title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: In 1953, the Seminole were informed they were on the congressional list for termination of their tribal status and federal benefits, under the federal Indian termination policy to reduce costs and the determination that some tribes no longer needed any special relationship with the federal government. But termination would result in their eviction from the three existing reservations. Few of the Seminole at the time had gained formal education or graduated from high school, and they worried about being able to organize as a tribe in order to deal with the government.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: The federal government persisted in classifying all the 918 Native Americans in the Florida agency area as Seminole, although the 305 Miccosukee and Traditionals closer to the Tamiami Trail did not identify with the reservation Seminole. They had asserted their independence from the reservation group since the 1920s. The Seminole appealed to have federal supervision continued so they could better prepare to manage their affairs.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: The superintendent of the Seminole Agency in Florida asked tribal leaders to elect representatives from the reservations to have people at hearings: Dania (now Hollywood) was represented by Sam Tommie and Laura Mae Osceola; Brighton by Billy Osceola and Toby Johns; Big Cypress by Josie Billie and Jimmie Cypress; and the Trail people by Henry Cypress and Curtis Osceola, as the founding representatives. Creek (Muscogee) and Mikasuki language interpreters were appointed. Although the Traditionals or Trail people wanted to continue with their Tribal Council, the Seminole continued to develop an alternative form of government.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: They went to Washington to testify to Congress, and solicited help from the women's groups who had formed to help the Seminole, such as The Friends of the Seminoles Florida Foundation, Inc., the Seminole Indian Association, Indian Welfare, and the Florida Federation of Women's Clubs. After that their officers also testified for the Seminole. The women had developed organizations to aid the Seminole; for instance, they helped support children to go to boarding schools, lobbied to get Seminole admitted to local public schools, which were racially segregated and classified the Seminole as among "colored" to attend with African Americans; and loaned money to men trying to buy homes.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: The Seminole consulted with other tribes and experts to help them develop their government structure. They wrote a constitution and corporate charter, modeled on the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. The vote was opened in 1957 to the 448 reservation Seminole and any Trail Indians who wanted to participate; the Seminole approved the constitution and corporate charter on August 21, 1957. The Seminole Tribe of Florida received federal recognition later that year.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: This process had heightened the differences among the groups. The Trail peoples, who were Mikasuki-language speakers, formed their own government, receiving state recognition in 1957 and federal recognition as the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida in 1962. Some Traditionals refused to affiliate with either tribe, as they wanted to avoid relations with the federal government. The Miccosukee had reservation land taken into trust for them by the federal government. In addition, the two tribes made a long-term lease arrangement in 1983 with the state of Florida for access and use of nearly 200,000 acres of wetlands. This access greatly expanded their ability to maintain traditional fishing and hunting practices.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: The Seminole Tribe of Florida is led by an elected tribal council with representatives from each of its reservations. It elects a chairman and vice-chairman as leaders. The tribal headquarters are located in Hollywood, Florida.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: In 1975 Howard Tommie was re-elected as chairman to a second term by a wide margin. He led the Tribe through 1979 in a number of important initiatives that created a new direction for the people, with the assertion of sovereignty, significant revenue generation, and accelerated economic development. He urged acceptance of the US land claims settlement in 1976; the Florida and Oklahoma Seminole negotiated for more than a decade before reaching their final agreement in 1990 as to distribution of trust funds. He initiated negotiations with the state of Florida over water rights at the Seminole reservations, winning legal standing and protecting their resources.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: Jim Billie, who was re-elected in 2011 with 58.4% of the council vote, after previously serving from 1979 to 2001, led the tribe through a dramatic expansion of operations, with development of new programs and facilities as it invested the revenues generated from gaming and related entertainment.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: Learning from operations on the Colville reservation in Washington state, Chairman Tommie directed the establishment of a tax-free cigarette shop on the Hollywood Reservation, where the tribe started to generate more substantial income. Next, they pursued a high-stakes bingo operation on their reservation, which also started to generate substantial revenues.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: Jim Billie furthered the tribe's 1979 high-stakes bingo plan. Surviving multiple court challenges, the first major Indian gaming establishment in the United States was opened in 1981 by the Seminole. Subsequent changes in federal and state laws have paved the way for dozens of other tribes to increase their revenues through development of gambling casinos, resorts and related hotels and retails shops. All generate revenue as well for the states in which they are located, under compacts regulated by the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: The Seminole tribe has six reservations. They have developed more extensive hotels and related resorts for gaming on some of their reservations. In 2007, the Tribe bought the Hard Rock Cafe franchise for $965 million, including 124 Hard Rock Cafes, four Hard Rock Hotels, two Hard Rock Hotel and Casino Hotels, two Hard Rock Live! concert venues, and stakes in three unbranded hotels. Since then, they established the Hard Rock Cafe brand in their hotels and casinos. They now have a total of seven casinos.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: In 2021, Florida Governor Ron DeSantis signed a deal with the tribe to operate online sports betting. However, on November 23, 2021, D.C. District Court Judge Dabney L. Friedrich held that the compact violated Federal Law, specifically the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA). At the heart of the matter was a Seminole plan to offer sports betting state-wide using servers housed on tribal lands. The compact violated IGRA because any state-sanctioned gambling must occur on tribal lands, unless state law allows online wagering from any location in the state. Since Florida law does not permit such activity, the agreement between Governor DeSantis and the tribe was declared void.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: The judge further ordered the state of Florida to reinstate the 2010 compact previously agreed to by Seminole tribe. The tribe subsequently appealed the court's ruling on November 24, 2021. On December 3, 2021, the District of Columbia appellate court denied the appeal because they failed to demonstrate any irreparable harm resulting from the loss of its state-wide sports betting operation. The Department of Justice - which failed to follow the law when it initially approved the compact - also filed its appeal in late January 2022.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: Other significant parts of their economy are based on production of the citrus groves and cattle farming on the Brighton and Big Cypress reservations, and forestry. Beginning with a small group of cattle brought from the West in the 1930s, the Seminole Tribe has developed the 12th-largest cattle operation in the country. It is located primarily on the Big Cypress and Brighton reservations. In a related development, since 2008 the Seminole Tribe has marketed its beef under the brand, Seminole Beef. They are featuring it in their Hard Rock Cafe and hotels, and intend to market it to other Native American tribes, military installations, restaurants and supermarkets throughout the country.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: Tourism, both as related to the casinos and in terms of attracting people to the reservations for hunting, fishing, and guided tours, is also a part of their economy.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: According to a tribal audit, in 2005 the tribe took in $1.1 billion in revenue. They pay a dividend to tribal members on a monthly basis from a portion of the income to the tribe. In February 2012, the "Tampa Bay Times" reported that the Seminole Tribe employed a total of 12,000 people at its headquarters and six casino operations.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: In the early part of the 20th century, the Seminole were still mostly full bloods and had prohibitions against members going outside the tribe for marriage partners. In a 1999 interview, Betty Mae Tiger Jumper, chairwoman of the Tribe from 1967 to 1971, said that in the late 1920s, Seminole medicine men had threatened to kill her and her brother, then young children, because they were of mixed heritage with a white father. She learned that other half-breeds had been killed. Her great uncle moved her family to the Dania reservation for safety.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: Similarly, former chairman Jim Billie, who also had a white father, recounted that, as an infant, he was threatened in 1944 by tribal men because he was a half-breed; his mother and Betty Mae Tiger, then a young woman, saved his life.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: The tribe has since become more open to intermarriage. It also permits non-tribal spouses (including white or black) to live on the reservations, unlike in earlier times. It requires tribal members to have a documented blood quantum of at least one-quarter Seminole ancestry.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: As of 2000 there were around 2,000 enrolled members in the tribe, with over 1,300 living on the reservations. The Tribe includes some Black Seminoles, including 50 living on Fort Pierce Reservation.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: Additionally, the tribe has purchased a tract of land at the edge of the Green Swamp north of Lakeland, Florida, known as the Lakeland Trust Lands, which it intends to turn into a 151-home tribal residential development with facilities for residents' social, cultural, and educational needs. Bidding to construct the first phase of the development ended in October 2018.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: Most members of the Tribe are bilingual, speaking the Mikasuki language (which is also spoken by the Miccosukee Tribe) and English. In the 1970s, all the members of Big Cypress Reservation still spoke Mikasuki, and most of the Seminole spoke it. The Creek language is spoken by some Florida Seminole, especially those living on Brighton Reservation. Use of both Muskogean languages has declined among younger people.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: The Seminole continue to observe traditional practices such as the Green Corn Dance. They have two ceremonial grounds within the boundaries of the Big Cypress National Preserve.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: In addition, they have created some new celebrations: the Big Shootout at Big Cypress, celebrated since 1997. A few years ago, they added an historical re-enactment to the annual Big Shootout, in which re-enactors take the part of Seminole, Black Seminole and US forces.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: In 1956, Betty Mae Tiger Jumper (later to be elected as Chairwoman of the tribe) and Alice Osceola established the first tribal newspaper, the "Seminole News", which sold for 10 cents a copy. It was dropped after a while, but in 1972 the "Alligator Times" was established. In 1982 it was renamed the "Seminole Tribune", as it continues today. Betty Mae Tiger Jumper became the editor-in-chief; as the tribal storyteller, she contributed traditional stories and articles about Seminole culture. In 1989, the monthly "Seminole Tribune" was the first Native American newspaper to win a Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award. That year, it was also nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. A member of the Native American Journalists Association, in 1997 it earned five awards from that organization.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: The Seminole tribal libraries include Billy Osceola Memorial Library in Brighton, Willie Frank Memorial Library in Big Cypress, Dorothy Scott Osceola Memorial Library in Hollywood, and Diane Yzaguirre Memorial Library in Immokalee. The libraries are public, and emphasize material related to the Seminole Tribe and Florida. The libraries feature 23,000+ titles, periodicals, videos, CD ROMS, photo collections and tapes. It also includes four decades of news articles related to the Seminole Tribe including an archive of the Seminole Tribune. The Tribal Memorabilia Collection at Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Seminole Indian Museum is a continually growing collection of many kinds of objects that represent activities and events of the Seminole Tribe of Florida for more than 20 years. The libraries are visited yearly by more than 20,000 people and feature summer programs. Tribal and nontribal individuals use the library as a research center.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: The idea of a Tribal Library originated in the 1940’s at the Brighton Day School by Mr. William Boehmer and his wife with a book collection at the School. This system was improved on in 1985 with the help of Director of Education Winnifred Tiger and her assistant Patricia Jagiel. A professional librarian by the name of Norman H. Tribbet was hired along with additional staff. The Libraries’ collections were updated along with their furnishings. Recently, the library has made efforts to modernize, updating and automating their systems. Their card catalogues have been automated and an Electric Library has been established where patrons can view thousands of books, magazines, and radio and television transcripts. The Dorothy Scott Osceola Memorial Library located at the Hollywood Reservation was temporary relocated to other facilities during construction. Both this and the Billy Osceola Memorial Library were built in the late 1990s. After construction, the new building located at the Hollywood Reservation contained all Education programs. The addition at the Brighton Reservation doubled the size of the old library. All services were available at both sites during construction.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: In 2021, the libraries received a grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services in collaboration with the Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Seminole Museum to decolonize historic narratives and make a historic newspaper collection more accessible to the museum’s community.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: Florida State University in Tallahassee uses the Seminole name and imagery for its athletics programs, the Florida State Seminoles. The name was adopted in 1947 after a fan vote; reportedly the new college football team preferred it so much that they stuffed the ballot box in its favor. Since 1978, a student portraying Osceola has been the official symbol at football games.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: In the 1980s and 1990s, when mascots based on Native Americans were viewed as controversial, and considered by some to be racially problematic, many Native Americans and supporters protested their use. Florida State consulted with the Seminole Tribe of Florida, emphasizing that their use of the names and Osceola were not intended to be demeaning. Several representatives of the Seminole Tribe, including Chairman James E. Billie and Council Member Max Osceola, have given FSU their blessing to use Osceola and Seminole imagery. However, the matter remains controversial for other Florida Seminoles, as well as members of the Seminole Tribe of Oklahoma. In 2005, FSU was among the schools potentially facing NCAA sanctions for using "abusive and hostile " Native American mascots and names; after much deliberation, the NCAA gave FSU an exemption, citing the university's relationship with the Seminole Tribe of Florida as a major factor. Today, both FSU and the Tribe publicly praise their mutually agreeable relationship.


title: Seminole Tribe of Florida

text: In 1993, Shayne Osceola graduated from Florida State University. He was the first member of the Seminole tribe to graduate from FSU.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: Tarsus (Hittite: 𒋫𒅈𒊭 ; ; ; ) is a historic city in south-central Turkey, inland from the Mediterranean. It is part of the Adana-Mersin metropolitan area, the fourth-largest metropolitan area in Turkey with a population of 3 million people. Tarsus forms an administrative district in the eastern part of Mersin province and lies at the heart of the region.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: With a history going back over 6,000 years, Tarsus has long been an important stop for traders and a focal point of many civilisations. During the Roman Empire, it was the capital of the province of Cilicia. It was the scene of the first meeting between Mark Antony and Cleopatra, and the birthplace of St Paul the Apostle.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: Tarsus us served by Adana Şakirpaşa Airport and is connected by TCDD trains to both Adana and Mersin.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: The ancient name Tarsos is derived from , the original name given to the city by the Hittites, who were among the earliest settlers of the region. That in turn was possibly derived from the name of the storm god Tarḫunz. During the Hellenistic era Tarsus was known as "Antiochia on the Cydnus" (, ), to distinguish it from Syrian Antioch. The Romans knew it as , while it was in Western Armenian and in Eastern Armenian.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: According to the Suda, the city was founded by Perseus after he fought the Isaurians and the Cilicians. An oracle told him to found a city in the place where the flat (ταρσός) of his foot would touch the earth while he was dismounting from his horse after the victory.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: Located on the mouth of the Berdan River (Cydnus in antiquity), which empties into the Mediterranean, Tarsus sits at a junction where land and sea routes connecting the Cilician plain (today called Çukurova), central Anatolia and the Mediterranean Sea meet. The climate is typical of the Mediterranean region, with very hot, humid summers and chilly, damp winters.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: Tarsus has a long history of commerce, and is still a commercial centre today, trading in the produce of the fertile Çukurova plain. Tarsus is also a thriving industrial centre for refining and processing for export. Industries include agricultural machinery, spare parts, textiles, fruit-processing, brick-making and ceramics.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: Agriculture is an important source of income with half the local land area farmland () and most of the remainder forest or orchard. The farmland is mostly well-irrigated, fertilised and managed with up-to-date equipment.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: Excavation of the mound of Gözlükule revealed that the prehistoric development of Tarsus reached back to the Neolithic Period and continued unbroken through the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Ages.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: The settlement stood at the crossing of several important trade routes linking Anatolia to Syria and beyond. Because most of the ruins lie under the modern city, archaeology has barely touched the ancient city. As an important port in a merchant marine trade network spanning the eastern Mediterranean and beyond from before the third millennium, the city was always an important centre for cultural interchange with traces of its influence visible from pre-Homeric Greek evidence onwards. The city may have been of Anatolian or Semitic origin; it is first mentioned as Tarsisi in Neo-Assyrian records of the campaigns of Esarhaddon, as well as several times in the records of Shalmaneser I and Sennacherib, the latter having had the city rebuilt. A Greek legend connects it with the memory of the Assyrian king Sardanapalus (Ashurbanipal), still preserved in the Dunuk-Tach, called 'tomb of Sardanapalus', a monument of unknown origin. During the Hellenistic era it was a centre for exchange between Neo-Platonic, Gnostic and Mystery traditions.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: Much of this legendary account of the foundation of Tarsus, however, appeared in the Roman era, and it is not reliable. The geographer Strabo states that Tarsus was founded by people from Argos who were exploring this coast. Another legend claims that Bellerophon fell off his winged horse Pegasus here, hurting his foot in the process, and that the city was named "tar-sos" ("the sole of the foot") in memory of his accident. Other candidates for legendary founder of the city include the hero Perseus and Triptolemus, son of the earth-goddess Demeter, doubtless because the countryside around Tarsus is such good farmland. Later the coins of Tarsus bore the image of Hercules due to another tale in which the hero was held prisoner here by the local god Sandon. Tarsus has been suggested as a possible site for the biblical Tarshish, to which the prophet Jonah wanted to flee, but Tartessos in Spain has also been offered as a possible location for this. (See further)


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: In historical times, the city was first ruled by the Hittites, followed by Assyria, and then by the Persian Empire. As the principal town of Cilicia, Tarsus was the seat of a Persian satrapy from 400 BC onward. Indeed, Xenophon records that in 401 BC, when Cyrus the Younger marched against Babylon, the city was governed by King Syennesis in the name of the Persian monarch.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: At this period the god of the city was Sandon, of whom a large monument existed at Tarsus at least until the 3rd century AD. Coins showed Sandon standing on a winged and horned lion, and it is now thought likely that the Lion of Saint Mark on the pillar in the Piazza San Marco in Venice was in origin a winged lion-griffin copied from such a monument in Tarsus.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: Alexander the Great passed through with his army in 333 BC and nearly met his death here after bathing in the Cydnus. By this time Tarsus was already largely influenced by Greek language and culture, and as part of the Seleucid Empire it became more and more Hellenised. Strabo praised the cultural level of Tarsus in this period with its philosophers, poets and linguists. The schools of Tarsus rivalled those of Athens and Alexandria. A reference in the Bible (2 Maccabees (4:30)) records the city's revolt against Antiochus IV Epiphanes in about 171 BC .The king had renamed the town Antiochia on the Cydnus although the name did not stick due because too many cities were named Antioch. At this time the library of Tarsus held 200,000 books, including a huge collection of scientific works.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: After crushing the feared Cilician pirates, Pompey brought Tarsus under Roman rule In 67 BC, and it became the capital of the Roman province of Cilicia. To flatter Julius Caesar, it was briefly named Juliopolis; this was also where Cassius Longinus planned to kill him as early as 47 BC. It was also here that Cleopatra and Mark Antony met and was the scene of the celebrated feasts they gave during the construction of their fleet (41 BC). In William Shakespeare's 1606 play "Antony and Cleopatra" (Act 5, Scene 2) Cleopatra says she is going to Cydnus to meet Antony after his death, (i.e., she will commit suicide to meet him in the afterlife). "Go fetch / My best attires: I am again for Cydnus, / To meet Mark Antony."


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: In the Roman period, the city was an important intellectual centre, boasting its own academy. One of its leading lights, the philosopher Athenodorus Cananites, was the tutor of the first Roman emperor, Augustus, a fact which secured continuous imperial patronage for the city.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: When the province of Cilicia was divided, Tarsus remained the civil and religious metropolis of Cilicia Prima, a grand city with palaces, marketplaces, roads and bridges, baths, fountains and waterworks, a gymnasium on the banks of the Cydnus, and a stadium. Tarsus was later eclipsed by nearby Adana but remained important as a port and shipyard. Several Roman emperors were interred here: Marcus Claudius Tacitus, Maximinus II and Julian the Apostate, who planned to move his capital here from Antioch if he returned from his Persian expedition.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: Tarsus was the city where, according to the Acts of the Apostles, "Saul of Tarsus" was born although he was "brought up" () in Jerusalem. Paul was a Roman citizen (Acts 21:39; Acts 22: 25–29) "from Tarsus in Cilicia, a citizen of no ordinary city". Saul, who would eventually become Paul the Apostle after his professed encounter with Jesus (Acts ), returned here after his conversion (). About eight years later, Barnabas retrieved him from Tarsus to help with the work of preaching and teaching in Syrian Antioch ().


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: By this time a Christian community probably already existed, although the first recorded bishop, Helenus, dates only from the 3rd century. Owing to the importance of Tarsus, many martyrs were put to death there, among them Saint Pelagia of Tarsus, Saint Boniface of Tarsus, Saint Marinus of Tarsus, Saint Diomedes, Saint Quiricus and Saint Julitta.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: The city remained largely pagan, however, up to the time of Julian the Apostate (r. 361–363), who reportedly planned to make it his capital. Following his death during his campaign against Sassanid Persia, he was buried next to the city walls, opposite the earlier tomb of the Tetrarch Maximinus Daia. Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565) undertook public works in the city, altering the course of the Cydnus river and rebuilding the bridge. Towards the end of his reign, the city suffered from riots stirred up by the Hippodrome Blues faction.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: A cave near Tarsus is one of several places said to be the location of the legend of the Seven Sleepers, common to Christianity and Islam.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: The first recorded bishop of Tarsus, Helenus, went to Antioch several times in connection with the dispute concerning Paul of Samosata. Le Quien mentions twenty-two of its bishops, of whom several are legendary.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: Tarsus was the metropolitan see of the province of Cilicia Prima, under the Patriarchate of Antioch. From the 6th century onwards, the metropolitan see of Tarsus had seven suffragan bishoprics (Échos d'Orient, X, 145).


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: The Greek archdiocese, mentioned in the 10th century (Échos d'Orient, X, 98), has existed down to the present day as part of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: At about the end of the 10th century, the Armenians established a diocese of their rite; Saint Nerses of Lambron was its most distinguished representative in the 12th century.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: Tarsus is included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees as a metropolitan see of both the Latin, the Maronite and the Melkite Catholic Church.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: Following the Muslim conquest of the Levant in the 630s, the city came into contact with the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate. It is unclear when the town was first captured by the Arabs, but it is clear that it, and the wider region of Cilicia, remained contested between the Byzantines and the new Caliphate for several decades, up to the early 8th century. According to Muslim sources, as he was retreating the Byzantine emperor Heraclius () deliberately withdrew the population and devastated the region between Antioch and Tarsus, creating a no man's land between the two empires.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: It was not until the early Abbasid period that Tarsus, by then lying in ruins, was reoccupied and refortified, this time as an advance strongpoint within the fortified zone of the "al-ʿAwāṣim", stretching from Tarsus northeast to Malatya, and as an assembly point for expeditions against the Byzantine Empire. The first attempt was undertaken by al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba al-Ta'i in 778/9 but was apparently unsuccessful and the city was not fully restored until 787/8, by Abu Sulaym Faraj on the orders of Caliph Harun al-Rashid (). Three thousand Khurasanis and 2,000 Syrians (a thousand each from Antioch and al-Massisa) were given houses and land in the new fortress city. Tarsus was apparently recovered by the Byzantines soon after, at some point around the turn of the century. The city probably remained in Byzantine hands during the Abbasid civil war of the Fourth Fitna, but returned to Muslim control by 830 when Caliph al-Ma'mun () recommenced offensive campaigns against Byzantium using the city as a base.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: Henceforth and until the Byzantine reconquest in the 10th century, Tarsus was one of the main centres for the holy war ("jihād") against Byzantium, comprising annual raids ("ṣawāʿif") into Byzantine lands through the Cilician Gates when the mountain snows had melted and passage was possible. These raids were mounted by the local garrisons, maintained by the taxation not only of the frontier zone of the "al-ʿAwāṣim" but also by generous subsidies from the caliphal government, and large numbers of volunteer warriors of the faith ("mujahidun" or "ghazis"). Tarsus remained under direct Abbasid control until 878/9, when it and the wider Cilician border zone were given to the autonomous ruler of Egypt, Ahmad ibn Tulun. The local governor Yazaman al-Khadim returned the city to the direct allegiance of Baghdad from 882 on, but was forced to recognise the Tulunids again in 890. Tulunid possession of the border zone lasted until the death of Ibn Tulun's heir Khumarawayh in 896, after which Caliph al-Mu'tadid () re-asserted direct control. The area remained under Abbasid rule for the next four decades. After a brief period when the border zone was under Ikhshidid control, in 946/7, Tarsus recognised the overlordship of the Hamdanid emir Sayf al-Dawla of Aleppo, who had become the new master of northern Syria and the Byzantine borderlands. Facing a resurgent Byzantium, he was able to stem the tide for a while, but in 965,the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros II Phokas () captured the city, ending Muslim rule there. Throughout this period, the governors of Tarsus also operated an active mint in the city.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: The terms of the city's surrender allowed any Muslim who wished to leave with as many of his possessions as he could carry. Many of those who left eventually settled, according to al-Muqaddasi, at Baniyas. Most of those who remained behind became Christians and the main mosque was either torn down or turned into a stable. The city remained under Byzantine rule until 1085. It was thereafter disputed between Latin Crusaders, Byzantines (1137–1172), Seljuk Turks and the Armenians of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (Kingdom of Lesser Armenia). The city was the capital of the Armenian Principality of Cilicia between 1080 and 1198. The Armenians became definitive masters until about 1359 when the city was captured by the Ramadanids and Mamluks. Finally, the area was brought under the control of the Ottoman Empire by Selim I in 1516.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: In the Middle Ages, Tarsus was renowned throughout the Middle East; a number of Arab writers praised it as a beautiful and well-defended city, its walls having two layers of fortifications with five gates and earthworks outside, surrounded by rich farmland and watered by the river and the lake.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: Under Ottoman rule, Tarsus initially formed part of the Eyalet of Aleppo. After the Ottoman conquest of Cyprus in 1571 it became the seat of a "sanjak" (sub-province) within the Cyprus Eyalet, before being transferred in 1608 to the "sanjak" of Adana as a "kaza" (district).


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: Visiting in 1671 the traveller Evliya Çelebi recorded ""a city on the plain, an hour from the sea, surrounded by strong walls two-storeys high, moated on all sides, with three distinct neighbourhoods inside the walls"".


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: Despite its excellent defences, Tarsus was captured from the Ottomans in 1832 by the Mamluks of Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt, son of Muhammad Ali, and remained for eight years in Egyptian hands. The Egyptians began growing cotton on the surrounding plain. Following the return of Ottoman rule this cotton drove substantial growth in the local economy, due to increased world demand for the crop during shortages caused by the U.S. Civil War. A new road was built to the port in Mersin and the city of Tarsus grew and thrived. Still today many large houses in the city stand as reminders of the wealth generated during this period.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: However, after 3,000 years as a flourishing port, by the end of the 19th century neglect Tarsus lost its access to the sea and the delta became a swamp. At this point it was a typical Ottoman city with communities of Muslim Turks, Christian Greeks and Armenians. With the founding of the Turkish Republic in the 1920s, the swamp was drained and the River Berdan was dammed to build Turkey's first hydro-electric power station. Irrigation, roadworks and a railway brought the economy of Tarsus back to life, with new factories particularly producing textiles.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: The distinctive local cuisine includes chargrilled chicken hummus (sometimes heated and served with pastırma), şalgam (pickled turnips), tantuni (a sandwich of chopped grilled lamb), miniature pizzas (lahmacun) called ""fındık lahmacun"," and cezerye, a dessert made from carrots.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: Tarsus has two football stadiums, Tarsus City Stadium and Burhanettin Kocamaz Stadium, and an arena, Tarsus Arena. The local football club is Tarsus Idman Yurdu.


title: Tarsus, Mersin

text: Tarsus city centre is home to the magnificent homes of wealthy traders, some of them restored, some still waiting a saviour. Additionally it is home to several historic sites although some are in need of restoration and research. These sites have been described by travellers for well over a century. For instance Blackwood's Magazine (Edinburgh) in 1890, and H. V. Morton's "In the Steps of St Paul" in 1936.


title: Taijitu

text: In Chinese philosophy, a taijitu () is a symbol or diagram () representing Taiji () in both its monist ("wuji") and its dualist (yin and yang) aspects. Such a diagram was first introduced by Neo-Confucian philosopher Zhou Dunyi (; 1017–1073) of the Song Dynasty in his "Taijitu shuo" ().


title: Taijitu

text: The modern Taoist canon, compiled during the Ming era, has at least half a dozen variants of such "taijitu". The two most similar are the "Taiji Primal Heaven" () and the ""wuji"" () diagrams, both of which have been extensively studied during the Qing period for their possible connection with Zhou Dunyi's "taijitu".


title: Taijitu

text: Ming period author Lai Zhide (1525–1604) simplified the "taijitu" to a design of two interlocking spirals. In the Ming era, the combination of the two interlocking spirals of the "taijitu" with two black-and-white dots superimposed on them became identified with the "He tu" or "Yellow River diagram" (). This version was reported in Western literature of the late 19th century as the "Great Monad", and has been widely popularised in Western popular culture as the "yin-yang symbol" since the 1960s. The contemporary Chinese term for the modern symbol is "two-part Taiji diagram".


title: Taijitu

text: Ornamental patterns with visual similarity to the "yin-yang symbol" are found in archaeological artefacts of European prehistory; such designs are sometimes descriptively dubbed "yin yang symbols" in archaeological literature by modern scholars.


title: Taijitu

text: The "taijitu" consists of five parts. Strictly speaking, the "yin and yang symbol", itself popularly called "taijitu", represents the second of these five parts of the diagram.


title: Taijitu

text: The term "taijitu" in modern Chinese is commonly used to mean the simple "divided circle" form (), but it may refer to any of several schematic diagrams that contain at least one circle with an inner pattern of symmetry representing yin and yang.


title: Taijitu

text: While the concept of yin and yang dates to Chinese antiquity, the interest in "diagrams" (圖 "tú") is an intellectual fashion of Neo-Confucianism during the Song period (11th century), and it declined again in the Ming period, by the 16th century. During the Mongol Empire and Yuan dynasty, Taoist traditions and diagrams were compiled and published in the encyclopedia Shilin Guangji by Chen Yuanjing.


title: Taijitu

text: The original description of a "taijitu" is due to Song era philosopher Zhou Dunyi (1017–1073), author of the "Taijitu shuo" "Explanation of the Diagram of the Supreme Ultimate", which became the cornerstone of Neo-Confucianist cosmology. His brief text synthesized aspects of Chinese Buddhism and Taoism with metaphysical discussions in the "Yijing".


title: Taijitu

text: Zhou's key terms Wuji and Taiji appear in the opening line , which Adler notes could also be translated "The Supreme Polarity that is Non-Polar".


title: Taijitu

text: Non-polar ("wuji") and yet Supreme Polarity ("taiji")! The Supreme Polarity in activity generates "yang"; yet at the limit of activity it is still. In stillness it generates "yin"; yet at the limit of stillness it is also active. Activity and stillness alternate; each is the basis of the other. In distinguishing "yin" and "yang", the Two Modes are thereby established. The alternation and combination of "yang" and "yin" generate water, fire, wood, metal, and earth. With these five [phases of] "qi" harmoniously arranged, the Four Seasons proceed through them. The Five Phases are simply "yin" and "yang"; "yin" and "yang" are simply the Supreme Polarity; the Supreme Polarity is fundamentally Non-polar. [Yet] in the generation of the Five Phases, each one has its nature.


title: Taijitu

text: Instead of usual "Taiji" translations "Supreme Ultimate" or "Supreme Pole", Adler uses "Supreme Polarity" (see Robinet 1990) because Zhu Xi describes it as the alternating principle of "yin" and "yang", and ...


title: Taijitu

text: insists that "taiji" is not a thing (hence "Supreme Pole" will not do). Thus, for both Zhou and Zhu, "taiji" is the "yin-yang" principle of bipolarity, which is the most fundamental ordering principle, the cosmic "first principle." "Wuji" as "non-polar" follows from this.


title: Taijitu

text: Since the 12th century, there has been a vigorous discussion in Chinese philosophy regarding the ultimate origin of Zhou Dunyi's diagram.


title: Taijitu

text: Zhu Xi (12th century) insists that Zhou Dunyi had composed the diagram himself, against the prevailing view that he had received it from Daoist sources. Zhu Xi could not accept a Daoist origin of the design, because it would have undermined the claim of uniqueness attached to the Neo-Confucian concept of "dao".


title: Taijitu

text: While Zhou Dunyi (1017–1073) popularized the circular diagram, the introduction of "swirling" patterns first appears in the Ming period.


title: Taijitu

text: Zhao Huiqian (趙撝謙, 1351–1395) was the first to introduce the "swirling" variant of the "taijitu" in his "Liushu benyi" (六書本義, 1370s). The diagram is combined with the eight trigrams ("bagua") and called the "River Chart spontaneously generated by Heaven and Earth".


title: Taijitu

text: By the end of the Ming period, this diagram had become a widespread representation of Chinese cosmology.


title: Taijitu

text: The dots were introduced in the later Ming period (replacing the droplet-shapes used earlier, in the 16th century) and are encountered more frequently in the Qing period. The dots represent the seed of yin within yang and the seed of yang within yin; the idea that neither can exist without the other.


title: Taijitu

text: Lai Zhide's design is similar to the "gakyil" ("dga' 'khyil" or "wheel of joy") symbols of Tibetan Buddhism; but while the Tibetan designs have three or four swirls (representing the Three Jewels or the Four Noble Truths, i.e. as a triskele and a tetraskelion design), Lai Zhide's taijitu has two swirls, terminating in a central circle.


title: Taijitu

text: The Ming-era design of the taijitu of two interlocking spirals was a common yin-yang symbol in the first half of the 20th century. The flag of South Korea, originally introduced as the flag of Joseon era Korea in 1882, shows this symbol in red and blue. This was a modernisation of the older (early 19th century) form of the Bat Quai Do used as the Joseon royal standard.


title: Taijitu

text: Since the 1960s, the He tu symbol, which combines the two interlocking spirals with two dots, has more commonly been used as a yin-yang symbol.


title: Taijitu

text: In the standard form of the contemporary symbol, one draws on the diameter of a circle two non-overlapping circles each of which has a diameter equal to the radius of the outer circle. One keeps the line that forms an "S", and one erases or obscures the other line. The design is also described as a "pair of fishes nestling head to tail against each other".


title: Taijitu

text: It combines several abstract shapes, including a "Taiji" symbol illustrating the mutual complement of man and woman. In socialist times, it was alternatively interpreted as two fish symbolizing vigilance, because fish never close their eyes.


title: Taijitu

text: The modern symbol has also been widely used in martial arts, particularly t'ai chi ch'uan (Taijiquan), and Jeet Kune Do, since the 1970s.


title: Taijitu

text: The dots in the modern "yin-yang symbol" have been given the additional interpretation of "intense interaction" between the complementary principles, i.e. a flux or flow to achieve harmony and balance.


title: Taijitu

text: Similarities can be seen in Neolithic–Eneolithic era Cucuteni–Trypillia culture on the territory of current Ukraine and Romania. Patterns containing ornament looking like Taijitu from archeological artifacts of that culture were displayed in the Ukraine pavilion at the Expo 2010 in Shanghai, China.


title: Taijitu

text: The interlocking design is found in artifacts of the European Iron Age. Similar interlocking designs are found in the Americas: Xicalcoliuhqui.


title: Taijitu

text: While this design appears to become a standard ornamental motif in Iron-Age Celtic culture by the 3rd century BC, found on a wide variety of artifacts, it is not clear what symbolic value was attached to it. Unlike the Chinese symbol, the Celtic yin-yang lack the element of mutual penetration, and the two halves are not always portrayed in different colors. Comparable designs are also found in Etruscan art.


title: Taijitu

text: Unicode features the "he tu" symbol in the Miscellaneous Symbols block, at code point . The related "double body symbol" is included at U+0FCA (TIBETAN SYMBOL NOR BU NYIS -KHYIL ࿊), in the Tibetan block.


title: Taijitu

text: The Soyombo symbol, that includes a taijitu, is available in Unicode as the sequence U+11A9E 𑪞 + U+11A9F 𑪟 + U+11AA0 𑪠.


title: Lisa Hoffman

text: Lisa Jo Gottsegen Hoffman (born September 1, 1954) is an American businesswoman. She is the founder and president of Lisa Hoffman Beauty.


title: Lisa Hoffman

text: Hoffman was born in Los Angeles, California to William Lawrence Gottsegen (1929–2012), and Marcia Francis Gottsegen ("née" Salter) (born 1929). She graduated from University of Colorado at Boulder in 1976 with a bachelor's degree in psychology. She is Jewish.


title: Lisa Hoffman

text: Hoffman is married to American actor Dustin Hoffman. They married in Roxbury, Connecticut on October 12, 1980. They have four children together: Jacob Edward (born 1981), Rebecca Lillian (born 1983), Maxwell Geoffrey (born 1984), and Alexandra Lydia (born 1987). She is stepmother to Hoffman's daughters from his first marriage: Karina (born 1966) and Jenna (born 1970).


title: Lisa Hoffman

text: In 2007, Hoffman released a line of beauty products under the brand Lisa Hoffman Beauty. She is the founder and current president of Lisa Hoffman Beauty, which specializes in fine fragrance products.


title: Lisa Hoffman

text: In 2008, Lisa Hoffman was named "Newcomer of the Year" by "Women's Wear Daily" magazine. Lisa Hoffman Beauty was also named among the "Beauty's Top 40 of 2008" by "Redbook" magazine. Lisa Hoffman Beauty won an "Allure" Best of Beauty award in 2008 and 2009. In 2009, Lisa Hoffman Beauty won two nominations for the Top Five FiFi Finalist in the Unique Boutique category. The fragrances Madagascar Orchid and Japanese Agarwood were nominated alongside Acqua di Parma, Karl Lagerfeld, Chanel, and Tom Ford.


title: Lisa Hoffman

text: In 2012, Lisa Hoffman Beauty was nominated for two FiFi Awards, in the category of Technological Breakthrough, for their fragrance tools and their "Fine Fragrance Jewelry" collection. The company has been recognized for advanced algorithms that identify personal fragrance preferences for consumers. The "Fine Fragrance Jewelry" collection was nominated for an award in Technological Breakthrough in Packaging Technology and Delivery Systems. The company was also nominated as a finalist in the HBA International Package Design Awards (IPDA) - an industry-specific award.


title: Halle (Saale)

text: Halle (Saale), or simply Halle (; from the 15th to the 17th century: "Hall in Sachsen"; until the beginning of the 20th century: "Halle an der Saale" ; from 1965 to 1995: "Halle/Saale") is the largest city of the German state of Saxony-Anhalt, the fifth most populous city in the area of former East Germany after (East) Berlin, Leipzig, Dresden and Chemnitz, as well as the 31st largest city of Germany, and with around 239,000 inhabitants, it is slightly more populous than the state capital of Magdeburg. Together with Leipzig, the largest city of Saxony, Halle forms the polycentric Leipzig-Halle conurbation. Between the two cities, in Schkeuditz, lies Leipzig/Halle International Airport. The Leipzig-Halle conurbation is at the heart of the larger Central German Metropolitan Region.


title: Halle (Saale)

text: Halle lies in the south of Saxony-Anhalt, in the Leipzig Bay, the southernmost part of the North German Plain, on the River Saale (a tributary of the Elbe), which is the third longest river flowing entirely in Germany after the Weser and the Main. The White Elster flows into the Saale in the southern borough of Silberhöhe. Halle is the fourth largest city in the Thuringian-Upper Saxon dialect area after Leipzig, Dresden and Chemnitz.


title: Halle (Saale)

text: Halle is an economic and educational center in central Germany. The Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, with campuses in Halle and Wittenberg, is the largest university in Saxony-Anhalt, one of the oldest universities in Germany, and a nurturing ground for the local startup ecosystem. The German National Academy of Sciences, commonly known as "Leopoldina", has its seat in Halle. The university hospital of Halle ("Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale)") is the largest hospital in the state.


title: Halle (Saale)

text: Halle (Saale) is located in the southern part of Saxony-Anhalt in central Germany, along the river Saale which drains the surrounding plains and the greater part of the neighbouring Free State of Thuringia just to its south, and the Thuringian basin, northwards from the Thuringian Forest. Leipzig, one of Germany's major cities, is only away. Its area is .


title: Halle (Saale)

text: Köppen climate classification classifies its climate as oceanic (Cfb). However, it is close to being a cold semi-arid climate (BSk) or hot semi-arid climate (BSh), depending on whether mean annual temperature isotherm or mean temperature in the coldest month isotherm is applied. Using the most current climate data from April 2017 to March 2022, the annual precipitation is 17 mm too much to be classified as a cold or hot semi-arid climate. For example, using the climate data from September 2015 to August 2020, the climate would fulfill the requirements to be classified as a cold or hot semi-arid climate. Notwithstanding, the great variation of annual precipitation between the years allows agriculture and large trees to grow, surviving recurring drought periods and years like in the summers of 2018 and 2019 with severe drought because of regularly occurring wet periods and years and absence of extremely hot temperatures with never reaching . With its vegetation, Halle is far from the steppe or semi-desert vegetation typical of hot or cold semi-arid climates.


title: Halle (Saale)

text: Halle's early history is connected with the harvesting of salt. The name of the river Saale contains the Germanic root for salt, and salt-harvesting has taken place in Halle since at least the Bronze Age (2300–600 BC).


title: Halle (Saale)

text: The earliest documented mention of Halle dates from AD 806. It became a part of the Archbishopric of Magdeburg in the 10th century and remained so until 1680, when the Margraviate of Brandenburg annexed it together with Magdeburg as the Duchy of Magdeburg, while it was an important location for Martin Luther's Reformation in the 16th century. Cardinal Albert of Mainz (Archbishop of Magdeburg from 1513 to 1545) also impacted on the town in this period. According to historic documents, the city of Halle became a member of the Hanseatic League at least as early as 1281.


title: Halle (Saale)

text: Halle became a center for Pietism, a movement encouraged by King Frederick William I of Prussia (reigned 1713–1740) because it caused the area's large Lutheran population to be more inclined to Fredrick William I's religion (Calvinism), as well as more loyal to the Prussian king instead of to the decentralized feudal system. By the 1740s Halle had established many orphanages as well as schools for the wealthy in the sober style Pietism encouraged. This Halle education was the first time the "modern education" system was established. The Halle Pietists also combatted poverty.


title: Halle (Saale)

text: During the War of the Fourth Coalition, French and Prussian forces clashed in the Battle of Halle on 17 October 1806. The fighting moved from the covered bridges on the city's west side, through the streets and market place, to the eastern suburbs.


title: Halle (Saale)

text: During World War II, KZ-Außenlager Birkhahn, a subcamp of Buchenwald was in Halle, where prisoners from Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, France, Netherlands and other nations were forced to work in the Siebel aircraft plants, making combat aircraft. The plant was later dismantled. In Ammendorf, a large factory owned by produced mustard gas.


title: Halle (Saale)

text: Near the end of World War II, there were two bombing raids carried out against the town: the first on 31 March 1945, the second a few days later. The first attack took place between the railway station and the city's centre, and the second bombing was in the southern district. It killed over 1,000 inhabitants and destroyed 3,600 buildings. Among them, the Market Church, St. George Church, the Old Town Hall, the municipal theatre, historic buildings on Bruederstrasse and on Grosse Steinstrasse, and the city cemetery.


title: Halle (Saale)

text: On 17 April 1945, American soldiers occupied Halle, and the Red Tower was set on fire by artillery and destroyed. The Market Church and the Church of St. George received more hits. However, the city was spared further damage because an aerial bombardment was canceled, after former naval officer Felix von Luckner negotiated the city's surrender to the American army. In July, the Americans withdrew and the city was occupied by the Red Army.


title: Halle (Saale)

text: After World War II, Halle served as the capital of the short-lived administrative region of Saxony-Anhalt until 1952, when the East German government abolished its "Länder" (states). As a part of East Germany (until 1990), it functioned as the capital of the administrative district ("Bezirk") of Halle.


title: Halle (Saale)

text: When Saxony-Anhalt was re-established as a "Bundesland" in 1990, Magdeburg, not Halle, became the capital.


title: Halle (Saale)

text: On 9 October 2019, two people were killed in a shooting incident at a synagogue in Halle. The Federal Prosecutor (Generalbundesanwalt) classified the attack as an act of right-wing terrorism stemming from antisemitism; as a consequence security measures at Jewish facilities were increased.


title: Halle (Saale)

text: The current mayor of Halle is independent politician Bernd Wiegand since 2012. The most recent mayoral election was held on 13 October 2019, with a runoff held on 27 October, and the results were as follows:


title: Halle (Saale)

text: Salt, also known as "white gold", was extracted from four "Borns" (well-like structures). The four Borns/brine named Gutjahrbrunnen, Meteritzbrunnen, Deutscher Born and Hackeborn, were located around the Hallmarket (or "Under Market"), now a market square with a fountain, just across from the TV station, MDR. The brine was highly concentrated and boiled in "Koten", simple structured houses made from reed and clay. Salters, who wore a unique uniform with eighteen silver buttons, were known as "Halloren", and this name was later used for the chocolates in the shape of these buttons.


title: Halle (Saale)

text: The Halloren-Werke, the oldest chocolate factory in Germany, was founded in 1804. Old documents are on display and a chocolate room can be visited.


title: Halle (Saale)

text: Within East Germany, Halle's chemical industry, now mainly shut down, was of great importance. The two main companies in the region were Buna-Werke and Leuna, and Halle-Neustadt was built in the 1960s to accommodate the employees of these two factories.


title: Halle (Saale)

text: Baroque composer Georg Friedrich Händel (later "George Frideric Handel") was born in Halle in 1685 and spent the first 17 years of his life in the city. The house where he lived is now a museum about his life. To celebrate his music, Halle has staged a Handel Festival since 1922, annually in June since 1952. The "Franckesche Stiftungen" (Francke Foundations) are home to the "", which was founded before the year 1116 and is one of the oldest boys' choirs in the world.


title: Halle (Saale)

text: The University of Halle was founded here in 1694. It is now combined with the University of Wittenberg and called the "Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg". The university's medical school was established by Friedrich Hoffmann. Its botanical garden, the Botanische Garten der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, dates back to 1698. Halle's German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina is the oldest and one of the most respected scientific societies in Germany. Halle is also home to Germany's oldest Protestant church library, known as the , with 27,000 titles. The seat of the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, one of the world's largest social anthropological research institutions and a part of the Max Planck Society, is in Halle.


title: Halle (Saale)

text: Halle was a centre of German Pietism and played an important role in establishing the Lutheran church in North America, when Henry Muhlenberg and others were sent as missionaries to Pennsylvania in the mid-18th century. Muhlenberg is now called the first Patriarch of the Lutheran Church in America. He and his son, Frederick Muhlenberg, who was the first Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, were graduates of Halle University.


title: Halle (Saale)

text: The Silver Treasure of the "Halloren" is displayed occasionally at the Technical Museum Saline. It is a unique collection of silver and gold goblets dating back to 1266. The ancient craft of "Schausieden" (boiling of the brine) can be observed there too. The State Museum of Prehistory houses the Nebra sky disk, a significant (though unproven) Bronze-Age find with astronomical significance.


title: Halle (Saale)

text: Halle Zoo contributes to the EAZA breeding programme, in particular for the Angolan lion and the Malaysian tiger. Halle is also known for its thriving coypu (or nutria) population, which is native to South America.


title: Halle (Saale)

text: With writers such as Heine, Eichendorff, Schleiermacher, Tieck and Novalis the town was a vibrant scene of the German Romanticism. Also Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was a regular guest at the house of his close friend Johann Friedrich Reichardt.


title: Halle (Saale)

text: German-American expressionist painter Lyonel Feininger worked in Halle on an invitation by the city from 1929 to 1931. As one of eleven views of the city termed "Halle Cycle", he painted in 1931 "Die Türme über der Stadt" (The towers above the city), which is now in the Museum Ludwig in Cologne. This painting appeared on a 55 eurocent stamp on 5 December 2002 as a part of the series “Deutsche Malerei des 20. Jahrhunderts” (German painting of the 20th century).


title: Halle (Saale)

text: Ludwig Wucherer made Halle an important rail hub in central Germany. In 1840 he opened the Magdeburg-Halle-Leipzig line, completing a connection between Magdeburg and Dresden. In 1841–1860, other lines to Erfurt, Kassel and Berlin followed.


title: Halle (Saale)

text: The centrepiece of Halle's urban public transport system is the Halle (Saale) tramway network. It includes the world's first major electric-powered inner-city tram line, which was opened in 1891. Halle (Saale) Hauptbahnhof is the main railway station.


title: Halle (Saale)

text: Halle's prominence as a railway centre grew with the arrival of the Erfurt-Leipzig/Halle high-speed railway. Leipzig is also connected to this route, but since it is a terminus station (though the Leipzig City Tunnel is currently under construction, the route will be shared with S-Bahn trains, making it unlikely that it will be used as a through station for Berlin-Munich trains), Halle is more likely to be used as an intermediate stop for Berlin-Munich trains. The completion of the Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway also provided a further impetus to use the route.


title: Halle (Saale)

text: Leipzig/Halle Airport (opened in 1927) is an international airport located in Schkeuditz, Saxony, and serves both Leipzig, Saxony, and Halle, Saxony-Anhalt. it is Germany's 11th largest airport by passengers, handling more than 2.57 million mainly with flights to European leisure destinations. In terms of cargo traffic, the airport is the fifth-busiest in Europe and the second-busiest in Germany after Frankfurt Airport.


title: Halle (Saale)

text: The football team "Hallescher FC Wacker 1900" had some regional importance before World War II. In the German Championship "Wacker" reached the semi-finals in 1921, and the quarter-finals in 1928. The successor team became East German champions in 1949 and 1952 under the names of "ZSG Union" and "BSG Turbine Halle". From these evolved today's "Turbine Halle" and "Hallescher FC". In the era of the German Democratic Republic, the latter club (as "Chemie Halle" ) was a mainstay in the first division and won the Cup tournament in 1956 and 1962. The most prominent player was 72-times international Bernd Bransch, who was with "Chemie" in the 1960s and 1970s. These days, "Hallescher FC" usually plays in the third division.


title: Halle (Saale)

text: The general sports club "", originating from "Chemie Halle", created a notable number of Olympic gold medallists and world champions, mainly in nautical and watersports, e.g., swimmer Kornelia Ender won four Olympic gold medals in 1976 and Andreas Hajek won four rowing world championships between 1998 and 2001. The basketball team of the club – these days known as "Lions" and focusing on the woman's team which plays in the national first division – won five men's and 10 women's championships of the German Democratic Republic.


title: Halle (Saale)

text: Halle (Saale) and Leipzig are the two centres of the Central German Metropolitan Region with more than 2.4 million people.


title: Carol Peletier

text: Carol, later revealed as Carol Peletier in the television series, () is a fictional character from the comic book series "The Walking Dead", and the television series of the same name, where she is portrayed by Melissa McBride. Carol is introduced in the third issue of the comic's first volume, "Days Gone Bye", and the third episode of the first season of the television series, as a meek housewife and mother of Sophia at the survival camp in Atlanta, Georgia. Her arc in the television series was described as a "hero's journey" by executive producer Scott M. Gimple, having made many difficult decisions in order to survive.


title: Carol Peletier

text: The direction of her character is contrasted between the two mediums. In the comic series, Carol is a 25-year-old housewife who exhibits a neurotic, self-centered, and naive demeanor. Throughout her arc, she grows increasingly unstable, to the extent of self-destruction, and ultimately commits suicide. In the television show, she is shown to be a stern, pragmatic and compassionate individual who has been gradually building inner strength, becoming much more capable and emotionally stable than her comic book counterpart. The abuse she suffered from her husband was explicitly shown in the television series, whereas it was hinted at in the comics. In addition, Carol and Tyreese have a brief romantic relationship in the comics before they break up and Carol commits suicide.


title: Carol Peletier

text: In the television series, Carol evacuates her home with her abusive husband Ed and her daughter Sophia in hopes of a safe haven in Atlanta, where they join a camp of survivors. Following the deaths of her husband and daughter, Carol forms a close bond with camp survivor Daryl Dixon. After the prison falls, she becomes the adoptive mother to Lizzie and Mika Samuels. The trio meet up with Tyreese and Carol saves the rest of Rick's group from the cannibals at Terminus. After arriving at the Alexandria Safe-Zone, Carol becomes one of its key defenders and attempts a relationship with a resident named Tobin, but quickly realizes Tobin is only a bandaid on her pain. She begins to feel the guilt of those she has killed and becomes suicidal, until saved by Morgan and brought to the Kingdom led by King Ezekiel. She eventually marries Ezekiel and adopts a young Kingdom resident named Henry.


title: Carol Peletier

text: Initially a recurring cast member, McBride was upgraded to a series regular at the onset of the second season, and the character's role predominantly increased since the fourth season. McBride became second-billed as of the final three episodes of the tenth season. As of the third season's finale, Carol is one of the last original survivors, along with Rick and Daryl. She is also the series' longest-living female character, and the only female character to have appeared in every season. Carol and Daryl are the only characters that have been in the series since the first season.


title: Carol Peletier

text: McBride's performance as Carol has received critical acclaim from television commentators, and some critics have referred to Carol as the series' best character. In September 2020, it was announced that McBride and Norman Reedus (Daryl) would headline their own spin-off series, scheduled to premiere in 2023. However, McBride exited the project prior to filming.


title: Carol Peletier

text: Carol is described in the comics as being a housewife who occasionally helps pay the family's bills by selling Tupperware out of catalogues to friends and neighbors. She endured a rather unsatisfactory marriage, and it is implied that she only married (and continued to stay with) her husband because of her frequent need for attention and comfort. During the initial stages of the outbreak, her husband commits suicide after losing his parents to walkers, leaving Carol and their daughter Sophia to fend for themselves. Carol is in the process of moving herself and Sophia to her sister's in Atlanta when they meet and eventually join Shane's settlement of survivors on the outskirts of the city.


title: Carol Peletier

text: While in the camp, she usually assists the other mothers in domestic duties such as washing clothes and looking after the children. She and Lori quickly become best friends, the two of them often conversing about the current happenings around them. Carol is often Lori's shoulder to cry on, as well as the one person to whom she can vent about her various frustrations.


title: Carol Peletier

text: After leaving their first campsite, they meet Tyreese, whom Carol grows to like. Eventually, the two became romantically attached to one another, and they stay close throughout their stay at Hershel's farm and their arrival at the abandoned prison.


title: Carol Peletier

text: Tension begins between Tyreese and Carol, however, when Michonne is introduced, and Carol later witnesses Michonne performing oral sex on Tyreese inside of the prison gymnasium. This initially leads her to try to compete, albeit degradingly, for his affection but she ultimately breaks off the relationship and tries avoiding further confrontations.


title: Carol Peletier

text: Soon after the break-up, her mental health comes into question, and, after nights of crying, results in an attempt to commit suicide. Soon after cutting herself, Carol becomes desperate for companionship and wants to have a polyamorous relationship with Rick and Lori, only to be turned down.


title: Carol Peletier

text: As she plans to commit suicide, she makes sure Lori promises to take care of Sophia. She then initiates sex with Hershel's son, Billy. After wandering through the prison courtyard and talking to a zombie, she allows it to tear at her jugular. She refuses for anyone to try to help her, saying that they should let her die in peace. She is killed by a merciful Andrea during her reanimation process before she can bite a saddened Tyreese.


title: Carol Peletier

text: Carol's death leaves a significant mark on the group in the days leading up to the ultimate assault on the prison. Many look down upon her manner of death and are disgusted by the fact that she abandoned her only living family. Sophia is left in a catatonic state as the news reaches her, and has since attempted to repress all memories of Carol by pretending that Maggie and Glenn are her biological parents. Maggie is relieved when Sophia begins to speak openly about recognizing Carol's previous existence. At the Hilltop Colony with Carl Grimes, Sophia reminisces on life at the prison with her mother, reminding him that she remembers everything that has happened to them, especially the death of her mother.


title: Carol Peletier

text: Before the apocalypse began, Carol was a meek and battered housewife. She frequently avoided confrontation with her husband Ed in attempt to stifle his anger, though she secretly prayed to God that he be punished for abusing her and for his sexual interest in their young daughter Sophia (Madison Lintz). The Peletiers first met up with Shane (Jon Bernthal), Lori (Sarah Wayne Callies) and her son Carl (Chandler Riggs) while traveling toward a supposed 'safe zone' in Atlanta, and they all eventually settled near a quarry on the outskirts of Atlanta with a handful of other survivors. Within her time at the camp, she regularly performed domestic duties such as washing and ironing clothes for her and her fellow survivors, usually with help from some of the other women in the group.


title: Carol Peletier

text: Carol debuts in the episode "Tell It to the Frogs", where she is shown washing clothes in the stream with the other women in the group. When Carol's husband, Ed, hears the women talking and laughing, he tells his wife to focus on her work. When Andrea (Laurie Holden) tells him off, Ed quickly becomes threatening as the women confront him about Carol's bruises. Ed then strikes Carol, causing a feud which is ended when Shane furiously beats him as Carol pleads for him to stop. In the episode "Vatos", after Ed's violent abuse has been exposed to the camp, Carol begins to stand up for herself regarding Sophia, as she dismisses the idea of Sophia staying with her father in his tent, insisting that she wants to join in with the rest of the camp. Ed is killed during a walker attack as Sophia and Carol are left fearing for their lives. In the episode "Wildfire", as the group cleans up the camp in preparation to leave, Carol destroys Ed's corpse with a pickaxe, venting the inner rage she had toward him and his years of violent abuse. In the season finale "TS-19", the group takes shelter at the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), but they soon discover the facility is set to explode after the power runs out. Carol hands Rick a grenade (which Rick had picked up in the tank he was trapped in), to blow out one of the front windows in order to escape, and in success, Carol and Sophia run to the vehicles in the street with the others, while Jacqui and Dr. Jenner choose to remain at the CDC to die.


title: Carol Peletier

text: In the season premiere "What Lies Ahead", walkers swarm the highway, and Sophia is lost in the woods after being chased by them. Carol casts the blame upon Rick for not staying with her as he finds her in the woods, chasing off the walkers who follow her but ultimately blames herself. In the episode "Cherokee Rose", Daryl Dixon (Norman Reedus) gives her a flower later on which inspires hope in her to keep strong and to believe in Sophia's survival. In the episode "Chupacabra", having been staying at the farm owned by Hershel Greene (Scott Wilson), she decides to cook dinner for Hershel and the rest of the group with Lori as a token of gratitude. During the dinner, she brings up a plate to Daryl and kisses him on the cheek, acknowledging how noble and caring he is (compared to her deceased husband). In the mid-season finale "Pretty Much Dead Already", Carol and Daryl begin to form a deeper bond, with her being concerned for his well-being. Glenn reveals to the group that Hershel's barn is full of walkers, and Sophia appears as one of the walkers in the barn. In the mid-season premiere "Nebraska", Carol refuses to attend Sophia's memorial service, saying that her daughter died a long time ago and the corpse at the farm was not Sophia. In the episode "Triggerfinger", Carol shows a conscious concern for Daryl's detachment from the group. She later lets him vent his frustration at her, as he mocks her for losing her family but soon apologizes and returns to the fold. Over time, Carol's meekness diminishes as she gains the self-confidence to stand up for herself. She grows tired of the arguments of the group, and refuses to choose the fate of their prisoner, Randall in the episode "Judge, Jury, Executioner." In the finale "Beside the Dying Fire", the group are chased off the farm by walkers. Carol convinces the women to evacuate the farmhouse but is herself abandoned by Lori. Daryl rescues Carol on his motorcycle, and they eventually meet up with the remaining survivors. The slight blame she has cast upon Rick accumulates into outright questioning of his leadership.


title: Carol Peletier

text: In the season premiere, "Seed", eight months pass and Carol has built self-confidence and has developed a proficiency with weapons. Carol has gotten closer to Lori since her pregnancy, and her trust in Rick has been regained. In the episode "Killer Within", T-Dog sacrifices himself to save Carol after they are separated when walkers get into the prison. The group believe her to be dead. In the episode "Hounded", Daryl rediscovers her in a solitary confinement cell, malnourished and weak but alive. He carries her off in his arms and in the next episode, "When the Dead Come Knocking", the group happily reunites with her; however, things once again take a sad turn when she realizes that Lori has died in childbirth. She and Rick tearfully mourn Lori's loss and Carol is seen taking care of Lori's child, Judith, while Daryl leaves for Woodbury. As Daryl tells Carol to keep safe, she responds saying, "Nine lives, remember?". In the episode "The Suicide King", Carol is sad about Daryl leaving with his brother but understands his decision. In the episode "Home", Axel is shot in front of Carol's face by The Governor's men as they bond, causing her to use his body as a shield. In the episode "I Ain't a Judas", Daryl returns, pleasing Carol. Andrea also visits, and Carol instructs Andrea to stab The Governor in his sleep to end the conflict. In the episode "This Sorrowful Life", Merle has a brief conversation with Carol wherein he remarks that she has transformed from a "scared little mouse afraid of her own shadow" into a stronger person. She replies that she was not scared of her own shadow but that of her husband and further states that she is no longer afraid of anything. To prove the latter, she sternly admonishes Merle to "pick a side," regarding his previous loyalty to The Governor. In the season finale "Welcome to the Tombs", following Merle's death at the hands of The Governor, Carol praises him for his sacrifice, that he gave them a chance though Daryl remarked that Merle had never performed an altruistic deed in his life. Carol then helps defend the gate against walkers as Rick, Daryl, and Michonne drive out to carry the fight to Woodbury. She is seen beginning to cry upon realizing that Andrea has died at the end of the episode, and watches the remaining Woodbury residents enter their new home in the prison.


title: Carol Peletier

text: In the season premiere, "30 Days Without an Accident", six months after the conflict with the Governor has ended, Carol begins secretly teaching the children of the prison how to use knives to defend themselves and not to have any sympathy for the walkers. Carl Grimes discovers the lessons are taking place, and she asks him not to tell his father. In the episode, "Infected", Carol begins caring for two girls, Lizzie (Brighton Sharbino) and Mika (Kyla Kenedy), after killing their father Ryan who was bitten by a walker. This makes Carol even more determined to keep those she cares about safe. In the episode "Isolation", when a new disease starts spreading in the prison, two people who are infected are killed – Karen (Melissa Ponzio) the Woodbury survivor and girlfriend of Tyreese (Chad L. Coleman), and prison newcomer David. Unknown to the other survivors, Carol killed them in their sleep and burned their bodies in the belief it would stop the infection from spreading. An enraged Tyreese finds the burned bodies and attacks Rick while Carol watches, and later demands that Rick find the killer. Despite the deaths of Karen and David, the infection continues to spread. Carol discovers Lizzie is ill, but reassures her that she will be fine. Tyreese asks Carol to look after his sister, Sasha (Sonequa Martin-Green), who is also ill, believing Carol is a very caring person, which upsets Carol even more. Later, she is shown recklessly pumping up water despite knowing walkers are nearby, and is forced to flee as Rick shoots them down to save her. Rick soon uncovers the truth and confronts Carol over the murders. In the episode, "Indifference", Rick and Carol go on a supply run together to gather medical supplies to help Hershel. Carol talks more about her past, revealing her late husband pushed her down the stairs on at least three occasions and she learned how to fix a dislocated arm because she was too afraid to go to the hospital. They discuss the murders of Karen and David and Carol explains that, at the time, she believed killing them would stop the spread of the infection, therefore saving the lives of everyone else in the prison. During the supply run, Rick sees how different Carol has become and ultimately decides that she cannot return to the prison. He sees her as a threat, but is also concerned that Tyreese will kill her when he finds out that she murdered Karen. Carol is forced to accept banishment, leaving everyone she cares about behind.


title: Carol Peletier

text: In the episode "Inmates", Carol reappears unexpectedly, saving Lizzie, Mika, and Judith from a pair of Walkers in a forest. She returns the children to Tyreese and tells him that she saw the prison fall, and, after losing sight of him and the children, managed to catch up with them. Sensing that Tyreese does not know of her involvement in Karen's death, Carol makes up a story about how she did not return with Rick because she wanted to find more supplies for the group. Later, after taking the advice of a man who had been bitten on the side of the road, she follows Tyreese and the children as they to travel to a sanctuary named "Terminus." In the episode "The Grove", Carol and her group take a break from following the train tracks to Terminus, and find a house in the middle of a pecan grove. Carol is concerned that Mika is too gentle to survive, and that Lizzie is confused about the nature of walkers, thinking that they are still people. She continues to teach Lizzie and Mika lessons of survival, despite the girls remaining adamant to surviving in their own methods. Carol and Tyreese later return from a hunting trip to find that Lizzie has killed Mika and was about to kill Judith, thinking that everyone would understand that Mika was just a changed person after reanimating as a walker. Viewing Lizzie as too dangerous to be around other people, Carol and Tyreese discuss Lizzie's fate, and Carol executes Lizzie by shooting her in the head. Afterward, Carol confesses to Tyreese her role in killing Karen and David. Tyreese is furious, but he forgives Carol for what she did, although he says he will not forget. After burying the two girls' bodies, Tyreese, Carol, and baby Judith restart their trek toward Terminus.


title: Carol Peletier

text: In the season premiere, "No Sanctuary", Carol and Tyreese witness a herd drawn to gunfire at Terminus and capture Martin, stopping him from setting up fireworks to divert them. Carol blows up a propane tank and infiltrates Terminus amongst the herd, enabling the imprisoned group to escape while the compound is overrun. After killing many residents, she escapes and has an emotional reunion with Daryl, Rick and the others. Rick is overwhelmed with gratitude. Rick, Carl, and Sasha are further overjoyed when she leads the group back to the cabin where Tyreese is with Judith. In the episode "Strangers", Tyreese tells Carol that the others accept Carol's killing of Karen and David. Both remained scarred over the deaths of Mika and Lizzie. Rick says that he owes her everything and is apologetic about banishing her and Carol tells him, "You said I could survive. You were right." Daryl respects Carol's wishes not to speak about what happened to her in the events of her exile and the prison downfall. Daryl tries to reassure Carol that they can start over. Carol and Daryl later follow the car that took Beth Greene (Emily Kinney) and drives off in pursuit of it. In the episode "Slabtown", Carol appears at the end of the episode when Beth watches her get wheeled into Grady Memorial Hospital from an unknown accident. The episode "Consumed" focuses on Carol's struggle and guilt over her past demons, saying she can't stand to watch the people she loves die. They stay at an abandoned woman's shelter where they find a reanimated mother and daughter, and Carol moves to kill them but Daryl insists it is unnecessary. In the morning, Carol wakes up to find Daryl outside cremating the mother and child, and she goes out to thank him. A car marked with a white cross approaches them and as they flee, Carol is hit by one, knocking her unconscious. She is lifted in a stretcher by two officers. In the episode "Crossed", Carol remains unconscious as Beth completes her plan to give Carol epinephrine after the officers agree to turn the machines off, declaring that the resources would be wasted. Rick continues on with a rescue mission, saying he owes Carol everything. In the mid-season finale "Coda", after receiving medication, Carol is seen starting to wake up as Beth and Dawn are talking. Later, when the hostage exchange is about to take place, Carol is seen being wheeled by Beth and they hold hands as they see their group. After the exchange takes place, Beth is shot in the head by Dawn. Carol tries to comfort a distraught Daryl, telling him to put his gun down as they cry, and is helped by Tyreese to walk as they leave the hospital.


title: Carol Peletier

text: The group journey to Washington, D.C. in hopes of a safe haven in "Them", set several weeks after Beth has died and several days after Tyreese's death. Carol tries to comfort a severely depressed Daryl and reassures Maggie of never giving up. In the episode "Remember", in spite of some mistrust before, the stranger Aaron (Ross Marquand) recruits Carol and the others, bringing them to his community, the Alexandria Safe-Zone. Interviewed by congresswoman and town leader Deanna Monroe (Tovah Feldshuh), Carol crafts a facade of being an inexperienced apocalyptic survivor who acted as the "den mother" to the group. She states she did laundry and gardening pre-apocalypse, and cooked for her "stupid, wonderful" husband. She expresses that she is a people person and wants to join a junior league to help others. After everyone is interviewed, she is the last to hand over her weapons to Olivia, awkwardly removing her rifle and placing it in the bin, further displaying her "weakness." The next day, Carol receives her assignment as a caretaker to cook for senior citizens and busy mothers. The night after the confrontation at the town gates, Carol discusses with Daryl and Rick that they can get comfortable but not weak. In the episode "Forget", Carol is seen outside the walls, plotting with Rick and Daryl to steal guns. When a walker comes along, she empties her clip into it to give the illusion they had gone shooting. She later steals three guns before Jessie Anderson (Alexandra Breckenridge)'s son Sam (Major Dodson) spots her. She tells him that if he mentions it to his mother, "the monsters" will come and eat him alive as he is tied to a tree outside the walls, but if he is silent, she will give him lots of her homemade cookies. The next day she gives a gun to Rick, but Daryl refuses to take one. In the episode "Spend", Carol is visited by Sam several times, who continues to ask her for more cookies. Unable to turn away, Carol starts questioning Sam and learns his father, Pete (Corey Brill)'s abusive nature. Deeply concerned for his well being, she goes to the Anderson home to try and talk to Sam or Jessie, but is coldly turned away by Pete, arousing her suspicion. When Rick returns home, Carol tells him she believes that Pete is abusing Jessie and maybe Sam, and that the only way to stop it is to kill Pete. In the season finale "Conquer", Carol pays a visit to Pete with a tuna pasta bake and asks him to check on Tara, who is still wounded. When he refuses, Carol pulls a knife on him and threatens him, saying that she can get away with claiming self-defense. Later at the town meeting, Carol is one of the people who speaks in Rick's defense. She witnesses Rick directly address the Alexandrians when he shows up with a dead walker that he had killed inside the walls earlier that night, and how they need to change or they will die. That this point be demonstrated and their agenda advanced, Carol discreetly tells Rick not to intervene when a drunken Pete shows up with Michonne's katana, resulting in a fatal attack on Reg. Carol witnesses Rick's execution of Pete under Deanna's orders and is present for Daryl and Morgan (Lennie James)'s arrival.


title: Carol Peletier

text: In the episode "JSS", Carol is forced to drop her act as a meek housewife to defend the Alexandrians against the Wolves. She disguises herself as one of them, successfully killing many of them, but comes into conflict with Morgan's pacifist ideology. In the episode "Heads Up", Carol, Michonne and Rick dispute with Morgan over his beliefs. Later, Carol becomes suspicious of Morgan and follows him into the townhouse, leaving Judith at Jessie's house, and confronts him about who he is hiding inside it. In the mid-season finale "Start to Finish", Carol fakes her injury during the herd and goes to kill the Wolf locked up with Denise. Morgan intervenes and he bodyslams her, knocking her out. The Wolf, however, escapes. In the mid-season premiere, "No Way Out", Carol shoots the Wolf with Denise, but is shocked when she hears the Wolf, even as he is swarmed and eaten by walkers, echoing her calls for Denise to go and save herself. They fight off the remaining herd. In "Not Tomorrow Yet", Carol counts up her total killings, over 18 people, and it heavily weighs in on her. Carol later kisses Tobin, but their connection is merely Carol's attempt at a normal life. Later, she follows Rick's mission to infiltrate the Saviors' outpost, but is concerned for a pregnant Maggie, who wants to go in and fight after the alarms go off, but they are soon captured by Saviors on the outside. In "The Same Boat", Carol and Maggie surrender to Paula's group and become hostages. Carol retreats back to her meek facade to trick her captors, and is able to free herself and Maggie, who convinces Carol that instead of escaping they have to finish their captors. Though Carol has no hesitation killing to defend Maggie, she begs Paula — a formerly submissive woman who became an unrepentant killer after losing her family — to run, but is forced to impale her on a walker trap where she is killed. Carol then traps the reinforcements Paula had requested in a burning room. Daryl and the others arrive, having tracked them, and Carol has an emotional breakdown, embracing Daryl and admitting that she's not okay. In "Twice as Far", Carol is shown praying and smoking and attempting a relationship with Tobin, but it is useless. She has no feelings for him and sneaks out of Alexandria at night leaving Tobin a note explaining that she has to be alone, that she can no longer kill and she can't bear to love someone if she can't protect them. In "Last Day on Earth", Morgan follows Carol's trail, who is mentally damaged and weak. She is later found by a Savior who shoots her, and she begs him to kill her, but Morgan intervenes and kills the Savior, and they are escorted away by another soldier from a different community.


title: Carol Peletier

text: In "The Well", Carol is brought to The Kingdom for medical treatment. She meets the leader of the community, King Ezekiel, a man who proclaims himself a true king whilst keeping a pet Bengal tiger named Shiva. Carol feigns amazement and surprise at her circumstances, but later admits that she thinks Ezekiel is crazy and plans to leave. She adapts to her mild-mannered innocent act, which Ezekiel catches onto, saying he is playing the same role himself as king, as he is actually a former zookeeper who saved and tamed Shiva. Morgan escorts Carol to an abandoned house outside the Kingdom where the two part amicably. In "Hearts Still Beating", Richard urges Carol to fight against the Saviors, but she declines. In "Rock in the Road", Carol bumps into Kingdom survivor Ben in the woods and gives him advice on how to sneak better.


title: Carol Peletier

text: In ""New Best Friends", she is found by Daryl, who had been staying at the Kingdom, and the two spend the evening catching up. When Daryl asks Carol why she left, she responds by saying that if she stayed and the Saviors hurt more people, she would have killed them and she didn't want that. When Carol asks about everyone back home, Daryl tells her that everyone is fine before giving a heartfelt goodbye. In ""Bury Me Here", Carol feels that there is more to the story and asks Morgan why Jesus brought Daryl and the others to the Kingdom. He claims that they were seeking to build a relationship with the Kingdom. When she doubts his sincerity, he tells her she'll have to talk to Daryl (even offering to take her to Alexandria). She is let met by Morgan, Ezekiel and others who bring a wounded Benjamin to her cabin. They attempt to treat him, but Benjamin dies and Morgan storms out, despite Carol's attempts to call him back. Morgan later reappears, revealing Richard caused Benjamin's death so he killed him. He also reveals to Carol that Negan killed Glenn, Abraham and several others and Rick was seeking the Kingdom's aid to fight. He claims he's going to kill them all, but Carol stops him. She then goes to Ezekiel, apologizing for his loss before claiming that it's time to fight. He agrees. In "The First Day of the Rest of Your Life", Carol and other soldiers arrive at Alexandria to fight off the Saviors after Sasha's death.


title: Carol Peletier

text: In "Mercy", Carol joins The Militia, a coalition of groups banding together to fight Negan. She also helps the newly formed group ward off a walker attack. In "The Damned", she and Ezekiel command their forces to a Savior pharmacy lab and overtake it, even though it alerts the Saviors to the presence. In "Monsters", they lead their forces against a nearby Savior outpost. They are victorious with no apparent losses, but as they revel in their win, some hiding Saviors open fire on them with heavy machine guns, killing dozens of people. In "Some Guy", Carol retaliates by killing a group of Saviors who are moving the guns, and then helps a wounded Ezekiel escape. When a traumatized Ezekiel cannot bring himself to lead the Kingdom, Carol effectively takes over.


title: Carol Peletier

text: In "How It's Gotta Be", Carol and Jerry rescue Rick from a Savior attack, but cannot rouse Ezekiel to help them in the ensuing battle. In "Honor", Carol leads the Kingdom to temporary safety, and tries to prevent Benjamin's younger brother Henry, who wants revenge against the Saviors, from going out to battle. She is unsuccessful, however; Henry kills a Savior in cold blood, and both Carol and Ezekiel are troubled by his apparent lack of remorse. In "Still Gotta Mean Something", she goes out to look for Henry when he runs away to fight the Saviors, and refuses to give up even when it appears he has been killed. She ultimately finds him, alive, and saves him from a horde of walkers. In "Wrath", the season finale, she saves Henry once again when a crazed Morgan attacks him. After Rick defeats and imprisons Negan, ending the war, Carol joins the rest of the survivors in celebrating a new era of peace.


title: Carol Peletier

text: Carol continues to reside in the Kingdom and is in a relationship with Ezekiel. After he proposes, Carol decides to take time away from the Kingdom as the new leader of the Sanctuary. She eventually accepts Ezekiel's proposal, but comes into conflict with the rogue Savior Jed who briefly takes Carol hostage in an attempt to get guns. As the situation devolves, Carol decides to return to the Kingdom in "The Obliged" and leave the Saviors to their own devices. Jed leads an attack on the camp, resulting in the deaths of several people and the drawing of a massive herd in their direction. As seen in "What Come After," Carol survives the attack and is devastated by Rick's apparent death.


title: Carol Peletier

text: Six years later, in "Who Are You Now?," Carol is married to Ezekiel and raising Henry with him. With the Kingdom beginning to fall apart, Carol convinces Ezekiel to allow Henry to travel to the Hilltop to be apprenticed as a blacksmith. On the road, Carol and Henry are attacked by a group of former Saviors turned marauders led by Jed and Regina. The group humiliates Carol, who refuses to fight back, and steals her wedding ring. Later that night, Carol tracks down the sleeping Saviors' camp and pours gasoline on it. After a final conversation with Jed, Carol ignites the gasoline, killing Jed, Regina and all of the remaining Saviors. She then seeks out Daryl in "Stradivarius" to ask him to watch over Henry at the Hilltop for her. Carol doesn't let on that she witnessed Henry and Daryl fight off walkers and Henry is able to convince Daryl, who he states Carol considers her best friend, to accompany them. After Eugene goes missing, Carol refuses to let Henry join the search party.


title: Carol Peletier

text: In "Evolution," Carol, along with Tara, is rather cold towards Michonne when she first arrives. Carol later tries to convince Michonne to have Alexandria join a fair Ezekiel is holding, a morale boost that is needed due to the state of the Kingdom, but Michonne refuses. Carol then departs for the Kingdom with Dianne and supplies that Henry convinced Earl Sutton to send with her as an advance on his pay. Henry later tells Earl that he saw Carol cry for the first time in his life that day, and seeing her break down in such a way ultimately led to him making his own mistakes.


title: Carol Peletier

text: In "The Calm Before", Alpha, the leader of the Whisperers group, murders Henry, Tara, Enid and several other residents of the Kingdom to punish Carol and Ezekiel for entering her territory. A horrified, grief-stricken Carol discovers Henry's severed, reanimated head displayed on a pike, along with those of the other victims. In the season finale, "The Storm", however, she stops a guilt-ridden Lydia from committing suicide and tells her that Henry's death was not her fault. She then decides that it is best if she and Ezekiel split up after the death of their adopted son, and they go on their own separate ways. As the residents of The Kingdom stay at Hilltop, she decides to leave for Alexandria with Daryl.


title: Carol Peletier

text: In the time since the blizzard in Alexandria, Carol has left and become a ship captain. However, upon her return, Daryl convinces Carol to stick around. The brutal murder of her son and her divorce from Ezekiel leave Carol struggling with grief and rage to the point of becoming reckless. Carol's decision to blow up the cave where Alpha keeps her horde nearly results in the death of herself and her companions, causing a rift with Daryl when Magna and Connie get trapped and are presumed dead. Carol attempts to use Lydia to turn Gamma against Alpha despite Aaron's attempts to reach out in a less manipulative manner. Although successful, Carol's actions cause Lydia to take off on her own, although she does eventually return. After the destruction of the Hilltop, Alpha is killed by Negan who it's revealed was released by Carol without anyone's knowing as a way of getting revenge upon her enemy. Carol initially tries to depart once she gets her revenge, but ends up changing her mind.


title: Carol Peletier

text: After Alpha's death, Carol is forced to face the consequences of her actions. Any hope of Carol reconciling with Ezekiel is apparently ended when he departs to meet Eugene's contact Stephanie and reveals that he has developed thyroid cancer, a condition which is almost certainly terminal in a world lacking the modern medicine capable of treating it. Daryl's rage at Connie still being missing creates a growing rift between the two best friends while other people are wary, angry and distrusting of Carol over the damage that her unilateral decision to release Negan caused. The one person who, surprisingly, holds no anger towards Carol and is forgiving of Carol's actions is Connie's sister Kelly who, having heard of Carol's reputation, knows that she is the person who acts and does things that no one else is capable of. Kelly maintains the belief that Connie is still alive and will be found one day. During the final battle with the Whisperers, Carol plays a vital role, covering herself in walker guts to infiltrate the herd amongst several others and then leading it to its doom over a cliff. Carol nearly sacrifices herself to destroy the herd, but Lydia saves her and the two women watch the final end of the threat of the Whisperers together.


title: Carol Peletier

text: In the aftermath, Carol takes part in the efforts to rebuild Alexandria which was badly damaged by the Whisperers after its residents had evacuated. With their food supply destroyed, Carol joins Daryl in a mission foraging for food, only to come upon the cabin of his lover Leah Shaw from Daryl's years in the forest after Rick disappeared. With Leah still missing, Daryl finally snaps at Carol about the damage that she has caused and they go their separate ways. Returning to Alexandria, Carol distracts herself by spending time with Dog, becomes obsessed with trying to catch a rat in her house and attempts without success to make a soup before finally breaking down. With Maggie's return creating tensions between her and Negan, Carol tries to exile Negan to Leah's cabin, but accepts his return when he decides to stay in Alexandria, warning Negan that Maggie will kill him if he stays.


title: Carol Peletier

text: Following the defeat of the Whisperers, Carol deals with guilt over her reckless actions that alienated her from Daryl and the dire state of the community following the Whisperers' attack on it. Carol spends a great deal of time helping Kelly search for the still-missing Connie and trying to find a solution to the community's food problems. From a surviving Whisperer, the group learns that Connie's still alive and where to start looking for her, leading to Connie finally being found. Much to her obvious relief, Connie appears to hold no animosity towards Carol for her actions and even volunteers to help her when a storm and a walker herd put Alexandria in a great deal of danger.