title: Drakengard 3

text: Alongside the game, there were also two manga released in Japan written by Emi Nagashima under her pen name Jun Eishima: "Drag-On Dragoon: Utahime Five", a prequel focusing on the other Intoners, and "Drag-On Dragoon: Shi ni Itaru Aka", which acts as the game's sequel. Both manga were created and written with Yoko's supervision. The game was complemented with multiple DLC packs: they included multiple character outfits for Zero inspired by previous series protagonists, cosmetic adornments for Mikhail, and six prequel chapters detailing past events in the lives of both Zero and her sisters. This DLC was later released in the west along with alternate music for Zero's Intoner Mode sequences. ASCII Media Works also published a complete guide to the game, which included guides to the series history and a novella following on from "Shi ni Itaru Aka" which retold the events of "Drakengard". A novel, "Drag-on Dragoon 3 Side Story", was released on 28 August 2014. The novel detailed a fifth series of events connecting the narratives of "Drakengard 3" and "Drakengard", as none of the game's endings did so.


title: Drakengard 3

text: A crossover event with Square Enix's "SINoALICE" mobile game was announced in March 2018. The event consisted of a game level in "SINoAlice", whose story was written by Yoko Taro and ran for the first time ever from March 26, 2018, to April 17, 2018.


title: Drakengard 3

text: During its first week on sale in Japan, "Drakengard 3" sold 114,024 copies, coming fourth in Japanese sale charts and reached 125,500 units by the end of the year. Total physical sales in Japan as of May 2014 have reached 150,866 units. It reached 79th place on "Famitsu"s list of 100 best-selling titles of the year, while it reached 62nd place "Dengeki Online"s list. "Drakengard 3" received a 34/40 from "Famitsu", with the four reviewers giving it scores of 9, 9, 8 and 8. The game received "average" reviews, according to Western video game review aggregator Metacritic. Anime News Network's Todd Ciolek named "Drakengard 3" Game of the Year in 2014.


title: Drakengard 3

text: The story received mixed reviews. "Dengeki PlayStation" called it the best story of the "Drakengard" series, while "Famitsu" was generally positive about the world and characters, praising the character dialogue. Destructoid's Chris Carter stated that the story compelled him to "truck forward and figure it all out for [himself]", while he found the dialogue between the characters funny and their relationships entertaining. "Game Informer"s Kimberley Wallace was less enthusiastic, saying that while there were a few interesting scenes, "the narrative and characters make a lot of missteps." IGN's Meghan Sullivan criticized the story for being too slow and too reliant on foreknowledge of the previous games, while calling the main characters "poorly written". GameSpot's Heidi Kemps generally praised the story, especially the ways it poked fun at the genre and focus on the many paths the game took players down, while GamesRadar's Becky Cunningham called the story "the main reason to play [the game], especially as it approaches medieval fantasy with dark comedy instead of straight-laced tropes." Eurogamer's Chris Schilling said that the game played out "like a jet-black comedy", calling its narrative far colder than that of "Nier", while praising Zero's characterization.


title: Drakengard 3

text: In contrast to previous titles in the series, the gameplay received praise. "Dengeki" praised the redesigned battle system, citing the ability to switch weapons instantly as its best feature. "Famitsu" was also positive, despite it not having many distinguishing features to separate it from other video games in the genre. Sullivan praised the ground aspect of gameplay, especially Zero's Intoner Mode, but criticized the dragon gameplay as awkward and exacerbated by the poor control layout. Cunningham said that the combat will "keep [players] on [their] toes", praising the balance between character and enemy power and the weapon switching ability, but being more mixed about the dragon gameplay. Carter called the action gameplay his "favorite part", referring to it as a faster and smoother version of combat from the "Dynasty Warriors" series, while Kemps found it generally satisfactory despite its simplicity, while citing the dragon sections as "a welcome, if not always particularly well-designed, break from stabbing troops directly." Wallace was positive about many aspects of the system, but stated that it got bogged down by the level design and predictable enemy movements. Schilling enjoyed the ground-based gameplay despite its simplicity, comparing it to "a cross between [""] and "Dynasty Warriors"", but cited the dragon gameplay as far less enjoyable. Poor AI for Zero's companions and dragon drew criticism.


title: Drakengard 3

text: The graphics and level design were generally criticized. Cunningham called the environments "very bland" when compared to the narrative, while Wallace generally criticized the in-game level and character design, though cited the cinematic cutscenes as an improvement. In contrast, Carter praised the character design and called the other visuals "absolutely beautiful". Sullivan was generally negative, citing the level design and narrow color palette as part of her critique, and comparing the graphics to a game from the PlayStation 2 era. Schilling generally faulted the game for its textures, graphics and character design, despite noting the developers' attempts to lampoon gaming conventions. Technical issues such as frequent frame rate drops, an erratic camera and screen tearing were cited as general faults with the game.


title: The Slow Rush

text: The Slow Rush is the fourth studio album by Australian musical project Tame Impala, released on 14 February 2020. It follows the 2015 album "Currents" and the 2019 singles "Patience" and "Borderline", with the latter serving as the first single from the album. Rooted in psychedelic disco music, the album was positively received by critics and reached the top 10 on many record charts around the world, debuting atop the charts in three countries and as well as on the US Alternative and Rock charts.


title: The Slow Rush

text: At the 2020 ARIA Music Awards, the album won five categories, ARIA Award for Album of the Year, Best Group, Best Rock Album, Engineer of the Year and Producer of the Year (the latter two for work by Parker). The album also received a nomination for Best Alternative Music Album at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, whilst "Lost In Yesterday" was nominated for Best Rock Song.


title: The Slow Rush

text: In October 2021, the band announced a deluxe box set edition would be released in February 2022, comprising B-sides and remixes of the album. This version features remixes from Four Tet and Blood Orange, among others, and a guest appearance from rapper Lil Yachty.


title: The Slow Rush

text: Kevin Parker said that his biggest takeaway from making both the previous Tame Impala album, 2015's "Currents", and "The Slow Rush" was to trust his gut instincts. "I don't want to labor over music. More and more, that's becoming a quality of music that I'm allergic to."


title: The Slow Rush

text: In an interview with "Billboard", Parker said he was inspired by the career trajectory of "super-producer" Max Martin and that he wants to gradually break into the world of pop music. In an interview with "Uproxx", it was also revealed that one goal for "The Slow Rush" was to "try and use things from totally different worlds in the way that a hip hop producer would. To be almost collage-y."


title: The Slow Rush

text: While writing songs for the album in 2018 in Los Angeles, California, Parker had to flee a house in Malibu that he had rented on Airbnb due to widespread wildfires. Parker escaped with only his laptop, a hard drive, and his 1960s vintage Höfner bass; the remainder of his equipment at the house was destroyed.


title: The Slow Rush

text: After releasing the singles "Patience" and "Borderline"—the former only appearing on the bonus track edition, the latter included on the tracklist in remixed form—in March and April 2019, the album's release was delayed. These two songs were first performed live on "Saturday Night Live" on 28 March 2019 and received commercial praise.


title: The Slow Rush

text: In July 2019, Parker said: "Part of the thing about me starting an album is that I have to feel kind of worthless again to want to make music". In October 2019, a video appeared on the band's website, and on 25 October, the video was extended to announce the title of the album and release year. The video features Parker in the recording studio as well as snippets of unreleased music, which would later be included on the album as segments of the track "Tomorrow's Dust".


title: The Slow Rush

text: "Borderline" was altered/remastered following a November 2019 listening party. On 18 December 2019, Parker revealed in an interview with Annie Mac on BBC Radio 1's "Future Sounds" show that this new version of "Borderline" would appear on "The Slow Rush" instead, jokingly referring to the single release as the "old 'Borderline'" upon the release of the album.


title: The Slow Rush

text: "NME" writes: "This is a 57-minute flex of every musical muscle in Parker’s body. Crunchy guitars are largely absent, but we're left with something far more intriguing – a pop record bearing masterful electronic strokes. If "Currents" soundtracked the glorious come-up, "The Slow Rush" is the wobbly morning after, with everything and everyone under question."


title: The Slow Rush

text: "The Slow Rush" was called "an extraordinarily detailed opus" that reaches into "specific corners of the past six decades": Philly soul, early prog, acid house, adult contemporary-R&B, and even "Late Registration". Noted as more upbeat than Tame Impala's previous records, the album has touches of '90s English techno and soft rock. "NPR" noted: "Listen closely and you can pick up traces of Rick James, Paul McCartney and Wings, Ravel, Childish Gambino, Pink Floyd, Human League, Prince and on and on. [...] The post-psychedelic swirl of "The Slow Rush" registers as an organic blend, with the songs never feeling cluttered or too tightly scripted." Parallels with James Blake's "Assume Form" (2019) were observed as well.


title: The Slow Rush

text: The tone of the album is established on the "moody" space pop opening track "One More Year", called "Parker's most intimate song to date", featuring a steady beat, glitchy loops, a robotic chorus, and a tremolo effect. "Instant Destiny" begins with a falsetto-led melody and features xylophones, while "Borderline" has "mournful keyboards" and a disco groove. The funky/riffy and Jimmy Page-like "Breathe Deeper" "flits" between ravey pianos and '80s Fleetwood Mac – "with a touch of Daft Punk's 'Da Funk' thrown in the song's final 90 seconds". It is a '70s/'90s R&B crossover with an "ascendant" piano line.


title: The Slow Rush

text: "Tomorrow's Dust" is an early-'70s "soul-cruiser". A "bittersweet keyboard" in the semi-ballad "On Track" was said to resemble Daryl Hall. The "festival-ready" "Lost in Yesterday" has a beachy vibe, dub effects, and an '80s bassline. "Is It True" has a "boogie" sound. The "Ironside"-esque siren that lends panic in "It Might Be Time" recalls Quincy Jones. The two-minute "Glimmer" is house-y and mostly an instrumental. "One More Hour" is bare and "drowning in echo", full of fluttering strings and an "apocalyptic, heavily phased guitar, then another gnarly riff, crashing drums, and Moog synths firing in all directions."


title: The Slow Rush

text: The overarching theme of "The Slow Rush" was said to be "the passage of time". Many of the tunes on "The Slow Rush" have a "multi-level dimensionality": the melodies "dwell in a sweet, idyllic late-afternoon mood" that can veil the "internal turbulence, doubt and emotional complexity lurking in the words".


title: The Slow Rush

text: On "One More Year", Parker ponders about his connection to the places outside his studio, and outside his own head: "Do you remember we were standing here a year ago / Our minds were racing and time went slow / If there was trouble in the world we didn't know / If we ever cared we didn't show". "Instant Destiny" is "a swirling start-stop of a victory lap where he threatens to do something crazy, like buy a house in Miami." The second half of single "Posthumous Forgiveness", a "reckoning" with Parker's deceased father, is a "cathartic rumination" on their tricky relationship and Parker's superstardom: "Wanna tell you 'bout the time / I was in Abbey Road / Or the time that I had / Mick Jagger on the phone".


title: The Slow Rush

text: Parker reflects on the power of nostalgia ("Lost in Yesterday") and the fear of losing his mojo ("It Might Be Time"), while the spindly "Tomorrow's Dust" is a "slap round the face" in the favour of progress: "There's no use tryin' to relate to that old song". Closer "One More Hour" concludes Parker's journey as an "introvert searching for inner peace": "As long as I can, as long as I can spend some time alone." He later employs a taunting, provocative tone in the song "heard on playgrounds everywhere": "Whatever I've done, I did it for love. I did it for fun. I did it for fame."


title: The Slow Rush

text: "The Slow Rush" was met with positive reviews from listeners and music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 79, based on 30 reviews. Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave it 7.6 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus.


title: The Slow Rush

text: Jillian Mapes of "Pitchfork" wrote that ""The Slow Rush" is an extraordinarily detailed opus whose influences reach into specific corners of the past six decades." "NPR" writer Tom Moon added: "While everybody else in the catchy-song business seems to be running in circles, [Parker's] out there unapologetically having fun, creating new delivery systems for his own exotic brand of sonic euphoria."


title: The Slow Rush

text: Zack Ruskin from "Variety" was also positive: ""The Slow Rush" is arguably Parker's most fully realized and satisfying effort to date. While lyrically, the album seems a bit escapist, Parker likes to operate somewhere in the middle, dabbling in the personal but often only as a piece of a larger meditation." Ruskin later finished with, ""The Slow Rush" proves that Parker has earned all the time he needs."


title: The Slow Rush

text: In a year-end assessment, Vincent Arrieta of the "Dallas Observer" pointed out the timeliness of the themes of "The Slow Rush" in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, saying ""The Slow Rush" expresses anxiety about the nature of the year itself; the fact that our time was robbed from us while we had more time than ever," and called "The Slow Rush" "The defining album of 2020." Arrieta also singled out "On Track" as a highlight, calling it "Arguably Tame Impala's masterpiece."


title: The Slow Rush

text: Kitty Empire of "The Guardian" said, "It's safe to say "The Slow Rush" will only expand Tame Impala's audience." On the other hand, in a mixed review from "The A.V. Club", Max Freedman gave the album a C+ and wrote that it "isn't quite as interesting as its predecessors in terms of songwriting and production, and this gap makes Parker's lyrical weaknesses more challenging to ignore".


title: The Slow Rush

text: On the US "Billboard 200", "The Slow Rush" debuted at number three, moving 110,000 equivalent album sales. It became Tame Impala's highest-charting album in the country to date, passing the number four peak of previous release "Currents". After the release of the album, all 12 tracks charted on the US Rock charts with peak numbers ranging from 2 to 17. With other record charts, the album debuted in the top 10 in many countries, reaching number one in Australia, Portugal, and Scotland.


title: Cesspit

text: A cesspit (or cesspool or soak pit in some contexts) is a term with various meanings: it is used to describe either an underground holding tank (sealed at the bottom) or a soak pit (not sealed at the bottom). It can be used for the temporary collection and storage of feces, excreta or fecal sludge as part of an on-site sanitation system and has some similarities with septic tanks or with soak pits. Traditionally, it was a deep cylindrical chamber dug into the ground, having approximate dimensions of 1 metre (3') diameter and 2–3 metres (6' to 10') depth. Their appearance was similar to that of a hand-dug water well.


title: Cesspit

text: The pit can be lined with bricks or concrete, covered with a slab and needing to be emptied frequently when it is used like an underground holding tank. In other cases (if soil and groundwater conditions allow), it is not constructed watertight, to allow liquid to leach out (similar to a pit latrine or to a soak pit).


title: Cesspit

text: In the UK a cesspit is a sealed tank for the reception and temporary storage of sewage; in North America this is simply referred to as a "holding tank". Because it is sealed, the tank must be emptied frequently – on average every 6 weeks – but frequency varies a great deal and can be as often as weekly or as rarely as quarterly. Because of the need for frequent emptying, the cost of maintenance of a cesspit can be high. If owners in the UK do not maintain their cess pits they can be fined up to £20,000.


title: Cesspit

text: A cesspool was at one time built like a dry well lined with loose-fitting brick or stone, used for the disposal of sewage via infiltration into the soil. Liquids leaked out through the soil as conditions allowed, while solids decayed and collected as composted matter in the base of the cesspool. As the solids accumulated, eventually the particulate solids blocked the escape of liquids, causing the cesspool to drain more slowly or to overflow.


title: Cesspit

text: A biofilm forms in the loose soil surrounding a cesspool or pit latrine which provides some degree of attenuation of the pollutants present, but a very deep cesspool can allow raw sewage to directly enter groundwater with minimal biological cleansing, leading to groundwater pollution and undrinkable water supplies. It is for this reason that deep water wells on the property must be drilled far from the cesspool.


title: Cesspit

text: Most residential waste cesspools in use in the US today are rudimentary septic systems, consisting of a concrete-capped pit lined with concrete masonry units (cinder blocks) laid on their sides with perforated drain field piping (weeping tile) extending outward below the level of the intake connection. The concrete cover will often have a cleanout pipe extending above ground. Some are constructed with concrete walls on one or more sides.


title: Cesspit

text: The waste cesspool is vulnerable to overloading or flooding by heavy rains or snow melt because it is not enclosed and sealed like conventional septic tank systems. It is also vulnerable to the entry of tree roots which can eventually cause the system to fail.


title: Cesspit

text: Modern environmental regulations either discourage or ban the use of cesspools, and instead connections to municipal sewage systems or septic tanks are encouraged or required.


title: Cesspit

text: In many countries, planning and development regulations for the protection of the watershed prevent home-owners who live close to rivers and environmentally sensitive areas from installing a septic system, requiring a holding tank instead.


title: Cesspit

text: In some localities in the U.S., existing rural residential waste cesspools are "grandfathered", i.e. allowed to continue operations until they no longer function. Once defunct, they must be disconnected and replaced by modern septic systems. In areas that have a higher than usual water table or fail a percolation test, an above-ground drain field waste disposal system may be installed instead.


title: Cesspit

text: In the case of sale or transfer of residential property that uses an existing waste cesspool system, local laws may differ. Some counties or jurisdictions do not permit the sale of residential property that utilizes a waste cesspool. Other counties or villages may recognize the "grandfather clause" and allow the property sale or transfer with the cesspool.


title: Cesspit

text: The typical American urbanite in the 1870s relied on the rural solution of individual well and outhouse (privy) or cesspools. Baltimore in the 1880s smelled "like a billion polecats" according to H. L. Mencken, and a Chicagoan said in his city "the stink is enough to knock you down." Improvement was slow, and large cities of the East and South depended to the end of the century mainly on drainage through open gutters. Pollution of water supplies by sewage as well as dumping of industrial waste accounted in large measures for the public health records and staggering mortality rates of the period.


title: Cesspit

text: Cesspits were introduced to Europe in the 16th century, at a time when urban populations were growing at a faster rate than in the past. The added burden of waste volume began overloading urban street gutters, where chamber pots were emptied each day. There was no regulation of cesspit construction until the 18th century, when a need to address sanitation and safety concerns became apparent. Cesspits were cleaned out by tradesmen known in the UK as gongfermors using shovels and horse-drawn wagons. Cesspools were cleaned only at night, to reduce the smell and annoyance to the public. The typical cesspit was cleaned out once every 8 to 10 years. Fermentation of the solid waste collecting in cesspits, however, resulted in dangerous infections and gases that sometimes asphyxiated cesspit cleaners. Cesspits began to be cleaned out more regularly, but strict regulations for cesspit construction and ventilation were not introduced until the 1800s.


title: Cesspit

text: Before construction reforms were introduced in the early 19th century, liquid waste would seep away through the ground, leaving solid waste behind in the cesspit. While this made removal of solid waste easier, the seeping liquid waste often contaminated well water sources, creating public health problems. Municipal reforms required that cesspits be built of solid walls of stone and concrete. This kept liquid waste in the cesspit, forcing cesspits to be cleaned more frequently, on average two or three times per year. Liquid cesspit waste would be removed with pumps by cesspit cleaners, and then solid waste, valuable as fertilizer and for manufacturing ammonia, was removed.


title: Cesspit

text: In 1846, French public hygienist Alphone Guérard estimated that 100 cesspits were cleaned in Paris every night, by 200–250 total cesspit cleaners in the city, and out of a total of 30,000 cesspits. The replacement of Paris' cesspit system was challenged for decades by officials not on public hygiene grounds, but on economic ones, based on the desire to conserve human waste as fertilizer rather than disposing of it in a modern sewer system. Paris' sewer system began modernizing in the 1880s, with the conversion of storm sewers for public sewage. Some cesspits were still in use in Paris into the 20th century.


title: Cesspit

text: In Suffolk County, New York, most households still use cesspools for waste drainage. Cesspool collapses have occurred in the area, for example on December 8, 2009, when two workers in a decommissioned cesspit were trapped, requiring a two-hour rescue mission. Since 1998, six cases have been reported of cesspools collapsing and sucking in human residents standing over them, injuring a total of seven people, and killing one in 2001, one in 2007, and one in 2010.


title: Cesspit

text: On June 1, 2011, two teenagers, from the Suffolk County neighborhood of Farmingville, drowned after becoming overwhelmed by fumes and trapped in a backyard cesspool measuring deep. Collapsing cesspools are mostly older ones, built with brick or cinder block. Those structures weakened over their lifespan leading to increased risk of collapse. Newer cesspools are made from precast concrete, which dramatically decreases the risk of collapse. All new construction in areas without sewerage systems use the new precast cesspools. In addition, cast concrete cesspools are used commonly in commercial construction, for storm water collection.


title: Cesspit

text: Archaeologists often use the term cesspit (or cess pit) to refer to a pit dug to receive human waste. The word "cess" is sometimes used by archaeologists to refer to the contents found in cesspits, despite this not being etymologically correct.


title: Baby (Italian TV series)

text: Baby is an Italian teen drama streaming television series created for Netflix. The first season debuted on 30 November 2018. The series follows students at an elite high school in Rome who are involved in prostitution. It is loosely based on the story of two high school girls in Rome involved in an underage prostitution ring (the "Baby Squillo" scandal) in 2014.


title: Baby (Italian TV series)

text: In December 2018, Netflix announced a second season of the series, which premiered on 18 October 2019. The series was renewed for a third and final season, which was released on 16 September 2020.


title: Baby (Italian TV series)

text: Inspired by the scandal of Baby Squillo of 2013, the plot develops in an elite high school in Rome. Baby follows Chiara Altieri, a rich and beautiful girl who is disillusioned with her privileged life. She soon meets Ludovica Storti, an impulsive girl who's secretly in need of money. Ludovica soon draws Chiara into the world of underage prostitution. Ludovica becomes involved with Fiore, a dangerous man. Meanwhile, Chiara pursues a relationship with Damiano, a new student and the son of an ambassador, while hiding her secret life.


title: Michael Murphy (actor)

text: Michael George Murphy (born May 5, 1938) is an American film, television and stage actor. He often plays unethical or morally ambiguous characters in positions of authority, including politicians, executives, and lawyers. He is also known for his frequent collaborations with director Robert Altman, having appeared in twelve films, TV series and miniseries directed by Altman from 1963 to 2004, including the title role in the miniseries "Tanner '88". He had roles in the films "Manhattan", "An Unmarried Woman", "Nashville", "The Year of Living Dangerously", "Phase IV", "The Front", "Shocker", "Magnolia", "M*A*S*H" and "Batman Returns", among others.


title: Michael Murphy (actor)

text: Murphy was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of Georgia Arlyn (née Money), a teacher, and Bearl Branton Murphy, a salesman. After serving in the United States Marine Corps, Murphy attended the University of Arizona and the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA).


title: Michael Murphy (actor)

text: He taught English and drama at University High School (Los Angeles) before pursuing an acting career.


title: Michael Murphy (actor)

text: Murphy is best known for his performances as Jill Clayburgh's adulterous husband Martin in Paul Mazursky's "An Unmarried Woman" (1978), as Woody Allen's morally ambiguous best friend Yale in "Manhattan" (1979), as ethically enigmatic lawyer Alan Kligman in "Magnolia" (1999), and as the star of Garry Trudeau and Robert Altman's HBO miniseries "Tanner '88".


title: Michael Murphy (actor)

text: Murphy worked frequently with Altman, including as Captain Ezekiel Bradbury "Me Lay" Marston, IV, in "M*A*S*H" (1970), as Frank Shaft in "Brewster McCloud" (1970), as John Triplette in "Nashville" (1975), and as the title character in "Tanner '88" (a role he reprised in the 2004 miniseries "Tanner on Tanner"). Other Altman films and television series in which Murphy appeared include the World War II TV series "Combat!" (in which Murphy appeared in 1963, on the show's second of its five seasons), "Countdown" (1968), "That Cold Day in the Park" (1969), "McCabe & Mrs. Miller" (1971), "The Caine Mutiny Court Martial" (1988) and "Kansas City" (1996).


title: Michael Murphy (actor)

text: Other notable film roles include "The Year of Living Dangerously" (1982), "Salvador" (1986), "Silver City" (2004), and "According to Greta" (2009). His television roles include guest appearances on "Law & Order", "", "L.A. Law" and "Judging Amy".


title: Michael Murphy (actor)

text: Murphy has also narrated many episodes of the PBS historical documentary series "The American Experience" and the public television travel series "Weekends with Yankee". He appeared in Canadian film and television, including "This Is Wonderland", for which he won two Gemini Awards, in 2004 and 2005, and was nominated for a third, in 2006. He also appeared in the 2004 Canadian film "Childstar".


title: Michael Murphy (actor)

text: Murphy was married to Canadian actress Wendy Crewson from 1988 until their divorce in January 2009. They have two children, Maggie (born 1989) and John (born 1992).


title: 2021–22 Everton F.C. season

text: The 2021–22 Everton Football Club season was the club's 143rd season in existence and the club's 68th consecutive season in the top flight of English football. In addition to the domestic league, Everton participated in this season's editions of the FA Cup and the EFL Cup.


title: 2021–22 Everton F.C. season

text: On 5 December 2021, director of football Marcel Brands left the club with immediate effect. He had been at Everton since May 2018.


title: 2021–22 Everton F.C. season

text: Everton confirmed they would take part in the seventh edition of The Florida Cup in Orlando. Due to Arsenal's and Inter Milan's withdrawal from the pre-season tournament, "The Toffees" announced they would face Mexican side UNAM on 28 July.


title: 2021–22 Everton F.C. season

text: Everton entered the competition in the second round and were drawn away to Huddersfield Town and Queens Park Rangers in the third round.


title: 2021–22 Everton F.C. season

text: ! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Players transferred/loaned out during the season


title: Aspergillus niger

text: Aspergillus niger is a mold classified within the "Nigri" section of the "Aspergillus" genus. The "Aspergillus" genus consists of common molds found throughout the environment within soil and water, on vegetation, in fecal matter, on decomposing matter, and suspended in the air. Species within this genus often grow quickly and can sporulate within a few days of germination. A combination of characteristics unique to "A. niger" makes the microbe invaluable to the production of many acids, proteins and bioactive compounds. Characteristics including extensive metabolic diversity, high production yield, secretion capability, and the ability to conduct post-translational modifications are responsible for "A. niger's" robust production of secondary metabolites. "A. niger's" capability to withstand extremely acidic conditions makes it especially important to the industrial production of citric acid.


title: Aspergillus niger

text: "A. niger" causes a disease known as "black mold" on certain fruits and vegetables such as grapes, apricots, onions, and peanuts, and is a common contaminant of food. It is ubiquitous in soil and is commonly found in indoor environments, where its black colonies can be confused with those of "Stachybotrys" (species of which have also been called "black mold"). "A. niger" is classified as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) by the US Food and Drug Administration for use in food production, although the microbe is capable of producing toxins that affect human health.


title: Aspergillus niger

text: "Aspergillus niger" is included in "Aspergillus" subgenus "Circumdati", section "Nigri". The section "Nigri" includes 15 related black-spored species that may be confused with "A. niger", including "A. tubingensis", "A. foetidus", "A. carbonarius", and "A. awamori". In 2004, a number of morphologically similar species were described by Samson "et al."


title: Aspergillus niger

text: In 2007, the strain of ATCC 16404 "Aspergillus niger" was reclassified as "Aspergillus brasiliensis" (refer to publication by Varga et al.). This required an update to the U.S. Pharmacopoeia and the European Pharmacopoeia, which commonly use this strain throughout the pharmaceutical industry.


title: Aspergillus niger

text: "A. niger" is a strict aerobe; therefore, it requires oxygen to grow. The fungus can grow in a range of environmental conditions; it can grow at temperatures ranging from 6 to 47ºC. As a mesophile, its optimal temperature range is 35-37ºC. It can tolerate pH ranging from 1.5 to 9.8. "A. niger" is xerophilic, meaning it can grow and reproduce in environments with very little water. It can also can also grow in humid conditions even tolerating environments with 90-100% relative humidity. The fungus is most commonly grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA), but it can grow on many different types of growth media including Czapek-Dox agar, lignocellulose agar, and several others.


title: Aspergillus niger

text: "Aspergillus niger" has a genome consisting of roughly 34 megabases (Mb) organized into eight chromosomes. The DNA contains 10,785 genes which are transcribed and translated into 10,593 proteins.


title: Aspergillus niger

text: Two strains of "A. niger" have been sequenced. Strain CBS 513.88 produces enzymes used in industrial applications while strain ATCC 1015 is the wildtype strain of ATCC 11414 used to produce industrial citric acid (CA). The "A. niger" ATCC 1015 genome was sequenced by the Joint Genome Institute in a collaboration with other institutions. Completed sequences have been used to uncover orthologous genes and pathways involved in fungal metabolism, specifically the catabolism of monosaccharides. The ability of "A. niger" to change its metabolism depending on the carbon sources and other nutrients present in its environment has enabled the microorganism to survive and be found in almost all ecosystems. Further research is being done to study these mechanisms for all fungi using the complete sequenced genome of "A. niger".


title: Aspergillus niger

text: There are two ways in which "Aspergillus niger" can be grown for industrial purposes: solid state fermentation (SSF) and submerged fermentation (SmF). SSF uses a solid substrate with nutrients and minimal moisture to grow microorganisms. Nutrients such as nitrogen and carbon come from agricultural byproducts such as wheat bran, sugar pulp, rice husks, and corn flour. SSF gives better yield of microbe products and is more cost effective than SmF due to using agricultural byproducts. SSF is predominantly used over SmF. In SmF, microbes are grown in a liquid medium inside large aseptic fermentation vessels. These vessels are expensive pieces of equipment that provide more water for growth and allow for tight control of environmental factors, such as temperature and pH, that affects microbial growth.


title: Aspergillus niger

text: "Aspergillus niger" is cultured to facilitate the industrial production of many substances. Various strains of "A. niger" are used in the industrial preparation of citric acid (E330) and gluconic acid (E574); therefore, they have been deemed acceptable for daily intake by the World Health Organization. "A. niger" fermentation is "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) by the United States Food and Drug Administration under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. "A. niger" is also being considered as a potential new source of natural food grade pigments.


title: Aspergillus niger

text: The production of citric acid (CA) is achieved by growing strains of "A. niger" in a nutrient rich medium that includes high concentrations of sugar and mineral salts and an acidic pH of 2.5-3.5. Many microorganisms produce CA, but "Aspergillus niger" produces more than 1 million metric tons of CA annually via a fungal fermentation process. CA is in high demand for applications such as the control of microorganism growth, food and beverage flavor enhancement, acidity manipulation, pharmaceuticals, etc.


title: Aspergillus niger

text: "A. niger" produces many useful enzymes for the catabolism of biopolymers in order to obtain nutrients from its environment. The production of specific enzymes can be increased for industrial purposes. For example, "A. niger" glucoamylase () is used in the production of high-fructose corn syrup and pectinases (GH28) are used in cider and wine clarification. Alpha-galactosidase (GH27), an enzyme that breaks down certain complex sugars, is a component of Beano and several other products that decrease flatulence. Another use for "A. niger" within the biotechnology industry is in the production of magnetic isotope-containing variants of biological macromolecules for NMR analysis. "Aspergillus niger" is also cultured for the extraction of the enzyme, glucose oxidase (), used in the design of glucose biosensors, due to its high affinity for β-D-glucose.


title: Aspergillus niger

text: In the food industry, "A. niger" is also cultured to isolate the enzyme fructosyltransferase to produce fructooligosaccharides (FOS). FOS are used to manufacture low-calorie and functional foods due to FOS characteristic ability to slow growth of pathogenic microorganisms in the intestines. These foods have prebiotic fiber among other health promoting properties. "A. niger" is not the only organism to produce the enzyme fructosyltransferase, but it has been found to produce the enzyme at rates conducive to industrial production. A specific use of A. niger within the food industry is its capability to produce enzymes like carbohydrase and cellulase, which are commonly used in the seafood industry for removing the bellies of clams during processing and removing the tough external skin of shrimp from their edible internal tissue.


title: Aspergillus niger

text: "Aspergillus niger" can grow in gold-mining solutions containing cyano-metal complexes with gold, silver, copper, iron, and zinc. The fungus also plays a role in the solubilization of heavy-metal sulfides. "A. niger" has also been shown to remediate acid mine drainage through biosorption of copper and manganese.


title: Aspergillus niger

text: "A. niger" produces a wide variety of secondary metabolites, some of which are mycotoxins called ochratoxins, such as ochratoxin A. Contamination by filamentous fungi, such as "A. niger," occurs frequently in grapes and grape based products resulting in contamination by ochratoxin A (OTA). OTA, a clinically relevant mycotoxin, can accumulate in human tissue and cause a variety of serious health conditions. Potential consequences of OTA poisoning include kidney damage, kidney failure and cancer but the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not set maximum permissible levels of OTA in food unlike the EU that set maximum permissible levels in a variety of food products.


title: Aspergillus niger

text: "Aspergillus niger" can cause black mold infections in certain fruits and vegetables like peanuts, grapes, and onions leading to the fungus being a common food contaminant. This filamentous ascomycete has a tolerance to changes in pH, humidity, and heat, thriving in a temperature range 15°C–53°C. These characteristics make infections of "A. niger" a common cause of post-harvest decay in fruits and vegetables, which can lead to significant economic loss in the food industry. A. niger infection in plants can cause a reduction in seed germination, seedling emergence, root elongation, and shoot elongation, causing the plant to perish before maturation. Specifically, "Aspergillus niger" causes sooty mold on onions and ornamental plants.


title: Aspergillus niger

text: "A. niger" is pathogenic. Aspergillosis is a fungal infection caused by spores of indoor and outdoor "Aspergillus" mold species. Due to the ubiquitous nature of A. niger, its spores are commonly inhaled by humans from their surrounding environment. Aspergillosis infection customarily occurs in people with compromised immune systems or pre-existing lung conditions like asthma and cystic fibrosis. Types of aspergillosis include allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), allergic aspergillus sinusitis, azole-resistant aspergillus fumigatus, cutaneous (skin) aspergillosis, and chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. Out of the approximated 180 species of "aspergillus" molds, roughly 40 species have been found to cause health concern in immunocompromised humans. Aspergillosis is particularly frequent among horticultural workers who often inhale peat dust, which can be rich in "Aspergillus niger" spores. The fungus has also been found in ancient Egyptian mummies and can be inhaled when they are disturbed. Otomycosis, which is a superficial fungal infection of the ear canal, is another disorder that can be caused by overgrowth of "Aspergillus" molds like "A. niger." Otomycosis caused by "A. niger" is frequently associated with mechanical damage of the ear canal's external skin barrier and often presents itself in patients living in tropical climates"." "A. niger" is rarely reported to cause pneumonia compared to other "Aspergillus" species, such as "Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus", and "Aspergillus terreus".


title: Afro

text: The afro is a hair type created by natural growth of kinky hair, or specifically styled with chemical curling products by individuals with naturally curly or straight hair. The hairstyle can be created by combing the hair away from the scalp, dispersing a distinctive curl pattern, and forming the hair into a rounded shape, much like a cloud or puff ball.


title: Afro

text: For people with wavy or straight hair, the hair style is created with the help of permanent hair structure-changing creams or gels and/or other solidifying liquids to temporarily hold the hair in place. Particularly popular in the African American community of the late 1960s and early 1970s, the hairstyle is often shaped and maintained with the assistance of a wide-toothed comb colloquially known as an Afro pick.


title: Afro

text: "Afro" is derived from the term "Afro-American". The hairstyle is also referred to by some as a "natural"—particularly the shorter, less elaborate versions of the Afro—since in most cases the hair is left untreated by relaxers or straightening chemicals and is instead allowed to express its natural curl or kinkiness.


title: Afro

text: In the 1860s, a hairstyle similar to the afro was worn by the Circassian beauties. Sometimes known as "Moss-haired girls", they were a group of women exhibited in sideshow attractions in the United States by P. T. Barnum and others. These women claimed to be descendants of the Circassian people in the North Caucasus region, and were marketed to White audiences captivated by the "exotic East" as pure examples of the Caucasian race who were kept as sexual slaves in Turkish harems. It has been argued that this portrayal of a Caucasian woman as a rescued slave during the American Civil War played on the racial connotations of slavery at the time so that the distinctive hairstyle affiliates the side-show white Circassian with African-American identity, and thus:


title: Afro

text: During the history of slavery in the United States, most African Americans styled their hair in an attempt to mimic the styles of the predominantly white society in which they lived. Afro-textured hair, characterized by its tight kinks, has been described as being kinky, coarse, cottony, nappy, or woolly. These characteristics represented the antithesis of the European American standard of beauty, and led to a negative view of kinky hair. As a result, the practice of straightening gained popularity among African Americans.


title: Afro

text: The process of straightening the hair often involved applying caustic substances, such as relaxers containing lye, which needed to be applied by an experienced hairstylist so as to avoid burning the scalp and ears. Those who chose not to artificially treat their hair would often opt to style it into tight braids or cornrows. With all of these hairstyling methods, one ran the risk of damaging the hair shaft, sometimes resulting in hair loss.


title: Afro

text: The effect of the Civil Rights Movement brought a renewed sense of identity to the African–American community, which also resulted in a redefinition of personal style that included an appreciation of black beauty and aesthetics, as embodied by the "Black is beautiful" movement. This cultural movement marked a return to more natural, untreated hairstyles. The afro became a powerful political symbol which reflected black pride and a rejection of notions of assimilation and integration—not unlike the long and untreated hair sported by the mainly White hippies.


title: Afro

text: To some African Americans, the afro also represented a reconstitutive link to West Africa and Central Africa. However, some critics have suggested that the afro hairstyle is not particularly African: In his book "Welcome to the Jungle: New Positions in Black Cultural Studies", cultural critic Kobena Mercer argued that the contemporary African society of the mid-20th century did not consider either hairstyle to denote any particular "Africanness"; conversely, some Africans felt that these styles signified "First-worldness".


title: Afro

text: Similarly, Brackette F. Williams stated in her book "Stains on My Name, War in My Veins: Guyana and the Politics of Cultural Struggle" that African nationalists were irritated by the afro's adoption by African Americans as a symbol of their African heritage; they saw this trend as an example of Western arrogance.


title: Afro

text: The afro was adopted by both men and women and was a hairstyle that was easier to maintain by oneself, without requiring frequent and sometimes costly visits to the hairstylist as was often experienced by people who chose to braid, straighten or relax their hair. Due to the kinky pattern prominent in Afro-textured hair, as it grows longer it has a tendency to extend outward from the head, resulting in a domelike hairstyle which is easily molded and sculpted into the desired shape. While the afro was a much less invasive and time-consuming hairstyle choice for many African Americans, some chose to achieve a more voluminous version of the afro by backcombing or teasing the hair, a practice that can result in damage to the hair and scalp.


title: Afro

text: In the mid-1960s, the afro hairstyle began in a fairly tightly coiffed form, such as the hairstyle that became popular among members of the Black Panther Party. As the 1960s progressed towards the 1970s, popular hairstyles, both within and outside of the African-American community, became longer and longer. As a result, the late 1960s/early 1970s saw an expansion in the overall size of afros. Some of the entertainers and sociopolitical figures of the time known for wearing larger afros include political activist Angela Davis, actress Pam Grier, rock musician Jimi Hendrix, singer Miriam Makeba, and the members of the musical groups The Jackson 5 and The Supremes.


title: Afro

text: In contrast, the afro's popularity among African Americans had already started to wane by the early 1970s; the introduction of the afro to the mainstream and its adoption by people of non-African descent caused the afro to lose its radical, political edge. The 1970s saw an increase in the popularity of braided hairstyles such as cornrows among both sexes of African Americans.


title: Afro

text: The afro saw some resurgence in both the 1990s and the 2000s. These afros would take varied forms, some incorporating elements such as braids, beads or twists, as well as various sizes, from close-cropped natural hairstyles all the way to expansive afro wigs.


title: Afro

text: Some African Americans who have been known for wearing afros or afro wigs during these two decades include NBA basketball players Ben Wallace, Kobe Bryant, and Michael Beasley, as well as musicians Lauryn Hill, Erykah Badu, Macy Gray, Ludacris, Questlove, Cindy Blackman, Wiz Khalifa, and Lenny Kravitz. Beyoncé also donned a large afro wig for her role as Foxxy Cleopatra in the 2002 film "Austin Powers in Goldmember".


title: Afro

text: On July 3, 2019, California became the first U.S. state to prohibit discrimination over natural hair. Governor Gavin Newsom signed the CROWN Act into law, banning employers and schools from discriminating against hairstyles such as afros, braids, twists, and locks. Likewise, later in 2019 Assembly Bill 07797 became law in New York state; it "prohibits race discrimination based on natural hair or hairstyles."


title: Afro

text: Simone Williams holds the biggest afro Guinness record. Her afro was 20.5 cm tall, 22.5 cm wide and 1.48 meter in circumference. She holds the record since 2020.


title: Afro

text: A "Jewfro" (portmanteau of the words Jew and afro) or (rarely) "Isro" (portmanteau of the words Israel and afro) refers to an afro when worn by Jews. The term has its roots in the 1960s and 1970s when many prominent figures were described as sporting the hairstyle. The "Los Angeles Times" called college football star Scott Marcus a flower child with "golden brown hair ... in ringlets around his head in what he calls a Jewish afro style". "The New York Times" in a 1971 article on Harvard University's "hairy" basketball team, wrote that Captain Brian Newmark "hasn't had a haircut since last May, and his friends have suggested his hairdo is a first cousin to the Afro, the style that is popular with blacks. In the case of the Jewish junior from Brooklyn, though, the bushy dark hair, that is piled high on his head has been called an “Isro.”" Novelist Judith Rossner was described in a "Chicago Tribune" profile as the "grown-up Wunderkind with an open, oval face framed by a Jewish Afro."


title: Afro

text: The Hadendoa Beja of northeastern Africa were nicknamed "Fuzzy-Wuzzies" by British troops during the Mahdist War due to their large and mop-like hairstyles, which they shaped by applying butter or mutton fat. In Somalia, some young men of the nomadic and sedentary communities would grow their hair long and carefully comb it into rather large bushes, which they would then hold in place with ghee. This elaborate hairstyle was quite distinct from another coiffure found among other Somalis, who would instead grow long and fluff out their fine, straight hair and place a chewing stick and comb in the center.


title: Afro

text: Variations of the afro have been worn by one or both sexes in the many disparate cultures of the African continent. Due to the hairstyle's links to members of the civil rights and Black Power movements, the afro was seen by several outside cultures as a dangerous symbol of political unrest, including Tanzania where the Afro was banned in the 1970s because it was seen as a symbol of neocolonialism and as part of a "cultural invasion" from the United States. In the 1950s and 1960s, South African women were also known to wear their hair in an afro-type style.


title: Afro

text: The afro did not rise to the same level of popularity among the Afro-Caribbean community as it did in the United States, in part because of the popularity of dreadlocks, which played an important role in the Rastafari movement. Not unlike the afro's significance among the members of the American Black Power movement, dreadlocks symbolized black pride and empowerment among the Rastafari of the Caribbean.


title: Afro

text: The long, wide teeth of the "afro pick" or afro comb were designed to dig down to the scalp, allowing the hair to be stretched out from the roots into a desired style or shape using a picking motion.


title: General American English

text: General American English or General American (abbreviated GA or GenAm) is the umbrella accent of American English spoken by a majority of Americans. In the United States it is often perceived as lacking any distinctly regional, ethnic, or socioeconomic characteristics, but it encompasses a continuum of accents rather than a single unified accent. Americans with high education, or from the North Midland, Western New England, and Western regions of the country are the most likely to be perceived as having General American accents. The precise definition and usefulness of the term "General American" continue to be debated, and the scholars who use it today admittedly do so as a convenient basis for comparison rather than for exactness. Other scholars prefer the term Standard American English.


title: General American English

text: Standard Canadian English accents are sometimes considered to fall under General American, especially in opposition to the United Kingdom's Received Pronunciation; in fact, typical Canadian English accents align with General American in nearly every situation where British and American accents differ.


title: General American English

text: The term "General American" was first disseminated by American English scholar George Philip Krapp, who in 1925 described it as an American type of speech that was "Western" but "not local in character". In 1930, American linguist John Samuel Kenyon, who largely popularized the term, considered it equivalent to the speech of "the North" or "Northern American", but, in 1934, "Western and Midwestern". Now typically regarded as falling under the General American umbrella are the regional accents of the West, Western New England, and the North Midland (a band spanning central Ohio, central Indiana, central Illinois, northern Missouri, southern Iowa, and southeastern Nebraska), plus the accents of highly educated Americans nationwide. Arguably, all Canadian English accents west of Quebec are also General American, though Canadian vowel raising and certain newly developing features may serve to increasingly distinguish such accents from American ones. Similarly, William Labov et al.'s 2006 "Atlas of North American English" identified these three accent regions—the Western U.S., Midland U.S., and Canada—as sharing those pronunciation features whose convergence would form a hypothetical "General American" accent.


title: General American English

text: Regarded as having General American accents in the earlier 20th century, but not by the middle of the 20th century, are the Mid-Atlantic United States, the Inland Northern United States, and Western Pennsylvania. However, many younger speakers within these regions have reversed away from mid-20th century accent innovations back towards General American features. Accents that have never been labeled "General American", even since the term's popularization in the 1930s, are the regional accents (especially the "r"-dropping ones) of Eastern New England, New York City, and the American South. In 1982, British phonetician John C. Wells wrote that two-thirds of the American population spoke with a General American accent.


title: General American English

text: English-language scholar William A. Kretzchmar, Jr. explains in a 2004 article that the term "General American" came to refer to "a presumed most common or 'default' form of American English, especially to be distinguished from marked regional speech of New England or the South" and especially to speech associated with the vaguely-defined "Midwest", despite any historical or present evidence supporting this notion. Kretzschmar argues that a General American accent is simply the result of American speakers suppressing regional and social features that have become widely noticed and stigmatized.


title: General American English

text: Since calling one variety of American speech the "general" variety can imply privileging and prejudice, Kretzchmar instead promotes the term "Standard American English", which he defines as a level of American English pronunciation "employed by educated speakers in formal settings", while still being variable within the U.S. from place to place, and even from speaker to speaker. However, the term "standard" may also be interpreted as problematically implying a superior or "best" form of speech. The terms Standard North American English and General North American English, in an effort to incorporate Canadian speakers under the accent continuum, have also been suggested by sociolinguist Charles Boberg. Since the 2000s, Mainstream American English has also been occasionally used, particularly in scholarly articles that contrast it against African-American English.


title: General American English

text: Modern language scholars discredit the original notion of General American as a single unified accent, or a standardized form of English—except perhaps as used by television networks and other mass media. Today, the term is understood to refer to a continuum of American speech, with some slight internal variation, but otherwise characterized by the absence of "marked" pronunciation features: those perceived by Americans as strongly indicative of a fellow American speaker's regional origin, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. Despite confusion arising from the evolving definition and vagueness of the term "General American" and its consequent rejection by some linguists, the term persists mainly as a reference point to compare a baseline "typical" American English accent with other Englishes around the world (for instance, see: Comparison of General American and Received Pronunciation).


title: General American English

text: Though General American accents are not commonly perceived as associated with any region, their sound system does have traceable regional origins: specifically, the English of the non-coastal Northeastern United States in the very early twentieth century. This includes western New England and the area to its immediate west, settled by members of the same dialect community: interior Pennsylvania, Upstate New York, and the adjacent "Midwest" or Great Lakes region. However, since the early to middle twentieth century, deviance away from General American sounds started occurring, and may be ongoing, in the eastern Great Lakes region due to its Northern Cities Vowel Shift (NCVS) towards a unique Inland Northern accent (often now associated with the region's urban centers, like Chicago and Detroit) and in the western Great Lakes region towards a unique North Central accent (often associated with Minnesota, Wisconsin, and North Dakota).


title: General American English

text: Linguists have proposed multiple factors contributing to the popularity of a rhotic "General American" class of accents throughout the United States. Most factors focus on the first half of the twentieth century, though a basic General American pronunciation system may have existed even before the twentieth century, since most American English dialects have diverged very little from each other anyway, when compared to dialects of single languages in other countries where there has been more time for language change (such as the English dialects of England or German dialects of Germany).


title: General American English

text: One factor fueling General American's popularity was the major demographic change of twentieth-century American society: increased suburbanization, leading to less mingling of different social classes and less density and diversity of linguistic interactions. As a result, wealthier and higher-educated Americans' communications became more restricted to their own demographic. This, alongside their new marketplace that transcended regional boundaries (arising from the century's faster transportation methods), reinforced a widespread belief that highly educated Americans should not possess a regional accent. A General American sound, then, originated from both suburbanization and suppression of regional accent by highly educated Americans in formal settings. A second factor was a rise in immigration to the Great Lakes area (one native region of supposed "General American" speech) following the region's rapid industrialization period after the American Civil War, when this region's speakers went on to form a successful and highly mobile business elite, who traveled around the country in the mid-twentieth century, spreading the high status of their accents. A third factor is that various sociological (often race- and class-based) forces repelled socially-conscious Americans away from accents negatively associated with certain minority groups, such as African Americans and poor white communities in the South and with Southern and Eastern European immigrant groups (for example, Jewish communities) in the coastal Northeast. Instead, socially-conscious Americans settled upon accents more prestigiously associated with White Anglo-Saxon Protestant communities in the remainder of the country: namely, the West, the Midwest, and the non-coastal Northeast.


title: General American English

text: Kenyon, author of "American Pronunciation" (1924) and pronunciation editor for the second edition of "Webster's New International Dictionary" (1934), was influential in codifying General American pronunciation standards in writing. He used as a basis his native Midwestern (specifically, northern Ohio) pronunciation. Kenyon's home state of Ohio, however, far from being an area of "non-regional" accents, has emerged now as a crossroads for at least four distinct regional accents, according to late twentieth-century research. Furthermore, Kenyon himself was vocally opposed to the notion of any superior variety of American speech.


title: General American English

text: General American, like the British Received Pronunciation (RP) and prestige accents of many other societies, has never been the accent of the entire nation, and, unlike RP, does not constitute a homogeneous national standard. Starting in the 1930s, nationwide radio networks adopted non-coastal Northern U.S. rhotic pronunciations for their "General American" standard. The entertainment industry similarly shifted from a non-rhotic standard to a rhotic one in the late 1940s, after the triumph of the Second World War, with the patriotic incentive for a more wide-ranging and unpretentious "heartland variety" in television and radio.


title: General American English

text: General American is thus sometimes associated with the speech of North American radio and television announcers, promoted as prestigious in their industry, where it is sometimes called "Broadcast English" "Network English", or "Network Standard". Instructional classes in the United States that promise "accent reduction", "accent modification", or "accent neutralization" usually attempt to teach General American patterns. Television journalist Linda Ellerbee states that "in television you are not supposed to sound like you're "from" anywhere", and political comedian Stephen Colbert says he consciously avoided developing a Southern American accent in response to media portrayals of Southerners as stupid and uneducated.


title: General American English

text: Typical General American accent features (for example, in contrast to British English) include features that concern consonants, such as rhoticity (full pronunciation of all sounds), T-glottalization (with "satin" pronounced , not ), T- and D-flapping (with "metal" and "medal" pronounced the same, as ), L-velarization (with "filling" pronounced , not ), yod-dropping after alveolar consonants (with "new" pronounced , not ), as well as features that concern vowel sounds, such as various vowel mergers before (so that, "Mary", "marry", and "merry" are all commonly pronounced the same), raising of pre-voiceless (with "price" and "bright" using a higher vowel sound than "prize" and "bride"), raising and gliding of pre-nasal (with "man" having a higher and tenser vowel sound than "map"), the weak vowel merger (with "affected" and "effected" often pronounced the same), and at least one of the vowel mergers (the – merger is completed among virtually all Americans and the – merger among nearly half). All of these phenomena are explained in further detail under American English's phonology section. The following provides all the General American consonant and vowel sounds.


title: General American English

text: The 2006 "Atlas of North American English" surmises that "if one were to recognize a type of North American English to be called 'General American'" according to data measurements of vowel pronunciations, "it would be the configuration formed by these three" dialect regions: Canada, the American West, and the American Midland. The following charts (as well as the one above) present the vowels that these three dialects encompass as a perceived General American sound system.


title: Jaret Reddick

text: Jaret Ray Reddick is an American musician, singer, songwriter, composer, podcaster and actor, best known as the lead vocalist, guitarist, and primary songwriter of the rock band Bowling for Soup. As a voice actor, Reddick is known for his work on "Phineas and Ferb", and he is also the current voice of Chuck E. Cheese.


title: Jaret Reddick

text: Jaret Ray Reddick is the youngest of six children, with four sisters and a brother. He went to Cunningham Elementary School, Wichita Falls, Texas. He graduated from S. H. Rider High School in Wichita Falls. In high school, he played snare drum in the marching band, until age seventeen when he started playing guitar.


title: Jaret Reddick

text: Reddick has owned a chain of toy stores while attempting to get his music career off the ground. He resides in Prosper, Texas. One of the employees at his toy stores was a Japanese mizu shotokan karate expert and noticed Reddick's natural agility and poise during a company outing to a local pool. He taught Reddick the basics of mizu shotokan karate. Reddick since has continued his studies in mizu karate and is currently ranked as a fifth degree shibō no o shiri in the art. He is a fan of British heavy metal band Iron Maiden, and his favorite song by the band is "Paschendale", inspired by his old history teacher Dave McGill.


title: Jaret Reddick

text: Bowling for Soup formed in 1994 in Wichita Falls, Texas. Their name derives from Bowling For Dollars, a comedy routine by Steve Martin. Reddick is the songwriter for the band, penning such BFS hits as "Punk Rock 101", as well as playing guitar.


title: Jaret Reddick

text: His primary guitar is a Music Man Axis that has a Miller Lite design on it; his former primary guitar until 2018 was similarly a Music Man Axis with a flag of Texas design on it.


title: Jaret Reddick

text: Reddick's biggest project outside of Bowling for Soup is song writing and appearing as the lead singer of the fictional band Love Händel on the television show "Phineas and Ferb". It started with Bowling for Soup providing the series' theme song "Today is Gonna Be a Great Day," (nominated for Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music Emmy in 2008) and later Reddick's character Danny was introduced in the episode "Dude, We're Getting the Band Back Together". Reddick has since written several songs for the show and made a handful of appearances, both as Danny from Love Händel, and once with cartoon versions of the other members of Bowling for Soup performing "Today is Gonna Be a Great Day." In a 2021 podcast interview, Reddick revealed that he almost missed his "Phineas and Ferb" audition due to being hungover on an episode of The Road Trip Playlists podcast.


title: Jaret Reddick

text: Reddick also worked with SEGA for the song "Endless Possibility", which is featured as the theme to the "Sonic the Hedgehog" videogame, "Sonic Unleashed". The song was written by longtime "Sonic" game composer, Tomoya Ohtani.


title: Jaret Reddick

text: Jarinus is a songwriting/production team composed of Reddick and Linus of Hollywood. The two have worked together co-writing songs for and co-producing the Bowling for Soup albums, "Sorry for Partyin'" (2009) and "Fishin' for Woos" (2011), as well as co-founding Crappy Records, and co-producing the People on Vacation EP "The Carry_On EP" (2011). In late 2011, Jarinus announced that they would be making their debut album and that they would be seeking funding for recording it through Kickstarter, and have since reached their goal of over $18,000. The duo began releasing demo recordings as free downloads, as a "song of the week" promotion, on SoundCloud. However, Reddick later stated these songs would not appear on the album.


title: Jaret Reddick

text: Crappy Records is an independent record label started by Reddick and Linus of Hollywood as a partnership with Oglio Records. The label has released albums from Kurt Baker, The Leftovers, Linus of Hollywood, MC Lars, and Skyfox.


title: Jaret Reddick

text: Built By Ninjas is a music video production group formed by Reddick and Heath Balderston. The group has produced music videos for MC Lars, Patent Pending, Palmdale, and Skyfox, as well as Bowling for Soup's music video for the song "Turbulence" and People on Vacation's video for the song "Where Do We Go."


title: Jaret Reddick

text: In 2008, Reddick produced, co-wrote, and co-arranged two singles with solo artist Christy Darlington. "SUV" & "Girls + Summer = Fun!" were subsequently recorded at Valve Studios with Reddick producing. Reddick also sung backing vocals and performed guitar parts on the songs, with Christy performing lead vocal parts and guitar parts as well. Erik Chandler performed the bass parts and also backing vocals, and Gary Wiseman performed the drum parts. These two singles would later be released digitally. This collaboration was a result of Reddick & Bowling for Soup having known Darlington & performed concerts together in Dallas in the late 1990s, and a mutual liking and respect for each other's music.


title: Jaret Reddick

text: In 2010, Reddick started a side project band, called People on Vacation, with Ryan Hamilton from the indie rock band Smile Smile. The duo have since released two songs online. The first, "Better Off Dead" was released in late 2010, and a second, "She Was the Only One" was released in early 2011. A video for "Better Off Dead" has also been released. The duo released their debut EP "The Carry On EP" on November 24, 2011, through Brando Records.


title: Jaret Reddick

text: In 2012, Chuck E. Cheese chose Reddick to be the new voice of their mascot, as part of a revamp for the character. He replaces Duncan Brannan in the role.


title: Jaret Reddick

text: In October 2015, Reddick started a podcast with family friend, Rich Coleman, called "Jaret Goes to the Movies" where they discuss a popular movie from their past each week. The show's cast has now been expanded to include Reddick's wife, Casey, Eric Dillow, Amy Pittsinger and Sean Timothy (producer).


title: Division (business)

text: A division, sometimes called a business sector or business unit (segment), is one of the parts into which a business, organization or company is divided.


title: Division (business)

text: Divisions are distinct parts of a business. If these divisions are all part of the same company, then that company is legally responsible for all of the obligations and debts of the divisions.


title: Division (business)

text: In the banking industry, an example would be East West Bancorp and its primary subsidiary, East West Bank.


title: Division (business)

text: Subsidiaries are separate, distinct legal entities for the purposes of taxation, regulation and liability. For this reason, they differ from divisions, which are businesses fully integrated within the main company, and not legally or otherwise distinct from it. The "Houston Chronicle" highlighted that the creation of a division "is substantially easier than developing subsidiaries. Because a division is an internal segment of a company, not an entirely separate entity, business owners create and end divisions at their whim. Also, because individuals in each division are employed by the same company, it's easier to modify staffing to fit with this setup".


title: Krystle D'Souza

text: Krystle D'Souza (born 1 March 1990) is an Indian actress who mainly works in Hindi television. She made her acting debut in 2007 with the role of Kinjal Pandey in "Kahe Naa Kahe" and had her breakthrough with "Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai" where she portrayed Jeevika Vadhera.


title: Krystle D'Souza

text: D'Souza is best known for her portrayal of Sakshi Modi in "Ek Nayi Pehchaan", Raina Sharma in "Brahmarakshas" and Roopa Awasthi in "Belan Wali Bahu". She made her web debut with "Fittrat" in 2019 and film debut with "Chehre" in 2021.


title: Krystle D'Souza

text: D'Souza was born on 1 March 1990 in Mumbai into a Christian family. She considers herself deeply religious.


title: Krystle D'Souza

text: D'Souza started her acting career in college, and then was cast for "Kahe Naa Kahe" in 2007. She then appeared in "Kya Dill Mein Hai" as Tamanna. In 2008, she appeared in Star Plus's "Kasturi" as Navneet and "Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil" as Veera.


title: Krystle D'Souza

text: In 2010, D'Souza appeared in Sony TV's "Baat Hamari Pakki Hai" as Tara. She also had a cameo appearance in Sony TV's "Aahat" and played Yamini in the same year.


title: Krystle D'Souza

text: In 2011, she portrayed Jeevika Vadhera in "Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai" opposite Karan Tacker. The show went off air on 13 September 2013.


title: Krystle D'Souza

text: In December 2013, she signed Sony TV's "Ekk Nayi Pehchaan", playing Sakshi opposite Karan Sharma. The show went off the air in September 2014.


title: Krystle D'Souza

text: In 2016, she returned to television playing Raina in Ekta Kapoor's "Brahmarakshas" which aired on Zee TV. The show went off air in February 2017. In February 2017, she appeared in Lakme Fashion Week.


title: Krystle D'Souza

text: In 2018, D'Souza played Roopa in Colors TV's "Belan Wali Bahu". For her performance, she won the Gold Award for Best Actress in Comic Role.


title: Krystle D'Souza

text: D'Souza was ranked 19th in the 50 Sexiest Asian Women List by "Eastern Eye" in 2013. She was also listed 5th in the Top 20 Most Desirable Women on Indian Television 2017 by "Times of India."


title: .220 Swift

text: The .220 Swift (5.56×56mmSR) is a semi-rimmed rifle cartridge developed by Winchester and introduced in 1935 for small game and varmint hunting. It was the first factory-loaded rifle cartridge with a muzzle velocity of over , just under Mach 4.


title: .220 Swift

text: The velocity of the cartridge ranges from up to about . The Swift is a large-cased .224 caliber cartridge and bullet that was created for small game such as prairie dogs, groundhogs, marmots and other vermin (or "varmints" in the US). When introduced it was faster than its nearest varmint-hunting competitor, which was the .22 Hornet (also .224 caliber). It was found to be an extremely accurate cartridge as well. The .220 Swift remains the fastest commercial cartridge in the world, with a published velocity of using a bullet and of 3031 powder.


title: .220 Swift

text: Due to its very high velocity its bullet drop allows precise sighting to ranges out to , and it is still considered an excellent cartridge for taking varmints by experienced Swift shooters.


title: .220 Swift

text: The original factory load from Winchester provided a bullet launched at . Handloaders could marginally improve on this but only at maximum loads. The Swift can be loaded with light bullets to reach . In recent times .224" bullets have been developed for use in high velocity .22 caliber rifles for taking larger game and long-distance shooting. Heavier bullets perform best in rifles that have an appropriate rifling twist rate taking into consideration the diameter, length, and other physical properties of the projectile.


title: .220 Swift

text: The prototype for the .220 Swift was developed in 1934–35 by Grosvenor Wotkyns who necked down the .250-3000 Savage as a means of achieving very high velocities. However the final commercial version developed by Winchester is based on the 6mm Lee Navy cartridge necked down, but besides inheriting headspacing on its rim from the parent, a feature already considered obsolete by 1930s, the protruding rim which complicates loading was even made larger to fit with 12mm-wide .30-06 bolt faces. The .220 Swift was developed by Winchester and introduced in 1935 as a new caliber for their Model 54 bolt-action rifle. When the Winchester Model 70 bolt action was first issued in 1936, the .220 Swift was one of the standard calibers offered and continued to be until 1964 when it was discontinued.


title: .220 Swift

text: The Swift has the dubious privilege of being possibly the most controversial of all the many .224 in caliber cartridges, and has inspired equal heights of praise and criticism. Traditionalists have roundly condemned it as an overbore "barrel burner" which can wear out a chromoly barrel in as few as 200–300 rounds, especially if long strings of shots are fired from an increasingly hot barrel. Its supporters have maintained that the fault lies with poor-quality barrel steels and the failure of users to remove copper fouling after firing, and point to instances of rifles with fine-quality stainless steel barrels chambered for the Swift, which have maintained sub-MOA precision after well in excess of 4,000 shots. More popular, however, is the smaller and slightly lower velocity .22–250.


title: .220 Swift

text: Due to the cartridge being over capacity for the bore diameter and the extreme velocity of the projectiles, throat erosion is a common problem. Modern metallurgy and cryogenic treatment have vastly improved barrel life with the .220 Swift and other cartridges, although weapons firing these cartridges still usually require rechambering or rebarreling much sooner than those firing lower-velocity cartridges such as the .222 Remington and the .223 Remington.


title: .220 Swift

text: The Swift remains a controversial deer caliber. Its use is prohibited in many US states and also in the Netherlands, England, Wales and Northern Ireland for large deer such as red, sika and fallow, but some states, such as Minnesota, currently allow smaller caliber rounds like the .220 Swift to be used. In the cartridge's early days during the 1930s, expert red deer stalkers such as W.D.M. Bell used the .220 Swift on large stags with great success, and extolled the caliber's seemingly magical killing powers, which they attributed to massive hydrostatic shock waves set up in the animal's body by the impact of the very high-velocity bullet.


title: .220 Swift

text: Critics of the Swift have maintained that the light, , bullet leaves an inadequate margin for error in bullet placement for the average deer shooter's skills, and thus invites wounding, which would have otherwise been avoidable. There is, however, little debate about the Swift's proven effectiveness on small deer species, such as roe, provided very fast-fragmenting "varmint"-type bullets are not used.


title: .220 Swift

text: Most factory Swift rifles come with a fairly slow twist-rate such as 1–12 or 1–14 inch, designed to stabilize the lighter bullets popular in varmint hunting. Custom Swifts can have faster twist-rates such as 1–9 inch allowing them to stabilize heavy bullets, including those with a construction suitable for larger game.


title: .220 Swift

text: P.O. Ackley maintained that the .220 Swift was a fine round for medium-large game and used it extensively for example when culling wild burros in the American West.


title: .220 Swift

text: Famous Alaskan market hunter and later wildlife control officer Frank Glaser also used a Winchester Model 70 in .220 Swift extensively in the 1930s and 40s. He hunted all sorts of Alaskan game with it, including wolf, moose, caribou and Dall sheep, and found that it would put down animals faster than any other gun he owned, if the shot was precisely placed in the lungs. However, he considered it completely inadequate for grizzly bears, having to shoot an aggressive sow eleven times on one occassion.


title: With Love (TV series)

text: With Love is an American romantic comedy streaming television series created by Gloria Calderón Kellett that premiered on Amazon Prime Video on December 17, 2021. In April 2022, the series was renewed for a second season.


title: With Love (TV series)

text: On May 27, 2021, it was reported that Amazon had given the production a series order. "With Love" is created by Gloria Calderón Kellett who also is expected to executive produce alongside Meera Menon. The pilot is written by Kellett and directed by Menon. The production companies involved with the series are GloNation and Amazon Studios. The five-episode first season of series was released on December 17, 2021. On April 8, 2022, Amazon renewed the series for a six-episode second season.


title: With Love (TV series)

text: On June 3, 2021, Emeraude Toubia was cast to star. A day later, Mark Indelicato joined the main cast. On June 9, 2021, Rome Flynn, Isis King, Todd Grinnell, Desmond Chiam were cast as series regulars. Two days later, Constance Marie, Benito Martinez, and Vincent Rodriguez III joined the cast in starring roles. On June 28, 2021, Andre Royo was cast in a recurring capacity. On August 20, 2021, Renée Victor and Pepe Serna joined the cast in recurring roles. On July 11, 2022, Scott Evans was cast in an undisclosed capacity for the second season.


title: With Love (TV series)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating with an average rating of 7/10, based on 13 critic reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, "Depicting the travails of a close-knit family with unabashed warmth, "With Love" tempers its earnestness with grounded characters." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 75 out of 100 based on 7 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: With Love (TV series)

text: "With Love" was nominated for the Outstanding New TV Series category for the 33rd GLAAD Media Awards in 2022.


title: Biopharmaceutical

text: A biopharmaceutical, also known as a biological medical product, or biologic, is any pharmaceutical drug product manufactured in, extracted from, or semisynthesized from biological sources. Different from totally synthesized pharmaceuticals, they include vaccines, whole blood, blood components, allergenics, somatic cells, gene therapies, tissues, recombinant therapeutic protein, and living medicines used in cell therapy. Biologics can be composed of sugars, proteins, nucleic acids, or complex combinations of these substances, or may be living cells or tissues. They (or their precursors or components) are isolated from living sources—human, animal, plant, fungal, or microbial. They can be used in both human and animal medicine.


title: Biopharmaceutical

text: Terminology surrounding biopharmaceuticals varies between groups and entities, with different terms referring to different subsets of therapeutics within the general biopharmaceutical category. Some regulatory agencies use the terms "biological medicinal products" or therapeutic biological product to refer specifically to engineered macromolecular products like protein- and nucleic acid-based drugs, distinguishing them from products like blood, blood components, or vaccines, which are usually extracted directly from a biological source. Biopharmaceutics is pharmaceutics that works with biopharmaceuticals. Biopharmacology is the branch of pharmacology that studies biopharmaceuticals. Specialty drugs, a recent classification of pharmaceuticals, are high-cost drugs that are often biologics. The European Medicines Agency uses the term "advanced therapy medicinal products" (ATMPs) for medicines for human use that are "based on genes, cells, or tissue engineering", including gene therapy medicines, somatic-cell therapy medicines, tissue-engineered medicines, and combinations thereof. Within EMA contexts, the term "advanced therapies" refers specifically to ATMPs, although that term is rather nonspecific outside those contexts.


title: Biopharmaceutical

text: Gene-based and cellular biologics, for example, often are at the forefront of biomedicine and biomedical research, and may be used to treat a variety of medical conditions for which no other treatments are available.


title: Biopharmaceutical

text: In some jurisdictions, biologics are regulated via different pathways from other small molecule drugs and medical devices.


title: Biopharmaceutical

text: Some of the oldest forms of biologics are extracted from the bodies of animals, and other humans especially. Important biologics include:


title: Biopharmaceutical

text: Some biologics that were previously extracted from animals, such as insulin, are now more commonly produced by recombinant DNA.


title: Biopharmaceutical

text: "Biologics" can refer to a wide range of biological products in medicine. However, in most cases, the term is used more restrictively for a class of therapeutics (either approved or in development) that are produced using biological processes involving recombinant DNA technology. These medications are usually one of three types:


title: Biopharmaceutical

text: Biologics as a class of medications in this narrower sense have had a profound impact on many medical fields, primarily rheumatology and oncology, but also cardiology, dermatology, gastroenterology, neurology, and others. In most of these disciplines, biologics have added major therapeutic options for treating many diseases, including some for which no effective therapies were available, and others where previously existing therapies were inadequate. However, the advent of biologic therapeutics has also raised complex regulatory issues (see below), and significant pharmacoeconomic concerns because the cost for biologic therapies has been dramatically higher than for conventional (pharmacological) medications. This factor has been particularly relevant since many biological medications are used to treat chronic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease, or for the treatment of otherwise untreatable cancer during the remainder of life. The cost of treatment with a typical monoclonal antibody therapy for relatively common indications is generally in the range of €7,000–14,000 per patient per year.


title: Biopharmaceutical

text: Older patients who receive biologic therapy for diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, or ankylosing spondylitis are at increased risk for life-threatening infection, adverse cardiovascular events, and malignancy.


title: Biopharmaceutical

text: The first such substance approved for therapeutic use was biosynthetic "human" insulin made via recombinant DNA. Sometimes referred to as rHI, under the trade name Humulin, was developed by Genentech, but licensed to Eli Lilly and Company, who manufactured and marketed it starting in 1982.


title: Biopharmaceutical

text: Research and development investment in new medicines by the biopharmaceutical industry stood at $65.2 billion in 2008. A few examples of biologics made with recombinant DNA technology include:


title: Biopharmaceutical

text: Viral gene therapy involves artificially manipulating a virus to include a desirable piece of genetic material.


title: Biopharmaceutical

text: With the expiration of many patents for blockbuster biologics between 2012 and 2019, the interest in biosimilar production, i.e., follow-on biologics, has increased. Compared to small molecules that consist of chemically identical active ingredients, biologics are vastly more complex and consist of a multitude of subspecies. Due to their heterogeneity and the high process sensitivity, originators and follow-on biosimilars will exhibit variability in specific variants over time. The safety and clinical performance of both originator and biosimilar biopharmaceuticals must remain equivalent throughout their lifecycle. Process variations are monitored by modern analytical tools (e.g., liquid chromatography, immunoassays, mass spectrometry, etc.) and describe a unique design space for each biologic.


title: Biopharmaceutical

text: Biosimilars require a different regulatory framework compared to small-molecule generics. Legislation in the 21st century has addressed this by recognizing an intermediate ground of testing for biosimilars. The filing pathway requires more testing than for small-molecule generics, but less testing than for registering completely new therapeutics.


title: Biopharmaceutical

text: In 2003, the European Medicines Agency introduced an adapted pathway for biosimilars, termed "similar biological medicinal products". This pathway is based on a thorough demonstration of comparability of the product to an existing approved product. Within the United States, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 created an abbreviated approval pathway for biological products shown to be biosimilar to, or interchangeable with, an FDA-licensed reference biological product. Researchers are optimistic that the introduction of biosimilars will reduce medical expenses to patients and the healthcare system.


title: Biopharmaceutical

text: When a new biopharmaceutical is developed, the company will typically apply for a patent, which is a grant to exclusive manufacturing rights. This is the primary means by which the drug developer can recover the investment cost for development of the biopharmaceutical. The patent laws in the United States and Europe differ somewhat on the requirements for a patent, with the European requirements perceived as more difficult to satisfy. The total number of patents granted for biopharmaceuticals has risen significantly since the 1970s. In 1978 the total patents granted was 30. This had climbed to 15,600 in 1995, and by 2001 there were 34,527 patent applications. In 2012 the US had the highest IP (Intellectual Property) generation within the biopharmaceutical industry, generating 37 percent of the total number of granted patents worldwide; however, there is still a large margin for growth and innovation within the industry. Revisions to the current IP system to ensure greater reliability for R&D (research and development) investments is a prominent topic of debate in the US as well. Blood products and other human-derived biologics such as breast milk have highly regulated or very hard-to-access markets; therefore, customers generally face a supply shortage for these products. Institutions housing these biologics, designated as 'banks', often cannot distribute their product to customers effectively. Conversely, banks for reproductive cells are much more widespread and available due to the ease with which spermatozoa and egg cells can be used for fertility treatment.


title: Biopharmaceutical

text: Biopharmaceuticals may be produced from microbial cells (e.g., recombinant "E. coli" or yeast cultures), mammalian cell lines (see Cell culture) and plant cell cultures (see Plant tissue culture) and moss plants in bioreactors of various configurations, including photo-bioreactors. Important issues of concern are cost of production (low-volume, high-purity products are desirable) and microbial contamination (by bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma). Alternative platforms of production which are being tested include whole plants (plant-made pharmaceuticals).


title: Biopharmaceutical

text: A potentially controversial method of producing biopharmaceuticals involves transgenic organisms, particularly plants and animals that have been genetically modified to produce drugs. This production is a significant risk for its investor due to production failure or scrutiny from regulatory bodies based on perceived risks and ethical issues. Biopharmaceutical crops also represent a risk of cross-contamination with non-engineered crops, or crops engineered for non-medical purposes.


title: Biopharmaceutical

text: One potential approach to this technology is the creation of a transgenic mammal that can produce the biopharmaceutical in its milk, blood, or urine. Once an animal is produced, typically using the pronuclear microinjection method, it becomes efficacious to use cloning technology to create additional offspring that carry the favorable modified genome. The first such drug manufactured from the milk of a genetically modified goat was ATryn, but marketing permission was blocked by the European Medicines Agency in February 2006. This decision was reversed in June 2006 and approval was given August 2006.


title: Biopharmaceutical

text: In the European Union, a biological medicinal product is one of the active substance(s) produced from or extracted from a biological (living) system, and requires, in addition to physicochemical testing, biological testing for full characterisation. The characterisation of a biological medicinal product is a combination of testing the active substance and the final medicinal product together with the production process and its control. For example:


title: Biopharmaceutical

text: In the United States, biologics are licensed through the biologics license application (BLA), then submitted to and regulated by the FDA's Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) whereas drugs are regulated by the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Approval may require several years of clinical trials, including trials with human volunteers. Even after the drug is released, it will still be monitored for performance and safety risks. The manufacture process must satisfy the FDA's "Good Manufacturing Practices", which are typically manufactured in a cleanroom environment with strict limits on the amount of airborne particles and other microbial contaminants that may alter the efficacy of the drug.


title: Biopharmaceutical

text: In Canada, biologics (and radiopharmaceuticals) are reviewed through the Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate within Health Canada.


title: Fujii Kaze

text: Kaze Fujii was born in 1997 in Satosho in Okayama, Japan, and has one older brother and two older sisters. As a child, he listened to all kinds of music such as jazz, classical music, pop, and enka. Starting at 12 years old, Fujii uploaded various piano and vocal cover videos on his personal YouTube channel, amassing more than 30 million views. During his high school years, he suspended uploading to focus on his musical studies; he returned to YouTube after he graduated. In early 2019, he moved to Tokyo.


title: Fujii Kaze

text: Fujii released his debut single, "何なんw (WTF lol)" on November 18, 2019, and his second single, "もうええわ (Mo-Eh-Wa)" on December 24. Each single was re-released digitally with its own extended play, with each EP including cover songs that can only be downloaded on Apple Music.


title: Fujii Kaze

text: In January 2020, he was named as one of Spotify's "Early Noise 2020" Top 10 Breaking Artists. One-man live performances in the form of "Nan-Nan Show 2020" were scheduled for April 4 and 26 at Zepp Namba and Zepp Tokyo respectively, but were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Fujii released his first studio album "Help Ever Hurt Never" on May 20, 2020, and reached number one on the "Billboard Japan" Hot Albums chart. He also announced his first national hall tour, which consists of 12 performances in 11 cities from December 25, 2020, to January 31, 2021. In August 2020, he became the first Japanese person to be a YouTube's "Artist on the Rise". Immediately after Fujii Kaze "Nan-Nan Show 2020" Help Ever Hurt Never at Nippon Budokan, Fujii released two new singles: "Hedemo Ne-Yo" and "Seishun Sick" on October 30. Each single was released digitally with its own extended play and selection of cover songs.


title: Fujii Kaze

text: In March 2021, "Tabiji" became his first theme song for a Japanese TV drama series "Nizi Village Clinic" (にじいろカルテ). In April 2021, "Kirari" was released and is used in a TV ad for Honda Vezel (HR-V). The song led to an explosion of his popularity internationally, debuting at number one on the "Billboard" Japan Download Songs chart. in August 2021, Fujii was named one of the most exciting musicians around the world by "GQ". On December 31, 2021, Fujii performed on the prestigious year-end music program, NHK Kohaku Uta Gassen.


title: Fujii Kaze

text: On January 14, 2022, Fujii released the EP "Kirari Remixes (Asia Edition)". Fujii released his second studio album, "Love All Serve All", on March 23, 2022. Since July 2022, Fujii was brought to the attention of a global audience thanks to one of his songs, "Shinunoga E-Wa", going viral on TikTok. This song was released as part of his debut album "Help Ever Hurt Never" back in 2020.


title: Fujii Kaze

text: On October 10, Fujii released a new digital single “grace.” The song served as the theme song for his collaboration with Docomo, “KAZE FILMS docomo future project.” Kaze shot the music video in Uttarakhand, India.


title: Fujii Kaze

text: Fujii's music has been described as "fresh yet familiar", with clear influence stemming from the western music he grew up with. His vocals are "reminiscent of Japan’s "kayōkyoku" pop standards", making his music also distinctly Japanese.


title: Wealth management

text: Wealth management (WM) or wealth management advisory (WMA) provides services to a wide array of clients ranging from affluent to high-net-worth (HNW) and ultra-high-net-worth (UHNW) individuals and families. It is a discipline which incorporates structuring and planning wealth to assist in growing, preserving, and protecting wealth, whilst passing it onto the family in a tax-efficient manner and in accordance with their wishes. Wealth management brings together tax planning, wealth protection, estate planning, succession planning, and family governance.


title: Wealth management

text: Private wealth management is delivered to high-net-worth investors. Generally, this includes advice on the use of various estate planning vehicles, business-succession or stock-option planning, and the occasional use of hedging derivatives for large blocks of stock.


title: Wealth management

text: Traditionally, the wealthiest retail clients of investment firms demanded a greater level of service, product offering and sales personnel than that received by average clients. With an increase in the number of affluent investors in recent years, there has been an increasing demand for sophisticated financial solutions and expertise throughout the world.


title: Wealth management

text: The CFA Institute curriculum on private-wealth management indicates that two primary factors distinguish the issues facing individual investors from those facing institutions: