title: Psychological resilience

text: Additionally, language programs and language learning can help address the effects of trauma by providing a means to discuss and understand. Refugees are more capable of expressing their trauma, including the effects of loss, when they can effectively communicate with their host community. Especially in schools, language learning establishes safe spaces through storytelling, which further reinforces comfort with a new language, and can in turn lead to increased resilience.


title: Psychological resilience

text: The fifth way, building inclusivity, is more focused on providing resources. By providing institutions or schools with more language-based learning and cultural material, the host community can better learn how to best address the needs of the refugee community. This overall addressing of needs feeds back into the increased resilience of refugees by creating a sense of belonging and community.


title: Psychological resilience

text: Additionally, a study completed by Kate Nguyen, Nile Stanley, Laurel Stanley, and Yonghui Wang shows the impacts of storytelling in building resilience. This aligns with many of the five factors identified by the study completed by the British Council, as it emphasizes the importance of sharing traumatic experiences through language. This study in particular showed that those who were exposed to more stories, from family or friends, had a more holistic view of life's struggles, and were thus more resilient, especially when surrounded by foreign languages or attempting to learn a new language.


title: Psychological resilience

text: The Head Start program was shown to promote resilience. So was the Big Brothers Big Sisters Programme, Centered Coaching & Consulting, the Abecedarian Early Intervention Project, and social programs for youth with emotional or behavioral difficulties.


title: Psychological resilience

text: The Positive Behavior Supports and Intervention program is a successful trauma-informed, resilience-based for elementary age students with four components. These four elements include positive reinforcements such as encouraging feedback, understanding that behavior is a response to unmet needs or a survival response, promoting belonging, mastery and independence, and finally, creating an environment to support the student through sensory tools, mental health breaks and play.


title: Psychological resilience

text: Tuesday's Children, a family service organization that made a long-term commitment to the individuals that have lost loved ones to 9/11 and terrorism around the world, works to build psychological resilience through programs such as Mentoring and Project COMMON BOND, an 8-day peace-building and leadership initiative for teens, ages 15–20, from around the world who have been directly impacted by terrorism.


title: Psychological resilience

text: Military organizations test personnel for the ability to function under stressful circumstances by deliberately subjecting them to stress during training. Those students who do not exhibit the necessary resilience can be screened out of the training. Those who remain can be given stress inoculation training. The process is repeated as personnel apply for increasingly demanding positions, such as special forces.


title: Psychological resilience

text: Resilience in children refers to individuals who are doing better than expected, given a history that includes risk or adverse experience. Once again, it is not a trait or something that some children simply possess. There is no such thing as an 'invulnerable child' that can overcome any obstacle or adversity that he or she encounters in life—and in fact, the trait is quite common. All children share the uniqueness of an upbringing, experiences which could be positive or negative. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE's) are events which occur in a child's life that could lead to maladaptive symptoms such as feeling tension, low mood, repetitive and recurring thoughts, and avoidance. The psychological resilience to overcome adverse events is not the sole explanation of why some children experience post-traumatic growth and some do not. Resilience is the product of a number of developmental processes over time, that has allowed children experience small exposures to adversity or some sort of age appropriate challenges to develop mastery and continue to develop competently. This gives children a sense of personal pride and self-worth.


title: Psychological resilience

text: Research on 'protective factors', which are characteristics of children or situations that particularly help children in the context of risk has helped developmental scientists to understand what matters most for resilient children. Two of these that have emerged repeatedly in studies of resilient children are good cognitive functioning (like cognitive self-regulation and IQ) and positive relationships (especially with competent adults, like parents). Children who have protective factors in their lives tend to do better in some risky contexts when compared to children without protective factors in the same contexts. However, this is not a justification to expose any child to risk. Children do better when not exposed to high levels of risk or adversity.


title: Psychological resilience

text: Resilient children within classroom environments have been described as working and playing well and holding high expectations, have often been characterized using constructs such as locus of control, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and autonomy. All of these things work together to prevent the debilitating behaviors that are associated with learned helplessness.


title: Psychological resilience

text: Communities play a huge role in fostering resilience. The clearest sign of a cohesive and supportive community is the presence of social organizations that provide healthy human development. Services are unlikely to be used unless there is good communication concerning them. Children who are repeatedly relocated do not benefit from these resources, as their opportunities for resilience-building, meaningful community participation are removed with every relocation.


title: Psychological resilience

text: Fostering resilience in children is favored in family environments that are caring and stable, hold high expectations for children's behavior and encourage participation in the life of the family. Most resilient children have a strong relationship with at least one adult, not always a parent, and this relationship helps to diminish risk associated with family discord. The definition of parental resilience, as the capacity of parents to deliver a competent and quality level of parenting to children, despite the presence of risk factors, has proven to be a very important role in children's resilience. Understanding the characteristics of quality parenting is critical to the idea of parental resilience. Even if divorce produces stress, the availability of social support from family and community can reduce this stress and yield positive outcomes. Any family that emphasizes the value of assigned chores, caring for brothers or sisters, and the contribution of part-time work in supporting the family helps to foster resilience. Resilience research has traditionally focused on the well-being of children, with limited academic attention paid to factors that may contribute to the resilience of parents.


title: Psychological resilience

text: Numerous studies have shown that some practices that poor parents utilize help promote resilience within families. These include frequent displays of warmth, affection, emotional support; reasonable expectations for children combined with straightforward, not overly harsh discipline; family routines and celebrations; and the maintenance of common values regarding money and leisure. According to sociologist Christopher B. Doob, "Poor children growing up in resilient families have received significant support for doing well as they enter the social world—starting in daycare programs and then in schooling."


title: Psychological resilience

text: Beyond preventing bullying, it is also important to consider how interventions based on emotional intelligence are important in the case that bullying does occur. Increasing emotional intelligence may be an important step in trying to foster resilience among victims. When a person faces stress and adversity, especially of a repetitive nature, their ability to adapt is an important factor in whether they have a more positive or negative outcome.


title: Psychological resilience

text: A 2013 study examined adolescents who illustrated resilience to bullying and found some interesting gendered differences, with higher behavioral resilience found among girls and higher emotional resilience found among boys. Despite these differences, they still implicated internal resources and negative emotionality in either encouraging or being negatively associated with resilience to bullying respectively and urged for the targeting of psychosocial skills as a form of intervention. Emotional intelligence has been illustrated to promote resilience to stress and as mentioned previously, the ability to manage stress and other negative emotions can be preventative of a victim going on to perpetuate aggression. One factor that is important in resilience is the regulation of one's own emotions. Schneider et al. (2013) found that emotional perception was significant in facilitating lower negative emotionality during stress and Emotional Understanding facilitated resilience and has a positive correlation with positive affect.


title: Psychological resilience

text: Many years and sources of research indicate that there are a few consistent protective factors of young children despite differences in culture and stressors (poverty, war, divorce of parents, natural disasters, etc.):


title: Psychological resilience

text: Ann Masten coins these protective factors as "ordinary magic," the ordinary human adaptive systems that are shaped by biological and cultural evolution. In her book, "Ordinary Magic: Resilience in Development", she discusses the "immigrant paradox", the phenomenon that first-generation immigrant youth are more resilient than their children. Researchers hypothesize that "there may be culturally based resiliency that is lost with succeeding generations as they become distanced from their culture of origin." Another hypothesis is that those who choose to immigrate are more likely to be more resilient.


title: Psychological resilience

text: Research by Rosemary Gonzalez and Amado M. Padilla on the academic resilience of Mexican–American high school students reveal that while a sense of belonging to school is the only significant predictor of academic resilience, a sense of belonging to family, a peer group, and a culture can also indicate higher academic resilience. "Although cultural loyalty overall was not a significant predictor of resilience, certain cultural influences nonetheless contribute to resilient outcomes, like familism and cultural pride and awareness." The results of Gonzalez and Padilla's study "indicate a negative relationship between cultural pride and the ethnic homogeneity of a school." They hypothesize that "ethnicity becomes a salient and important characteristic in more ethnically diverse settings".


title: Psychological resilience

text: Considering the implications of the research by Masten, Gonzalez, and Padilla, a strong connection with one's cultural identity is an important protective factor against stress and is indicative of increased resilience. While many additional classroom resources have been created to promote resilience in developing students, the most effective ways to ensure resilience in children is by protecting their natural adaptive systems from breaking down or being hijacked. At home, resilience can be promoted through a positive home environment and emphasized cultural practices and values. In school, this can be done by ensuring that each student develops and maintains a sense of belonging to the school through positive relationships with classroom peers and a caring teacher. Research on resilience consistently shows that a sense of belonging—whether it be in a culture, family, or another group—greatly predicts resiliency against any given stressor.


title: Psychological resilience

text: Often divorce is viewed as detrimental to one's emotional health, but studies have shown that cultivating resilience may be beneficial to all parties involved. The level of resilience a child will experience after their parents have split is dependent on both internal and external variables. Some of these variables include their psychological and physical state and the level of support they receive from their schools, friends, and family friends. The ability to deal with these situations also stems from the child's age, gender, and temperament. Children will experience divorce differently and thus their ability to cope with divorce will differ too. About 20–25% of children will "demonstrate severe emotional and behavioral problems" when going through a divorce. This percentage is notably higher than the 10% of children exhibiting similar problems in married families. Despite this, approximately 75–80% of these children will "develop into well-adjusted adults with no lasting psychological or behavioral problems". This comes to show that most children have the tools necessary to allow them to exhibit the resilience needed to overcome their parents' divorce.


title: Psychological resilience

text: The effects of the divorce extend past the separation of both parents. The remaining conflict between parents, financial problems, and the re-partnering or remarriage of parents can cause lasting stress. Studies conducted by Booth and Amato (2001) have shown that there is no correlation between post-divorce conflict and the child's ability to adjust to their life circumstance. On the other hand, Hetherington (1999) completed research on this same topic and did find adverse effects in children. In regards to the financial standing of a family, divorce does have the potential to reduce the children's style of living. Child support is often given to help cover basic needs such as schooling. If the parents' finances are already scarce then their children may not be able to participate in extracurricular activities such as sports and music lessons, which can be detrimental to their social lives.


title: Psychological resilience

text: Repartnering or remarrying can bring in additional levels of conflict and anger into their home environment. One of the reasons that re-partnering causes additional stress is because of the lack of clarity in roles and relationships; the child may not know how to react and behave with this new "parent" figure in their life. In most cases, bringing in a new partner/spouse will be the most stressful when done shortly after the divorce. In the past, divorce had been viewed as a "single event", but now research shows that divorce encompasses multiple changes and challenges. It is not only internal factors that allow for resiliency, but the external factors in the environment are critical for responding to the situation and adapting. Certain programs such as the 14-week Children's Support Group and the Children of Divorce Intervention Program may help a child cope with the changes that occur from a divorce.


title: Psychological resilience

text: Resilience after a natural disaster can be gauged in a number of different ways. It can be gauged on an individual level, a community level, and on a physical level. The first level, the individual level, can be defined as each independent person in the community. The second level, the community level, can be defined as all those inhabiting the locality affected. Lastly, the physical level can be defined as the infrastructure of the locality affected.


title: Psychological resilience

text: UNESCAP funded research on how communities show resiliency in the wake of natural disasters. They found that, physically, communities were more resilient if they banded together and made resiliency an effort of the whole community. Social support is key in resilient behavior, and especially the ability to pool resources. In pooling social, natural, and economic resources, they found that communities were more resilient and able to over come disasters much faster than communities with an individualistic mindset.


title: Psychological resilience

text: The World Economic Forum met in 2014 to discuss resiliency after natural disasters. They conclude that countries that are more economically sound, and have more individuals with the ability to diversify their livelihoods, will show higher levels of resiliency. This has not been studied in depth yet, but the ideas brought about through this forum appear to be fairly consistent with already existing research.


title: Psychological resilience

text: Research indicates that resilience following natural disasters can be predicted by the level of emotion an individual experienced and were able to process within and following the disaster. Those who employ emotional styles of coping were able to grow from their experiences and then help others. In these instances, experiencing emotions was adaptive. Those who did not engage with their emotions and employed avoidant and suppressive coping styles had poorer mental health outcomes following disaster.


title: Psychological resilience

text: Little research has been done on the topic of family resilience in the wake of the death of a family member. Traditionally, clinical attention to bereavement has focused on the individual mourning process rather than on those of the family unit as a whole. Resiliency is distinguished from recovery as the "ability to maintain a stable equilibrium" which is conducive to balance, harmony, and recovery. Families must learn to manage familial distortions caused by the death of the family member, which can be done by reorganizing relationships and changing patterns of functioning to adapt to their new situation. Exhibiting resilience in the wake of trauma can successfully traverse the bereavement process without long-term negative consequences.


title: Psychological resilience

text: One of the healthiest behaviors displayed by resilient families in the wake of a death is honest and open communication. This facilitates an understanding of the crisis. Sharing the experience of the death can promote immediate and long-term adaptation to the recent loss of a loved one. Empathy is a crucial component in resilience because it allows mourners to understand other positions, tolerate conflict, and be ready to grapple with differences that may arise. Another crucial component to resilience is the maintenance of a routine that helps to bind the family together through regular contact and order. The continuation of education and a connection with peers and teachers at school is an important support for children struggling with the death of a family member.


title: Psychological resilience

text: Resilience has also been examined in the context of failure and setbacks in workplace settings. Representing one of the core constructs of positive organizational behavior (Luthans, 2002), and given increasingly disruptive and demanding work environments, scholars' and practitioners' attention to psychological resilience in organizations has greatly increased. This research has highlighted certain personality traits, personal resources (e.g., self-efficacy, work-life balance, social competencies), personal attitudes (e.g., sense of purpose, job commitment), positive emotions, and work resources (e.g., social support, positive organizational context) as potential facilitators of workplace resilience.


title: Psychological resilience

text: Beyond studies on general workplace resilience, attention has been directed to the role of resilience in innovative contexts. Due to high degrees of uncertainty and complexity in the innovation process, failure and setbacks are naturally happening frequently in this context. As such failure and setbacks can have strong and harmful effects on affected individuals' motivation and willingness to take risks, their resilience is essential to productively engage in future innovative activities. To account for the peculiarities of the innovation context, a resilience construct specifically aligned to this unique context was needed to address the need to diagnose and develop innovators' resilience to minimize the human cost of failure and setbacks in innovation. As a context-specific conceptualization of resilience, Innovator Resilience Potential (IRP) serves this purpose and captures the potential for innovative functioning after the experience of failure or setbacks in the innovation process and for handling future setbacks. Based on Bandura's social cognitive theory, IRP is proposed to consist of six components: self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, optimism, hope, self-esteem, and risk propensity. The concept of IRP thus reflects a process perspective on resilience. On the one hand, in this process, IRP can be seen as an antecedent of how a setback affects an innovator. On the other hand, IRP can be seen as an outcome of the process that, in turn, is influenced by the setback situation. Recently, a measurement scale of IRP was developed and validated.


title: Psychological resilience

text: There is controversy about the indicators of good psychological and social development when resilience is studied across different cultures and contexts. The American Psychological Association's Task Force on Resilience and Strength in Black Children and Adolescents, for example, notes that there may be special skills that these young people and families have that help them cope, including the ability to resist racial prejudice. Researchers of indigenous health have shown the impact of culture, history, community values, and geographical settings on resilience in indigenous communities. People who cope may also show "hidden resilience" when they do not conform with society's expectations for how someone is supposed to behave (in some contexts, aggression may be required to cope, or less emotional engagement may be protective in situations of abuse).


title: Psychological resilience

text: Individualist cultures, such as those of the U.S., Austria, Spain, and Canada, emphasize personal goals, initiatives, and achievements. Independence, self-reliance, and individual rights are highly valued by members of individualistic cultures. Economic, political, and social policies reflect the culture's interest in individualism. The ideal person in individualist societies is assertive, strong, and innovative. People in this culture tend to describe themselves in terms of their unique traits- "I am analytical and curious" (Ma et al. 2004). Comparatively, in places like Japan, Sweden, Turkey, and Guatemala, Collectivist cultures emphasize family and group work goals. The rules of these societies promote unity, brotherhood, and selflessness. Families and communities practice cohesion and cooperation. The ideal person in collectivist societies is trustworthy, honest, sensitive, and generous- emphasizing intrapersonal skills. Collectivists tend to describe themselves in terms of their roles- "I am a good husband and a loyal friend" (Ma et al. 2004) In a study on the consequences of disaster on a culture's individualism, researchers operationalized these cultures by identifying indicative phrases in a society's literature. Words that showed the theme of individualism include, "able, achieve, differ, own, personal, prefer, and special." Words that indicated collectivism include, "belong, duty, give, harmony, obey, share, together."


title: Psychological resilience

text: Natural disasters threaten to destroy communities, displace families, degrade cultural integrity, and diminish an individual's level of functioning. Comparing individualist community reactions to collectivist community responses after natural disasters illustrates their differences and respective strengths as tools of resilience.


title: Psychological resilience

text: Some suggest that disasters reduce individual agency and sense of autonomy as it strengthens the need to rely on other people and social structures. Therefore, countries/regions with heightened exposure to disaster should cultivate collectivism. However, Withey (1962) and Wachtel (1968) conducted interviews and experiments on disaster survivors which indicated that disaster-induced anxiety and stress decrease one's focus on social-contextual information – a key component of collectivism. In this way, disasters may lead to increased individualism.


title: Psychological resilience

text: Mauch and Pfister (2004) questioned the association between socio-ecological indicators and cultural-level change in individualism. In their research, for each socio-ecological indicator, frequency of disasters was associated with greater (rather than less) individualism. Supplementary analyses indicated that the frequency of disasters was more strongly correlated with individualism-related shifts than was the magnitude of disasters or the frequency of disasters qualified by the number of deaths. Baby-naming practices is one interesting indicator of change. According to Mauch and Pfister (2004), urbanization was linked to preference for uniqueness in baby-naming practices at a 1-year lag, secularism was linked to individualist shifts in interpersonal structure at both lags, and disaster prevalence was linked to more unique naming practices at both lags. Secularism and disaster prevalence contributed mainly to shifts in naming practices.


title: Psychological resilience

text: There is a gap in disaster recovery research that focuses on psychology and social systems but does not adequately address interpersonal networking or relationship formation and maintenance. A disaster response theory holds that individuals who use existing communication networks fare better during and after disasters. Moreover, they can play important roles in disaster recovery by taking initiative to organize and help others recognize and use existing communication networks and coordinate with institutions which correspondingly should strengthen relationships with individuals during normal times so that feelings of trust exist during stressful ones.


title: Psychological resilience

text: In a collectivist sense, building strong, self-reliant communities, whose members know each other, know each other's needs and are aware of existing communication networks, looks like an optimum defense against disasters.


title: Psychological resilience

text: In comparing these cultures, there is really no way to measure resilience, but one can look at the collateral consequences of a disaster to a country to gauge its resilience.


title: Psychological resilience

text: Whereas individualistic societies promote individual responsibility for self-sufficiency, the collectivistic culture defines self-sufficiency within an interdependent communal context (Kayser et al. 2008). Even where individualism is salient, a group thrives when its members choose social over personal goals and seek to maintain harmony and where they value collectivist over individualist behavior (McAuliffe et al. 2003).


title: Psychological resilience

text: While not all languages have a direct translation for the English word "resilience", nearly every culture and community globally has a word which relates to a similar concept.The differences between the literal meanings of translated words shows that there is a common understanding of what resilience is. Even if a word does not directly translate to "resilience" in English, it relays a meaning similar enough to the concept and is used as such within the language.


title: Psychological resilience

text: If a specific word for resilience does not exist in a language, speakers of that language typically assign a similar word that insinuates resilience based on context. Many languages use words that translate to "elasticity" or "bounce", which are used in context to capture the meaning of resilience. For example, one of the main words for "resilience" in Chinese literally translates to "rebound", one of the main words for "resilience" in Greek translates to "bounce", and one of the main words for "resilience" in Russian translates to "elasticity," just as it does in German. However, this is not the case for all languages. For example, if a Spanish speaker wanted to say "resilience", their main two options translate to "resistance" and "defense against adversity". Many languages have words that translate better to "tenacity" or "grit" better than they do to "resilience". While these languages may not have a word that exactly translates to "resilience", note that English speakers often use tenacity or grit when referring to resilience. While one of the Greek words for "resilience" translates to "bounce", another option translates to "cheerfulness". Moreover, Arabic has a word solely for resilience, but also two other common expressions to relay the concept, which directly translate to "capacity on deflation" or "reactivity of the body", but are better translated as "impact strength" and "resilience of the body" respectively. On the other hand, a few languages, such as Finnish, have created words to express resilience in a way that cannot be translated back to English. In Finnish, the word "sisu" could most closely be translated to mean "grit" in English, but blends the concepts of resilience, tenacity, determination, perseverance, and courage into one word that has even become a facet of Finnish culture and earned its place as a name for a few Finnish brands.


title: Psychological resilience

text: Brad Evans and Julian Reid criticize resilience discourse and its rising popularity in their book, "Resilient Life". The authors assert that policies of resilience can put the onus of disaster response on individuals rather than publicly coordinated efforts. Tied to the emergence of neoliberalism, climate change, third-world development, and other discourses, Evans and Reid argue that promoting resilience draws attention away from governmental responsibility and towards self-responsibility and healthy psychological effects such as post-traumatic growth.


title: Rick Boogs

text: Eric Bugenhagen (born October 19, 1987) is an American professional wrestler and former collegiate wrestler. He is currently signed to WWE, where he performs on the SmackDown brand under the ring name Rick Boogs. He is currently inactive due to a torn quadriceps.


title: Rick Boogs

text: Aside from his wrestling career, Bugenhagen also runs a YouTube channel focused on weight training and comedy.


title: Rick Boogs

text: After winning a state title while at Franklin High School in Franklin, Wisconsin, Bugenhagen wrestled for the NCAA Division I University of Wisconsin team under Barry Davis. Bugenhagen competed for the Wisconsin Badgers from 2006 to 2011, starting at 184 pounds in his sophomore season and at heavyweight his junior and senior years. Bugenhagen twice competed at the NCAA Championships, qualifying for the 2010 and 2011 tournaments in Omaha, Nebraska, and Philadelphia, respectively. He went 2-4 at the NCAAs and also wrestled in a U.S. Olympic Trials qualifier. He graduated with a degree in kinesiology and worked as a wrestling coach for his alma mater after graduating.


title: Rick Boogs

text: Bugenhagen made his professional wrestling debut on the October 19, 2017 episode of "WWE NXT Live", where he fell short to Lars Sullivan in a singles match. After an injury set him back significantly, he returned to wrestling at NXT live events under the ring name Ric Boog. Under his real name, Bugenhagen lost to Drew Gulak on February 6, 2019 on "NXT" in his television debut. On the May 1, 2019 episode of WWE Worlds Collide, he participated in a 20-man battle royal as Rik Bugez, competing against other popular superstars such as Brian Kendrick, Akira Tozawa, Drew Gulak, Tyler Bate and the winner Roderick Strong. On the February 21, 2019 episode of "WWE NXT Live", Bugez teamed up with Denzel Dejournette to unsuccessfully face the NXT Tag Team Champions of the time, The Viking Raiders (Ivar and Erik). A notable confrontation of his career took place on the February 22, 2020 episode of "WWE NXT Live", where Bugez competed against Finn Balor in a losing effort.


title: Rick Boogs

text: Bugez made several appearances as an extra in the main shows, being one of the many NXT performers being used as part of a makeshift crowd on Raw at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Leading up to WrestleMania 37, Bugez played Old Spice representative character Joseph Average/The Nightpanther in several backstage advertisements at Fastlane and after WrestleMania 37, during which he defeated R-Truth and Akira Tozawa to capture the WWE 24/7 Championship twice.


title: Rick Boogs

text: On May 21, 2021, Bugez, now going by the tweaked ring name Rick Boogs, made his debut on "SmackDown", playing Shinsuke Nakamura to the ring with an electric guitar. He made his in ring debut on the August 20 episode of SmackDown, teaming with Nakamura to defeat Apollo Crews and Commander Azeez. At WrestleMania 38, Boogs and Nakamura faced The Usos for the SmackDown Tag Team Championship, in which The Usos retained. During the match, Boogs suffered a torn quadriceps/patellar tendon injury, requiring surgery.


title: Rick Boogs

text: Bugenhagen, as Rik Bugez, worked his first match in the independent scene at "EVOLVE 143", an event promoted by Evolve during their relationship with WWE on January 17, 2020, where he faced Joe Gacy in a losing effort. One night later, at "EVOLVE 144", Bugez scored his first victory by defeating Anthony Greene.


title: Sin Cara

text: Jose Jorge Arriaga Rodriguez (born September 5, 1977) is a Mexican-American professional wrestler currently working on the Mexican independent circuit, under the ring name Cinta de Oro (Spanish for "Golden Ribbon"). He is best known for his time with WWE under the ring name Sin Cara (Spanish for "Faceless"), where he was the second and longest-tenured wrestler to use the persona.


title: Sin Cara

text: Prior to his signing with WWE, he wrestled under the ring name Místico or Mystico (Spanish for "Mystic") under which he worked for Mexican professional wrestling promotion AAA and various independent promotions in the United States and Mexico. During this time, CMLL wrestler Místico grew in popularity, and since CMLL originally owned the legal rights to the character, Arriaga had to change his ring name to Místico de Juarez and later to Incognito, under which he wrestled in promotions like Chikara, Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, and the National Wrestling Alliance.


title: Sin Cara

text: Arriaga signed with WWE in 2009 and debuted on the main roster in 2011 as Sin Cara, temporarily replacing the original performer of the character, who coincidentally was also Luis Urive. Following the return of Urive, the two began a storyline, with Arriaga donning a black mask, and was referred to on commentary as Sin Cara Negro. Arriaga subsequently lost a Mask vs. Mask match against Urive and began wrestling unmasked under the ring name Hunico. In 2013, after the release of Urive, Arriaga reprised his role as Sin Cara. In contrast to Urive, Arriaga's portrayal of Sin Cara was bilingual due to Arriaga having grown up in the United States, thus knowing how to speak both Spanish and English, and doing so depending on the intended audience, whereas Urive legitimately did not know English. In September 2014, Arriaga won the NXT Tag Team Championship alongside Kalisto as a part of The Lucha Dragons. He departed the company in December 2019.


title: Sin Cara

text: Jose Jorge Arriaga Rodriguez was born on September 5, 1977 in El Paso, Texas, to Mexican immigrant parents. Arriaga grew up in El Segundo Barrio, El Paso, Texas. While working towards his goal of becoming a professional wrestler, Arriaga worked in his grandfather's funeral home in Juarez, Mexico. He also gained a degree in embalming and funeral director services in Mexico. Arriaga attended El Paso Burges High School and in 1996 was an undefeated state wrestling champion who was voted the MVP of the state tournament.


title: Sin Cara

text: Arriaga began wrestling at Burges High School from 1992 to 1996, where in 1995 he placed 3rd in State of Texas and in 1996 he became an undefeated State Champion. He then embarked on a professional career, as he managed to continue working for his family's funeral home in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico during the early 2000s under the ring name "Mistico". This masked ring persona may or may not have preceded the in-ring debut of Místico (Luis Urive) in Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), but Paco Alonso owned the legal rights to the name "Místico" since 1999 anyway, forcing Arriaga to change his name to "Mystico" or "Mistico de Juarez" to differentiate from the original. On February 2, 2004 he defeated Nicho El Millonario to win the WWA Middleweight Championship but was stripped of the title in March when he had to stop wrestling in the Tijuana, Baja California area where the World Wrestling Association was based.


title: Sin Cara

text: In early 2004, he began working regularly for Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA), CMLL's main Mexican rival and had to change his name in order to avoid any type of legal problems. With minor adjustments to his mask and tights, he became known as "Incognito" instead. While he was signed to AAA for over a year, Incognito made few wrestling appearances, spending most of his time training in AAA's school to improve his wrestling skills. In 2005, he had left AAA and began working for various independent wrestling promotions on both sides of the US/Mexico border, exploiting the fact that he was a US citizen and spoke English well to get more bookings in the US than most "luchadors" typically can.


title: Sin Cara

text: Incognito first made a name for himself in the United States when he participated in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling's (TNA) 2006 World X-Cup Tournament. As part of Team Mexico, Incognito's only match in the World Cup tournament was a 16-man gauntlet match that included all four World Cup teams. Incognito was eliminated by Sonjay Dutt. Team Mexico finished in third place out of four teams.


title: Sin Cara

text: Following his appearance for TNA, Incognito began working regularly for the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), often teaming with fellow "Luchador" Sicodelico Jr. The two participated in a tournament to crown new NWA World Tag Team Champions, but lost to Joey Ryan and Karl Anderson in the final match, a match that also included Billy Kidman and Sean Waltman.


title: Sin Cara

text: On September 22, 2007, Incognito made his first appearance for the "Lucha Libre" inspired Chikara promotion when he participated in their annual 16-man "torneo cibernetico" tournament. Incognito was part of an eight-man team consisting only of masked wrestlers (Equinox, Las Chivas Rayadas, Lince Dorado, Los Ice Creams and Magno). The team lost to The Kings of Wrestling. Incognito returned to Chikara in 2008 for a series of appearances. He teamed with El Pantera and Lince Dorado to form the team "Los Luchadores de Mexico" (Spanish for "the Wrestlers from Mexico") winning Chikara's 28-team King of Trios 2008 tournament when they defeated BLKOUT (Eddie Kingston, Joker and Ruckus) in the finals. Incognito went on to win the 2008 "Rey de Voladores" ("King of the Fliers") tournament when he defeated Helios in the finals on May 18, 2008. In April 2009 Incognito made two appearances for Ring of Honor, working on the same shows where his friend Blue Demon Jr. worked. On April 3 he teamed with Chris Hero and Eddie Edwards to defeat Jay Briscoe, Kevin Steen and Magno and on April 4 he teamed with Hero, Edwards and Davey Richards in a loss to El Generico, Steen, Briscoe and Magno.


title: Sin Cara

text: On December 14, 2009 Arriaga worked a "try out" match for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) working without a mask, under the name Jorge Arias, losing a tag team match against The Dudebusters. Shortly after Arriaga signed a developmental deal with WWE following his try out match and started in WWE's farm league Florida Championship Wrestling. He later changed his ring name to Hunico although his mask and outfit remained unchanged. In April Hunico began teaming with Tito Colon, wrestling Florida Tag Team Champions The Uso Brothers (Jimmy Uso and Jey Uso) but were unsuccessful. Later on Tito Colon was given a new ring persona, an "enmascarado" (masked) character called "Dos Equis" (after the Dos Equis beer), which was later changed to "Epico", and the team was named "Los Aviadores" (Spanish for "The Aviators"). On June 3, 2010 "Los Aviadores" defeated The Uso Brothers to win the Florida Tag Team Championship. On July 15 "Los Aviadores" lost the tag team titles to Kaval and Michael McGillicutty, but regained the titles the following day in a rematch. On August 12 Hunico and Epico lost the FCW Florida Tag Team Championship to Johnny Curtis and Derrick Bateman in a three-way match, which also involved the team of Donny Marlow and Brodus Clay. On July 26, 2011, Hunico wrestled in a dark match at the "NXT" tapings, losing to Justin Gabriel.


title: Sin Cara

text: On the August 12 episode of "SmackDown", Arriaga made his WWE debut, taking over the role of Sin Cara from Luis Urive, the former CMLL Místico, who was serving a 30-day suspension for violating WWE's wellness program, and defeated Tyson Kidd. Arriaga reprised his role of Sin Cara the following week, taking part in a battle royal to determine the #1 contender to the World Heavyweight Championship, from which he was the last man eliminated by the winner, Mark Henry. On August 20, Urive took back the role of Sin Cara for a live event. At the following tapings of "SmackDown", Arriaga once again appeared under the mask. On the August 30 episode of "SmackDown", Sin Cara defeated Daniel Bryan and attacked Bryan after the match, turning heel for the first time.


title: Sin Cara

text: At the tapings of the September 16 episode of "SmackDown", the original Sin Cara made his return, confronting Arriaga's impostor version of the character. On the September 19 episode of "Raw", the impostor Sin Cara attacked the original character prior to his match with Cody Rhodes, but was forced to flee after a brief brawl. On the September 23 episode of "SmackDown", the impostor Sin Cara attacked the original version during his match with Daniel Bryan, took his place in the match and pinned Bryan for the win. The following week, he revealed a new black attire to distinguish himself from the original version, while also explaining that he was going to steal the Sin Cara identity from Urive, just as Urive had stolen the Místico identity from him six years prior. At Hell in a Cell, the impostor Sin Cara, now being referred to as "Sin Cara Negro", was defeated by the original Sin Cara, now referred to as "Sin Cara Azul". The feud continued on the following "SmackDown" with Negro attacking Azul. The rivalry culminated at the October 16 taping of "SmackDown" in Mexico City in a Mask vs. Mask match, where Sin Cara Azul was victorious, unmasking Arriaga after the match.


title: Sin Cara

text: On the October 28 "SmackDown", Negro was interviewed by Matt Striker, where he wanted payback for losing to Azul while revealing his name to be Hunico, a name he used in FCW. He also adopted a new gimmick, portraying a stereotypical Mexican hoodlum, wrestling in street attire and addressing the audience in both Spanish and English. On the November 4 "SmackDown", Hunico continued his rivalry with Sin Cara by attacking him together with his debuting FCW tag team partner Epico. Despite Epico's cousin Primo soon joining them, this was short lived as Primo & Epico went on to align with Rosa Mendes. Hunico's feud with Sin Cara was cut short when Sin Cara suffered a legit injury at Survivor Series, which required surgery. On the December 15 "Superstars", Hunico introduced FCW's Donny Marlow (son of Haku) as his new bodyguard as they rode to the ring in a lowrider bicycle (which would become Hunico's signature entrance). The following week, Marlow's new name was revealed as Camacho. It was revealed that Hunico and Camacho's friendship arose from Hunico once saving Camacho from several attackers, resulting in Hunico being stabbed but biting a man's eyeball out in the process.


title: Sin Cara

text: In January 2012, Hunico started a feud with Ted DiBiase after Hunico was offended that he was not invited to one of DiBiase's Posse parties. After both wrestlers scored two wins apiece, Hunico defeated DiBiase on the February 17 "SmackDown" to end the feud. After his feud with DiBiase, Hunico wrestled extensively on "Superstars", going on an unbeaten streak in "Superstars" singles matches by defeating the likes of Ezekiel Jackson, Yoshi Tatsu, and Justin Gabriel. In April, Camacho began regularly teaming with Hunico. In June, Hunico lost to the returning Sin Cara, on the June 4 "Raw" and at No Way Out. In the pre-show of Money in the Bank, Hunico and Camacho lost to the WWE Tag Team Champions Kofi Kingston and R-Truth in a non-title match. At "Raw 1000" in July 2012, Hunico, along with Camacho and four other wrestlers attempted to ambush Kane to make a statement, but The Undertaker returned to save Kane, disposing of Hunico with a chokeslam and a tombstone piledriver. Hunico then underwent surgery for a torn anterior cruciate ligament in the knee.


title: Sin Cara

text: Hunico returned to in-ring action (but not television) at the WrestleMania Axxess live event on April 4, 2013, once again teaming with Camacho. Hunico and Camacho returned to television on the November 6 "Main Event" and lost to The Usos. Hunico and Camacho's first title shot was for the NXT Tag Team Championship on the December 11 "NXT", where they lost to the defending champions The Ascension.


title: Sin Cara

text: On the December 2, 2013, the Sin Cara character returned to "Raw", with Arriaga reprising the character and defeated Alberto Del Rio, and the character experienced a resurgence as he embarked on a winning streak throughout the month. Sin Cara's streak was ended by Del Rio on the January 6, 2014 episode of "Raw". As 2014 progressed, Sin Cara was unsuccessful in winning four battle royals: the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal at WrestleMania XXX, a battle royal for the WWE United States Championship in May, a Money in the Bank qualifying battle royal in June and a battle royal for the WWE Intercontinental Championship at Battleground.


title: Sin Cara

text: Soon after, Sin Cara was sent to NXT, where he formed a tag team with Kalisto known as "The Lucha Dragons". At , Sin Cara and Kalisto defeated The Ascension to win the NXT Tag Team Championship, and Arriaga' first title in WWE. After defeating Intercontinental Champion Bad News Barrett in a non-title match on the January 9, 2015 episode of "SmackDown", Sin Cara was awarded a title shot against Barrett on the taped episode of "Smackdown" which aired on January 15, but lost the match. On the January 28 episode of "NXT", The Lucha Dragons lost the NXT Tag Team Championship to Wesley Blake and Buddy Murphy. Sin Cara competed in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal at WrestleMania 31, but failed to win the match. The following night on "Raw", The Lucha Dragons made their main roster debut as a team in an 8-man tag team match, teaming with The New Day (Big E and Kofi Kingston) to defeat Tyson Kidd and Cesaro and The Ascension (Konnor and Viktor). At Elimination Chamber, The Lucha Dragons competed in the first ever tag team Elimination Chamber match for the WWE Tag Team Championship, however they failed to capture the titles. In late June, The Lucha Dragons took a small part in the ongoing feud between The New Day and The Prime Time Players on the June 25 episode of "SmackDown", when they teamed with The Prime Time Players in a winning effort against The New Day and Bo Dallas. At SummerSlam, The Lucha Dragons competed in a Fatal 4-Way tag team match for the WWE Tag Team Championship which was won by The New Day.


title: Sin Cara

text: At Night of Champions, The Lucha Dragons and Neville were defeated by The Cosmic Wasteland (Stardust, Konnor and Viktor). At , The Lucha Dragons, The Usos and The New Day competed in a triple threat tag team ladder match for WWE Tag Team Championship which was won by The New Day, who retained their titles. The following week, on a live episode of "SmackDown", The Lucha Dragons received another tag team title shot, but they were once again defeated by The New Day. On the December 28 episode of "Raw", Sin Cara dislocated his shoulder in a match with Big E, leaving him out of action. On February 6, Sin Cara returned from injury, teaming with Kalisto in a winning effort. On the March 21 episode of "Raw", Sin Cara faced Stardust and Zack Ryder in a triple threat match to determine the #1 contender for the Intercontinental Championship, which ended in no contest, after Intercontinental Champion Kevin Owens interfered in the match. Afterwards, it was announced that Sin Cara would compete in a 7-man ladder match for the title at WrestleMania 32 against Owens, Stardust, Ryder, Dolph Ziggler, Sami Zayn and The Miz, which he lost.


title: Sin Cara

text: On July 18, Sin Cara and Kalisto announced they were disbanding and entering the 2016 draft as singles competitors. As a result of the draft, Sin Cara was drafted to the Raw brand. On the September 5 episode of "Raw", Sin Cara confronted Braun Strowman, who had removed a luchador's mask the previous week. Sin Cara berated Strowman for disrespecting luchador tradition, igniting a feud between the two. On the following weeks on "Raw", Strowman would defeat Sin Cara in two matches by countout and pinfall. On the October 10 episode of "Raw", Sin Cara teamed with Lince Dorado to defeat Tony Nese and Drew Gulak. During the match, it was confirmed that Sin Cara would be competing in the cruiserweight division. At the Hell in a Cell pay-per-view on October 30, Sin Cara participated in a six-man tag team match, teaming with Lince Dorado and Cedric Alexander to defeat Tony Nese, Drew Gulak and Ariya Daivari.


title: Sin Cara

text: On April 11, 2017, Sin Cara was moved to the SmackDown brand as part of the Superstar Shake-up. On the October 17 episode of "SmackDown Live", Sin Cara started a feud with the United States Champion Baron Corbin, but on November 6, Sin Cara revealed on Twitter that he suffered a legitimate leg injury during the European tour against Baron Corbin. However, the injury was not severe and he was cleared to compete shortly afterwards. On the November 14 episode of "SmackDown Live", Sin Cara failed to win the United States Championship, after being defeated by Corbin. At WrestleMania 34 on April 8, 2018, Sin Cara competed in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, but failed to win. On the May 29 episode of "SmackDown Live", Sin Cara tried to reconnect with Andrade "Cien" Almas only to be blown off. At Extreme Rules on July 15, Sin Cara lost to Almas. On August 15, it was reported that Sin Cara underwent knee surgery. In March 2019, he was cleared to return to in-ring action. At Super ShowDown on June 7, 2019, Sin Cara competed in the 51-man battle royal, but failed to win.


title: Sin Cara

text: As part of the 2019 draft, Sin Cara was drafted to Raw and restarted his feud with Andrade, where he lost against him on the October 21 and 28 episodes of "Raw". Sin Cara also allied with NXT wrestler Carolina to face Andrade and Andrade's manager Zelina Vega, but they were defeated by Andrade and Vega on the November 4 episode of "Raw". After the match, Arriaga asked WWE for future plans and, while several WWE producers didn't answer him, Raw's Executive Director Paul Heyman told him the character of Sin Cara was "dead", which was one of the reasons to leave the company. On the November 11 episode of "Raw, "Sin Cara was defeated by Drew McIntyre, in what would be his final televised match in WWE. On that same show was aired, Arriaga requested his release from WWE, citing that while grateful about the opportunities that WWE gave him, he felt unappreciated and wanted to expand his career elsewhere. On December 8, WWE officially granted his release and Arriaga departed from the company.


title: Sin Cara

text: On December 14, 2019, at Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide's annual "Guerra de Titanes" show, Arriaga made a surprise appearance after one of the matches. Arriaga, wearing the Sin Cara mask and using his WWE ring name, saved Pagano from an attack and then announced that he would return in 2020. On December 17, Arriaga announced that he would be changing his ring name to "Cinta de Oro" ("Golden Ribbon"), to continue the legacy of the original performer of the character who died in 2016. The sons of the original performer gave Arriaga permission to do so, and handed him the last mask worn by their father. On April 19, 2020, Arriaga competed in his first match under the Cinta de Oro gimmick, teaming with Pagano to defeat Aéreo and El Hijo Del Impostor at a "De Juarez Para El Mundo" event.


title: Sin Cara

text: In November 2016, it was reported that WWE had ordered Arriaga to take anger management classes, following separate altercations with Simon Gotch and Chris Jericho.


title: Sin Cara

text: Arriaga is friends with Raúl Jiménez, who plays football for Wolverhampton Wanderers. Jiménez celebrated scoring a goal in April 2019 by briefly donning a mask in the style of Sin Cara's. Arriaga visited the club in May 2019.


title: Sin Cara

text: Arriaga made his video game debut in "WWE '13" as Hunico, and later appeared in "WWE 2K14", "WWE 2K16", "WWE 2K17", "WWE 2K18", "WWE 2K19", and "WWE 2K20" as Sin Cara.


title: Sin Cara

text: Sin Cara wore multiple masks every year, with a mesh tray paper on each eye opening at the masks. Unlike Rey Mysterio And Kalisto, he did not have a mouth opening and instead placed mesh tray papers on several mouth opening stripes. These masks covered his full face.


title: Stock footage

text: Stock footage, and similarly, archive footage, library pictures, and file footage is film or video footage that can be used again in other films. Stock footage is beneficial to filmmakers as it saves shooting new material. A single piece of stock footage is called a "stock shot" or a "library shot". Stock footage may have appeared in previous productions but may also be outtakes or footage shot for previous productions and not used. Examples of stock footage that might be utilized are moving images of cities and landmarks, wildlife in their natural environments, and historical footage. Suppliers of stock footage may be either rights managed or royalty-free. Many websites offer direct downloads of clips in various formats.


title: Stock footage

text: Stock footage companies began to emerge in the mid-1980s, offering clips mastered on Betacam SP, VHS, and film formats. Many of the smaller libraries that specialized in niche topics such as extreme sports, technological or cultural collections were bought out by larger concerns such as Corbis or Getty Images over the next couple of decades.


title: Stock footage

text: Stock footage can be used to integrate news footage or notable figures into a film. For instance, the Academy Award-winning film "Forrest Gump" used stock footage extensively, modified with computer-generated imagery to portray the lead character meeting such historic figures such as John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, and John Lennon.


title: Stock footage

text: Television and movies series also often recycle footage taken from previous installments. For instance, the "Star Trek" franchise kept a large collection of starships, planets, backgrounds, and explosions, which would appear on a regular basis throughout Star Trek's five series and ten films, being used with minimal alteration. That kept production costs down as models, mattes, and explosions were expensive to create. The advances in computer graphics in the late 1990s and early 2000s helped to significantly reduce the cost of Star Trek's production, and allowed for a much wider variety of shots than previous model and painting based visuals. Other films that re-used film footage from previous productions include "", "Blade Runner", "", "Hitman", "", "Halloween II", "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1" "& 2" and "Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure".


title: Stock footage

text: Some series, particularly those made for children, such as "Power Rangers" or "Teletubbies", reuse footage that is shown in many episodes. Meant for a young audience, the approach increases viewers' familiarity between shows. This introduces problems such as the requirement to, for example, wear the same clothing and inconsistency can sometimes become a problem. When cleverly filmed it is possible to avoid many of these problems.


title: Stock footage

text: Many broadcast shows use stock-footage clips as establishing shots of a particular city, which imply that the show is shot on location when in fact, it may be shot in a backlot studio. One or two establishing shots of an exotic location such as the Great Wall of China, Easter Island, or French Polynesia will save production companies the major costs of transporting crew and equipment to those actual locations.


title: Stock footage

text: Stock footage is often used in commercials when there is not enough money or time for production. More often than not these commercials are political or issue-oriented in nature. Sometimes it can be used to composite moving images that create the illusion of having on-camera performers appear to be on location. The term "B-roll" may refer to stock footage or newly shot scenes.


title: Stock footage

text: Stock footage that appears on television screens or monitors shown in movies or television shows is referred to as "playback". In "", which was written by and starring Will Ferrell as a San Diego news anchor, the studio purchased archival 1970s clips from San Diego stock footage firm New & Unique Videos. The playback footage of a hurricane featured in Disney's "Smart House" came from the vaults of the same San Diego firm.


title: Stock footage

text: Stock footage also appears many a time in animated series which is mostly a transition to live-action stock footage.


title: Stock footage

text: One of the most common uses of stock footage is in documentaries. Use of stock footage allows the filmmaker to tell the story of historical events such as World War II "Why We Fight" series, to document modern underwater archaeology activities, or to supplement content in natural history documentaries. Budgets may not be sufficient to keep a production crew on site for long-term projects, and stock footage allows the producer to pick the moments in time that are most important to the story or to give context to historical events.


title: Stock footage

text: Several films that would otherwise be completely lost have surviving footage due to the film being used as a stock footage. For example, "The Cat Creeps" has some scenes preserved in the movie "Boo", and scenes from "Queen of the Night Clubs" are preserved as stock footage in "Winner Take All". If not for the use of stock footage, these films would be lost entirely.


title: Stock footage

text: In the early 2020s, stock footage of studio audience applause and reactions was used in television shows in place of a live studio audience due to the then-current COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Stock footage

text: Companies throughout the world use stock footage in their video productions for in-house meetings, annual conventions, seminars, and other events. It has become popular to videotape interviews of CEOs and other VIPs using a green screen backdrop. When the green is keyed out during post-production, stock footage or stock shots are inserted, to impart a particular message.


title: Stock footage

text: One of the largest producers of public domain stock footage is the United States government. All videos produced by the United States military, NASA, and other agencies are available for use as stock footage. There are a number of companies that own the copyrights to large libraries of stock footage and charge filmmakers a fee for using it, but they rarely demand royalties. Stock footage comes from a myriad of sources including the public domain, other movies and television programs, news outlets, and purpose-shot stock footage.


title: Stock footage

text: With each introduction of new standard, it requires reshooting, rerendering, or rescanning the popular footage as well as new images to show the capabilities of the next standard. Betacam SP, VHS, and early digital footage was shot in standard-definition (SD), in 4:3 aspect ratio. Next came a higher resolution format, High Definition (HD), with a , which is closer to cinema widescreen formats. Many stock-footage companies and producers were concerned that their libraries would become irrelevant. Many companies are also including virtual reality (VR) and 360-degree video footage.


title: Stock footage

text: Popular digital container formats include MOV (QuickTime File Format) AVI, FLV, MP4, and MXF, which are commonly used in non-linear editing system applications such as Avid, Final Cut Pro, and Adobe Premiere Pro.


title: Shoichi Yokoi

text: Yokoi was born in Saori, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. He was an apprentice tailor when he was conscripted in 1941.


title: Shoichi Yokoi

text: Initially, Yokoi served with the 29th Infantry Division in Manchukuo. In 1943, he was transferred to the 38th Regiment in the Mariana Islands and arrived on Guam in February 1943. When American forces captured the island in the 1944 Battle of Guam, Yokoi went into hiding with nine other Japanese soldiers. Seven of the original ten eventually moved away and only three remained in the region. These men separated, but visited each other periodically until about 1964, when the other two died in a flood. For the last eight years, Yokoi lived alone. He survived by hunting, primarily at night. He also used native plants to make clothes, bedding, and storage implements, which he carefully hid in his cave. He hid in the jungle, fearing he might be captured by American soldiers occupying the southern islands of Japan. No one told him the war was over.


title: Shoichi Yokoi

text: On the evening of 24 January 1972, Yokoi was discovered by two local men checking shrimp traps along a small river on Talofofo. They had assumed Yokoi was a villager from Talofofo, but he thought his life was in danger and attacked them. They managed to subdue him and carried him out of the jungle.


title: Shoichi Yokoi

text: Yokoi later said that he expected the local men to kill him at first but was surprised when instead they allowed him to eat hot soup at their home before turning him over to the authorities. He was in relatively good health, but slightly anemic due to a lack of salt in his diet according to doctors at Guam Memorial Hospital. His diet included wild nuts, mangos, papaya, shrimp, snails, frogs, and rats.


title: Shoichi Yokoi

text: "It is with much embarrassment that I return," he said upon his return to Japan in March 1972. The remark quickly became a popular saying in Japan.


title: Shoichi Yokoi

text: He had known since 1952 that World War II had ended but feared coming out of hiding, explaining that "We Japanese soldiers were told to prefer death to the disgrace of getting captured alive."


title: Shoichi Yokoi

text: He was featured in a 1977 documentary film called "Yokoi and His Twenty-Eight Years of Secret Life on Guam."


title: Shoichi Yokoi

text: Although he never met Emperor Shōwa, while visiting the grounds of the Imperial Palace, Yokoi said, "Your Majesties, I have returned home ... I deeply regret that I could not serve you well. The world has certainly changed, but my determination to serve you will never change."


title: Shoichi Yokoi

text: Yokoi died in 1997 of a heart attack at the age of 82, and was buried at a Nagoya cemetery, under a gravestone that had originally been commissioned by his mother in 1955, after Yokoi had been officially declared dead.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: Ultimate Beastmaster is an American sports entertainment reality show competition that premiered on Netflix on February 24, 2017. The show differentiates itself from other obstacle course competition shows by showcasing not only international talent, but by producing six localized versions, featuring select television hosts, actors, comedians and athletes as commentators from the six countries competing in the show. Reactions from all countries' hosts appear in each localized versions, especially during course clearing victories. Each season consists of 10 episodes, released simultaneously on Netflix worldwide. The first season premiered on February 24, 2017, while the second season aired on Netflix on December 15, 2017.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: In February 2018, the show was renewed for a third season, consisting of nine episodes, which premiered on August 31, 2018.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: In each episode, there are twelve contestants (two from each country) who run a new obstacle course known as “The Beast”. The winner is crowned “Beastmaster”. Each of the "Beastmasters" from the nine Beastmaster episodes will go forward to a final course, to become the Ultimate Beastmaster. Starting in Season 3, each show featured nine competitors (one from each country in the competition). The two competitors with the highest score in the final stage moved onto one of two semi-finals. The top three from each semi-final moved to the final episode to be crowned Ultimate Beastmaster.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: In addition to Sylvester Stallone hosting season 1, each country has its own set of two hosts/commentators for the competition. They are as follows:


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: Not only do each pair of hosts provide color commentary for each of the 6-9 localized versions, but the foreign commentators also make appearances in each localized version, with their commentary presented by subtitles. If a contestant completes a course, all hosts' reactions are shown on screen. Furthermore, since all host booths are placed in a row on the "Ultimate Beastmaster" set, commentators from one localization can easily walk into the booth of another localized version.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: The obstacle course for the competition is known as The Beast, and it is divided into 4 Levels. Competitors with the highest scores after each level move on while those with the lowest scores are eliminated. Scores accumulate on levels 1–3, with ties decided in favor of the competitor who finished the farthest the fastest. The obstacles are suspended over a body of red-tinted water referred to as Beast Blood and housed in a giant steel frame that takes the form of a large animal. A competitor is considered to have failed a Level if all four limbs are submerged into the Beast Blood. Failure ends the attempt at the current Level, but confers no penalties; except in the case of Level 3's The Hard Way, in which completing additional challenges nets bonus points but failure removes points.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: The winner of each episode is crowned the title Beastmaster. The nine beastmasters of all episodes then compete against each other in the final episode (episode 10). The winner, if completed the entire level 4 (reaching the top of The Power Source and obtained the final Point Thruster at the summit), is crowned the Ultimate Beastmaster and awarded $50,000.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: Each obstacle is worth ten points allowing for a possible total of 60 or 80 Points, depending on The Beast's configuration, with the opportunity of gathering 90 points in the final episode (season finale).


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: Each obstacle is worth 20 points allowing for a possible total of 160 or 200 points, depending on The Beast's configuration.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: In Level 3, also known as the Energy Pyramid, the top 5 scorers compete, with the top two advancing to the final level.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: At the end of the Coil Crawl competitors must make a choice between two paths. If competitors choose to go right (The Easy Way) they only have to complete one more obstacle:


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: Obstacles (excluding those on the bonus course) are worth 30 points. Bonus obstacles are worth 40 points each, and a competitor may choose to accept their bonus score and decline the remaining obstacle(s). Failure on any of the bonus obstacles forfeits any bonus points and suffers a 40-point penalty. The highest possible total is 240 points.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: In Level 4 all scores are reset to 0 and the top 2 competitors face each other on The Power Source, an eighty-foot climbing wall, with the top 1 being the Ultimate Beastmaster for the finals.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: Along all four sections of the Power Source are Energy Taps, green buttons which the competitors must touch in order to gain points. Each Energy Tap is worth ten points, except the 2 energy Taps from High Voltage which are worth 40 points. Competitors are given six minutes to accumulate the highest possible score, with ties decided in favor of the competitor who is currently highest on the tower. There is no failure condition for the Power Source, and competitors may attempt to regain their footing if they lose grip on the tower/wall or fall.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: The obstacle course for the competition is known as The Beast, and it is divided into 4 Levels. Competitors with the highest scores after each level move on while those with the lowest scores are eliminated. Unlike the previous season, scores accrue on all four levels, with ties decided in favor of the competitor who finished the farthest the fastest. The obstacles are suspended over a body of red-tinted water referred to as The Beast Blood (except for Level 3 which has blue-tinted water and is referred to as the Fuel of the Pyramid) and housed in a giant steel frame that takes the form of a large animal. A competitor is considered to have failed a Level if all four limbs are submerged into the Beast Blood/Fuel of the Pyramid. Failure ends the attempt at the current Level but confers no penalties. Competitors have 1,500 seconds (25 minutes) to complete all four levels.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: Each individual portion of an obstacle is worth five points allowing for a possible total of 90 or 120 Points, depending on Beast configuration. A perfect run will give you a score of 130 points.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: In Level 2 the top eight competitors compete, with the top five scorers moving on. All obstacles are lifted from the previous season.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: Each individual portion of an obstacle is worth five points allowing for a possible total of 155 points. Competitors have 480 seconds (8 minutes) to complete Level 2.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: In Level 3, also known as the Energy Pyramid, the top 5 scorers compete, with the top two advancing to the final level. Unlike the previous season, there is no Easy Way or Hard Way.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: Individual portions of obstacles are worth five points. The highest possible total is 150 points. Competitors have 360 seconds (6 minutes) to complete Level 3.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: In Level 4 the top two competitors face each other on an eighty-foot climbing wall. Unlike the previous season, scores from the previous levels are kept and there are no Power Taps.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: Competitors are given five minutes to accrue the highest possible score, with ties decided in favor of the competitor who is currently highest on the tower. There is no failure condition for Level 4, and competitors may attempt to regain their footing if they lose grip on the wall.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: The obstacle course for the competition is known as The Beast, and it is divided into 3 Levels. Level 4 has been added to the Beast for the Finals. Competitors with the highest scores after each level move on while those with the lowest scores are eliminated, with ties decided in favor of the competitor who finished the farthest the fastest. Unlike the first season (where scores reset on Level 4) and the previous season (where scores accrue on all four levels), all scores reset to 0 at the start of the level and competitors get the farthest the fastest. The obstacles are suspended over a body of red-tinted water referred to as Beast Blood (except for Level 3 which has blue-tinted water and is referred to as the Fuel of the Pyramid) and housed in a giant steel frame that takes the form of a large animal. A competitor is considered to have failed a Level if all four limbs are submerged into the Beast Blood/Fuel of the Pyramid. Failure ends the attempt at the current Level but confers no penalties.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: This season, in addition to the normal Point Thrusters, a new Mega Thruster has been added, which counts down from any number at any speed. Depending on how fast they hit the Thruster, they get the number of points that they hit the Thruster at. In addition, a final Point Thruster worth 25 points has been added to the end of every level.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: This season also features a tournament-style bracket, in which two athletes advance from each episode to a semifinal round then to a final round, earning themselves $10,000, where they fight for the title of Ultimate Beastmaster and $50,000. In the semifinals, the top six competitors compete, with the top three winning $10,000 and moving on to the finals. Competitors must run the entire course (levels 1–4) in one go and get the farthest the fastest. If they fail once, they are given an extra life they can use to try again from one of five checkpoints throughout the course, but at the cost of the points accrued after crossing the checkpoint. Should the competitor choose not to use it, however, the extra life is then forfeited and cannot be used later.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: At the end of Hyper Jump, there are two different paths taken, often with interchangeable obstacles, depending on the episode. Competitors can go for the Mag Wall or the Crash Pads.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: Each individual portion of an obstacle is worth five points allowing for a possible total of 90 or 120 Points, depending on Beast configuration.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: In Level 2 the top six competitors compete, with the top four scorers moving on. Similar to Season 1, some obstacles interchange with each other.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: Each individual portion of an obstacle is worth five points allowing for a possible total of 150 points.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: In Level 3, also known as the Energy Pyramid, the top four scorers compete, with the top two advancing to the Semifinals (3 moving on to Level 4 for the Finals.)


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: In Level 4 the top three finalists compete on an climbing wall, with the top 1 winning $50,000 and being crowned the Ultimate Beastmaster. Unlike the previous seasons, this level is exclusive to the Finals, and competitors each compete one-at-a-time. Points can only be attained through three Mega Thrusters placed throughout, each worth 250 points more than the previous Thruster.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: Competitors are given unlimited time to accrue the highest possible score, with ties decided in favor of the competitor who finished the fastest. There is no failure condition for Level 4, and competitors may attempt to regain their footing if they lose grip on the wall.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: Level 1 Configuration: Bite Force, Grinders, Faceplant, Energy Coils, Blue Energy Coils, Sling Shot, Crash Pads


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: Season 1 premiered on Netflix on February 24, 2017. The season was filmed in Santa Clarita, California, over the course of eight nights. Felipe Camargo of Brazil was the Ultimate Beastmaster winner for placing first.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: Prior to the release of season 1, Netflix had already ordered and shot season 2. The second season premiered on Netflix on December 15, 2017, with contestants from the United States, Spain, France, Italy, China and India. Haibin Qu of China was crowned the Ultimate Beastmaster for placing first and completing the entire course in the final.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: In February 2018 the show was renewed for a third season, consisting of nine episodes. The third season features the United States, Brazil, Germany, Mexico, South Korea, France, Italy, United Kingdom and Australia. Season 3 was released on August 31, 2018. Season 3 featured a tournament-style bracket, in which two athletes advanced from each episode to a semifinal round, then to a final round where they fought for the title of Ultimate Beastmaster. Corbin Mackin of the United Kingdom was crowned Beastmaster for placing first.


title: Ultimate Beastmaster

text: James Hibberd compares the first season of "Ultimate Beastmaster" related to "American Ninja Warrior" in a mixed review of the shows. Hibberd praises "Ultimate Beastmaster"s "gorgeous superstructure" of a course, the international rivalry aspect and concise contestant profile clips, but criticizes the show's commentators and the repetitiveness of the course, the latter of which "American Ninja Warrior" avoids.


title: Paul Arthurs

text: Paul Benjamin Arthurs (born 23 June 1965), known professionally as Bonehead, is an English musician. He is best known as the rhythm guitarist, occasional keyboardist and co-founder of the rock band Oasis.


title: Paul Arthurs

text: Paul Benjamin Arthurs was born at Saint Mary's Hospital in Manchester, the son of Irish Catholic immigrants. He went to St. Peter's Roman Catholic Grammar School in the nearby town of Prestwich. He earned the lifelong nickname of "Bonehead" at the age of eight after his parents insisted he get very short haircuts. "It was only my mum and dad throughout my life, really, that called me Paul," Arthurs said. Arthurs left school in 1981 and worked as a plasterer. He started his first band, Pleasure and Pain, in 1984. Around this time, he began a relationship with his future wife Kate. In the late 1980s, while working as a building contractor, he started a band, the Rain, with his friends Paul "Guigsy" McGuigan, Tony McCarroll, and Chris Hutton. Unlike the Gallagher Brothers, Bonehead is a Manchester United supporter.


title: Paul Arthurs

text: When Hutton was sacked, he was replaced by Liam Gallagher, who suggested the band change their name to Oasis. Gallagher and Arthurs teamed up as co-songwriters. However, the band were still unsuccessful until Gallagher encouraged his brother Noel, who had just come back from travelling the world as a roadie for Inspiral Carpets, to join the band. Noel brought with him a collection of songs that were to make the band famous. Arthurs remembers the first songs Noel Gallagher played to him, "Live Forever" and "All Around the World". Arthurs broke down and cried when Noel played "Champagne Supernova" to the band on their tour bus. On the "Definitely Maybe" DVD, he said his favourite Oasis song to play live was "Columbia", as the song only consisted of three chords that create a hypnotic groove.


title: Paul Arthurs

text: When Oasis performed the song "Whatever" on "Top of the Pops", they mimed and one of the cellists from the string section was replaced by Arthurs. Towards the end of the song, he started using the bow to conduct.


title: Paul Arthurs

text: Arthurs is a multi-instrumentalist, credited as having played piano and mellotron on "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?" and can be seen on piano in the video for "Don't Look Back in Anger", as well as pictures featured in the "Definitely Maybe" album booklet. Arthurs briefly shifted to bass guitar after Scott McLeod — who replaced McGuigan before he was convinced to rejoin — quit in the middle of Oasis' 1995 U.S. tour; he appeared with the band on the "Late Show with David Letterman" playing bass.


title: Paul Arthurs

text: Arthurs was originally supposed to sing lead vocals on the (What's the Story) Morning Glory? vinyl bonus track Bonehead's Bank Holiday (named after him). After he and Liam Gallagher got drunk the day of recording the song, Noel Gallagher sang lead vocals instead. Backing vocals from both Arthurs and Liam can be heard on the track.


title: Paul Arthurs

text: Arthurs left the band in 1999, during the recording of Oasis's fourth album, "Standing on the Shoulder of Giants". His official statement said he wanted to spend more time with his family (his first child, Lucy was born 23 January 1995 and his son, Jude Arthurs was born on 12 August 1997).


title: Paul Arthurs

text: Arthurs was replaced by Gem Archer, who was thereafter pointedly referred to as a "professional". The rest of the band downplayed the reaction to his departure, Noel Gallagher commenting "it's hardly Paul McCartney leaving The Beatles" though he also said "We've got to respect their (Bonehead and Guigs's) decision as family men." Gallagher has admitted on several occasions to holding no malice toward the former rhythm guitarist and admiring him for the effort he put forth. In 2016, Gallagher said Arthurs was "the spirit of Oasis."


title: Paul Arthurs

text: Arthurs now lives in Manchester where he has built a recording studio under his house and formed Moondog One (named after Johnny and the Moondogs, one of the Beatles' former titles before they rose to fame), which also includes The Smiths' Mike Joyce and Andy Rourke.


title: Paul Arthurs

text: In 2004, Arthurs teamed up with Sek Loso to play rhythm guitar alongside Loso's new English bandmates. The group toured Asia, Europe, and the US in search of a label deal.


title: Paul Arthurs

text: In early 2007, Arthurs had a visible presence in the North West of England for the first time since leaving Oasis eight years previously. His support for Andy Rourke's Versus Cancer fundraising concert saw the pair busking together in Manchester's Cathedral Gardens to raise cancer awareness and to fund raise for Manchester's Christie Hospital. On 30 March 2007, the Versus Cancer concert was held at Manchester's MEN Arena. Arthurs played bass guitar (rather than the trademark rhythm guitar from his Oasis days) in a two-song set. He was in a band billed as 'Electric Milk Band', which also featured former members of Happy Mondays.


title: Paul Arthurs

text: He has been playing DJ sets in clubs, most recently in London. His playlist features Oasis songs such as


title: Paul Arthurs

text: "Live Forever", and collaborations between the Gallagher brothers and Death in Vegas and The Chemical Brothers.


title: Paul Arthurs

text: He also presented a radio show on BBC Radio Manchester with Terry Christian, Natalie-eve and Michelle Hussey. The show is Manchester Music and has had fellow Manchester music artists as guests including members of Happy Mondays, The Smiths and The Charlatans.


title: Paul Arthurs

text: In 2018, Arthurs was set to appear on the ITV show Dancing on Ice. However, he suffered an injury during training, after crashing into a rink-side vending machine.


title: Paul Arthurs

text: Arthurs started this project in early 2013 with Vinny Peculiar (aka Alan Wilkes). Their 'group' Parlour Flames released an eponymous album in May 2013, Arthurs's first since leaving Oasis.


title: Paul Arthurs

text: Guest musicians on the project included percussionist Che Beresford and brass-player Bob Marsh from Badly Drawn Boy and Anna Zweck from Samson & Delilah on flute and backing vocals.


title: Paul Arthurs

text: Arthurs's latest project was started in 2014 with singer/songwriter Alex Lipinski. Their EP was released in May 2014 under Cherry Red Records. The EP includes four tracks and is available on vinyl and digital download.


title: Paul Arthurs

text: In 2013 and 2014, Gem Archer left the band Beady Eye twice due to a head injury. Gem was replaced by Arthurs and for the first time in 15 years Liam and Paul stood together on stage.


title: Paul Arthurs

text: Paul also joined Liam Gallagher to play rhythm guitar on the song "Bold" and keyboard on "For What It's Worth" on Liam's solo album "As You Were". He joined the band on their debut performance at the O2 Ritz in Manchester, playing rhythm guitar on the Oasis track "Be Here Now". He also joined the band for the UK As You Were tour at the end of 2017 for a couple of gigs.


title: Paul Arthurs

text: On 22 May 2018, Arthurs performed with Gallagher at the London Stadium as part of Gallagher's support slot for The Rolling Stones.


title: Paul Arthurs

text: On 18 August 2018, Arthurs along with his son Jude and Richard Ashcroft, joined Gallagher on stage to perform "Live Forever" at Gallagher's gig at Old Trafford Cricket Ground.


title: Paul Arthurs

text: During November 2019, Arthurs joined Gallagher on stage to perform Oasis songs during Gallagher's UK and Ireland 'Why Me, Why Not' shows, usually amounting to 10 or 11 songs in a set. As of 2020, Arthurs continues to tour with the Liam Gallagher band.


title: Paul Arthurs

text: Arthurs also joined Liam Gallagher for a virtual reality concert on 5 December 2020 called “Down By The River Thames”.


title: Paul Arthurs

text: From 27 to 29 August 2021, Arthurs joined Gallagher to perform his set headlining Reading & Leeds Festivals, playing songs from Gallagher's solo career, as well as songs originally recorded by Oasis.


title: Paul Arthurs

text: On 26 April 2022, Arthurs announced a statement saying that he had been diagnosed with tonsil cancer and could not join Gallagher on his tour in order to do treatment. On September 29, 2022, Arthurs announced that he’s been declared cancer-free.


title: Paul Arthurs

text: Arthurs used the same 1982 Japanese-made Matsumoku Epiphone Riviera throughout his time as Oasis' rhythm guitarist. He still uses this guitar today. He has also been known to play piano as heard in the songs “Don't Look Back In Anger” and “The Masterplan”, mellotron on "Wonderwall" along with playing electric piano at the 1994 MTV Most Wanted for the songs “Live Forever” and “Whatever”.


title: Puberty blocker

text: Puberty blockers, also called puberty inhibitors or hormone blockers, are medicines used to postpone puberty in children. The most commonly used puberty blockers are gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, which suppress the production of sex hormones, including testosterone and estrogen. In addition to their use in treating precocious puberty (and sometimes idiopathic short stature) in children, puberty blockers are also used for transgender children to delay the development of unwanted sex characteristics, so as to allow transgender youth more time to explore their gender identity.


title: Puberty blocker

text: The use of puberty blockers in transgender youth is supported by twelve major American medical associations, four Australian medical associations, the British Medical Association, and the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH). In Europe, some medical groups and countries have discouraged or limited the use of puberty blockers, including Sweden's National Board of Health and Welfare and Finland.


title: Puberty blocker

text: Delaying or temporarily suspending puberty is a medical treatment for children whose puberty started abnormally early (precocious puberty). Puberty blockers have been used on-label since the 1980s to treat precocious puberty in children, and were approved for use in treating precocious puberty in children by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1993. Puberty blockers are also commonly used for children with idiopathic short stature, for whom these medications can be used to promote development of long bones and increase adult height. In adults, the same drugs have a range of different medical uses, including the treatment of endometriosis, breast and prostate cancer, and polycystic ovary syndrome.


title: Puberty blocker

text: Puberty blockers prevent the development of biological secondary sex characteristics. They slow the growth of sexual organs and production of hormones. Other effects include the suppression of male features of facial hair, deep voices, and Adam's apples, and the halting of female features of breast development and menstruation.


title: Puberty blocker

text: Puberty blockers are sometimes prescribed to young transgender people, to temporarily halt the development of secondary sex characteristics. Puberty blockers allow patients more time to solidify their gender identity, without developing secondary sex characteristics, and give transgender youth a smoother transition into their desired gender identity as an adult. If a child later decides not to transition to another gender the medication can be stopped, allowing puberty to proceed. Little is known about the long-term side effects of hormone or puberty blockers in children with gender dysphoria. Although puberty blockers are known to be safe and physically reversible treatment if stopped in the short term, it is also not known whether hormone blockers affect the development of factors like bone mineral density, brain development and fertility in transgender patients.


title: Puberty blocker

text: Puberty blockers have not received FDA approval for use on children who are transgender. The practice of off-label prescription is common in children's medicine, and does not indicate an improper, illegal, or experimental use of medicine. According to Dr Brad Miller, pharmaceutical companies that make puberty blocker drugs for children with gender dysphoria have refused to submit them for FDA approval because doing so would cost too much money and "because (transgender treatment) was a political hot potato."


title: Puberty blocker

text: While few studies have examined the effects of puberty blockers for gender non-conforming or transgender adolescents, the studies that have been conducted generally indicate that these treatments are reasonably safe, are reversible, and can improve psychological well-being in these individuals.


title: Puberty blocker

text: A 2020 review published in "Child and Adolescent Mental Health" found that puberty blockers are associated with such positive outcomes as decreased suicidality in adulthood, improved affect and psychological functioning, and improved social life. A 2020 survey published in "Pediatrics" found that puberty blockers are associated with better mental health outcomes and lower odds of lifetime suicidal ideation. 2022 study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association found a 60% reduction in moderate and severe depression and a 73% reduction in suicidality among transgender youth aged 13–20 who took puberty blockers and gender-affirming hormones over a 12-month follow-up. A 2022 study published in "The Lancet" involving 720 transgender adolescents who took puberty blockers and hormones found that 98 percent continued to use hormones at a follow up appointment.


title: Puberty blocker

text: A 2020 commissioned review published by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence concluded that the quality of evidence for puberty blocker outcomes (for mental health, quality of life and impact on gender dysphoria) was of very low certainty based on the GRADE scale. The Finnish government commissioned a review of the research evidence for treatment of transgender minors and the Finnish Ministry of Health concluded that there are no research-based health care methods for minors with gender dysphoria. Nevertheless, they recommend the use of puberty blockers for minors on a case-by-case basis.


title: Puberty blocker

text: The World Professional Association for Transgender Health's Standards of Care 8, published in 2022, declare puberty blocking medication as "medically necessary", and recommends them for usage in transgender adolescents once the patient has reached Tanner stage 2 of development, and state that longitudinal data shows improved outcomes for transgender patients who receive them.


title: Puberty blocker

text: The longest follow-up study followed a transgender man who began taking puberty blockers at age 13 in 1988, before later taking hormone treatments, and later got gender confirmation surgery as an adult. His health was monitored for 22 years and at age 35 in 2010 was well-functioning, in good physical health with normal metabolic, endocrine, and bone mineral density levels. There were no clinical signs of a negative impact on brain development from taking puberty blockers.


title: Puberty blocker

text: Short-term side effects of puberty blockers include headaches, fatigue, insomnia, muscle aches and changes in breast tissue, mood, and weight.


title: Puberty blocker

text: Adverse effects on bone mineralization and compromised fertility are potential risks of pubertal suppression in gender dysphoric youth treated with GnRH agonists. To protect against lower bone density, doctors recommend exercise, calcium, and Vitamin D. Additionally, genital tissue in transgender women may not be optimal for potential vaginoplasty later in life due to underdevelopment of the penis.


title: Puberty blocker

text: Research on the long-term effects on brain development, cognitive function, fertility, and sexual function is limited. A 2020 study conducted by Dr John Strang and other researchers suggested that "pubertal suppression may prevent key aspects of development during a sensitive period of brain organization", adding that "we need high-quality research to understand the impacts of this treatment – impacts which may be positive in some ways and potentially negative in others."


title: Puberty blocker

text: In 2016, the FDA ordered drugmakers to add warning labels to puberty blocker drugs being used to treat children with precocious puberty stating: "Psychiatric events have been reported in patients", including symptoms "such as crying, irritability, impatience, anger and aggression." The warning labels were added after the FDA received reports of 10 children who had suicidal thoughts, including one attempt at suicide. One of these children, a 14-year-old, was taking a puberty blocker drug for gender dysphoria.


title: Puberty blocker

text: In 2022, the FDA reported that there have been six cases of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in 5 to 12-year-old children assigned female at birth taking puberty blockers. Five who experienced the side effect were receiving treatment for precocious puberty and one who experienced the side effect was transgender and was receiving treatment for gender dysphoria. Dr. Morissa Ladinsky, a pediatrician with University of Alabama-Birmingham who works with transgender youth, said that "[Idiopathic intracranial hypertension] is an inordinately well-known side effect that can happen for many, many different medications, most commonly, oral birth control pills." Referring to the six reported side effects, Ladinsky said that "It doesn't even approach any semblance of what we call in medicine, statistical significance".


title: Puberty blocker

text: A number of different puberty blockers are used. These include the GnRH agonists buserelin, histrelin, leuprorelin, nafarelin, and triptorelin. GnRH agonists are available and used as daily subcutaneous injections, depot subcutaneous or intramuscular injections lasting 1 to 6 months, implants lasting 12 months, and nasal sprays used multiple times per day. GnRH antagonists are also expected to be effective as puberty blockers but have not yet been widely studied or used for this purpose. Progestogens used at high doses such as medroxyprogesterone acetate and cyproterone acetate have been used as puberty blockers in the past or when GnRH agonists are not possible. They are not as effective as GnRH agonists and have more side effects. The antiandrogen bicalutamide has been used as an alternative puberty blocker in transgender girls for whom GnRH agonists were denied by insurance.


title: Puberty blocker

text: Centrally acting puberty blockers such as GnRH agonists are ineffective in peripheral precocious puberty, which is gonadotropin-independent. In this situation, direct inhibitors of sex hormone action and/or synthesis must be employed instead. Treatment options for peripheral precocious puberty in girls, such as in McCune–Albright syndrome, include ketoconazole, the aromatase inhibitors testolactone, fadrozole, anastrozole, and letrozole, and the antiestrogens tamoxifen and fulvestrant. Treatment possibilities for peripheral precocious puberty in boys, such as in familial male-limited precocious puberty, include the antiandrogens bicalutamide, spironolactone, and cyproterone acetate, ketoconazole, and the aromatase inhibitors testolactone, anastrozole, and letrozole.


title: Puberty blocker

text: There is criticism regarding issues of informed consent and limited research support for the use of puberty blockers on transgender children. Michael Biggs has said that studies on the effects of puberty blockers on transgender children lack transparency or validity. The Endocrine Society Guidelines call for more rigorous safety and effectiveness evaluations and careful assessment of "the effects of prolonged delay of puberty in adolescents on bone health, gonadal function, and the brain (including effects on cognitive, emotional, social, and sexual development)."


title: Puberty blocker

text: Social conservatives have argued that gender-affirming care, including puberty blockers, constitutes child abuse and medical experimentation. In response to this argument, a 2021 editorial in "The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health" stated that "This stance wilfully ignores decades of use of and research about puberty blockers and hormone therapy".