title: Dishonored: Death of the Outsider

text: Billie investigates the leadership of the Eyeless. She discovers that the knife is contained in a safety deposit box in Karnaca's largest bank, and steals the keys to the deposit box from the Eyeless' leaders. Billie infiltrates the bank and steals the knife, upon which the Outsider appears and reveals that Daud has died of natural causes aboard the Dreadful Wale, to her dismay. She returns to the ship and burns it down, cremating Daud's body.


title: Dishonored: Death of the Outsider

text: Billie infiltrates the Royal Conservatory, where a former Eyeless leader had hidden important documents. They detail the location of a Void portal at an abandoned mine outside Karnaca. Billie travels to the mine, which is overseen and operated by the cult that created the Outsider. Billie learns from their notes that the Mark of the Outsider is actually his name, written in an esoteric script that only the dead can read. Billie makes her way to an artifact called "the Eye of the Dead God" and absorbs it, allowing her to safely enter the Void portal.


title: Dishonored: Death of the Outsider

text: Inside the Void, Billie makes her way to the Ritual Hold, where the Outsider resides. There she finds him bound and immobile. Billie can then either return the Outsider to the mortal realm by having Daud's spirit pronounce his real name, or use the ritual knife to kill him. Either way, the Outsider is displaced, and Billie acknowledges that with the Outsider gone, the world will be changed, as there is no longer anybody who can decide who will receive the Void's power.


title: Dishonored: Death of the Outsider

text: Dinga Bakaba, lead designer of "Dishonored 2", was one of the initial people arguing for making the "Death of the Outsider" a standalone title. The game removes the chaos system featured in previous games, which tracked how many characters the player killed and altered the world depending on if the player had a high bodycount. Developers felt that removing the need to find elixirs, which were previously required to fully restore energy, encouraged players to experiment more with the full range of powers. Giving all the powers at once was "liberating" for Arkane, as they knew the full extent of what any player could do at any point in the game. Time restraints meant that levels could not all be "themed" in the same way "Dishonored 2"s levels were, though some levels are intended to make the player rely on different powers than others. Co-creative director Harvey Smith had concerns about the Semblance power when it was pitched, as he felt implementing the idea appropriately would take an excessive amount of work; ultimately the full extent and ramifications of the power were reduced to more "manageable" levels, and Smith was glad for its inclusion.


title: Dishonored: Death of the Outsider

text: Hazel Monforton, one of the writers for "Death of the Outsider", was hired by Arkane after posting an analysis of the Outsider in "Dishonored 2" via Twitter thread, comparing the Outsider's death to the Ancient Greek ritual of pharmakos. She was eventually, according to her portfolio, brought onboard permanently as a narrative designer.


title: Dishonored: Death of the Outsider

text: "Death of the Outsider" is meant to bring an end to "the Kaldwin era", an arc that began in the first "Dishonored" with the assassination of Jessamine Kaldwin and followed characters involved with it, such as Corvo Attano and Emily Kaldwin. Whether any future "Dishonored" games will be made is undecided, but they would feature different characters as their protagonists.


title: Dishonored: Death of the Outsider

text: "IGN" Tom Marks considered it "a worthy end", but felt it did not reach the "high bar" of "Dishonored 2". Marks praised the "wonderfully detailed" levels and the encouragement to use abilities more liberally, though expressed mixed feelings at the removal of the Chaos system and lack of character progression. Alessandro Fillari at "GameSpot" gave the game a positive review, praising the level design and individual missions, while also criticizing the story, stating that "while starting strong, the story eventually runs out of steam".


title: Port Isaac

text: Port Isaac () is a small fishing village on the Atlantic coast of north Cornwall, England, in the United Kingdom. The nearest towns are Wadebridge and Camelford, each ten miles (16 km) away. A nearby hamlet, Port Gaverne, is sometimes considered to be part of Port Isaac. The meaning of the village's Cornish name, "Porthysek", is "corn port", indicating a trade in corn from the arable inland district.


title: Port Isaac

text: Since 2004, the village has served as the backdrop to the ITV television series "Doc Martin". It also is home to the sea-shanty singing group Fisherman's Friends.


title: Port Isaac

text: The origins of Port Isaac are likely Celtic and the development of the town can be roughly divided into three phases. Through the middle ages and up to the coming of the railways, Port Isaac was a thriving port serving the area inland. During the Tudor period the harbour was dredged, a good illustration of its importance. Once goods from locations further inland were better served by the North Cornwall Railway, the economy of the port relied on pilchard fishing, an activity that had likely been happening for centuries. However the pilchard shoals began to decline, and following World War I tourism became the mainstay of the economy.


title: Port Isaac

text: Port Isaac's pier was constructed during the reign of Henry VIII. A 1937 history said, "...Tudor pier and breakwater have now yielded to a strong new sea-wall balanced by an arm on the opposite side of the cove, and we do not doubt that the fishermen sleep more soundly in their beds on stormy nights." The village centre dates from the 18th and 19th centuries, from a time when its prosperity was tied to local coastal freight and fishing. Apart from the corn that gave the town its name, the port handled cargoes of coal, wood, stone, ores, limestone, salt, pottery and heavy goods which were conveyed along its narrow streets. Small coastal sailing vessels were built below Roscarrock Hill.


title: Port Isaac

text: The pilchard fishery began here before the 16th century and in 1850 there were 49 registered fishing boats and four fish cellars. Fishermen still work from the Platt, landing their catches of fish, crab and lobsters. The historic core of the village was designated a Conservation Area in 1971 and North Cornwall District Council reviewed this in 2008 with the endorsement of a detailed Port Isaac Conservation Area Appraisal document and a related Conservation Area Management Plan. The village has around 90 listed buildings (all Grade II).


title: Port Isaac

text: The Port Isaac lifeboat station was established in 1869 following the delivery of the "Richard" and "Sarah". The former boathouse building was until recently the Post Office but is now a gift shop. In the early 1960s the Royal National Lifeboat Institution introduced the Inshore Lifeboat, and in 1987 the Port Isaac Station reopened with a new class D inshore lifeboat. Since that time, the lifeboat has responded to more than 623 calls, saving more than 333 lives. Today, Port Isaac's crew and shore helpers man the station 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, providing full coverage of part of the north coast of Cornwall. In 2009, a new D class inshore lifeboat called "Copeland Bell" (D707) commenced service.


title: Port Isaac

text: In July 2012, the crew of the lifeboat received RNLI medals for gallantry following a dangerous rescue. This was only the second time in RNLI history that the entire crew of a D class, inflatable, lifeboat have received gallantry medals. It was the first time a silver medal had been awarded to a member of a Port Isaac crew since 1870.


title: Port Isaac

text: The first link from Port Isaac to the railways was started by John Prout who ran a service to Bodmin Road station, more than distant, from 1861. The railways came much closer when the North Cornwall Railway opened the section from Delabole to Wadebridge in 1895, which included a station at Port Isaac Road from the town. Produce from the area including fish, flowers and fruit were transported through the steep and narrow lanes to the station, with 150 tons of fish being transported by cart for onward shipment in 1897. The horse-drawn connection to the railway was replaced by a motor bus in 1920 and when this service was taken over by the Southern National Omnibus Company in 1930, Prouts merged the passenger service into the freight cartage service that they ran for the Southern Railway. The Okehampton to Wadebridge railway line closed in 1966. Due to the sparsely populated area ticket sales were always low, 4,500 annually in 1928, dropping to less than 2,000 in 1936; and freight dropped in a similar way over the same period.


title: Port Isaac

text: The village was served by Western Greyhound's 584 bus service from Wadebridge to Camelford which ran five times daily in each direction, except for Sundays. A summer Sunday service provided up to four return journeys.


title: Port Isaac

text: In 1997 FirstGroup route 96 provided 5 buses each way on the service which ran between Wadebridge and Bude.


title: Port Isaac

text: In 2016 a local taxi service was asked to change the way that it displayed its name after Cornwall Council deemed it offended good taste.


title: Port Isaac

text: Port Isaac is located on the South West Coast Path, and apart from people walking the long National Trail there are shorter walks in the area using this path as part of their route.


title: Port Isaac

text: There is an alley in Port Isaac, known as Temple Bar, that is particularly narrow. In the 1978 edition of "Guinness Book of Records", it was dubbed the world's narrowest thoroughfare. Locals refer to it as Squeeze-ee-belly Alley.


title: Port Isaac

text: The church of St Peter was built as a chapel-of-ease in the parish of St Endellion in 1882–84; Port Isaac became a separate parish in 1913, though more recently it has returned to St Endellion parish. The church is built of granite and stone and the style adopted was Early English.


title: Port Isaac

text: The village has had three Nonconformist places of worship: the oldest was a Quaker meeting house, 1806; from 1832 it was used by the Baptists but was converted to a dwelling house in 1871. The United Methodist chapel (1846) and the Wesleyan Methodist chapel are both now closed. The nearest Roman Catholic church is in Tintagel.


title: Port Isaac

text: Locations in and around the village have been used for a number of films and television series, including:


title: Anthony Heald

text: Philip Anthony Mair Heald (born August 25, 1944) is an American character actor known for portraying Hannibal Lecter's jailer, Dr. Frederick Chilton, in "The Silence of the Lambs" and "Red Dragon", and for playing assistant principal Scott Guber in David E. Kelley's "Boston Public". Heald also had a recurring role as Judge Cooper on Kelley's "The Practice" and "Boston Legal". He had a prominent role as a troubled psychic in the classic "The X-Files" episode, "Closure".


title: Anthony Heald

text: Heald was born in New Rochelle, New York, the son of an editor. He graduated from Michigan State University in 1971.


title: Anthony Heald

text: Heald has worked extensively on Broadway and has been twice nominated for the Tony Award for his work as Lord Evelyn Oakleigh in "Anything Goes" (1988) and Terrence McNally's "Love! Valour! Compassion!" (1995). He also appeared in McNally's "The Lisbon Traviata" (1989), "Inherit the Wind" (1998), "Deep Rising" (1998), and "Lips Together, Teeth Apart" (1991).


title: Anthony Heald

text: Heald recorded over 60 audio books/books on tape, including works as varied as "Where the Red Fern Grows", "The New York Times" bestsellers such as "The Pelican Brief" (in the film adaptation of which he also played a villainous lawyer), "Jurassic Park" and "Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil", several works by science fiction writer Philip K. Dick, as well as a sizable number of titles in the "Star Wars" audio book library.


title: Anthony Heald

text: He made brief appearances in "Miami Vice" ("The Prodigal Son"), "" (2006 film), and the "Cheers" series finale "One for the Road". He later appeared on the "Cheers" spin-off "Frasier" in a recurring role. He appeared in "Unaccompanied Minors" as a distressed, Christmas-hating airport employee.


title: Anthony Heald

text: Heald lives in Ashland, Oregon, with his wife Robin (daughter of violist Karen Tuttle) and children Zoe and Dylan. He has converted to Judaism, his wife's faith. He regularly performs in productions of the Oregon Shakespeare Festival. During the 2010 season of the Oregon Shakespeare Festival, Heald played Shylock in Shakespeare's "The Merchant of Venice".


title: Rajesh Roshan

text: Rajesh Roshan Lal Nagrath (born 24 May 1955) is an Indian Hindi cinema music director and composer. He is the son of music director Roshan and singer Ira Roshan.


title: Rajesh Roshan

text: Rajesh Roshan has a Punjabi Hindu father and Bengali Brahmin mother, and has two children, a son (Eshaan Roshan) and a daughter (Pashmina Roshan). He is the son of Hindi film composer Roshan. He is the brother of Indian film producer and director Rakesh Roshan.


title: Rajesh Roshan

text: Rajesh Roshan had a successful collaboration with Kishore Kumar, Basu Chatterjee, Dev Anand, Mohammed Rafi, Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle. He shot to fame with the score for the 1974 film "Kunwara Baap" and the 1975 film "Julie"; for the latter he won the Filmfare Best Music Director Award.


title: Rajesh Roshan

text: Roshan scored for "Kunwara Baap" (1974) and then in three back-to-back hit films: "Des Pardes", "Man Pasand", and "Lootmaar". He went on to compose melodious tunes and made Kishore Kumar sing them in films like "Mama Bhanja", "Doosra Aadmi", "Muqaddar", "Swami", "Priyatama", "Yehi Hai Zindagi", "Ek Hi Raasta", "Swarag Narak", "Inkaar", "Khatta Meetha", "Baton Baton Mein", "Do Aur Do Paanch", "Kaamchor", "Hamari Bahu Alka", "Jaag Utha Insan", "Bhagwaan Dada", "Ghar Sansar" followed by films with Rajesh Khanna like "Janta Hawaldar", "Nishaan", "Babu" and "Aakhir Kyon?".


title: Rajesh Roshan

text: In the 1990s, he worked in albums like "Karan Arjun" (1995), "Sabse Bada Khiladi" (1995), "Papa Kehte Hai" (1996), "Koyla" (1997), Keemat – They Are Back, "" (1999), "Dastak" (1996), "Kya Kehna" (2000) and "Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai" (2000).


title: Rajesh Roshan

text: Critics believe that several of his most popular songs are closely based on popular songs from other countries.


title: Godfather (2022 film)

text: Godfather (stylised as GodFather) is a 2022 Indian Telugu-language political action thriller film directed by Mohan Raja. The film stars Hari Shanker Brahma Kande, Chiranjeevi, Salman Khan, Nayanthara and Satya Dev. It is produced by R. B. Choudary and N. V. Prasad on Konidela Production Company and Super Good Films' banners. It is an official remake of the 2019 Malayalam film "Lucifer". In the film, the supreme leader of the ruling party dies, leaving a huge vacuum, not only in the electoral and leadership sphere of the party but also that of the state. In the inevitable succession squabble the thin line that separates good and bad becomes irrecoverably blurred. Who will succeed him forms the plot.


title: Godfather (2022 film)

text: Principal photography commenced in August 2021 with filming taking place in Hyderabad, Ooty and Mumbai. The music is composed by Thaman S with cinematography handled by Nirav Shah.


title: Godfather (2022 film)

text: "Godfather" was released theatrically on 5 October 2022 and opened to positive reviews from critics and audience.


title: Godfather (2022 film)

text: At Interpol's office in France, an officer is handing over his case about Abraham Qureshi who is a mysterious godfather to his junior, stating that it was his only unsolvable case.


title: Godfather (2022 film)

text: Meanwhile, in Andhra Pradesh, CM Padmakant Reddy alias "PKR", the leader of the ruling party "Jan Jagruti Party" (JJP), dies in the hospital while getting treated. Taking advantage of the situation and believing that it would benefit the upcoming election, acting CM Narayana Varma sends party workers to riot outside the hospital. Govardhan, a truth-seeker, records a YouTube live stream and condemns those who praise PKR, claiming that he was a puppet, during his final years in the hands of a financial syndicate, which controls the entire Indian political system. He claims that the JJP party has twice the amount of money than the entire state's treasury, and the person who replaces PKR is crucial. He lists four possible candidates during the live stream: Sathyapriya, Jaidev Das, Varma, and Brahma Teja.


title: Godfather (2022 film)

text: Sathya is PKR's daughter married to Jaidev, a notorious and discreet drug dealer, who mainly deals with real estate and Hawala scams. He is also in contact with drug lords in Mumbai, all unknown to Sathya. Varma declares himself as the most likely successor to PKR due to his seniority in the party and particularly for his lobbying skills. Brahma, meanwhile, is PKR's first child but was kept a secret from the world, as PKR did not want the public to know that he had a son with his first wife. Govardhan describes him as the "most dangerous" person from the list and addresses him as "Godfather". Brahma's past is unknown but is now known for his contract work for corporations in Chennai, all known from Govardhan's research. Meanwhile, in Mumbai, Jaidev and Varma meet the former's partner, Abdul, and tell him that PKR had given him an ultimatum, a month ago, to stop his immoral activities. With PKR's demise, Jaidev plans to fund the JJP with drug money, by offering money to the present financier. With the help of Abdul, Jaidev cuts a deal with Lukas, who agrees to transfer , every month, in exchange for importing unchecked drug contraband into Hyderabad, once the JJP wins the election. For the deal to proceed, Jaidev has to first set up a discreet drug factory. Abdul insists that the factory should be on a government-sealed roadside. At the same time, the last rites of PKR are carried out in Hyderabad, where Sathya asks Varma to forbid Brahma from taking part in the ceremony. On Varma's orders, Indrajeet attempts to hinder his way but fails. That same night, Jaidev arrives home, where he gives some malana cream to Sathya's sister Jhanvi and convenes a meeting with the JJP ministers, informing his decision to fund the party and dissolve the current ministry, which will ensure the preponement of the elections. This will allow them to take advantage on the present sympathy wave and nominate himself as the party's next CM candidate. Since the present financier is Brahma himself, Varma advises Jaidev to negotiate with Brahma, but Brahma objects to funding the party with drug money and threatens Jaidev. Enraged, Jaidev assigns Varma to bribe 140 MLAs from the party to nominate him as the CM's candidate.


title: Godfather (2022 film)

text: Jaidev sends men to set up the drug factory. Upon knowing this, Brahma goes to the factory and kills all of them. Brahma's aide and Jaidev's mole, Koti, witnesses this and reports it to the both of them. Indrajeet is sent to detect evidence from the factory but finds nothing. From Sathya's diary, Jaidev finds out that she resents Brahma because her father gave more care for him, who was brought to their home as a child, and was the cause of a rift between her parents. Koti persuades his lover Renuka to slander Brahma. On public news, she accuses Brahma of abusing her. This creates public outrage against Brahma, who is arrested and imprisoned. In prison, Brahma gets a phone call from his next contractor and Masoom Bhai, his most trusted aide. Jaidev arranges a hit on Brahma, by sending goons into the prison, but the attempt fails.


title: Godfather (2022 film)

text: While transferring the money to bribe the other party members in the JJP, Lukas' containers are sabotaged by Masoom Bhai. Brahma meets Govardhan, where he provides pieces of evidence of the party workers' corruption to Govardhan and also reveals the reasons for him indulging in drug trade, in Chennai. Meanwhile, Koti, who realizes his mistake, along with Renuka, admit that they lied about Brahma, on national news. Brahma is later released from prison. Meanwhile, Jhanvi is hospitalized after a drug overdose. From Jhanvi, Sathya learns of Jaidev's predatory behavior towards her. When confronted by Sathya, Jaidev admits everything and threatens to expose Jhanvi's contacts with drug peddlers. He also threatens to kill her and Jhanvi, like PKR. A changed Sathya, with no other choice, seeks the help of Brahma. Brahma, who reveals his origin to Sathya, vows to protect them. Sathya breaks down after coming to know the true face of her brother's.


title: Godfather (2022 film)

text: Indrajeet blackmails Sathya in exchange for not filing a case against Jhanvi. Brahma kills Indrajeet, with his men, following which, Brahma meets the owners of the NNTV news channel. Brahma clears the channel's debts and gives total control and autonomy of the channel to Sathya. Brahma and Masoom Bhai also blackmail Varma and the other MLAs to ally with him in exchange for their drug habits not getting into the hands of the media. Jaidev kidnaps Jhanvi and blackmails Sathya, from Mumbai, to announce him as the next CM. With the help of Masoom Bhai, Brahma kills Jaidev's associates. They confront Jaidev, where upon seeing Brahma, Lukas reveals that Brahma is in fact, Abram Qureshi aka "Godfather". Though taken aback, Jaidev attempts to have Sathya killed in a car accident, but Brahma's men save her. Defeated, Jaidev kills himself. Sathya is elected as the new president of JJP party and CM, while Brahma heads to Paris with Masoom Bhai. After gathering all the major drug lords in the world, Brahma and Masoom Bhai kill all of them.


title: Godfather (2022 film)

text: The Telugu remake of the 2019 Malayalam film "Lucifer" was announced in April 2020 with Chiranjeevi in the lead role. Sujeeth was signed to direct the project, who had also started working on the script for the Telugu adaptation. Sujeeth opted out of the project in September 2020 due to creative differences. Later, V. V. Vinayak was approached in replace him. In December 2020, Mohan Raja was confirmed as the director, marking his return to Telugu cinema after 20 years. "Hanuman Junction" (2001) was his first and only Telugu film until then. The film was officially launched in January 2021 with a traditional pooja ceremony in Hyderabad. The film marks the maiden collaboration of Chiranjeevi with composer Thaman S. Nirav Shah was signed as the cinematographer. It was to be produced by Konidela Production Company and Super Good Films. The film's title was unveiled as "Godfather" in August 2021.


title: Godfather (2022 film)

text: In September 2021, Nayanthara, Biju Menon and Satyadev entered talks to sign the film. Nayanthara and Satyadev were confirmed to be a part of the film in November and the latter was signed in to play the main antagonist in this film. Gangavva plays an supporting role next to Chiranjeevi in the film. Director Puri Jagannadh had a special role in the film. "Bigg Boss 4" contestant Divi Vadthya joined the film as Chiranjeevi promised her a role in the season's finale.


title: Godfather (2022 film)

text: In August 2021, actor Salman Khan was approached to play a key role in the film. In November, Thaman confirmed that Khan would star alongside Chiranjeevi, in addition to appearing a dance number, thus marking Khan's debut in Telugu cinema. Khan reportedly portrays the role of Zayed Masood (Prithviraj Sukumaran) from "Lucifer".


title: Godfather (2022 film)

text: Principal photography of the film began on 13 August 2021. The first schedule of the film took place in Hyderabad. The second schedule of the film began in September 2021 in Ooty. Shooting was halted in October as Chiranjeevi underwent a surgery on his right hand which was followed by a 15-day bed rest. He resumed the shoot in November 2021 in Hyderabad. In January 2022, the actor tested positive for COVID-19 and therefore had to quarantine himself. This proceeded to shoot a few crucial scenes that didn't involve him during which Nayanthara joined the production. Chiranjeevi joined the sets back in February following his recovery. Salman Khan completed filming his portions in March 2022 in a week-long schedule at ND Studios, Karjat, Mumbai. Khan also shot for a song alongside Chiranjeevi in Hyderabad under the choreography of Prabhu Deva.


title: Godfather (2022 film)

text: The film score and soundtrack album of the film is composed by Thaman S. The music rights were acquired by Saregama. The first single titled "Thaar Maar Thakkar Maar" was released on 15 September 2022.


title: Godfather (2022 film)

text: "Godfather" was released in cinemas on 5 October 2022 in Telugu along with a Hindi dubbed version. The film is distributed in India by Konidela Production Company along with PVR Pictures while the overseas distribution is by Sarigama Cinemas through Phars Film. Worldwide theatrical rights of the film were sold at a cost of crore. The Tamil dubbed version was released on 14 October 2022.


title: Godfather (2022 film)

text: The film's digital streaming rights were acquired by Netflix at a cost of crore and will stream as from November 19. It has been reported from "News18" that, the film producers have been offered crore for the satellite and digital rights for the Hindi dubbed version of this film. The film was digitally streamed on Netflix from 19 November 2022.


title: Godfather (2022 film)

text: "Godfather" opened to positive reviews with most critics praising Chiranjeevi's performance. Paul Nicodemus of "The Times of India" gave a rating of 3.5 out of 5 stating that the film proves to be a worthy remake of the Malayalam original with Chiranjeevi coming up with a charismatic performance. Murali Krishna CH of "The New Indian Express" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Watch it definitely for the Megastar, who delivers enough bang for your buck". Arvind V of "Pinkvilla" rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Chiranjeevi, after a dull performance in "Acharya", is terrific here. Satyadev delivers an award-winning output". Opining the same, Manoj Kumar R of "The Indian Express" appreciated Mohan Raja's work and stated that he "has steered clear of mystery and has turned "GodFather" into a full-fledged political drama".


title: Godfather (2022 film)

text: Roktim Rajpal of "India Today" rated the film 3 out of 5 and wrote, "The Chiranjeevi-led political thriller is massier and more action-packed than the Malayalam version. GodFather is a grand celebration of the brand Chiranjeevi that proves to be a treat for the veteran hero's ardent fans". "The Hans India" rated the film with 3 out of 5, stating that the film is a decent one-time watch and offers something to cheer for Chiranjeevi's fans. Deepa Gahlot of Rediff.com rated the film with 3/5 stars, stating the film has a gracefully aged Chiranjeevi, who plays Brahma with a quiet but menacing look keeping the audience engaged.


title: Godfather (2022 film)

text: Sowmya Rajendran of "The News Minute" rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Director Mohan Raja seems to have been torn between his instincts to make a solid political thriller and the compulsions to pander to his leading man’s fanbase". Abhimanyu Mathur of "Hindustan Times" stated that, the film works only when Chiranjeevi is on screen, with the veteran actor more than holds his own and simply carries the film with his stardom and screen presence to save the film from flaws. On the contrary, Priyanka Sundar of "Firstpost" rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "The magic touch seems to be missing in GodFather. It is certainly not a movie that would put you to sleep, however, it is neither one that would elicit excitement either".


title: The Concubine (film)

text: The Concubine (; lit. "Royal Concubine: Concubine to the King") is a 2012 South Korean erotic romantic historical film directed by Kim Dae-seung. Set in the Joseon Dynasty, it centers around Hwa-yeon (Jo Yeo-jeong), who becomes a royal concubine against her will, Kwon-yoo (Kim Min-jun), a man torn between love and revenge, and Prince Sung-won (Kim Dong-wook), who has his heart set on Hwa-yeon despite the countless women available to him. These three characters form a love triangle which is ruled by dangerous passion. The struggle to survive within the tight-spaced boundaries of the palace is intense, and only those who are strong enough to overcome the hell-like milieu can survive.


title: The Concubine (film)

text: Set during the early Joseon Dynasty, the film begins with a concubine of the previous king (Park Ji-young) in a precarious position of having no blood ties to her step son, the current childless, widow king (Jung Chan). She schemes to replace him on the throne with her submissive young son Sung-won (Kim Dong-wook). Indifferent to his mother's plans, the timid prince falls in love at first sight with Hwa-yeon (Jo Yeo-jeong), an aristocrat's daughter, who has already found love with Kwon-yoo (Kim Min-jun), a low-born commoner. When her father (Ahn Suk-hwan) must send her to the royal palace as a concubine for the king, the two lovers try to elope but are caught after their first night together. Hwa-yeon agrees to enter the palace in exchange for saving Kwon-yoo's life.


title: The Concubine (film)

text: Five years later, Hwa-yeon has become the Queen from giving birth to a son. Sung-won comes back from traveling to see the King upon hearing of his ill-health. In a private conversation, Sung-won gifts a hair stick to Hwa-yeon as a present and confession of his feelings.


title: The Concubine (film)

text: The king dies of a mysterious illness, and the former concubine sits her son, Prince Sung-won, on the throne as a puppet king, naming herself Regent and Queen Mother and taking firm control over the royal court. Hwa-yeon is moved to a closely watched, humble residence, where she is under surveillance constantly. When Hwa-yeon's father, a royal court minister, attempts to prove that the previous king died from poisonous assassination, he and all of the ministers disloyal to the queen mother are arrested for treason.


title: The Concubine (film)

text: Hwa-yeon discovers her former lover, Kwon-yoo, working in the castle among the eunuchs. Initially glad to see him, she reaches out for comfort and assistance, hoping some of their original feelings remain. Though his life was spared, Kwon-yoo was castrated by Hwa-yeon's father for daring to elope with her and he is now resentful and embittered towards both of them. Kwon-yoo has aligned himself with Minister Yoon and the Queen Mother to find power in his new position and rebuffs Hwa-yeon. Hwa-yeon's efforts to free her father and rescue him from execution are sabotaged by Kwon-yoo, who directly undermines Sung-won's exoneration orders to ensure the man's death. Kwon-yoo agrees to assassinate Hwa-yeon and her child with a block of poisonous aconite received from Minister Yoon by the orders of the Queen Mother, who wishes to secure her position and remove Hwa-yeon from influencing Sung-won.


title: The Concubine (film)

text: Sung-won is still very attracted to Hwa-yeon, bestowing favors and attention. In a fit of pique, he takes Geum-ok, Hwa-yeon's personal maid, as a minor concubine so he can inquire about Hwa-yeon's private habits. One night, Sung-won enters Geum-ok's room and is frothed into a rage when he sees her wearing the hair stick he had gifted to Hwa-yeon. To save her own life, Geum-ok reveals that Kwon-yoo had a relationship with Hwa-yeon, and that the young prince had been born prematurely, making his parentage suspect. Sung-won confronts Hwa-yeon, accusing her of hiding her lover as a fake eunuch, but dismisses the accusations after pulling down Kwon-yoo's pants to reveal his castration. Sung-won attempts to rape Hwa-yeon, but Hwa-yeon shoves him off and tells him to "come back when you become a true King."


title: The Concubine (film)

text: After this incident, Kwon-yoo believes that he is the father of Hwa-yeon's child from the night they eloped together and has a change of heart about helping her, swearing to protect her and her son at any cost. In order to place his son on the throne and place a trap for the Queen Mother and King, Kwon-yoo turns on Minister Yoon by placing the poison in Sung-woo's medicinal drink. However, Kwon-yoo is left with no choice but to drink his own concoction to allay suspicion from Hwa-yeon and his child. After Kwon-yoo's violent reaction to the poisonous medicinal drink, the interrogated physician admits that Minister Yoon, who is directly beneath the Queen Mother, is head of medicine.


title: The Concubine (film)

text: Hwa-yeon has sent her son away for his safety and been imprisoned by the Queen Mother, who charges Hwa-yeon with treason and orders Minister Yoon to end both the mother and son's life. Sung-won accuses his mother of trying to poison him, leading to her admission that she had poisoned the previous king to place Sung-won on the throne, which horrifies him since he had loved his brother and never desired to be king. Kwon-yoo and Minister Yoon are brought in to confirm or deny the plot to poison the current king. Keeping his promise to Hwa-yeon to protect her and her son, Kwon-yoo lies, saying the Queen Mother was behind Sung-woo's assassination attempt, with Minister Yoon providing the poison. Sung-woo orders the men's execution and for the Queen Mother to be permanently placed under house arrest in her chambers.


title: The Concubine (film)

text: In a carriage heading towards his execution, Kwon-yoo says his goodbyes and asks Hwa-yeon to protect their son after he dies, but Hwa-yeon replies "Our son? The prince is no one's son. He is my son." Kwon-yoo is devastated he has sacrificed his life for Hwa-yeon's child, who may not be his own, and Hwa-yeon has her revenge for her father's death.


title: The Concubine (film)

text: Sung-woo, now a true king, is greeted in his room by Hwa-yeon and the two engage in sexual intercourse before Hwa-yeon kills him. Queen Mother is quickly disposed off after him.


title: The Concubine (film)

text: The last scene shows Hwa-yeon smiling at her son playing on the throne in the empty royal court, before her face turns when the door shuts and she realizes she can't go back.


title: The Concubine (film)

text: Asked about the most difficult scene in the movie, Jo Yeo-jeong said , "The last sex scene was really hard. I had to portray Hwa-yeon's desperate side because she's been waiting for that moment for so long. I discussed the scene with the director numerous times. The scene had to look tense and dramatic, so I even learned from a traditional Korean dancer how to move my body to add tense feelings to the scene."


title: The Concubine (film)

text: Reviews have been almost unanimously positive, with "The Korea Times" calling it "one of the best commercial films this year." Promotion and hype had singularly focused on the film's graphic portrayal of sex and Jo Yeo-jeong's nudity, which local critics found misguided and demeaning to a film that according to "The Korea Herald" "explores the theme of betrayal, revenge and obsessions, with much nuance and depth" and "offers substance and ample entertainment, as well as almost Shakespearean psychological intricacy." Despite "too many subplots which cause the narrative flow to be awkward at times," "The Korea Times" said it was an "intense, multi-textured journey that is certainly worth the effort", with "psychological depths that demand multiple viewings." Hwang Ki-seok's lush cinematography was praised, as were the costumes and the cast's excellent acting, particularly Kim Dong-wook's performance.


title: The Concubine (film)

text: Released on June 6, 2012, the film sold 1.4 million tickets in its first 10 days, and by the end of the month it had easily passed the 2 million admissions mark. The Korean Film Council reports that it sold more than 2.6 million tickets, making it the eleventh most watched Korean film of 2012.


title: The Concubine (film)

text: Distribution rights have been signed with theaters in eight countries—New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Japan, Taiwan, Australia, Malaysia and Brunei.


title: The Wizarding World of Harry Potter

text: The Wizarding World of Harry Potter is a chain of themed areas at Universal Parks & Resorts based on the "Harry Potter" media franchise, adapting elements from the Warner Bros.' film series and original novels by J. K. Rowling. The areas were designed by Universal Creative from an exclusive license with Warner Bros. Entertainment.


title: The Wizarding World of Harry Potter

text: A "Harry Potter"-themed attraction at either a Disney or Universal park was rumored in 2003. However, the rights to the "Harry Potter" franchise had been acquired by Warner Bros., who denied all rumors. Both Disney and Universal entered bidding negotiations with Warner Bros. and Rowling for the theme park rights to "Harry Potter". In 2004, Rowling signed a letter-of-intent with Disney, with the company intending to develop a "Harry Potter" section within an area of Fantasyland at the Magic Kingdom park at Walt Disney World. In January 2007, About.com reported a rumor from a "highly credible source" that the Islands park's Lost Continent area was going to be re-themed "to the stories and characters of one of the most popular children's franchises". Other sources followed up in the next few days with unofficial confirmation that the new area would involve "Harry Potter". On May 31, 2007, Universal, in partnership with Warner Bros., officially announced "the Wizarding World of Harry Potter" would be added to Islands of Adventure.


title: The Wizarding World of Harry Potter

text: Both theme parks at the Universal Orlando Resort in Orlando, FloridaIslands Of Adventure and Universal Studios Floridahave Wizarding World of Harry Potter themed environments. Both parks include Hogwarts Express stations allowing passengers to reach both theme parks aboard the full-scale replica of the train that appears in the film series.


title: The Wizarding World of Harry Potter

text: At the Universal's Islands of Adventure theme park, "the Wizarding World of Harry Potter" opened on June 18, 2010. It includes re-creation of Hogsmeade and three rides. The flagship attraction is "Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey", which exists within a re-creation of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. A new roller coaster, Hagrid's Magical Creatures Motorbike Adventure, which replaced the Dragon Challenge, opened on June 13, 2019. Other rides include "Flight of the Hippogriff", a family roller coaster, and the Hogwarts Express. Other attractions include Ollivanders Wand Shop, the Triwizard Spirit Rally, and the Frog Choir. Hogsmeade contains many gift shops and restaurants from the book series including Dervish and Banges, Honeydukes, Ollivanders, the Three Broomsticks, and the Hog's Head.


title: The Wizarding World of Harry Potter

text: At the Universal Studios Florida theme park, "the Wizarding World of Harry Potter" opened on July 8, 2014. It includes a re-creation of Diagon Alley and connecting alleys, as well as a small section of Muggle London. It includes the rides "Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts" and the Hogwarts Express. Other attractions include Ollivanders Wand Shop, a puppet performance of "The Tales of Beedle the Bard", and a live performance by Celestina Warbeck and the Banshees. The area also contains many shops and restaurants from the book series including The Leaky Cauldron, Ollivanders Wand Shop, Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes, Borgin and Burkes, Madam Malkin's Robes for All Occasions, Wiseacre's Wizarding Equipment and Florean Fortescue's Ice Cream Parlour.


title: The Wizarding World of Harry Potter

text: At the Universal Studios Japan theme park in Osaka, Japan, "the Wizarding World of Harry Potter" opened on July 15, 2014. It includes the village of Hogsmeade, "Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey" ride, and "Flight of the Hippogriff" roller coaster. Two features in the Japanese park not found in Orlando or Hollywood are Hogwarts' Black Lake and live owls.


title: The Wizarding World of Harry Potter

text: The Wizarding World of Harry Potter opened at Universal Studios Hollywood on April 7, 2016, Replacing The Adventures of Curious George which closed on September 6, 2013. The flagship attraction is the flight-simulating ride "Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey", similar to the Orlando one. Visitors once wore Quidditch-inspired 3D goggles throughout the ride for an enhanced ride experience, but the 3D visuals have recently been replaced by 2D.


title: The Judgment Day

text: The Judgment Day is a villainous professional wrestling stable composed of Finn Bálor, Damian Priest, Rhea Ripley, and Dominik Mysterio. The stable performs in WWE on the Raw brand. The Judgment Day was founded and previously led by Edge.


title: The Judgment Day

text: On the February 21, 2022, episode of "Raw", Edge reflected on all the WrestleMania moments in his career and then he issued an open challenge for WrestleMania 38. The following week, his challenge was accepted by AJ Styles, to which Edge responded by performing a low blow on Styles before hitting him with a one-man con-chair-to, turning heel for the first time since 2010. At the event on April 3, Edge defeated Styles following a distraction by Damian Priest.


title: The Judgment Day

text: Following WrestleMania, Edge accepted Priest as his pupil and the team's name was revealed as The Judgment Day. On the April 18 episode of "Raw", Edge challenged Styles to a rematch at WrestleMania Backlash, which Styles accepted. At the event on May 8, Edge defeated Styles after a masked individual, later revealed to be Rhea Ripley, shoved Styles off the turnbuckle. After the match, Ripley kneeled before Edge, becoming the stable's newest member. At Hell in a Cell on June 5, The Judgment Day defeated Styles, Finn Bálor, and Liv Morgan in a six-person mixed tag team match. The next night on "Raw", Edge introduced Bálor as the newest member of The Judgment Day; however, Bálor, Priest, and Ripley suddenly attacked Edge and hit him with his own signature con-chair-to move, kicking him out of the stable.


title: The Judgment Day

text: The Judgment Day then began a feud with the Mysterios (Rey and Dominik) in an attempt to recruit Dominik into their ranks. At SummerSlam on July 30, Bálor and Priest were defeated by the Mysterios following interference from a returning Edge. At Clash at the Castle, Edge and Rey would defeat Bálor and Priest in a tag team match. After the match, Dominik attacked Edge and his own father, turning heel. Dominik officially joined the stable on the following episode of "Raw," helping the group attack Edge and Rey.


title: The Judgment Day

text: On the September 26 episode of "Raw," Edge challenged Bálor to an "I Quit" match at Extreme Rules and Bálor accepted. At the event on October 8, Bálor defeated Edge. After the match, Ripley attacked Edge’s wife, Beth Phoenix (who interfered in the match on Edge’s behalf) with a con-chair-to. Shortly afterwards, The Judgment Day resumed their feud with Styles, who brought back the returning Good Brothers (Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson) tag team, thus reforming The O.C. stable, after Styles rejected an offer to join by Balor, who was one of the leaders of the Bullet Club stable. This led to a match between the two stables at Crown Jewel. At the event on November 5, The Judgment Day defeated The O.C. following interference from Ripley. On the following episode of "Raw," The O.C. introduced the returning Mia Yim as their solution to counter Ripley. At Survivor Series WarGames on November 26, Bálor was defeated by Styles while Ripley's team was defeated by Yim's team in a WarGames match. On the following episode of "Raw," The Judgment Day defeated The O.C. in an eight-person mixed tag team match to end their feud.


title: Mindhunters

text: Mindhunters is a 2004 crime slasher film directed by Renny Harlin and starring Kathryn Morris, LL Cool J, Jonny Lee Miller, Patricia Velásquez, Clifton Collins Jr., Christian Slater, and Val Kilmer. It was written by Wayne Kramer and Kevin Brodbin with an uncredited rewrite by Ehren Kruger. Unusually, the last country to receive this film was the United States in 2005, because of the film's distribution rights being changed from 20th Century Fox to Dimension Films.


title: Mindhunters

text: The titular Mindhunters are a group of young FBI students who are undergoing training as profilers. Their instructor, experienced profiler Jake Harris, employs a highly realistic training approach by assigning the group variants of real investigations, including elaborate sets, props, and FBI actors to play out each scenario.


title: Mindhunters

text: The students include Bobby, a young man with a talent for fixing things; Vince, a wheelchair-bound ex-cop who goes nowhere without his gun; Nicole, a smoker who is attempting to quit; Sara, a talented but insecure profiler who is terrified of drowning; Rafe, a very intelligent, caffeine-powered British investigator; Lucas, a supposedly fearless man whose parents were killed when he was a child; and J.D., their leader and Nicole's lover. Nearing the end of their training, the group's overall morale is high, though Vince discovers that neither he, nor Sara, will make the rank of "profiler" after secretly reading their training evaluations.


title: Mindhunters

text: The group travels with Harris to a small island off the coast of North Carolina to complete their final training exercise. At the last minute, they are joined by Gabe, an outside observer who has requested to see Harris's teaching methods in action. The island, used by the Navy to train for hostage rescue and outbreak scenarios, has an existing "population" of target dummies, vehicles on mechanical rails, and small town storefronts. Similar to their earlier training scenarios, Harris plans on using the town for their final exam, tracking a serial killer calling himself, "the puppeteer". The team settles down for the evening and practice their profiling skills on each other and Gabe, who reveals that he is also a skilled profiler in his own right. Sara and Lucas briefly bond over losses in their families; Sara reveals that her sister was murdered and drowned, creating her persistent fear of water, while Lucas shares that his parents died when he was 10. The two resolve to use the scenario to confront their personal fears.


title: Mindhunters

text: The following morning, they find a dead cat with a broken pocket watch in its mouth in the bathroom. Later, during the initial investigation of the "puppeteer" scenario, J.D. dies after triggering a clock mechanism that causes a tank of liquid nitrogen (mislabeled as helium) to freeze him instantly. Realizing that J.D.'s death is neither accidental nor part of the training simulation, the group heads to the dock to leave the island, but the boat explodes when Lucas triggers a laser tripwire. After returning to base, the group realizes that the broken watches and clocks found at each scene point to the fact that there's a real serial killer on the island, who has co-opted the training exercise and is now hunting them down. The killer's M.O. indicates that they plans to kill someone at a time designated by the broken clocks. After a thorough search of the island reveals no other personnel, the group concludes that the killer is one of them.


title: Mindhunters

text: At first, suspicions seem to point to Gabe, as Lucas found maps and documents of the island; however, before the group finishes confronting him, they each pass out, realizing that their coffee was drugged. They awaken to discover that the killer murdered Rafe while they were unconscious, draining his blood and leaving his severed head on a table, and suspicions again return to Gabe. He temporarily deflects these suspicions when he saves Vince from another trap involving broken water pipes and lights electrocuting the water. However, Bobby is killed by a secondary trap when he goes to turn off the water, just after discussing the engineering expertise needed to set this up. Sara, meanwhile, deduces that the traps are based on their strengths, talents, and weaknesses; the remaining profilers elect to stick together, to keep an eye on each other. After more clues are discovered, suspicion shifts to Sara, who insists that she's being framed. Nicole, suspicious that the killer is among the group, leaves to be alone, but she becomes the next to die after she smokes a cigarette laced with acid.


title: Mindhunters

text: Unexpectedly, the island's speakers begin to broadcast a taunting message from Harris, making them realize that he did not leave the island, though he led the profilers to believe that he had; convinced that Harris has been the killer all along, the remaining profilers search for him. Vince refuses to join the search party and stays behind at the lab. Sara, Gabe and Lucas find Harris and two other FBI agents next to him, all dead; Harris has been strung up to wires from the ceiling as a sort of marionette, just like the fake "puppeteer" crime scene that they were to investigate. The three turn on each other after triggering another trap, and Lucas is shot during the ensuing gun battle. Vince finds himself trapped in a freezer after he tries to reload his empty gun, but he escapes and then dies when his gun backfires on him in the elevator.


title: Mindhunters

text: Sara finds Vince's body, but she is ambushed by Gabe, and the two struggle physically and mentally to profile the other, each believing the other person is the killer. Gabe manages to overpower Sara but is then attacked by Lucas, and the two of them get into a protracted fight. Sara eventually recovers and hits Gabe over the head with a fire extinguisher. Lucas reveals that he had been wearing a bulletproof vest, allowing him to survive getting shot on the street. With Gabe subdued, he expresses doubt that there's enough evidence to prove that Gabe was the killer. Sara, however, reveals she found a way to get one step ahead of the killer. Knowing that the killer was relying on timed mechanisms and remotes, as well as enjoying watching their anxiety under pressure, she changed one of the clocks to appear slow by fifteen minutes, and covered it in a powder that glows phosphorescently under blacklight; reasoning that the killer wouldn't be able to resist setting the clock to the correct time, she grabs a black light to scan Gabe's hands and reveal him as the killer only to find the marking powder on Lucas' hands instead. Lucas confesses that his parents did not die in an accident, but that he killed them. Struggling ever since to find more thrilling targets to kill, he joined the FBI and planned to kill his brilliant fellow profilers, the only people he thought would be "worthy prey". Lucas tries to drown Sara, but she manages to kick him into the water. The two both manage to recover their weapons underwater, but Sara manages to shoot Lucas first.


title: Mindhunters

text: Lucas recovers and begins to taunt her about the evidence he planted blaming her, but Gabe comes to her rescue. In a last desperate effort, Lucas attempts to regain his weapon, forcing Sara to kill him, shooting him in the head. The following day, Gabe and Sara flag down a U.S. Navy helicopter to leave the island, determining that they've sufficiently secured the scene.


title: Mindhunters

text: Wayne Kramer sold the original spec screenplay of "Mindhunters" to 20th Century Fox. The title of his screenplay was originally called "Unsub" (Unknown Subject), but Fox executives preferred the title "Mindhunters" and changed it before the deal was announced to the entertainment press. Kramer never felt comfortable with the title change because there was already a non-fiction book by John Douglas called "".


title: Mindhunters

text: Renny Harlin was originally attached to direct the film adaptation of "A Sound of Thunder" based on Ray Bradbury's short story, but left to helm this movie instead. Gerard Butler was set to the play the role of Lucas Harper, but dropped out to star in "Timeline". Ryan Phillippe was also considered for the part, before Jonny Lee Miller eventually signed on. Phillippe's then-wife, Reese Witherspoon, was offered to play Sara Moore, but she turned it down and Kathryn Morris was later cast. Christopher Walken, Martin Sheen and Gary Busey were all offered the part of Jake Harris, but they rejected the film before Val Kilmer agreed to do the movie.


title: Mindhunters

text: "Mindhunters" was filmed entirely in the Netherlands. Locations included Amsterdam (Amsterdam-Noord), The Hague, Delft, beach town Zandvoort, training village of the Police Academy in Ossendrecht and Radio Kootwijk on the Veluwe heath lands in the Gelderland province. Post-production of the film was moved to England to decrease the budget. Filming and production went from January to September 2002, yet the film was not released until 2004 (2005 in the USA). During the editing process, Harlin toned down much of the violence, in order to secure a PG-13 rating in the United States, yet the MPAA felt that the overall tone of the film was too dark and still issued it an R; following this Harlin reinserted the deleted scenes.


title: Mindhunters

text: The film was a box office letdown, making only $4,476,235 domestically against a production budget of $27 million.


title: Mindhunters

text: "Mindhunters" received generally negative reviews and it currently holds a 24% rating on Rotten Tomatoes; the consensus states: "A retread of "Ten Little Indians" that lacks the source material's wit." On Metacritic, which uses an average of the critics' reviews, the film scored 33/100, indicating "generally unfavorable" reviews.


title: Mindhunters

text: Roger Ebert, of the "Chicago Sun-Times", gave "Mindhunters" 2½ stars. His comments were: "I will leave you with only one clue. In 'House of Wax', which opened last week, the movie theater is playing 'What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?'. In this movie, the theater marquee advertises 'The Third Man'. No, the male characters are not numbered in order, so you can't figure it out that way, nor is the killer necessarily a woman. So think real hard. What else do you know about 'The Third Man'? If you have never seen 'The Third Man', I urge you to rent it immediately, as a preparation (or substitute) for 'Mindhunters'."


title: Multiple inheritance

text: Multiple inheritance is a feature of some object-oriented computer programming languages in which an object or class can inherit features from more than one parent object or parent class. It is distinct from single inheritance, where an object or class may only inherit from one particular object or class.


title: Multiple inheritance

text: Multiple inheritance has been a controversial issue for many years, with opponents pointing to its increased complexity and ambiguity in situations such as the "diamond problem", where it may be ambiguous as to which parent class a particular feature is inherited from if more than one parent class implements said feature. This can be addressed in various ways, including using virtual inheritance. Alternate methods of object composition not based on inheritance such as mixins and traits have also been proposed to address the ambiguity.


title: Multiple inheritance

text: In object-oriented programming (OOP), "inheritance" describes a relationship between two classes in which one class (the "child" class) "subclasses" the "parent" class. The child inherits methods and attributes of the parent, allowing for shared functionality. For example, one might create a variable class "Mammal" with features such as eating, reproducing, etc.; then define a child class "Cat" that inherits those features without having to explicitly program them, while adding new features like "chasing mice".


title: Multiple inheritance

text: Multiple inheritance allows programmers to use more than one totally orthogonal hierarchy simultaneously, such as allowing "Cat" to inherit from "Cartoon character" and "Pet" and "Mammal" and access features from within all of those classes.


title: Multiple inheritance

text: Languages that support multiple inheritance include: C++, Common Lisp (via Common Lisp Object System (CLOS)), EuLisp (via The EuLisp Object System TELOS), Curl, Dylan, Eiffel, Logtalk, Object REXX, Scala (via use of mixin classes), OCaml, Perl, POP-11, Python, R, Raku, and Tcl (built-in from 8.6 or via Incremental Tcl (Incr Tcl) in earlier versions).


title: Multiple inheritance

text: IBM System Object Model (SOM) runtime supports multiple inheritance, and any programming language targeting SOM can implement new SOM classes inherited from multiple bases.


title: Multiple inheritance

text: Some object-oriented languages, such as Swift, Java, Fortran since its 2003 revision, C#, and Ruby implement "single inheritance", although protocols, or "interfaces," provide some of the functionality of true multiple inheritance.


title: Multiple inheritance

text: PHP uses traits classes to inherit specific method implementations. Ruby uses modules to inherit multiple methods.


title: Multiple inheritance

text: The "diamond problem" (sometimes referred to as the "Deadly Diamond of Death") is an ambiguity that arises when two classes B and C inherit from A, and class D inherits from both B and C. If there is a method in A that B and C have overridden, and D does not override it, then which version of the method does D inherit: that of B, or that of C?


title: Multiple inheritance

text: For example, in the context of GUI software development, a class codice_1 may inherit from both classes codice_2 (for appearance) and codice_3 (for functionality/input handling), and classes codice_2 and codice_3 both inherit from the codice_6 class. Now if the codice_7 method is called for a codice_1 object and there is no such method in the codice_1 class but there is an overridden codice_7 method in codice_2 or codice_3 (or both), which method should be eventually called?


title: Multiple inheritance

text: It is called the "diamond problem" because of the shape of the class inheritance diagram in this situation. In this case, class A is at the top, both B and C separately beneath it, and D joins the two together at the bottom to form a diamond shape.


title: Multiple inheritance

text: Languages that allow only single inheritance, where a class can only derive from one base class, do not have the diamond problem. The reason for this is that such languages have at most one implementation of any method at any level in the inheritance chain regardless of the repetition or placement of methods. Typically these languages allow classes to implement multiple protocols, called interfaces in Java. These protocols define methods but do not provide concrete implementations. This strategy has been used by ActionScript, C#, D, Java, Nemerle, Object Pascal, Objective-C, Smalltalk, Swift and PHP. All these languages allow classes to implement multiple protocols.


title: Multiple inheritance

text: Moreover, Ada, C#, Java, Object Pascal, Objective-C, Swift and PHP allow multiple-inheritance of interfaces (called protocols in Objective-C and Swift). Interfaces are like abstract base classes that specify method signatures without implementing any behaviour. ("Pure" interfaces such as the ones in Java up to version 7 do not permit any implementation or instance data in the interface.) Nevertheless, even when several interfaces declare the same method signature, as soon as that method is implemented (defined) anywhere in the inheritance chain, it overrides any implementation of that method in the chain above it (in its superclasses). Hence, at any given level in the inheritance chain, there can be at most one implementation of any method. Thus, single-inheritance method implementation does not exhibit the Diamond Problem even with multiple-inheritance of interfaces. With the introduction of default implementation for interfaces in Java 8 and C# 8, it is still possible to generate a Diamond Problem, although this will only appear as a compile-time error.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: The Ho Chi Minh Trail (), also called Annamite Range Trail () was a logistical network of roads and trails that ran from North Vietnam to South Vietnam through the kingdoms of Laos and Cambodia. The system provided support, in the form of manpower and materiel, to the Viet Cong (or "VC") and the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), during the Vietnam War. Construction for the network began following the North Vietnamese invasion of Laos in July 1959.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: It was named by the U.S. after the North Vietnamese president Hồ Chí Minh. The origin of the name is presumed to have came from the First Indochina War, when there was a Viet Minh maritime logistics line called the "Route of Ho Chi Minh", and shortly after late 1960, as the present trail developed, Agence France-Presse (AFP) announced that a north–south trail had opened, and they named the corridor "La Piste de Hồ Chí Minh", the 'Hồ Chí Minh Trail'. The trail ran mostly in Laos, and was called by the communists, the Trường Sơn Strategic Supply Route ("Đường Trường Sơn"), after the Vietnamese name for the Annamite Range mountains in central Vietnam. They further identified the trail as either West Trường Sơn (Laos) or East Trường Sơn (Vietnam). According to the U.S. National Security Agency's official history of the war, the trail system was "one of the great achievements of military engineering of the 20th century". The trail was able to effectively supply troops fighting in the south, an unparalleled military feat, given it was the site of the single most intense air interdiction campaign in history.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: Parts of what became the trail had existed for centuries as primitive footpaths that enabled trade. The area through which the system meandered was among the most challenging in Southeast Asia: a sparsely populated region of rugged mountains in elevation, triple-canopy jungle and dense tropical rainforests. Pre-First Indochina War, the routes were known as the "Southward March", "Eastward March", "Westward March", and "Northward March". During the First Indochina War the Việt Minh maintained north–south communications and logistics by expanding on this system of trails and paths, and called the routes the "Trans-West Supply Line" (running in south Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand) and the "Trans-Indochina Link" (running in north Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand).


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: In May 1958 PAVN and Pathet Lao forces seized the transportation hub at Tchepone, on Laotian Route 9. Laotian elections in May brought a right-wing government to power in Laos, increasing dependence on U.S. military and economic aid and an increasingly antagonistic attitude toward North Vietnam.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: PAVN forces, alongside the Pathet Lao, invaded Laos on 28 July 1959, with fighting all along the border with North Vietnam against the Royal Lao Army (RLA). In September 1959, Hanoi established the 559th Transportation Group, headquartered at Na Kai, Houaphan province in northeast Laos close to the border. It was under the command of Colonel (later General) Võ Bẩm and established to improve and maintain a transportation system to supply the VC insurgency against the South Vietnamese government. Initially, the North Vietnamese effort concentrated on infiltration across and immediately below the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) that separated the two Vietnams. The 559th Group "flipped" its line of communications to the west side of the Trường Sơn mountains.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: By 1959, the 559th had 6,000 personnel in two regiments alone, the 70th and 71st, not including combat troops in security roles or North Vietnamese and Laotian civilian laborers. In the early days of the conflict the trail was used strictly for the infiltration of manpower. At the time, Hanoi could supply its southern allies much more efficiently by sea. In 1959 the North Vietnamese created Transportation Group 759, which was equipped with 20 steel-hulled vessels to carry out such infiltration.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: After the initiation of U.S. naval interdiction efforts in coastal waters, known as Operation Market Time, the trail had to do double duty. Materiel sent from the north was stored in caches in the border regions that were soon retitled "Base Areas" (BA), which, in turn, became sanctuaries for VC and PAVN forces seeking respite and resupply after conducting operations in South Vietnam.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: There were five large base areas in the panhandle of Laos (see map). BA 604 was the main logistical center during the war. From there, the coordination and distribution of men and supplies into South Vietnam's Military Region (MR) I and BAs further south was accomplished.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: Human labour, pushing heavily laden bicycles, driving oxcarts, or acting as human pack animals, moving hundreds of tonnes of supplies in this fashion was quickly supplanted by truck transport—using Soviet, Chinese, or Eastern Bloc models—which quickly became the chief means of moving supplies and troops. As early as December 1961, the 3rd Truck Transportation Group of PAVN's General Rear Services Department had become the first motor transport unit fielded by North Vietnamese to work the trail and the use of motor transport escalated.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: Two types of units served under the 559th Group: "Binh Trams" (BT) and commo-liaison units. A "Binh Tram" was the equivalent of a regimental logistical headquarters and was responsible for securing a particular section of the network. While separate units were tasked with security, engineering, and communications functions, a "Binh Tram" provided the logistical necessities. Usually located one day's march from one another, communication-liaison units were responsible for providing food, housing, medical care and guides to the next way-station. By April 1965, command of the 559th Group devolved upon General Phan Trọng Tuệ, who assumed command of 24,000 men in six truck transportation battalions, two bicycle transportation battalions, a boat transportation battalion, eight engineer battalions, and 45 commo-liaison stations. The motto of the 559th became "Build roads to advance, fight the enemy to travel."


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: There were nine Binh Trams between the dry season of 1967 to August 1968. An example is Binh Tram 31:


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: The system developed into an intricate maze of dirt roads (paved with gravel and corduroyed in some areas), foot and bicycle paths and truck parks. There were numerous supply bunkers, storage areas, barracks, hospitals, and command and control facilities, all concealed from aerial observation by an intricate system of natural and man-made camouflage that was constantly improved. By 1973, trucks could drive the entire length of the trail without emerging from the canopy except to ford streams or cross them on crude bridges built beneath the water's surface.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: The weather in southeastern Laos came to play a large role both in the supply effort and in U.S. and South Vietnamese efforts to interdict it. The southwest monsoon (commonly called the rainy season) from mid-May to mid-September, brought heavy precipitation (70% of per year). The sky was usually overcast with high temperatures. The northwest monsoon (the dry season), from mid-October to mid-March was relatively dry with lower temperatures. Since the road network in the trail system was generally dirt, the bulk of supply transport, and the military efforts that they supported, were conducted during the dry season. Eventually, the bulk of the trail was either asphalted or hard packed, thus allowing large quantities of supplies to be moved even during the rainy season.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: In 1961 U.S. intelligence analysts estimated that 5,843 enemy infiltrators (actually 4,000) had moved south on the trail; in 1962, 12,675 (actually 5,300); in 1963, 7,693 (actually 4,700); and in 1964, 12,424. The supply capacity of the trail reached 20 to 30 tonnes per day in 1964 and it was estimated by the U.S. that 12,000 (actually 9,000) PAVN soldiers had reached South Vietnam that year. By 1965 the U.S. command in Saigon estimated that communist supply requirements for their southern forces amounted to 234 tons of all supplies per day and that 195 tons were moving through Laos.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) analysts concluded that during the 1965 Laotian dry season the enemy was moving 30 trucks per day (90 tonnes) over the trail, far above the Saigon estimate.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: U.S. officials had only estimates of its enemy's capabilities; intelligence collection agencies often conflicted with each other. Thanks to improvements to the trail system (including opening new routes that would connect to the Sihanouk Trail in Cambodia), the quantity of supplies transported during 1965 almost equaled the combined total for the previous five years. During the year interdiction of the system had become one of the top American priorities, but operations against it were complicated by the limited forces available at the time and Laos's ostensible neutrality.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: The intricacies of Laotian affairs, and U.S. and North Vietnamese interference in them, led to a mutual policy of each ignoring the other, at least in the public eye. This did not prevent the North Vietnamese from violating Lao neutrality by protecting and expanding their supply conduit, and by supporting their Pathet Lao allies in their war against the central government. U.S. intervention came in the form of building and supporting a CIA-backed clandestine army in its fight with the communists and constant bombing of the trail. They also provided support for the Lao government.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: On 14 December 1964, the U.S. Air Force's (USAF) "Operation Barrel Roll" carried out the first systematic bombardment of the Hồ Chí Minh Trail in Laos. On 20 March 1965, after the initiation of Operation Rolling Thunder against North Vietnam, President Lyndon B. Johnson approved a corresponding escalation against the trail system. "Barrel Roll" continued in northeastern Laos while the southern panhandle was bombed in "Operation Steel Tiger".


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: By mid-year the number of sorties being flown had grown from 20 to 1,000 per month. In January 1965, the U.S. command in Saigon requested control over bombing operations in the areas of Laos adjacent to South Vietnam's five northernmost provinces, claiming that the area was part of the "extended battlefield". The request was granted by the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The area fell under the auspices of "Operation Tiger Hound".


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: Political considerations complicated aerial operations. But the seasonal monsoons that hindered communist supply operations in Laos also hampered the interdiction effort. These efforts were hindered by morning fog and overcast, and by the smoke and haze produced by the slash-and-burn agriculture practiced by the indigenous population. During 1968 the USAF undertook two experimental operations that it hoped would worsen the monsoons. "Project Popeye" was an attempt to indefinitely extend the rainy season over southeastern Laos by cloud seeding. Testing on the project began in September above the Kong River watershed that ran through the Steel Tiger and Tiger Hound areas. Clouds were seeded by air with silver iodide smoke and then activated by launching a fuse fired from a flare pistol. Fifty-six tests were conducted by October; 85% were judged to be successful. President Johnson then gave authorization for the program, which lasted until July 1972.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: Testing on the second operation, "Project Commando Lava", began on 17 May: scientists from Dow Chemical had created a chemical concoction that, when mixed with rainwater, destabilized the soil and created mud. The program drew enthusiasm from its military and civilian participants, who claimed that they were there to "make mud, not war." In some areas it worked, depending on the makeup of the soil. The chemicals were dropped by C-130A aircraft, but the overall effect on North Vietnamese interdiction was minimal and the experiment was cancelled.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: In December 1965 the USAF began its first Operation Ranch Hand defoliation missions against the trail in Laos using both Agent Blue and Agent Orange defoliants. More than 210


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: missions took place, spraying approximately 1.8 million litres of defoliants. Unlike Laos, the trail in Cambodia was not systematically targeted for defoliation, although more than ten missions were mounted against the Parrot's Beak area, spraying approximately 155,000 litres of Agent Orange.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: On the ground, the CIA and the RLA had initially been given the responsibility of stopping, slowing, or, at the very least, observing the enemy's infiltration effort. In Laos, the agency began Operation Pincushion in 1962 to accomplish that goal. The operation evolved into Operation Hardnose, in which CIA-backed Laotian irregular reconnaissance team operations took place.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: In October 1965, General Westmoreland received authorization to launch a U.S. cross-border recon effort. On 18 October 1965, the first mission was launched "across the fence" into Laos by the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Studies and Observations Group (MACV-SOG). This was the beginning of an ever-expanding reconnaissance effort by MACV-SOG that would continue until the operation was disbanded in 1972. Another weapon in the U.S. arsenal was unleashed upon the trail on 10 December 1965, when the first B-52 Stratofortress bomber strike was conducted in Laos.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: A common historical perspective supports the efficacy of the campaigns (despite their failure to halt or slow infiltration), as they did restrict enemy materiel and manpower in Laos and Cambodia. This viewpoint pervaded some official U.S. government histories of the conflict. John Schlight said of the PAVN's logistical apparatus, "This sustained effort, requiring the full-time activities of tens of thousands of soldiers, who might otherwise have been fighting in South Vietnam, seems proof positive that the bombing of the Ho Chi Minh Trail had disrupted the North Vietnamese war effort."


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: Despite U.S. anti-infiltration efforts, the estimated number of PAVN infiltrators for 1966 was between 58,000 and 90,000 troops, including five full enemy regiments. A June 1966 DIA estimate credited the North Vietnamese with of passable roads within the corridor, at least of which were good enough for year-round use. In 1967 Senior Colonel (later General) Đồng Sỹ Nguyên assumed command of the 559th Group. In comparison to the above DIA estimate, by the end of the year the North Vietnamese had completed 2,959 km of vehicle capable roads, including 275 kilometers of main roads, 576 kilometers of bypasses, and 450 entry roads and storage areas.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: It was learned by U.S. intelligence that the enemy was using the Kong and Bang Fai Rivers to transport food, fuel, and munitions shipments by loading materiel into half-filled steel drums and then launching them into the rivers. They were later collected downstream by nets and booms. Unknown to the U.S., the North Vietnamese had also begun to transport and store more than 81,000 tonnes of supplies "to be utilized in a future offensive". That future offensive was launched during the lunar new year Tết holiday of 1968, and to prepare for it, 200,000 PAVN troops, including seven infantry regiments and 20 independent battalions, made the trip south.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: Throughout the war, ground operations by conventional units were somewhat limited to brief incursions into border sanctuaries. One notable operation was Dewey Canyon which took place from 22 January to 18 March 1969 in I Corps. During the operation, the 9th Marine Regiment attempted to interdict PAVN activity in the Da Krong River and A Shau Valleys. Ground units briefly entered the border areas of Laos during fighting with elements of the PAVN 9th Regiment.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: In the wake of the Tet Offensive, the North Vietnamese expanded and modernized their logistical effort. The number of supply and maintenance personnel dropped, mainly due to increased use of motor and river transport and mechanized construction equipment. The CIA estimated during the year that the 559th Group was using 20 bulldozers, 11 road graders, three rock crushers, and two steamrollers for maintenance and new road construction.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: As many as 43,000 North Vietnamese or Laotians (most of whom were pressed into service) were engaged in operating, improving, or extending the system. In 1969, 433,000 tonnes of ordnance fell on Laos. This was made possible by the end of "Operation Rolling Thunder" and the commencement of "Operation Commando Hunt" in November 1968. U.S. aircraft were freed for interdiction missions and as many as 500 per day were flying over Laos. By the end of 1968, bombing missions over southern Laos had climbed 300 percent, from 4,700 sorties in October to 12,800 in November.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: This round-the-clock aerial effort was directed by "Operation Igloo White", run out of Nakhon Phanom, Thailand. It was composed of three parts: strings of air-dropped acoustic and seismic sensors collected intelligence on the trail; computers at the Intelligence Collection Center (ICS) in Thailand collated the information and predicted convoy paths and speeds; and an airborne relay and control aircraft which received the signals from the sensors and routed aircraft to targets as directed by the ICS.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: This effort was supported by MACV-SOG recon teams, who, besides carrying out recon, wiretap, and bomb damage assessment missions for "Commando Hunt", also hand-placed sensors for "Igloo White". Personnel interdiction was abandoned by early-1969. The sensor system was not sophisticated enough to detect enemy personnel, so the effort was given up until "Operation Island Tree" in late-1971. A revelation for U.S. intelligence analysts in late 1968 was the discovery of a petroleum pipeline running southwest from the northern port of Vinh.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: Initially, fuel was carried by porters, but this was inefficient and time-consuming, and thus highlighted the need to extend the pipeline at a much faster rate. The responsibility to build the pipeline fell to Lieutenant Colonel Phan Tu Quang, who became the first Chief of the Fuel Supply Department, and Major Mai Trong Phuoc, who was the Commander of Road Work Team 18, the secret name for the workers who built the pipeline.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: Early in 1969, the pipeline crossed the Lao frontier through the Mu Gia Pass and, by 1970, it reached the approaches to the A Shau Valley in South Vietnam. The plastic pipeline, equipped with numerous small pumping stations, managed to transfer diesel fuel, gasoline, and kerosene all through the same pipe. Due to the efforts of the PAVN 592nd Pipelaying Regiment, the number of pipelines entering Laos increased to six that year.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: The 559th Group, still under the command of General Đồng Sỹ Nguyên, was made the equivalent of a Military Region in 1970 and the group was given the additional name, the "Truong Son Army". It was composed of four units, one division and three equivalent units: the 968th Infantry Division; 470th Group; 565th MAG; and 571st Rear Group. The units controlled fuel pipeline battalions.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: In July 1971, the Truong Son Army was reorganized into five divisional headquarters: the 470th, 471st, 472nd, 473rd, and the 571st. The group consisted of four truck transportation regiments, two petroleum pipeline regiments, three anti-aircraft artillery (AAA) regiments, eight engineer regiments, and the 968th Infantry Division. By the end of 1970 the 559th was running 27 "Binh Trams", which transported 40,000 tonnes of supplies with a 3.4% loss rate during the year.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: Colonel Quang and Major Phuoc would eventually build 5,000 km of pipeline and ship over 270,000 tonnes of petrol. Sections of the pipeline were still in use in the 1990s.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: Trucked supplies traveled in convoys from North Vietnam in relays, with trucks shuttling from only one way station to the next. The vehicles were then unloaded and reloaded onto "fresh" trucks at each station. If a truck was disabled or destroyed, it was replaced from the assets of the next northern station and so on until it was replaced by a new one in North Vietnam. Eventually, the last commo-liaison station in Laos or Cambodia was reached and the vehicles were unloaded. The supplies were then cached, loaded onto watercraft, or man-portered into South Vietnam.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: Due to the increased effectiveness of "Commando Hunt", North Vietnamese transportation units usually took to the roads only at dusk with traffic peaking in the early morning hours. As U.S. aircraft came on station, traffic would subside until just before dawn, when fixed-wing gunships and night bombers returned to their bases. The trucks then began rolling again, reaching another peak in traffic around 06:00 as drivers hurried to get into truck parks before sunrise and the arrival of the morning waves of U.S. fighter bombers. By the last phase of "Commando Hunt" (October 1970 – April 1972), the average daily number of U.S. aircraft flying interdiction missions included 182 attack fighters, 13 fixed-wing gunships, and 21 B-52s.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: The North Vietnamese also responded to the American aerial threat by the increased use of heavy concentrations of anti-aircraft artillery. By 1968 this was mainly composed of 37 mm and 57 mm radar-controlled weapons. The next year, 85 mm and 100 mm guns appeared, and by the end of "Commando Hunt", over 1,500 guns defended the system.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: Of all the weapons systems used against the trail, according to the official North Vietnamese history of the conflict, the AC-130 Spectre fixed-wing gunship was the most formidable adversary. The Spectres "established control over and successfully suppressed, to a certain extent at least, our nighttime supply operations". The history claimed that allied aircraft destroyed some 4,000 trucks during the 1970–71 dry season, of which the C-130s alone destroyed 2,432 trucks.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: A Spectre countermeasure was unveiled on 29 March 1972, when a Spectre was shot down on a night mission by a surface-to-air SA-7 missile near Tchepone. This was the first U.S. aircraft shot down by a SAM that far south during the conflict. PAVN responded to U.S. nighttime bombing by building the 1,000 kilometer-long Road K ("Green Road") from north of Lum Bum to lower Laos. During "Commando Hunt IV" (30 April–9 October 1971), U.S., South Vietnamese and Laotian forces began to feel the North Vietnamese reaction to General Lon Nol's coup in Cambodia and the subsequent closure of the port of Sihanoukville to its supply shipments. As early as 1969 PAVN had begun its largest logistical effort of the entire conflict.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: The Laotian towns of Attapeu and Salavan, at the foot of the Bolaven Plateau were seized by the PAVN during 1970, opening the length of the Kong River system into Cambodia. Hanoi also created the 470th Transportation Group to manage the flow of men and supplies to the new battlefields in Cambodia. This new "Liberation Route" turned west from the trail at Muong May, at the south end of Laos, and paralleled the Kong River into Cambodia. Eventually this new route extended past Siem Prang and reached the Mekong River near Stung Treng.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: During 1971 PAVN took Paksong and advanced to Pakse, at the heart of the Bolaven Plateau region of Laos. The following year, Khong Sedone fell to the North Vietnamese. The PAVN continued a campaign to clear the eastern flank of the trail that it had begun in 1968. By 1968, U.S. Special Forces camps at Khe Sanh and Khâm Đức, both of which were used by MACV-SOG as forward operations bases for its reconnaissance effort, had either been abandoned or overrun. In 1970, the same fate befell another camp at Dak Seang. What had once been a supply corridor now stretched for from east to west.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: In early-February 1971, 16,000 (later 20,000) ARVN troops crossed the Laotian border along Route 9 and headed for the PAVN logistical center at Tchepone. "Operation Lam Son 719", the long-sought assault on the Ho Chi Minh Trail itself and the ultimate test of the U.S. policy of Vietnamization, had begun. Unfortunately for the South Vietnamese, U.S. ground troops were prohibited by law from participation in the incursion, and the U.S. was restricted to providing air support, artillery fire, and helicopter aviation units.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: At first the operation went well, with little resistance from the North Vietnamese. By early March 1971 the situation changed. Hanoi made the decision to stand and fight. It began to muster forces which would eventually number 60,000 PAVN troops as well as several thousand allied Pathet Lao troops and Lao irregulars, outnumbering the ARVN by almost three to one.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: The fighting in southeastern Laos was unlike any yet seen in the Vietnam War, since the PAVN abandoned its old hit-and-run tactics and launched a conventional counterattack. The PAVN first launched massed infantry attacks supported by armor and heavy artillery to crush ARVN positions on the flanks of the main advance. Coordinated anti-aircraft fire made tactical air support and resupply difficult and costly, with 108 helicopters shot down and 618 others damaged.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: PAVN forces began to squeeze in on the main line of the ARVN advance. Although an airborne assault managed to seize Tchepone, it was a useless victory, as the South Vietnamese could only hold the town for a short period before being withdrawn due to attacks on the main column. The only way the invasion force managed to extricate itself from Laos was through the massive application of U.S. air support. By 25 March 1971, the last ARVN troops recrossed the border, closely followed by their enemy. As a test of Vietnamization, "Lam Son 719" failed; half of the invasion force was lost during the operation.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: South Vietnamese troops were poorly led and the elite Ranger and Airborne elements had been decimated. "Lam Son 719" did manage to postpone a planned PAVN offensive against the northern provinces of South Vietnam for one year. By spring 1972 the Americans and South Vietnamese realized that the enemy was planning a major offensive, but did not know where or when. The answer came on 30 March 1972 when 30,000 PAVN troops, supported by more than 300 tanks, crossed the border and invaded Quảng Trị Province. The "Nguyen Hue Offensive"—better known as the "Easter Offensive"—was underway.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: As South Vietnamese forces were on the verge of collapse, President Richard M. Nixon responded by increasing the magnitude of the U.S. air support. Due to the withdrawal of U.S. aviation units from Southeast Asia, squadrons were flown into South Vietnam from Japan and the U.S. itself. The effort failed to halt the fall of Quảng Trị City on 2 May, seemingly sealing the fate of the four northernmost provinces. The North Vietnamese then launched two further attacks from their base areas in Cambodia, the first aimed to seize Kon Tum in the Central Highlands to cut South Vietnam in two; the second provoked a series of battles in and around An Lộc, the capital of Bình Long Province. A total of 14 PAVN divisions were now committed to the offensive. On 13 May 1972, South Vietnam launched a counteroffensive with four divisions backed by massive U.S. air support. By 17 May, Quảng Trị City was retaken, but the South Vietnamese military ran out of steam. The PAVN thrusts against Kon Tum and An Lộc were contained. Due to the adoption of a conventional offensive and the logistical effort needed to sustain it, U.S. airpower was particularly effective and PAVN casualties were high. The North Vietnamese suffered approximately 100,000 casualties while the South Vietnamese suffered 30,000 fatalities during the fighting.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: The seizure of territory within South Vietnam itself allowed Hanoi to extend the trail across the border with Laos and into that country. The signing of the Paris Peace Accords seemed to bring the conflict in Southeast Asia to an end. The last U.S. forces departed in March 1973. Both North and South Vietnamese were to maintain control in the areas under their influence and negotiations between the two nations, possibly leading to a coalition government and unification, were to take place. Jockeying for control of more territory, both sides flagrantly violated the ceasefire and open hostilities began anew.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: By 1973, the PAVN logistical system consisted of a two-lane paved (with crushed limestone and gravel) highway that ran from the mountain passes of North Vietnam to the Chu Pong Massif in South Vietnam. By 1974 it was possible to travel a completely paved four-lane route from the Central Highlands to Tây Ninh Province, northwest of Saigon. The single oil pipeline that had once terminated near the A Shau Valley now consisted of four lines (the largest 20 cm [eight inches] in diameter) and extended south to Lộc Ninh. In July 1973 the 259th Group was redesignated the Truong Son Command, the regimental sectors were converted to divisions, and the "binh trams" were designated as regiments. By late 1974 forces under the new command included AAA Division 377, Transportation Division 571, Engineering Division 473, the 968th Infantry Division, and sectoral divisions 470, 471, and 472.


title: Ho Chi Minh trail

text: Command then devolved upon PAVN Major General Hoàng Thế Thiện. In December 1974 the first phase of a limited PAVN offensive in South Vietnam began. Its success inspired Hanoi to try for an expanded but still limited, offensive to improve its bargaining position with Saigon. In March, General Văn Tiến Dũng launched "Campaign 275", the success of which prompted the general to push Hanoi for a final all-out offensive to take all of South Vietnam. After an ineffective attempt to halt the offensive, Saigon fell to North Vietnamese forces on 30 April 1975.


title: Bertrand Cantat

text: Bertrand Cantat (born 5 March 1964) is a French songwriter, singer, and musician known for being the former frontman of the rock band Noir Désir. In 2003, he was proven guilty without a doubt and convicted of the murder ("murder with indirect intent" "dolus eventualis") of French actress Marie Trintignant. Cantat returned to Noir Désir after his release from prison in 2007, playing with the group until it disbanded in 2010. He subsequently formed a musical duo with Pascal Humbert, calling themselves Détroit.


title: Bertrand Cantat

text: Cantat was born in Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques. The son of a navy officer, he spent his childhood in Le Havre. His family moved when he was an adolescent to Bordeaux. At the lycée Saint-Genès, he met Denis Barthe, Serge Teyssot-Gay, and Frédéric Vidalenc, who soon became members of his band.


title: Bertrand Cantat

text: At the height of Noir Désir's success in the 1990s, Cantat was a prominent figure in French music. Noir Désir is regarded "to have made the history of the French rock scene for three decades". He was known for the quality of his lyrics, charisma, and live performances, often compared to Jim Morrison of the Doors.


title: Bertrand Cantat

text: In 1997, Cantat married Krisztina Rády, an art director of Hungarian descent, with whom he had two children; Milo, born in 1998, and Alice, born in 2003.


title: Bertrand Cantat

text: In 2003, Cantat began an affair with French actress Marie Trintignant. On 26 July of that year, Cantat and Trintignant got in a fight in a hotel room in Vilnius, Lithuania, following a dispute over a text message. Seven hours later, Trintignant's brother called emergency services to the couple's Vilnius hotel room, as Trintignant had slipped into a deep coma. She died of swelling to the brain several days later in hospital. The post-mortem examination suggested that Cantat had inflicted 19 blows to Trintignant's head, causing irreversible brain damage. In court, Cantat claimed he "slapped" Trintignant four times before putting her to bed. He claimed he had flown into a jealous rage after she received a text message from her husband, Samuel Benchetrit. Trintignant was 41 at the time of her death, and left four young sons. French medical experts at the hearing confirmed Cantat's claim regarding the slapping, as well as his claim that he could not tell that Trintignant was dying. His house was burned down in Moustey. His spouse and his two children initially were supposed to be in the house at that time, but were in Bordeaux, instead.


title: Bertrand Cantat

text: In March 2004, Cantat was sentenced by Vilnius Regional Court under Article 129 of the Lithuanian Criminal Code to eight years in prison for murder, committed with indirect intent ("dolus eventualis"). The verdict was at first appealed by Marie Trintignant's family, who believed that her killing warranted a harsher sentence, and later by Cantat, who wanted the higher court to reclassify his crime as manslaughter, and therefore lessen his sentence. Both parties ultimately decided to cancel their appeals, which rendered final the original sentence of eight years. At the request of his lawyers, Cantat was moved from a Lithuanian prison to a prison near Muret, France, September 2004. Cantat served four years of his eight-year sentence in prison. According to French law, after half of a prison sentence has been served, a criminal with good behavior can be released to serve the rest of his sentence on parole.


title: Bertrand Cantat

text: Cantat was released from the French prison on parole in October 2007, after serving half of his sentence. His early release aroused the anger of women's rights activists and the victim's parents, who had failed to persuade French President Nicolas Sarkozy and French judges to block his early release.


title: Bertrand Cantat

text: On the night of 10 January 2010, Cantat's former wife Krisztina Rády died by suicide. At the time of her death, Bertrand Cantat was present in the house. She was discovered by their children the following day. Shortly before her death, Rády had complained of mental abuse by Cantat. The physical abuse she complained of on the answering machine is that he threw some objects at her, but she never mentioned that he was assaulting her. According to Cantat, Rády's parents had spent a week with him after the suicide. Magistrates in Bordeaux investigated Cantat in connection with Rady's suicide, but ultimately decided not to press charges.


title: Bertrand Cantat

text: In October 2010, three months after his probational status of release was lifted and his sentence declared completed, Cantat resumed his musical career with a gig in Bordeaux. His re-entry into the public eye frustrated women's rights campaigners and victim support groups. On 30 November 2010, Noir Désir announced that it would split up for good. Cantat has continued as a solo musician.


title: Bertrand Cantat

text: In early 2011, Canadian Lebanese playwright Wajdi Mouawad chose Cantat to sing in his production in Montreal of a Sophocles cycle, entitled "Chœurs". This sparked public criticism due to Cantat's murder conviction. Politicians proposed to ban Cantat's entry into the country, as Canada's immigration legislation bars from entry anyone convicted abroad of a crime which is punishable in Canada by a maximum term of at least 10 years in prison, until at least five years have passed since the end of the complete sentence handed down. Manslaughter carries a maximum penalty of life imprisonment in Canada. Cantat, who had been sentenced to eight years in jail in Lithuania in 2004, was freed in 2007 after serving half his term.


title: Bertrand Cantat

text: In April 2011, the artistic director of Théâtre du Nouveau Monde, Lorraine Pintal, announced that Cantat would not be performing in "Chœurs". Wajdi Mouawad responded to the controversy by publishing an open letter to his three-year-old daughter Aimee in the newspaper "Le Devoir", in which he argued for Cantat's right to full reintegration into society.


title: Bertrand Cantat

text: In November 2011, Cantat released the album "Chœurs", composed for Mouawad's namesake production with musicians Pascal Humbert, Bernard Falaise, and Alexander MacSween.


title: Bertrand Cantat

text: In November 2013 Cantat released the album "Horizons" credited to his duo Détroit with Pascal Humbert on Barclay Records label. The first single, titled "Droit dans le Soleil", had been released on 30 September 2013.


title: Residual neural network

text: A residual neural network (ResNet) is an artificial neural network (ANN). It is a gateless or open-gated variant of the HighwayNet, the first working very deep feedforward neural network with hundreds of layers, much deeper than previous neural networks. "Skip connections" or "shortcuts" are used to jump over some layers (HighwayNets may also learn the skip weights themselves through an additional weight matrix for their gates).


title: Residual neural network

text: Typical "ResNet" models are implemented with double- or triple- layer skips that contain nonlinearities (ReLU) and batch normalization in between. Models with several parallel skips are referred to as "DenseNets". In the context of residual neural networks, a non-residual network may be described as a "plain network".


title: Residual neural network

text: there are two main reasons to add skip connections: to avoid the problem of vanishing gradients, thus leading to easier to optimize neural networks, where