title: Frigatebird

text: Christopher Columbus encountered frigatebirds when passing the Cape Verde Islands on his first voyage across the Atlantic in 1492. In his journal entry for 29 September he used the word "rabiforçado", modern Spanish "rabihorcado" or forktail. In the Caribbean frigatebirds were called Man-of-War birds by English mariners. This name was used by the English explorer William Dampier in his book "An Account of a New Voyage Around the World" published in 1697:


title: Frigatebird

text: The Man-of-War (as it is called by the English) is about the bigness of a Kite, and in shape like it, but black; and the neck is red. It lives on Fish yet never lights on the water, but soars aloft like a Kite, and when it sees its prey, it flys down head foremost to the Waters edge, very swiftly takes its prey out of the Sea with his Bill, and immediately mounts again as swiftly; never touching the Water with his Bill. His Wings are very long; his feet are like other Land-fowl, and he builds on Trees, where he finds any; but where they are wanting on the ground.


title: Frigatebird

text: Frigatebirds were grouped with cormorants, and sulids (gannets and boobies) as well as pelicans in the genus "Pelecanus" by Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his "Systema Naturae". He described the distinguishing characteristics as a straight bill hooked at the tip, linear nostrils, a bare face, and fully webbed feet. The genus "Fregata" was introduced by French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède in 1799. The type species was designated as the Ascension frigatebird by French zoologist François Marie Daudin in 1802. Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot described the genus name "Tachypetes" in 1816 for the great frigatebird. The genus name "Atagen" had been coined by German naturalist Paul Möhring in 1752, though this has no validity as it predates the official beginning of Linnaean taxonomy.


title: Frigatebird

text: In 1874, English zoologist Alfred Henry Garrod published a study where he had examined various groups of birds and recorded which muscles of a selected group of five they possessed or lacked. Noting that the muscle patterns were different among the steganopodes (classical Pelecaniformes), he resolved that there were divergent lineages in the group that should be in separate families, including frigatebirds in their own family Fregatidae. Urless N. Lanham observed in 1947 that frigatebirds bore some skeletal characteristics more in common with Procellariiformes than Pelecaniformes, though concluded they still belonged in the latter group (as suborder Fregatae), albeit as an early offshoot. Martyn Kennedy and colleagues derived a cladogram based on behavioural characteristics of the traditional Pelecaniformes, calculating the frigatebirds to be more divergent than pelicans from a core group of gannets, darters and cormorants, and tropicbirds the most distant lineage. The classification of this group as the traditional Pelecaniformes, united by feet that are totipalmate (with all four toes linked by webbing) and the presence of a gular pouch, persisted until the early 1990s. The DNA–DNA hybridization studies of Charles Sibley and Jon Edward Ahlquist placed the frigatebirds in a lineage with penguins, loons, petrels and albatrosses. Subsequent genetic studies place the frigatebirds as a sister group to the group Suloidea, which comprises the gannets and boobies, cormorants and darters. Microscopic analysis of eggshell structure by Konstantin Mikhailov in 1995 found that the eggshells of frigatebirds resembled those of other Pelecaniformes in having a covering of thick microglobular material over the crystalline shells.


title: Frigatebird

text: Molecular studies have consistently shown that pelicans, the namesake family of the Pelecaniformes, are actually more closely related to herons, ibises and spoonbills, the hamerkop and the shoebill than to the remaining species. In recognition of this, the order comprising the frigatebirds and Suloidea was renamed Suliformes in 2010.


title: Frigatebird

text: In 1994, the family name Fregatidae, cited as described in 1867 by French naturalists Côme-Damien Degland and Zéphirin Gerbe, was conserved under Article 40(b) of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in preference to the 1840 description Tachypetidae by Johann Friedrich von Brandt. This was because the genus names "Atagen" and "Tachypetes" had been synonymised with "Fregata" before 1961, resulting in the aligning of family and genus names.


title: Frigatebird

text: The Eocene frigatebird genus "Limnofregata" comprises birds whose fossil remains were recovered from prehistoric freshwater environments, unlike the marine preferences of their modern-day relatives. They had shorter less-hooked bills and longer legs, and longer slit-like nasal openings. Three species have been described from fossil deposits in the western United States, two—"L. azygosternon" and "L. hasegawai"—from the Green River Formation (48–52 million years old) and one—"L. hutchisoni"—from the Wasatch Formation (between 53 and 55 million years of age). Fossil material indistinguishable from living species dating to the Pleistocene and Holocene has been recovered from Ascension Island (for "F. aquila"), Saint Helena Island, both in the southern Atlantic Ocean, and also from various islands in the Pacific Ocean (for "F. minor" and "F. ariel").


title: Frigatebird

text: A cladistic study of the skeletal and bone morphology of the classical Pelecaniformes and relatives found that the frigatebirds formed a clade with "Limnofregata". Birds of the two genera have 15 cervical vertebrae, unlike almost all other Ciconiiformes, Suliformes and Pelecaniformes, which have 17. The age of "Limnofregata" indicates that these lineages had separated by the Eocene.


title: Frigatebird

text: The type species of the genus is the Ascension frigatebird ("Fregata aquila"). For many years, the consensus was to recognise only two species of frigatebird, with larger birds as "F. aquila" and smaller as "F. ariel". In 1914 the Australian ornithologist Gregory Mathews delineated five species, which remain valid. Analysis of ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA indicated that the five species had diverged from a common ancestor only recently—as little as 1.5 million years ago. There are two species pairs, the great and Christmas Island frigatebirds, and the magnificent and Ascension frigatebirds, while the fifth species, the lesser frigatebird, is an early offshoot of the common ancestor of the other four species. Two subspecies of the magnificent, three subspecies of the lesser and five subspecies of the great frigatebird are recognised.


title: Frigatebird

text: Frigatebirds are large slender mostly black-plumaged seabirds, with the five species similar in appearance to each other. The largest species is the magnificent frigatebird, which reaches in length, with three of the remaining four almost as large. The lesser frigatebird is substantially smaller, at around long. Frigatebirds exhibit marked sexual dimorphism; females are larger and up to 25 percent heavier than males, and generally have white markings on their underparts. Frigatebirds have short necks and long, slender hooked bills. Their long narrow wings (male wingspan can reach ) taper to points. Their wings have eleven primary flight feathers, with the tenth the longest and eleventh a vestigial feather only, and 23 secondaries. Their tails are deeply forked, though this is not apparent unless the tail is fanned. The tail and wings give them a distinctive 'W' silhouette in flight. The legs and face are fully feathered. The totipalmate feet are short and weak, the webbing is reduced and part of each toe is free.


title: Frigatebird

text: The bones of frigatebirds are markedly pneumatic, making them very light and contributing only 5% to total body weight. The pectoral girdle is strong as its bones are fused. The pectoral muscles are well-developed, and weigh as much as the frigatebird's feathers—around half the body weight is made up equally of these muscles and feathers. The males have inflatable red-coloured throat pouches called gular pouches, which they inflate to attract females during the mating season. The gular sac is, perhaps, the most striking frigatebird feature. These can only deflate slowly, so males that are disturbed will fly off with pouches distended for some time.


title: Frigatebird

text: Frigatebirds remain in the air and do not settle on the ocean. They produce very little oil from their uropygial glands so their feathers would become sodden if they settled on the surface. In addition, with their long wings relative to body size, they would have great difficulty taking off again.


title: Frigatebird

text: Frigatebirds are found over tropical oceans, and ride warm updrafts under cumulus clouds. Their range coincides with availability of food such as flying fish, and with the trade winds, which provide the windy conditions that facilitate their flying. They are rare vagrants to temperate regions and not found in polar latitudes. Adults are generally sedentary, remaining near the islands where they breed. However, male frigatebirds have been recorded dispersing great distances after departing a breeding colony—one male great frigatebird relocated from Europa Island in the Mozambique Channel to the Maldives away, and a male magnificent frigatebird flew from French Guiana to Trinidad. In 2015, a magnificent frigatebird was spotted as far north as Michigan. Great frigatebirds marked with wing tags on Tern Island in the French Frigate Shoals were found to regularly travel the to Johnston Atoll, although one was reported in Quezon City in the Philippines. Genetic testing seems to indicate that the species has fidelity to their site of hatching despite their high mobility. Young birds may disperse far and wide, with distances of up to recorded.


title: Frigatebird

text: Having the largest wing-area-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, frigatebirds are essentially aerial. This allows them to soar continuously and only rarely flap their wings. One great frigatebird, being tracked by satellite in the Indian Ocean, stayed aloft for two months. They can fly higher than 4,000 meters in freezing conditions. Like swifts they are able to spend the night on the wing, but they will also return to an island to roost on trees or cliffs. Field observations in the Mozambique Channel found that great frigatebirds could remain on the wing for up to 12 days while foraging. Highly adept, they use their forked tails for steering during flight and make strong deep wing-beats, though not suited to flying by sustained flapping. Frigatebirds bathe and clean themselves in flight by flying low and splashing at the water surface before preening and scratching afterwards. Conversely, frigatebirds do not swim and with their short legs cannot walk well or take off from the sea easily.


title: Frigatebird

text: According to a study in the journal "Nature Communication", scientists attached an accelerometer and an electroencephalogram testing device on nine great frigatebirds to measure if they slept during flight. The study found the birds do sleep, but usually only using one hemisphere of the brain at a time and usually sleep while ascending at higher altitudes. The amount of time mid-air sleeping was less than an hour and always at night.


title: Frigatebird

text: The average life span is unknown but in common with seabirds such as the wandering albatross and Leach's storm petrel, frigatebirds are long-lived. In 2002, 35 ringed great frigatebirds were recovered on Tern Island in the Hawaiian Islands. Of these ten were older than 37 years and one was at least 44 years of age.


title: Frigatebird

text: Despite having dark plumage in a tropical climate, frigatebirds have found ways not to overheat—particularly as they are exposed to full sunlight when on the nest. They ruffle feathers to lift them away from the skin and improve air circulation, and can extend and upturn their wings to expose the hot undersurface to the air and lose heat by evaporation and convection. Frigatebirds also place their heads in the shade of their wings, and males frequently flutter their gular pouches.


title: Frigatebird

text: Frigatebirds typically breed on remote oceanic islands, generally in colonies of up to 5000 birds. Within these colonies, they most often nest in groups of 10 to 30 (or rarely 100) individuals. Breeding can occur at any time of year, often prompted by commencement of the dry season or plentiful food.


title: Frigatebird

text: Frigatebirds have the most elaborate mating displays of all seabirds. The male birds take up residence in the colony in groups of up to thirty individuals. They display to females flying overhead by pointing their bills upwards, inflating their red throat pouches and vibrating their outstretched wings, showing the lighter wing undersurfaces in the process. They produce a drumming sound by vibrating their bills together and sometimes give a whistling call. The female descends to join a male she has chosen and allows him to take her bill in his. The pair also engages in mutual "head-snaking".


title: Frigatebird

text: After copulation it is generally the male who gathers sticks and the female that constructs the loosely woven nest. The nest is subsequently covered with (and cemented by) guano. Frigatebirds prefer to nest in trees or bushes, though when these are not available they will nest on the ground. A single white egg that weighs up to 6–7% of mother's body mass is laid, and is incubated in turns by both birds for 41 to 55 days. The altricial chicks are naked on hatching and develop a white down. They are continuously guarded by the parents for the first 4–6 weeks and are fed on the nest for 5–6 months. Both parents take turns feeding for the first three months, after which the male's attendance trails off leaving the mother to feed the young for another six to nine months on average. The chicks feed by reaching their heads in their parents' throat and eating the part-regurgitated food. It takes so long to rear a chick that frigatebirds generally breed every other year.


title: Frigatebird

text: The duration of parental care in frigatebirds is among the longest for birds, rivalled only by the southern ground hornbill and some large accipitrids. Frigatebirds take many years to reach sexual maturity. A study of great frigatebirds in the Galapagos Islands found that they only bred once they have acquired the full adult plumage. This was attained by female birds when they were eight to nine years of age and by male birds when they were ten to eleven years of age.


title: Frigatebird

text: Frigatebirds' feeding habits are pelagic, and they may forage up to 500 km (310 mi) from land. They do not land on the water but snatch prey from the ocean surface using their long, hooked bills. They mainly catch small fish such as flying fish, particularly the genera "Exocoetus" and "Cypselurus", that are driven to the surface by predators such as tuna and dolphinfish, but they will also eat cephalopods, particularly squid. Menhaden of the genus "Brevoortia" can be an important prey item where common, and jellyfish and larger plankton are also eaten. Frigatebirds have learned to follow fishing vessels and take fish from holding areas. Conversely tuna fishermen fish in areas where they catch sight of frigatebirds due to their association with large marine predators. Frigatebirds also at times prey directly on eggs and young of other seabirds, including boobies, petrels, shearwaters and terns, in particular the sooty tern.


title: Frigatebird

text: Frigatebirds will rob other seabirds such as boobies, particularly the red-footed booby, tropicbirds, shearwaters, petrels, terns, gulls and even ospreys of their catch, using their speed and manoeuvrability to outrun and harass their victims until they regurgitate their stomach contents. They may either assail their targets after they have caught their food or circle high over seabird colonies waiting for parent birds to return laden with food. Although frigatebirds are renowned for their kleptoparasitic feeding behaviour, kleptoparasitism is not thought to play a significant part of the diet of any species, and is instead a supplement to food obtained by hunting. A study of great frigatebirds stealing from masked boobies estimated that the frigatebirds could at most obtain 40% of the food they needed, and on average obtained only 5%.


title: Frigatebird

text: Unlike most other seabirds, frigatebirds drink freshwater when they come across it, by swooping down and gulping with their bills.


title: Frigatebird

text: Frigatebirds are unusual among seabirds in that they often carry blood parasites. Blood-borne protozoa of the genus "Haemoproteus" have been recovered from four of the five species. Bird lice of the ischnoceran genus "Pectinopygus" and amblyceran genus "Colpocephalum" and species "Fregatiella aurifasciata" have been recovered from magnificent and great frigatebirds of the Galapagos Islands. Frigatebirds tended to have more parasitic lice than did boobies analysed in the same study.


title: Frigatebird

text: A heavy chick mortality at a large and important colony of the magnificent frigatebird, located on Île du Grand Connétable off French Guiana, was recorded in summer 2005. Chicks showed nodular skin lesions, feather loss and corneal changes, with around half the year's progeny perishing across the colony. An alphaherpesvirus was isolated and provisionally named "Fregata magnificens" herpesvirus, though it was unclear whether it caused the outbreak or affected birds already suffering malnutrition.


title: Frigatebird

text: Two of the five species are considered at risk. In 2003, a survey of the four colonies of the critically endangered Christmas Island frigatebirds counted 1200 breeding pairs. As frigatebirds normally breed every other year, the total adult population was estimated to lie between 1800 and 3600 pairs. Larger numbers formerly bred on the island, but the clearance of breeding habitat during World War II and dust pollution from phosphate mining have contributed to the decrease. The population of the vulnerable Ascension frigatebird has been estimated at around 12,500 individuals. The birds formerly bred on Ascension Island itself, but the colonies were exterminated by feral cats introduced in 1815. The birds continued to breed on a rocky outcrop just off the shore of the island. A program conducted between 2002 and 2004 eradicated the feral cats and a few birds have returned to nest on the island.


title: Frigatebird

text: The other three species are classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as being of "Least Concern". The populations of all three are large, with that of the magnificent frigatebird thought to be increasing, while the great and lesser frigatebird decreasing. Monitoring populations of all species is difficult due to their movements across the open ocean and low reproductivity. The status of the Atlantic populations of the great and lesser frigatebirds are unknown and possibly extinct.


title: Frigatebird

text: As frigatebirds rely on large marine predators such as tuna for their prey, overfishing threatens to significantly impact on food availability and jeopardise whole populations. As frigatebirds nest in large dense colonies in small areas, they are vulnerable to local disasters that could wipe out the rare species or significantly impact the widespread ones.


title: Frigatebird

text: In Nauru, catching frigatebirds was an important tradition still practised to some degree. Donald W. Buden writes: "Birds typically are captured by slinging the weighted end of a coil of line in front of an approaching bird attracted to previously captured birds used as decoys. In a successful toss, the line becomes entangled about the bird's wing and bringing [sic] it to ground." Marine birds including frigatebirds were once harvested for food on Christmas Island but this practice ceased in the late 1970s. Eggs and young of magnificent frigatebirds were taken and eaten in the Caribbean. Great frigatebirds were eaten in the Hawaiian Islands and their feathers used for decoration.


title: Frigatebird

text: The frigate bird appears on the national Flag of Kiribati. The design is based on its former colonial Gilbert and Ellice Islands coat of arms. The bird also appears on the flag of Barbuda, and is the national bird of Antigua and Barbuda.


title: Frigatebird

text: There are anecdotal reports of tame frigatebirds being kept across Polynesia and Micronesia in the Pacific. A bird that had come from one island and had been taken elsewhere could be reliably trusted to return to its original home, hence would be used as a speedy way to relay a message there. There is evidence of this practice taking place in the Gilbert Islands and Tuvalu.


title: Frigatebird

text: The great frigatebird was venerated by the Rapa Nui people on Easter Island; carvings of the birdman Tangata manu depict him with the characteristic hooked beak and throat pouch. Its incorporation into local ceremonies suggests that the now-vanished species was extant there between the 1800s and 1860s.


title: Frigatebird

text: Maritime folklore around the time of European contact with the Americas held that frigatebirds were birds of good omen as their presence meant land was near.


title: The Good Place (season 4)

text: The fourth and final season of the fantasy comedy television series "The Good Place", created by Michael Schur, was ordered by NBC on December 4, 2018. The season premiered on September 26, 2019, and consisted of 14 episodes.


title: The Good Place (season 4)

text: The series focuses on Eleanor Shellstrop (Kristen Bell), a deceased young woman who wakes up in the afterlife and is welcomed by Michael (Ted Danson) to "the Good Place" in reward for her righteous life; however, she eventually discovers that Michael's "Good Place" is a hoax, and she is actually in the "Bad Place", to be psychologically and emotionally tortured by her fellow afterlife residents. Eleanor and Michael claim that "the points system" for assigning humans to the Good Place or Bad Place is fundamentally flawed; in the real world, assigning a certain action as categorically Good or Bad is practically impossible due to unintended consequences. In the fourth season, they are given a chance to prove their hypothesis. They design an experiment meant to demonstrate that humans in a simulated Good Place can show moral development. One of the experiment subjects is Eleanor's boyfriend, Chidi (William Jackson Harper), who has volunteered to have his memory erased to preserve the integrity of the experiment. Jameela Jamil, Manny Jacinto, and D'Arcy Carden also star as Eleanor and Michael's friends and collaborators in the experiment. Each of the episodes is listed as "Chapter (xx)" following the opening title card; the final episode is listed as "The Final Chapter".


title: The Good Place (season 4)

text: An hour-long retrospective, "The Paley Center Salutes The Good Place", aired on September 19, 2019, featuring interviews with cast members and series creator Michael Schur; the special received 1.25 million viewers. A special featuring the six main cast members and hosted by Seth Meyers followed the 75 minute series finale on January 30, 2020; the special received 1.93 million viewers.


title: The Good Place (season 4)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the fourth season has a rating of 100%, based on 25 reviews, with an average rating of 8.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "A wild philosophical ride to the very end, "The Good Place" brings it home with a forking good final season."


title: The Good Place (season 4)

text: At the 72nd Primetime Emmy Awards, the series received six nominations–Outstanding Comedy Series, Ted Danson for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series, D'Arcy Carden for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series, William Jackson Harper for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series, Maya Rudolph for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series, and Michael Schur for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for the series finale "Whenever You're Ready".


title: The Good Place (season 4)

text: "Whenever You're Ready" won the 2021 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form and the Ray Bradbury Nebula Award for Outstanding Drama Presentation.


title: Deepfake pornography

text: Deepfake pornography, or simply fake pornography, is a type of synthetic porn that is created via altering already-existing pornographic material by applying deepfake technology to the faces of the actor or actress. Deepfake porn has been very controversial, as it has been commonly used to place the faces of female celebrities onto porn performers' bodies, with the image of both being typically used without their consent.


title: Deepfake pornography

text: Deepfake pornography prominently surfaced on the Internet in 2017, particularly on Reddit. The first one that captured attention was the Daisy Ridley deepfake, which was featured in several articles. Other prominent pornographic deepfakes were of various other celebrities. A report published in October 2019 by Dutch cybersecurity startup Deeptrace estimated that 96% of all deepfakes online were pornographic.


title: Deepfake pornography

text: In December 2017, Samantha Cole published an article about r/deepfakes in "Vice" that drew the first mainstream attention to deepfakes being shared in online communities. Six weeks later, Cole wrote in a follow-up article about the large increase in AI-assisted fake pornography. Since 2017, Samantha Cole of Vice has published a series of articles covering news surrounding deepfake pornography.


title: Deepfake pornography

text: Since then, multiple social media outlets have banned or made efforts to restrict deepfake pornography. Most notably, the r/deepfakes subreddit on Reddit was banned on February 7, 2018, due to the policy violation of "involuntary pornography". In the same month, representatives from Twitter stated that they would suspend accounts suspected of posting non-consensual deepfake content.


title: Deepfake pornography

text: Scarlett Johansson, a frequent subject of deepfake porn, spoke publicly about the subject to "The Washington Post" in December 2018. In a prepared statement, she expressed that despite concerns, she would not attempt to remove any of her deepfakes, due to her belief that they do not affect her public image and that differing laws across countries and the nature of internet culture make any attempt to remove the deepfakes "a lost cause". While celebrities like herself are protected by their fame, however, she believes that deepfakes pose a grave threat to women of lesser prominence who could have their reputations damaged by depiction in involuntary deepfake pornography or revenge porn.


title: Deepfake pornography

text: In June 2019, a downloadable Windows and Linux application called DeepNude was released which used neural networks, specifically generative adversarial networks, to remove clothing from images of women. The app had both a paid and unpaid version, the paid version costing $50. On June 27, the creators removed the application and refunded consumers, although various copies of the app, both free and for charge, continue to exist. On GitHub, the open-source version of this program called "open-deepnude" was deleted. The open-source version had the advantage of allowing to be trained on a larger dataset of nude images to increase the resulting nude image's accuracy level.


title: Deepfake pornography

text: Deepfake technology has made the creation of child sexual abuse material (CSAM), also often referenced to as child pornography, faster, safer and easier than it has ever been. Deepfakes can be used to produce new CSAM from already existing material or creating CSAM from children who have not been subjected to sexual abuse. Deepfake CSAM can however have real and direct implications on children including defamation, grooming, extortion, and bullying. Additionally, deepfake child pornography produces further hurdles for police making criminal investigations and victim identification harder.


title: Deepfake pornography

text: Deepfake pornography software can be misused to create pseudo revenge porn on an individual, which can be deemed a form of harassment.


title: Deepfake pornography

text: Currently the footage produced by software such as DeepNude is still far from sophisticated enough to be indistinguishable from real footage under forensic analysis.


title: Deepfake pornography

text: In February 2018, r/deepfakes was banned by Reddit for sharing involuntary pornography. Other websites have also banned the use of deepfakes for involuntary pornography, including the social media platform Twitter and the pornography site Pornhub. However, some websites have not banned deepfake content, including 4chan and 8chan.


title: Deepfake pornography

text: Also in February 2018, Pornhub said that it would ban deepfake videos on its website because it is considered "non consensual content" which violates their terms of service. They also stated previously to Mashable that they will take down content flagged as deepfakes. In a 2018 article, writers from Motherboard reported that searching "deepfakes" on Pornhub still returned multiple recent deepfake videos.


title: Deepfake pornography

text: The chat site Discord has taken action against deepfakes in the past, and has taken a general stance against deepfakes. In September 2018, Google added "involuntary synthetic pornographic imagery" to its ban list, allowing anyone to request the block of results depicting their fake nudes.


title: Enteritis

text: Enteritis is inflammation of the small intestine. It is most commonly caused by food or drink contaminated with pathogenic microbes, such as "serratia", but may have other causes such as NSAIDs, radiation therapy as well as autoimmune conditions like Crohn's disease and celiac disease. Symptoms include abdominal pain, cramping, diarrhea, dehydration, and fever. Related diseases of the gastrointestinal system include inflammation of the stomach and large intestine.


title: Enteritis

text: Duodenitis, jejunitis and ileitis are subtypes of enteritis which are localised to a specific part of the small intestine. Inflammation of both the stomach and small intestine is referred to as gastroenteritis.


title: Enteritis

text: Signs and symptoms of enteritis are highly variable and vary based on the specific cause and other factors such as individual variance and stage of disease.


title: Enteritis

text: Symptoms may include abdominal pain, cramping, diarrhea, dehydration, fever, nausea, vomiting and weight loss.


title: Enteritis

text: Crohn's disease – also known as regional enteritis, it can occur along any surface of the gastrointestinal tract. In 40% of cases, it is limited to the small intestine.


title: Enteritis

text: Eosinophilic enteropathy – a condition where eosinophils build up in the gastrointestinal tract and blood vessels, leading to polyp formation, necrosis, inflammation and ulcers. It is most commonly seen in patients with a history of atopy, however is overall relatively uncommon.


title: Enteritis

text: In Germany, 90% of cases of infectious enteritis are caused by four pathogens, Norovirus, Rotavirus, "Campylobacter" and "Salmonella". Other common causes of infectious enteritis include bacteria such as "Shigella" and "E. coli," as well as viruses such as adenovirus, astrovirus and calicivirus. Other less common pathogens include "Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium difficile" and "Staphylococcus aureus".


title: Enteritis

text: "Campylobacter jejuni" is one of the most common sources of infectious enteritis, and the most common bacterial pathogen found in 2 year old and smaller children with diarrhoea. It has been linked to consumption of contaminated water and food, most commonly poultry and milk. The disease tends to be less severe in developing countries, due to the constant exposure which people have with the antigen in the environment, leading to early development of antibodies.


title: Enteritis

text: Rotavirus is responsible for infecting 140 million people and causing 1 million deaths each year, mostly in children younger than 5 years. This makes it the most common cause of severe childhood diarrhoea and diarrhea-related deaths in the world. It selectively targets mature enterocytes in the small intestine, causing malabsorption, as well as inducing secretion of water. It has also been observed to cause villus ischemia, and increase intestinal motility. The net result of these changes is induced diarrhoea.


title: Enteritis

text: Enteritis necroticans is an often fatal illness, caused by β-toxin of "Clostridium perfringens". This causes inflammation and segments of necrosis throughout the gastrointestinal tract. It is most common in developing countries, however has also been documented in post-World War II Germany. Risk factors for enteritis necroticans include decreased trypsin activity, which prevent intestinal degradation of the toxin, and reduced intestinal motility, which increases likelihood of toxin accumulation.


title: Enteritis

text: Ischemic enteritis is uncommon compared to ischemic colitis due to the highly vascularised nature of the small intestine, allowing for sufficient blood flow in most situations. It develops due to circulatory shock of mesenteric vessels in the absence of major vessel occlusion, often associated with an underlying condition such as hypertension, arrhythmia or diabetes. Thus it has been considered to be associated with atherosclerosis. Surgical treatment is usually required due to the likelihood of stenosis or complete occlusion of the small intestine. Ischemic damage can range from mucosal infarction, which is limited only to the mucosa; mural infarction of the mucosa and underlying submucosa; to transmural infarction of the full thickness of the gastrointestinal wall. Mucosal and mural infarcts in and of themselves may not be fatal, however may progress further to a transmural infarct. This has the potential for perforation of the wall, leading to peritonitis.


title: Enteritis

text: Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract is common after treatment with radiation therapy to the abdomen or pelvis. It is classified as early if it manifests within the first 3 months, and delayed if it manifests 3 months after treatment. Early radiation enteritis is caused by cell death of the crypt epithelium and subsequent mucosal inflammation, however usually subsides after the course of radiation therapy is completed. Delayed radiation enteritis is a chronic disease which has a complex pathogenesis involving changes in the majority of the intestinal wall.


title: Enteritis

text: Diagnosis may be simple in cases where the patient's signs and symptoms are idiopathic to a specific cause. However, this is generally not the case, considering that many pathogens which cause enteritis may exhibit similar symptoms, especially early in the disease. In particular, "campylobacter, shigella, salmonella" and many other bacteria induce acute self-limited colitis, an inflammation of the lining of the colon which appears similar under the microscope.


title: Enteritis

text: A medical history, physical examination and tests such as blood counts, stool cultures, CT scans, MRIs, PCRs, colonoscopies and upper endoscopies may be used in order to perform a differential diagnosis. A biopsy may be required to obtain a sample for histopathology.


title: Enteritis

text: Mild cases usually do not require treatment and will go away after a few days in healthy people. In cases where symptoms persist or when it is more severe, specific treatments based on the initial cause may be required.


title: Enteritis

text: In cases where diarrhea is present, replenishing fluids lost is recommended, and in cases with prolonged or severe diarrhoea which persists, intravenous rehydration therapy or antibiotics may be required. A simple oral rehydration therapy (ORS) can be made by dissolving one teaspoon of salt, eight teaspoons of sugar and the juice of an orange into one litre of clean water. Studies have shown the efficacy of antibiotics in reducing the duration of the symptoms of infectious enteritis of bacterial origin, however antibiotic treatments are usually not required due to the self-limiting duration of infectious enteritis.


title: Enteritis

text: The word "enteritis" () uses combining forms of "entero-" and "-itis", both New Latin from Greek, respectively from ἑντερον ("enteron", small intestine) and -ιτις ("-itis", inflammation).


title: Bhairon Singh Shekhawat

text: Bhairon Singh Shekhawat (23 October 1923 – 15 May 2010) was the 11th vice president of India. He served in that position from August 2002, when he was elected to a five-year term by the electoral college following the death of Krishan Kant, until he resigned on 21 July 2007, after losing the presidential election to Pratibha Patil. Bhairon Singh Shekhawat was a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He served as the Chief Minister of Rajasthan three times, from 1977 to 1980, 1990 to 1992 and 1993 to 1998. He represented several constituencies in Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha from 1952 to 2002. He was also awarded Padma Bhushan in the year 2003.


title: Bhairon Singh Shekhawat

text: He was born in 1923 to a Rajput family in the village of Khachriyawas, then in Sikar district, Rajputana Agency, British India. His father Devi Singh was a farmer of the village and his mother, Bane Kanwar was a housewife. He was very good in studies and completed high school but was unable to complete college due to his father’s death. He had to support his family. He worked as a farmer and an officer sub-inspector of police. After working in Police Department for few years he saw his interest in the politics and joined Bharatiya Jana Sangh in 1950. In the year 1952, he resigned from the position of Police Inspector to contest Elections in Rajasthan Legislative Assembly.


title: Bhairon Singh Shekhawat

text: Referred to as "Rajasthan ka ek hi Singh" (The only lion of Rajasthan) or "Babosa" (Head of the family of Rajasthan) and affectionately as Bhairon Baba, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat entered politics in 1952. In 1952 he was MLA from Ramgarh, in 1957 from Sri Madhopur, 1962 and 1967 he was MLA from Kisan Pol. In 1972 elections he lost but in 1973 he was elected to Rajya Sabha from Madhya Pradesh. In 1975 during emergency he was arrested and sent to Rohtak jail. He remains the only Non-Congress politician to be the Chief minister of Rajasthan 3 times and was the first Vice President of India from BJP.


title: Bhairon Singh Shekhawat

text: After emergency in 1977 he became MLA from Chhabra as Janata Party candidate. In that year the Janata Party won 151 of the 200 seats in the state assembly elections of Rajasthan and Shekhawat took over as the first non Congress Chief Minister of Rajasthan in 1977. His government was dismissed by Indira Gandhi in 1980.


title: Bhairon Singh Shekhawat

text: In 1980, Shekhawat joined the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and became MLA again from Chabda and was leader of opposition. In 1985, he was MLA from Nimbahera. However, in 1989 an alliance between the BJP and the Janata Dal won all 25 of the Rajasthan seats in the Lok Sabha and also 138 seats (BJP:84+Janata Dal:54) in the 1990 elections to the Ninth Rajasthan Legislative Assembly. Shekhawat once again became Chief Minister of Rajasthan and was MLA from Dholpur. His government was dismissed in 1992 and President's rule imposed.


title: Bhairon Singh Shekhawat

text: In the next elections, in 1993, Shekhawat led the BJP to be the single largest party, winning 96 seats. He himself contested from two seats, becoming MLA from Bali, but he lost from Ganganagar seat where he finished third and Congress candidate Radheshyam Ganganagar won. Three BJP-supported independents also won seats and other independents who supported the BJP took its total to 116. And Shekhawat became Chief Minister of Rajasthan for third time.


title: Bhairon Singh Shekhawat

text: In 1998, Shekhawat was elected from Bali again but the BJP lost power and Shekhawat became Leader of Opposition in the legislative assembly. Shekhawat won every election to the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly, except in 1972 when he lost from Gandhi Nagar in Jaipur, and in Ganganagar he lost in 1993 and Congress leader Radheshyam Ganganagar won. .


title: Bhairon Singh Shekhawat

text: In the 1999 general elections, he had recommended the BJP to give Prem Singh Rathore from Hyderabad , a close friend a ticket from Maharajganj(now goshamahal)and helped him win his elections and established strong BJP presence in Andhra Region.


title: Bhairon Singh Shekhawat

text: Shekhawat was elected as the Vice-President of India in 2002, when he defeated the opposition candidate, Sushil Kumar Shinde by a margin of 149 votes out of the 750 votes polled.


title: Bhairon Singh Shekhawat

text: In July 2007, Shekhawat fought the Presidential election as an independent candidate backed by National Democratic Alliance as a popular Presidential candidate next to A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; but lost to the United Progressive Alliance-Left backed candidate Pratibha Patil. He became the first vice-president to lose presidential election. Following this defeat, Shekhawat resigned from the post of Vice-President on 21 July 2007.


title: Bhairon Singh Shekhawat

text: Shekhawat played the most crucial role in removing Sati (practice) from Rajasthan as a part of their culture, especially among Rajput community. At the time of 1987 when a 18 years old girl 'Roop Kanwar' was burnt as Sati, then the matter came in controversy. Then at that time without thinking about his votebank, he put a total ban on this practice.


title: Bhairon Singh Shekhawat

text: Shekhawat started the "Antyoday Yojna" scheme, which was intended to uplift the poorest of the poor. The chairman of the World Bank, Robert McNamara, referred to him as the Rockefeller of India.


title: Bhairon Singh Shekhawat

text: Shekhawat was also known for his control over bureaucracy and the police. He had involvement in policies designed to improve literacy and industrialisation in Rajasthan, as well as tourism centred on the themes of heritage, wildlife and villages. He was also lauded by both, national and international leaders for his historic conduct of the Rajya Sabha.


title: Bhairon Singh Shekhawat

text: Bhairon Singh Shekhawat succumbed to cancer and other related health problems, and died on 15 May 2010 at the Sawai Man Singh Hospital in Jaipur. He was cremated the next day, at a plot of land provided by the government of Rajasthan, where his memorial is now built. His funeral was attended by thousands of people. He was survived by his wife, Suraj Kanwar and his only daughter, Ratan Rajvi who is married to BJP leader Narpat Singh Rajvi.


title: Bhairon Singh Shekhawat

text: His wife, Suraj Kanwar (1927 - 2013), died on 9 March 2013 at the age of 86 and was cremated at Shekhawat's memorial as per her last wish.


title: Kentucky Route Zero

text: Kentucky Route Zero is a point-and-click adventure game developed by Cardboard Computer and published by Annapurna Interactive. The game was first revealed in 2011 via the crowdfunding platform Kickstarter and is separated into five acts that were released sporadically throughout its development; the first releasing in January 2013 and the last releasing in January 2020. The game was developed for Linux, Windows, and macOS, with console ports for the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One under the subtitle of "TV Edition", coinciding with the release of the final act. The game was released for Android and iOS on December 13, 2022 in partnership with Netflix.


title: Kentucky Route Zero

text: "Kentucky Route Zero" follows the narrative of a truck driver named Conway and the strange people he meets as he tries to cross the mysterious Route Zero in Kentucky to make a final delivery for the antiques company for which he works. The game received acclaim for its visual art, narrative, characterization, atmosphere and themes, appearing on several best-of-the-decade lists.


title: Kentucky Route Zero

text: "Kentucky Route Zero" is a point and click game that contains text-driven dialogue. There are no traditional puzzles or challenges, with the focus of the game being story-telling and atmosphere. The player controls Conway by clicking on the screen, either to guide him to another location, or interact with other characters and objects. The player also has the choice to choose Conway's dialogue, and occasionally the dialogue of other characters, during in-game conversations. The game is separated into various locations, between which Conway can travel using his truck. A map is shown when traveling on the road, and the player must guide the truck icon to the destination of their choosing, mostly areas where the player has been pointed or sent out to go. The player also takes control of other characters at certain times.


title: Kentucky Route Zero

text: Conway, a truck driver, works as a delivery man for an antique shop owned by a woman named Lysette. Being hired to make a delivery to 5 Dogwood Drive, Conway travels the roads around Interstate 65 in Kentucky to locate the address, accompanied by his dog, whose name is chosen by the player. After searching around, Conway elaborates that he is lost and stops off by a gas station, Equus Oils.


title: Kentucky Route Zero

text: Conway arrives in the Equus Oils station and meets an old man named Joseph, who is the owner of the establishment. Joseph informs Conway that the only way to arrive at Dogwood Drive is by taking the mysterious Route Zero, and then tasks him to fix the circuit breaker to restore power in the station and use the computer to locate directions. Conway goes underneath the station and meets three people who are playing a strange game and ignore him completely. He is able to retrieve their lost 20-sided die but soon notices their disappearance afterwards, clearing a way to fix the electricity. When asking Joseph about the strange people who disappeared, he suggests Conway may have been hallucinating. Conway uses the computer to locate the directions of the Márquez Farm to talk to Weaver Márquez, who has a better understanding of the roads. As Conway leaves, Joseph tells him that he loaded a TV into the back of the truck to take to Weaver. Conway drives to the Márquez residence and meets Weaver. Weaver quizzically asks Conway a number of questions and Conway finally asks her about directions to Route Zero. She has Conway set up the TV and when Conway looks into the screen, he sees the vision of a strange farm and spaces out. When he wakes, Weaver informs him of her cousin Shannon who fixes TVs and gives him the directions to Route Zero, and suddenly disappears.


title: Kentucky Route Zero

text: When arriving at the destination, Conway finds the area to actually be an abandoned mine shaft called Elkhorn Mine. He locates Shannon Márquez, who has been exploring the mines in search of something she has lost. Conway decides to help Shannon travel deeper into the mine, and begins toying with a PA system to test the depth and length of the tunnels. Unfortunately, the sound waves cause a portion of the mine to collapse. Conway injures his leg from falling rubble, and Shannon uses a track to help them travel through the mine. While exploring the mine, Shannon reveals the mine's tragic history, involving the deaths of many miners due to flooding. If the lamplight is turned off during the travel, ghostly visions of miners can be seen wandering the caves. Before exiting the mines, Shannon leaves Conway and travels a bit farther down the mine shaft, and comes across a heap of miner helmets. She comes back quickly without explaining anything. Conway and Shannon travel to Shannon's workshop, and then back to the Márquez Farm, where Shannon reveals that the Márquez family's debts had caused Weaver to flee. As Shannon attempts to fix the old TV, Conway looks in again. This time the picture of the farm begins to warp and separate, causing the screen to create an image of the opening to Route Zero and the truck driving down it.


title: Kentucky Route Zero

text: Act II opens with a prelude in which Lula Chamberlain, an installation artist whose work is featured in the "Kentucky Route Zero" bonus content "Limits & Demonstrations", receives a rejection notice from the Gaston Trust for Imagined Architecture. After reading this notice, Chamberlain sorts through a series of proposals for reclaiming spaces for purposes alternate to their current function, such as a proposal to reclaim a basketball court as a dog kennel.


title: Kentucky Route Zero

text: Following the prelude, the focus returns to Conway, Shannon, and Conway's dog. The three arrive at a six-story building known as the Bureau of Reclaimed Spaces. In the lobby they are told that in order to receive directions to Dogwood Drive they must first obtain an ingestion notice from within the Bureau. The receptionist suggests they seek out Lula Chamberlain, currently the Bureau's senior clerk. After a series of bureaucratic misdirections, the three manage to meet with Lula. She informs them that the directions to Dogwood Drive are at an off-site storage facility within an old church. Additionally she suggests Conway should seek out Doctor Truman for treatment of his injured leg. At the storage facility Conway chats about hobbies with the caretaker of the building and listens to a prerecorded sermon on the virtue of hard work while Shannon finds the record they are seeking. As they leave the building Conway collapses from his injury, hallucinating about Elkhorn Mine, and Shannon decides their first priority should be to find Doctor Truman and obtain treatment.


title: Kentucky Route Zero

text: Upon their return, the receptionist at the Bureau tells the group that Doctor Truman can be found at his house off the highway. The group leaves Route Zero and goes back above ground in search of Doctor Truman. Arriving at the site, the group discovers that the doctor's house has been torn down and replaced with a museum—the Museum of Dwellings. While searching the museum, they encounter a young boy named Ezra, who claims his brother is Julian, a giant eagle. Ezra tells them the Doctor now lives in the Forest, and offers to fly them using Julian. The group accepts and after traveling through the strange illusory forest, lands in the woods. As Conway's condition worsens, Shannon helps him continue, and finally locates Doctor Truman's house. Doctor Truman tells Conway his injury is severe but treatable, and prescribes him an anesthetic called Neurypnol TM. Act II ends as Conway succumbs to the drug, causing his vision to grow black and the walls of the house to pull away to reveal the forest beyond.


title: Kentucky Route Zero

text: The Act opens with Conway dreaming of a previous conversation he had with Lysette. The two recall a tragic event involving Charlie, Lysette's son, and Lysette informs Conway of a new delivery to be made, which will be the last delivery of Lysette's antique shop. Conway awakens from the Neurypnol TM-induced sleep at Doctor Truman's house to find his injured leg replaced with a strange skeletal limb giving off a yellow glow. After returning to the Museum of Dwellings to find it closed for the night, Conway, Shannon and Ezra resume their search for Lula Chamberlain in Conway's truck. The three are quickly stopped again, however, after the truck's engine breaks down. While Shannon calls for a tow truck, two musicians, Johnny and Junebug, pass the group on a motorcycle with a sidecar, and after some discussion decide to help the group get the truck moving again in exchange for following them to the Lower Depths bar to watch their performance. The group agrees, traveling to the Lower Depths and talking with Harry, the bartender, who gives directions back to Route Zero. After their performance, Johnny and Junebug decide to accompany Conway, Shannon and Ezra on their travels.


title: Kentucky Route Zero

text: Upon returning to Route Zero, the group comes across a large cave dominated by a rock spire, known as the Hall of the Mountain King. There they find various types of vintage electronics in many states of disrepair, including a large amount set on fire. They come across an old man named Donald who appears fixated on a grand computer project involving a "mold computer" that is enhanced by black mold growing inside it, as well as a piece of software designed as a comprehensive simulation called Xanadu. Donald claims that Lula was one of the people who designed Xanadu along with him, and that she had left a long time ago, but that there may be a way to find her using Xanadu. However, as Xanadu is not working correctly after an apparent sabotage from creatures Donald calls the Strangers, the group must travel to the Place Where the Strangers Come From in order to seek out their help. Conway and Shannon talk to the Strangers off-screen and, after returning with the solution, travel back with the group to the Hall of the Mountain King and fix Xanadu, using it to locate Lula. With Donald's help, she finds directions to Dogwood Drive, and tells the group to meet her at the Bureau of Reclaimed Spaces.


title: Kentucky Route Zero

text: After arriving at the Bureau, Conway receives Lula's directions, which involve taking a ferry from the Bureau down a river. While waiting for the ferry, Conway reveals what happened while he was talking with the Strangers - he and Shannon had gone via a hidden elevator to an underground whiskey distillery staffed by odd, indistinct glowing skeletons, identical in appearance to Conway's new leg. While at the factory, Conway is mistaken for a new hire as a shipping truck driver and coerced into taking a drink of a very expensive whiskey, and is subsequently roped into a job driving trucks for the distillery to pay it off. Act III ends with the ferry arriving.


title: Kentucky Route Zero

text: Act IV takes place on and around The Mucky Mammoth tugboat ferry, as it goes around the underground river known as the Echo. Conway, Shannon, Ezra, Johnny, and Junebug continue downriver on the Echo with boat captain Cate, her assistant Will, and a passenger named Clara who plays the theremin. They make several short stops along the way - at a floating refueling station, a tiki bar called the Rum Colony, a waterside telephone booth, a psychological research facility called the Radvansky Center, and a cypress-covered island rich with edible mushrooms. Cate needs to deliver a package to a telephone exchange located in a flooded train tunnel, but the tugboat cannot pass through the area without disturbing a bat sanctuary, so Conway and Shannon agree to take a dinghy to reach the exchange station. They pass by a monument to the Elkhorn Mine disaster and then through the bat sanctuary. Conway, who has been drinking and whose behavior had become increasingly erratic, sees a boat full of glowing skeletons, similar to those at the whiskey distillery, and remarks that he's been seeing them repeatedly on the river journey. He tells Shannon he wants to take the job at the distillery and pass his delivery truck on to her; she is disturbed by his plan. Shannon delivers the package to Poppy, the lone remaining exchange operator, and when she turns around to re-board the dinghy, she finds that Conway has turned completely into a skeleton, and has boarded a skiff with two other skeletons, departing with them.


title: Kentucky Route Zero

text: Shannon continues down the river alone on the dinghy and rendezvouses with the rest of the Mucky Mammoth passengers and crew at Sam & Ida's, a seafood restaurant. They eat and converse with the proprietors, then travel to a neighborhood of houseboats, where Clara gives a performance on theremin. Their last stop is the Silo of Late Reflections, where Shannon, Clara, Johnny, Junebug, and Ezra all disembark and unload Conway's truck. There is no clear path to get the truck from the Silo up to the surface; nevertheless, Shannon resolves to continue trying to make Conway's delivery to Dogwood Drive.


title: Kentucky Route Zero

text: Act V begins after Shannon and her traveling companions have hauled all of the contents of Conway's truck to the top of the Silo of Late Reflections, which turns out to be a well at the center of an effigy mound in a small town. This town is the location of 5 Dogwood Drive – the house stands new and pristine, though the remaining the town was washed out by a flash flood that occurred while the characters were underground on Route Zero and the Echo River. The travelers meet and converse with the residents of this town, and learn about its history and landmarks, including a graveyard, a library, a waffle restaurant, a hangar and airstrip, and a public-access television station. Both the travelers and the residents weigh whether they will try to stay and rebuild the community, or leave in hopes of better lives. One of the residents, Ron, digs a grave to bury "The Neighbors", two horses that were fixtures of town life and who died in the flood. An impromptu ceremony is held in honor of the horses; town resident Nikki reads a poem, and Emily sings a song, "I'm Going That Way". The final view is of Shannon and the group having moved the items from Conway's truck into 5 Dogwood Drive, completing his delivery, and gathering in the house.


title: Kentucky Route Zero

text: In the early stages of development the developers were influenced by the works of Gabriel García Márquez, Flannery O'Connor and David Lynch. They also looked at theatre scripts for inspiration, which later helped in characterisation, dialogue, environment design and treatment of space, lighting and movement. It was developed using the Unity game engine.


title: Kentucky Route Zero

text: The game was originally released for Linux, Windows, OS X, with console ports for the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, published by Annapurna Interactive under the subtitle of "TV Edition", coinciding with the release of the final act. The final act's update also included short interludes created during development, as well as audio captions, adjustable text scale, Steam achievements and localizations for French, Italian, German, Spanish, Russian, Korean and Japanese.


title: Kentucky Route Zero

text: "Kentucky Route Zero" has received positive reviews from critics. "GameSpot" referred to it as being "beautiful and mysterious enough to grip you", and "IGN" called it "a damn fine example of what makes the medium of video games so special". "PC Gamer" stated that "Other adventures see you decide a character's fate, their successes or failures. "Kentucky Route Zero" makes a point of asking you to describe their interior instead – and, by extension, yourself as well ... A powerfully evocative and beautiful subversion of point-and-click rote, but occasionally opaque and disorienting." "The A.V. Club" noted that "KRZ really is the masterpiece critics have been lauding it as for years" and that "anyone with an interest in storytelling, existential mysteries, and the way art can reflect our poor and hollowed world should play it".


title: Kentucky Route Zero

text: "Rock, Paper, Shotgun" named "Kentucky Route Zero" game of the year in 2013. The game has been included on several best-of-the-2010s lists.


title: Kentucky Route Zero

text: It was nominated for Games For Impact at The Game Awards 2020 and for the 2021 Nebula Award for Best Game Writing. "Kentucky Route Zero: TV Edition" was nominated for the Narrative award and won the Original Property award at the 2021 BAFTA Games Awards.


title: Short ton

text: The short ton (symbol tn) is a measurement unit equal to . It is commonly used in the United States, where it is known simply as a ton, although the term is ambiguous, the single word being variously used for short, long, and metric ton.


title: Short ton

text: The various tons are defined as units of mass. They are sometimes used as units of weight, the force exerted by a mass at standard gravity (e.g., short ton-force). One short ton exerts a weight at one standard gravity of 2,000 pound-force (lbf).


title: Short ton

text: In the United States, a short ton is usually known simply as a "ton", without distinguishing it from the tonne (), known there as the "metric ton", or the long ton also known as the "imperial ton" (). There are, however, some U.S. applications where unspecified "tons" normally mean long tons (for example, naval ships) or metric tons (world grain production figures).


title: Short ton

text: Both the long and short ton are defined as 20 hundredweights, but a hundredweight is in the US system (short or net hundredweight) and in the imperial system (long or gross hundredweight).


title: Luke Kelly

text: Luke Kelly (17 November 1940 – 30 January 1984) was an Irish singer, folk musician and actor from Dublin, Ireland. Born into a working-class household in Dublin city, Kelly moved to England in his late teens and by his early 20s had become involved in a folk music revival. Returning to Dublin in the 1960s, he is noted as a founding member of the band The Dubliners in 1962. Known for his distinctive singing style, and sometimes political messages, the "Irish Post" and other commentators have regarded Kelly as one of Ireland's greatest folk singers.


title: Luke Kelly

text: Luke Kelly was born into a working class family in Sheriff Street, Dublin. His maternal grandmother, who emigrated to Ireland from Scotland, lived with the Kelly family until her death in 1953. Kelly's father, who was also named Luke, was wounded as a child when a detachment of soldiers from the King's Own Scottish Borderers opened fire on a Dublin crowd on 26 July 1914 in what became known as the Bachelor's Walk massacre. He was taken to Jervis Street Hospital with a bullet wound to the lung and, although not expected to recover, he overcame his injuries.


title: Luke Kelly

text: After growing up, Kelly's father worked for most of his adult life at a Jacob's biscuit factory and enjoyed playing football. The elder Luke was a keen singer: Luke junior's brother Paddy later recalled that "he had this talent... to sing negro spirituals by people like Paul Robeson, we used to sit around and join in — that was our entertainment". After Dublin Corporation demolished Lattimore Cottages in 1942, the Kellys became the first family to move into the St. Laurence O’Toole flats, where Luke spent the bulk of his childhood, although the family were forced to move by a fire in 1953 and settled in the Whitehall area. Both Luke and Paddy played club Gaelic football and soccer as children.


title: Luke Kelly

text: Kelly left school at thirteen and after a number of years of odd-jobbing, he went to England in 1958. Working at steel fixing with his brother Paddy on a building site in Wolverhampton, he was apparently sacked after asking for higher pay. He worked a number of odd jobs, including a period as a vacuum cleaner salesman. Describing himself as a beatnik, he travelled Northern England in search of work, summarising his life in this period as "cleaning lavatories, cleaning windows, cleaning railways, but very rarely cleaning my face".


title: Luke Kelly

text: Kelly had been interested in music during his teenage years: he regularly attended céilithe with his sister Mona and listened to American vocalists including: Fats Domino, Al Jolson, Frank Sinatra and Perry Como. He also had an interest in theatre and musicals, being involved with the staging of plays by Dublin's Marian Arts Society.


title: Luke Kelly

text: The first folk club he came across was in the Bridge Hotel, Newcastle upon Tyne in early 1960. Having already acquired the use of a banjo, he started memorising songs. In Leeds he brought his banjo to sessions in McReady's pub. The folk revival was under way in England: at the centre of it was Ewan MacColl who scripted a radio programme called "Ballads and Blues". A revival in the skiffle genre also injected a certain energy into folk singing at the time.


title: Luke Kelly

text: Kelly started busking. On a trip home he went to a "fleadh cheoil" in Milltown Malbay on the advice of Johnny Moynihan. He listened to recordings of Woody Guthrie and Pete Seeger. He also developed his political convictions which, as Ronnie Drew pointed out after his death, he stuck to throughout his life. As Drew also pointed out, he "learned to sing with perfect diction".


title: Luke Kelly

text: Kelly befriended Sean Mulready in Birmingham and lived in his home for a period. Mulready was a teacher who was forced from his job in Dublin because of his communist beliefs. Mulready had strong music links; a sister, Kathleen Moynihan was a founder member of Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann, and he was related by marriage to Festy Conlon, the County Galway whistle player. Mulready's brother-in-law, Ned Stapleton, taught Kelly "The Rocky Road to Dublin". During this period he studied literature and politics under the tutelage of Mulready, his wife Mollie, and Marxist classicist George Derwent Thomson: Kelly later stated that his interest in music grew parallel to his interest in politics.


title: Luke Kelly

text: Kelly bought his first banjo, which had five strings and a long neck, and played it in the style of Pete Seeger and Tommy Makem. At the same time, Kelly began a habit of reading, and also began playing golf on one of Birmingham's municipal courses. He got involved in the Jug O'Punch folk club run by Ian Campbell. He befriended Dominic Behan and they performed in folk clubs and Irish pubs from London to Glasgow. In London pubs, like "The Favourite", he would hear street singer Margaret Barry and musicians in exile like Roger Sherlock, Seamus Ennis, Bobby Casey and Mairtín Byrnes.


title: Luke Kelly

text: Luke Kelly was by now active in the Connolly Association, a left-wing grouping strongest among the emigres in England, and he also joined the Young Communist League: he toured Irish pubs playing his set and selling the Connolly Association's newspaper "The Irish Democrat". By 1962 George Derwent Thomson had offered him the opportunity to further his educational and political development by attending university in Prague. However, Kelly turned down the offer in favour of pursuing his career in folk music. He was also to start frequenting Ewan MacColl and Peggy Seeger's Singer Club in London.


title: Luke Kelly

text: In 1961 there was a revival or "ballad boom", as it was later termed, in waiting in Ireland. The Abbey Tavern sessions in Howth were the forerunner to sessions in the Hollybrook, Clontarf, the International Bar and the Grafton Cinema. Luke Kelly returned to Dublin in 1962. O'Donoghue's Pub was already established as a session house and soon Kelly was singing with, among others, Ronnie Drew and Barney McKenna. Other early people playing at O'Donoghues included The Fureys, father and sons, John Keenan and Sean Og McKenna, Johnny Moynihan, Andy Irvine, Seamus Ennis, Willy Clancy and Mairtin Byrnes.


title: Luke Kelly

text: A concert John Molloy organised in the Hibernian Hotel led to his "Ballad Tour of Ireland" with the Ronnie Drew Ballad Group (billed in one town as the Ronnie Drew "Ballet" Group). This tour led to the Abbey Tavern and the Royal Marine Hotel and then to jam-packed sessions in the Embankment, Tallaght. Ciarán Bourke joined the group, followed later by John Sheahan. They renamed themselves The Dubliners at Kelly's suggestion, as he was reading James Joyce's book of short stories, entitled "Dubliners", at the time. Kelly was the leading vocalist for the group's eponymous debut album in 1964, which included his rendition of "The Rocky Road to Dublin". Barney McKenna later noted that Kelly was the only singer he'd heard sing it to the rhythm it was played on the fiddle.


title: Luke Kelly

text: In 1964 Luke Kelly left the group for nearly two years and was replaced by Bobby Lynch and John Sheahan. Kelly went with Deirdre O'Connell, founder of the Focus Theatre, whom he was to marry the following year, back to London and became involved in Ewan MacColl's "gathering". The Critics, as it was called, was formed to explore folk traditions and help young singers. During this period he retained his political commitments, becoming increasingly active in the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. Kelly also met and befriended Michael O'Riordan, the General Secretary of the Irish Workers' Party, and the two developed a "personal-political friendship". Kelly endorsed O'Riordan for election, and held a rally in his name during campaigning in 1965. In 1965, he sang 'The Rocky Road to Dublin' with Liam Clancy on his first, self-titled solo album.


title: Luke Kelly

text: Bobby Lynch left The Dubliners, John Sheahan and Kelly rejoined. They recorded an album in the Gate Theatre, Dublin, played the Cambridge Folk Festival and recorded "Irish Night Out", a live album with, among others, exiles Margaret Barry, Michael Gorman and Jimmy Powers. They also played a concert in the National Stadium in Dublin with Pete Seeger as special guest. They were on the road to success: Top Twenty hits with "Seven Drunken Nights" and "The Black Velvet Band", "The Ed Sullivan Show" in 1968 and a tour of New Zealand and Australia. The ballad boom in Ireland was becoming increasingly commercialised with bar and pub owners building ever larger venues for pay-in performances. Ewan MacColl and Peggy Seeger on a visit to Dublin expressed concern to Kelly about his drinking.


title: Luke Kelly

text: Christy Moore and Kelly became acquainted in the 1960s. During his Planxty days, Moore got to know Kelly well. In 1972 The Dubliners themselves performed in "Richard's Cork Leg", based on the "incomplete works" of Brendan Behan. In 1973, Kelly took to the stage performing as King Herod in "Jesus Christ Superstar".


title: Luke Kelly

text: The arrival of a new manager for The Dubliners, Derry composer Phil Coulter, resulted in a collaboration that produced three of Kelly's most notable performances: “The Town I Loved So Well”, "Hand me Down my Bible", and “Scorn Not His Simplicity”, a song about Phil's son who had Down Syndrome. Kelly had such respect for the latter song that he only performed it once for a television recording and rarely, if ever, sang it at the Dubliners' often boisterous events.


title: Luke Kelly

text: His interpretations of “On Raglan Road” and "Scorn Not His Simplicity" became significant points of reference in Irish folk music. His version of "Raglan Road" came about when the poem's author, Patrick Kavanagh, heard him singing in a Dublin pub, and approached Kelly to say that he should sing the poem (which is set to the tune of “The Dawning of the Day”). Kelly remained a politically engaged musician, becoming a supporter of the movement against South African apartheid and performing at benefit concerts for the Irish Traveller community, and many of the songs he recorded dealt with social issues, the arms race and the Cold War, trade unionism and Irish republicanism, ("The Springhill Disaster", "Joe Hill", "The Button Pusher", "Alabama 1958" and "God Save Ireland" all being examples of his concerns).


title: Luke Kelly

text: Luke Kelly married Deirdre O'Connell in 1965, but they separated in the early 1970s. Kelly spent the last eight years of his life living with his partner Madeleine Seiler, who is from Germany.


title: Luke Kelly

text: Kelly's health deteriorated in the 1970s. Kelly himself spoke about his problems with alcohol. On 30 June 1980 during a concert in the Cork Opera House he collapsed on the stage. He had already suffered for some time from migraines and forgetfulness - including forgetting what country he was in whilst visiting Iceland - which had been ascribed to his intense schedule, alcohol consumption, and "party lifestyle". A brain tumour was diagnosed. Although Kelly toured with the Dubliners after enduring an operation, his health deteriorated further. He forgot lyrics and had to take longer breaks in concerts as he felt weak. In addition following his emergency surgery after his collapse in Cork, he became more withdrawn, preferring the company of Madeleine at home to performing. On his European tour he managed to perform with the band for most of the show in Carre for their "Live in Carre" album. However, in autumn 1983 he had to leave the stage in Traun, Austria and again in Mannheim, Germany. Shortly after this, he had to cancel the tour of southern Germany, and after a short stay in hospital in Heidelberg he was flown back to Dublin.


title: Luke Kelly

text: After another operation he spent Christmas with his family but was taken into hospital again in the New Year, where he died on 30 January 1984. Kelly's funeral in Whitehall attracted thousands of mourners from across Ireland. His gravestone in Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin, bears the inscription: "Luke Kelly – Dubliner".


title: Luke Kelly

text: Sean Cannon took Kelly's place in The Dubliners. He had been performing with the Dubliners since 1982, due to the deterioration of Kelly's health.


title: Luke Kelly

text: Luke Kelly's legacy and contributions to Irish music and culture have been described as "iconic" and have been captured in a number of documentaries and anthologies.


title: Luke Kelly

text: The influence of his Scottish grandmother was influential in Kelly's help in preserving important traditional Scottish songs such as "Mormond Braes", the Canadian folk song "Peggy Gordon", Robert Burns' "Parcel of Rogues", "Tibbie Dunbar", Hamish Henderson's "Freedom Come-All-Ye", and Thurso Berwick's "Scottish Breakaway".


title: Luke Kelly

text: The Ballybough Bridge in the north inner city of Dublin was renamed the Luke Kelly Bridge, and in November 2004 Dublin City Council voted unanimously to erect a bronze statue of Luke Kelly. However, the Dublin Docklands Authority subsequently stated that it could no longer afford to fund the statue. In 2010, councillor Christy Burke of Dublin City Council appealed to members of the music community including Bono, Phil Coulter and Enya to help build it.


title: Luke Kelly

text: Paddy Reilly recorded a tribute to Kelly entitled "The Dublin Minstrel". It featured on his "Gold And Silver Years", "Celtic Collections" and the "Essential Paddy Reilly" CD's. The Dubliners recorded the song on their "Live at Vicar Street" DVD/CD. The song was composed by Declan O'Donoghue, the Racing Correspondent of "The Irish Sun".


title: Luke Kelly

text: At Christmas 2005 writer-director Michael Feeney Callan's documentary, "Luke Kelly: The Performer", was released and outsold U2's latest DVD during the festive season and into 2006, acquiring platinum sales status. The documentary told Kelly's story through the words of the Dubliners, Donovan, Ralph McTell and others and featured full versions of rarely seen performances such as the early sixties' "Ed Sullivan Show". A later documentary, "Luke Kelly: Prince of the City", was also well received.


title: Luke Kelly

text: In September 1988 a monument was erected to commemorate Kelly in the Larkhill area of Whitehall, where he had lived.


title: Luke Kelly

text: Two statues of Kelly were unveiled in Dublin in January 2019, to mark the 35th anniversary of his death. One, a life-size seated bronze by John Coll, is on South King Street. The second sculpture, a marble portrait head by Vera Klute, is on Sheriff Street. The Klute sculpture was vandalised on several occasions in 2019 and 2020, in each case being restored by graffiti-removal specialists.


title: Ha Ha Clinton-Dix

text: Ha'Sean Treshon "Ha Ha" Clinton-Dix (born December 21, 1992) is an American football safety who is a free agent. He played college football at Alabama, winning two national championships. Clinton-Dix was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the first round of the 2014 NFL Draft and has also played for the Washington Redskins, Chicago Bears, Dallas Cowboys, and Las Vegas Raiders.


title: Ha Ha Clinton-Dix

text: A native of Eatonville, Florida, Clinton-Dix was nicknamed "HaHa" as an infant by his grandmother in response to "Ha'Sean" often being pronounced (like "Shaun") instead of the intended (like "seen"). He prefers to go by "HaHa" and has stated that both he and his coaches love the moniker. In an interview, he explained that the true nickname is actually "HaHa" (in camelcase, no space, two capitals).


title: Ha Ha Clinton-Dix

text: Clinton-Dix spent his freshman and sophomore years at Edgewater High School, where he played running back and was a teammate of Mike Brewster. Before his junior year, Clinton-Dix transferred to Dr. Phillips High School, where he played alongside Dee Hart. In addition to football, he lettered in basketball and track, participating in the 4 × 100 m and 4 × 400 m relay at Edgewater. In football, he was an All-American defensive back and kick returner at Dr. Phillips. Named a five-star recruit by Rivals.com, Clinton-Dix was ranked the No. 1 safety in his class and sixth-rated player overall. During his senior football season, Clinton-Dix, teamed with All-American running back Hart, led Dr. Phillips to a 14–1 season. The Panthers lost to future NFL running back Devonta Freeman and Miami Central in the Florida 6A State Championship Game, ending the season ranked #21 nationally by Rivals.com.


title: Ha Ha Clinton-Dix

text: Clinton-Dix was one of seven true freshmen that had playing time in 2011 for the Alabama Crimson Tide football team. Alabama won the 2011 national championship as it shut out LSU 21–0. In 2012, he led the team with five interceptions, and made seven tackles against Notre Dame in the 2012 championship game, one tackle less than C. J. Mosley. Alabama again won the BCS National Championship by blowing out Notre Dame by a score of 42–14.


title: Ha Ha Clinton-Dix

text: On October 3, 2013, Clinton-Dix was suspended indefinitely for unspecified team rules violations, being reinstated after two games. He was a consensus selection for the 2013 All-America Team.


title: Ha Ha Clinton-Dix

text: On December 2, 2013, he underwent arthroscopic surgery to repair a torn meniscus in his knee. He finished his junior year with 51 tackles and 2 interceptions. As a junior in 2013, Clinton-Dix was a first-team All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) selection. He was named among the top 5 safeties by NFL Media analyst Charles Davis.


title: Ha Ha Clinton-Dix

text: After the season, he decided to forgo his senior year and enter the 2014 NFL Draft. Clinton-Dix returned to school in 2017 to complete his degree, interning at the Green Bay Police Department. He graduated in 2018 with a bachelor's degree in criminal justice.


title: Ha Ha Clinton-Dix

text: On January 9, 2014, it was announced that Clinton-Dix had officially decided to forgo his remaining eligibility and enter the 2014 NFL Draft. Clinton-Dix attended the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis and completed all of the combine and positional drills. On March 12, 2014, he participated at Alabama's pro day, but opted to stand on his combine numbers and only performed positional drills. He also attended pre-draft visits with multiple teams, including the Baltimore Ravens, Detroit Lions, Philadelphia Eagles, and Tennessee Titans.


title: Ha Ha Clinton-Dix

text: At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, Clinton-Dix was projected to be a first or second round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked as the top safety prospect in the draft by NFL analyst Mike Mayock, was ranked as the top free safety by DraftScout.com, and was ranked the second best safety by Sports Illustrated.


title: Ha Ha Clinton-Dix

text: The Green Bay Packers selected Clinton-Dix in the first round (21st overall) of the 2014 NFL Draft. Clinton-Dix was the second safety drafted in 2014, behind Louisville safety Calvin Pryor (18th overall).


title: Ha Ha Clinton-Dix

text: On May 29, 2014, the Green Bay Packers signed Clinton-Dix to a four-year, $8.33 million contract that includes $7.55 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $4.38 million. He was issued No. 21 by the Green Bay Packers, which was last worn by Charles Woodson.


title: Ha Ha Clinton-Dix

text: Throughout training camp, Clinton-Dix competed against Micah Hyde for the job as the starting free safety. The free safety role was left vacant after the Packers chose not to re-sign M. D. Jennings. Head coach Mike McCarthy named Clinton-Dix the backup free safety, behind Micah Hyde, to begin the regular season.


title: Ha Ha Clinton-Dix

text: He made his professional regular season debut in the Green Bay Packers' season-opener at the Seattle Seahawks and recorded five combined tackles, broke up a pass, and made his first career sack in their 26–16 loss. Clinton-Dix made his first career sack on Seahawks' quarterback Russell Wilson in the first quarter. On September 21, 2014, Clinton-Dix made one tackle, a pass deflection, and made his first career interception during a 19–7 loss at the Detroit Lions. He made his first career interception off a pass attempt by Lions' quarterback Matthew Stafford, that was intended for wide receiver Corey Fuller, and returned it for a nine-yard gain in the first quarter. On October 19, 2014, Clinton-Dix earned his first career start at free safety after defensive coordinator Dom Capers elected to start him over Micah Hyde. Clinton-Dix recorded nine combined tackles during a 38–17 victory against the Carolina Panthers in Week 7. Clinton-Dix remained the starting free safety, alongside strong safety Morgan Burnett, for the last ten games and the regular season. In Week 15, he collected a season-high 13 combined tackles (six solo) in the Packers' 21–13 loss at the Buffalo Bills. He finished his rookie season in 2014 with 92 combined tackles (65 solo), six pass deflections, one interception, and one sack in 16 games and ten starts.


title: Ha Ha Clinton-Dix

text: The Green Bay Packers finished first in the NFC North with a 12–4 record and earned a first round bye. On January 11, 2015, Clinton-Dix started in his first career playoff game and recorded six combined tackles as the Packers defeated the Dallas Cowboys 26–21 in the NFC Divisional Round. On January 18, 2015, Clinton-Dix made five combined tackles, deflected three passes, and intercepted two passes by Seahawks' quarterback Russell Wilson during the Packers' 28–22 overtime loss to the Seattle Seahawks in the .


title: Ha Ha Clinton-Dix

text: Clinton-Dix entered training camp slated as the starting free safety and was named the starter to begin the regular season. On November 15, 2015, Clinton-Dix collected a season-high 11 combined tackles (nine solo), broke up a pass, and intercepted a pass by quarterback Matthew Stafford during the Packers' 16–18 loss at the Detroit Lions, which marked their first loss to the Lions at home since 1991. Clinton-Dix started in all 16 games in 2015 and led the team with 100 combined tackles (83 solo) while also recording three pass deflections, three sacks, two interceptions, and one forced fumble.


title: Ha Ha Clinton-Dix

text: The Green Bay Packers finished second in the NFC North with a 10–6 record and earned a wildcard berth. On January 16, 2016, Clinton-Dix made four combined tackles, broke up two passes, and intercepted a pass attempt by Cardinals' quarterback Carson Palmer during the Packers' 26–20 overtime loss at the Arizona Cardinals in the NFC Divisional Round.


title: Ha Ha Clinton-Dix

text: Head coach Mike McCarthy retained Clinton-Dix and Morgan Burnett as the starting safety tandem for a second consecutive season. On November 6, 2016, Clinton-Dix made three combined tackles, deflected two passes, made two interceptions, and was credited with half a sack during a 31–26 loss to the Indianapolis Colts in Week 9. His two interceptions off of passes by quarterback Andrew Luck marked his first career regular season game with multiple interceptions. In Week 15, he recorded five combined tackles, broke up two passes, and made two interceptions off pass attempts by Bears' quarterback Matt Barkley during a 30–27 win at the Chicago Bears. His performance against the Bears in Week 15 earned him NFC Defensive Player of the Week. On December 20, 2016, it was announced that Clinton-Dix was selected to play in the Pro Bowl. He was also named to the Second-team NFL AP All-Pro team for the first time in his career. Clinton-Dix started in all 16 games in 2016 and recorded 80 combined tackles (62 solo), seven pass deflections, a career-high five interceptions, and was credited with half a sack. He received an overall grade of 83.5 from Pro Football Focus, which was the 13th highest grade among all qualified safeties in 2016. He was ranked 77th by fellow NFL players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017.


title: Ha Ha Clinton-Dix

text: The Green Bay Packers finished atop of their division with a 10–6 record, clinching a playoff berth. They defeated the New York Giants 38–13 in the NFC Wildcard Game and defeated the Dallas Cowboys 34–31 in the NFC Divisional Round. On January 22, 2017, Clinton-Dix started in the NFC Championship Game and recorded five solo tackles and two pass deflections as the Packers lost 44–21 to the Atlanta Falcons in the NFC Championship Game.


title: Ha Ha Clinton-Dix

text: On May 1, 2017, the Green Bay Packers exercised a fifth-year, $5.59 million option. Head coach Mike McCarthy retained Clinton-Dix and Morgan Burnett the starting safety tandem. On September 28, 2017, he collected a season-high eight solo tackles, a pass deflection, and made an interception during a 35–14 victory against the Chicago Bears in Week 4. In Week 13, he collected a season-high nine combined tackles during a 26–20 victory against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He started in all 16 games in 2017 and recorded 79 combined tackles (65 solo), six pass deflections, and three interceptions. Clinton-Dix received an overall grade of 79.1 from Pro Football Focus, which ranked as the 40th highest grade among all qualifying safeties in 2017. He was ranked 100th by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2018.


title: Ha Ha Clinton-Dix

text: On January 1, 2018, the Packers announced their decision to fire defensive coordinator Dom Capers. Head coach Mike McCarthy retained Clinton-Dix as the starting free safety to begin the season. On September 30, 2018, Clinton-Dix recorded three solo tackles, broke up a pass, and intercepted a pass by Bills' quarterback Josh Allen during a 22–0 win against the Buffalo Bills in Week 4. It was his third consecutive game with an interception.


title: Ha Ha Clinton-Dix

text: On October 30, 2018, the Green Bay Packers traded Clinton-Dix to the Washington Redskins in exchange for a fourth round pick in the 2019 NFL Draft. Head coach Jay Gruden immediately named Clinton-Dix the starting free safety. He replaced Montae Nicholson and started alongside strong safety D. J. Swearinger. In Week 11, he collected a season-high 13 combined tackles (11 solo) during a 23–21 loss against the Houston Texans. Clinton-Dix started all 16 games in 2018 and finished the season with 93 combined tackles (80 solo), six pass deflections, three interceptions, two forced fumbles, and one sack. He received an overall grade of 79.3 from Pro Football Focus in 2018, which ranked as the 14th highest grade among all qualifying safeties.


title: Ha Ha Clinton-Dix

text: On March 14, 2019, Clinton-Dix signed a one-year, $5.5 million deal with the Chicago Bears. In week 3 against his former team, the Washington Redskins, Clinton-Dix recorded a team high 9 tackles, intercepted Case Keenum twice, and returned one of them for a 37-yard touchdown in the 31–15 win. This was his first pick six of his career.


title: Ha Ha Clinton-Dix

text: In week 4 against the Minnesota Vikings, Clinton-Dix made 4 tackles and recovered a fumble forced by teammate Prince Amukamara on Stefon Diggs in the 16–6 win.


title: Ha Ha Clinton-Dix

text: In week 11 against the Los Angeles Rams on Sunday Night Football, Clinton-Dix recovered a fumble forced by teammate Eddie Jackson on running back Todd Gurley II in the 17–7 loss.


title: Ha Ha Clinton-Dix

text: On April 7, 2020, the Dallas Cowboys signed Clinton-Dix to a one-year, $3.75 million contract that includes $2.25 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $1.25 million. He reunited with new Cowboys' head coach Mike McCarthy, who also held the same position with the Green Bay Packers. He was expected to be named one of the starters at safety and replace the recent free agent loss of Jeff Heath, but he was passed on the depth chart by Darian Thompson during training camp. Even though his contract included $2.25 million guaranteed in earnings, he was released one week before the start of the regular season on September 3, 2020.


title: Ha Ha Clinton-Dix

text: On August 12, 2021, Clinton-Dix signed a one-year contract with the San Francisco 49ers. On August 31, 2021, Clinton-Dix was released by the 49ers.


title: Ha Ha Clinton-Dix

text: On September 15, 2021, Clinton-Dix was signed to the Las Vegas Raiders practice squad. He was released on December 8, 2021.


title: Ha Ha Clinton-Dix

text: On December 15, 2021, Clinton-Dix was signed to the Denver Broncos practice squad. His contract expired when the team’s season ended on January 8, 2022.


title: Royal Rumble (1992)

text: The 1992 Royal Rumble was the fourth annual Royal Rumble professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). It took place on January 19, 1992, at the Knickerbocker Arena in Albany, New York. It centered on the Royal Rumble match, a modified battle royal in which participants enter at timed intervals instead of all beginning in the ring at the same time.


title: Royal Rumble (1992)

text: Six matches were contested at the event, including one dark match. The main event was the 1992 Royal Rumble match. This Royal Rumble match was notable as for the first time, the winner would win the WWF World Heavyweight Championship, which had been vacated in December 1991. Ric Flair won the match by last eliminating Sid Justice with the help of Hulk Hogan from the outside. In other featured matches on the undercard, The Natural Disasters (Earthquake and Typhoon) defeated WWF Tag Team Champions The Legion of Doom (Hawk and Animal) by countout (since The Natural Disasters won by countout, The Legion of Doom retained the WWF Tag Team Championship), The Beverly Brothers (Blake Beverly and Beau Beverly) defeated The Bushwhackers (Bushwhacker Luke and Bushwhacker Butch), and Roddy Piper defeated The Mountie to win the WWF Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship.


title: Royal Rumble (1992)

text: The Royal Rumble is an annual gimmick pay-per-view (PPV), produced every January by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) since 1988. It is one of the promotion's original four pay-per-views, along with WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series, which were dubbed the "Big Four". It is named after the Royal Rumble match, a modified battle royal in which the participants enter at timed intervals instead of all beginning in the ring at the same time. The 1992 event was the fifth event in the Royal Rumble chronology and was scheduled to be held on January 19, 1992, at the Knickerbocker Arena in Albany, New York.


title: Royal Rumble (1992)

text: The Royal Rumble match generally features 30 wrestlers. Prior to 1992, there was no prize for winning the match. However, as the WWF World Heavyweight Championship had been vacated, the vacant title became the prize of the 1992 Royal Rumble match. It was the first of only two times in which the promotion's world championship was the prize of the Royal Rumble match—the second occurred at the 2016 event.


title: Royal Rumble (1992)

text: The card consisted of five matches. The matches resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters to build tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results were predetermined by WWF's writers, with storylines produced on their weekly television shows, "Superstars", "Wrestling Challenge", and "Prime Time Wrestling".


title: Royal Rumble (1992)

text: Prior to the event, it was announced the winner of the Royal Rumble would win the vacant WWF World Heavyweight Championship, which had been stripped from Hulk Hogan after two controversial title switches between Hogan and the Undertaker, first at the 1991 Survivor Series and later at the Tuesday in Texas pay-per-view event. Hogan and The Undertaker were among the 30 entrants in the event. WWF president Jack Tunney gave Hogan and Undertaker an advantage in the random draw to determine the order in which wrestlers would enter the ring, promising them numbers between 20 and 30.


title: Royal Rumble (1992)

text: The Royal Rumble match helped begin Justice's slow-building turn into a villain. Justice – who was returning from a recent injury – entered at No. 29 and was among the final four wrestlers, along with Hogan, Randy Savage, although he jump outside the ring to hit Jake the Snake Roberts and Flair. Justice eliminated Savage and then Hogan, leaving himself and Flair in the ring. During the initial live pay-per-view broadcast, Justice's elimination of Hogan was loudly cheered by the audience in attendance even though, as per storyline plans, Sid "sneaked up from behind" to throw Hogan out. As such, the original reaction was edited out of future television replays as well as the Coliseum home video release of the event, with play-by-play announcer Gorilla Monsoon adding new comments condemning Sid for his actions (Monsoon had originally said Justice's elimination of Hogan was fair). Hogan, who was still at ringside after being eliminated, grabbed Sid's arm and distracted him long enough for Flair to eliminate him to win the match and become the new WWF World Heavyweight Champion. After the match, Sid and Hogan got into an argument in the ring and had to be separated by security.


title: Royal Rumble (1992)

text: In his book, "To Be The Man", Ric Flair mentions not knowing he was going to be winning the Royal Rumble (WWF Title) until arriving at the arena the day of the event, and also felt he was brought in at number three in order to showcase his skills and endurance to the WWF audience, who may not have watched his work in Jim Crockett Promotions and World Championship Wrestling. Meanwhile, Bobby Heenan mentioned in his autobiography, "Bobby The Brain", that it was his initial suggestion that Flair enter the Rumble at number one for dramatic purposes, and that Vince McMahon changed it to number three and claimed it as his own idea.


title: Royal Rumble (1992)

text: The confrontation between Hogan and Justice was played out over a series of future WWF television programs. On the "Superstars" program aired January 25, 1992, WWF President Jack Tunney held a press conference, where he announced that Hogan would face Flair for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania VIII. Justice, who was also in attendance and began standing up as if Tunney were about to proclaim him the top contender, was outraged and termed the announcement "the most bogus act Jack Tunney has ever pulled off." Sid later apologized and Hogan accepted, but on the February 8 "Saturday Night's Main Event XXX", Justice abandoned Hogan during a tag-team match against Flair and The Undertaker, completing his heel turn and leading to a match at WrestleMania VIII.


title: Royal Rumble (1992)

text: Flair, meanwhile, began feuding with Savage over the WWF World Heavyweight Championship. According to the storyline, Flair claimed that he had a previous relationship with Savage's wife, Miss Elizabeth, going as far as presenting pictures of Elizabeth in which Flair had himself superimposed. This culminated in a title match at WrestleMania VIII; Savage won the match and his second (and final) WWF World Heavyweight Championship.


title: Royal Rumble (1992)

text: This was the first Royal Rumble in which stakes were involved for the winner—the stipulation in which the winner would face the WWF/WWE World Heavyweight Champion at WrestleMania first took place at the following year's event. It would be 24 years before the Royal Rumble was again for the (now) WWE World Heavyweight Championship, and the first match in which the champion—Roman Reigns—defended his title in the Rumble match. That match was won by Triple H.


title: Royal Rumble (1992)

text: Randy Savage eliminated himself shortly after eliminating Jake Roberts by jumping to Roberts over the top rope. However, he returned to the ring and resumed his participation.


title: Royal Rumble (1992)

text: Hulk Hogan was already eliminated and grabbed onto Sid's arm while Flair snuck up behind and lifted Sid over the ropes.


title: George Calombaris

text: George Dimitrios Calombaris (born 4 October 1978) is an Australian chef and restaurateur. Calombaris was one of the judges of the Network 10 series "MasterChef Australia" from 2009 to 2019. Prior to his role on "MasterChef Australia", Calombaris appeared regularly on the daytime Network Ten cooking show "Ready Steady Cook".


title: George Calombaris

text: He owned several restaurants in Melbourne. His flagship restaurant, "The Press Club", was awarded "The Age Good Food Guide" "Best New Restaurant 2008" with Calombaris named "Chef of the Year 2008". Calombaris draws on his Greek, Cypriot and Italian heritage for inspiration.


title: George Calombaris

text: In 2019, Calombaris's company MAdE Establishment Group admitted to underpaying $7.83 million in wages to 515 employees, which was back-paid. MAdE agreed to pay $200,000 to the Australian Government and to undertake a number of other activities. In February 2020, MAdE went into voluntary administration with the majority of its venues closed immediately.


title: George Calombaris

text: Calombaris went to Mazenod College in Mulgrave and studied at Box Hill Institute of TAFE. He won the Bon Land scholarship in 1999 while an apprentice.