number

text: The Akiyama–Tanigawa numbers satisfy a simple recurrence relation which can be exploited to iteratively compute the Bernoulli numbers. This leads to the algorithm shown in the section 'algorithmic description' above. See /.


title: Bernoulli number

text: An "autosequence" is a sequence which has its inverse binomial transform equal to the signed sequence. If the main diagonal is zeroes = , the autosequence is of the first kind. Example: , the Fibonacci numbers. If the main diagonal is the first upper diagonal multiplied by 2, it is of the second kind. Example: /, the second Bernoulli numbers (see ). The Akiyama–Tanigawa transform applied to = 1/ leads to ("n") / ("n" + 1). Hence:


title: Bernoulli number

text: where formula_63 is the determinant of a n-by-n Hessenberg matrix part of Pascal's triangle whose elements are: formula_64


title: Bernoulli number

text: The Stirling polynomials are related to the Bernoulli numbers by . S. C. Woon described an algorithm to compute as a binary tree:


title: Bernoulli number

text: Woon's recursive algorithm (for ) starts by assigning to the root node . Given a node of the tree, the left child of the node is and the right child . A node is written as in the initial part of the tree represented above with ± denoting the sign of .


title: Bernoulli number

text: For example, and . Here, is the Riemann zeta function, and is the imaginary unit. Leonhard Euler ("Opera Omnia", Ser. 1, Vol. 10, p. 351) considered these numbers and calculated


title: Bernoulli number

text: The Euler numbers are a sequence of integers intimately connected with the Bernoulli numbers. Comparing the


title: Bernoulli number

text: asymptotic expansions of the Bernoulli and the Euler numbers shows that the Euler numbers are in magnitude approximately times larger than the Bernoulli numbers . In consequence:


title: Bernoulli number

text: This asymptotic equation reveals that lies in the common root of both the Bernoulli and the Euler numbers. In fact could be computed from these rational approximations.


title: Bernoulli number

text: Bernoulli numbers can be expressed through the Euler numbers and vice versa. Since, for odd , (with the exception ), it suffices to consider the case when is even.


title: Bernoulli number

text: These conversion formulas express a connection between the Bernoulli and the Euler numbers. But more important, there is a deep arithmetic root common to both kinds of numbers, which can be expressed through a more fundamental sequence of numbers, also closely tied to . These numbers are defined for as


title: Bernoulli number

text: and by convention. The magic of these numbers lies in the fact that they turn out to be rational numbers. This was first proved by Leonhard Euler in a landmark paper "De summis serierum reciprocarum" (On the sums of series of reciprocals) and has fascinated mathematicians ever since. The first few of these numbers are


title: Bernoulli number

text: The Bernoulli numbers and Euler numbers are best understood as "special views" of these numbers, selected from the sequence and scaled for use in special applications.


title: Bernoulli number

text: These identities show that the quotient of Bernoulli and Euler numbers at the beginning of this section is just the special case of when is even. The are rational approximations to and two successive terms always enclose the true value of . Beginning with the sequence starts ( / ):


title: Bernoulli number

text: From the second, the numerators of the first column are the denominators of Euler's formula. The first column is − × .


title: Bernoulli number

text: The sequence "S" has another unexpected yet important property: The denominators of "S" divide the factorial . In other words: the numbers , sometimes called Euler zigzag numbers, are integers.


title: Bernoulli number

text: Thus the above representations of the Bernoulli and Euler numbers can be rewritten in terms of this sequence as


title: Bernoulli number

text: These identities make it easy to compute the Bernoulli and Euler numbers: the Euler numbers are given immediately by and the Bernoulli numbers are obtained from by some easy shifting, avoiding rational arithmetic.


title: Bernoulli number

text: What remains is to find a convenient way to compute the numbers . However, already in 1877 Philipp Ludwig von Seidel published an ingenious algorithm, which makes it simple to calculate .


title: Bernoulli number

text: Seidel's algorithm is in fact much more general (see the exposition of Dominique Dumont ) and was rediscovered several times thereafter.


title: Bernoulli number

text: Similar to Seidel's approach D. E. Knuth and T. J. Buckholtz gave a recurrence equation for the numbers and recommended this method for computing and 'on electronic computers using only simple operations on integers'.


title: Bernoulli number

text: V. I. Arnold rediscovered Seidel's algorithm and later Millar, Sloane and Young popularized Seidel's algorithm under the name boustrophedon transform.


title: Bernoulli number

text: This is , a signed version of . The main andiagonal is . The main diagonal is . The central column is . Row sums: 1, 1, −2, −5, 16, 61... See . See the array beginning with 1, 1, 0, −2, 0, 16, 0 below.


title: Bernoulli number

text: The first row of this array is . The absolute values of the increasing antidiagonals are . The sum of the antidiagonals is


title: Bernoulli number

text: The first row of this array is . The absolute values of the second bisection are the double of the absolute values of the first bisection.


title: Bernoulli number

text: The main diagonal, here , is the double of the first upper one, here . The sum of the antidiagonals is = 2 × (1).  −  = 2 × .


title: Bernoulli number

text: Around 1880, three years after the publication of Seidel's algorithm, Désiré André proved a now classic result of combinatorial analysis. Looking at the first terms of the Taylor expansion of the trigonometric functions


title: Bernoulli number

text: The coefficients are the Euler numbers of odd and even index, respectively. In consequence the ordinary expansion of has as coefficients the rational numbers .


title: Bernoulli number

text: André then succeeded by means of a recurrence argument to show that the alternating permutations of odd size are enumerated by the Euler numbers of odd index (also called tangent numbers) and the alternating permutations of even size by the Euler numbers of even index (also called secant numbers).


title: Bernoulli number

text: The arithmetic mean of the first and the second Bernoulli numbers are the associate Bernoulli numbers:


title: Bernoulli number

text: , , , , , / . Via the second row of its inverse Akiyama–Tanigawa transform , they lead to Balmer series / .


title: Bernoulli number

text: The Akiyama–Tanigawa algorithm applied to () / () leads to the Bernoulli numbers / , / , or without , named intrinsic Bernoulli numbers .


title: Bernoulli number

text: The terms of the first row are f(n) = . 2, f(n) is an autosequence of the second kind. 3/2, f(n) leads by its inverse binomial transform to 3/2 −1/2 1/3 −1/4 1/5 ... = 1/2 + log 2.


title: Bernoulli number

text: Euler () / () without the second term () are the fractional intrinsic Euler numbers The corresponding Akiyama transform is:


title: Bernoulli number

text: The first line is . preceded by a zero is an autosequence of the first kind. It is linked to the Oresme numbers. The numerators of the second line are preceded by 0. The difference table is:


title: Bernoulli number

text: The Bernoulli numbers can be expressed in terms of the Riemann zeta function as for integers provided for the expression is understood as the limiting value and the convention is used. This intimately relates them to the values of the zeta function at negative integers. As such, they could be expected to have and do have deep arithmetical properties. For example, the Agoh–Giuga conjecture postulates that is a prime number if and only if is congruent to −1 modulo . Divisibility properties of the Bernoulli numbers are related to the ideal class groups of cyclotomic fields by a theorem of Kummer and its strengthening in the Herbrand-Ribet theorem, and to class numbers of real quadratic fields by Ankeny–Artin–Chowla.


title: Bernoulli number

text: Prime numbers with this property are called regular primes. Another classical result of Kummer are the following congruences.


title: Bernoulli number

text: where and , so that and are nonpositive and not congruent to 1 modulo . This tells us that the Riemann zeta function, with taken out of the Euler product formula, is continuous in the -adic numbers on odd negative integers congruent modulo to a particular , and so can be extended to a continuous function for all -adic integers formula_85 the -adic zeta function.


title: Bernoulli number

text: The following relations, due to Ramanujan, provide a method for calculating Bernoulli numbers that is more efficient than the one given by their original recursive definition:


title: Bernoulli number

text: The von Staudt–Clausen theorem was given by Karl Georg Christian von Staudt and Thomas Clausen independently in 1840. The theorem states that for every ,


title: Bernoulli number

text: A consequence of this is that the denominator of is given by the product of all primes for which divides . In particular, these denominators are square-free and divisible by 6.


title: Bernoulli number

text: can be evaluated for negative values of the index . Doing so will show that it is an odd function for even values of , which implies that the sum has only terms of odd index. This and the formula for the Bernoulli sum imply that is 0 for even and ; and that the term for is cancelled by the subtraction. The von Staudt–Clausen theorem combined with Worpitzky's representation also gives a combinatorial answer to this question (valid for "n" > 1).


title: Bernoulli number

text: From the von Staudt–Clausen theorem it is known that for odd the number is an integer. This seems trivial if one knows beforehand that the integer in question is zero. However, by applying Worpitzky's representation one gets


title: Bernoulli number

text: The generalized Bernoulli numbers are certain algebraic numbers, defined similarly to the Bernoulli numbers, that are related to special values of Dirichlet -functions in the same way that Bernoulli numbers are related to special values of the Riemann zeta function.


title: Bernoulli number

text: Generalizing the relation between Bernoulli numbers and values of the Riemann zeta function at non-positive integers, one has the for all integers :


title: Bernoulli number

text: Eisenstein–Kronecker numbers are an analogue of the generalized Bernoulli numbers for imaginary quadratic fields. They are related to critical "L"-values of Hecke characters.


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: USS "Laffey" (DD-724) is an , which was constructed during World War II, laid down and launched in 1943, and commissioned in February 1944. The ship earned the nickname "The Ship That Would Not Die" for her exploits during the D-Day invasion and the battle of Okinawa when she successfully withstood a determined assault by conventional bombers and the most unrelenting "kamikaze" air attack in history. Today, "Laffey" is a U.S. National Historic Landmark and is preserved as a museum ship at Patriots Point, outside Charleston, South Carolina.


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: "Laffey" was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for Bartlett Laffey. Seaman Laffey was awarded the Medal of Honor for his stand against Confederate forces on 5 March 1864.


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: "Laffey's" keel was laid down on 28 June 1943 by Bath Iron Works Corp., Bath, Maine; launched on 21 November; sponsored by Ms. Beatrice F. Laffey, daughter of Seaman Laffey; and commissioned on 8 February 1944, with Commander Frederick Becton in command.


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: Upon completion of underway training, "Laffey" visited Washington Navy Yard for one day and departed on 28 February 1944, arriving in Bermuda on 4 March. She returned briefly to Naval Station Norfolk, where she served as a school ship, then headed for New York City to join the screen of a convoy escort bound for England on 14 May. Refueling at Greenock, Scotland, the ship continued on to Plymouth, England, arriving on 27 May.


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: "Laffey" immediately prepared for the invasion of France. On 3 June, she headed for the Normandy beaches escorting tugs, landing craft, and two Dutch gunboats. The group arrived in the assault area, off Utah beach, Baie de la Seine, France, at dawn on D-Day, 6 June 1944. On 6–7 June, "Laffey" screened to seaward, and on 8–9 June, she successfully bombarded gun emplacements. Leaving the screen temporarily, "Laffey" raced to Plymouth to replenish and returned to the coast of Normandy the next day. On 12 June, pursuing enemy E-boats that had torpedoed the destroyer , "Laffey" broke up their tight formation, preventing further attacks.


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: Screening duties completed, "Laffey" returned to England, arriving at Portsmouth on 22 June, where she tied up alongside the battleship . On 25 June, she got underway with the battleship to join Bombardment Group 2 shelling the formidable defenses at Cherbourg-Octeville. Upon reaching the bombardment area, the group was taken under fire by shore batteries; destroyers and were hit. "Laffey" was hit above the waterline by a ricocheting shell, but it failed to explode and did little damage.


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: Late that day, the bombardment group retired and headed for Northern Ireland, arriving at Belfast on 1 July 1944. She sailed with Destroyer Division 119 (DesDiv 119) three days later for home, arriving at Boston on 9 July. After a month of overhaul, the destroyer got underway to test her newly installed electronic equipment. Two weeks later, "Laffey" set course for Norfolk, arriving on 25 August.


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: The next day, "Laffey" departed for Hawaii via the Panama Canal and San Diego, California, arriving at Pearl Harbor in September. On 23 October, after extensive training, "Laffey" departed for the war zone via Eniwetok, mooring at Ulithi on 5 November. The same day, she joined the screen of Task Force 38 (TF 38), then conducting airstrikes against enemy shipping, aircraft, and airfields in the Philippines. On 11 November, she spotted a parachute, left the screen, and rescued a badly wounded Japanese pilot who was transferred to the aircraft carrier during refueling operations the next day. "Laffey" returned to Ulithi on 22 November, and on 27 November set course for Leyte Gulf with ships of Destroyer Squadron 60 (DesRon 60). Operating with the 7th Fleet, "Laffey" screened the big ships against submarine and air attacks, covered the landings at Ormoc Bay on 7 December, silenced a shore battery, and shelled enemy troop concentrations.


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: After a short upkeep in San Pedro Bay, Leyte on 8 December, "Laffey" with ships of Close Support Group 77.3 departed on 12 December for Mindoro, where she supported the landings on 15 December. After the beachhead had been established, "Laffey" escorted empty landing craft back to Leyte, arriving at San Pedro Bay on 17 December. Ten days later, "Laffey" joined Task Group 77.3 (TG 77.3) for patrol duty off Mindoro. After returning briefly to San Pedro Bay, she rejoined the 7th Fleet, and during the month of January 1945 screened amphibious ships landing troops in the Lingayen Gulf area of Luzon. Retiring to the Caroline Islands, "Laffey" arrived at Ulithi on 27 January. In February, she supported TF 58, conducting diversionary air strikes on Tokyo and direct air support of Marines fighting on Iwo Jima. Late in February, "Laffey" carried vital intelligence information to Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz at Guam, arriving on 1 March.


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: The next day, "Laffey" arrived at Ulithi for intensive training with battleships of Task Force 54 (TF 54). On 21 March, she sortied with the task force for the invasion of Okinawa. "Laffey" helped capture Kerama Retto, bombarded shore establishments, harassed the enemy with fire at night and screened heavy units.


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: On 15 April 1945, "Laffey" was assigned to radar picket station 1 about north of Okinawa, and joined in repulsing an air attack. In total, 13 enemy aircraft were downed that day. The next day, on 16 April 1945, the Japanese launched another air attack with some 50 planes:


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: Meanwhile, four FM-2 Wildcats took off from the escort carrier , attempting to intercept "kamikazes" attacking "Laffey". One of the Wildcat pilots, Carl Rieman, made a dive into the "kamikaze" formation and targeted a D3A. His wingman took out that dive bomber while Rieman lined up behind another D3A, opened fire, and destroyed the enemy aircraft. Ten seconds later, Rieman pursued a Nakajima B5N torpedo plane, fired, and killed the Japanese pilot. Only five seconds later, Rieman lined up behind another B5N and expended the last of his ammunition. As Rieman returned to his carrier, he made diving passes at "kamikazes", forcing some of them to break off their attacks. The other three Wildcats destroyed a few aircraft and then interfered with the enemy's attack runs after they exhausted their ammunition until forced to return to "Shamrock Bay" when their fuel ran too low to stay. Later on, a group of 12 American Vought F4U Corsair fighters of the United States Marine Corps intercepted the "kamikazes". Their actions were of significant help for the "Laffey".


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: Another D3A approached the disabled "Laffey" from port. A Corsair pursued the "kamikaze" and destroyed it after forcing it to overshoot the ship. The Corsair lined up behind a Ki-43 "Oscar" making a strafing approach on "Laffey" from starboard. One of "Laffey"s gunners hit the Oscar, causing it to crash into the ship's mast and fall into the water. The pursuing Corsair also crashed into the ship's radar antenna and fell into the water, but the pilot was later rescued by "LCS-51".


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: Another D3A came from the stern and dropped a bomb detonating off the port side. The D3A was later destroyed by a Corsair. The Corsair quickly lined up behind another D3A and fired; but the bomb from the second D3A hit and destroyed one of "Laffey"s 40 mm gun mounts, killing all its gunners. The Corsair lined up behind two Oscars approaching from the bow, took out one, and was shot down by the other. The surviving Oscar was then shot down by "Laffey"s gunners. "Laffey"s main battery fired upon a D3A approaching from starboard, hitting the plane directly on the nose. The last attacker, a D4Y, was shot down by a Corsair.


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: "Laffey" survived despite being badly damaged by four bombs, six "kamikaze" crashes, and strafing fire that killed 32 and wounded 71. Assistant communications officer Lieutenant Frank Manson asked Captain Becton if he thought they'd have to abandon ship, to which he snapped, "No! I'll never abandon ship as long as a single gun will fire." Becton did not hear a nearby lookout softly say, "And if I can find one man to fire it."


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: "Laffey" was then taken under tow and anchored off Okinawa on 17 April 1945. Temporary repairs were rushed and the destroyer sailed for Saipan, arriving on 27 April. Four days later, she got underway for the west coast via Eniwetok and Hawaii, arriving at Tacoma, Washington on 24 May. She entered drydock at Todd Shipyard Corp. for repair until 6 September, then sailed for San Diego, arriving on 9 September.


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: Two days later, "Laffey" got underway for exercises but collided with the submarine chaser in a thick fog. She rescued all but one of the PC's crew before returning to San Diego for repairs.


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: On 5 October, she sailed for Pearl Harbor, arriving on 11 October. "Laffey" operated in Hawaiian waters until 21 May 1946, when she participated in Operation Crossroads, the atomic bomb tests at Bikini Atoll, actively engaged in collecting scientific data. Radioactive decontamination of "Laffey" required the "sandblasting and painting of all underwater surfaces, and acid washing and partial replacement of salt-water piping and evaporators." Upon completion of decontamination, she sailed for the west coast via Pearl Harbor arriving San Diego on 22 August for operations along the west coast.


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: In February 1947, "Laffey" made a cruise to Guam and Kwajalein and returned to Pearl Harbor on 11 March. She operated in Hawaiian waters until departing for Australia on 1 May. "Laffey" returned to San Diego on 17 June, was decommissioned on 30 June 1947, and entered the Pacific Reserve Fleet.


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: "Laffey" was recommissioned on 26 January 1951, with Commander Charles Holovak in command. After shakedown out of San Diego, she headed for the east coast of the US, arriving at Norfolk in February for overhaul followed by refresher training at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. In mid January 1952, she sailed for Korea, arriving in March. "Laffey" operated with TF 77 screening carriers and .


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: In May, with Captain Henry J. Conger in command, "Laffey" she took part in the blockade of Wonsan in Korea.


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: After a brief refit at Yokosuka on 30 May, "Laffey" returned to Korea, where she rejoined TF 77. On 22 June, she sailed for the east coast, transiting the Suez Canal and arriving Norfolk on 19 August.


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: "Laffey" operated in the Caribbean with a hunter-killer group until February 1954, departing on a world cruise which included a tour off Korea until 29 June. "Laffey" departed the Far East bound for the east coast via the Suez Canal arriving Norfolk on 25 August. Operating out of Norfolk, she participated in fleet exercises and plane guard duties and on 7 October rescued four passengers from "Able", a schooner that had sunk in a storm off the Virginia Capes.


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: During the first part of 1955, "Laffey" participated in extensive antisubmarine exercises, visiting: Halifax, Nova Scotia; New York City; Miami; and ports in the Caribbean. In 1958, she operated with ASW carriers in Floridian and Caribbean waters.


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: On 7 November 1956, "Laffey" departed Norfolk and headed for the Mediterranean at the height of the Suez Crisis. Upon arrival, she joined the 6th Fleet which was patrolling the Israeli-Egyptian border. When international tensions eased, "Laffey" returned to Norfolk on 20 February 1957, and resumed operations along the Atlantic coast. She departed on 3 September for NATO operations off Scotland. She then headed for the Mediterranean and rejoined the 6th Fleet. "Laffey" returned to Norfolk on 22 December. In June 1958, she made a cruise to the Caribbean for a major exercise.


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: Returning to Norfolk the next month, "Laffey" resumed regular operations until 7 August 1959, when she deployed with DesRon 32 for the Mediterranean. "Laffey" transited the Suez Canal on 14 December, stopped at Massawa, Eritrea, and continued on to the Aramco loading port of Ras Tanura, Saudi Arabia, where she spent Christmas. "Laffey" operated in the Persian Gulf until late January 1960, when she transited the Suez Canal and headed for home, arriving at Norfolk on 28 February. "Laffey" then operated out of Norfolk, making a Caribbean cruise. In mid-August, she participated in a large naval NATO exercise. In October, she visited Antwerp, Belgium, returning to Norfolk on 20 October, but headed back to the Mediterranean in January 1961.


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: While there, she assisted MV Dara, a British freighter in distress. "Laffey" sailed for home in mid-August and arrived at Norfolk on 28 August. "Laffey" set out in September on a vigorous training program designed to blend the crew into an effective fighting team and continued this training until February 1963, when she assumed the duties of service ship for the Norfolk Test and Evaluation Detachment. From October 1963 – June 1964, "Laffey" operated with a hunter-killer group along the eastern seaboard, and on 12 June made a midshipmen cruise to the Mediterranean, arriving in Palma de Mallorca on 23 June. Two days later, the task group departed for a surveillance mission observing Soviet naval forces training in the Mediterranean. "Laffey" visited Mediterranean ports of Naples, Italy; Théoule, France; Rota and Valencia, Spain, returning to Norfolk on 3 September. "Laffey" continued to make regular Mediterranean cruises with the 6th Fleet and participated in numerous operational and training exercises in the Atlantic and Caribbean.


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: "Laffey" was decommissioned and stricken on 9 March 1975. She was the last of the "Sumner" class destroyers to be decommissioned.


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: "Laffey" received the Presidential Unit Citation and five battle stars for World War II service, the Korean Presidential Unit Citation and two battle stars for Korean War service, the Meritorious Unit Commendation during the Cold War, and the Battle "E" during all three conflicts.


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: "Laffey" was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1986, at which time she was recognized as the only remaining US-owned Sumner-class destroyer, and for her spirited survival of the kamikaze attack.


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: "Laffey" is currently a museum ship at Patriots Point in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, alongside two other US National Historic Landmarks: the aircraft carrier and submarine . In October 2008, it was discovered that over 100 leaks had sprung up in "Laffey"s hull, and officials at Patriots Point were afraid that the ship would sink at her mooring. An estimated $9 million was needed to tow the ship to dry dock for repairs, prompting Patriots Point officials to secure a $9.2 million loan from the state of South Carolina to cover the costs. On 19 August 2009, she was towed to Detyens Shipyards in North Charleston on the Cooper River for repair in drydock. The rust-eaten, corroded hull was repaired with thicker plating, miles of welding, and new paint. On 16 April 2010, the Board of Trustees of Clemson University reached a lease agreement for Patriots Point organization to moor "Laffey" adjacent to Clemson's property at the former Naval Base Charleston in North Charleston. "Laffey" was returned to Patriots Point on 25 January 2012 with more than a dozen former crew members among the crowd on hand to greet her. Said one veteran, "This means a lot of years of fighting to get her saved again. The Germans tried to sink her. The Japanese tried to sink her and then she tried to sink herself sitting here. She's whipped them all and she's back again." It cost $1.1 million to return the ship and to make repairs to accommodate her in a new berth at the front of the museum.


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: In 2007, the attack on "Laffey" was recreated using computer graphics for the History Channel series "Dogfights". The episode first aired on 13 July 2007.


title: USS Laffey (DD-724)

text: In May 2018, it was officially announced that Mel Gibson would direct a major feature film about the attack on "Laffey" titled "Destroyer".


title: Ben Mankiewicz

text: Benjamin Frederick Mankiewicz (born March 25, 1967) is an American television personality, political commentator, and film critic. He is a host on Turner Classic Movies and has been a commentator on "The Young Turks" and "What the Flick?!"


title: Ben Mankiewicz

text: Mankiewicz was born in Washington, D.C., to press secretary Frank Mankiewicz and Holly Mankiewicz (née Jolley) of German–Jewish descent. He is the cousin of screenwriter Tom Mankiewicz and filmmaker/television producer Nick Davis, the grandson of screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz, the grand-nephew of screenwriter, producer, and director Joseph L. Mankiewicz, and the brother of NBC News reporter Josh Mankiewicz.


title: Ben Mankiewicz

text: He attended Georgetown Day School for his primary and secondary education, Tufts University for undergraduate studies, and Columbia University for graduate studies.


title: Ben Mankiewicz

text: Mankiewicz began his career as a reporter and an anchor for WCSC-TV (a CBS affiliate) in Charleston, South Carolina. He joined WAMI in Miami, Florida, in 1998, where he served as anchor of "The Times", a daily news magazine show and the station's highlight program.


title: Ben Mankiewicz

text: Since 2003, Mankiewicz has been a host of "Turner Classic Movies". When he made his debut on TCM, he became the second host hired in the network's history (Robert Osborne being the first). As a film critic, Mankiewicz co-hosted the nationally syndicated television series "At the Movies" from 2008 to 2009 and co-hosted the online film review show "What the Flick?!" on The Young Turks Network. He launched TCM original podcast (April 2020), "The Plot Thickens" in which he interviews renowned director Peter Bogdanovich ("The Last Picture Show," "Paper Moon," etc.) who chronicles his life in and out of film. The podcast is scheduled to have others connected to film interviewed in subsequent podcasts.


title: Ben Mankiewicz

text: Mankiewicz has made cameo appearances in the Lifetime television movie "The Bling Ring" (2011) and the action film "White House Down" (2013). Mankiewicz also appears regularly on other shows as a political and media commentator, including "The Michael Brooks Show" in 2017, and hosts a segment on the CBS Sunday morning show called "Screen Time". He was among the people interviewed for the documentary film "" (2019).


title: Crocodile tears

text: Crocodile tears, or superficial sympathy, is a false, insincere display of emotion such as a hypocrite crying fake tears of grief. The phrase derives from an ancient belief that crocodiles shed tears while consuming their prey, and as such is present in many modern languages, especially in Europe where it was introduced through Latin. While crocodiles do have tear ducts, they weep to lubricate their eyes, typically when they have been out of water for a long time and their eyes begin to dry out. However, evidence suggests this could also be triggered by feeding.


title: Crocodile tears

text: Bogorad's syndrome, a condition which causes sufferers to shed tears while consuming food, has been labelled "crocodile tears syndrome" in reference to the legend.


title: Crocodile tears

text: The expression comes from an ancient anecdote that crocodiles weep for the victims they are eating. A collection of proverbs attributed to Plutarch suggests that the phrase "crocodile tears" was well known in antiquity: comparing the crocodile's behaviour to people who desire or cause the death of someone, but then publicly lament for them. The story is given a Christian gloss in the "Bibliotheca" by early medieval theologian Photios. Photios uses the story to illustrate the Christian concept of repentance. The story is repeated in bestiaries such as "De bestiis et aliis rebus".


title: Crocodile tears

text: This tale was first spread widely in English in the stories of the travels of Sir John Mandeville in the 14th century.


title: Crocodile tears

text: A later writer, Edward Topsell, provided a different explanation for the tears, saying "There are not many brute beasts that can weep, but such is the nature of the crocodile that, to get a man within his danger, he will sob, sigh, and weep as though he were in extremity, but suddenly he destroyeth him." In this version, the crocodile pretends to be in distress to lure prey into a false sense of security. However, Topsell also refers to the older story that crocodiles wept during and after eating a man, repeating the standard Christian moral that this signified a kind of fake repentance like Judas weeping after betraying Jesus.


title: Crocodile tears

text: Shakespeare regularly refers to the concept. He uses both of Topsell's versions of the motive, as a trick and as fake repentance. A prominent example is in "Othello", Act IV, Scene i, in which Othello convinces himself that his wife is cheating on him.


title: Crocodile tears

text: He also refers to the version about tricking prey in "Henry VI, Part 2", Act III, Scene i, in which a character refers to the faked emotions of the Duke of Gloucester: "Gloucester's show / Beguiles him, as the mournful crocodile / With sorrow, snares relenting passengers." In "Antony and Cleopatra", Act II, Scene vii, Mark Antony chides Lepidus, who has asked him what crocodiles are like, with a meaningless description ending with the words "And the tears of it are wet".


title: Crocodile tears

text: Shakespeare's contemporary Edmund Spenser also refers to the story in "The Faerie Queene", writing of the "cruel crafty" creature "which, in false grief, hiding his harmful guile / Doth weep full sore, and sheddeth tender tears.


title: Crocodile tears

text: In Henry Purcell's 1688 opera "Dido and Aeneas", (librettist Nahum Tate), when Aeneas tells Dido he must abandon her to found Rome on the Italian Peninsula, she proclaims, "Thus on the fatal banks of Nile, / Weeps the deceitful crocodile."


title: Crocodile tears

text: While crocodiles can and do generate tears, the tears are not linked to emotion. The fluid from their tear ducts functions to clean and lubricate the eye, and is most prominent and visible when crocodiles have been on dry land for a while. In the case of American crocodiles and saltwater crocodiles, the tears help rid of the excess salt that they take in with their food. According to Adam Britton, It is difficult to trace the origin of this particular myth, but it's easy to see why it has become so popular – for an apparently remorseless creature such as a crocodile to actually weep over its victims is a memorable irony which has inspired considerable prose and created a phrase which is still popular today.


title: Crocodile tears

text: In 2006, neurologist Malcolm Shaner, assisted by Kent Vliet, a researcher at the University of Florida, decided to test the story that crocodiles or their close relatives alligators and caimans were likely to "weep" while feeding. Studying animals in Florida's St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park, Vliet recorded seven caimans feeding. He chose to use caimans rather than crocodiles because at the sanctuary they could be observed feeding on dry land. Five of the seven animals were seen "weeping", leading to the conclusion that the story describes a real phenomenon. The researchers suggest that the "weeping" may be caused by the hissing of warm air during feeding, which is forced through the sinuses, stimulating the animals' tear glands into emptying fluid into the eye.


title: Crocodile tears

text: The phrase gives its name to Bogorad's syndrome, colloquially "crocodile tears syndrome", an uncommon consequence of recovery from Bell's palsy where faulty regeneration of the facial nerve causes sufferers to shed tears while eating. Russian neuropathologist F. A. Bogorad, who first described the condition in 1926, did so in an article entitled "syndrome of the crocodile tears" (also translated as "the symptom of crocodile tears"). Bogorad argued that the tears were caused by the act of salivation.


title: Suze Orman

text: Susan Lynn "Suze" Orman ( ; born June 5, 1951) is an American financial advisor, author, and podcast host. In 1987, she founded the Suze Orman Financial Group. Her work as a financial advisor gained notability with "The Suze Orman Show", which ran on CNBC from 2002 to 2015.


title: Suze Orman

text: Orman has written ten consecutive "New York Times" bestsellers about personal finance. She was named twice to the Time 100 list of influential people, has won two Emmy Awards, and eight Gracie Awards. Orman has written, co-produced and hosted 9 PBS specials, and has appeared on multiple additional television shows. She has been a guest on "The Oprah Winfrey Show" approximately 29 times and "Larry King Live" over 30 times"." Orman is currently the podcast host of the "Suze Orman Women & Money Podcast."""


title: Suze Orman

text: Orman was born on the South Side of Chicago on June 5, 1951, to Jewish parents of Russian and Romanian origin, Ann and Morry Orman. Her mother worked as a secretary for a local rabbi, while her father, an immigrant from Kyiv, worked in a chicken factory and managed Morry's Deli in Hyde Park.


title: Suze Orman

text: She attended the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where she earned a B.A. in social work in 1976. In 2009, Orman received an honorary doctorate of humane letters from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. The following year, in 2010, she was presented with an honorary doctorate of Commercial Science from Bentley University.


title: Suze Orman

text: After finishing school, Orman moved to Berkeley, California, where she worked as a waitress. In 1980, she borrowed $52,000 from friends to open a restaurant.


title: Suze Orman

text: According to Orman, as an investment novice, she invested that money through a representative at Merrill Lynch, who promptly lost her entire investment in trading options. Later, Orman trained as an account executive for Merrill Lynch, where she reports that she learned that the type of investment her broker had put her in was not suitable for her needs, as option trading is considered a high-risk but high-reward investment suitable only for high net worth individuals. Orman further asserts that it was explained to her that because her broker was the highest producing representative in the office, his actions went unchecked. After completing her training with Merrill Lynch, she remained at the firm until 1983, when she left to become a vice president of investments at Prudential Bache Securities.


title: Suze Orman

text: In 1987, Orman resigned from Prudential and founded the Suze Orman Financial Group, in Emeryville, California. While there, she published a booklet, "The Facts on Single Premium Whole Life", which compared single-premium whole life, universal life, and single-premium deferred annuities; she distributed copies of the booklet for free to anyone who requested one. She was director of the firm until 1997.


title: Suze Orman

text: Orman published ten original books between 1995 and 2020: "You've Earned It Don't Lose It" (1995), "The 9 Steps to Financial Freedom" (1997), "The Courage to be Rich" (1999), "The Road to Wealth" (2001), "The Laws of Money, The Lessons of Life" (2003), "The Money Book for the Young Fabulous and Broke" (2005), "Women & Money" (2007), "The 2009 Action Plan" (2009), "The Money Class" (2011), "The Adventures of Billy & Penny" (2017, children's book). Orman also published three updated versions of her bestselling books: "Suze Orman's Action Plan: New Rules for New Times" (March 2010), "The Money Class: How to Stand in Your Truth and Create the Future You Deserve" (2012), "Women & Money: Be Smart Strong and Secure" (Sept 2018), "The Ultimate Retirement Guide for 50+" (2020).


title: Suze Orman

text: "The Suze Orman Show" began airing on CNBC in 2002. In February 2008, Orman gave away copies of her book "Women and Money" for free following an appearance on "The Oprah Winfrey Show", generating almost two million downloads. 2008–2010, she was portrayed on "Saturday Night Live" by Kristen Wiig. Orman has been featured on the Food Network's "Paula's Party". In January 2011, Orman appeared on "Oprah's Allstars". In January 2012, Orman's six-episode TV series "America's Money Class with Suze Orman" premiered on OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network. For this show, Orman answered questions about money management. "Money Class" lasted six episodes.


title: Suze Orman

text: Orman wrote a financial advice column for "O, The Oprah Magazine". She is the former author of Yahoo!'s "Money Matters" and writes for the "Costco Connection Magazine". She contributed to "The Philadelphia Inquirer", "Lowes MoneyWorks", and "Your Business at Home Magazine".


title: Suze Orman

text: Orman's final episode of "The Suze Orman Show" aired on March 28, 2015, reportedly so that Orman could develop a new series, "Suze Orman's Money Wars", for Warner Bros. Telepictures Productions. Orman hoped the show would premiere in 2016 but it was not produced.


title: Suze Orman

text: In 2016, Orman was appointed as a personal finance educator for the United States Army and Army Reserve.


title: Suze Orman

text: In 2018, Suze began serving as a Special Advocate for the National Domestic Violence Hotline, to help spread awareness regarding financial abuse.


title: Suze Orman

text: In 2020 Suze co founded Securesave a company whose soul purpose is to change the savings rate in America by providing employer match emergency savings plans for employees


title: Suze Orman

text: In February 2007, Orman stated that she is a lesbian. Orman has been married to Kathy Travis (nicknamed KT) since 2010. Travis is also her business partner. According to Orman, "KT’s career has been building brands, and I’m a brand."


title: Suze Orman

text: In 2008, Orman donated money to the Democratic Party. In a 2008 interview with Larry King, she said she favors the policies of the Democratic Party and Barack Obama, especially regarding people in same-sex relationships.


title: Suze Orman

text: In 2012, Orman introduced the Approved prepaid debit card, which was backed by Bancorp Bank. The card generated a great deal of controversy for its hidden fees and false promise of contributing to a FICO score. Cardholders were charged a $3 monthly fee, as well as fees for check writing and customer service calls. The Approved card's features included credit reports and credit scores from TransUnion, as well as credit monitoring and identity theft protection. TransUnion also agreed to "examine data from Approved cards", which was unusual for prepaid debit cards, but did not factor the card's usage into the cardholders' FICO scores. In July 2014, the Approved card was discontinued.


title: Suze Orman

text: Orman has also received criticism for making misleading statements relating to her credentials and achievements, notably her time teaching at the controversial for-profit University of Phoenix.


title: Suze Orman

text: Orman is also creator of a number of non-book products, primarily CD-ROM-based services that offer education and various financial services usually in conjunction with her books and writings.


title: Joe Swanberg

text: Joseph Swanberg (born August 31, 1981) is an American independent film director, producer, writer, and actor. Known for micro-budget films which make extensive use of improvisation, Swanberg is considered a major figure in the mumblecore film movement. His films often focus on relationships, sex, technology, and the filmmaking process, and he is credited with launching the career of Greta Gerwig.


title: Joe Swanberg

text: Swanberg was born in Detroit, Michigan, and was raised in Georgia and Alabama. He graduated from Naperville Central High School in suburban Chicago and attended Southern Illinois University at Carbondale as a film major, earning a bachelor's degree in 2003. As a teenager, he worked at Hollywood Video.


title: Joe Swanberg

text: In 2005, Swanberg directed his first feature film, "Kissing on the Mouth", for a modest budget. He followed it with "LOL" (2006), which marked Swanberg's first time working with actress Greta Gerwig. Gerwig and Swanberg collaborated on the director's next two features: "Hannah Takes the Stairs" (2007), which also starred filmmakers Andrew Bujalski, Ry Russo-Young, and Mark Duplass and marked Swanberg's first collaboration with animator and actor Kent Osborne; and "Nights and Weekends" (2008), on which Gerwig shared a directing credit. Swanberg's next feature, "Alexander the Last", was produced by Noah Baumbach, who would later cast Gerwig opposite Ben Stiller in his 2010 film "Greenberg".


title: Joe Swanberg

text: After spending all of 2009 working on "Silver Bullets", Swanberg finished seven features in 2010: "Uncle Kent", "Caitlin Plays Herself", "The Zone", "Art History", "Silver Bullets", "Privacy Setting" and "Autoerotic" (co-directed with horror filmmaker Adam Wingard). "Uncle Kent" premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2011 and "Silver Bullets" and "Art History" premiered at the Berlinale in February. The rest of the 2010 films premiered theatrically in 2011 after screenings at film festivals. Four of these were later included in "Joe Swanberg: Collected Films 2011", a DVD boxed set from the music and video label Factory 25.


title: Joe Swanberg

text: In 2012 Swanberg wrote and directed the film "Drinking Buddies", starring Olivia Wilde, Jake M. Johnson, Anna Kendrick and Ron Livingston. The film was produced by Alicia Van Couvering and Andrea Roa and shot by "Beasts of the Southern Wild" cinematographer Ben Richardson. The film was acquired by Magnolia Pictures shortly after its SXSW premiere.


title: Joe Swanberg

text: The following year Swanberg shot "Happy Christmas", starring himself, Melanie Lynskey, Lena Dunham, and Anna Kendrick from "Drinking Buddies". This was the first of his films to be shot on 16mm film, rather than digital. The film premiered at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival.


title: Joe Swanberg

text: His next film as director was "Digging for Fire", which premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival and stars Jake Johnson. The film was released on August 21, 2015 by The Orchard.


title: Joe Swanberg

text: Swanberg wrote, directed, and produced "Easy," an anthology series for Netflix. The series premiered in 2016 and ran for three seasons ending in 2019. "Easy" featured many of Swanberg's frequent collaborators from his films including Jake Johnson, Joe Lo Truglio, and Nicky Excitement.


title: Joe Swanberg

text: In 2017, Swanberg and Jake Johnson co-wrote "Win It All." Johnson stars alongside Aislinn Derbez, Joe Lo Truglio and Keegan-Michael Key. The film had its world premiere at South by Southwest on March 11, 2017. It was released on April 7, 2017, by Netflix.


title: Joe Swanberg

text: Swanberg is a noted proponent of Internet-based distribution for independent films and has made his 2011 feature, "Marriage Material", available for free on his Vimeo page. He also released his 2020 feature, "Build the Wall", starring Kent Osborne and Jane Adams, on his Vimeo page.


title: Joe Swanberg

text: In 2021, Swanberg opened Analog Pizza and Video Store, a VHS video rental shop in the back room of Borelli's Pizzeria in Chicago.


title: Joe Swanberg

text: He cites Elaine May, Paul Mazursky, Lars von Trier, Marco Ferreri, and Eric Rohmer as influences on his work.


title: Tate Reeves

text: Jonathan Tate Reeves (born June 5, 1974) is an American politician serving as the 65th governor of Mississippi since 2020. A member of the Republican Party, Reeves served as the 32nd lieutenant governor of Mississippi from 2012 to 2020 and as the Mississippi State Treasurer from 2004 to 2012.


title: Tate Reeves

text: A native of Rankin County, Mississippi, Reeves is the eldest son of Terry Reeves and Dianne Peeples. Reeves's father founded a heating and air conditioning company in 1975 that became a multi-million-dollar business. Reeves graduated from Florence High School in Florence. He then graduated from Millsaps College in Jackson with a degree in economics. He played college basketball for two years before injuring his shoulder.


title: Tate Reeves

text: At Millsaps College, Reeves was a member of the Kappa Alpha Order, a fraternity known for racist activities, including using racial epithets and hosting Confederate-themed dances. He became embroiled in controversy in 2019, when yearbook photos surfaced showing fraternity members in blackface and Confederate uniforms, but it is unclear whether Reeves was involved.


title: Tate Reeves

text: After graduating from college in 1996, Reeves became a Chartered Financial Analyst. He worked at Park South Corporation, a subsidiary of the Deposit Guaranty National Bank, which eventually merged into AmSouth. In 2000, Reeves moved to Trustmark National Bank, where he was a financial portfolio manager until 2003, when he resigned to run for state treasurer.


title: Tate Reeves

text: Reeves sought the post of Mississippi state treasurer in the 2003 election; it was an open seat, as Democratic incumbent Marshall G. Bennett was retiring. In the 2003 Republican primary election, Reeves faced former Central District Transportation Commissioner Wayne Burkes of Brandon and State Representative Andrew Ketchings of Natchez. In the Republican primary election, Reeves led with 49% of the vote, with Burkes in second place. Because no candidate achieved a majority, Reeves and Burkes had a runoff election; Reeves defeated Burkes in the runoff, which had low turnout.


title: Tate Reeves

text: In the general election, Reeves defeated Democratic nominee Gary Anderson, the state director of finance and administration, 52% to 46%. Anderson has substantially more experience than Reeves, but Reeves's campaign raised and spent substantially more money. Observers also cited racial prejudice (Anderson is African American) as another factor that may have contributed to Anderson's loss. Reeves's father contributed $115,000 to his campaign, about one-fifth of its fundraising total.


title: Tate Reeves

text: Reeves's election made him the first Republican to hold the position of Mississippi state treasurer, as well as the youngest statewide elected official in the modern history of the state.


title: Tate Reeves

text: In 2007, Reeves won reelection with about 60% of the vote, defeating Democratic candidate Shawn O'Hara.


title: Tate Reeves

text: In February 2011, Reeves entered the race for lieutenant governor. In the August Republican primary, he defeated Mississippi State Senate president pro tempore Billy Hewes of Gulfport, 123,389 votes to 162,857. In the November general election, he was elected lieutenant governor, succeeding Phil Bryant, who was elected to his first term as governor. Reeves ran without Democratic opposition; he received 80.35% of the vote; Reform Party candidate Tracella Lou O'Hara Hill received 19.65%.


title: Tate Reeves

text: As lieutenant governor, Reeves was president of the state Senate, and he used his position to prevent Medicaid expansion from receiving a floor vote, and to block an increase in the gas tax to fund repairs to roads and to Mississippi's many structurally deficient bridges.


title: Tate Reeves

text: Reeves won reelection as lieutenant governor on November 3, 2015, defeating three opponents, including state Senator Timothy L. Johnson, a Republican-turned-Democrat.


title: Tate Reeves

text: Reeves ran for governor of Mississippi in the 2019 election. He was the favorite to win the nomination. He enjoyed substantial name recognition from his 16 years in statewide office, and had a significant fundraising advantage over his rivals for the Republican nomination, former state Supreme Court Justice Bill Waller Jr. and Robert Foster, a first-term member of the state House.


title: Tate Reeves

text: During the primary race, three former state Republican party chairs endorsed Waller (who was viewed as more pragmatist), while outgoing governor Phil Bryant, former governor Haley Barbour, and Chris McDaniel endorsed Reeves (who was viewed as more conservative). Reeves strongly opposed Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act, which he disparaged as the "Obamacare expansion." This position contrasted with that of Waller and Foster, who supported a version of Medicaid expansion to benefit Mississippi's rural hospitals, almost half of which were close to bankruptcy before the COVID-19 pandemic. Reeves also opposed increasing the gas tax to fund road and bridge repairs, while Waller supported it. Reeves said that "radical liberals" were attacking "Mississippi's culture and Mississippi's values."


title: Tate Reeves

text: In the Republican primary, Reeves and Waller finished in first and second place, respectively. Because no candidate won a majority of the total vote, Reeves and Waller proceeded to a runoff election. Reeves won the nomination in the runoff.


title: Tate Reeves

text: Reeves defeated the Democratic nominee, state Attorney General Jim Hood, in the November general election. Republicans won all eight statewide offices in 2019, a first in Mississippi history. The election was Mississippi's first competitive election for governor since 2003. Reeves received 459,396 votes to Hood's 414,368. He took office on January 14, 2020.


title: Tate Reeves

text: In May 2022, Reeves repeatedly refused to deny that he would ban birth control in Mississippi when questioned by anchor Jake Tapper. In particular, he refused to rule out banning IUDs, a form of birth control used by 1 in 7 women.


title: Tate Reeves

text: In November 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, Reeves said he would veto any bill that expanded mail-in voting or no-excuse early voting. Mississippi has among the most restrictive laws in the U.S. for pre-Election Day voting.


title: Tate Reeves

text: Reeves is a staunch Donald Trump supporter. During his 2019 campaign for governor, Reeves touted the support of Trump, who carried the heavily Republican state in both 2016 and 2020. In his 2019 campaign for governor, Reeves promised, "If I'm elected governor, I will work for President Trump." Trump, his vice president Mike Pence, and his son Donald Trump Jr. all campaigned for Reeves in Mississippi in 2019. At a rally in Tupelo days before the November 2019 election, the elder Trump promoted Reeves's candidacy while assailing the impeachment inquiry against him over the Trump–Ukraine scandal.


title: Tate Reeves

text: After Joe Biden defeated Trump in the 2020 election, and Trump refused to concede, Reeves supported Trump-backed lawsuits to throw out the election results in several states won by Biden, where Trump and his allies made false claims of fraud. In March 2021, Reeves acknowledged that Biden is the president of the United States and was "duly elected" but repeatedly refused to acknowledge that Biden was "legitimately and lawfully elected" or that the 2020 election was free and fair.


title: Tate Reeves

text: Amid the acceleration of the COVID-19 pandemic, Reeves was accused of undermining efforts to contain the spread of the virus. In early 2020, Reeves closed schools, declared a state of emergency, and told people to trust in the "power of prayer," but did little to combat COVID-19 transmission. In March 2020, Reeves issued an order deeming most public places to be "essential services." Reeves's order prompted substantial criticism, largely because it clashed with previously issued local orders and caused confusion as to whether the order overrode local leaders' decisions to order the closures of businesses and other public places. Leaders of many of Mississippi's largest cities and counties criticizes Reeves's declaration. The mayor of Tupelo said that Reeves had engaged in an "abdication of leadership." Days later, Reeves issued an amended order, clarifying that his previous order was not intended to interfere with local governments' decisions.


title: Tate Reeves

text: Reeves implemented a "stay-at-home" order in April 2020, but allowed some retail businesses to reopen shortly thereafter. In early May 2020, Mississippi had its largest spike of coronavirus deaths and cases up to that point. Mississippi again had a sharp uptake in COVID-19 cases and deaths in November 2020. In December 2020, although Reeves urged the public to avoid large gatherings to prevent the further spread of the virus, Reeves's office invited legislators and other officials to at least three holiday parties at the Governor's Mansion in Jackson.


title: Tate Reeves

text: Except for August 4 through September 30, 2020, Reeves did not issue a statewide mask mandate in the state, setting only county-by-county mandates in locations with rapid increases in infections. Of the state's 82 counties, 16 were under a mask mandate in November 2020, when the mandates expired. Effective April 30, 2021, Reeves ended COVID-19 restrictions (with the exception of the school mask mandate) through May 31, 2021. For the 2021–22 school year, Reeves did not reinstate the mask mandate. At a political rally in July 2021, Reeves called the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention' recommendations on indoor face coverings "foolish" and "harmful."


title: Tate Reeves

text: When a COVID-19 vaccine was made widely available, Reeves opposed vaccine requirements. Mississippi had one of the lowest vaccination rates among U.S. states, a fact downplayed by Reeves. After President Joe Biden used his authority under the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act to require federal workers to be vaccinated against COVID-19, and to require all employers with more than 100 workers to require employees to be vaccinated against COVID-19 or receive weekly testing, Reeves called the mandate "tyranny" and an "attack on hardworking Americans." Biden responded by calling Reeves's remark "the worst kind of politics"; the president referenced the 660,000 COVID-19 deaths in the U.S. up to that point and noting that "in Mississippi, children are required to be vaccinated against measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox, hepatitis B, polio, tetanus and more." Reeves joined a Republican-led lawsuit against the Biden plan.


title: Tate Reeves

text: In August 2021, Reeves argued that Mississippi Christians were "less scared" because "when you believe in eternal life—when you believe that living on this earth is but a blip on the screen, then you don't have to be so scared of things." That month, Mississippi had the nation's highest rate of COVID-19 cases and deaths per capita.


title: Tate Reeves

text: During COVID-19, Mississippi suffered a shortage of hospital workers (in particular nurses). Reeves declined to call a special session of the legislature to allocate the state's $1.8 billion share of federal COVID-19 relief funds to address the crisis.


title: Tate Reeves

text: In April 2021, Reeves said, "There is not systemic racism in America." Earlier that month, Reeves had declared April "Confederate Heritage Month" in Mississippi.


title: Tate Reeves

text: In June 2020, amid the George Floyd protests, debate arose about whether to change the flag of Mississippi, which featured Confederate insignia in the top left. Reeves initially said that the flag should only be changed through a voter-approved referendum, but later reversed himself, saying that if the Mississippi Legislature passed a bill to retire the flag without a referendum, he would sign it. On June 28, 2020, the legislature voted to change the flag, 91 to 23 in the House and 37 to 14 in the Senate. Reeves signed the legislation two days later, removing the last state flag to display the Confederate symbol.


title: Tate Reeves

text: In 2020, Reeves vetoed two criminal justice bills that would have expanded parole eligibility for Mississippi prisoners; one of the bills would have allowed nonviolent offenders to be considered for parole after serving 25% of their sentence, while the second bill would allow those convicted of violent crimes to be eligible for parole consideration after completing 50% of their sentence or 20 years, whichever comes first. In 2021, Reeves signed into law a narrower bill that expanded parole eligibility. Reeves rejected calls to grant a pardon or commutation to Tameka Drummer, a Mississippi inmate serving a life without parole sentence for the possession of less than 2 ounces of marijuana; Drummer was sentenced in 2008 under the state's habitual-offender law.


title: Tate Reeves

text: As governor, Reeves was faced with significant problems with the state's prison system, especially Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman—including widespread, deadly violence and unsanitary, dangerous conditions. After nine prisoners died in one month at Parchman, Reeves acknowledged that the conditions at Parchman were "terrible"; he ordered the closure of part of the notorious prison complex, as well as other reforms. Several hundred inmates were moved from Parchman's infamous "Unit 29" to the privately operated Tallahatchie County Correctional Facility.


title: Tate Reeves

text: In 2020, Mississippi voters approved (by 70%) a medical marijuana initiative; the initiative was subsequently invalidated by the state Supreme Court which ruled that it was improperly placed on the ballot. Reeves opposed the medical marijuana initiative, but said that he would honor "the will of the voters" who had overwhelmingly voted in favor of medical marijuana. On February 2, 2022, Reeves signed the bill into law, making Mississippi the 37th state to legalize medical cannabis.


title: Tate Reeves

text: Reeves used his 2020 budget proposal to appeal to the conservative base. Echoing Trump, he proposed allocating $3 million to a "Patriotic Education Fund" and said that "across the country, young children have suffered from indoctrination in far-left socialist teachings." Reeves's budget proposal recommended bonuses for schoolteachers in high-performing or improving schools, but largely ignored his 2019 campaign pledge to boost teacher pay in each year of his four-year term. He has proposed teacher raises in the 2022 budget.


title: Tate Reeves

text: As governor, Reeves pushed legislation to eliminate the state's personal income tax. The rating agency Fitch raised concerns in November 2021 that Reeves's taxation plans may be fiscally unfeasible.


title: Tate Reeves

text: Reeves is married to Elee Reeves (née Williams); they have three daughters. Reeves and his family attend Galloway Memorial United Methodist Church.


title: Once Twice Melody

text: Once Twice Melody is the eighth studio album by the American dream pop duo Beach House, released on February 18, 2022. It is a double album of 18 songs, presented in four chapters.


title: Once Twice Melody

text: The first chapter was released on November 10, 2021, the second on December 8, 2021, and the third on January 19, 2022. "Hurts to Love" was released as a standalone single on February 14, 2022, to coincide with Valentine's Day. "Once Twice Melody" was released in full, by Sub Pop, on February 18, 2022.


title: Once Twice Melody

text: "Once Twice Melody" was released to universal acclaim from contemporary music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 84, based on 21 reviews, which indicates "universal acclaim". Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave it 7.8 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus.


title: Once Twice Melody

text: Reviewing the album for AllMusic, Heather Phares claimed that, "Though "Once Twice Melody" is unapologetically lush even by Beach House's standards, the duo uses space creatively to express the beauty in sadness." Stevie Chick of "Mojo" called it the band's "grandest vision yet", praising the "impassive beauty" of Legrand's vocals and comparing them to "'O Superman'-era Laurie Anderson serenades, or as if someone programmed AI to sing like Judee Sill." Jason Anderson of "Uncut" commended the "stunning" cinematic quality of the first chapter and praised the album's "unexpected elements" for deftly counterbalancing the "grandeur and glamour from becoming sickly sweet." "Uncut" concluded that the album's "greatness lies not in its hugeness - it's in the duo's ability to create music that possesses the same intimacy regardless of its scope."


title: Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'

text: "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin" is a song by American singer Michael Jackson recorded for his sixth studio album "Thriller" (1982). It is the opening track of the album and was released as its fourth single on May 8, 1983, by Epic Records. It was written by Jackson and produced by Jackson and Quincy Jones. The lyrics pertain to strangers spreading rumors to start an argument for no good reason. "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin" evokes the disco sound of Jackson's previous studio album, "Off the Wall", released in 1979. The song is characterized by a complex rhythm arrangement and a distinctive horn arrangement.


title: Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'

text: "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin" became Jackson's fourth consecutive top 10 single from "Thriller" on the "Billboard" Hot 100, peaking at number five. The song also topped the charts in Canada as well as the Netherlands and charted within the top 20 and top 30 in several countries. It was generally well received by contemporary music critics. As part of the release of "Thriller 25", a remix of "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin", entitled "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' 2008 with Akon", was recorded with Akon, and released as the second single from the album. The remix was commercially successful, mainly charting within the top 10 in six countries, as well as the top 20 in several territories worldwide and top 40 in Canada. It was more successful internationally than in the United States, having peaked on the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 81, which was the song's lowest charting position.


title: Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'

text: Unlike previous singles from "Thriller", "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin" did not have a music video to accompany it but was performed by Jackson on world concert tours as both a member of The Jacksons and as a solo artist. Following Jackson's death in June 2009, the song re-entered music charts worldwide. "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin" has been covered and sampled by multiple recording artists since its release, notably by Rihanna in her 2007 song "Don't Stop the Music", who was sued as a result. Aside from "Thriller", the song appears on multiple compilation and greatest hits albums by Jackson.


title: Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'

text: "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin" was written, composed and co-produced by Michael Jackson, and produced by Quincy Jones. It was originally written for his sister La Toya Jackson about her troubled relationship with her sisters-in-law, but Michael ended up recording the song, and La Toya sometimes performs the song at her concerts. The song was originally recorded in 1978 for the inclusion on the "Off the Wall" album, but was later re-recorded in fall 1982, in Los Angeles, California. "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin" was one of the four songs that Jackson received writing credits on for his sixth studio album "Thriller" in 1982. The song was released by Epic Records as the fourth single from the album. Unlike "Thriller"s previous singles, "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin" did not have a film or a music video released to promote it.


title: Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'

text: Aside from "Thriller", "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin" has appeared on multiple compilation and greatest hits albums by Jackson since the song's release. "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin" appeared on the first disc of Jackson's two-disc compilation album "" in 1995 as well as the 25th anniversary edition of "Thriller", entitled "Thriller 25", and the greatest hits album "King of Pop"; both albums were released in 2008. The song is also included on the box set collection released in 2004, "The Ultimate Collection", the greatest hits album "The Essential Michael Jackson", the compilation album "This Is It", and the special box set "The Collection" released days after Jackson's death. Some versions of the 1995 "Earth Song" CD single included the "Brothers in Rhythm Mix" and "Tommy D's Main Mix" as B-sides. The song was also remixed to the "Immortal" album in 2011. The demo version of the song was also released in "This Is It" (2009).


title: Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'

text: A post-disco and funk song, "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin" was viewed as a nod to the disco sound of Jackson's material on his previous studio album, "Off the Wall", released in 1979. Arranged by Jackson himself and played by percussionist Paulinho da Costa, the song's rhythm was regarded as a "complex interweaving of drum-machine patterns and work", while the horn section, arranged by Jerry Hey, was described as both "brassy and precise". "Slant Magazine" commented that the song was a "complicated tapestry of colliding hooks and pop references." The song's lyrics, "Too high to get over, too low to get under", has strong similarities to Funkadelic's opening salvo for "One Nation Under a Groove".


title: Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'

text: The lyrics pertain to the media and press, as well as gossip and people trying to start arguments or problems for no reason, which he states in the lyrics, "Someone's always tryin' to start my baby crying," and then goes to a more "quasi paranoia" yield in the "near-bitterness" chorus, 'You're a vegetable, you're a vegetable/ You're just a buffet, you're a vegetable/ They'll eat off you, you're a vegetable.'" In "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin", Jackson's vocal range spans from E to A. Played in the key of E major, the song is moderately bright with a tempo of 122 beats per minute. It has a basic sequence of D/E–E–D/E–E as its chord progression. The coda at the end of the song, which comes directly from Cameroonian saxophonist Manu Dibango's 1972 disco song "Soul Makossa", is "Mama-say mama-sah ma-ma-coo-sah". Makossa is a Cameroonian music genre and dance. Dibango sued Jackson and, in 1986, settled out of court for one million French francs, agreeing thereby to waive future rights to this recording but not future use of the material.


title: Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'

text: Christopher Connelly, a writer for "Rolling Stone", described "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin" as being "Thriller"s "most combative track". Connelly noted that in the "hyperactive" song, Jackson's "emotions are so raw that the song nearly goes out of control". He further commented that the song has a "tune that's almost as exciting as seeing Jackson motivate himself across a concert stage – and a lot more unpredictable". Remarking that while the song's lyrics "won't keep Elvis Costello awake nights", they "do show that Jackson has progressed past the hey-let's-hustle sentiments that dominated "Off the Wall"". He added that Jackson's "raw ability and conviction make material like 'Baby Be Mine' and 'Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' into first-class cuts". "Cash Box" called the song a "smash," specifically praising the "danceable groove...superb arrangement and strange but ultimately uplifting lyrics."


title: Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'

text: Stephen Thomas Erlewine, a writer for AllMusic, listed "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin", along with "Beat It", "Billie Jean", and "Human Nature", as being the best songs from "Thriller". He also described the song as the "freshest funk on the album". Eric Herderson, a writer for "Slant Magazine", commented that with "three quick rimshots", he felt that "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin" was like a "court fanfare". Robert Christgau, a music critic, commented that he'd "expect to bear more" of "Thriller"s "Wanna Be Startin' Something" and "Thriller" on the "dancefloor" rather than in his "living room". "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin" received one Grammy Award nomination; it was nominated for "Best R&B Song" at the 1984 Grammy Awards, but lost to "Billie Jean," another of Jackson's singles from "Thriller."


title: Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'

text: "Pitchfork" ranked this song No. 2 on its list of "The 200 Best Songs of the 1980s", saying that "if you're going to become the biggest star in the world, it helps to make the biggest song".


title: Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'

text: In 1983, "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin" had a good chart performance worldwide. The song entered the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart top ten positions on July 2, 1983, at number nine, having moved up six places from the song's previous week. On July 16, "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin" charted at number five, which was the song's peak position on the chart. The song's peak position made "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin" "Thriller"s fourth consecutive single to peak within the top ten on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It was more commercially successful than "Thriller"s follow-up single "Human Nature" on the "Billboard" Hot 100, with the song peaking on the chart at number seven. The song also peaked within the top ten, at number five, on the Black Singles Chart.


title: Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'

text: Internationally, the song was commercially successful, mainly charting within the top 20 and top 30 on music charts. In the United Kingdom, on June 11, 1983, the song entered the chart's top 40 positions at number 38. The following week, the song moved up 24 positions to number 14, and on June 25, the song peaked within the top ten at number eight. The song remained on the charts for a total of nine weeks in 1983. In New Zealand, on July 24, 1983, "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin" entered the charts at number 47. The following week, the song peaked at number 35, which was its peak position, and remained in the top 50 of the chart for three weeks. "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin" entered the Dutch charts on July 9, 1983, charting within the top five at number four. The following week, the song charted at number three, which was its peak position, for three consecutive weeks. The song charted within the top ten for several weeks, and remained in the top 20 for ten weeks in 1983.


title: Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'

text: In 2008, after the release of "Thriller 25" the song re-entered music charts worldwide. "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin" entered the Italian music charts on February 21, 2008, charting at number 14; it remained on the chart for only one week. The song entered the Danish music charts on February 28, charting within the top 30 at number 29. The following week, it peaked at number 22. In Switzerland, the song entered the top 50 at number 47 on February 24, 2008. The following week, the song peaked at number 30. After a total of six weeks on the chart the song, fell out of the top 100, and after four weeks re-entered the chart at number 83, before falling off the chart again.