title: Tankette

text: In 1925 British tank pioneer Giffard Le Quesne Martel built a one-man tank in his garage and showed it to the War Office, who agreed to production of a few (known as the Morris-Martel) for testing. The publicity caused John Carden and Vivian Loyd to produce their own. Both types were developed further, but the two-man Carden Loyd tankette was considered the classic and most successful design, with many other tankettes modelled after it. While the design was influential, few Carden Loyd tankettes saw combat, other than those the Bolivian side used during the Chaco War. However, the design did lead to the 'Bren Gun Carrier' which in final form as the Universal Carrier had an extensive operational history in the Second World War. In 1928, the British Army Council objected to the use of the word "tankette," noting that the "mechanization of the Army" was still in its infancy.


title: Tankette

text: The Italian Royal Army ("Regio Esercito") equipped three armoured divisions and three "fast" ("celere") divisions with L3/33 and L3/35 tankettes. The L3s were used in large numbers during the Italian invasion of Ethiopia, the Spanish Civil War, and almost every place Italian soldiers fought during World War II. Some L3s went with the Italian Expeditionary Corps in Russia ("Corpo di Spedizione Italiano", CSIR) as late as Operation Barbarossa.


title: Tankette

text: The French armoured reconnaissance type ("automitrailleuses de reconnaissance", "machine-gun scout") of the 1930s was essentially a tankette in form, specifically intended for scouting ahead of the main force.


title: Tankette

text: In 1935, the Soviets experimented with transporting T-27s by air, suspending one under the fuselage of a Tupolev TB-3 bomber.


title: Tankette

text: The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) became one of the most prolific users of tankettes, producing a number of designs for reconnaissance and infantry support in China and jungle warfare. However, by the time of the Second World War, many were already obsolete and some were proven unsuccessful in their appointed task. Many were relegated to tractor duties for artillery or logistics units.


title: Tankette

text: Due to their limited utility and vulnerability to anti-tank weapons (even machine guns), the tankette concept was abandoned, and their role largely taken over by armoured cars.


title: Tankette

text: However, in Vietnam, the US Marines employed the similar, somewhat larger, M50 Ontos with some success.


title: Tankette

text: The 1980s saw the renaissance of a similar concept in the German Wiesel AWC, introduced to provide airborne troops with armoured reconnaissance capability; while these are called "armoured weapons carriers", they fit the definition of a tankette.


title: Wander (film)

text: Wander is a 2020 American thriller film directed by April Mullen and written by Tim Doiron. It stars Tommy Lee Jones, Aaron Eckhart, Katheryn Winnick, Heather Graham, and Roger Dorman. The story focuses on two conspiracy theorists and their investigation of a murder. "Wander" was released in the United States on December 4, 2020.


title: Wander (film)

text: Arthur Bretnik is a mentally unstable conspiracy theorist and private investigator whose family was killed in a vehicle accident. Prior to becoming a conspiracy theorist, he was a detective who investigated the unusual death of an individual whose chest appeared to have something explode out of it, and whose body was later stolen from the morgue. Bretnik and his friend Jimmy Cleats host a podcast that discusses conspiracy theories.


title: Wander (film)

text: One of the podcast's listeners, Elena Guzman, hires Bretnik to investigate the death of her daughter Zoe in the small town of Wander, New Mexico, which she believes was a covered-up murder. When he arrives, he meets Sheriff Luis Santiago and attempts to investigate the incident, but becomes convinced that he is being followed and that the death may be part of the same "conspiracy cover up" that caused the death of his own daughter years prior. Bretnik's suspicions reach their peak when, after believing he is being followed by two men in an old Jeep Cherokee, he discovers it transporting a woman's body, which it moves into a derelict garage. When Bretnik goes to investigate, he discovers an underground laboratory where people are trapped and implanted with microchips.


title: Wander (film)

text: Cleats arrives to investigate with Bretnik, and they discover that Elena and Zoe's identities are fake and that they are actually Sofia and Martina Lopez, missing persons. The two set out to investigate; before going, Bretnik places an envelope in a mailbox. When Bretnik and Cleats arrive, Sofia attacks Bretnik and claims Cleats is involved before her microchip suddenly explodes, killing her; Cleats claims the "involvement" she mentioned is that he got her to report the death to Bretnik for money, and the two bury Sofia's body in the desert. Bretnik and Cleats then sneak into the garage to record proof of the laboratory and expose it to the public. Meanwhile, Bretnik's lawyer, Shelly Luscomb, discovers Bretnik's empty trailer and determines he has traveled to Wander.


title: Wander (film)

text: As Bretnik and Cleats enter the laboratory, the film cuts forward to show Bretnik being involved in a shootout before being apprehended by FBI Agent Nick Cassidy, who arrives with Shelly. Bretnik is questioned, where he explains what happened after he and Cleats arrived at the garage.


title: Wander (film)

text: When Bretnik and Cleats entered the laboratory, Bretnik learned the microchips are being used to control immigrants, minorities, and the lower class. However, the laboratory was attacked by one of the men from the Jeep, and Cleats was shot. Bretnik was saved by a woman named Elsa Viceroy, apparently from the CIA, and the two met with Sheriff Santiago, who was revealed to also be working against the microchip operation. Elsa and Santiago explained that the victim whose body was stolen from the morgue, as well as Martina, were both embedded with microchips.


title: Wander (film)

text: Bretnik, Elsa, and Santiago planned to assassinate Victor Canton, the inventor of the microchips, who was on a rare visit to Wander. Sheriff Santiago met with the inventor and the men from the Jeep at the garage, while Elsa and Bretnik moved to ambush them. Elsa shot the others, including Sheriff Santiago, before allowing Bretnik to avenge the deaths of his family and Cleats; Bretnik shot Canton multiple times, killing him. Elsa then told Bretnik to wipe the data from the computer inside the garage before leaving. Upon exiting the garage, Bretnik was apprehended by Agent Cassidy.


title: Wander (film)

text: In the present, Shelly informs Bretnik that the medication he takes for his mental trauma causes anxiety and delusions, and tells him that the garage was fully derelict and empty, the morgue he investigated and found bodies in was not in use for years, and that Cleats' decapitated body was found in Bretnik's car. Bretnik, unable to believe whether the events in Wander were true or simply his own delusions, and faced with the possibility that he killed his friend, breaks down.


title: Wander (film)

text: Bretnik is placed in a holding cell awaiting placement in a mental institution. He is met in his cell by Elsa and an alive-and-well Cleats. They explain to Bretnik that the entire investigation was part of their plan: Bretnik was being used all along as a way to tie up loose ends. Bretnik's mental state ensured he would continue to investigate and allowed them to pin any blame on the events in Wander on him.


title: Wander (film)

text: In the mental facility, Bretnik barricades himself in his room and digs in his chest with a stolen pen. As he lies on the floor bleeding, he laughs and smiles; in his hand is his own microchip, proving his earlier fears that he had a microchip placed within himself.


title: Wander (film)

text: Meanwhile, the envelope Bretnik mailed earlier is sent to Shelly. Inside the envelope is all of the evidence and photographs Bretnik took of the laboratory, which could allow the conspiracy to be exposed.


title: Wander (film)

text: It was announced in April 2019 that Aaron Eckhart had been cast to star in the film, which would be directed and co-written by April Mullen. In June, Katheryn Winnick was added to the cast, with Heather Graham joining in July. In August, Tommy Lee Jones, Raymond Cruz and Brendan Fehr had been cast.


title: Wander (film)

text: In September 2020, Saban Films acquired the North American distribution rights to the film. It was released on December 4, 2020.


title: Wander (film)

text: Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, gave the film an approval rating of based on reviews and an average rating of . The critic's consensus reads: ""Wander" benefits from Aaron Eckhart's strong leading performance, but his efforts aren't enough to support the story's increasingly cuckoo twists and turns." Metacritic reports a score of 54 out of 100 based on four critic reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Glenn Kenny of RogerEbert.com compared it negatively to "Memento" (2000), saying that it lacks that film's "fully fleshed out story".


title: Yamaha VMAX

text: The Yamaha V-Max, (or VMAX) cruiser motorcycle was produced by Yamaha from 1985. Known for its 70° V4 engine, shaft drive, and distinctive styling, the V-Max was discontinued following the 2020 model year.


title: Yamaha VMAX

text: The V-Max was designed by Atsushi Ichijo in a team led by Akira Araki with input from Ed Burke and John Reed.


title: Yamaha VMAX

text: Upon its release in 1985, the V-Max garnered instant critical acclaim and earned the title "Bike of the Year" from "Cycle Guide". Sold both in Japan and abroad, the V-Max was sold with only minor modifications from the 1985 model year until the 2007 model year. The V-Max was noted for its quick acceleration, but was also criticized for its poor cornering ability and soft suspension.


title: Yamaha VMAX

text: Until 2008, the original V-Max was offered for sale through the Star Motorcycles division of Yamaha Motorcycles. Apart from a minor freshening to the bike's specifications in 1993, when the bike gained a larger-diameter fork to minimize high-speed wobbling and drift, four-piston brake calipers, and other handling and safety related upgrades, the 2007 V-Max was almost the same as the original 1985 version.


title: Yamaha VMAX

text: Overall, the V-Max was long, wide, and high. The engine was a tuned version of the double overhead camshaft, four valve per cylinder, liquid-cooled V-4 from the Yamaha Venture. Along with other modifications to the engine, the compression ratio was raised to 10.5:1, and the V-Boost system was added.


title: Yamaha VMAX

text: V-Boost is a system that opens butterfly valves in the intake manifold between the 1st and 2nd and between the 3rd and 4th cylinders starting from 5,750 rpm. The valves are opened gradually to match the rising engine speed with a signal provided by the ignition system. The valves are at the full open position at 8,000 rpm. A small black box sends a computed signal to a servo motor that pulls a wire to open the butterfly valves. The V-Boost system adds 10 percent to the top power rating of the base engine.


title: Yamaha VMAX

text: In 2005, at the 39th Tokyo Motor Show, Yamaha displayed an all-new V-Max concept bike. It featured a new chassis, upgraded components all around, and state-of-the-art braking components.


title: Yamaha VMAX

text: On 4 June 2008, Yamaha officially released a completely redesigned 2009 VMAX in North America and Europe. The features of the VMAX include an all-aluminium frame with its liquid-cooled 65° V4 DOHC engine used as a stressed member of the chassis, an electroluminescent instrument readout, Yamaha Chip Controlled Intake (YCC-I), fully adjustable suspension, anti-lock brakes, slipper clutch, a fuel tank beneath the seat, and a distinctive key.


title: Yamaha VMAX

text: Instead of the V-Boost on the original carburated V-Max, the fuel injected VMAX uses YCC-I and YCC-T.


title: Yamaha VMAX

text: Yamaha Chip Controlled Intake (YCC-I) is a new addition to the VMAX. The airhorns inside the airbox are lifted by a servo activated at 6,650 rpm to open up the airway underneath. This shortens the length of the intake system from 150 mm to 52 mm. This system had its first appearance in the Yamaha stable with the 2006 YZF-R1. The MV Agusta F4 Tamburini was the first bike with such a system. Massimo Tamburini invented this idea. It is called Torque Shift System (TSS) on the Agustas.


title: Yamaha VMAX

text: Yamaha Chip Controlled Throttle (YCC-T) is also a new addition. The throttle cables are connected to a throttle position sensor and a new computer called G.E.N.I.C.H. that operates the butterfly valves, the EXUP valve in the exhaust and the other components involved, such as the igniter unit, and the YCC-I lifter unit. The YCC-T computes all the input of the sensors and calculates the best throttle position, ignition advance, EXUP valve and injection time in milliseconds.


title: Yamaha VMAX

text: In the video game "Final Fantasy VII" (1997), the protagonist Cloud Strife's Hardy Daytona motorbike is based on the Yamaha V-Max. It was also used by Nicolas Cage in "".


title: Gruinard Island

text: ) is a small, oval-shaped Scottish island approximately long by wide, located in Gruinard Bay, about halfway between Gairloch and Ullapool. At its closest point to the mainland, it is about offshore. The island was dangerous for all mammals after experiments with the anthrax bacterium in 1942, until it was decontaminated in the late 20th century.


title: Gruinard Island

text: The island was mentioned by Dean Munro who travelled the area in the mid-16th century. He wrote that it was Clan MacKenzie territory, "full of woods" (it is treeless today), and that it was ""guid for fostering of thieves and rebellis"" (good for fostering thieves and rebels).


title: Gruinard Island

text: The island was historically split between the counties of Ross-shire and Cromartyshire. The population was recorded as six in 1881. Gruinard has been uninhabited since the 1920s.


title: Gruinard Island

text: In 1942, during the Second World War, a biological warfare test was carried out on Gruinard by British military scientists from the Biology Department of Porton Down. The British government was investigating the feasibility of a bioweapons attack using anthrax. It was recognised that tests would cause long-lasting contamination of the immediate area by anthrax spores, so a remote and uninhabited island was required. Gruinard was surveyed, deemed suitable, and requisitioned from its owners by the British government. Porton Down meteorologist Sir Oliver Graham Sutton was put in charge of a fifty-man team to conduct the trial, with David Henderson in charge of the germ bomb. Biology Department head Paul Fildes made frequent visits.


title: Gruinard Island

text: The anthrax strain chosen was a highly virulent type called "Vollum 14578", named after R. L. Vollum, Professor of Bacteriology at the University of Oxford, who supplied it. Eighty sheep were taken to the island and bombs filled with anthrax spores were detonated close to where selected groups were tethered. The sheep became infected with anthrax and began to die within days of exposure.


title: Gruinard Island

text: Some of the experiments were recorded on 16 mm colour movie film, which was declassified in 1997. One sequence shows the detonation of an anthrax bomb fixed at the end of a tall pole supported with guy ropes. After the bomb explodes, a brownish aerosol cloud drifts away towards the target animals. A later sequence shows anthrax-infected sheep carcasses being burned in incinerators at the end of the experiment.


title: Gruinard Island

text: After the tests were completed, scientists concluded that a large release of anthrax spores would thoroughly pollute German cities, rendering them uninhabitable for decades afterwards. Those conclusions were supported by the inability to decontaminate the island after the experiment—the spores were sufficiently durable to resist any efforts at decontamination.


title: Gruinard Island

text: In 1945, when the island's owner sought its return, the Ministry of Supply recognised that the island was contaminated, and so could not be de-requisitioned until it was deemed safe. In 1946, the government agreed to acquire the island and to take responsibility for it. The owner or her heirs would be able to repurchase the island for £500 when it was declared "fit for habitation by man and beast".


title: Gruinard Island

text: For many years, it was judged too hazardous and expensive to decontaminate the island sufficiently to allow public access, and Gruinard Island was quarantined indefinitely. Visits to the island were prohibited, except for periodic checks by Porton Down personnel to determine the level of contamination.


title: Gruinard Island

text: In 1981 newspapers began receiving messages with the heading "Operation Dark Harvest" which demanded that the government decontaminate the island, and reported that a "team of microbiologists from two universities" had landed on the island with the aid of local people and collected of soil.


title: Gruinard Island

text: The group threatened to leave samples of the soil "at appropriate points that will ensure the rapid loss of indifference of the government and the equally rapid education of the general public". The same day a sealed package of soil was left outside the military research facility at Porton Down; tests revealed that it contained anthrax bacilli. A few days later another sealed package of soil was left in Blackpool, where the governing Conservative Party was holding its annual conference. The soil did not contain anthrax, but officials said that the soil was similar to that found on the island.


title: Gruinard Island

text: Starting in 1986 a determined effort was made to decontaminate the island: 280 tonnes of formaldehyde solution diluted in sea water was sprayed over all 485 acres (196 hectares) of the island and the worst-contaminated topsoil around the dispersal site was removed. A flock of sheep was then placed on the island and remained healthy.


title: Gruinard Island

text: On 24 April 1990, after 48 years of quarantine and four years after the solution was applied, junior defence minister Michael Neubert visited the island and announced its safety by removing the warning signs. On 1 May 1990, the island was repurchased by the heirs of the original owner for the original sale price of £500. There was some confusion in which members of the public did not know it was only being resold to the original owners and people from around the world sent letters to the British government asking to purchase the island for £500.


title: Gruinard Island

text: On 26 March 2022, the island was burned "from one end to the other" by a wildfire. Eyewitnesses described the scene as "apocalyptic".


title: Gruinard Island

text: Gruinard Island is mentioned in the novels "The Anthrax Mutation" by Alan Scott (1971), "The Enemy" by Desmond Bagley (1977), "Isvik" by Hammond Innes (1991), "Sea of Death" by Richard P. Henrick (1992), "The Fist of God" by Frederick Forsyth (1994), "Quantico" by Greg Bear (2005), "The Big Over Easy" by Jasper Fforde (2005), "Forbidden Island" by Malcolm Rose (2009), "And then you die" by Iris Johansen (1998), "The Island" by R. J. Price (better-known as the poet Richard Price) (2010), "The Impossible Dead" by Ian Rankin (2011), and "White Pines" by Gemma Amor (2020). It also features as the principal setting for the novel "El año de gracia" by Cristina Fernández Cubas, in which the protagonist spends a winter shipwrecked on the island. The island is the principal location in the novel "Anthrax Island" by D. L. Marshall (2021).


title: Gruinard Island

text: In issues 187–188 of the comic book "Hellblazer", in a story titled "Bred in the Bone", the protagonist's niece finds herself on Gruinard surrounded by flesh-eating children. The issues were released in 2003 and were written by Mike Carey and illustrated by Doug Alexander Gregory.


title: Gruinard Island

text: An episode of the British wartime TV series "Foyle's War" entitled "Bad Blood" involved biological testing – a reference to the Gruinard testing.


title: Gruinard Island

text: The 1970 "Hawaii Five-O" episode "Three Dead Cows at Makapu, Part 2" featured a scientist played by Ed Flanders who threatened to unleash a deadly virus on the island of Oahu. When being interrogated, the scientist briefly mentions Gruinard Island and how it will be uninhabitable for a century due to anthrax experiments.


title: Gruinard Island

text: "Outlying Islands", a Fringe First-winning play by Scottish dramatist David Greig, is a fictionalised account of two British scientists' visit to an island in Scotland where the government plans to test anthrax inspired by the story of Gruinard.


title: Gruinard Island

text: The 2006 "Doctor Who" audio drama "Night Thoughts" is set on the fictional Gravonax Island, the name and history of which are inspired by those of Gruinard.


title: Gruinard Island

text: The 2013 UK TV series "Utopia" describes the fictional outbreak of a new form of flu. During Episode 3, Dugdale visits the proposed origin of the virus at the, now quarantined, Island of Fetlar. On arrival, personnel at the island, wearing orange overalls, carry one of numerous covered bodies past on a stretcher in a scene that is nearly identical to that seen in the original test footage from Gruinard Island. In the dramatisation however, the personnel at Fetlar are seen wearing dust masks as opposed to the gas masks seen in the Gruinard footage; likely due to budget constraints (much of Utopia was not filmed where it claims to be).


title: Gruinard Island

text: The experiments are referred to in the storyline of "Trust", the third and fourth episodes of Series 16 of the BBC series "Silent Witness".


title: Get Shorty (TV series)

text: Get Shorty is an American comedy-drama television series, based on the 1990 novel of the same name by Elmore Leonard. Created by Davey Holmes, it premiered on August 13, 2017, on Epix. It stars Chris O'Dowd, Ray Romano, Sean Bridgers, Carolyn Dodd, Lidia Porto, Goya Robles, Megan Stevenson, Lucy Walters, and Sarah Stiles. It has aired for three seasons, consisting of twenty-seven episodes. In December 2018, it was renewed for a third season, which began airing on October 6, 2019. Although no further seasons have been commissioned, Epix has not officially cancelled the show.


title: Get Shorty (TV series)

text: The series does not use the plot or any characters from the novel. The film borrows only the novel's basic premise of a gangster who attempts to produce a film and a low-budget movie director indebted to organized crime, as well as Leonard's darkly comedic tone. For that reason, the series has been described as more of an "homage" than an adaptation. The novel was previously adapted for the 1995 film of the same name.


title: Get Shorty (TV series)

text: "Get Shorty" follows Miles Daly, who works as muscle for a murderous crime ring in Nevada. For the sake of his daughter, he attempts to change professions and become a movie producer, laundering money through a Hollywood film. But instead of leaving the criminal world behind, he accidentally brings it with him to Los Angeles. Daly ends up working with Rick Moreweather, a washed-up producer of low-quality films who becomes Miles's partner and guide through the maze of Hollywood.


title: Get Shorty (TV series)

text: A first season order of ten episodes was announced by Epix on May 24, 2016. Davey Holmes was hired to write the series, and Epix president and CEO Mark S. Greenberg said of him, "Davey Holmes is a tremendous talent and has created a fantastic new series that is in the spirit of Leonard's unique brand of social satire and strong narrative voice." The first season premiered on August 13, 2017.


title: Get Shorty (TV series)

text: Shortly after the first season premier, Epix announced that the series had been renewed for a second ten-episode season. In December 2018, the show renewed for a third season consisting of seven episodes.


title: Get Shorty (TV series)

text: Chris O'Dowd and Ray Romano were cast in the series' lead roles in August 2016. Sean Bridgers, Lidia Porto, Megan Stevenson, Goya Robles, Lucy Walters, and Carolyn Dodd joined the main cast by November of that year, and Sarah Stiles was cast in a recurring role. By early 2017, Antwon Tanner was cast in a recurring role.


title: Get Shorty (TV series)

text: By February 2018, Felicity Huffman, Steven Weber, and Andrew Leeds were cast in recurring roles, and Sarah Stiles had been upgraded from recurring role to a starring one. In March 2018, it was reported that Amy Seimetz, Alex Sawyer, and Sonya Walger had joined the series in a recurring capacity. In May 2018, it was announced that Raymond Cruz had been cast in a recurring role.


title: Get Shorty (TV series)

text: Principal photography for season one occurred from late-2016 through May 2017 in Albuquerque, New Mexico and Los Angeles, California. Filming for season two began in February 2018 with production for the whole season expected to take place in Los Angeles, California.


title: Get Shorty (TV series)

text: Season three was filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia with additional photography taking place in Los Angeles.


title: Get Shorty (TV series)

text: On May 25, 2017, a trailer for the first season was released. On July 20, 2018, a trailer for the second season was released.


title: Get Shorty (TV series)

text: On June 10, 2018, the series held a screening of the second season premiere at the annual ATX Television Festival in Austin, Texas. Following the screening, a question-and-answer panel was held featuring creator Davey Holmes, producer/director Adam Arkin, and actors Chris O’Dowd and Lidia Porto. On September 9, 2018, the series took part in the 12th annual PaleyFest Fall Television Previews which featured a preview screening of season two and a conversation with creator and executive producer Davey Holmes and director Adam Arkin, among other guests.


title: Get Shorty (TV series)

text: The first season was met with a positive response from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season holds a 78% approval rating with an average rating of 7.35 out of 10 based on 27 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads ""Get Shorty"s slick production values are complemented by its seasoned cast's chemistry to create a fun-filled, if violent, first season that lives up to its source material." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the season a score of 71 out of 100 based on 19 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: John Bell (Scottish actor)

text: John Hunter Bell (born 20 October 1997) is a Scottish actor. He has played Bain in two instalments of " The Hobbit" film series, "Young Ian" Murray in the Starz television series "Outlander", Angus in "Battleship", Helius in "Wrath of the Titans" and Toby Coleman in "Tracy Beaker Returns".


title: John Bell (Scottish actor)

text: Bell made his television debut as Creet in "Doctor Who"'s 2007 episode "Utopia", after he won the role in a Blue Peter competition. Two years later he portrayed the lead role of Connor in award winning director Chris Roche's short film "Transit". That same year Bell would star as young orphan Tomas in his first feature length film "A Shine of Rainbows". From 2009 to 2010 he portrayed Anthony Weaver in BBC One's comedy series "Life of Riley" and from 2010 to 2011 he starred as Toby Coleman in the BAFTA winning children's television series, "Tracy Beaker Returns".


title: John Bell (Scottish actor)

text: In 2011 Bell appeared in BBC's made for TV movie "Hattie" as Robin Le Mesurier. In July 2011 he was named, by the now defunct youth casting website Screenterrier, as one of the top 12 British rising stars. The next year he portrayed Helius in the fantasy film "Wrath of the Titans" and Angus in the science fiction war film "Battleship". He then appeared as Billy Bempsy in the History Channel's mini series "Hatfields & McCoys". 2013 saw Bell portray Bain, son of Bard the Bowman, in Peter Jackson's epic adventure fantasy films "." He would revive the role in 2014's "," the final instalment of Jackson's interpretation of J.R.R. Tolkien's beloved novel. Between the two films, he would portray Jamie Carr in a 2013 episode of ITV's long running series "Midsomer Murders". Bell also portrayed Niki in Evergreen Production's 2015 post WWII drama "The Man in the Box," though the film has yet to be released.


title: John Bell (Scottish actor)

text: Bell portrays Ian Murray in STARZ's time travel series "Outlander". His character first appeared in episode six of season three entitled "A. Malcolm".


title: John Bell (Scottish actor)

text: In early 2022 Bell headlined the revival of Obie winner David Drake's Off-Broadway one-man show "The Night Larry Kramer Kissed Me." The play, set amidst the AIDS epidemic in America, is set to run through February of 2022 at London's New Wimbledon Theatre.


title: John Bell (Scottish actor)

text: Bell is gay. As a child actor, he worked alongside celebrated gay male actors, which helped him feel accepted in the industry.


title: O mio babbino caro

text: "" ("Oh my dear Papa”) is a soprano aria from the opera "Gianni Schicchi" (1918) by Giacomo Puccini to a libretto by Giovacchino Forzano. It is sung by Lauretta after tensions between her father Schicchi and the family of Rinuccio, the boy she loves, have reached a breaking point that threatens to separate her from Rinuccio. It provides an interlude expressing lyrical simplicity and love in contrast with the atmosphere of hypocrisy, jealousy, double-dealing, and feuding in medieval Florence. It provides the only set-piece in the through-composed opera.


title: O mio babbino caro

text: The aria was first performed at the premiere of "Gianni Schicchi" on 14 December 1918 at the Metropolitan Opera in New York by the popular Edwardian English soprano Florence Easton. It has been sung by many sopranos. Dame Joan Hammond won a Gold Record in 1969 for 1 million sold copies of this aria.


title: O mio babbino caro

text: The aria is frequently performed in concerts and as an encore in recitals by many popular and crossover singers.


title: O mio babbino caro

text: The short aria consists of 32 bars and takes between and 3 minutes to perform. It is written in A-flat major with the time signature of and a tempo indication of "andantino " ( = 120). The vocal range extends from E to A, with a tessitura of F to A. The five-bar orchestral prelude, in E-flat major and time, consists of octave tremolos by the strings; in the opera, these five bars are Gianni Schicchi's words () at the end of his preceding dialogue with Rinuccio. Many recital arrangements start with a presentation of the melodic theme; the remaining accompaniment uses strings and a harp playing broken chords.


title: Cameron Grimes

text: Trevor Lee Caddell (born September 30, 1993) is an American professional wrestler currently signed to WWE, where he performs on the NXT brand under the ring name Cameron Grimes. He is a former NXT North American Champion and was the final Million Dollar Champion.


title: Cameron Grimes

text: He began to work on the independent circuit in 2009 as Trevor Lee, most notably in Pro Wrestling Guerilla (PWG), where he was PWG Tag Team Champion with Andrew Everett. In 2015, he began to work with Impact Wrestling, where he stayed for the next 4 years. He would become a three-time Impact X Division Champion, one-time TNA World Tag Team Champion with Brian Myers. After leaving Impact, Caddell signed with WWE and was assigned to NXT under the name of Cameron Grimes.


title: Cameron Grimes

text: Caddell began his career working for numerous independent promotions under the name Trevor Lee, starting with CWF-Mid Atlantic in North Carolina. He then made his debut


title: Cameron Grimes

text: with Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG) on March 28, 2014, at "Mystery Vortex II", losing to Andrew Everett in a three-way match also involving Cedric Alexander. However, Lee received a big push in PWG, defeating the top names of the promotion. On July 26, 2014, at "Eleven", Lee picked up a huge upset win by defeating three-time PWG World Champion, Kevin Steen in Steen's farewell match for the company. Lee was one of 24 participants in the 2014 Battle of Los Angeles tournament. Lee defeated Cedric Alexander in the 1st round and Michael Elgin in the quarter-finals, before ultimately losing to Johnny Gargano in the semi-finals. On October 17, 2014, at "Untitled II", Lee defeated the longest reigning PWG World Champion in the title's history, Adam Cole. On December 12, 2014, at "Black Cole Sun", Lee defeated yet another PWG World Champion, Chris Hero. On February 27, 2015, at "From Out of Nowhere", Lee received his first shot at the PWG World Championship against Roderick Strong, but was unsuccessful in his attempt. On May 22, 2015 Lee and Andrew Everett won the 2015 DDT4 tournament, defeating the PWG World Tag Team Champions The Beaver Boys (Alex Reynolds and John Silver) in the finals to win the tournament and also the PWG World Tag Team Championship. On June 26, 2015, at "Mystery Vortex III", Lee and Everett lost the PWG World Tag Team Championship to The Young Bucks, following outside interference from PWG World Champion, Roderick Strong. On July 24, at Pro Wrestling Guerrilla's 12 year anniversary show, "Threemendous IV", Trevor Lee defeated Tommaso Ciampa via Small Package Driver after a hard-hitting match. He entered PWG's Battle Of Los Angeles tournament on the first night defeating Trent?. The second night he teamed up with Biff Busick and Andrew Everett to take on "Mount Rushmore 2.0" (The Young Bucks and Super Dragon) on a six-man Guerrilla Warfare match, which his team lost. In the third night he lost in the second round of the tournament against Marty Scurll.


title: Cameron Grimes

text: At PWG's All Star Weekend 11, he began to show villainous traits such as cheap shotting opponents before matches and insulting the crowd. He achieved victory on both nights defeating Will Ospreay on night one, and Matt Sydal on night two. He entered the 2016 Battle of Los Angeles and made it all the way to the finals, a three-way elimination match where along with Marty Scurll eliminated Will Ospreay before once again tapping to Scurll's crossface chicken wing submission. On February 18, 2017, at Only Kings Understand Each Other, Lee defeated Cody Rhodes. Following that Lee started a losing streak for the rest of 2017 losing to the likes of Lio Rush, Keith Lee, Chuck Taylor and Ricochet.


title: Cameron Grimes

text: Lee later entered into the 2017 edition of the Battle Of Los Angeles, getting eliminated in the first round by Donovan Dijak. At PWG All Star Weekend 14, Lee was defeated by Rey Horus on night one but defeated Morgan Webster on night two. In the 2018 Battle Of Los Angeles, Lee defeated Marko Stunt in the first round, then Brody King in the second round, but lost to Jeff Cobb in the semi finals. On October 19, at Smokey and the Bandido, Lee defeated Darby Allin. Lee wrestled at PWG's Hand of Doom on January 18, 2019, against the current champion Jeff Cobb in a losing effort. Following the match, Lee gave a farewell address to crowd as he is headed to WWE.


title: Cameron Grimes

text: Lee has also wrestled for other independent companies, including OMEGA Championship Wrestling, where on May 21, 2015, he won the OMEGA Heavyweight Championship in a triple threat match that included his mentor Matt Hardy. On February 27, 2016, Lee - while wrestling at a CWF Mid-Atlantic event - defeated Roy Wilkins in one hour and forty-five minutes (105 minutes) to win the CWF Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship.


title: Cameron Grimes

text: At All American Wrestling's AAW Showdown 2018, Lee defeated DJZ to win the AAW Heritage Championship. On April 7, 2018, Lee unsuccessfully challenged A. C. H. for the AAW Heavyweight Championship. On November 24, 2018, he wrestled ACH to a 60-min time limit draw for AAW. DJZ regained the Heritage Championship beating Lee on December 8, 2018. His first match of 2019 was a successful defense of his CWF Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight title against Cain Justice.


title: Cameron Grimes

text: Lee made his Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) debut on the August 12, 2015 episode of "Impact Wrestling", where he teamed with Brian Myers as part of Team GFW and lost to The Wolves. On the September 2 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Lee and Myers defeated The Wolves in a rematch to win the TNA World Tag Team Championship with help from Sonjay Dutt. The next week on the September 9, 2015 episode of "Impact Wrestling", they lost the title to The Wolves. On October 4, at Bound for Glory, Lee and Myers had a rematch for the TNA World Tag Team Championship against The Wolves but were unsuccessful.


title: Cameron Grimes

text: After a four-month hiatus; on the February 2, 2016 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Lee defeated Tigre Uno to win the TNA X Division Championship with the help from his new manager Gregory Shane Helms. During the reign, he successfully retained his title against Tigre Uno in a two rematch, Eddie Edwards and DJZ. In April, Andrew Everett joined Lee and Helms, forming The Helms Dynasty. At Slammiversary, he lost his title against Eddie Edwards in a four-way who including Everett and DJZ. At Destination X, he lost a ladder match for #1 contendership to the X Division Championship. On October 2, at Bound for Glory, Lee unsuccessfully challenged DJZ for the X Division Championship. On the February 2, 2017 episode of "Impact Wrestling", he defeated him in a ladder match to win the title for the second time. The following week, Everett was attacked by Lee and Helms, and kicked out of The Helms Dynasty. On the April 20 episode of Impact Wrestling, Lee lost the X Division Championship to Low Ki in a six-way match that included Everett, Dutt, Dezmond Xavier and Suicide.


title: Cameron Grimes

text: On the July 6 episode of "Impact", Lee attacked new X Division Champion Sonjay Dutt after his match with Caleb Konley and stole the X Division Championship, declaring himself the new X Division Champion. He then began "defending" the X Division Championship against handpicked local competitors and even wrestled with the title around his waist. On August 17, at Destination X (2017), Dutt regained his title against Lee after interference from a returning Petey Williams. On the September 14 episode of "Impact!", Lee would form an alliance with Konley, where he would help him regain the X Division Championship in a Falls Count Anywhere match. Lee would go on to recruit former Helms Dynasty teammate Andrew Everett to face Dutt, Williams and Matt Sydal on the October 5 episode of "Impact!" in a losing effort. At Bound for Glory, Lee successfully retained the title in a Six-way match.


title: Cameron Grimes

text: On the November 9, 2017 episode of "Impact", Lee would lose the X Division Championship against Taiji Ishimori. In January 2018, Lee and Konley would start a feud against The Latin American Xchange, defeating them on January 11, thus earning a championship match that they lose. At Redemption, Lee competed in a Six-way match which was won by Brian Cage. On the July 26 episode of "Impact", Lee was defeated by Johnny Impact. On December 31, 2018, his contract with Impact Wrestling expired. To write him off television they did an angle where Killer Kross punched a concrete block through his face. This aired on the January 3, 2019 episode of "Impact".


title: Cameron Grimes

text: After leaving Impact Wrestling, Caddell revealed on January 12, 2019, at a CWF Mid-Atlantic show, that he signed a contract with WWE. It was made official on February 11, 2019, as he began working at the WWE Performance Center. Shortly after, he started appearing at NXT Live events in the Florida area, and he made his Full Sail University debut in a dark match before the May 1 "NXT" television tapings, defeating Shane Strickland. In June, his ring name was changed to Cameron Grimes. That same month, it was announced that Grimes would compete in the NXT Breakout Tournament, where the winner would get an opportunity to challenge for any title in NXT. Grimes made his debut on the July 3 episode of "NXT", defeating Isaiah "Swerve" Scott in the first round of the tournament. On the July 31 episode, Grimes defeated Bronson Reed to move on to the final round, but lost against A. C. H. on the August 14 episode.


title: Cameron Grimes

text: On September 18, Grimes defeated Sean Maluta on "NXT"s debut on the USA Network. Over the next few weeks, Grimes would develop a winning streak, defeating the likes of Raul Mendoza and Boa. On the October 23 episode of "NXT", Grimes was defeated by Matt Riddle. Grimes would begin a feud with Kushida when he attacked him backstage after losing to him. On the December 11 episode of "NXT", Kushida cost Grimes his match against Raul Mendoza and would taunt him by stealing his signature hat. The following week, Grimes defeated Kushida to end the feud. After defeating Dominik Dijakovic on the February 26, 2020 episode, Grimes would issue a challenge to Keith Lee for the NXT North American Championship, which Lee accepted. He faced Lee for the title in a losing effort on the March 11 episode.


title: Cameron Grimes

text: On the May 6 episode of "NXT", he defeated Denzel Dejournette but was attacked by Finn Bálor after the match, who Grimes had called out earlier. The following week, Grimes defeated Bálor in a match following interference from Damian Priest. Grimes would go on to flaunt his victory over Bálor while mocking Priest for losing to Bálor at and calling him a loser, which led to Priest attacking him backstage. On the June 17 episode of "NXT", Priest found the tires of his Dodge Challenger punctured, which turned out to be done by Grimes, who once again mocked Priest. Priest would challenge Grimes to a match the following week. Prior to the match, Priest was attacked and came into the match injured, giving Grimes the victory. A rematch was scheduled on the June 24 episode of "NXT" in which Grimes lost. On the August 12 episode, Grimes defeated Velveteen Dream and Kushida to qualify for the NXT North American Championship ladder match at TakeOver XXX. At the event, Grimes was unsuccessful in capturing the title.


title: Cameron Grimes

text: On the September 23 episode of "NXT", Grimes competed in the first ever Gauntlet Eliminator match to determine the #1 contender for the NXT Championship at TakeOver 31 against Finn Bálor, losing to Kyle O'Reilly. Grimes then entered a feud with Dexter Lumis, attacking him on the October 7 episode of "NXT", after his match with Austin Theory for disrespecting him last week. After distracting him during his North American title match against Damian Priest the following week, Grimes was put in a Haunted House of Terror match against Lumis on October 28 at , losing to him in the ring by submission. On the November 11 episode of "NXT", Grimes interfered in Lumis's match against Timothy Thatcher, subsequently wrapping his head in a burlap sack and attacking him. The following week, they faced off in a blindfold match, which ended in an apparent no contest after Grimes unknowingly knocked the referee unconscious and eventually ran off. He would lose to Lumis again in a strap match on December 6 at . On the December 9 episode of "NXT", Grimes was defeated by Tommaso Ciampa and attacked by Timothy Thatcher after the match because Grimes had angrily questioned Thatcher about being at ringside. It was announced the following week that Grimes was out injured for four to six weeks after Thatcher's attack. This was used to write him off television as Grimes legitimately needed arthroscopic knee surgery.


title: Cameron Grimes

text: Grimes returned on the February 10, 2021 episode of "NXT" with a new gimmick as he claimed to have become a GameStop investor during his time away (in reference to the GameStop stock rise) thus making him the "richest man in NXT." He then failed to win a gauntlet match at for a future North American Championship match. On the April 27 episode of "NXT", Grimes began a feud with WWE Hall of Famer Ted DiBiase after encountering him in a jewelry store over their watches. Over the next few weeks, "The Million Dollar Man" would continue to one-up Grimes, outbidding him in various purchases, and would end up costing Grimes a match to Jake Atlas on May 18. The two then had a "Million Dollar Face-Off" on the May 25 episode where L. A. Knight attacked Grimes and aligned himself with DiBiase, turning Grimes into a babyface in the process. On the June 8 episode, DiBiase reintroduced the Million Dollar Championship and announced that the winner of a ladder match between Grimes and Knight at would win the title, where Grimes was unsuccessful. On the following episode of "NXT", Grimes saved DiBiase from an attack by Knight further signaling his face turn. Grimes would subsequently challenge Knight to a rematch for the title at The Great American Bash, under the stipulation that if he loses, he will be forced to become Knight's butler. At the event, Grimes failed to win the title and as a result, was forced to become Knight's butler. At NXT Takeover 36 Cameron Grimes faced L. A. Knight for the Million Dollar Championship where if he loses Ted DiBiase becomes L. A. Knight's butler. Grimes defeated Knight at the event and won his first Million Dollar Championship. On August 24, the storyline finally came to a conclusion on NXT, as they talked about Grimes’ journey to the title and how he was now headed "Straight to the moon!". The celebration ended with fake $100 bills with Grimes’ face raining down over the Capitol Wrestling Center.


title: Cameron Grimes

text: A segment later aired with Grimes seeing The Million Dollar Man to his limousine in the parking lot, to say their goodbyes. Grimes gave the Million Dollar Title back to DiBiase, but Ted handed it back and said he wanted Grimes to have the strap so he thinks of their partnership and what they accomplished when he looks at it. Grimes took the title back, but noticed how it felt lighter, and was made out of a different material. Grimes looked on the back of the title and confirmed that Ted switched the belts out, giving him a WWE Shop replica to keep. DiBiase drove away while doing his signature laugh, while Grimes also laughed to end the segment.


title: Cameron Grimes

text: Grimes faced Carmelo Hayes for the NXT North American Championship at the Vengeance Day special episode on February 15, 2022, and lost. He would win the NXT North American Championship on April 2, 2022 at NXT Stand & Deliver, by defeating Carmelo Hayes, Santos Escobar, Solo Sikoa and Grayson Waller in a fatal five-way ladder match. He made his first successful title defense against Solo Sikoa on the April 12 episode of "NXT 2.0". Grimes would make another successful title defense in a Triple Threat match at NXT Spring Breakin' against Carmelo Hayes and Solo Sikoa. At NXT In Your House, Grimes lost the North American Championship to Hayes, ending his reign at 63 days. Grimes then entered a rivalry with NXT Champion Bron Breakker, which culminated in a championship title match at , where Grimes failed to win the NXT Championship. On the July 12 edition of "NXT 2.0", Grimes would cut an emotional promo, only for JD McDonagh to interrupt and attack him. However, Grimes would retaliate, thus setting up a match for the following week which he lost. Shortly after, he entered a feud with Joe Gacy as the latter claimed that he could be his father figure as Grimes lost his real life father years prior.


title: Cameron Grimes

text: Caddell's father, Tracey Caddell, was a professional wrestler and promoter, who died on July 29, 2018.


title: Take Me Home Tonight (film)

text: Take Me Home Tonight is a 2011 American romantic comedy film directed by Michael Dowse and starring an ensemble cast led by Topher Grace and Anna Faris. The screenplay was written by Jackie and Jeff Filgo, former writers of the television sitcom "That '70s Show", of which Grace was a cast member. The film follows a recent college graduate who wants to change his career plans after his old high school crush invites him to a party.


title: Take Me Home Tonight (film)

text: Shooting began on the week starting February 19, 2007, in Phoenix, Arizona. The film received its wide theatrical release on March 4, 2011.


title: Take Me Home Tonight (film)

text: The title comes from the 1986 Eddie Money song of the same name, also played in the theatrical trailer and on the menu screen of the Blu-Ray and DVD releases. Despite having the same name, it never actually appears in the film.


title: Take Me Home Tonight (film)

text: Matt Franklin is a recent MIT graduate, working at a Los Angeles Suncoast Video store in 1988 while trying to figure out what he wants to do with his life, something that his police officer father has grown impatient with. When Matt's high school crush, Tori Frederking, walks into the store, he lies that he works at Goldman Sachs. Tori invites Matt to a Labor Day party, hosted by his twin sister Wendy's boyfriend, Kyle.


title: Take Me Home Tonight (film)

text: When Matt, Wendy, and Matt's best friend, Barry Nathan, head to the party, Barry steals a Mercedes-Benz from the car dealership he got fired from earlier that day, saying Matt needs it to impress Tori. At the party, Matt awkwardly tries to woo her. Barry snorts some cocaine he found in the glove box of the stolen car and gets involved in a dance-off, and Kyle proposes to Wendy in front of everyone. Matt is disappointed she accepted, as he doesn't think Kyle will support her attending graduate school.


title: Take Me Home Tonight (film)

text: Tori takes Matt and Barry to her boss's party in Beverly Hills. Barry has a wild sexual encounter with an older woman while Matt and Tori grow closer, after Matt's successful "put down" of Tori's boss, a habitual sexual harasser. They go into a neighbor's backyard where they jump on a trampoline, play truth or dare, and end up having sex.


title: Take Me Home Tonight (film)

text: Wendy shares her unopened admissions letter from Cambridge with Kyle, and discovers she was not accepted. Kyle is visibly relieved, while Wendy is upset.


title: Take Me Home Tonight (film)

text: Matt confesses that he doesn't work at Goldman Sachs. Tori storms off, leaving him guilt-ridden. He finds Barry and they leave the party. Barry chastises Matt for not trying to have just one night of enjoyment and offers him a line of cocaine while driving. He tries to snort the cocaine, but ends up driving the convertible into a ditch. A police cruiser arrives, and it turns out to be Matt's dad. Already disappointed with his unwillingness to choose a career path, he further damages the convertible, coercing Matt to get a better job to pay off the damages. He apologizes for being such a failure, to which his dad replies that, as he's never tried, he has never reached failure. He wants Matt to take a shot at anything in life.


title: Take Me Home Tonight (film)

text: Knowing Tori has left her car at the party, Matt and Barry go back, where bets are being placed on who will "ride the ball", a giant, steel sphere that someone rides inside as it's rolled down a hill. Matt finds Tori and tries to apologize, but she is unwilling to forgive him. Feeling he has nothing to lose, Matt volunteers to "ride the ball", hitting several parked cars then flying off an embankment, landing in a backyard swimming pool. He almost drowns before escaping the sinking ball.


title: Take Me Home Tonight (film)

text: Barry rushes to the scene and walks with Matt back to the party, meeting up with Wendy and Tori, who are elated to find him alive. Matt apologizes to Tori, and she forgives him, then gives him her phone number. They return to the party as dawn approaches. All who are still there 'whoop' it up at Matt's successful return.


title: Take Me Home Tonight (film)

text: Wendy, realizing Matt was right, breaks up with Kyle, who experiences a crying breakdown. Pondering his future while talking to Ashley, a Goth girl he met at the party, who tells Barry that maybe he should go to college. Outside, Matt boldly kisses Tori goodbye for the night cause he still has her phone number to call. Matt's dad, investigating the giant ball in the pool, smirks proudly when he finds his son's name tag. Matt, Barry and Wendy stagger out of the party house, leaving together as the sun is rising.


title: Take Me Home Tonight (film)

text: Principal photography was completed in 2007, but Universal Studios shelved the film until its 2011 theatrical release. Topher Grace posted that the release of the film was delayed when the studio did not know how to handle and promote a youth comedy film with portrayals of cocaine use, as the drug was prominent in the 1980s.


title: Take Me Home Tonight (film)

text: Its release remained delayed until Relativity Media subsidiary Rogue acquired the film from Universal Pictures for $10 million. The film was previously titled "Young Americans" and "Kids in America", titles of popular songs by David Bowie and Kim Wilde.


title: Take Me Home Tonight (film)

text: On March 3, 2011, while being interviewed on Ryan Seacrest's 102.7 KIIS FM radio show, Topher Grace announced to former "American Idol" contestant Chris Medina that 1% of the film's box office revenue would be donated to the care of Medina's injured fiancée, Juliana Ramos. Juliana was involved in a serious car accident in 2009 and suffered a traumatic brain injury. Her story has been widely followed across the nation since Medina's appearance on "American Idol".


title: Take Me Home Tonight (film)

text: The film was released in the United States on March 4, 2011. Relativity released a trailer for the film in December 2010.


title: Take Me Home Tonight (film)

text: "Take Me Home Tonight" was a box office flop. The film debuted at #11, with $3,464,679 during its opening weekend in 2,003 theaters in North America. The film grossed $6,928,068 in North America, failing to recoup its $19 million budget.


title: Take Me Home Tonight (film)

text: , the film holds a 28% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 114 reviews with an average rating of 4.60/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "It has a charming sweetness about it, but "Take Me Home Tonight" is neither funny nor original enough to live up to the comedies it evokes." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 42 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade C on scale of A to F.


title: Take Me Home Tonight (film)

text: Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" wrote that ""Take Me Home Tonight" has just enough heart and retro party spirit to hold the line before familiarity breeds contempt." Critics have praised the leads and felt the film was heartwarming but was not very original or funny. David Denby of "The New Yorker" wrote: "The movie is amiable enough: the young Australian actress Teresa Palmer is lovely and crisp, and the Canadian writer-director Michael Dowse manages the party traffic well."


title: Take Me Home Tonight (film)

text: Colin Covert of the "Minneapolis Star Tribune" gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, writing that the movie is a "winning rag bag of gags, combining fast-paced physical shtick with a clever script. There's romantic comedy savvy period satire and "Jackass"-style stunts..."Take Me Home Tonight" is a time capsule from the heyday of John Hughes and Cameron Crowe, a time when comedies allowed their characters to be human as well as humorous."


title: Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!

text: Wow! Wow! Wubbzy! is an American children's educational Flash animated television series created by Bob Boyle. The series was produced by Bolder Media (a joint venture of Frederator Studios and the Mixed Media Group) and Starz Media in association with Film Roman, and it was animated by Bardel Entertainment using both Toon Boom and Adobe Flash software. Boyle submitted his original concept as a book to Frederator Studios, the lead creative partner in Bolder Media. After more than 6000 children's book concepts were reviewed, his submission was selected for development into an animated series for preschoolers. Bob Boyle, Susan Miller, Mark Warner, and Fred Seibert served as executive producers.


title: Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!

text: Two seasons were produced, totaling 52 episodes (each consisting of two segments). Starz Media owns and distributes the series, and select episodes were aired on the Starz Kids & Family channel. The show has received an Emmy, a KidScreen Best TV Movie award (for "Wubb Idol", starring Beyoncé), and a Telly award.


title: Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!

text: The show focuses on an anthropomorphic yellow, rectangular mouse-like creature named Wubbzy, who has various antics with his friends, Widget, a rabbit-like creature who can build; Walden, a bear-like creature who is a brainiac; and since the second season, Daizy, a dog-like creature who loves flowers. They all live in the town of Wuzzleburg, a fictional location with lots of creatures of every type, and all kinds of events are happening in it, especially with Wubbzy.


title: Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!

text: At the end of most episodes of the series, there are songs, composed and sung by Brad Mossman with lyrics by creator Bob Boyle, whose topics that involve social skills, such as friendship, are related to those episodes.


title: Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!

text: Drew Magary of Deadspin criticized the program as "the loudest goddamn show on television... like someone took a bag of sound effects and bludgeoned you to death with it." Magary concludes that the series is "not merely bad, it’s actively harmful. It’s everything a children’s program should never be: shrill, inane, and overly stimulating."


title: Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!

text: Starz currently holds most distribution rights. Nickelodeon had aired the series from August 21, 2006 to February 21, 2010 and in Canada, Treehouse TV had aired episodes before moving to Playhouse Disney (later Disney Junior). The last airing on Nickelodeon was on December 20, 2010. Reruns aired on the separate sister channel, Nick Jr. from 2009 to 2014, when Nickelodeon's broadcast rights in the United States expired. All mentions of the show were completely removed from the Nick Jr. website. Since that time, Starz Media has been the only worldwide distributor.


title: Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!

text: "Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!" has aired internationally. In Latin America, the series was aired initially on Discovery Kids Latin America from October 8, 2007 to 2016.


title: Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!

text: It also aired on TG4 in Ireland, DR2 in Denmark, Baraem TV in Arab countries, Super RTL in Germany, Hop! Channel in Israel, and Discovery Kids in Latin America and Brazil. The series is shown on Canal Panda, Clan, and RTP2 in Portugal and Spain.


title: Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!

text: A British English dub was aired on Nick Jr. from 2006 to 2013. A translated version of the series has been a popular addition to the "Cúla 4" children's programming lineup on the Irish language television channel TG4 since January 2011. The show has been dubbed in 15 languages and aired in over 100 countries around the world.


title: Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!

text: In UK and Australia, Season 1, Volumes 1–2 (Episodes 1–14, and 15–26) were released as season DVD boxes; these were not released in the United States.


title: Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!

text: Starz's now-defunct subsidiary, Anchor Bay Entertainment (Lionsgate Home Entertainment) has released 21 DVD compilations, the first of which was released on September 23, 2008.


title: Meander

text: A meander is one of a series of regular sinuous curves in the channel of a river or other watercourse. It is produced as a watercourse erodes the sediments of an outer, concave bank (cut bank) and deposits sediments on an inner, convex bank which is typically a point bar. The result of this coupled erosion and sedimentation is the formation of a sinuous course as the channel migrates back and forth across the axis of a floodplain.


title: Meander

text: The zone within which a meandering stream periodically shifts its channel is known as a meander belt. It typically ranges from 15 to 18 times the width of the channel. Over time, meanders migrate downstream, sometimes in such a short time as to create civil engineering challenges for local municipalities attempting to maintain stable roads and bridges.


title: Meander

text: The degree of meandering of the channel of a river, stream, or other watercourse is measured by its "sinuosity". The sinuosity of a watercourse is the ratio of the length of the channel to the straight line down-valley distance. Streams or rivers with a single channel and sinuosities of 1.5 or more are defined as meandering streams or rivers.


title: Meander

text: The term derives from the winding river Menderes located in Asia-Minor and known to the Ancient Greeks as Μαίανδρος "Maiandros" (Latin: "Maeander"), characterised by a very convoluted path along the lower reach. As a result, even in Classical Greece (and in later Greek thought) the name of the river had become a common noun meaning anything convoluted and winding, such as decorative patterns or speech and ideas, as well as the geomorphological feature. Strabo said: ‘…its course is so exceedingly winding that everything winding is called meandering.’


title: Meander

text: The Meander River is south of Izmir, east of the ancient Greek town of Miletus, now Milet, Turkey. It flows through series of three graben in the Menderes Massif, but has a flood plain much wider than the meander zone in its lower reach. Its modern Turkish name is the Büyük Menderes River.


title: Meander

text: Meanders are a result of the interaction of water flowing through a curved channel with the underlying river bed. This produces "helicoidal flow", in which water moves from the outer to the inner bank along the river bed, then flows back to the outer bank near the surface of the river. This in turn increases carrying capacity for sediments on the outer bank and reduces it on the inner bank, so that sediments are eroded from the outer bank and redeposited on the inner bank of the next downstream meander.


title: Meander

text: When a fluid is introduced to an initially straight channel which then bends, the sidewalls induce a pressure gradient that causes the fluid to alter course and follow the bend. From here, two opposing processes occur: (1) irrotational flow and (2) secondary flow. For a river to meander, secondary flow must dominate.


title: Meander

text: "Irrotational flow": From Bernoulli's equations, high pressure results in low velocity. Therefore, "in the absence of secondary flow" we would expect low fluid velocity at the outside bend and high fluid velocity at the inside bend. This classic fluid mechanics result is "irrotational vortex flow." In the context of meandering rivers, its effects are dominated by those of secondary flow.


title: Meander

text: "Secondary flow": A force balance exists between pressure forces pointing to the inside bend of the river and centrifugal forces pointing to the outside bend of the river. In the context of meandering rivers, a boundary layer exists within the thin layer of fluid that interacts with the river bed. Inside that layer and following standard boundary-layer theory, the velocity of the fluid is effectively zero. Centrifugal force, which depends on velocity, is also therefore effectively zero. Pressure force, however, remains unaffected by the boundary layer. Therefore, within the boundary layer, pressure force dominates and fluid moves along the bottom of the river from the outside bend to the inside bend. This initiates helicoidal flow: Along the river bed, fluid roughly follows the curve of the channel but is also forced toward the inside bend; away from the river bed, fluid also roughly follows the curve of the channel but is forced, to some extent, from the inside to the outside bend.


title: Meander

text: The higher velocities at the outside bend lead to higher shear stresses and therefore result in erosion. Similarly, lower velocities at the inside bend cause lower sheer stresses and deposition occurs. Thus meander bends erode at the outside bend, causing the river to becoming increasingly sinuous (until cutoff events occur). Deposition at the inside bend occurs such that for most natural meandering rivers, the river width remains nearly constant, even as the river evolves.


title: Meander

text: In a speech before the Prussian Academy of Sciences in 1926, Albert Einstein suggested that because the Coriolis force of the earth can cause a small imbalance in velocity distribution, such that velocity on one bank is higher than on the other, it could trigger the erosion on one bank and deposition of sediment on the other that produces meanders However, Coriolis forces are likely insignificant compared with other forces acting to produce river meanders.


title: Meander

text: The technical description of a meandering watercourse is termed meander geometry or meander planform geometry. It is characterized as an irregular waveform. Ideal waveforms, such as a sine wave, are one line thick, but in the case of a stream the width must be taken into consideration. The bankfull width is the distance across the bed at an average cross-section at the full-stream level, typically estimated by the line of lowest vegetation.


title: Meander

text: As a waveform the meandering stream follows the down-valley axis, a straight line fitted to the curve such that the sum of all the amplitudes measured from it is zero. This axis represents the overall direction of the stream.


title: Meander

text: At any cross-section the flow is following the sinuous axis, the centerline of the bed. Two consecutive crossing points of sinuous and down-valley axes


title: Meander

text: define a meander loop. The meander is two consecutive loops pointing in opposite transverse directions. The distance of one meander along the down-valley axis


title: Meander

text: is the meander length or wavelength. The maximum distance from the down-valley axis to the sinuous axis of a loop is the meander width or amplitude. The course at that point is the apex.


title: Meander

text: In contrast to sine waves, the loops of a meandering stream are more nearly circular. The curvature varies from a maximum at the apex to zero at a crossing point (straight line), also called an inflection, because the curvature changes direction in that vicinity. The radius of the loop is the straight line perpendicular to the down-valley axis intersecting the sinuous axis at the apex. As the loop is not ideal, additional information is needed to characterize it. The orientation angle is the angle between sinuous axis and down-valley axis at any point on the sinuous axis.


title: Meander

text: A loop at the apex has an outer or concave bank and an inner or convex bank. The meander belt is defined by an average meander width measured from outer bank to outer bank instead of from centerline to centerline. If there is a flood plain, it extends beyond the meander belt. The meander is then said to be free—it can be found anywhere in the flood plain. If there is no flood plain, the meanders are fixed.


title: Meander

text: Various mathematical formulae relate the variables of the meander geometry. As it turns out some numerical parameters can be established, which appear in the formulae. The waveform depends ultimately on the characteristics of the flow but the parameters are independent of it and apparently are caused by geologic factors. In general the meander length is 10–14 times, with an average 11 times, the fullbank channel width and 3 to 5 times, with an average of 4.7 times, the radius of curvature at the apex. This radius is 2–3 times the channel width.


title: Meander

text: A meander has a depth pattern as well. The cross-overs are marked by riffles, or shallow beds, while at the apices are pools. In a pool direction of flow is downward, scouring the bed material. The major volume, however, flows more slowly on the inside of the bend where, due to decreased velocity, it deposits sediment.


title: Meander

text: The line of maximum depth, or channel, is the thalweg or thalweg line. It is typically designated the borderline when rivers are used as political borders. The thalweg hugs the outer banks and returns to center over the riffles. The meander arc length is the distance along the thalweg over one meander. The river length is the length along the centerline.


title: Meander

text: Once a channel begins to follow a sinusoidal path, the amplitude and concavity of the loops increase dramatically. This is due to the effect of helical flow which sweeps dense eroded material towards the inside of the bend, and leaves the outside of the bend unprotected and vulnerable to accelerated erosion. This establishes a positive feedback loop. In the words of Elizabeth A. Wood:‘…this process of making meanders seems to be a self-intensifying process…in which greater curvature results in more erosion of the bank, which results in greater curvature…’


title: Meander

text: The cross-current along the floor of the channel is part of the secondary flow and sweeps dense eroded material towards the inside of the bend. The cross-current then rises to the surface near the inside and flows towards the outside, forming the helical flow. The greater the curvature of the bend, and the faster the flow, the stronger is the cross-current and the sweeping.


title: Meander

text: Due to the conservation of angular momentum the speed on the inside of the bend is faster than on the outside.


title: Meander

text: Since the flow velocity is diminished, so is the centrifugal pressure. The pressure of the super-elevated column prevails, developing an unbalanced gradient that moves water back across the bottom from the outside to the inside. The flow is supplied by a counter-flow across the surface from the inside to the outside. This entire situation is very similar to the Tea leaf paradox. This secondary flow carries sediment from the outside of the bend to the inside making the river more meandering.


title: Meander

text: As to why streams of any size become sinuous in the first place, there are a number of theories, not necessarily mutually exclusive.


title: Meander

text: The stochastic theory can take many forms but one of the most general statements is that of Scheidegger: ‘The meander train is assumed to be the result of the stochastic fluctuations of the direction of flow due to the random presence of direction-changing obstacles in the river path.’


title: Meander

text: Given a flat, smooth, tilted artificial surface, rainfall runs off it in sheets, but even in that case adhesion of water to the surface and cohesion of drops produce rivulets at random. Natural surfaces are rough and erodible to different degrees. The result of all the physical factors acting at random is channels that are not straight, which then progressively become sinuous. Even channels that appear straight have a sinuous thalweg that leads eventually to a sinuous channel.


title: Meander

text: In the equilibrium theory, meanders decrease the stream gradient until an equilibrium between the erodibility of the terrain and the transport capacity of the stream is reached. A mass of water descending must give up potential energy, which, given the same velocity at the end of the drop as at the beginning, is removed by interaction with the material of the stream bed. The shortest distance; that is, a straight channel, results in the highest energy per unit of length, disrupting the banks more, creating more sediment and aggrading the stream. The presence of meanders allows the stream to adjust the length to an equilibrium energy per unit length in which the stream carries away all the sediment that it produces.


title: Meander

text: Geomorphic refers to the surface structure of the terrain. Morphotectonic means having to do with the deeper, or tectonic (plate) structure of the rock. The features included under these categories are not random and guide streams into non-random paths. They are predictable obstacles that instigate meander formation by deflecting the stream. For example, the stream might be guided into a fault line (morphotectonic).


title: Meander

text: A "cut bank" is an often vertical bank or cliff that forms where the outside, concave bank of a meander cuts into the floodplain or valley wall of a river or stream. A cutbank is also known either as a "river-cut cliff", "river cliff", or a "bluff" and spelled as "cutbank". Erosion that forms a cut bank occurs at the outside bank of a meander because helicoidal flow of water keeps the bank washed clean of loose sand, silt, and sediment and subjects it to constant erosion. As a result, the meander erodes and migrates in the direction of the outside bend, forming the cut bank.


title: Meander

text: As the cut bank is undermined by erosion, it commonly collapses as slumps into the river channel. The slumped sediment, having been broken up by slumping, is readily eroded and carried toward the middle of the channel. The sediment eroded from a cut bank tends to be deposited on the point bar of the next downstream meander, and not on the point bar opposite it. This can be seen in areas where trees grow on the banks of rivers; on the inside of meanders, trees, such as willows, are often far from the bank, whilst on the outside of the bend, the tree roots are often exposed and undercut, eventually leading the trees to fall into the river.


title: Meander

text: A "meander cutoff", also known as either a "cutoff meander" or "abandoned meander", is a meander that has been abandoned by its stream after the formation of a neck cutoff. A lake that occupies a cutoff meander is known as an "oxbow lake". Cutoff meanders that have cut downward into the underlying bedrock are known in general as "incised cutoff meanders". As in the case of the Anderson Bottom Rincon, incised meanders that have either steep-sided, often vertical walls, are often, but not always, known as "rincons" in the southwest United States. "Rincon" in English is a nontechnical word in the southwest United States for either a small secluded valley, an alcove or angular recess in a cliff, or a bend in a river.


title: Meander

text: The meanders of a stream or river that has cut its bed down into the bedrock are known as either incised, intrenched, entrenched, inclosed or ingrown meanders. Some Earth scientists recognize and use a finer subdivision of incised meanders. Thornbury argues that "incised" or "inclosed meanders" are synonyms that are appropriate to describe any meander incised downward into bedrock and defines "enclosed" or "entrenched meanders" as a subtype of incised meanders (inclosed meanders) characterized by a symmetrical valley sides. He argues that the symmetrical valley sides are the direct result of rapid down-cutting of a watercourse into bedrock. In addition, as proposed by Rich, Thornbury argues that incised valleys with a pronounced asymmetry of cross section, which he called "ingrown meanders", are the result of the lateral migration and incision of a meander during a period of slower channel downcutting. Regardless, the formation of both entrenched meanders and ingrown meanders is thought to require that base level falls as a result of either relative change in mean sea level, isostatic or tectonic uplift, the breach of an ice or landslide dam, or regional tilting. Classic examples of incised meanders are associated with rivers in the Colorado Plateau, the Kentucky River Palisades in central Kentucky, and streams in the Ozark Plateau.


title: Meander

text: As noted above, it was initially either argued or presumed that an incised meander is characteristic of an antecedent stream or river that had incised its channel into underlying strata. An antecedent stream or river is one that maintains its original course and pattern during incision despite the changes in underlying rock topography and rock types. However, later geologists argue that the shape of an incised meander is not always, if ever, "inherited," e.g., strictly from an antecedent meandering stream where it meander pattern could freely develop on a level floodplain. Instead, they argue that as fluvial incision of bedrock proceeds, the stream course is significantly modified by variations in rock type and fractures, faults, and other geological structures into either "lithologically conditioned meanders" or "structurally controlled meanders".


title: Meander

text: The "oxbow lake", which is the most common type of fluvial lake, is a crescent-shaped lake that derives its name from its distinctive curved shape. Oxbow lakes are also known as "cutoff lakes". Such lakes form regularly in undisturbed floodplains as a result of the normal process of fluvial meandering. Either a river or stream forms a sinuous channel as the outer side of its bends are eroded away and sediments accumulate on the inner side, which forms a meandering horseshoe-shaped bend. Eventually as the result of its meandering, the fluvial channel cuts through the narrow neck of the meander and forms a cutoff meander. The final break-through of the neck, which is called a "neck cutoff", often occurs during a major flood because that is when the watercourse is out of its banks and can flow directly across the neck and erode it with the full force of the flood.


title: Meander

text: After a cutoff meander is formed, river water flows into its end from the river builds small delta-like feature into either end of it during floods. These delta-like features block either end of the cutoff meander to form a stagnant oxbow lake that is separated from the flow of the fluvial channel and independent of the river. During floods, the flood waters deposit fine-grained sediment into the oxbow lake. As a result, oxbow lakes tend to become filled in with fine-grained, organic-rich sediments over time.


title: Meander

text: A "point bar", which is also known as a "meander bar", is a fluvial bar that is formed by the slow, often episodic, addition of individual accretions of noncohesive sediment on the inside bank of a meander by the accompanying migration of the channel toward its outer bank. This process is called lateral accretion. Lateral accretion occurs mostly during high water or floods when the point bar is submerged. Typically, the sediment consists of either sand, gravel, or a combination of both. The sediment comprising some point bars might grade downstream into silty sediments. Because of the decreasing velocity and strength of current from the thalweg of the channel to the upper surface of point bar when the sediment is deposited the vertical sequence of sediments comprising a point bar becomes finer upward within an individual point bar. For example, it is typical for point bars to fine upward from gravel at the base to fine sands at the top. The source of the sediment is typically upstream cut banks from which sand, rocks and debris has been eroded, swept, and rolled across the bed of the river and downstream to the inside bank of a river bend. On the inside bend, this sediment and debris is eventually deposited on the slip-off slope of a point bar.


title: Meander

text: Scroll-bars are a result of continuous lateral migration of a meander loop that creates an asymmetrical ridge and swale topography on the inside of the bends. The topography is generally parallel to the meander, and is related to migrating bar forms and back bar chutes, which carve sediment from the outside of the curve and deposit sediment in the slower flowing water on the inside of the loop, in a process called lateral accretion. Scroll-bar sediments are characterized by cross-bedding and a pattern of fining upward. These characteristics are a result of the dynamic river system, where larger grains are transported during high energy flood events and then gradually die down, depositing smaller material with time (Batty 2006). Deposits for meandering rivers are generally homogeneous and laterally extensive unlike the more heterogeneous braided river deposits.


title: Meander

text: There are two distinct patterns of scroll-bar depositions; the eddy accretion scroll bar pattern and the point-bar scroll pattern. When looking down the river valley they can be distinguished because the point-bar scroll patterns are convex and the eddy accretion scroll bar patterns are concave.


title: Meander

text: Scroll bars often look lighter at the tops of the ridges and darker in the swales. This is because the tops can be shaped by wind, either adding fine grains or by keeping the area unvegetated, while the darkness in the swales can be attributed to silts and clays washing in during high water periods. This added sediment in addition to water that catches in the swales is in turn is a favorable environment for vegetation that will also accumulate in the swales.


title: Meander

text: Depending upon whether a meander is part of an entrenched river or part of a freely meandering river within a floodplain, the term "slip-off slope" can refer to two different fluvial landforms that comprise the inner, convex, bank of a meander loop. In case of a freely meandering river on a floodplain, a slip-off slope is the inside, gently sloping bank of a meander on which sediments episodically accumulate to form a point bar as a river meanders. This type of slip-off slope is located opposite the cutbank. This term can also be applied to the inside, sloping bank of a meandering tidal channel.


title: Meander

text: In case of an entrenched river, a slip-off slope is a gently sloping bedrock surface that rises from the inside, concave bank of an asymmetrically entrenched river. This type of slip-off slope is often covered by a thin, discontinuous layer of alluvium. It is produced by the gradual outward migration of the meander as a river cuts downward into bedrock. A terrace on the slip-off slope of a meander spur, known as "slip-off slope terrace", can formed by a brief halt during the irregular incision by an actively meandering river.


title: Meander

text: The meander ratio or sinuosity index is a means of quantifying how much a river or stream meanders (how much its course deviates from the shortest possible path). It is calculated as the length of the stream divided by the length of the valley. A perfectly straight river would have a meander ratio of 1 (it would be the same length as its valley), while the higher this ratio is above 1, the more the river meanders.


title: Meander

text: Sinuosity indices are calculated from the map or from an aerial photograph measured over a distance called the reach, which should be at least 20 times the average fullbank channel width. The length of the stream is measured by channel, or thalweg, length over the reach, while the bottom value of the ratio is the downvalley length or air distance of the stream between two points on it defining the reach.


title: Meander

text: The sinuosity index plays a part in mathematical descriptions of streams. The index may require elaboration, because the valley may meander as well—i.e., the downvalley length is not identical to the reach. In that case the valley index is the meander ratio of the valley while the channel index is the meander ratio of the channel. The channel sinuosity index is the channel length divided by the valley length and the standard sinuosity index is the channel index divided by the valley index. Distinctions may become even more subtle.


title: Meander

text: Sinuosity Index has a non-mathematical utility as well. Streams can be placed in categories arranged by it; for example, when the index is between 1 and 1.5 the river is sinuous, but if between 1.5 and 4, then meandering. The index is a measure also of stream velocity and sediment load, those quantities being maximized at an index of 1 (straight).


title: Simile

text: A simile () is a figure of speech that directly "compares" two things. Similes differ from other metaphors by highlighting the similarities between two things using comparison words such as "like", "as", "so", or "than", while other metaphors create an implicit comparison (i.e. saying something ""is"" something else). This distinction is evident in the etymology of the words: simile derives from the Latin word "similis" ("similar, like"), while metaphor derives from the Greek word "metapherein" ("to transfer"). Like in the case of metaphors, the thing that is being compared is called the tenor, and the thing it is being compared to is called the vehicle.


title: Simile

text: Author and lexicographer Frank J. Wilstach compiled a dictionary of similes in 1916, with a second edition in 1924.


title: Simile

text: Similes are used extensively in British comedy, notably in the slapstick era of the 1960s and 1970s. In comedy, the simile is often used in negative style: "he was as daft as a brush." They are also used in comedic context where a sensitive subject is broached, and the comedian will test the audience with response to subtle implicit simile before going deeper. The sitcom "Blackadder" featured the use of extended similes, normally said by the title character. For example:


title: Simile

text: Given that similes emphasize affinities between different objects, they occur in many cultures and languages.


title: Simile

text: Sayf al-Din al-Amidi discussed Arabic similes in 1805: "On Substantiation Through Transitive Relations".


title: Simile

text: Thuy Nga Nguyen and Ghil'ad Zuckermann (2012) classify Vietnamese similes into two types: Meaning Similes and Rhyming Similes.


title: Simile

text: Whereas the above Vietnamese example is of a rhyming simile, the English simile "(as) poor as a church mouse" is only a semantic simile.


title: Simile

text: In telugu, simile is known as upamaalankaaramu (). Based on the components of the sentence in which the comparison is made, they are classified into complete (పూర్ణోపమాలంకారము- puurnopamaalankaaramu) and incomplete (లుప్తోపమాలంకారము- lupthopamaalankaaramu) similes.


title: Suetonius

text: Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus (), commonly referred to as Suetonius ( ; c. AD 69 – after AD 122), was a Roman historian who wrote during the early Imperial era of the Roman Empire.


title: Suetonius

text: His most important surviving work is a set of biographies of 12 successive Roman rulers, from Julius Caesar to Domitian, properly entitled "De vita Caesarum". Other works by Suetonius concerned the daily life of Rome, politics, oratory, and the lives of famous writers, including poets, historians, and grammarians. A few of these books have partially survived, but many have been lost.


title: Suetonius

text: Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus was probably born about AD 69, a date deduced from his remarks describing himself as a "young man" 20 years after Nero's death. His place of birth is disputed, but most scholars place it in Hippo Regius, a small north African town in Numidia, in modern-day Algeria. It is certain that Suetonius came from a family of moderate social position, that his father, Suetonius Laetus, was a tribune belonging to the equestrian order ("tribunus angusticlavius") in Legio XIII Gemina, and that Suetonius was educated when schools of rhetoric flourished in Rome.


title: Suetonius

text: Suetonius was a close friend of senator and letter-writer Pliny the Younger. Pliny describes him as "quiet and studious, a man dedicated to writing." Pliny helped him buy a small property and interceded with the Emperor Trajan to grant Suetonius immunities usually granted to a father of three, the "ius trium liberorum", because his marriage was childless. Through Pliny, Suetonius came into favour with Trajan and Hadrian.


title: Suetonius

text: Suetonius may have served on Pliny's staff when Pliny was Proconsul of Bithynia and Pontus (northern Asia Minor) between 110 and 112. Under Trajan he served as secretary of studies (precise functions are uncertain) and director of Imperial archives. Under Hadrian, he became the Emperor's secretary. But Hadrian later dismissed Suetonius for the latter's alleged affair with the empress Vibia Sabina.


title: Suetonius

text: He is mainly remembered as the author of "De Vita Caesarum"—translated as "The Life of the Caesars" although a more common English title is "The Lives of the Twelve Caesars" or simply "The Twelve Caesars"—his only extant work except for the brief biographies and other fragments noted below. "The Twelve Caesars", probably written in Hadrian's time, is a collective biography of the Roman Empire's first leaders, Julius Caesar (the first few chapters are missing), Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus and Domitian. The book was dedicated to his friend Gaius Septicius Clarus, a prefect of the Praetorian Guard in 119. The work tells the tale of each Caesar's life according to a set formula: the descriptions of appearance, omens, family history, quotes, and then a history are given in a consistent order for each Caesar. He recorded the earliest accounts of Julius Caesar's epileptic seizures.


title: Suetonius

text: The two last works were written in Greek. They apparently survive in part in the form of extracts in later Greek glossaries.


title: Suetonius

text: The following list of lost works of Suetonius is taken from the foreword written by Robert Graves in his translation of the "Twelve Caesars."


title: Suetonius

text: The introduction to the Loeb edition of Suetonius, translated by J. C. Rolfe, with an introduction by K. R. Bradley, references the "Suda" with the following titles:


title: War crimes in the Kosovo War

text: A series of war crimes were committed during the Kosovo War (early 1998 – 11 June 1999). The forces of the Slobodan Milošević regime committed rape, killed many Albanian civilians and expelled them during the war, alongside the widespread destruction of civilian, cultural and religious property. According to the Human Rights Watch, the vast majority of the violations from January 1998 to April 1999 were attributable to Serbian police or the Yugoslav army. Violations also included war crimes committed by the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA or UÇK), such as kidnappings and summary executions of civilians. In 2014, the Humanitarian Law Center released a list of people killed or gone missing during the war, including 8,661 Kosovo Albanian civilians, 1,797 ethnic Serbs and 447 civilians of other ethnicities such as Romani people and Bosniaks.


title: War crimes in the Kosovo War

text: By the 1980s, the Kosovo Albanians constituted a majority in Kosovo. During the 1970s and 1980s, thousands of Serbs and Montenegrins left Kosovo, including some 57,000 during the 1970s alone. Social-economic, migration from underdeveloped areas, an increasingly adverse social-political climate and direct and indirect pressures were cited as the reasonings behind the departures. Slobodan Milošević gained political power by exploiting the grievances of Kosovo Serbs and pandering to the rising nationalist movement in Serbia.


title: War crimes in the Kosovo War

text: Milošević abolished Kosovo's autonomy in 1989. With his rise to power, the Albanians started boycotting state institutions and ignoring the laws of the Republic of Serbia, culminating in the creation of the Republic of Kosova which received recognition from neighbouring Albania. Serbia (now in union with Montenegro as FR Yugoslavia) tried to maintain its political control over the province. With the formation of the Kosovo Liberation Army, a large number of the Kosovo Albanians joined and supported the movement. The Serbian police and Yugoslav army response was brutal. In 1997, international sanctions were applied to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia because of persecution of Kosovo's Albanians by Yugoslav security forces.


title: War crimes in the Kosovo War

text: During the armed conflict in 1998, the Yugoslav Army and Serbian police used excessive and random force, which resulted in property damage, the displacement of the population and the death of civilians. Belgrade unleashed the alleged Operation Horseshoe in the summer of 1998, in which hundreds of thousands of Albanians were driven from their homes.


title: War crimes in the Kosovo War

text: The withdrawal of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe monitors on 20 March 1999, together with the start of NATO's bombing campaign, encouraged Milošević to implement a "campaign of expulsions". With the beginning of the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, Operation Horseshoe was implemented, though the Yugoslav government maintained that the refugee crisis was caused by the bombings. The Yugoslav Army, Serbian police and Serb paramilitary forces in the spring of 1999, in an organized manner, initiated a broad campaign of violence against Albanian civilians in order to expel them from Kosovo and thus maintain the political control of Belgrade over the province.


title: War crimes in the Kosovo War

text: According to the legally binding verdict of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the Federal Army and Serbian police systematically attacked Albanian-populated villages after the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia that began on 24 March 1999; abused, robbed and killed civilians, ordering them to go to Albania or Montenegro, and burned their houses and destroyed their property. Nemanja Stjepanović claimed that within the campaign of violence, Kosovo Albanians were expelled from their homes, murdered, sexually assaulted, and had their religious buildings destroyed. The Yugoslav forces committed numerous war crimes during the implementation of a "joint criminal enterprise" whose aim was to "through the use of violence and terror, force a significant number of Kosovo Albanians to leave their homes and cross the border in order for the state government to retain control over Kosovo." The ethnic cleansing of the Albanian population was performed in the following way: first the Army surrounded a location, followed by shelling, then the police entered the village and often with them and the Army, and then crimes occurred (murders, beatings, expulsions, sexual violence ...).


title: War crimes in the Kosovo War

text: According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, by June 1999, the Yugoslav military, Serbian police and paramilitaries had expelled around 850,000 Albanians from Kosovo, and several hundred thousand more were internally displaced, in addition to those displaced prior to March. Approximately 440,000 refugees crossed the border into Albania and 320,000 fled to North Macedonia, while Bosnia and Herzegovina received more than 30,000.


title: War crimes in the Kosovo War

text: Presiding Judge Iain Bonomy, who imposed the sentence, said that "deliberate actions of these forces during the campaign provoked the departure of at least 700,000 ethnic Albanians from Kosovo in the short period from late March to early June 1999."


title: War crimes in the Kosovo War

text: HRW claims that the Yugoslav Army indiscriminately attacked Kosovo Albanian villages. Police and military forces had partially or completely destroyed thousands of Albanian villages in Kosovo by burning or shelling them. According to a UNHCR survey, nearly 40% of all residential houses in Kosovo were heavily damaged or completely destroyed by the end of the war. Out of a total of 237,842 houses, 45,768 were heavily damaged and 46,414 were destroyed. In particular, residences in the city of Peja was heavily damaged. More than 80% of the 5,280 houses in the city were heavily damaged (1,590) or destroyed (2,774).


title: War crimes in the Kosovo War

text: Widespread rape and sexual violence occurred during the conflict and the majority of victims were Kosovo Albanian women. In 2000, Human Rights Watch documented 96 cases while adding that "it is likely that the number is much higher". Years after the war, the figure put forward for the number of rape victims was 10,000-20,000. The figure of 20,000 however has not been verified, given the lack of serious investigations into wartime rapes, though the number is often cited in public opinion and by politicians in Kosovo. This number originated from a World Health Organization report and the US Center for Disease Control from information gathered by local NGOs. The Kosovo Women's Network gave the figure of over 10,000 girls and women who experienced wartime rape. Due to a lack of prosecutions against perpetrators, there has been a reluctance for women to come forward or testify.


title: War crimes in the Kosovo War

text: Throughout the duration of the war, members of the Yugoslav army, police and paramilitaries would remove girls and women fleeing for safety from refugee columns and rape them, at times more than once and later released them to continue their journey. Other women had been subjected to rape in their homes, at times in front of their family or in temporary refuges located by the women for their elderly parents or children as they attempted to flee the conflict. Other women stayed in Kosovo and were without protection. The crimes by the Yugoslav military, paramilitary and police amounted to crimes against humanity and a war crime of torture.


title: War crimes in the Kosovo War

text: Although numbers are difficult to determine, following the conflict, there were cases of women committing suicide, aborting their pregnancies, giving birth to children and later raising them or placing them up for adoption with a few instances of attempted strangulation of their babies. Postwar, the issue of wartime rape did not receive enough attention in the media and in political discourse within Kosovo and victims were left to deal with their experiences in private.


title: War crimes in the Kosovo War

text: The government has founded a programme to help those victims. As by October 2018, 250 women have signed up, despite pushing on behalf of the Kosovan government by giving free specialized healthcare and trauma counseling for wartime rape survivors. Many of the girls were young girls, from 13 to 19 years old. Mostly rape were committed paramilitaries associated with Arkan group, where the majority of rapes are carried out in the presence of children and men who later were killed.


title: War crimes in the Kosovo War

text: Vasfije Krasniqi-Goodman was first woman to break a taboo in Kosovo society by telling her story of sexual violence publicly. On April 14, 1999 paramilitaries and Serbian police in the village of Stanovc, Vushtrri entered the house of Krasniqi, who was 16 years old and took her to the Church of Babimovc where she was raped. Afterwards, she was threatened with the lives of her family if she revealed what happened.