title: The Red Badge of Courage

text: Although Crane was born after the war, and had not at the time experienced battle first-hand, the novel is known for its realism and naturalism. He began writing what would become his second novel in 1894, using various contemporary and written accounts (such as those published previously by "Century Magazine") as inspiration. It is believed that he based the fictional battle on that of Chancellorsville; he may also have interviewed veterans of the 124th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, commonly known as the Orange Blossoms. Initially shortened and serialized in newspapers in December 1894, the novel was published in full in October 1895. A longer version of the work, based on Crane's original manuscript, was published in 1982.


title: The Red Badge of Courage

text: The novel is known for its distinctive style, which includes realistic battle sequences as well as the repeated use of color imagery, and ironic tone. Separating itself from a traditional war narrative, Crane's story reflects the inner experience of its protagonist (a soldier fleeing from combat) rather than the external world around him. Also notable for its use of what Crane called a "psychological portrayal of fear", the novel's allegorical and symbolic qualities are often debated by critics. Several of the themes that the story explores are maturation, heroism, cowardice, and the indifference of nature. "The Red Badge of Courage" garnered widespread acclaim, what H. G. Wells called "an orgy of praise", shortly after its publication, making Crane an instant celebrity at the age of twenty-four. The novel and its author did have their initial detractors, however, including author and veteran Ambrose Bierce. Adapted several times for the screen, the novel became a bestseller. Never out of print, it is Crane's most important work and a major American text.


title: The Red Badge of Courage

text: Stephen Crane published his first novel, "", in March 1893 at the age of 21. "Maggie" was not a success, either financially or critically. Most critics thought the unsentimental Bowery tale crude or vulgar, and Crane chose to publish the work privately after it was repeatedly rejected for publication. Crane found inspiration for his next novel while spending hours lounging in a friend's studio in the early summer of 1893. There, he became fascinated with issues of "Century Magazine" that were largely devoted to famous battles and military leaders from the Civil War. Frustrated with the dryly written stories, Crane stated, "I wonder that some of those fellows don't tell how they "felt" in those scraps. They spout enough of what they "did", but they're as emotionless as rocks." Returning to these magazines during subsequent visits to the studio, he decided to write a war novel. He later stated that he "had been unconsciously working the detail of the story out through most of his boyhood" and had imagined "war stories ever since he was out of knickerbockers."


title: The Red Badge of Courage

text: At the time, Crane was intermittently employed as a freelance writer, contributing articles to various New York City newspapers. He began writing what would become "The Red Badge of Courage" in June 1893, while living with his older brother Edmund in Lake View, New Jersey. Crane conceived the story from the point of view of a young private who is at first filled with boyish dreams of the glory of war, only to become disillusioned by war's reality. He took the private's surname, "Fleming," from his sister-in-law's maiden name. He would later relate that the first paragraphs came to him with "every word in place, every comma, every period fixed." Working mostly nights, he wrote from around midnight until four or five in the morning. Because he could not afford a typewriter, he carefully wrote in ink on legal-sized paper, occasionally crossing through or overlying a word. If he changed something, he would rewrite the whole page. He later moved to New York City, where he completed the novel in April 1894


title: The Red Badge of Courage

text: The title of Crane's original, 55,000-word manuscript was "Private Fleming/His various battles", but in order to create the sense of a less traditional Civil War narrative, he ultimately changed the title to "The Red Badge of Courage: An Episode of the American Civil War". In early 1894, Crane submitted the manuscript to S. S. McClure, who held on to it for six months without publication. Frustrated, the author asked for the manuscript to be returned, after which he gave it to Irving Bacheller in October. An abbreviated version of Crane's story was first serialized in "The Philadelphia Press" in December 1894. This version of the story, which was culled to 18,000 words by an editor specifically for the serialization, was reprinted in newspapers across America, establishing Crane's fame. Crane biographer John Berryman wrote that the story was published in at least 200 small city dailies and approximately 550 weekly papers. In October 1895, a version, which was 5,000 words shorter than the original manuscript, was printed in book form by D. Appleton & Company. This version of the novel differed greatly from Crane's original manuscript; the deletions were thought by some scholars to be due to demands by an Appleton employee who was afraid of public disapproval of the novel's content. Parts of the original manuscript removed from the 1895 version include all of the twelfth chapter, as well as the endings to chapters seven, ten and fifteen.


title: The Red Badge of Courage

text: Crane's contract with Appleton allowed him to receive a flat ten percent royalty of all copies sold. However, the contract also stipulated that he was not to receive royalties from the books sold in Great Britain, where they were released by Heinemann in early 1896 as part of its Pioneer Series. In 1982, W. W. Norton & Company published a version of the novel based on Crane's original 1894 manuscript of 55,000 words. Edited by Henry Binder, this version is questioned by those who believe Crane made the original edits for the 1895 Appleton edition on his own accord. Since its initial publication, the novel has never gone out of print.


title: The Red Badge of Courage

text: On a cold day, the fictional 304th New York Infantry Regiment awaits battle beside a river. Teenage Private Henry Fleming, remembering his romantic reasons for enlisting as well as his mother's resulting protests, wonders whether he will remain brave in the face of fear or turn and run back. He is comforted by one of his friends from home, Jim Conklin, who admits that he would run from battle if his fellow soldiers also fled. During the regiment's first battle, Confederate soldiers charge, but are repelled. The enemy quickly regroups and attacks again, this time forcing some of the unprepared Union soldiers to flee. Fearing the battle is a lost cause, Henry deserts his regiment. It is not until after he reaches the rear of the army that he overhears a general announcing the Union's victory.


title: The Red Badge of Courage

text: Ashamed, Henry escapes into a nearby forest, where he discovers a decaying body in a peaceful clearing. In his distress, he hurriedly leaves the clearing and stumbles upon a group of injured men returning from battle. One member of the group, a "tattered soldier", asks Henry where he is wounded, but the youth dodges the question. Among the group is Jim Conklin, who has been shot in the side and is suffering delirium from blood loss. Jim eventually dies of his injury, defiantly resisting aid from his friend, and an enraged and helpless Henry runs from the wounded soldiers. He next comes upon a retreating column that is in disarray. In the panic, a man hits Henry on the head with his rifle, wounding him. Exhausted, hungry, thirsty, and now wounded, Henry decides to return to his regiment regardless of his shame. When he arrives at camp, the other soldiers believe his injury resulted from a grazing bullet during battle. The other men care for the youth, dressing his wound.


title: The Red Badge of Courage

text: The next morning Henry goes into battle for the third time. His regiment encounters a small group of Confederates, and in the ensuing fight Henry proves to be a capable soldier, comforted by the belief that his previous cowardice had not been noticed, as he "had performed his mistakes in the dark, so he was still a man". Afterward, while looking for a stream from which to obtain water with a friend, he discovers from the commanding officer that his regiment has a lackluster reputation. The officer speaks casually about sacrificing the 304th because they are nothing more than "mule drivers" and "mud diggers". With no other regiments to spare, the general orders his men forward.


title: The Red Badge of Courage

text: In the final battle, Henry acts as the flag-bearer after the color sergeant falls. A line of Confederates hidden behind a fence beyond a clearing shoots with impunity at Henry's regiment, which is ill-covered in the tree-line. Facing withering fire if they stay and disgrace if they retreat, the officers order a charge. Unarmed, Henry leads the men while entirely escaping injury. Most of the Confederates run before the regiment arrives, and four of the remaining men are taken prisoner. The novel closes with the following passage:


title: The Red Badge of Courage

text: Although Crane once wrote in a letter, "You can tell nothing... unless you are in that condition yourself," he wrote "The Red Badge of Courage" without any experience of war. He would, however, later serve as a war correspondent during the Greco-Turkish and Spanish–American Wars. Nevertheless, the realistic portrayal of the battlefield in "The Red Badge of Courage" has often misled readers into thinking that Crane (despite being born six years after the end of the Civil War) was himself a veteran. While trying to explain his ability to write about battle realistically, Crane stated: "Of course, I have never been in a battle, but I believe that I got my sense of the rage of conflict on the football field, or else fighting is a hereditary instinct, and I wrote intuitively; for the Cranes were a family of fighters in the old days".


title: The Red Badge of Courage

text: Crane drew from a variety of sources in order to realistically depict battle. "Century" "Battles and Leaders" series served as direct inspiration for the novel, and one story in particular (Warren Lee Goss's "Recollections of a Private") contains many parallels to Crane's work. Thomas Beer wrote in his problematic 1923 biography that Crane was challenged by a friend to write "The Red Badge of Courage" after having announced that he could do better than Émile Zola's "La Débâcle". This anecdote, however, has not been substantiated. The metaphor of the "red badge of courage" itself may have been inspired by true events; historian Cecil D. Eby, Jr. noted that Union officer Philip Kearny insisted his troops wear bright red unit insignia patches, which became known as marks of valor and bravery. While the 304th New York Volunteer Infantry is fictional, many strategies and occurrences in the novel echo actual events during the Civil War. Details concerning specific campaigns during the war, especially regarding battle formations and actions during the Battle of Chancellorsville, have been noted by critics.


title: The Red Badge of Courage

text: It is believed that Crane listened to war stories in the town square of Port Jervis, New York (where his family at times resided) told by members of the 124th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, commonly known as the Orange Blossoms. The Orange Blossoms first saw battle at Chancellorsville, which is believed by local historians to have been the inspiration for the battle depicted in "The Red Badge of Courage". Furthermore, there was a Private James Conklin who served in the 124th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, and Crane's short story "The Veteran", which was published in "McClure's Magazine" the year after "The Red Badge of Courage", depicts an elderly Henry Fleming who specifically identifies his first combat experience as having occurred at Chancellorsville.


title: The Red Badge of Courage

text: "The Red Badge of Courage" has a distinctive style, which is often described as naturalistic, realistic, impressionistic or a mixture of the three. Told in a third-person limited point of view, the novel reflects the inner-experience of Henry Fleming, a young soldier who flees from combat, rather than upon the external world around him. "The Red Badge of Courage" is notable in its vivid descriptions and well-cadenced prose, both of which help create suspense within the story. Critics in particular have pointed to the repeated use of color imagery throughout the novel, both literal and figurative, as proof of the novel's use of Impressionism. Blue and gray uniforms are mentioned, as are yellow and orange sunlight, and green forests, while men's faces grow red with rage or courage, and gray with death. Crane also uses animalistic imagery to comment upon people, nature, and war itself. For example, the novel begins by portraying the army as a living entity that is "stretched out on the hills, resting."


title: The Red Badge of Courage

text: While the novel takes place during a series of battles, "The Red Badge of Courage" is not a traditional Civil War narrative. Focusing on the complex internal struggle of its main character, rather than on the war itself, Crane's novel often divides readers as to whether the story is intended to be either for or against war. By avoiding political, military, and geographic details of the conflict between the states, the story becomes divorced from its historical context. Notably lacking are the dates in which the action takes place, and the name of the battle; these omissions effectively shift attention away from historical patterns in order to concentrate on the emotional violence of battle in general. The writer alluded to as much in a letter, in which he stated he wished to depict war through "a psychological portrayal of fear."


title: The Red Badge of Courage

text: Writing more than thirty years after the novel's debut, author Joseph Conrad agreed that the novel's main struggle was internal rather than external, and that Fleming "stands before the unknown. He would like to prove to himself by some reasoning process that he will not 'run from the battle'. And in his unblooded regiment he can find no help. He is alone with the problem of courage." Crane's realistic portrayal of the psychological struck a chord with reviewers; as one contemporary critic wrote for "The New York Press": "At times the description is so vivid as to be almost suffocating. The reader is right down in the midst of it where patriotism is dissolved into its elements and where only a dozen men can be seen, firing blindly and grotesquely into the smoke. This is war from a new point of view."


title: The Red Badge of Courage

text: With its heavy use of irony, symbolism and metaphor, the novel also lends itself to less straightforward readings. As with many of Crane's fictional works, the novel's dialogue often uses distinctive local dialects, contributing to its apparent historicity; for example, Jim Conklin muses at the beginning of the novel: "I s'pose we must go reconnoiterin' 'round th' kentry jest t' keep 'em from gittin' too clost, or t'develope'm, or something". The ironic tone increases in severity as the novel progresses, especially in terms of the ironic distance between the narrator and protagonist. The title of the work itself is ironic; Henry wishes "that he, too, had a wound, a red badge of courage", echoing a wish to have been wounded in battle. The wound he does receive (from the rifle butt of a fleeing Union soldier), however, is not a badge of courage but a badge of shame.


title: The Red Badge of Courage

text: By substituting epithets for characters' names ("the youth", "the tattered soldier"), Crane injects an allegorical quality into his work, making his characters point to a specific characteristic of man. There have been numerous interpretations concerning hidden meanings within "The Red Badge of Courage". Beginning with Robert W. Stallman's 1968 Crane biography, several critics have explored the novel in terms of Christian allegory. In particular, the death of Henry Fleming's Christ-like friend, Jim Conklin, is noted for evidence of this reading, as well as the concluding sentence of chapter nine, which refers to the sun as "fierce wafer" in the sky. John Berryman was one of the first critics to interpret the novel as a modern wasteland through which the protagonist plays the role of an Everyman. Still others read the novel as having a Naturalist structure, comparing the work to those by Theodore Dreiser, Frank Norris and Jack London.


title: The Red Badge of Courage

text: As the title of the work suggests, the main theme of the novel deals with Henry Fleming's attempt to prove himself a worthy soldier by earning his "red badge of courage". The first twelve chapters, until he receives his accidental wound, expose his cowardice. The following chapters detail his growth and apparently resulting heroism. Before the onset of battle, the novel's protagonist romanticized war; what little he knew about battle he learned from books: "He had read of marches, sieges, conflicts, and he had longed to see it all". Therefore, when confronted by the harsh realities of war, Henry is shocked, and his idealism falters. Finding solace in existential thoughts, he internally fights to make sense of the senseless world in which he finds himself. When he seems to come to terms with his situation, he is yet again forced into the fears of battle, which threaten to strip him of his enlightened identity. Joseph Hergesheimer wrote in his introduction to the 1925 Knopf edition of the novel that, at its heart, "The Red Badge of Courage" was a "story of the birth, in a boy, of a knowledge of himself and of self-command."


title: The Red Badge of Courage

text: However, the text is ambiguous, making it questionable that Henry ever matures. As critic Donald Gibson stated in "The Red Badge of Courage: Redefining the Hero", "the novel undercuts itself. It says there is no answer to the questions it raises; yet it says the opposite... It says that Henry Fleming finally sees things as they are; it says he is a deluded fool. It says that Henry does not see things as they are; but no one else does either." Although Crane critic and biographer Stallman wrote of Henry's "spiritual change" by the end of the story, he also found this theme difficult to champion in light of the novel's enigmatic ending. Although Henry "progresses upwards toward manhood and moral triumph", as he begins to mature by taking leave of his previous "romantic notions," "the education of the hero ends as it began: in self deception." Critic William B. Dillingham also noted the novel's heroism paradox, especially in terms of the introspective Henry's lapse into unreasoning self-abandon in the second half of the book. Dillingham stated that "in order to be courageous, a man in time of physical strife must abandon the highest of his human facilities, reason and imagination, and act instinctively, even animalistically."


title: The Red Badge of Courage

text: The indifference of the natural world is a reoccurring theme in Crane's work. At the beginning of the novel, as the regiments advance toward battle, the sky is described as being an innocuous "fairy blue." In chapter seven, Henry notes the inexplicable tranquility of nature, "a woman with a deep aversion to tragedy", even as the battle rages on. Similarly, Heaven itself is indifferent to the slaughter he encounters on the battlefield. The dichotomy between nature's sweetness and war's destructiveness is further described in chapter eighteen: "A cloud of dark smoke as from smoldering ruins went up toward the sun now bright and gay in the blue, enameled sky." After his desertion, however, Henry finds some comfort in the laws of nature, which seem to briefly affirm his previous cowardice:


title: The Red Badge of Courage

text: This landscape gave him assurance. A fair field holding life. It was the religion of peace. It would die if its timid eyes were compelled to see blood... He threw a pine cone at a jovial squirrel, and he ran with chattering fear. High in a treetop he stopped, and, poking his head cautiously from behind a branch, looked down with an air of trepidation. The youth felt triumphant at this exhibition. There was the law, he said. Nature had given him a sign. The squirrel, immediately upon recognizing danger, had taken to his legs without ado. He did not stand stolidly baring his furry belly to the missile, and die with an upward glance at the sympathetic heavens. On the contrary, he had fled as fast as his legs could carry him.


title: The Red Badge of Courage

text: "The Red Badge of Courage" received generally positive reviews from critics on its initial publication; in particular, it was said to be a remarkably modern and original work. Appleton's 1895 publication went through ten editions in the first year alone, making Crane an overnight success at the age of twenty-four. H. G. Wells, a friend of the author, later wrote that the novel was greeted by an "orgy of praise" in England and the United States. An anonymous reviewer for "The New York Press" wrote shortly after the novel's initial publication that "One should be forever slow in charging an author with genius, but it must be confessed that "The Red Badge of Courage" is open to the suspicion of having greater power and originality than can be girdled by the name of talent." The reviewer for "The New York Times" was impressed by Crane's realistic portrayal of war, writing that the book "strikes the reader as a statement of facts by a veteran", a sentiment that was echoed by the reviewer for "The Critic", who called the novel "a true book; true to life, whether it be taken as a literal transcript of a soldier's experiences in his first battle, or... a great parable of the inner battle which every man must fight."


title: The Red Badge of Courage

text: The novel, however, did have its initial detractors. Some critics found Crane's young age and inexperience troubling, rather than impressive. For example, one reviewer wrote, "As Mr. Crane is too young a man to write from experience, the frightful details of his book must be the outcome of a very feverish imagination." Crane and his work also received criticism from veterans of the war; one in particular, Alexander C. McClurg, a brigadier general who served through the Chickamauga and Chattanooga campaigns, wrote a lengthy letter to "The Dial" (which his publishing company owned) in April 1896, lambasting the novel as "a vicious satire upon American soldiers and American armies." Author and veteran Ambrose Bierce, popular for his Civil War-fiction, also expressed contempt for the novel and its writer. When a reviewer for "The New York Journal" referred to "The Red Badge of Courage" as a poor imitation of Bierce's work, Bierce responded by congratulating them for exposing "the Crane freak". Some reviewers also found fault with Crane's narrative style, grammar mistakes, and apparent lack of traditional plot.


title: The Red Badge of Courage

text: While it eventually became a bestseller in the United States, "The Red Badge of Courage" was more popular and sold more rapidly in England when it was published in late 1895. Crane was delighted with his novel's success overseas, writing to a friend: "I have only one pride and that is that the English edition of "The Red Badge of Courage" has been received with great praise by the English reviewers. I am proud of this simply because the remoter people would seem more just and harder to win." Critic, veteran and Member of Parliament George Wyndham called the novel a "masterpiece", applauding Crane's ability to "stage the drama of man, so to speak, within the mind of one man, and then admits you as to a theatre." Harold Frederic wrote in his own review that "If there were in existence any books of a similar character, one could start confidently by saying that it was the best of its kind. But it has no fellows. It is a book outside of all classification. So unlike anything else is it that the temptation rises to deny that it is a book at all". Frederic, who would later befriend Crane when the latter relocated to England in 1897, juxtaposed the novel's treatment of war to those by Leo Tolstoy, Émile Zola and Victor Hugo, all of whose works he believed to be "positively... cold and ineffectual" when compared to "The Red Badge of Courage".


title: The Red Badge of Courage

text: Crane himself later wrote about the novel: "I don't think "The Red Badge" to be any great shakes but then the very theme of it gives it an intensity that the writer can't reach every day." For the remainder of Crane's short career (he died from tuberculosis at the age of 28), "The Red Badge of Courage" served as the standard against which the rest of his works were compared. Appleton republished the novel again in 1917, shortly after the US entered World War I, reissuing it three additional times that same year.


title: The Red Badge of Courage

text: Since the resurgence of Crane's popularity in the 1920s, "The Red Badge of Courage" has been deemed a major American text and Crane's most important work. While modern critics have noted Crane's "anticipation of the modern spectacle of war", others, such as Crane scholar Stanley Wertheim, believe the work to be "unquestionably the most realistic novel about the American Civil War". Donald Gibson called the novel "ahead of its time" because it did "not conform to very many contemporary notions about what literature should be and do." The novel has been anthologized numerous times, including in Ernest Hemingway's 1942 collection "Men at War: The Best War Stories of All Time". In the introduction, Hemingway wrote that the novel "is one of the finest books of our literature, and I include it entire because it is all as much of a piece as a great poem is." Robert W. Stallman's introduction to the Modern Library's 1951 edition of "The Red Badge of Courage" contained one of the first modern assessments of the novel. This novel is followed by other works by Crane, such as the novella, "".


title: The Red Badge of Courage

text: The novel has been adapted several times for the screen. A 1951 film by the same name was directed by John Huston, starring Medal of Honor recipient Audie Murphy as Henry Fleming. Written by Huston and Albert Band, the film suffered from a troubled production history, went over budget, and was cut down to only seventy minutes despite objections from the director. A made-for-television movie was released in 1974, starring Richard Thomas as Fleming, while the 2008 Czech film "Tobruk" was partly based on "The Red Badge of Courage".


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: , also known under the alias of , is a character and the main protagonist in "Devil May Cry", an action-adventure hack and slash video game series by Japanese developer and publisher Capcom. Introduced as the protagonist of the 2001 game with the same name, Dante was a former devil hunter dedicated to exterminating them and other supernatural foes in revenge for losing his mother Eva and having his twin brother, Vergil, lost. He is the son of Sparda, inheriting demonic powers which he uses with a variety of weapons in the games. After returning to the Demon World, he along with his brother Vergil are the current undisputed rulers of demon world. The character also appears in several "Devil May Cry" novels and manga volumes and is featured in the . Dante has also made multiple guest appearances in crossover games.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: Named after the Italian poet Dante Alighieri, the character was designed to fit "Devil May Cry" game designer Hideki Kamiya's vision of a "cool and stylish" man; his personality was based on the title character of the "Cobra" manga series. Dante has been modified in response to criticism in his role in "Devil May Cry 2" (2003) as his personality changed making him more serious and less talkative, drifting away from his original persona. "Devil May Cry 3" (2005) features a young, cocky Dante, and in the following games an older yet still cocky Dante. Capcom handles the character in the main "Devil May Cry" series, while Ninja Theory oversaw his persona in "DmC: Devil May Cry" (2013).


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: Dante's characterization as a cocky demon hunter with supernatural abilities has turned him into one of the most iconic protagonists in gaming ever since his introduction. Reuben Langdon's voice acting that started in "Devil May Cry 3" has also been the subject of praise due to the tone he gives to the character. Comparatively, his redesign and characterization in "DmC: Devil May Cry" was highly controversial for the drastic change of his appearance, most notably his iconic white hair.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: Dante debuted in "Devil May Cry", a game originally intended as part of Capcom's "Resident Evil" franchise. Series creator Hideki Kamiya rewrote the story, taking it from Dante Alighieri's "Divine Comedy". He was originally going to be a Western policeman. His early name, Tony Redgrave, served as a reference to one of the characters from "Resident Evil", Chris Redfield. According to Kamiya, the title character of Buichi Terasawa's "Cobra" manga series was the basis of Dante's personality. To give the character's "stylishness" he dressed him in a long coat to make him "showy" and made him a non-smoker; Kamiya saw that as "more cool". Dante wears red clothing—the traditional Japanese color for a heroic figure—in contrast to Leon S. Kennedy, a character Kamiya created for "Resident Evil 2", who wears blue clothes.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: Kamiya said that he saw Dante as "a character that you would want to go out drinking with", someone who was not a show-off but would "pull some ridiculous, mischievous joke" instead to endear people to him (and make the character familiar to audiences). When asked about the relationship between Dante and Trish, Kamiya said their bond was superior to love. Kamiya's keywords when describing the character were "composure" and "ambiance". Although Kamiya was not the main writer of the first two "Devil May Cry" novels, he saw Shinya Goikeda's depiction of Dante as similar to his own. In development, Dante was originally called Tony Redgrade and did not carry a sword.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: "Devil May Cry" was designed from the ground up around Dante's acrobatics and combat abilities. Kamiya gave Tsuchibayashi freedom when designing Dante though there were concept arts Kamiya did not accept. Tsuchibayashi produced the 3D model based on other staff member's clothing and an unclear relationship between Dante and Trish. The Devil Trigger form gave him difficulties to the idea of giving him wings and altering his face, resulting in the artist performing to many sketches. An alternate outfit was developed featuring an older Dante though the designer never asked for specifics about. Nevertheless, he believes this design made Dante look more like Vergil. Tsuchibayashi says other sketches did not provide more difficulties as there was no need to match his personality.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: Hideaki Itsuno said that for "Devil May Cry 5", Dante was influenced by mecha anime he watched when he was young. Itsuno cited the character's conflict with his family but while showing powers that would reveal mechas. Itsuno views Dante's early defeat by Vergil's alterego Urizen and his awakening of new devil powers alongside his new sword Dante as one of the most important changes in his characterization in "Devil May Cry 5".


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: After the success of the first "Devil May Cry" game, Capcom inserted Dante into a game already in development. This necessitated the maturing of his characterisation. Dante's change to a more-taciturn character was a decision made by a producer who disliked his previous incarnation. The staff aimed to make him look older—in his 30s—than his original self, implying that something dramatic had happened to change his personality. Dante and Lucia dressed in Diesel fashions appealed to the developers.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: Dante's final design was left up to Kamiya, who discussed with Bingo Morihashi how the character should be portrayed. Kamiya felt that early depictions of Dante were too quiet and wanted a character who was more "wild" and wore different clothing (such as his sleeveless jacket). Dante appears bare-chested underneath his coat, something that surprised the audience. This design was meant to fit his young personality as well as contrast Vergil's fully clothed looked. Additionally, similar to Dante's longsword and red clothing, Vergil was also made to wield a Japanese katana and wear blue clothing. Ikeno said he liked the character but had issues with it. Dante's Devil Trigger forms were designed by Kazuma Kaneko of Atlus. The Capcom staff was impressed with Kaneko's work, and Ikeno felt that it was not difficult to model. A wallpaper with Dante and Vergil's Devil Trigger forms was designed as a tribute to the Japanese show "Super Sentai" once defeating the game. Dante was designed to be easy to control, in contrast to Vergil who was more difficult but stronger.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: Dante was designed in that game by Tatsuya Yoshikawa, who called the character in his original appearance "the ultimate Hollywood action superstar". Yoshikawa wanted to make Dante older in his 30s or 40s. His design included a stubble which reflected his "cool" personality since he did not care about shaving. For "Devil May Cry 4", Dante's body was more suitable for fighting and his personality was more intense; Yoshikawa emphasised the character's sternness and naughtiness. Dante was given a variety of costumes, with one intended to indicate mystery. Several weapons in the series are character-specific. One is Pandora, a firearm designed by Kobayashi who noted that he wanted to include a "transforming, multi-purpose AWD in Dante's arsenal. Something that could be used as an over-the-shoulder rocket launcher, or a crossbow, etc. In its final form, I wanted it to transform into something that would be even bigger than Dante himself." The weapon was inspired by anime series such as "Macross" and "Gundam". The staff felt that Dante received more missions and weapons than they had originally intended.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: Dante and Nero's appearances were changed in the E3 2018 trailer for "Devil May Cry 5", confusing fans who wondered if Nero was Dante. After seeing the older Dante at the trailer's end, Capcom noted that fans realised who was who and were pleased with the designs. While designing this incarnation of the character, a total of six outfits were produced until the final one was chosen. As a "weathered devil hunter", his leather rider's jacket had custom stitching tailored to fit his body, so it is easier to get around in. Like his "Devil May Cry 4" design, Dante reflects the idea of a man who does not care about others' opinions of his look. Both his and Nero's designs were developed to fit their personalities. According to the company, Dante "hasn't gone wild for no reason".


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: In "Devil May Cry 2", his goofy attitude was replaced with a more serious edgy type of personality. The staff felt that Dante's stylishness remained true to the original character (despite his change in personality) because of his movements. Daigo Ikeno was responsible for Dante's appearance in "Devil May Cry 2" and "3". In developing the former, he attempted to make Dante more handsome. In retrospect, Ikeno was disappointed with the character's inaction in the game. In the prequel game, "Devil May Cry 3: Dante's Awakening", Dante was a younger, more arrogant character than in the previous instalments. The designers of "Devil May Cry 2" returned to design his new look, which was based on the Japanese band Johnnys. This Dante showed more skin under his jacket which the staff believed would fit his younger persona. Trying to remain true to Kamiya's original idea, the staff worked carefully to make his actions and personality appealing. Bingo Morihashi said that Dante's characterisation was meant as a departure from Kamiya's style, and more of a team effort. According to Morihashi, despite seeing the character in three games, he had trouble understanding him. Although Dante is a strong character, he opens up to others. Fan response to this Dante led Morihashi to say that the team was inspired by the "Devil May Cry" Dante but needed to change him. Nevertheless, the character's role in facing the world affected the writer. Dante and his identical twin brother Vergil represents one of the themes of "Devil May Cry 3"—familial love. While initially Dante only wishes to have fun while fighting demons, he is moved by Lady's determination to stop her father. He decides to stop Lady's corrupted father as well as Vergil who wishes to open the gate to the demon world.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: "Devil May Cry 4" producer Hiroyuki Kobayashi noted before the game's release that they aimed to make Dante seem significantly more powerful than its other protagonist, Nero, to create a difference between the strength of a "veteran" compared with a "rookie"; the series' continuity also dictated that Dante display the power he possessed after the events of the first game and its prequel ("Devil May Cry 3"). The introduction of a new protagonist had been discussed multiple times but was only approved under the condition that Dante also had to be featured in the game. The staff were afraid of negative feedback similar to what had happened to Konami's 2001 game "", which proved highly controversial because of switching protagonists. As a result, the team tried balancing Dante and Nero's strength. Due to the physical similarities between Dante and Nero, the staff aimed to make their designs unique and make their personalities stand out in their interactions with other characters. An example was the "Devil May Cry 4" antagonist, Agnus. Nero remained at odds with Agnus in cutscenes, but Dante mocked Agnus in a musical taunt before the boss fight with him which signified how different the two playable characters were in terms of personality.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: Itsuno initially found Dante's motivations in early games simple: "Beat this bad guy." With "Devil May Cry 5", the goal was to imbue curiosity and drive. Matt Walker pointed to Dante's desire to see if Urizen was connected to his brother Vergil, giving further depth to his characterisation. The character's early defeat at the hands of Urizen coupled with the destruction of his sword Rebellion was meant to emphasise Dante's weak powers set by the narrative and how, across it, he would gain new skills to face the antagonist in a rematch. Furthermore, Dante and Nero would respect one and other as they became friends at the end of the previous game. The game's climactic event where Nero awakens his demonic powers and stops the struggle between Dante and Vergil was meant to give the story a deeper form. With regard to how Dante would play, Itsuno said he would be more like his "Devil May Cry 3" persona. Nevertheless, he said that Dante is more mature from a personality standpoint since he still wishes to protect humanity and honour the legacy of his father, Sparda.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: Artist Yuichiro Hiraki felt Dante looked like a "nihilistic anti-hero with a bit of a dark side", based on his early concept art by character designer Makoto Tsuchibayashi. As a result, he wrote him as a character who would rely on his demonic powers, during the game. Shortly after the game's development, Kamiya said that his personality would be more animated (which gave Hiraki the idea that Dante would be an "incorrigible joke-cracker") and the Devil Trigger was downplayed. Hiraki began drawing the character stylishly, working on Dante's gameplay, his swordsmanship and his handling of the guns (Ebony and Ivory). Other gameplay elements were based on the fighting-game series "Virtua Fighter" and "Tekken". Dante's use of a shotgun was retained for Capcom's horror game, "Resident Evil 4". Hiraki did not find the use fireweapon as stylish but then changed his mind upon watching the film "Mad Max". The combination between Dante's swordsmanship and usage of guns with unlimited ammo made the character feel more unique according to Hiraki before the concept of "Devil May Cry" was conceived. More acrobatic skills were decided by Kamiya in the making of the game including double jumps despite the initial concept of the game as well as flying when Dante used Devil Trigger. This generated difficulties in the designers from the game. To balance the two protagonists, Dante and Nero were given unique gameplay; Dante retained his change of styles from "Devil May Cry 3" but could now change between each of them within a battle rather than a stage.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: For "Devil May Cry 5", Dante and Nero's characters were developed to play completely different in a similar fashion to "Devil May Cry 4" as they employ different mechanics. Itsuno still felt that mastering Dante's skills would be more difficult as a result of the multiple mode and weaponry he executes. The weapon Balrog, which acts as a reference to "Street Fighter" character Balrog, was the first weapon conceived by the team. It was made to be one of the most appealing weapons but at the same time the hardest to master. The motorcycle that works as a weapon, Cavaliere, was based on a "Devil May Cry 2" picture somebody drew based on a motorcycle.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: For "DmC: Devil May Cry", a reboot of the series, Dante was completely redesigned by Italian concept artist Alessandro Taini (known as Talexi), in response to comments by the Capcom staff. Although his original design was meant to resemble those in previous games, Capcom told the Ninja Theory staff that he needed a redesign to appeal to a younger demographic. Motohide Eshiro said that this Dante was completely different from the previous ones, which was expected to generate criticism. Although the original Dante was designed from a Japanese perspective, the new version was made from a Western perspective. After several drafts of Dante's new appearance, the designers settled on a look inspired by Christopher Nolan's film "The Dark Knight". Dante's coat is shorter, only reaching his lower back; his hair is black and shorter, and he has a Devil Trigger form which resembles the original Dante. Art designer Alessandro Taini drew the character as a child and explained in the reboot's origin story why he has white hair. Design director Tameem Antoniades denied rumours that Dante was modeled on him.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: Dante was made young in this game, inexperienced and consumed by hatred; his fighting style was more like a street brawler than a skilled swordsman. "DmC: Devil May Cry"s theme is rebellion, and most of Dante's actions are based on it. Antoniades said that Dante is about "being cool and making you feel cool when you're playing it", and they felt that his attire from previous games would be found comical. Antoniades added that the original Dante was no longer appealing, and when he compared the new Dante with the title character in "Bayonetta", her style was not what he wanted for "DmC: Devil May Cry". Antoniades responded to criticism by saying that Dante would not be changed (since the character suits the game's setting), and that he liked the new version.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: In the first "Devil May Cry" game, Dante was voiced by Drew Coombs. Coombs was happy to be chosen to voice him, since it was his first job involving a video-game character, and he found the game's recording process fun. According to Coombs, he was offered a script for the job and was told that "Devil May Cry" was a "spin-off" of "Resident Evil". He said that he did not wear anything special while playing the character and had basic storyboards in front of him when his movements were videotaped. Asked if he recognized himself in the character's actions, Coombs said that he could not think of anything in particular; his main job was to "bring [Dante] alive" with his voice. Matt Kaminsky voiced Dante in the sequel.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: Dante was voiced by Reuben Langdon, who also did motion capture for some scenes in "Devil May Cry 3", "4" and "5". Langdon auditioned for the character four times before he was chosen. Although he played the first "Devil May Cry" game, he was not aware of the title's popularity. Before the release of "Devil May Cry 3", Langdon said that fans were angry with the new teenage Dante's look. After its release, however, he said that the fans had come to enjoy the character's new incarnation. Langdon enjoyed his work on the game, saying that "it was one of the most difficult, frustrating and yet rewarding character of anyone I've ever played". As Langdon faced difficulties with the work, he was thankful towards cast director Mary Elizabeth McGlynn as well as Yutaka Maseba from ADR Production who helped him in the making of the game. He felt that he could enjoy the character even more in "Devil May Cry 4".


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: During the development of "Devil May Cry 3", Langdon found Dante's motion capture difficult. He consulted the staff, since they wanted "a different spin" on the character. Eventually, Langdon decided to do his own rendition of Dante because the staff's suggestions confused him. He was told to make "Devil May Cry 4"s Dante similar to his "Devil May Cry 3" persona, but more mature. Despite the staff's concern about the difficulty of such a portrayal, Langdon had no issues after choosing Roy Focker of the anime series "The Super Dimension Fortress Macross" (who was near Dante's age) as his character model. Langdon said that his favorite motion capture scene from the series was Dante's banter with the antagonist Agnus during "Devil May Cry 4" as they did a take on Japanese stage play originally designed by Yuji Shimura.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: In the making of "Devil May Cry 5", Langdon did not like reading the script for the first time. Although he enjoyed the story and characters, Langdon stated that the initial draft dialogue was "horrible" and had to rewrite some parts. Translator Mike NcNamara reworked the original dialogue much to Langdon's liking alongside Itsuno's. Langdon worked along with Dan Southworth and Johnny Yong Bosch to improve the English translation of the dialogue which they enjoyed. He found Dante as a more over-the-top character than Nero due to Bosch's acting and his handling of calm scenes. During one scene, Dante performs a parody to one of Michael Jackson's dances which the staff knew Langdon could not perform in motion capture. As a result, this scene was performed by a stunt double known as Shibata.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: For the Japanese "Devil May Cry" installments, Dante was given a Japanese voice actor: Toshiyuki Morikawa. Morikawa believes that the character's appeal stems from his courage and lack of concern about money. Overseeing his characterisation, Morikawa joked that female viewers would only enjoy seeing him fight; he is less adept at daily life, and constantly interested in eating. However, he said that Dante might have sex appeal which would attract female viewers.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: Tim Phillipps did Dante's motion capture and voice acting in "DmC: Devil May Cry". During auditions for the game, he was quickly selected by Antoniades. The actor had no knowledge of the franchise or the reboot until the reveal teaser. He was disappointed that "DmC" was not an online game since those games allow him to interact more and demonstrate his work. Phillipps enjoyed Dante's characterisation, he could relate to him, and the motion capture enhanced his interest. Thinking that "DmC" was a prequel rather than a reboot, Phillips did not play the previous games before he worked on Dante's character.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: Dante is a mercenary and private investigator specialising in paranormal cases, preferring those which require demon-slaying. He is muscular, with silverish white hair and piercing icy blue eyes, and usually wears a red duster or trench coat. Dante's arsenal usually consists of firearms and melee weapons, including —twin semi-automatic handguns which never need reloading—and a variety of swords, such as the Rebellion, Force Edge and various "Devil Arms" created from the souls of powerful demons he defeats over the course of each game. The guns are handmade by the gunsmith Nell Goldstein, with "For Tony Redgrave, By .45 Art Warks" written on the slides (Tony Redgrave is Dante's alias). He has superhuman strength, agility, stamina, reflexes, coordination, and a resistance to injury approaching invulnerability as a result of his half-demon heritage. This gives him the ability to enter a heightened state known as Devil Trigger. In this state Dante possesses greater strength and speed, his health regenerates at a steady pace, and he has greater abilities (including flight) with his melee weapon.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: He is one of the twin sons of Sparda, a demon knight who sided with humanity and drove back an invasion of the human world by demons about 2,000 years before the series' events. After Sparda's death, Dante and Vergil were raised by their human mother Eva. When Dante and Vergil were children, the family was attacked by demons, and Eva was murdered. His mother's death led to Dante's commitment to hunt the demons who killed her. Dante is confident against opponents, frequently taunting enemies before fighting them. In the games and anime series, Dante is often seen eating pizza. As a result, the limited editions of "Devil May Cry 4: Special Edition" were packaged in a pizza box.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: In the original "Devil May Cry" from 2001, Dante is hired by Trish, a mysterious woman who resembles his late mother, to prevent the return of the devil king Mundus. However, Trish is actually arranging for Mundus' agents to kill Dante as he makes his way to him. One of the agents is the armored soldier Nelo Angelo later revealed to be the mindcontrolled Vergil, Dante's brother. After multiple encounters, Dante defeats Vergil whose body is destroyed, leaving an amulet necessary to unlock their father's legacy, the sword . Trish tries to kill Dante afterwards but Dante spares her when becoming victorious. When Mundus tries to kill Dante, Trish passes Dante her strength to destroy the devil king. Now allied, they become partners in Dante's demon-slaying business, now renamed Devil Never Cry.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: In the first sequel, "Devil May Cry 2", from 2003, Dante habitually flips a coin to make decisions; at the end of the game, it is revealed that both sides of the coin are heads. Set some time after the first game, "Devil May Cry 2" focuses on helping Lucia defeat Arius, an international businessman who uses demonic power and wants to conquer the world. At the end of the game, Dante must go into the demon world to stop a demon lord from escaping; the gate closes behind him, and he is trapped. With no way back to the human world, Dante heads deeper into the demon world on his motorcycle.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: The third game, "", from 2005 is a prequel of the first game and features a cockier, younger Dante. He is drawn out by Vergil, who is trying to reopen the portal to the demon world to obtain Sparda's full power, which remains on the other side in the Force Edge sword. Dante meets Lady, who is in pursuit of her father Arkham who is working with Vergil but has plans of his own. Inspired by Lady's courage and commitment to her family, Dante continues his business with a greater sense of purpose. At the end of the game, Dante claims ownership of the Force Edge, and Vergil chooses to remain in the demon world. Dante and Lady befriend, with the former deciding to call his shop Devil May Cry after something Lady had said to comfort him.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: In the 2008 video game "Devil May Cry 4", which takes place after "Devil May Cry" and "Devil May Cry 2", Dante and Trish are informed by Lady that Sanctus, the religious leader of the Order of the Sword founded under Sparda, is using the religious order to engineer his scheme of world conquest. Trish infiltrates the Order as Gloria to confirm it is Sanctus by handing him Vergil's Yamato sword. Dante ends up as a boss character against the game's protagonist, Nero, when he seemingly assassinated Sanctus. Dante falls back while convincing Nero that the Order is more than it appears. Dante later befriends Nero in another match, having intended to take back Vergil's restored sword before deciding to let Nero keep it as they now have a common enemy in Sanctus. After Sanctus kidnaps Nero to use him to power the Savior, Dante becomes playable for the second half of the game as he fights to disable Sanctus completely while saving Nero and his girlfriend Kyrie after they were used to give life to the Savior colossus that Sanctus made into his vessel. Once Sanctus and the Savior are destroyed after Nero and Kyrie escape, Dante entrusts Nero with Vergil's sword.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: Dante makes a return appearance as one of the main characters in "Devil May Cry 5" in 2019. He is hired by a mysterious man who calls himself V to battle the demon Urizen but is defeated by him in the game's opening scene, presume to be dead as he ends up missing after his defeat. It is revealed that he spent the next month in a coma protected by the sword Sparda. V eventually manages to locate him, and he spends the next several hours fighting Urizen's forces. Dante uses Rebellion's power to absorb the Sparda into himself, acquiring his new demonic powers alongside a new blade simply named . He still discourages Nero from taking part in the battle against Urizen, having learned that Urizen is Vergil, who is also revealed to be Nero's father. After Dante defeats Urizen, V merges with him to reconstitute Vergil. Dante reveals that Vergil is Nero's father before facing his brother in a climactic duel, but Nero intervenes and forces the two to reconcile. Dante and Vergil embark on a one-way trip to the underworld to cut the Qliphoth's root and to seal the portal with the Yamato, leaving the human world in Nero's hands. In the final scene, Dante is shown sparring with Vergil in the underworld, no longer as enemies but as friendly rivals while at the same time fending off waves of demons.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: Dante is a playable character in the mobile phone game "Devil May Cry: Pinnacle of Combat". During the game's development players criticised Yunchang Games for their rendition of Dante's appearances which resulted into the developers' promising to fix it once the game left the beta period and was released in 2020.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: In "" (2013), a "Devil May Cry" reboot, Dante has a very different appearance. In his early twenties, he is attacked in a seemingly sentient town known as Limbo City which is inhabited by demons. Dante meets Vergil, who is the leader of the Order—a rogue vigilante group trying to free the world from demons. The city is controlled by the demon king, Mundus, who killed Dante's mother Eva (an angel), and imprisoned his father, Sparda, (a demon and Mundus' former lieutenant), as well as attempting to kill their children, who are revealed to be Nephilim, half-angel, half-demon offspring, with the power to destroy Mundus. Dante joins Vergil's group to oppose Mundus, eventually defeating him and freeing humanity from the demons; however, Vergil's intention to take Mundus' place triggers a fight between the brothers, with Dante being victorious in the end but sparing Vergil's life. In the downloadable content sequel, "Vergil's Downfall", a replica of Dante appears to oppose Vergil in his quest for power and is killed in combat.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: Dante is also a playable character in several games outside the "Devil May Cry" series. In the "Viewtiful Joe" series (also created by Hideki Kamiya), he is playable in the PlayStation 2 version of "Viewtiful Joe" and the PlayStation Portable version of "". In both games he talks frequently with Alastor, the embodiment of the identically named sword in "Devil May Cry". Dante appears as an enemy and an optional ally in the director's cut version of "", titled "Maniax". His inclusion was suggested by the Atlus staff, who thought that he would fit the game's plot and convinced Capcom to include him. Dante is replaced by Raidou Kuzunoha the XIV in the "Maniax Chronicle" edition and by default in the "HD Remaster", but is available as paid DLC in the latter version. Morikawa and Langdon reprise their role as Dante in "HD Remaster."


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: There is a Dante character card in "SNK vs. Capcom: Card Fighters DS". Although he was also intended for inclusion in "", he was removed from the game. Dante made his second fighting-game appearance as a playable character in "", and is playable in "" which details his fight against a being named Ultron Sigma. As downloadable content in "Infinite", Dante's look can be altered to show his "DmC" appearance.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: Dante was scheduled to appear in "Soulcalibur III", but did not make it into the final game. Dante is a playable character in the tactical role-playing game "Project X Zone", with Demitri Maximoff of "Darkstalkers" as his partner. He returns in the sequel, "Project X Zone 2", with Vergil as his partner. Dante is a playable character in "PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale" as his "DmC: Devil May Cry" incarnation. The use of his "DmC" look (instead of his original persona) was criticised by fans, who were advised by SuperBot Entertainment to enjoy the character's gameplay mechanics. Dante also appeared in Capcom's mobile fighting game, "Puzzle Fighter", and the card game Teppen. He is also a guest character in Atlus' "" mobile phone game. The character's visual appearance has also been featured in "Astro's Playroom" and as downloadable content in Capcom's "Monster Hunter", "Sengoku Basara 4" and "Street Fighter V". A Mii Fighter costume based on Dante was added to "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate" via downloadable content on June 29, 2021.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: He appears in other media based on the video games, including two light novels by Shinya Goikeda. A young Dante, is chased by assassins, and he searches for a demonic statue, known as the "Beastheads", in a "Devil May Cry 2" prequel. A "Devil May Cry 4" novel by Bingo Morihashi reprises Dante's role in the game, revealing his interest in Nero after discovering his resemblance to his brother Vergil. A "Devil May Cry 3" manga follows Dante before the game's events; a comic of the first game was published by Dreamwave Productions, and an anime, "", follows him as he solves cases involving demons while guarding a young girl named Patty Lowell. "DmC: Devil May Cry"s version of Dante appears in the game's prequel comic, "The Chronicles of Vergil", when he receives the Rebellion sword to fight demons. The anime inspired two CD dramas whose narrative involves Dante's life. In 2019, Tomio Ogata authored a manga that features Dante's actions in "Devil May Cry 5" as he meets V.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: In the play "Sengoku Basara vs. Devil May Cry" he was played by Hiroki Suzuki. In the musical "Devil May Cry: The Live Hacker", he was portrayed by Ryōma Baba. The popularity of the "Devil May Cry" series led to a line of action figures, produced by Toycom; Kaiyodo produced a similar line for "Devil May Cry 2" and a "Devil May Cry 3" Dante action figure.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: Dante has been popular in gaming. In 2011, readers of "Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition" voted Dante as the 28th-top video game character of all time. "GameDaily" called him one of their favourite Capcom characters, ranking him seventh and saying the varied aspects of the character made him an "unstoppable force". "GamesRadar" listed Dante as one of the decade's 25 best new characters while also enjoying his rivalry with Vergil. In 2010, he finished 23rd in a "Famitsu" poll determining Japan's most popular video-game characters. Dante was voted the 13th-best character of the 2000s by "Game Informer". "GamesRadar" said in 2012 that, despite Dante's multiple characterisations, "he's a guy who you'll always have a hell of a time playing with." Dante and Trish were included on "The Inquirer"s list of most memorable video-game love teams, with comments focusing on how they join forces to defeat their enemies. In 2016, "Glixel" staff ranked Dante as the 22nd most iconic video game character of the 21st century. In promoting "Devil May Cry 5", Capcom produced replicas of the character's jacket as limited editions for Japanese gamers. In another promotion, Sony used Dante's image alongside Morikawa's voice to promote pizza.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: Dante has also been noted to have sex appeal that attracts gamers of the series. "GamesRadar" called Dante "Mister 2001" in their article on the sexiest new characters of the decade; compared with "Devil May Cry" female characters, he was the "hottest" of all because of his muscular build, his hair, his fighting abilities and his attitude. "La Nueva España" included the "ephebe that exudes testosterone from every pore" in their top ten sexiest video-game characters of both genders.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: Because of the character's popularity and Capcom publishing ports for the series on the Nintendo Switch in 2019 and 2020, multiple gamers speculated about the possible inclusion of him as downloadable content in Nintendo's fighting game "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate" . "Devil May Cry" director Hideaki Itsuno talked about the possibility of Dante becoming a guest character. But he noted that it might not be possible since at the time he was interviewed about it, "Devil May Cry" had not been released for Nintendo consoles. However, he also noted that Cloud Strife from "Final Fantasy VII" made it to the game even though the game had not been released for Nintendo's consoles; he hoped Dante would be added to the cast. Dante was added as a Mii Fighter costume to the game on June 29, 2021, later resulting to "Devil May Cry"'s fans outcry on twitter, following over the disappointing character reveal.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: Dante has been well received by gaming journalists. "Game Informer" called him "one of the most bad-ass characters around" when he was introduced, citing the contrast between his character and those previously seen in the "Resident Evil" series. "Meristation" regarded Dante's design and characterisation provided by Kamiya as one of the biggest reasons for the iconic character's popularity in hack and slash games. Dante's design and personality was praised by some reviewers; "IGN" described the character as "a dark antihero kind of guy even a down-in-the-dumps, disgruntled teenager would love." SNK artist Falcoon called him an anti-hero, comparing him with K' (a character in "The King of Fighters" series). "GameSpy" described Dante as "awe-inspiring to look at", with attire reminiscent of Vincent Price. "Game Rant" ranked him as the best Capcom character ever, describing him as "the complete package one wants in a heroic figure." "Empire" ranked him 38th on their list of the 50 greatest video-game characters, describing him as "surely one of the coolest" characters in the history of video gaming. In a feature article, "PSU" noted even though Dante's appearance had had multiple designs in different games his appealing personality has remained. Because Dante and Vergil are half demon and half human, they were noted to bring in religious overtones, although it was initially subtle. Ninja Theory made a more direct reference to the way religion is portrayed in gaming while showing the parallels between the identical twins.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: Dante's younger persona in "Devil May Cry 3" and the relationships he goes through in the narrative were also given a major focus by reviewers and found to be superior to Kamiya's original take. Dante's dynamic with Nero in the following game garnered positive responses as critics found none of them overshadowed the other even if Dante's fans had to wait for the game's second half to control him while enjoying the older characterisation. Dante has often been compared with "Bayonetta" title character, especially in his "Devil May Cry 4" persona, based on their personalities and actions. Hideki Kamiya of "PlatinumGames" has said that he was approached about having the Sega character Bayonetta included in "Project X Zone 2"; he refused, wanting Bayonetta and Dante to meet "on his own terms". Kamiya came to regret his decision, realising that fans would have enjoyed the interaction between the characters; if there is a "Project X Zone 3", he would strongly support Bayonetta's inclusion. He conducted a poll in 2016 to determine the incarnation of Dante fans would most like to see interact with Bayonetta; the most-popular version was the "Devil May Cry 4" Dante.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: Early impressions of Dante's appearance in "Devil May Cry 5" trailer were also positive. "GameSpot" noted how fans enjoyed his role as well as design, while "VG247" found him more of a "charmer" than in his previous incarnations due to his interactions with other characters. While still finding his character similar to that in previous games, "GamesRadar" liked Dante's new appearance, his Cavalier weapon and his cocky attitude. "Hobby Consolas" liked that while Dante retained some of his original skills and weapons, they liked the Cavalier based on how he could wield it in combat. He was also included on "HobbyConsolas"s "The 30 best heroes of the last 30 years." "The Guardian" highly enjoyed Dante's cocky personality despite him being far older than in previous games. "Metro" agreed, finding his dynamic with the younger protagonist, Nero, made enjoyable cutscenes whenever they are featured. "PC Gamer" enjoyed Dante's hat as it provides entertainment in both cutscenes and gameplay. In Japan, there were limited releases of the game that included a jacket based on Dante's. "Destructoid" enjoyed the impact Vergil has on both Dante and Nero. In the story both his brother and son become far more serious as they take it upon themselves to stop their relative's threat. Despite liking Dante's relationship with Nero to the point of comparing to them as father and son, "USGamer" found Dante's treatment of the younger demon hunter mean-spirited even though the character later reveals he does not want Nero to face Vergil because of their connection.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: "GamesRadar" called Reuben Langdon the character's best voice actor, noting that the other two actors did not fit the character well. "Anime News Network" agreed, saying that he made the character far more likable in the anime series, despite flaws in the writing. "IGN" concurred, finding Langdon a better actor than Toshiyuki Morikawa because of his experience with the series. "DVD Talk" liked the interactions between Dante, Lady and Trish; the reviewer expected more of them in the anime, rather than stories focused on Dante facing enemies. He found Dante appealing in the anime series, based on his personality and actions. According to a FandomPost reviewer, Dante's role in the anime differed from the games in his childish behaviour over food and money; however, he was still "a great character". "Otaku USA" said that in the anime Dante remained faithful to his game version in his actions, most notably the gory (but limited) fighting. In 2015, "Logo TV" ranked Dante as the seventeenth on their list of the sexiest male video game characters.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: Dante's characterisation has also been criticised. His cocky attitude was largely absent from "Devil May Cry 2", a major criticism of the game. Noting that Dante underwent character arcs in the anime series because of his relationships with other cast members, "IGN" felt that it differed from his game character. According to "UK Anime Network", his personality in the "Devil May Cry 3" prequel manga lacked development; he appeared unlikable, and the script gave him strange lines.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: The character's use of combos in the crossover "Marvel vs Capcom 3" was praised by "Eurogamer", although the website wondered if he was overpowered. "Prima Games" ranked his Flaming Sword Strike the 42nd-best technique in gaming, due to its impact on an enemy if the move connects. Both "Kotaku" and "Eurogamer" criticised the "weird" appearance of Dante's face in the fighting game "Marvel vs. Capcom Infinite". Dante's inclusion in "Nocturne" and "Project X Zone" was met with a good response. "GamesRadar" listed him as one of the best unlockable characters in gaming while commenting about his inclusion in "Viewtiful Joe" as being nothing more than a new skin for the title character.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: Fan reaction to the character's design in the "DmC: Devil May Cry" reboot was mainly negative. Hideki Kamiya said that it was based on modern, rebellious youth; although he missed the original Dante, he hoped that people would get used to the new version. Dave Riley of Anime News Network compared the reboot's character with the young Dante from "Devil May Cry 3", criticising him as a "pretty generic adolescent power fantasy" (including swearing when he confronts enemies). Reuben Langdon was disappointed with Dante's characterisation in the reboot after having looked forward to it. Writers on several websites criticised the fan base's negative reaction, saying that they were influenced solely by the character's look; his personality was very close to the original Dante. Response in East Asia was also negative. Hideaki Itsuno himself was bothered by Dante's change in the reboot along with the major changes in the game to the point he thought about quitting Capcom. According to Langdon, Itsuno decided to stay at Capcom when he expressed desire to have control over the franchise.


title: Dante (Devil May Cry)

text: "1UP.com" praised Ninja Theory for removing some of Dante's old, unappealing characteristics and making him an approachable protagonist for players. It described the reboot as "a fresh and imaginative take on Dante". According to "IGN", the redesigned hero is more relatable for players. "Eurogamer" also praised Dante's re-design, calling it one of gaming's best reinventions of a character. However, a "VideoGamer.com" reviewer said that the new Dante lacked some of the original's iconic features. Comparing Dante and Vergil's characterisations in the reboot, "Destructoid" found Vergil a more entertaining character in spite of gameplay issues. Dustin Chadwell of "Gaming Age" said that Vergil's gameplay was superior to Dante's, but was confused about his storyline because his survival was not explained. "Metro" was harsher to Dante's characterisation in "DmC", finding him sexist because his treatment of women, mostly in the introduction scenes to the point of calling him a pervert.


title: Stoner (novel)

text: Stoner is a 1965 novel by the American writer John Williams. It was reissued in 1972 by Pocket Books, in 2003 by Vintage and in 2006 by New York Review Books Classics with an introduction by John McGahern.


title: Stoner (novel)

text: "Stoner" has been categorized under the genre of the academic novel, or the campus novel. "Stoner" follows the life of the eponymous William Stoner, his undistinguished career and workplace politics, marriage to his wife, Edith, affair with his colleague, Katherine, and his love and pursuit of literature.


title: Stoner (novel)

text: Despite receiving little attention upon its publication in 1965, "Stoner" has seen a sudden surge of popularity and critical praise since its republication in the 2000s, championed by authors such as Julian Barnes, Ian McEwan, Bret Easton Ellis and John McGahern.


title: Stoner (novel)

text: William Stoner is born on a small farm in 1891. One day his father suggests he should attend the University of Missouri to study agriculture. Stoner agrees but, while studying a compulsory literature course, he quickly falls in love with literary studies. Without telling his parents, Stoner quits the agriculture program and studies only the humanities. He completes his MA in English and begins teaching. In graduate school, he is friendly with fellow students Gordon Finch and Dave Masters. World War I begins, and Gordon and Dave enlist. Despite pressure from Gordon, Stoner decides to remain in school during the war. Masters is killed in France, while Finch sees action and becomes an officer. At a faculty party, Stoner meets and becomes infatuated with a young woman named Edith, who is staying with an aunt for a few weeks. Stoner woos Edith, and she agrees to marry him.


title: Stoner (novel)

text: Stoner’s marriage to Edith is bad from the start. It gradually becomes clear that Edith has profound emotional problems. Significantly, she is bitter about having cancelled a trip to Europe with her aunt to marry Stoner. After three years of marriage, Edith suddenly informs Stoner that she wants a baby. She suddenly becomes passionate sexually, but this period is brief. When their daughter Grace is born, Edith remains bedridden for nearly a year, and Stoner largely cares for their child alone. He grows close with his young daughter, who spends most of her time with him in his study. Stoner gradually realizes that Edith is waging a campaign to separate him from his daughter emotionally. For the most part, Stoner accepts Edith's mistreatment. He begins to teach with more enthusiasm, but still, year in and year out, his marriage with Edith remains perpetually unsatisfactory and fraught. Grace becomes an unhappy, secretive child who smiles and laughs often but is emotionally hollow.


title: Stoner (novel)

text: At the University, Finch becomes the acting dean of the faculty. Stoner feels compelled by his conscience to fail a student named Charles Walker. He is a close protégé of a colleague, Professor Hollis Lomax, and like him is physically disabled. The student is clearly dishonest and cannot fulfil the requirements of Stoner's course but, despite this, the decision to expel or retain Walker is put on hold. After his promotion to head of the department, Lomax takes every opportunity to exact revenge upon Stoner throughout the rest of his career. A collaboration between Stoner and a younger instructor in the department, Katherine Driscoll, develops into a romantic love affair. Ironically, after the affair begins, Stoner’s relationships with Edith and Grace also improve. At some point, Edith finds out about the affair, but does not seem to mind it. When Lomax learns about it, however, he begins to put pressure on Katherine, who also teaches in the English department. Stoner and Driscoll agree it best to end the affair so as not to derail the academic work they both feel called to follow. Katherine quietly slips out of town, never to be seen by him again.


title: Stoner (novel)

text: Eventually, Stoner, older now and hard of hearing, is beginning to become a legendary figure in the English department despite Lomax's opposition. He begins to spend more time at home, ignoring Edith's signs of displeasure at his presence. Entering adulthood, Grace enrolls at the University of Missouri. The following year, Grace announces she is pregnant and marries the father of her child. Grace’s husband enlists in the army and dies before the baby is born. Grace goes to St. Louis with the baby to live with her husband's parents. She visits Stoner and Edith occasionally, and Stoner realizes that Grace has developed a drinking problem.


title: Stoner (novel)

text: As Stoner’s life is coming to an end, his daughter Grace comes to visit him. Deeply unhappy and addicted to alcohol, Grace halfheartedly tries to reconcile with Stoner, and he sees that his daughter, like her mother, will never be happy. When Grace leaves, Stoner feels as though the young child that he loved died long ago. Stoner thinks back over his life. He thinks about where he failed, and wonders if he could have been more loving to Edith, if he could have been stronger, or if he could have helped her more. Later, he believes that he is wrong to think of himself as a failure. During an afternoon when he is alone, he sees various young students passing by on their way to class outside his window, and he dies, dropping his copy of the one book that he published years earlier as a young professor.


title: Stoner (novel)

text: The novel focuses on William Stoner and the central figures in his life. Those who become his enemies are used as tools against him who separate Stoner from his loves. "New Yorker" contributor Tim Kreider describes their depictions as "evil marked with deformity."


title: Stoner (novel)

text: In the novel's introduction, John McGahern says "Stoner" is a "novel about work." This includes not only traditional work, such as Stoner's life on the farm and his career as a professor, but also the work one puts into life and relationships.


title: Stoner (novel)

text: One of the central themes in the novel is the manifestation of passion. Stoner's passions manifest themselves into failures, as proven by the bleak end of his life. Stoner has two primary passions: knowledge and love. According to Morris Dickstein, "he fails at both." Love is also a widely recognized theme in "Stoner". The novel's representation of love moves beyond romance; it highlights the bliss and suffering that can be qualities of love. Both Stoner and Lomax discovered a love of literature early in their lives, and it is this love that ultimately endures throughout Stoner's life. Another of the novel's central themes is the social reawakening, which is closely linked to the sexual reawakening, of the protagonist. After the loss of his wife and daughter, Stoner seeks fulfillment elsewhere, as in his affair with Katherine Driscoll.


title: Stoner (novel)

text: Edwin Frank, the editor at NYRB Classics responsible for the 2005 reissue of the novel, suggests that "Stoner" contains many existential elements. "I don’t think it’s a mistake to hear Camus behind it," Frank suggests, "this story of a lone man against the world choosing his life, such as it is. I sometimes say the book[']s a bit like an Edward Hopper painting, wooden houses casting stark shadows on blank green lawns."


title: Stoner (novel)

text: John McGahern's Introduction to "Stoner" and Adam Foulds of "The Independent" praise Williams' prose for its cold, factual plainness. Foulds claims that "Stoner" has a "flawless narrative rhythm [that] flows like a river." Williams' prose has also been applauded for its clarity, by both McGahern and Charlotte Heathcote of "The Daily Express". In an interview with the BBC, author Ian McEwan calls Williams' prose "authoritative". Sarah Hampson of "The Globe and Mail" writes that Williams' "description of petty academic politics reads like the work of someone taking surreptitious notes at dreary faculty meetings." Her review also found "Stoner" "quietly beautiful and moving" and "precisely constructed." Another review found that "Williams's gift for emotional precision" ... "elevates one man's story ... into something universal."


title: Stoner (novel)

text: John Williams' life was similar to that of his character in "Stoner". He was an English professor at the University of Denver until he retired in 1985. Like Stoner, he experienced coworker frustrations in the academic world and was devoted to this work, making his novel a reflection of parts of his own life, though in the preface to the novel Williams states that it is entirely "a work of fiction" and bears no resemblance to any people or events he experienced in his time at the University of Missouri.


title: Stoner (novel)

text: In 1963 Williams' own publisher questioned "Stoner"'s potential to gain popularity and become a bestseller. On its 1965 publication there were a handful of glowing reviews such as "The New Yorker's" of June 12, 1965, which praised Williams for creating a character who is dedicated to his work but cheated by the world. Those who gave positive feedback pointed to the truthful voice with which Williams wrote about life's conditions, and they often compared "Stoner" to his other work, "Augustus", in characters and plot direction. Irving Howe and C. P. Snow also praised the novel. However, sales of the novel did not reflect these positive commentaries. It sold fewer than 2000 copies, and was out of print a year later.


title: Stoner (novel)

text: It was then reissued as a mass-market paperback in 1972 by Pocket Books, reissued again in 1998 by the University of Arkansas Press and then in 2003 in paperback by Vintage and 2006 by New York Review Books Classics. French novelist Anna Gavalda translated "Stoner" in 2011 and in 2013, sales to distributors tripled. It was not until several years later during "Stoner"’s republication that the book became better known. After being republished and translated into several languages, the novel "sold hundreds of thousands of copies in 21 countries".


title: Stoner (novel)

text: Williams' novel has been praised for both its narrative and stylistic aspects. In a 2007 review of the recently reissued work, scholar and book critic Morris Dickstein acclaims the writing technique as remarkable and says the novel "takes your breath away". Bryan Appleyard's review quotes critic D.G. Myers as saying that the novel was a good book for beginners in the world of "serious literature". Another critic, author Alex Preston, writes that the novel describes "a small life ... in a small, precise way: the dead hand of realism." In 2010, critic Mel Livatino noted that, in "nearly fifty years of reading fiction, I have never encountered a more powerful novel—and not a syllable of it sentimental." Steve Almond reviewed "Stoner" in "The New York Times Magazine" in 2014. Almond claims "Stoner" focuses on the "capacity to face the truth of who we are in private moments" and questions whether any of us is truly able to say we are able to do that. Almond states, "I devoured it in one sitting. I had never encountered a work so ruthless in its devotion to human truths and so tender in its execution." Sarah Hampson of "The Globe and Mail" sees "Stoner" as an "antidote" to a 21st-century culture of entitlement. She says that the novel came back to public attention at a time when people felt entitled to personal fulfillment, at the cost of their own morality, and "Stoner" shows that there can be value even in a life that seems failed. In 2013 it was named Waterstones Book of the Year and "The New Yorker" called it "the greatest American novel you've never heard of." Writing in "The Washington Post" in 2015, literary critic Elaine Showalter was less enthusiastic, noting that she, "along with other female readers, [was] put off by Williams’s misogyny" and found fault with Williams' portrayal of Stoner as "a blameless martyr, rather than a man with choices."


title: Stoner (novel)

text: In 2015, a film adaptation of the novel was reportedly in production by Blumhouse Productions, Cohen Media Group and Film4. Casey Affleck is set to star as Stoner. As of February 2020, the film had still not entered production.


title: Richard Kiley

text: Richard Paul Kiley (March 31, 1922 – March 5, 1999) was an American stage, film and television actor and singer. He is best known for his distinguished theatrical career in which he twice won the Tony Award for Best Actor In A Musical. Kiley created the role of Don Quixote in the original 1965 production of the Broadway musical "Man of La Mancha" and was the first to sing and record "The Impossible Dream", the hit song from the show. In the 1953 hit musical "Kismet", he played the Caliph in the original Broadway cast and, as such, was one of the quartet who sang "And This Is My Beloved". Additionally, he won three Emmy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards during his 50-year career and his "sonorous baritone" was also featured in the narration of a number of documentaries and other films. At the time of his death, Kiley was described as "one of theater's most distinguished and versatile actors" and as "an indispensable actor, the kind of performer who could be called on to play kings and commoners and a diversity of characters in between."


title: Richard Kiley

text: Kiley was born on March 31, 1922, in Chicago, Illinois, and raised Roman Catholic. He graduated from Mt. Carmel High School in 1939, and after a year at Loyola University Chicago he left to study acting at Chicago's Barnum Dramatic School. In the late 1940s, he performed in Chicago-area summer stock theaters with actors such as Alan Furlan. Following his service in the United States Navy in World War II, he returned to Chicago working as an actor and announcer on radio before moving to New York City. In New York he studied singing with Ray Smolover.


title: Richard Kiley

text: Kiley's work on stage included "Kismet", "No Strings" (which was Richard Rodgers's first stage musical after the death of Oscar Hammerstein II, in which Rodgers wrote both music and lyrics), the Buddy Hackett vehicle "I Had a Ball", and the lead roles in "Redhead", "Man of La Mancha", and the play "The Incomparable Max".


title: Richard Kiley

text: Kiley later starred in the television play "Patterns", which aired live on January 12, 1955. It caused a sensation and won an Emmy for its writer, Rod Serling. He played the role of John Malcolm Patterson, future Attorney General of Alabama (and later Governor of Alabama), in the 1955 film "The Phenix City Story". Kiley also portrayed math teacher Joshua Edwards, whose phonograph records were smashed by delinquents in "Blackboard Jungle" in 1955.


title: Richard Kiley

text: Kiley won Tony Awards for Best Actor in a Musical for "Redhead" in 1959 and "Man of La Mancha" in 1966. The dual role of middle-aged author Cervantes and his fictional creation Quixote is one of the few musical roles that requires the talents of both leading man and character actor. Kiley said while "La Mancha" was on Broadway that despite the fact he had grown tired of playing leading men, he would always be grateful for having been given the chance to perform in "La Mancha". He performed in the original production for over five years and returned for Broadway revivals in 1972 and 1977 saying he had become "very possessive" of the role.


title: Richard Kiley

text: Kiley won three Emmy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards for his work in television. He won both an Emmy and Golden Globe awards for "The Thorn Birds" (as Paddy, Rachel Ward's father) (1983) and "A Year in the Life" (1986, 1987–1988). His third Emmy win was for Guest Actor in a Drama Series, for an episode of "Picket Fences", in which he had a recurring role as the father of main character Jimmy Brock (Tom Skerritt). Kiley also received an Emmy nomination for portraying Chief Justice Earl Warren in the 1991 miniseries "Separate but Equal" dramatizing Brown vs. Board of Education.


title: Richard Kiley

text: Other television work included as the murderous police commissioner on "Columbo" (1974, the episode "A Friend In Deed"), his appearance as Gideon Seyetik in the "" episode "Second Sight", as well as guest roles on "Ally McBeal", "Hawaii Five-O" and "Gunsmoke". He narrated the award-winning seven-part 1986 PBS documentary "Planet Earth".


title: Richard Kiley

text: Kiley's baritone made him a favorite to narrate documentaries for television. Starting with ‘Land of the Tiger’ in 1985, Richard Kiley provided narration for multiple National Geographic Video television specials.


title: Richard Kiley

text: In "Jurassic Park", Kiley's voice narrates the park's vehicle tour. Kiley was introduced as the narrator for the tour first in the novel by Michael Crichton and later in the film adaptation by Steven Spielberg where the owner of the park said he "spared no expense" hiring Kiley. Visitors to Universal's Islands of Adventure theme park in Orlando, Florida, and Universal Studios in Hollywood hear Kiley as the narrator of the Jurassic Park River Adventure ride - making him the only person to appear in the book, the film, and the ride.


title: Richard Kiley

text: Kiley also narrated the A&E documentary television series "Mysteries of the Bible", from 1994 to 1998. His final acting role was in the 1999 TV movie "Blue Moon," which debuted the month after his death.


title: Richard Kiley

text: Kiley died of an unspecified bone marrow disease at Horton Hospital in Middletown, New York, on March 5, 1999, less than a month before his 77th birthday. He was survived by his wife, dancer Patricia Ferrier, and six children from his first marriage: sons David and Michael Kiley and daughters Kathleen, Dorothea, Erin and Deirdre. His remains were interred in Warwick. Broadway's lights went dark in his honor.


title: Adelaide Cottage

text: Adelaide Cottage (formerly known as Adelaide Lodge) is a house in Windsor Home Park just east of Windsor Castle, in Berkshire. It is the principal residence of the Prince and Princess of Wales.


title: Adelaide Cottage

text: In 1831, under the supervision of architect Jeffry Wyatville, the house was erected in the picturesque style for the wife of William IV, Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen. The building incorporates parts of John Nash's Royal Lodge from Windsor Great Park. At the time of construction, it was described as "chastely elegant" and having two public rooms, in addition to a retiring room for the queen, and a pages' room, as well as furnishings from the former royal lodge and a marble fireplace mantel in the regency Graeco-Egyptian style. The ceiling of its principal bedroom reuses decorative elements, including gilt dolphins and ropes, from the former royal yacht, HMY "Royal George". It has been listed Grade II* on the National Heritage List for England since October 1975.


title: Adelaide Cottage

text: In the summer of 2022, Adelaide Cottage became the home of William, Prince of Wales and Catherine, Princess of Wales, and their three children, Prince George, Princess Charlotte and Prince Louis.


title: Rye, New York

text: Rye is a coastal suburb of New York City in Westchester County, New York, United States. It is separate from the Town of Rye, which has more land area than the city. The City of Rye, formerly the Village of Rye, was part of the Town until it received its charter as a city in 1942, making it the youngest city in the State of New York. Its population density for its 5.85 square miles of land is roughly 2,729.76/sq mi.


title: Rye, New York

text: Rye is notable for its waterfront which covers 60 percent of the city's six square miles and is governed by a waterfront act instituted in 1991. Located in the city are two National Historic Landmarks: the Boston Post Road Historic District was designated a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service in 1993; its centerpiece is the Jay Estate, the childhood home of John Jay, a Founding Father and the first Chief Justice of the United States.


title: Rye, New York

text: Playland, a historic amusement park designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987 is also located in Rye. Playland features one of the oldest wooden roller coasters in the Northeast, the Dragon Coaster.


title: Rye, New York

text: Rye was once a part of Fairfield County, Connecticut, belonging to the Sachem Ponus, of the Ponus Wekuwuhm, Canaan Parish, and was probably named for that chieftain, "Peningoe Neck".


title: Rye, New York

text: It was founded in 1660 by three men: Thomas Studwell, Peter Disbrow and John Coe. Later landowners included John Budd and family.


title: Rye, New York

text: During the 19th and early 20th centuries it was a haven for wealthy Manhattanites who traveled by coach or boat to escape the city heat. Its location on Long Island Sound and numerous beaches also appealed to visitors with more moderate means who gravitated for short stays at cottages and waterfront hotels.


title: Rye, New York

text: It has an extraordinary inventory of buildings with architectural distinction that help visually articulate specific neighborhoods and districts.


title: Rye, New York

text: Planning and zoning oversight is vested in several branches of the Rye government including several volunteer staffed committees like the Planning Commission, the Architectural Review Board, the Sustainability Committee, the Conservation Committee and the Landmarks Committee to name a few.


title: Rye, New York

text: The City's current Master Plan guides the planning process. Also known as a Comprehensive plan, it was authored 37 years ago with an expectation that it would be updated again in 2000. Attempts to revise the 1985 document with community input as recommended in NY State's Statute on Comprehensive Planning were made in 2016 and 2017. The review, which was aimed to reflect current conditions of growth and forecast future changes, was not completed. As of 2018, Rye lagged behind almost all of the 43 municipalities in Westchester County in updating this "serious document".


title: Rye, New York

text: Failure to modernize the 1985 Master Plan on that schedule has produced concerns from residents about the lack of community consensus, lack of informed and coordinated regulation of development and the subsequent impacts including increased flooding and a higher than expected volume of teardowns. Other concerns include threats to historical resources, cultural resources, natural resources, sensitive coastal and environmental areas and numerous other negative repercussions on neighborhood character. Previous Master Plans for Rye were created in 1929, 1945, and in 1963.


title: Rye, New York

text: Rye is a coastal community with numerous sensitive wetlands and watercourses. In 1991, the City of Rye adopted a comprehensive plan to further regulate land and water usage to protect and preserve these fragile resources.


title: Rye, New York

text: In 2010, spurred by disastrous flooding events in 2007 and other environmental concerns, the Rye Sustainability Committee (RSC) was formed and tasked with creating a plan to inform best environmental and land stewardship practices for the city. A sustainability plan was formally adopted in December 2013


title: Rye, New York

text: Many of Rye's unique neighborhoods are defined in the 1985 Master Plan. Many have historic significance and their preservation was signaled as important for enhancing Rye's character. They include:


title: Rye, New York

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water.


title: Rye, New York

text: Rye is "situated in the eastern part of central Westchester County on Long Island Sound. The western border of the City generally parallels Beaver Swamp Brook, while the eastern border is formed by Milton Harbor and the Sound. Blind Brook traverses the City from the northwest corner of Rye to Milton Harbor at the southern end."


title: Rye, New York

text: The geology and hydrology of Rye is characterized by a significant quantity of rock, marshes and wetlands which makes the city both desirably scenic but also challenging for developers.


title: Rye, New York

text: Rye's bedrock is predominantly constituted of Fordham gneiss and Harrison diorite also known as Byram Black granite.


title: Rye, New York

text: According to Rye's 1985 Master Plan, "Rye contains a variety of environmentally significant areas. Numerous tidal and freshwater wetlands are found near the waterfront and brooks. The Milton Harbor area (including the Marshlands Conservancy and Rye Golf Club), Disbrow Park and the Manursing area contain the most extensive wetlands in the City. In addition, substantial areas near the Sound, Milton Harbor, Blind Brook and Beaver Swamp Brook are within the 100 year flood hazard area, and thus subject to potential flooding." According to the City of Rye, "Considerable acreage of these important natural resources has been lost or impaired by draining, dredging, filling, excavating, building, polluting and other acts inconsistent with the natural uses of such areas. Remaining wetlands are in jeopardy of being lost, despoiled or impaired by such acts contrary to the public safety and welfare." As a result,


title: Rye, New York

text: the City has charged itself with the responsibility of "preventing the despoilation and destruction of wetlands and watercourses while taking into account varying ecological, economic, recreational and aesthetic values. Activities that may damage wetlands or watercourses should be located on upland sites in such a manner as not to degrade these systems."


title: Rye, New York

text: In 2017, Rye resident and then New York State Senator George Latimer noted that wetlands maps for the area have not been updated in over 20 years


title: Rye, New York

text: Flooding has long been an issue in Rye as in other coastal towns with water coming in from Long Island Sound. The Blind Brook watershed is also a source of that flooding with significant deluges recorded in the neighborhood of Indian Village after four days of rain in October 1975.


title: Rye, New York

text: The City's response to these recurring hazards was to apply for funding through the NY Rising Community Reconstruction Program. Rye received $3,000,000 to safeguard the city against future flooding threats, upgrade its infrastructure for resiliency, identify stormwater mitigation solutions, and protect historic buildings and natural wetlands.


title: Rye, New York

text: Starting on September 1, 2021, Rye experienced another substantial flooding event. The storm lasted two days and caused significant damage to municipal facilities, businesses and residences. Areas around Indian Village and other sections of the city that had previously flooded during Hurricane Irene were under 8–9 feet of water. Other areas around the town normally not affected by flooding were also affected. Prior to the flooding event, Rye had undergone approximately five inches of rainfall from Hurricane Henri. Two weeks later, the remnants Hurricane Ida dropped another 8–9 inches of rain in the area within a 12 hour period.